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8913690304885128539 | Permanent Court of International Justice | Permanent Court of International Justice - wikipedia Permanent Court of International Justice `` PCIJ '' redirects here . For the Philippine media organization , see Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism . Permanent Court of International Justice Cour permanente de justice internationale The seal of the Permanent Court of International Justice . The successor International Court of Justice adopted the seal as well . Established 1920 Dissolved 1946 Country Netherlands Location The Hague Coordinates 52 ° 05 ′ 11.76 '' N 4 ° 17 ′ 43.80 '' E / 52.0866000 ° N 4.2955000 ° E / 52.0866000 ; 4.2955000 Coordinates : 52 ° 05 ′ 11.76 '' N 4 ° 17 ′ 43.80 '' E / 52.0866000 ° N 4.2955000 ° E / 52.0866000 ; 4.2955000 The Peace Palace in The Hague , Netherlands , home to the Permanent Court of International Justice The Permanent Court of International Justice , often called the World Court , existed from 1922 to 1946 . It was an international court attached to the League of Nations . Created in 1920 ( although the idea of an international court was several centuries old ) , the Court was initially well - received from states and academics alike , with many cases submitted to it for its first decade of operation . With the heightened international tension of the 1930s , the Court became less used . By a resolution from the League of Nations on 18 April 1946 , the Court and the League both ceased to exist and were replaced by the International Court of Justice and the United Nations . The Court 's mandatory jurisdiction came from three sources : the Optional Clause of the League of Nations , general international conventions and special bipartite international treaties . Cases could also be submitted directly by states , but they were not bound to submit material unless it fell into those three categories . The Court could issue either judgments or advisory opinions . Judgments were directly binding while advisory opinions were not . In practice , member states of the League of Nations followed advisory opinions anyway , as they feared that otherwise , they could undermine the moral and legal authority of the Court and League . On occasion , the Court was accused of extending its jurisdiction . Strictly speaking , it was allowed to intervene only in matters of international law , but became involved in municipal law during the Loans Cases . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Founding and early years 1.2 Increasing work 1.3 United States never joins 1.4 Growing international tension and dissolution of the court 2 Organisation 2.1 Judges 2.2 Procedure 2.3 Registrar and Registry 3 Cases 3.1 Cases 3.2 Advisories 4 Jurisdiction 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links History ( edit ) Founding and Early years ( edit ) An international court had long been proposed ; Pierre Dubois suggested it in 1305 and Émeric Crucé in 1623 . An idea of an international court of justice arose in the political world at the First Hague Peace Conference in 1899 , where it was declared that arbitration between states was the easiest solution to disputes , providing a temporary panel of judges to arbitrate in such cases , the Permanent Court of Arbitration . At the Second Hague Peace Conference in 1907 , a draft convention for a permanent Court of Arbitral Justice was written although disputes and other pressing business at the Conference meant that such a body was never established , owing to difficulties agreeing on a procedure to select the judges . The outbreak of the First World War , and , in particular , its conclusion made it clear to many academics that some kind of world court was needed , and it was widely expected that one would be established . Article 14 of the Covenant of the League of Nations , created after the Treaty of Versailles , allowed the League to investigate setting up an international court . In June 1920 , an Advisory Committee of jurists appointed by the League of Nations finally established a working guideline for the appointment of judges , and the Committee was then authorised to draft a constitution for a permanent court not of arbitration but of justice . The Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice was accepted in Geneva on December 13 , 1920 . The Court first sat on 30 January 1922 , at the Peace Palace , The Hague , covering preliminary business during the first session ( such as establishing procedure and appointing officers ) Nine judges sat , along with three deputies , since Antonio Sánchez de Bustamante y Sirven , Ruy Barbosa and Wang Ch'ung - hui were unable to attend , the last being at the Washington Naval Conference . The Court elected Bernard Loder as President and Max Huber as Vice-President ; Huber was replaced by Charles Andre Weiss a month later . On 14 February the Court was officially opened , and rules of procedure were established on 24 March , when the court ended its first session . The court first sat to decide cases on 15 June . During its first year of business , the Court issued three advisory opinions , all related to the International Labour Organisation created by the Treaty of Versailles and collectively grouped into the International Labour Organisation Questions . The initial reaction to the Court was good , from politicians , practising lawyers and academics alike . Ernest Pollock , the former Attorney General for England and Wales said , `` May we not as lawyers regard the establishment of an International Court of Justice as an advance in the science that we pursue ? '' John Henry Wigmore said that the creation of the Court `` should have given every lawyer a thrill of cosmic vibration '' , and James Brown Scott wrote that `` the one dream of our ages has been realised in our time '' . Much praise was heaped upon the appointment of an American judge despite the fact that the United States had not become a signatory to the Court 's protocol , and it was thought that it would soon do so . Increasing work ( edit ) U.S. President Warren G. Harding , who had first suggested American involvement ; the U.S. demanded a veto , however , and never joined . The Court faced increasing work as it went on , allaying the fears of those commentators who had believed the Court would become like the Supreme Court of the United States , which was not presented with a case for its first six terms . The Court was given nine cases during 1922 and 1923 , however , with judgments called `` cases '' and advisory opinions called `` questions '' . Three cases were disposed of during the Court 's first session , one during an extraordinary sitting between 8 January and 7 February 1923 ( the Tunis - Morocco Nationality Question ) , four during the second ordinary sitting between 15 June 1923 and 15 September 1923 ( Eastern Carelia Question , S.S. `` Wimbledon '' case , German Settlers Question , Acquisition of Polish Nationality Question ) and one during a second extraordinary session from 12 November to 6 December 1923 ( Jaworznia Question ) . A replacement for Ruy Barbosa ( who had died on 1 March 1923 without hearing any cases ) was also found , with the election of Epitácio Pessoa on 10 September 1923 . The workload the following year was reduced , containing two judgments and one advisory opinion ; the Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions Case , the Interpretation of the Treaty of Neuilly Case ( the first case of the Court 's Chamber of Summary Procedure ) and the Monastery of Saint - Naoum Question . During the same year , a new President and Vice-President were elected , since they were mandated to serve for a term of three years . At the elections on 4 September 1924 , Charles Andre Weiss was again elected Vice-President and Max Huber became the second President of the Court . Judicial pensions were created at the same time , with a judge being given 1 / 30th of his annual pay for every year he had served once he had both retired and turned 65 . 1925 was an exceedingly busy year for the court , which sat for 210 days , with four extraordinary sessions as well as the ordinary session , producing 3 judgments and 4 advisory opinions . The first judgment was given in the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations Case , the second ( by the Court of Summary Procedure ) was on the interpretation of the Interpretation of the Treaty of Neuilly Case , and the third in the Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions Case . The 4 advisory opinions issued by the Court were in the Polish Postal Service in Danzig Question , the Expulsion of the Ecumenical Patriarch Question , the Treaty of Lausanne Question and the German Interests in Polish Upper Silesia Question. 1926 saw reduced business , with only one ordinary session and one extraordinary session ; it was , however , the first year that all 11 judges had been present to hear cases . The court heard two cases , providing one judgment and one advisory opinion ; a second question on German Interests in Polish Upper Silesia , this time a judgment rather than an advisory opinion , and an advisory opinion on the International Labour Organisation , grouped into the International Labour Organisation Questions . Despite the reduction of work in 1926 , 1927 was another busy year , the Court sitting continuously from 15 June to 16 December , handing down 4 orders , 4 judgments and 1 advisory opinion . The judgments were in the Belgium - China Case , the Case Concerning the Factory at Chorzow , the Lotus Case and a continuation of the Mavrommatis Jerusalem Concessions Case . 3 of the advisory opinions were on the Competence of the European Commission on the Danube , and the 4th was on the Jurisdiction of Danzig Courts . The 4 orders were on the German Interests in Polish Upper Silesia . This year saw another set of elections ; on 6 December , with Dionisio Anzilotti elected President and Charles Andre Weiss elected Vice-President . Weiss died the following year , and John Bassett Moore resigned ; Max Huber was elected Vice-President on 12 September 1928 to succeed Weiss , while a second death ( Lord Finlay ) left the Court increasingly understaffed . Replacements for Moore and Finlay were elected on 19 September 1929 ; Henri Fromageot and Cecil Hurst respectively . After the second round of elections in September 1930 , the Court was reorganised . On 16 January 1931 Mineichirō Adachi was appointed President , and Gustavo Guerrero Vice-President . United States never joins ( edit ) The United States never joined the World Court , primarily because enemies of the League of Nations in the Senate argued that the Court was too closely linked to the League of Nations . The leading opponent was Senator William Borah , Republican of Idaho . The United States finally recognised the Court 's jurisdiction , following a long and drawn out process . President Warren G. Harding had first suggested US involvement in 1923 , and on 9 December 1929 , three court protocols were signed . The U.S. demanded a veto over cases involving the U.S. but other nations rejected the idea . President Franklin Roosevelt did not risk his political capital and gave only passive support even though a two - thirds vote of approval was needed in the Senate . A barrage of telegrams flooded Congress , inspired by attacks made by Charles Coughlin and others . The treaty failed by seven votes on January 29 , 1935 . The United States finally accepted the Court 's jurisdiction on 28 December 1935 , but the treaty was never ratified , and the U.S. never joined . Francis Boyle attributes the failure to a strong isolationist element in the US Senate , arguing that the ineffectiveness shown by US nonparticipation in the Court and other international institutions could be linked to the start of the Second World War . Growing International tension and dissolution of the Court ( edit ) 1933 was a busy year for the court , which cleared its 20th case ( and `` greatest triumph '' ) ; the Eastern Greenland Case . This period was marked by growing international tension , however , with Japan and Germany announcing their withdrawal from the League of Nations , to come into effect in 1935 . That did not directly affect the Court , since the protocol accepting Court jurisdiction was separately ratified , but it influenced whether a nation would be willing to bring a case before it , as evidenced by Germany 's withdrawal from two pending cases . 1934 , the Court 's 13th year , `` has been in keeping with the traditions associated with that number '' , with few cases since the world 's governments were more concerned with the growing international tension . The Court 's business continued to be small in 1935 , 1936 , 1937 , 1938 , and 1939 although 1937 was marked by Monaco 's acceptance of the Court protocol . The Court 's judicial output in 1940 consisted entirely of a set of orders , completed in a meeting between 19 and 26 February , caused by an international situation , which left the Court with `` uncertain prospects for the future '' . Following the German invasion of the Netherlands , the Court was unable to meet although the Registrar and President were afforded full diplomatic immunity . Informed that the situation would not be tolerated after diplomatic missions from other nations left The Hague on 16 July , the President and Registrar left the Netherlands and moved to Switzerland , accompanied by their staff . The Court was unable to meet between 1941 and 1944 , but the framework remained intact , and it soon became apparent that the Court would be dissolved . In 1943 , an international panel met to consider `` the question of the Permanent Court of International Justice '' , meeting from 20 March to 10 February 1944 . The panel agreed that the name and functioning of the Court should be preserved but for some future court rather than a continuation of the current one . Between 21 August and 7 October 1944 , the Dumbarton Oaks Conference was held , which , among other things , created an international court attached to the United Nations , to succeed the Permanent Court of International Justice . As a result of these conferences and others , the judges of the Permanent Court of International Justice officially resigned in October 1945 and , via a resolution by the League of Nations on 18 April 1946 , the Court and the League both ceased to exist , being replaced by the International Court of Justice and the United Nations . Organisation ( edit ) The Permanent Court ( bottom left ) in the League of Nations organisation . Judges ( edit ) Main article : Judges of the Permanent Court of International Justice Max Huber , the first Vice-President and second President of the Permanent Court of International Justice The Court initially consisted of 11 judges and 4 deputy judges , recommended by member states of the League of Nations to the Secretary General of the League of Nations , who would put them before the Council and Assembly for election . The Council and Assembly were to bear in mind that the elected panel of judges was to represent every major legal tradition in the League , along with `` every major civilization '' . Each member state was allowed to recommend 4 potential judges , with a maximum of 2 from its own nation . Judges were elected by a straight majority vote , held independently in the Council and Assembly . The judges served for a period of nine years , with their term limits all expiring at the same time , necessitating a completely new set of elections . The judges were independent and rid themselves of their nationality for the purposes of hearing cases , owing allegiance to no individual member state , but it was forbidden to have more than one judge from the same state . As a sign of their independence from national ties , judges were given full diplomatic immunity when engaged in Court business . The only requirements for judges were `` high moral character '' and `` the qualifications required in their respective countries ( for ) the highest judicial offices '' or to be `` jurisconsults of recognized competence in international law '' . The first panel was elected on 14 September 1921 , with the 4 deputies being elected on the 16th . On the first vote , Rafael Altamira y Crevea of Spain , Dionisio Anzilotti of Italy , Bernard Loder of the Netherlands , Ruy Barbosa of Brazil , Yorozu Oda of Japan , Charles Andre Weiss of France , Antonio Sánchez de Bustamante y Sirven of Cuba and Lord Finlay of the United Kingdom were elected by a majority vote of both the Council and Assembly on the first ballot taken . The second ballot elected John Bassett Moore of the United States , and the sixth Didrik Nyholm of Denmark and Max Huber of Switzerland . As the deputy judges , Wang Ch'ung - hui of China , Demetre Negulesco of Romania and Michaelo Yovanovich of Yugoslavia were elected . The Assembly and Council disagreed on the fourth deputy judge , but Frederik Beichmann of Norway was eventually appointed . Deputy judges were only substitutes for absent judges and were not afforded a vote in altering court procedure or contributing at other times . As such , they were allowed to act as counsel in international cases where they were not sitting as judges . In 1930 , the number of judges was increased to 15 , and a new set of elections were held . The election was held on 25 September 1930 , with 14 candidates receiving a majority on the first ballot and a 15th , Francisco José Urrutia , receiving a majority on the second . The full court was Urrutia , Mineichiro Adachi , Rafael Altamira y Crevea , Dionisio Anzilotti , Bustamante , Jonkheer van Eysinga , Henri Fromageot , José Gustavo Guerrero , Cecil Hurst , Edouard Rolin - Jaequemyns , Frank B. Kellogg , Negulesco , Michał Jan Rostworowski , Walther Schücking and Wang Ch'ung - hui . Judges were paid 15,000 Dutch florins a year , with daily expenses of 50 florins to pay for living expenses , and an additional 45,000 florins for the President , who was required to live at The Hague . Travelling expenses were also provided , and a `` duty allowance '' of 100 florins was provided when the court was sitting , with 150 for the Vice-President . This duty allowance was limited to 20,000 florins a year for the judges and 30,000 florins for the Vice-President ; as such , it provided for 200 days of court hearings , with no allowance provided if the court sat for longer . The deputy judges received no salary but , when called up for service , were provided with travel expenses , 50 florins a day for living expenses and 150 florins a day as a duty allowance . Procedure ( edit ) Under the Covenant of the League of Nations , all League members agreed that if there was a dispute between states they `` recognize to be suitable for submission to arbitration and which can not be satisfactorily settled by diplomacy '' , the matter would be submitted to the Court for arbitration , with suitable disputes being over the interpretation of an international treaty , a question on international law , the validity of facts , which , if true , would breach international obligations and the nature of any reparations to be made for breaching international obligations . The original Statutes of the Court provided that all 11 judges were required to sit in every case . There were three exceptions : when reviewing Labour Clauses from a peace treaty such as the Treaty of Versailles ( which was done by a special chamber of 5 judges , appointed every 3 years ) , when reviewing cases on communications or transport arising from a peace treaty ( which used a similar procedure ) and when hearing summary procedure cases , which were reviewed by a panel of 3 judges . To prevent the appearance of any bias in the court 's makeup , if there was a judge belonging to one member state on the panel and the other member state was not `` represented '' , they had the ability to select an ad hoc judge of their own nationality to hear the case . In a full court hearing , that increased the number to 12 ; in one of the 5 - man chambers , the new judge took the place of one of the original 5 . That did not apply to summary procedure cases . The ad hoc judge , selected by the member state , was expected to fulfil all the requirements of a normal judge ; the President of the Court had ultimate discretion over whether to authorise him to sit . The Court was mandated to open on 15 June each year and continue until all cases were finished , with extraordinary sessions if required ; by 1927 , there were more extraordinary sessions than ordinary ones . The Court 's business being conducted in English and French as official languages , and hearings were public unless it was otherwise specified . After receiving files in a case calculated to lead to a judgment , the judges would exchange their views informally on the salient legal points of the case , and a time limit for producing a judgment would then be set . Then , each judge would write an anonymous summary containing his opinion ; the opinions would be circulated among the Court for 2 or 3 days before the President drafted a judgment containing a summary of those submitted by individual judges . The Court would then agree on the decision that they wished to reach , along with the main points of argument they wished to use . Once this was done , a Committee of 4 , including the President , the Registrar and two judges elected by secret ballot , drafted a final judgment , which was then voted on by the entire Court . Once a final judgment was set , it was given to the public and the press . Every judgment contained the reasons behind the decision and the judges assenting ; dissenting judges were allowed to deliver their own judgment , with all judgments read in open court before the agents of the parties to the dispute . Judgments could not be revised except on the discovery of some fact unknown when the Court sat but not if the fact was known but not discussed because of negligence . The Court also issued `` advisory opinions '' , which arose from Article 14 of the Covenant creating the Court , which provided , `` The Court may also give an advisory opinion upon any dispute referred to it by the Council or Assembly '' . Goodrich interprets that as indicating that the drafters intended a purely advisory capacity for the Court , not a binding one . Manley Ottmer Hudson ( who sat as a judge ) said that an advisory opinion `` was what it purported to be . It is advisory . It is not in any sense a judgement ... hence it is not in any way binding on any state '' , but Charles De Visscher argued that in certain situations , an advisory opinion could be binding on the League of Nations Council and , under certain circumstances , some states ; M. Politis agreed , saying that the Court 's advisory opinions were equivalent to a binding judgment . In 1927 , the Court appointed a committee to look at this issue , and it reported that `` where there are in fact contending parties , the difference between contentious cases and advisory cases is only nominal ... so the view that advisory opinions are not binding is more theoretical than real '' . In practice , advisory opinions were usually followed , mostly due to the fear that if this `` revolutionary '' international court 's decisions were not followed , it would undermine its authority . The court retained the discretion to avoid giving an advisory opinion , which it used on occasion . Registrar and Registry ( edit ) Other than the judges , the Court also included a Registrar and his Secretariat , the Registry . When the Court met for its initial session , opened on 30 January 1922 to allow for the establishment of procedure and the appointment of Court officials , the Secretary - General of the League of Nations passed an emergency resolution through the Assembly , which designated an official of the League and his staff as the Registrar and Registry respectively , with the first Registrar being Åke Hammarskjöld . The Registrar , required to reside within The Hague , was initially tasked with drawing up a plan to create an efficient Secretariat , using the smallest number of staff possible and costing as little as possible . As a result , he decided to have each member of the Secretariat as the head of a particular Department , so the numbers of actual employees could be increased or decreased as necessary without impacting on the actual Registry . In 1927 , the post of Deputy - Registrar was created , tasked with dealing with legal research for the Court and answering all diplomatic correspondence received by the Registry . The first Deputy - Registrar was Paul Ruegger ; after his resignation on 17 August 1928 , Julio Lopez Olivan was selected to succeed him . Olivan resigned in 1931 to take over from Hammarskjöld as Registrar , and was replaced by M.L.J.H. Jorstad . The three principal officers of the Registry , after the Registrar and Deputy - Registrar , were the three Editing Secretaries . The first Editing Secretary , known as the Drafting Secretary , was tasked with drafting the Court 's publications ( including the Confidential Bulletin , a document exclusively received by judges of the court ) and Sections D and E of the official journal , comprising the legislative clauses conferring jurisdiction on the Court and the Court 's Annual Report . The second Editing Secretary , known as the Oral Secretary , was mainly responsible for the oral interpretation and translation of the Court 's discussions . For public hearings , he was assisted by interpreters , but for private meetings , only he , the Registrar and the Deputy - Registrar were admitted . As a result of this duty , the Oral Secretary was also tasked with writing Section C of the official journal , which comprised the oral interpretations of Court minutes , along with cases and questions put before the court . The third Secretary , known as the Written Secretary , was tasked with the written translations of the Court 's business , which were `` both numerous and voluminous '' . He was assisted in this by the other Secretaries and by translators for languages not his own ; all Secretaries were expected to speak English and French fluently and to have working knowledge of German and Spanish . The Registry was split into several Departments ; the Archives , the Accounting and Establishment , the Printing Service and the Copying Department . The Archives included a distribution service for the Court 's documents and the legal texts used by the Court itself and was described as one of the most difficult departments to organise . The Accounting and Establishment Department dealt with the requests for and allocation of the Court 's yearly budget , which was drawn up by the Registrar , approved by the Court and submitted to the League of Nations . The Printing Department , run from a single printing plant in Leiden , was created to allow the circulation of the Court 's publishings . The Copying Department comprised shorthand , typing and copying services , and included secretaries for the Registrar and judges , emergency reporters capable of taking notes down verbatim and copyists ; the smallest of the departments , it comprised between 12 and 40 staff depending on the business of the Court . Cases ( edit ) Cases ( edit ) S.S. `` Wimbledon '' case 1923 Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions 1924 Mavrommatis Jerusalem Concessions 1925 Certain German Interests in Polish Upper Silesia 1926 Factory at Chorzów case 1927 The `` Lotus '' case 1927 Rights of Minorities in Upper Silesia ( Minority Schools ) 1928 Free Zones of Upper Savoy and the District of Gex ( France v Switzerland ) Brazilian Loans case 1929 Serbian Loans case 1929 Territorial Jurisdiction of the International Commission of the Oder River Case 1929 Legal Status of the South - Eastern Territory of Greenland 1932 Lighthouses case between France and Greece 1934 Borchgrave case Oscar Chinn case 1934 Minority Schools in Albania case 1935 Losinger case 1936 Diversion of Water from the Meuse Case 1937 Phosphates in Morocco case 1938 Panevezys - Saldutiskis Railway case 1939 Electricity Company of Sofia and Bulgaria case 1939 Société Commerciale de Belgique 1939 Interpretation of the Treaty of Neuilly Case 1924 Advisories ( edit ) Status of Eastern Carelia Question 1923 Nationality Decrees Issued in Tunis and Morocco 1923 German Settlers in Poland 1923 Jaworzina 1923 Monastery of Saint - Naoum Question 1924 Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations Question 1925 Polish Postal Service in Danzig Question 1925 the Expulsion of the Ecumenical Patriarch Question the Treaty of Lausanne Question Competence of the ILO to Regulate Incidentally the Personal Work of the Employer 1926 Jurisdiction of the European Commission of the Danube Jurisdiction of the Courts of Danzig Case 1928 Greco - Bulgarian `` Communities '' Question 1930 Interpretation of the Greco - Turkish Agreement 1928 Access to German Minority Schools in Upper Silesia 1931 Customs Regime between Germany and Austria Question 1931 Railway Traffic between Lithuania and Poland Question 1931 Interpretation of the Greco - Bulgarian Agreement 1932 Free Zones of Upper Savoy and the District of Gex 1932 Interpretation of the Convention of 1919 concerning Employment of Women during the Night 1932 Jurisdiction ( edit ) The Court 's jurisdiction was largely optional , but there were some situations in which they had `` compulsory jurisdiction '' , and states were required to refer cases to them . That came from three sources : the Optional Clause of the League of Nations , general international conventions and `` special bipartite international treaties '' . The Optional Clause was a clause attached to the protocol establishing the court and required all signatories to refer certain classes of dispute to the court , with compulsory judgments resulting . There were approximately 30 international conventions under which the Court had similar jurisdiction , including the Treaty of Versailles , the Air Navigation Convention , the Treaty of St. Germain and all mandates signed by the League of Nations . It was also foreseen that there would be clauses inserted in bipartite international treaties , which would allow the referral of disputes to the Court ; that occurred , with such provisions found in treaties between Czechoslovakia and Austria , and between Czechoslovakia and Poland . Throughout its existence , the Court widened its jurisdiction as much as possible . Strictly speaking , the Court 's jurisdiction was only for disputes between states , but it regularly accepted disputes that were between a state and an individual if a second state brought the individual 's case to the Court . It argued that the second state assertsled its rights , and the cases therefore became one between two states . The proviso that the Court was for disputes that could not `` be satisfactorily settled by diplomacy '' never made it require evidence that diplomatic discussions had been attempted before bringing the case . In the Loan Cases , it asserted jurisdiction despite the fact that there was no alleged breach of international law , and it could not be shown that there was any international element to the claim . The Court justified itself by saying that the Covenant of the League of Nations allowed it to have jurisdiction in cases over `` the existence of any fact which , if established , would constitute a breach of international obligations '' and argued that since the fact `` may be of any kind '' , it had jurisdiction if the dispute is one of municipal law . It had been long established that municipal law may be considered as a side point to a dispute over international law , but the Loan Cases discussed municipal law without the application of any international points . See also ( edit ) Commissions of the Danube River Permanent Court of International Justice cases References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1922 ) p. 245 Jump up ^ Scott ( 1920 ) p. 581 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1922 ) p. 246 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1922 ) p. 247 Jump up ^ Scott ( 1920 ) p. 582 Jump up ^ Text in League of Nations Treaty Series , vol. 6 , pp. 380 - 413 . Jump up ^ Hudson ( January 1923 ) p. 15 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1925 ) p. 49 Jump up ^ Hudson ( January 1923 ) p. 16 Jump up ^ Hammarskjold ( 1923 ) p. 704 Jump up ^ Hudson ( January 1923 ) p. 19 Jump up ^ Hudson ( January 1923 ) p. 27 Jump up ^ Hudson ( January 1923 ) p. 28 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1924 ) p. 1 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1924 ) p. 2 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1924 ) p. 33 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1925 ) p. 55 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1925 ) p. 48 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1925 ) p. 57 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1925 ) p. 58 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1926 ) p. 6 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1926 ) p. 19 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1927 ) p. 26 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1927 ) p. 27 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1927 ) p. 30 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1928 ) p. 1 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1928 ) p. 10 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1928 ) p. 21 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1928 ) p. 22 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1928 ) p. 26 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1929 ) p. 28 Jump up ^ Hudson ( Jan 1930 ) p. 38 Jump up ^ Hudson ( Jan 1930 ) p. 39 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1932 ) p. 1 Jump up ^ L. Ethan Ellis , Republican foreign policy , 1921 - 1933 ( 1968 ) pp 70 - 75 . Jump up ^ Gilbert N. Kahn , `` Presidential Passivity on a Nonsalient Issue : President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the 1935 World Court Fight . '' Diplomatic History 4.2 ( 1980 ) : 137 - 160 . Jump up ^ Michla Pomerance ( 1996 ) . The United States and The World Court as a `` Supreme Court of the Nations '' : Dreams , Illusions and Disillusion . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . pp. 132 -- 33 . Jump up ^ `` Signature and Ratification of the Protocol of the Permanent Court of International Justice ( PCIJ ) Member States '' . Archives of the League of Nations . Retrieved 22 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Boyle ( 1985 ) p. 54 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1933 ) p. 1 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1934 ) p. 18 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1935 ) p. 1 Jump up ^ Hudson ( January 1936 ) p. 1 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1939 ) p. 1 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1940 ) p. 1 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1938 ) p. 1 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1941 ) p. 1 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1941 ) p. 2 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1945 ) p. 1 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1957 ) p. 570 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1957 ) p. 571 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1957 ) p. 569 Jump up ^ Grandjean , Martin ( 2017 ) . `` Analisi e visualizzazioni delle reti in storia . L'esempio della cooperazione intellettuale della Società delle Nazioni '' . Memoria e Ricerca ( 2 ) : 371 -- 393 . doi : 10.14647 / 87204 . See also : French version ( PDF ) and English summary . Jump up ^ Scott ( 1921 ) p. 556 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1930 ) p. 719 Jump up ^ Moore ( 1922 ) p. 504 Jump up ^ Scott ( 1921 ) p. 557 Jump up ^ Scott ( 1921 ) p. 558 Jump up ^ Moore ( 1922 ) p. 508 Jump up ^ Moore ( 1922 ) p. 509 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1931 ) p. 21 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1931 ) p. 22 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1931 ) p. 23 Jump up ^ Moore ( 1922 ) p. 506 Jump up ^ Moore ( 1922 ) p. 500 Jump up ^ Moore ( 1922 ) p. 501 Jump up ^ Moore ( 1922 ) p. 506 Jump up ^ Hill ( 1931 ) p. 673 Jump up ^ Hammarskjold ( 1927 ) p. 328 Jump up ^ Moore ( 1922 ) p. 507 Jump up ^ Hammarskjold ( 1927 ) p. 330 Jump up ^ Hammarskjold ( 1927 ) p. 334 Jump up ^ Hammarskjold ( 1927 ) p. 331 Jump up ^ Goodrich ( 1938 ) p. 738 Jump up ^ Goodrich ( 1938 ) p. 739 Jump up ^ Goodrich ( 1938 ) p. 740 Jump up ^ Hammarskjold ( 1927 ) p. 338 Jump up ^ Hammarskjold ( 1927 ) p. 329 Jump up ^ Hammarskjold ( 1927 ) p. 340 Jump up ^ Hudson ( January 1923 ) p. 17 Jump up ^ Bustamante ( 1923 ) p. 132 Jump up ^ Hammarskjold ( 1927 ) p. 341 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1929 ) p. 29 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1937 ) p. 15 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 1932 ) p. 2 Jump up ^ Hammarskjold ( 1927 ) p. 342 Jump up ^ Hammarskjold ( 1927 ) p. 343 Jump up ^ Hammarskjold ( 1927 ) p. 344 Jump up ^ Hammarskjold ( 1927 ) p. 345 Jump up ^ Hammarskjold ( 1927 ) p. 347 Jump up ^ Hammarskjold ( 1927 ) p. 350 Jump up ^ Hudson ( July 1923 ) p. 121 Jump up ^ Hudson ( January 1923 ) p. 24 Jump up ^ Hudson ( July 1923 ) p. 122 Jump up ^ Jacoby ( 1936 ) p. 234 Jump up ^ Jacoby ( 1936 ) p. 237 Bibliography ( edit ) Accinelli , Robert D . `` The Roosevelt Administration and the World Court Defeat , 1935 . '' Historian 40.3 ( 1978 ) : 463 - 478 . Boyle , Francis Anthony ( 1985 ) . World politics and international law . Duke University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8223 - 0655 - 9 . Bustamante Y Sirven , Antonio S. de ( 1923 ) . `` The Permanent Court of International Justice '' . Minnesota Law Review . University of Minnesota Law School ( 9 ) . ISSN 0026 - 5535 . Dunne , Michael . `` Isolationism of a Kind : Two Generations of World Court Historiography in the United States . '' Journal of American Studies 21 # 3 ( 1987 ) : 327 - 351 . Dunne , Michael . The United States and the World Court , 1920 - 1935 ( 1988 ) . Goodrich , Leland M. ( 1938 ) . `` The Nature of the Advisory Opinions of the Permanent Court of International Justice '' . The American Journal of International Law . American Society of International Law . 32 ( 4 ) . ISSN 0002 - 9300 . Hammarskjold , A. ( 1927 ) . `` Sidelights on the Permanent Court of International Justice '' . Harvard Law Review . 25 ( 4 ) . ISSN 0026 - 2234 . Hammarskjold , A. ( 1923 ) . `` The Early Work of the Permanent Court of International Justice '' . Michigan Law Review . 36 ( 6 ) . ISSN 0017 - 811X . Hill , Norman L. ( 1931 ) . `` National Judges in the Permanent Court of International Justice '' . The American Journal of International Law . American Society of International Law . 25 ( 4 ) . ISSN 0002 - 9300 . Hudson , Manley O. ( 1922 ) . `` The Permanent Court of International Justice '' . Harvard Law Review . 35 ( 3 ) . ISSN 0026 - 2234 . JSTOR 1329614 . Hudson , Manley O. ( January 1923 ) . `` The First Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice '' . Harvard Law Review . 17 ( 1 ) . ISSN 0017 - 811X . Hudson , Manley O. ( July 1923 ) . `` The Work and the Jurisdiction of the Permanent Court of International Justice '' . Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science in the City of New York . Academy of Political Science . 10 ( 3 ) . ISSN 1548 - 7237 . Hudson , Manley O. ( 1924 ) . `` The Second Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice '' . The American Journal of International Law . American Society of International Law . 18 ( 1 ) . ISSN 0002 - 9300 . Hudson , Manley O. ( 1925 ) . `` The Third Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice '' . The American Journal of International Law . American Society of International Law . 19 ( 1 ) . ISSN 0002 - 9300 . Hudson , Manley O. ( 1926 ) . `` The Fourth Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice '' . The American Journal of International Law . American Society of International Law . 20 ( 1 ) . ISSN 0002 - 9300 . Hudson , Manley O. ( 1927 ) . `` The Fifth Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice '' . The American Journal of International Law . American Society of International Law . 21 ( 1 ) . ISSN 0002 - 9300 . Hudson , Manley O. ( 1928 ) . `` The Sixth Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice '' . The American Journal of International Law . American Society of International Law . 22 ( 1 ) . ISSN 0002 - 9300 . Hudson , Manley O. ( 1929 ) . `` The Seventh Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice '' . The American Journal of International Law . American Society of International Law . 23 ( 1 ) . ISSN 0002 - 9300 . Hudson , Manley O. ( Jan 1930 ) . `` The Eighth Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice '' . The American Journal of International Law . American Society of International Law . 24 ( 1 ) . ISSN 0002 - 9300 . Hudson , Manley O. ( 1930 ) . `` The Election of Members of the Permanent Court of International Justice '' . The American Journal of International Law . American Society of International Law . 25 ( 4 ) . ISSN 0002 - 9300 . Hudson , Manley O. ( 1931 ) . `` The Ninth Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice '' . The American Journal of International Law . American Society of International Law . 25 ( 1 ) . ISSN 0002 - 9300 . Hudson , Manley O. ( 1932 ) . `` The Tenth Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice '' . The American Journal of International Law . American Society of International Law . 26 ( 1 ) . ISSN 0002 - 9300 . Hudson , Manley O. ( 1933 ) . `` The Eleventh Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice '' . The American Journal of International Law . American Society of International Law . 27 ( 1 ) . ISSN 0002 - 9300 . Hudson , Manley O. ( 1934 ) . `` The Twelfth Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice '' . The American Journal of International Law . American Society of International Law . 28 ( 1 ) . ISSN 0002 - 9300 . Hudson , Manley O. ( 1935 ) . `` The Thirteenth Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice '' . The American Journal of International Law . American Society of International Law . 29 ( 1 ) . ISSN 0002 - 9300 . Hudson , Manley O. ( January 1936 ) . `` The Fourteenth Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice '' . The American Journal of International Law . American Society of International Law . 30 ( 1 ) . ISSN 0002 - 9300 . Jacoby , Sidney B. ( 1936 ) . `` Some Aspects of the Jurisdiction of the Permanent Court of International Justice '' . The American Journal of International Law . American Society of International Law . 30 ( 2 ) . ISSN 0002 - 9300 . Hudson , Manley O. ( 1937 ) . `` The Fifteenth Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice '' . The American Journal of International Law . American Society of International Law . 31 ( 1 ) . ISSN 0002 - 9300 . Hudson , Manley O. ( 1938 ) . `` The Sixteenth Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice '' . The American Journal of International Law . American Society of International Law . 32 ( 1 ) . ISSN 0002 - 9300 . Hudson , Manley O. ( 1939 ) . `` The Seventeenth Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice '' . The American Journal of International Law . American Society of International Law . 33 ( 1 ) . ISSN 0002 - 9300 . Hudson , Manley O. ( 1940 ) . `` The Eighteenth Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice '' . The American Journal of International Law . American Society of International Law . 34 ( 1 ) . ISSN 0002 - 9300 . Hudson , Manley O. ( 1941 ) . `` The Nineteenth Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice '' . The American Journal of International Law . American Society of International Law . 35 ( 1 ) . ISSN 0002 - 9300 . Hudson , Manley O. ( 1945 ) . `` The Twenty - Third Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice '' . The American Journal of International Law . American Society of International Law . 36 ( 1 ) . ISSN 0002 - 9300 . Hudson , Manley O. ( 1957 ) . `` The Succession of the International Court of Justice to the Permanent Court of International '' . The American Journal of International Law . American Society of International Law . 51 ( 3 ) . ISSN 0002 - 9300 . Kahn , Gilbert N. `` Presidential Passivity on a Nonsalient Issue : President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the 1935 World Court Fight . '' Diplomatic History 4.2 ( 1980 ) : 137 - 160 . Moore , John Bassett ( 1922 ) . `` The Organization of the Permanent Court of International Justice '' . Columbia Law Review . Columbia Law School . 22 ( 6 ) . ISSN 0010 - 1958 . Pomerance , Michla ( 1996 ) . The United States and The World Court as a `` Supreme Court of the Nations '' : Dreams , Illusions and Disillusion . Martinus Nijhoff . pp. 132 -- 33 . Scott , James Brown ( 1920 ) . `` A Permanent Court of International Justice '' . The American Journal of International Law . American Society of International Law . 14 ( 4 ) . ISSN 0002 - 9300 . Scott , James Brown ( 1921 ) . `` The Election of Judges for the Permanent Court of International Justice '' . The American Journal of International Law . American Society of International Law . 15 ( 4 ) . ISSN 0002 - 9300 . World Peace Foundation ( 1925 ) . World Peace Foundation pamphlet series . World Peace Foundation . 580 . OCLC 426522229 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) External links ( edit ) Permanent Court of International Justice ( PCIJ ) 1922 - 1946 Judgments , Advisory Opinions and Orders in PDF Decisions of the World Court Relevant to the UNCLOS ( 2010 ) and Contents & Indexes Searchable text of Judgments , Advisory Opinions and PCIJ documentation GND : 37776 - 4 ISNI : 0000 0001 2155 860X Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Permanent_Court_of_International_Justice&oldid=837985196 '' Categories : Permanent Court of International Justice Organisations based in The Hague Defunct courts Hidden categories : Coordinates not on Wikidata Pages with citations lacking titles All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Svenska Українська 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 06 : 35 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did the permanent court of justice meet | [
"\n\nPermanent Court of International Justice\n\n\nCour permanente de justice internationale\n\n\n\nThe seal of the Permanent Court of International Justice. The successor International Court of Justice adopted the seal as well.\n\n\n\nEstablished\n1920\n\n\nDissolved\n1946\n\n\nCountry\nNetherlands\n\n\nLocation\nThe Hague\n\n\nCoordinates\n52°05′11.76″N 4°17′43.80″E / 52.0866000°N 4.2955000°E / 52.0866000; 4.2955000Coordinates: 52°05′11.76″N 4°17′43.80″E / 52.0866000°N 4.2955000°E / 52.0866000; 4.2955000\n\n"
] | [
"Netherlands"
] |
-5036801159447997979 | List of Tampa Bay Lightning seasons | List of Tampa Bay Lightning seasons - wikipedia List of Tampa Bay Lightning seasons The interior of Amalie Arena ( then named the St. Petersburg Times Forum ) during a Lightning home game in 2007 The Tampa Bay Lightning are a professional ice hockey team based in Tampa , Florida . They are members of the Atlantic Division in the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The Lightning were founded in 1992 as an expansion team in the Norris Division of the Campbell Conference . The next year , the Lightning were placed in the NHL 's new Eastern Conference as members of the Atlantic Division . The Lightning were moved to the Southeast Division as part of the NHL 's 1998 expansion to three divisions per conference . In 2013 , as part of another realignment and return to a two division format , the Lightning became part of a reconstituted Atlantic Division . The Lightning played in Expo Hall for their inaugural season , and moved to Tropicana Field for the 1993 -- 94 season . They moved to their current home in 1996 , the Ice Palace , which has since been renamed Amalie Arena . The Lightning have qualified for the Stanley Cup playoffs ten times in twenty - six completed seasons and won the 2004 Stanley Cup . The Tampa Bay Lightning have won over 800 regular season games , the 25th - highest victory total among NHL teams . They have also lost over 800 games during the regular season , the tenth - lowest loss total in the NHL . The Lightning have over 1,900 points in their 26 seasons , the seventh - lowest point total in the league . Tampa Bay made their first playoffs in the 1995 -- 96 season . The team 's best year was the 2017 -- 18 season , in which they finished 54 -- 23 -- 5 . The team 's worst year was the 1997 -- 98 season , in which they finished 17 -- 55 -- 10 . Tampa Bay moved to the Southeast Division in 1998 , and won the division for the first time in the 2002 -- 03 season . The Lightning won the Eastern Conference and their only Stanley Cup in the following season . As part of the 2013 -- 14 NHL season realignment , the Lightning were relocated into the Atlantic Division after the league reduced from six divisions to four . Eleven years after their first cup win , the Lightning again won the Eastern Conference title and qualified for the 2015 Stanley Cup Finals . Contents 1 Table key 2 Year by year 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Table key ( edit ) Tampa Bay Lightning Opponents by City ( 1992 - 2011 ) Key of colors and symbols Color / symbol Explanation Stanley Cup champions Conference champions Division champions Key of terms and abbreviations Term or abbreviation Definition Finish Final position in division standings GA Goals against ( goals scored by the Lightning 's opponents ) GF Goals for ( goals scored by the Lightning ) GP Number of games played Number of losses OT Number of losses in overtime ( since the 1999 -- 2000 season ) Pts Number of points Number of ties Number of wins -- Does not apply Year by year ( edit ) Year by year listing of all seasons played by the Tampa Bay Lightning NHL Season Lightning season Conference Division Regular season Postseason Finish GP OT Pts GF GA GP GF GA Result 1992 -- 93 1992 -- 93 Campbell Norris 6th 84 23 54 7 -- 53 245 332 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 1993 -- 94 1993 -- 94 Eastern Atlantic 7th 84 30 43 11 -- 71 224 251 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 1994 -- 95 1994 -- 95 Eastern Atlantic 6th 48 17 28 -- 37 120 144 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 1995 -- 96 1995 -- 96 Eastern Atlantic 5th 82 38 32 12 -- 88 238 248 6 13 26 Lost Conference Quarterfinals to Philadelphia Flyers , 2 -- 4 1996 -- 97 1996 -- 97 Eastern Atlantic 6th 82 32 40 10 -- 74 217 247 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 1997 -- 98 1997 -- 98 Eastern Atlantic 7th 82 17 55 10 -- 44 151 269 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 1998 -- 99 1998 -- 99 Eastern Southeast 4th 82 19 54 9 -- 47 179 292 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 1999 -- 2000 1999 -- 2000 Eastern Southeast 4th 82 19 47 9 7 54 204 310 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 2000 -- 01 2000 -- 01 Eastern Southeast 5th 82 24 47 6 5 59 201 280 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 2001 -- 02 2001 -- 02 Eastern Southeast 3rd 82 27 40 11 69 178 219 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 2002 -- 03 2002 -- 03 Eastern Southeast 1st 82 36 25 16 5 93 219 210 11 5 6 22 29 Won Conference Quarterfinals vs. Washington Capitals , 4 -- 2 Lost Conference Semifinals to New Jersey Devils , 1 -- 4 2003 -- 04 2003 -- 04 Eastern Southeast 1st 82 46 22 8 6 106 245 192 23 16 7 60 43 Won Conference Quarterfinals vs. New York Islanders , 4 -- 1 Won Conference Semifinals vs. Montreal Canadiens , 4 -- 0 Won Conference Finals vs. Philadelphia Flyers , 4 -- 3 Won Stanley Cup Finals vs. Calgary Flames , 4 -- 3 2004 -- 05 2004 -- 05 Eastern Southeast -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- No playoffs due to lockout 2005 -- 06 2005 -- 06 Eastern Southeast 2nd 82 43 33 -- 6 92 252 260 5 13 23 Lost Conference Quarterfinals to Ottawa Senators , 1 -- 4 2006 -- 07 2006 -- 07 Eastern Southeast 2nd 82 44 33 -- 5 93 253 261 6 14 19 Lost Conference Quarterfinals to New Jersey Devils , 2 -- 4 2007 -- 08 2007 -- 08 Eastern Southeast 5th 82 31 42 -- 9 71 223 267 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 2008 -- 09 2008 -- 09 Eastern Southeast 5th 82 24 40 -- 18 66 210 279 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 2009 -- 10 2009 -- 10 Eastern Southeast 3rd 82 34 36 -- 12 80 217 260 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 2010 -- 11 2010 -- 11 Eastern Southeast 2nd 82 46 25 -- 11 103 247 240 18 11 7 59 44 Won Conference Quarterfinals vs. Pittsburgh Penguins , 4 -- 3 Won Conference Semifinals vs. Washington Capitals , 4 -- 0 Lost Conference Finals to Boston Bruins , 3 -- 4 2011 -- 12 2011 -- 12 Eastern Southeast 3rd 82 38 36 -- 8 84 235 281 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 2012 -- 13 2012 -- 13 Eastern Southeast 4th 48 18 26 -- 40 148 150 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 2013 -- 14 2013 -- 14 Eastern Atlantic 2nd 82 46 27 -- 9 101 240 215 0 10 16 Lost First Round to Montreal Canadiens , 0 -- 4 2014 -- 15 2014 -- 15 Eastern Atlantic 2nd 82 50 24 -- 8 108 262 211 26 14 12 65 62 Won First Round vs. Detroit Red Wings , 4 -- 3 Won Second Round vs. Montreal Canadiens , 4 -- 2 Won Conference Finals vs. New York Rangers , 4 -- 3 Lost Stanley Cup Finals to Chicago Blackhawks , 2 -- 4 2015 -- 16 2015 -- 16 Eastern Atlantic 2nd 82 46 31 -- 5 97 227 201 17 11 6 48 40 Won First Round vs. Detroit Red Wings , 4 -- 1 Won Second Round vs. New York Islanders , 4 -- 1 Lost Conference Finals vs. Pittsburgh Penguins , 3 -- 4 2016 -- 17 2016 -- 17 Eastern Atlantic 5th 82 42 30 -- 10 94 234 227 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 2017 -- 18 2017 -- 18 Eastern Atlantic 1st 82 54 23 -- 5 113 296 236 17 11 6 50 48 Won First Round vs. New Jersey Devils , 4 -- 1 Won Second Round vs. Boston Bruins , 4 -- 1 Lost Conference Finals vs. Washington Capitals , 3 -- 4 Totals 1,986 844 893 112 137 1,937 5,458 6,077 116 62 54 304 302 Playoff Series Record : 14 -- 9 Notes ( edit ) In 1992 , the NHL expanded the season to 84 games , and each team played two games at a neutral site . After the 1995 lockout , the neutral site games were eliminated , and the season was reduced to 82 games . The NHL realigned into Eastern and Western conferences prior to the 1993 -- 94 season . Tampa Bay was placed in the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The season was shortened to 48 games because of the 1994 -- 95 NHL lockout . The NHL added 4 expansion teams prior to the 1998 -- 99 season and split the Eastern Conference into three divisions : Northeast , Atlantic , and Southeast . Tampa Bay was moved into the new Southeast division . Beginning with the 1999 -- 2000 season , teams received one point for losing a regular season game in overtime . The season was canceled because of the 2004 -- 05 NHL lockout . Before the 2005 -- 06 season , the NHL instituted a penalty shootout for regular season games that remained tied after a five - minute overtime period , which prevented ties . The season was shortened to 48 games because of the 2012 -- 13 NHL lockout . The NHL realigned prior to the 2013 -- 14 season . Tampa Bay was placed in the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Rosters , Arena Information , and Aerial Maps '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Team Index '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Calgary Flames vs. Tampa Bay Lightning Recap '' . ESPN . June 7 , 2004 . Retrieved January 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to 2013 - 14 NHL realignment '' . Reuters . October 1 , 2013 . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lightning beat up on Original Six to reach Cup finals '' . Reuters . May 30 , 2015 . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tampa Bay Lightning Statistics and History '' . The Internet Hockey Database . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tampa Bay Lightning Franchise Index '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved June 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Scott ( December 1 , 2007 ) . `` 84 game schedule a lock '' . SLAM ! Sports . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lapointe , Joe ( April 1 , 1993 ) . `` Hockey ; N.H.L. Redraws Map In Realignment Plan '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Swift , E.M. ( January 23 , 1995 ) . `` Drop Those Pucks ! '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2009 . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` N.H.L. Names 4 Cities For Its New Franchises '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . June 18 , 1997 . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lapointe , Joe ( September 30 , 1999 ) . `` Hockey : Preview ' 99 -- ' 00 ; Overtime Is Now Five Minutes in Hockey Heaven '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lockout over salary cap shuts down NHL '' . Associated Press . ESPN . February 16 , 2005 . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Shootouts are fan - friendly '' . The Washington Times . October 19 , 2005 . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NHL Announces 2012 - 13 Season Schedule '' . Lightning.nhl.com . Tampa Bay Lightning . January 12 , 2013 . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NHL slate , division names revealed '' . ESPN.com news services . ESPN . July 20 , 2013 . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Tampa Bay Lightning official website Tampa Bay Lightning Founded in 1992 Based in Tampa , Florida Franchise Team General managers Coaches Players Captains Draft picks ( Expansion draft ) Seasons Current season History Records Award winners Retired numbers Personnel Owners Tampa Bay Sports and Entertainment ( Jeffrey Vinik , chairman ) General manager Steve Yzerman Head coach Jon Cooper Team captain Steven Stamkos Current roster Arenas Expo Hall Thunderdome Amalie Arena Rivalries Florida Panthers Affiliates AHL Syracuse Crunch Media TV Fox Sports Sun Radio 620 WDAE Culture and lore Manon Rhéaume The Phantom Goal Tampa Bay Lightning seasons 1990s 1990 -- 91 . 1991 -- 92 . 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000s 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010s 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Highlighted seasons indicate Stanley Cup championship NHL seasons by team Western Conference Eastern Conference Pacific Anaheim Arizona Calgary Edmonton Los Angeles San Jose Vancouver Vegas Central Chicago Colorado Dallas Minnesota Nashville St. Louis Winnipeg Atlantic Boston Buffalo Detroit Florida Montreal Ottawa Tampa Bay Toronto Metropolitan Carolina Columbus New Jersey NY Islanders NY Rangers Philadelphia Pittsburgh Washington Relocated ( still active ) Atlanta Flames ( Calgary ) Atlanta Thrashers ( Winnipeg ) Hartford Whalers ( Carolina ) Kansas City Scouts / Colorado Rockies ( New Jersey ) Minnesota North Stars ( Dallas ) Quebec Nordiques ( Colorado ) Winnipeg Jets ( Arizona ) Defunct teams California Golden Seals / Cleveland Barons Hamilton Tigers Montreal Maroons New York Americans Ottawa Senators / St. Louis Eagles Pittsburgh Pirates / Philadelphia Quakers Ice hockey portal Sports portal Florida portal United States portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Tampa_Bay_Lightning_seasons&oldid=844845290 '' Categories : National Hockey League team seasons Tampa Bay Lightning seasons Lists of National Hockey League seasons Tampa Bay Lightning lists Hidden categories : Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 7 June 2018 , at 15 : 21 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | when was the last time the lightning was in the playoffs | [
"Tampa Bay made their first playoffs in the 1995–96 season. The team's best year was the 2017–18 season, in which they finished 54–23–5. The team's worst year was the 1997–98 season, in which they finished 17–55–10. Tampa Bay moved to the Southeast Division in 1998, and won the division for the first time in the 2002–03 season. The Lightning won the Eastern Conference and their only Stanley Cup in the following season.[3] As part of the 2013–14 NHL season realignment, the Lightning were relocated into the Atlantic Division after the league reduced from six divisions to four.[4] Eleven years after their first cup win, the Lightning again won the Eastern Conference title and qualified for the 2015 Stanley Cup Finals.[5]\n"
] | [
"2017–18 season"
] |
7751825079614645239 | Joint Chiefs of Staff (South Korea) | Joint Chiefs of Staff ( South Korea ) - wikipedia Joint Chiefs of Staff ( South Korea ) Joint Chiefs of Staff of the Republic of Korea Insignia of Joint Chiefs of Staff Active June 1963 -- present Country South Korea Commanders JCS Chairman General Jeong Kyeong - doo Army Chief of Staff General Kim Yong - woo Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Sim Seung - seob Air Force Chief of Staff General Lee Wang - keun This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Joint Chiefs of Staff of the Republic of Korea ( Korean : 대한민국 합동 참모 본부 , Hanja : 大韓民國 合同 參謀 本部 ) is a group of Chiefs from each major branch of the armed services in the Republic of Korea Armed Forces . Unlike the United States counterpart , the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff has Operational Control over all military personnel of the Armed Forces . The National Command Authority runs from the President and the Minister of National Defense to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and then to Operational Commands of the service branches , bypassing the Headquarters of each service branch . Currently there are five Operational Commands in the Army , two in the Navy ( including the Marine Corps ) and one in the Air Force . It was created in May 1954 , though there had been Supreme Command of the Armed Forces dating from 1948 . All ( regular ) members of the Joint Chiefs of Staffs are 4 - star generals and admirals , though the Deputy Chairman in the past has been 3 - star Lieutenant - General or Vice-Admiral intermittently . Traditionally , the Chairman is chosen from the Army ( with one previous and one current exceptions as October 2013 ) while the Deputy Chairman is selected from either the Navy or the Air Force . The Commandant of the Marine Corps , legally subordinate to the Republic of Korea Navy , can attend the Joint Chiefs of Staff meetings when examining the matter pertaining to the Marine Corps . Contents 1 Current Members of the Republic of Korea Joint Chiefs of Staff 2 List of Chairmen of the Joint Chiefs of Staff of the Republic of Korea Armed Forces 2.1 Chairman of the Combined Chiefs of Staff 2.2 Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff 3 References 4 External links Current Members of the Republic of Korea Joint Chiefs of Staff ( edit ) ( Since July 2018 ) Portrait Name Position Branch General Jeong Kyeong - doo Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff & Chief Director of the Joint Defense Headquarters Republic of Korea Air Force General Kim Yong - woo Chief of Staff of the Republic of Korea Army Republic of Korea Army Admiral Sim Seung - seob Chief of Naval Operations of the Republic of Korea Navy Republic of Korea Navy General Lee Wang - keun Chief of Staff of the Republic of Korea Air Force Republic of Korea Air Force List of Chairmen of the Joint Chiefs of Staff of the Republic of Korea Armed Forces ( edit ) Chairman of the Combined Chiefs of Staff ( edit ) No Chairman of the Combined Chiefs of Staff Took office Left office Time in office Defence branch Republic Hyong - kon , Lee General Lee Hyong - kon ( 1920 -- 2002 ) 17 February 1954 27 June 1956 7002861000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 131 days Army 1st Republic Il - Gwon , Jeong General Jeong Il - Gwon ( 1917 -- 1994 ) 27 June 1956 18 May 1957 7002325000000000000 ♠ 325 days Army 1st Republic Jae - Hyung , Yu Lieutenant General Yu Jae - Hyung ( 1921 -- 2011 ) 18 May 1957 26 February 1959 7002649000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 284 days Army 1st Republic Sun - yup , Paik General Paik Sun - yup ( born 1920 ) 26 February 1959 31 May 1960 7002460000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 95 days Army 1st Republic ( 3 ) Jae - Hyung , Yu Lieutenant General Yu Jae - Hyung ( 1921 -- 2011 ) Acting 31 May 1960 29 August 1960 7001900000000000000 ♠ 90 days Army 2nd Republic 5 Young - Hee , Choi Lieutenant General Choi Young - Hee ( 1921 -- 2006 ) 29 August 1960 8 October 1960 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 days Army 2nd Republic 6 Jong - oh , Kim General Kim Jong - oh ( 1921 -- 1966 ) 8 October 1960 1 June 1963 7002966000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 236 days Army 2nd Republic Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff ( edit ) No Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Took office Left office Time in office Defence branch Republic Jong - oh , Kim General Kim Jong - oh ( 1921 -- 1966 ) 1 June 1963 10 April 1965 7002679000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 313 days Army 3rd Republic Chang - guk , Jang General Jang Chang - guk ( 1924 -- 1996 ) 10 April 1965 10 April 1967 7002739000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 9 days Army 3rd Republic Chung - sik , Yim General Yim Chung - sik ( 1922 -- 1974 ) 10 April 1967 5 August 1968 7002483000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 117 days Army 3rd Republic Hyeung - tae , Moon General Moon Hyeung - tae ( 1922 -- 2006 ) 7 August 1968 6 August 1970 7002729000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 364 days Army 3rd Republic 5 Heung - sun , Sim General Sim Heung - sun ( 1925 -- 1978 ) 6 August 1970 2 June 1972 7002666000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 301 days Army 3rd Republic 6 shin , Han General Han shin ( 1922 -- 1996 ) 2 June 1972 28 February 1975 7003100100000000000 ♠ 2 years , 271 days Army 3rd Republic / 4th Republic 7 Jae - hyun , Roh General Roh Jae - hyun ( born 1926 ) 28 February 1975 29 December 1975 7003103500000000000 ♠ 2 years , 304 days Army 4th Republic 8 Jong - hwan , Kim General Kim Jong - hwan ( born 1923 ) 29 December 1975 15 December 1979 7002716000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 351 days Army 4th Republic 9 Byong - hyun , Lew General Lew Byong - hyun ( born 1924 ) 15 December 1979 15 May 1981 7002517000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 151 days Army 4th Republic 10 Sung - min , Yoon General Yoon Sung - min ( 1926 -- 2017 ) 15 May 1981 21 May 1982 7002371000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 6 days Army 5th Republic 11 Yoon - ho , Kim General Kim Yoon - ho ( 1930 -- 2013 ) 21 May 1982 3 June 1983 7002378000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 13 days Army 5th Republic 12 Gee - baek , Lee General Lee Gee - baek ( born 1931 ) 3 June 1983 3 June 1985 7002731000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 0 days Army 5th Republic 13 Jin - kwon , Jung General Jung Jin - kwon 3 June 1985 9 July 1986 7002401000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 36 days Army 5th Republic 14 Ja - bok , Oh General Oh Ja - bok ( 1930 -- 2017 ) 9 July 1986 30 December 1987 7002539000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 174 days Army 5th Republic 15 Sae - chang , Choi General Choi Sae - chang ( born 1934 ) 30 December 1987 14 April 1989 7002471000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 105 days Army 5th Republic 6th Republic 16 Ho - keun , Chung General Chung Ho - keun 14 April 1989 7 December 1991 7002967000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 237 days Army 6th Republic 17 Phil - sup , Lee General Lee Phil - sup 7 December 1991 29 May 1993 7002539000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 173 days Army 6th Republic 18 Yang - ho , Lee General Lee Yang - ho ( born 1937 ) 29 May 1993 24 December 1994 7002574000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 209 days Air Force 6th Republic 19 Dong - jin , Kim General Kim Dong - jin ( born 1938 ) 24 December 1994 18 October 1996 7002664000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 299 days Army 6th Republic 20 Yeoug - nam , Yoon General Yoon Yeoug - nam ( born 1940 ) 18 October 1996 26 March 1998 7002524000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 159 days Army 6th Republic 21 Jin - ho , Kim General Kim Jin - ho 26 March 1998 26 October 1999 7002579000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 214 days Army 6th Republic 22 Yung - kil , Cho General Cho Yung - kil ( born 1940 ) 26 October 1999 8 October 2001 7002713000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 347 days Army 6th Republic 23 Nam - shin , Lee General Lee Nam - shin 8 October 2001 7 April 2003 7002546000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 181 days Army 6th Republic 24 Jong - hwan , Kim General Kim Jong - hwan 7 April 2003 7 April 2005 7002731000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 0 days Army 6th Republic 25 Sang - hee , Lee General Lee Sang - hee ( born 1945 ) 7 April 2005 17 November 2006 7002589000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 224 days Army 6th Republic 26 Kwan - jin , Kim General Kim Kwan - jin ( born 1949 ) 17 November 2006 25 March 2008 7002494000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 129 days Army 6th Republic 27 Tae - Young , Kim General Kim Tae - young ( born 1949 ) 28 March 2008 23 September 2009 7002547000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 182 days Army 6th Republic 28 Sang - eui , Lee General Lee Sang - eui ( born 1951 ) 30 September 2009 30 June 2010 7002273000000000000 ♠ 273 days Army 6th Republic 29 Sang - eui , Lee General Lee Sang - eui ( born 1951 ) 30 June 2010 26 October 2011 7002483000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 118 days Army 6th Republic 30 Seung - jo , Jeong General Jeong Seung - jo ( born 1953 ) 26 October 2011 16 October 2013 7002721000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 355 days Army 6th Republic 31 Yoon - hee , Choi Admiral Choi Yoon - hee ( born 1953 ) 16 October 2013 7 October 2015 7002721000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 356 days Navy 6th Republic 32 Sun - jin , Lee General Lee Sun - jin ( born 1954 ) 7 October 2015 20 August 2017 7002683000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 317 days Army 6th Republic 33 Kyeong - doo , Jeong General Jeong Kyeong - doo ( born 1960 ) 20 August 2017 Incumbent 7002371000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 6 days Air Force 6th Republic References ( edit ) External links ( edit ) R.O.K. Joint Chiefs of Staff ( Official Website ) ( in English ) Republic of Korea Armed Forces Army Navy / Marine Corps Air Force Reserve Forces Military Police Civil Defense Corps Military history of Korea Naval history of Korea ( History of the Republic of Korea Navy / List of ships of the Republic of Korea Navy ) Chiefs of defence by country Chief of Defence Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros DR Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Former Biafra Bophuthatswana Ciskei British Egypt Ethiopian Empire Rhodesia Transkei Venda Zaire Americas Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Secretariat of National Defense Secretariat of the Navy Nicaragua Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Former Confederate States of America Asia Abkhazia Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia PR of China East Timor India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Republic of China ( Taiwan ) Tajikistan Thailand Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Former Democratic Kampuchea Imperial Japan Mengjiang Manchukuo Chief of Joint General Staff ( South Vietnam ) ( vi ) Europe Albania Austria Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Georgia Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kosovo Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican Former Austria -- Hungary Independent State of Croatia Czechoslovakia Prussia Imperial Germany Nazi Germany East Germany Ottoman Empire Russian Empire Soviet Union Yugoslavia Oceania Australia Fiji New Zealand Papua New Guinea Tonga Vanuatu Supranational European Union NATO Former Warsaw Pact Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_(South_Korea)&oldid=850964943 '' Categories : Military of South Korea Military chiefs of staff Joint military units and formations of South Korea Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from June 2018 All articles lacking sources Interlanguage link template link number Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 July 2018 , at 04 : 48 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | chief of staff of the republic of korea army | [
"\n\nPortrait\nName\nPosition\nBranch\n\n\n\nGeneral Jeong Kyeong-doo\nChairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff & Chief Director of the Joint Defense Headquarters\nRepublic of Korea Air Force\n\n\n\nGeneral Kim Yong-woo\nChief of Staff of the Republic of Korea Army\nRepublic of Korea Army\n\n\n\nAdmiral Sim Seung-seob\nChief of Naval Operations of the Republic of Korea Navy\nRepublic of Korea Navy\n\n\n\nGeneral Lee Wang-keun\nChief of Staff of the Republic of Korea Air Force\nRepublic of Korea Air Force\n"
] | [
"General Kim Yong-woo"
] |
4805199598374711723 | Sarah Ann Kennedy | Sarah Ann Kennedy - Wikipedia Sarah Ann Kennedy Jump to : navigation , search Sarah Ann Kennedy is a British voice actress best known for providing the voices of Miss Rabbit and Mummy Rabbit in the children 's animated series Peppa Pig , Nanny Plum in the children 's animated series Ben & Holly 's Little Kingdom and Dolly Pond in Pond Life . She is also a writer and animation director and the creator of Crapston Villas , an animated soap opera for Channel 4 in 1996 -- 1998 . She has also written for Hit Entertainment and Peppa Pig , and is a lecturer at the University of Central Lancashire . Kennedy grew up in Stratford - upon - Avon . She is married to ceramicist Rob Parr . They currently live in Preston , Lancashire , and have one child , a daughter . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sarah Ann 's survival story '' . Coventry Evening Telegraph ( England ) . 14 March 2000 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 26 . Warwickshire programme maker Sarah Ann Kennedy will be putting the words into the mouth of TV cartoon heroine Dolly Pond this summer ... Jump up ^ Childs , Peter ; Mike Storry ( 1999 ) . Encyclopedia of contemporary British culture . Taylor & Francis . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 14726 - 2 . Retrieved 26 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Joe ( 1 November 1995 ) . `` Images carry on spitting - Spitting Image '' . The Times . Already off the drawing board in Britain is Crapston Villas , an animated soap opera produced for Channel 4 . The ten - episode series , which made its debut last Friday , fills our living rooms with a household of flat - dwellers from hell , including Fatso , a cat who eats his own sick . Jane Horrocks and Alison Steadman do two of the voices . Sara Ann Kennedy 's warped brain provided the plot . `` Her script was so funny , '' ( Roger ) Law says . `` It shocked me , and I 'm not easy to shock . So I thought we had to do it . '' access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) External links ( edit ) Sarah Ann Kennedy CV This article about a British voice actor is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarah_Ann_Kennedy&oldid=808474603 '' Categories : British animators British voice actresses Living people People from Stratford - upon - Avon British voice actor stubs Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use dmy dates from July 2013 Year of birth missing ( living people ) All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 02 : 26 . About Wikipedia | who does miss rabbit's voice on peppa pig | [
"Sarah Ann Kennedy is a British voice actress best known for providing the voices of Miss Rabbit and Mummy Rabbit in the children's animated series Peppa Pig, Nanny Plum in the children's animated series Ben & Holly's Little Kingdom and Dolly Pond in Pond Life.[1] She is also a writer and animation director and the creator of Crapston Villas, an animated soap opera for Channel 4 in 1996–1998.[2][3][4] She has also written for Hit Entertainment and Peppa Pig, and is a lecturer at the University of Central Lancashire.[5]"
] | [
"Sarah Ann Kennedy"
] |
5008623715383656824 | List of extreme points of the United States | List of extreme points of the United States - wikipedia List of extreme points of the United States Jump to : navigation , search There are a number of different interpretations for `` easternmost '' and `` westernmost '' ; see below for full treatment . This is a list of the extreme points of the United States , the points that are farther north , south , east , or west than any other location in the country . Also included are extreme points in elevation , extreme distances , and other points of peculiar geographic interest . Extreme points in the 50 states : Point Barrow , Ka Lae , Sail Rock , Peaked Island Extreme points in the contiguous 48 states : Northwest Angle , Ballast Key , Sail Rock , Bodelteh Islands Extreme points of the U.S. on the North American continent : Point Barrow , Cape Sable , West Quoddy Head , Cape Prince of Wales Extreme points in all U.S. territory : Point Barrow , Rose Atoll , Wake Island , Peaked Island ( red dots ) ; Point Udall , Guam , and Point Udall , USVI are shown as green dots . The International Date Line is shown in yellow . Contents ( hide ) 1 Northernmost points 2 Southernmost points 3 Easternmost points 4 Westernmost points 5 Interpretation of easternmost and westernmost 6 Highest points 7 Lowest points 8 Other points 9 Islands 10 Lakes 11 Rivers 12 Extremes in distance 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 External links Northernmost points ( edit ) ( show ) Map this section 's coordinates using OSM Map this section 's coordinates using Google Export this section 's coordinates as KML Export this section 's coordinates as GPX Map all microformatted coordinates Place data as RDF Point Barrow , Alaska 71 ° 23 ′ 20 '' N 156 ° 28 ′ 45 '' W / 71.38889 ° N 156.47917 ° W / 71.38889 ; - 156.47917 ( Point Barrow ) -- northernmost point in all U.S. territory Barrow ( Utqiaġvik ) , Alaska 71 ° 17 ′ 44 '' N 156 ° 45 ′ 59 '' W / 71.29556 ° N 156.76639 ° W / 71.29556 ; - 156.76639 ( Barrow ) -- northernmost incorporated place in all U.S. territory , population about 4,000 Fairbanks , Alaska 64 ° 50 ′ 22.94 '' N 147 ° 43 ′ 14.63 '' W / 64.8397056 ° N 147.7207306 ° W / 64.8397056 ; - 147.7207306 ( Fairbanks City Hall ) -- northernmost city of more than 20,000 residents , and northernmost city with public road access Anchorage , Alaska 61 ° 13 ′ 4.17 '' N 149 ° 53 ′ 33.17 '' W / 61.2178250 ° N 149.8925472 ° W / 61.2178250 ; - 149.8925472 ( Anchorage City Hall ) -- northernmost city of more than 250,000 residents Northwest Angle Inlet in Lake of the Woods , Minnesota 49 ° 23 ′ 04.1 '' N 95 ° 9 ′ 12.2 '' W / 49.384472 ° N 95.153389 ° W / 49.384472 ; - 95.153389 ( Northwest Angle ) -- northernmost point in the 48 contiguous states ( because of incomplete information at the time of the Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) settling the American Revolutionary War ) Sumas , Washington 49 ° 00 ′ 08.6 '' N 122 ° 15 ′ 40 '' W / 49.002389 ° N 122.26111 ° W / 49.002389 ; - 122.26111 ( Sumas , WA ) -- northernmost incorporated place in the 48 contiguous states ( because of 19th century survey inaccuracy placing the international border slightly north of the 49th parallel here . ) Lynden , Washington 48 ° 56 ′ 43 '' N 122 ° 27 ′ 10 '' W / 48.94528 ° N 122.45278 ° W / 48.94528 ; - 122.45278 ( Lynden City Hall ) -- northernmost city of more than 10,000 residents in the 48 contiguous states Bellingham , Washington 48 ° 45 ′ 19.12 '' N 122 ° 28 ′ 43.54 '' W / 48.7553111 ° N 122.4787611 ° W / 48.7553111 ; - 122.4787611 ( Bellingham City Hall ) -- northernmost city of more than 50,000 residents in the 48 contiguous states Everett , Washington 47 ° 58 ′ 41 '' N 122 ° 12 ′ 27 '' W / 47.97806 ° N 122.20750 ° W / 47.97806 ; - 122.20750 ( Everett City Hall ) -- northernmost city of more than 100,000 residents in the 48 contiguous states Spokane , Washington 47 ° 39 ′ 37 '' N 117 ° 25 ′ 25 '' W / 47.66028 ° N 117.42361 ° W / 47.66028 ; - 117.42361 ( Spokane City Hall ) -- northernmost city of more than 200,000 residents in the 48 contiguous states Seattle , Washington 47 ° 36 ′ 13.81 '' N 122 ° 19 ′ 48.56 '' W / 47.6038361 ° N 122.3301556 ° W / 47.6038361 ; - 122.3301556 ( Seattle City Hall ) -- northernmost city of more than 500,000 residents in the United States Alaska has the northernmost geographic center of all the states . North Dakota has the northernmost geographic center of the 48 contiguous states . Southernmost points ( edit ) ( show ) Map this section 's coordinates using OSM Map this section 's coordinates using Google Export this section 's coordinates as KML Export this section 's coordinates as GPX Map all microformatted coordinates Place data as RDF Amundsen -- Scott South Pole Station , Antarctica ( 90 ° 0 ′ 0 '' S 0 ° 0 ′ 0 '' E / 90.00000 ° S 0.00000 ° E / - 90.00000 ; 0.00000 ( South Pole ) ) -- southernmost point under United States jurisdiction Rose Atoll , American Samoa ( 14 ° 34 ′ 11 '' S 168 ° 9 ′ 10 '' W / 14.56972 ° S 168.15278 ° W / - 14.56972 ; - 168.15278 ( Rose Atoll ) ) -- southernmost point in all U.S. - controlled territory Palmyra Atoll - southernmost point in all U.S. incorporated territory Ka Lae , Hawaii ( 18 ° 54 ′ 39 '' N 155 ° 40 ′ 52 '' W / 18.91083 ° N 155.68111 ° W / 18.91083 ; - 155.68111 ( Ka Lae ) ) -- southernmost point in the 50 states Nā'ālehu , Hawaii ( 19 ° 3 ′ 57 '' N 155 ° 35 ′ 15 '' W / 19.06583 ° N 155.58750 ° W / 19.06583 ; - 155.58750 ( Nā'ālehu , HI ) ) -- southernmost town in the 50 states Hilo , Hawaii ( 19 ° 41 ′ 58 '' N 155 ° 4 ′ 51 '' W / 19.69944 ° N 155.08083 ° W / 19.69944 ; - 155.08083 ) - southernmost place with a population over 25,000 in the 50 states City and County of Honolulu , Hawaii -- southernmost incorporated place in the 50 states ( Hawaii 's only incorporated place ) Western Dry Rocks , Florida ( 24 ° 26.8 ′ N 81 ° 55.6 ′ W / 24.4467 ° N 81.9267 ° W / 24.4467 ; - 81.9267 ( Western Dry Rocks ) ) -- In the Florida Keys - southernmost point in the 48 contiguous states occasionally above water at low tide Ballast Key , Florida ( 24 ° 31 ′ 15 '' N 81 ° 57 ′ 49 '' W / 24.52083 ° N 81.96361 ° W / 24.52083 ; - 81.96361 ( Ballast Key ) ) -- southernmost point in the 48 contiguous states continuously above water Key West , Florida ( 24 ° 32 ′ 38.724 '' N 81 ° 48 ′ 17.658 '' W / 24.54409000 ° N 81.80490500 ° W / 24.54409000 ; - 81.80490500 ( Key West , FL ) ) -- southernmost incorporated place in the contiguous 48 states Cape Sable , Florida ( 25 ° 7 ′ 6 '' N 81 ° 5 ′ 11 '' W / 25.11833 ° N 81.08639 ° W / 25.11833 ; - 81.08639 ( Cape Sable ) ) -- southernmost point on the U.S. mainland Florida City , Florida -- Southernmost municipality in continental USA Miami , Florida -- the southernmost major metropolitan city in the 48 contiguous states Cameron County , Texas 25 ° 50 ′ 14.5 '' N 97 ° 23 ′ 39.9 '' W / 25.837361 ° N 97.394417 ° W / 25.837361 ; - 97.394417 -- Southernmost point on the Mexico -- United States border . Hawaii has the southernmost geographic center of all the states . Florida has the southernmost geographic center of the 48 contiguous states . Easternmost points ( edit ) ( show ) Map this section 's coordinates using OSM Map this section 's coordinates using Google Export this section 's coordinates as KML Export this section 's coordinates as GPX Map all microformatted coordinates Place data as RDF Point Udall , St. Croix , U.S. Virgin Islands 17 ° 45 ′ 19 '' N 64 ° 33 ′ 54 '' W / 17.75528 ° N 64.56500 ° W / 17.75528 ; - 64.56500 ( Point Udall , St. Croix ) -- easternmost point in all U.S. territory , by direction of travel Christiansted , United States Virgin Islands 17 ° 44 ′ 54 '' N 64 ° 43 ′ 00 '' W / 17.7482 ° N 64.7168 ° W / 17.7482 ; - 64.7168 ( Christainsted ) -- easternmost town in all US territory , by direction of travel Sail Rock , Maine 44 ° 48 ′ 45.2 '' N 66 ° 56 ′ 49.3 '' W / 44.812556 ° N 66.947028 ° W / 44.812556 ; - 66.947028 ( Sail Rock ) , just offshore of West Quoddy Head , Maine -- easternmost point in the 50 states , by direction of travel West Quoddy Head , Maine 44 ° 48 ′ 55.4 '' N 66 ° 56 ′ 59.2 '' W / 44.815389 ° N 66.949778 ° W / 44.815389 ; - 66.949778 ( West Quoddy Head ) -- easternmost point on the U.S. mainland Lubec , Maine 44 ° 49 ′ 03 '' N 66 ° 57 ′ 00 '' W / 44.817419 ° N 66.949895 ° W / 44.817419 ; - 66.949895 ( Lubec , ME ) -- easternmost incorporated place in the 50 states Eastport , Maine -- easternmost incorporated city in the 50 states Calais , Maine -- easternmost city of more than 2,500 residents in the 50 states Houlton , Maine -- easternmost city of more than 5,000 residents in the 50 states Bangor , Maine -- easternmost city of more than 20,000 residents in the 50 states Portland , Maine -- easternmost city of more than 50,000 residents in the 50 states Boston , Massachusetts -- easternmost major U.S. city ( more than 500,000 residents ) Pochnoi Point , Semisopochnoi Island , Alaska 51 ° 57 ′ 42 '' N 179 ° 46 ′ 23 '' E / 51.96167 ° N 179.77306 ° E / 51.96167 ; 179.77306 ( Pochnoi Point , Semisopochnoi Island ) -- easternmost point in all U.S. territory by longitude -- ironically , in the Alaskan Aleutian Islands `` west '' of the westernmost point in the U.S. by longitude ( Amatignak Island ) due to interposition of 180 ° longitude , which conventionally divides `` west '' from `` east '' in geographic terms . Peacock Point , Wake Island 19 ° 16 ′ 13.2 '' N 166 ° 39 ′ 26.3 '' E / 19.270333 ° N 166.657306 ° E / 19.270333 ; 166.657306 ( Peacock Point , Wake Island ) -- first sunrise ( at equinox ) in all U.S. territory Northern Islands Municipality , Northern Mariana Islands 16 ° 01 ′ 38 '' N 146 ° 03 ′ 52 '' E / 16.0271 ° N 146.0645 ° E / 16.0271 ; 146.0645 ( Farallon de Medinilla ) -- easternmost municipality in all U.S. territory , by longitude Maine has the easternmost geographic center of the 50 states . Westernmost points ( edit ) ( show ) Map this section 's coordinates using OSM Map this section 's coordinates using Google Export this section 's coordinates as KML Export this section 's coordinates as GPX Map all microformatted coordinates Place data as RDF Point Udall , Guam ( 13 ° 26 ′ 51 '' N 144 ° 37 ′ 5.5 '' E / 13.44750 ° N 144.618194 ° E / 13.44750 ; 144.618194 ( Point Udall , Guam ) ) -- westernmost point in all U.S. territory , by direction of travel Peaked Island , offshore from Cape Wrangell , Attu Island , Alaska 52 ° 55 ′ 14 '' N 172 ° 26 ′ 16 '' E / 52.92056 ° N 172.43778 ° E / 52.92056 ; 172.43778 ( Peaked Island ) -- westernmost point in the 50 states by direction of travel , and last sunset ( at equinox ) in all U.S. territory . West of it passes the International Date Line , after which come Russian territorial islands Amatignak Island , Alaska 51 ° 16 ′ 7 '' N 179 ° 8 ′ 55 '' W / 51.26861 ° N 179.14861 ° W / 51.26861 ; - 179.14861 ( Amatignak Island ) -- technically , westernmost point in all of U.S. territory by longitude , but not the westernmost of the U.S. Aleutian Islands . It possesses the highest longitude west figure ( 179 ° 8'55 `` W ) before 180 ° longitude , which passes west of it . After 180 ° , longitude is termed `` east '' and declines numerically . Adak , Alaska 51 ° 49 ′ 21 '' N 176 ° 42 ′ 53 '' W / 51.8224 ° N 176.7147 ° W / 51.8224 ; - 176.7147 ( Adak , AK ) -- westernmost incorporated city in the 50 states Unalaska , Alaska 53 ° 53 ′ 20 '' N 166 ° 31 ′ 38 '' W / 53.888984 ° N 166.527239 ° W / 53.888984 ; - 166.527239 ( Unalaska , AK ) - westernmost city of more than 2,500 residents in the 50 states Cape Prince of Wales , Alaska 65 ° 38 ′ 32 '' N 168 ° 7 ′ 8 '' W / 65.64222 ° N 168.11889 ° W / 65.64222 ; - 168.11889 ( Cape Prince of Wales ) -- westernmost point on the North American continent Anchor Point , Alaska ( 59 ° 46 ′ 20.8914 '' N 151 ° 52 ′ 2.373 '' W / 59.772469833 ° N 151.86732583 ° W / 59.772469833 ; - 151.86732583 ( Anchor Point , AK ) ) -- Westernmost point on the continuous road system of North America Umatilla Reef , offshore from Cape Alava , Washington ( 48 ° 11.1 ′ N 124 ° 47.1 ′ W / 48.1850 ° N 124.7850 ° W / 48.1850 ; - 124.7850 ( Umatilla Reef ) ) -- westernmost point in the 48 contiguous states occasionally above water at low tide Bodelteh Islands , offshore from Cape Alava , Washington 48 ° 10 ′ 42.7 '' N 124 ° 46 ′ 18.1 '' W / 48.178528 ° N 124.771694 ° W / 48.178528 ; - 124.771694 ( Bodelteh Islands ) -- westernmost point in the 48 contiguous states continuously above water Cape Alava , Washington ( 48 ° 9 ′ 51 '' N 124 ° 43 ′ 59 '' W / 48.16417 ° N 124.73306 ° W / 48.16417 ; - 124.73306 ( Cape Alava ) ) -- westernmost point on the U.S. mainland ( contiguous ) Ozette , Washington 48 ° 09 ′ 17 '' N 124 ° 40 ′ 02 '' W / 48.154722 ° N 124.667222 ° W / 48.154722 ; - 124.667222 ( Ozette , WA ) -- westernmost town in the 48 contiguous states Port Orford , Oregon 42 ° 45 ′ 15 '' N 124 ° 30 ′ 45 '' W / 42.754065 ° N 124.512605 ° W / 42.754065 ; - 124.512605 ( Port Orford , OR ) -- westernmost incorporated place in the 48 contiguous states Brookings , Oregon -- westernmost city of more than 5,000 residents in the 48 contiguous states Coos Bay , Oregon -- westernmost city of more than 10,000 residents in the 48 contiguous states Eureka , California -- westernmost city of more than 25,000 residents in the 48 contiguous states Corvallis , Oregon -- westernmost city of more than 50,000 residents in the 48 contiguous states Eugene , Oregon -- westernmost city of more than 100,000 residents in the 48 contiguous states Portland , Oregon -- westernmost city of more than 500,000 residents in the United States Hawaii has the westernmost geographic center of all the states . Oregon has the westernmost geographic center of the 48 contiguous states . Interpretation of easternmost and westernmost ( edit ) There are three methods for reckoning the eastern and western extremes of the United States . One method is to use the Prime Meridian as the dividing line between east and west . This meridian running through Greenwich , London , is defined as zero degrees longitude and could be called the least eastern and least western place in the world . The 180th meridian , on the opposite side of the globe , is therefore the easternmost and westernmost place in the world . Another method is to use the International Date Line as the easternmost -- westernmost extreme . On the equinox , the easternmost place would be where the day first begins , and the westernmost is where the day last ends . Still another method is to first determine the geographic center of the country and from there measure the shortest distance to every other point . All U.S. territory is spread across less than 180 ° of longitude , so from any spot in the U.S. it is more direct to reach Point Udall , U.S. Virgin Islands , by traveling east than by traveling west . Likewise , there is not a single point in U.S. territory from which heading east is a shorter route to Point Udall , Guam , than heading west would be , even accounting for circumpolar routes . The two Udalls for whom the two Points are named were brothers , Mo Udall in Guam and Stewart Udall in the Virgin Islands . Highest points ( edit ) ( show ) Map this section 's coordinates using OSM Map this section 's coordinates using Google Export this section 's coordinates as KML Export this section 's coordinates as GPX Map all microformatted coordinates Place data as RDF Denali , Alaska , United States 63 ° 4 ′ 9 '' N 151 ° 0 ′ 23 '' W / 63.06917 ° N 151.00639 ° W / 63.06917 ; - 151.00639 ( Mount McKinley ) -- highest summit in the United States , all US territories , and North America at 20,310 feet ( 6,190.5 m ) Mount Whitney , California 36 ° 34 ′ 43 '' N 118 ° 17 ′ 31 '' W / 36.57861 ° N 118.29194 ° W / 36.57861 ; - 118.29194 ( Mount Whitney ) -- highest point in the 48 contiguous states at 14,505 feet ( 4,421 m ) Mount Elbert , Colorado -- highest point on the Continental Divide of North America at 14,440 feet ( 4,400 m ) Mauna Kea , Hawai ʻi 19 ° 49 ′ 14 '' N 155 ° 28 ′ 5 '' W / 19.82056 ° N 155.46806 ° W / 19.82056 ; - 155.46806 ( Mauna Kea ) -- highest island summit in all U.S. territory and the entire Pacific Ocean at 13,796 feet ( 4,205 m ) Taos Ski Valley , New Mexico 36 ° 35 ′ 52 '' N 105 ° 26 ′ 42 '' W / 36.59778 ° N 105.44500 ° W / 36.59778 ; - 105.44500 ( Taos Ski Valley , New Mexico ) -- highest village limits in all U.S. territory at 12,581 feet ( 3,835 m ) ( No residents of Taos Ski Valley live above 10,350 feet ( 3,150 m ) ) Winter Park , Colorado 39 ° 53 ′ 34 '' N 105 ° 45 ′ 43 '' W / 39.89278 ° N 105.76194 ° W / 39.89278 ; - 105.76194 ( Winter Park , CO ) -- highest city limits in all U.S. territory at 12,060 feet ( 3,680 m ) ( No residents of Winter Park live above 9,550 feet ( 2,910 m ) ) San Juan County , Colorado 37 ° 49 ′ N 107 ° 40 ′ W / 37.817 ° N 107.667 ° W / 37.817 ; - 107.667 ( San Juan County , Colorado ) -- highest U.S. county based on a mean elevation ( 11,240 feet ( 3,430 m ) ) Alma , Colorado 39 ° 17 ′ 2 '' N 106 ° 3 ′ 46 '' W / 39.28389 ° N 106.06278 ° W / 39.28389 ; - 106.06278 ( Alma , Colorado ) -- highest town in all U.S. territory at 10,355 feet ( 3,156 m ) ; contiguous residential areas extend to 11,680 feet ( 3,560 m ) . Leadville , Colorado 39 ° 14 ′ 50 '' N 106 ° 17 ′ 30 '' W / 39.24722 ° N 106.29167 ° W / 39.24722 ; - 106.29167 ( Leadville , Colorado ) -- highest city in all U.S. territory at 10,152 feet ( 3,094 m ) . ( No residents of Leadville live above 10,360 feet ( 3,160 m ) ) Lake County Airport , Colorado 39 ° 13 ′ 13 '' N 106 ° 19 ′ 00 '' W / 39.22028 ° N 106.31667 ° W / 39.22028 ; - 106.31667 ( Lake County Airport ) -- highest airfield in all U.S. territory and North America at 9,927 feet ( 3,026 m ) New Mexico State Capitol , Santa Fe 35 ° 40 ′ 56 '' N 105 ° 56 ′ 23 '' W / 35.68222 ° N 105.93972 ° W / 35.68222 ; - 105.93972 ( New Mexico State Capitol ) -- highest state capitol in the United States at 7,005 feet ( 2,135 m ) State of Colorado 39 ° 00 ′ N 105 ° 30 ′ W / 39.000 ° N 105.500 ° W / 39.000 ; - 105.500 ( State of Colorado ) -- highest U.S. state based on an average elevation of 6,800 feet ( 2,100 m ) Mount Mitchell , North Carolina 35 ° 45 ′ 53 '' N 82 ° 15 ′ 54 '' W / 35.76472 ° N 82.26500 ° W / 35.76472 ; - 82.26500 ( Mount Mitchell ) -- highest point in eastern United States at 6,684 feet ( 2,037 m ) Mount Washington , New Hampshire 44 ° 16 ′ 13 '' N 71 ° 18 ′ 12 '' W / 44.27028 ° N 71.30333 ° W / 44.27028 ; - 71.30333 ( Mount Washington ) -- highest point in northeastern United States at 6,288 feet ( 1,917 m ) Arikaree River , Yuma County , Colorado at Kansas state line 39 ° 58 ′ 42 '' N 102 ° 3 ′ 6 '' W / 39.97833 ° N 102.05167 ° W / 39.97833 ; - 102.05167 ( Arikaree River ) -- highest U.S. state low point at 3,317 feet ( 1,011 m ) Beech Mountain , North Carolina 36 ° 12 ′ 23 '' N 81 ° 52 ′ 59 '' W / 36.20639 ° N 81.88306 ° W / 36.20639 ; - 81.88306 is the highest incorporated community at an elevation of 5,506 feet ( 1,678 m ) east of the Mississippi River . Boone , North Carolina 36 ° 12 ′ 41 '' N 81 ° 40 ′ 7 '' W / 36.21139 ° N 81.66861 ° W / 36.21139 ; - 81.66861 has the highest elevation ( 3,333 feet , 1015.9 m ) of any town of its size ( over 10,000 population ) east of the Mississippi River . Eisenhower Tunnel west of Denver , Colorado is the highest point on the Interstate Highway System at 11,158 feet . Lowest points ( edit ) ( show ) Map this section 's coordinates using OSM Map this section 's coordinates using Google Export this section 's coordinates as KML Export this section 's coordinates as GPX Map all microformatted coordinates Place data as RDF Badwater Basin , Death Valley , California 36 ° 14 ′ 23 '' N 116 ° 50 ′ 5 '' W / 36.23972 ° N 116.83472 ° W / 36.23972 ; - 116.83472 ( Badwater Basin ) -- lowest surface point in all U.S. territory and North America at − 279 feet ( − 85 m ) Salton Sea , California 33 ° 19 ′ 59 '' N 115 ° 50 ′ 3 '' W / 33.33306 ° N 115.83417 ° W / 33.33306 ; - 115.83417 ( Salton Sea ) -- lowest lake in all U.S. territory and North America at − 226 feet ( − 69 m ) Furnace Creek Airport , California 36 ° 27 ′ 50 '' N 116 ° 52 ′ 53 '' W / 36.46389 ° N 116.88139 ° W / 36.46389 ; - 116.88139 ( Furnace Creek Airport ) -- lowest airfield in all U.S. territory and Western Hemisphere at − 210 feet ( − 64 m ) Furnace Creek , California 36 ° 27 ′ 29 '' N 116 ° 52 ′ 15 '' W / 36.45806 ° N 116.87083 ° W / 36.45806 ; - 116.87083 ( Furnace Creek , California ) -- lowest settlement in all U.S. territory and Western Hemisphere at − 190 feet ( − 58 m ) Calipatria , California 33 ° 07 ′ 32 '' N 115 ° 30 ′ 51 '' W / 33.12556 ° N 115.51417 ° W / 33.12556 ; - 115.51417 ( Calipatria , California ) -- lowest city in all U.S. territory and Western Hemisphere at − 184 feet ( − 56 m ) Ninth Ward of New Orleans , Louisiana 30 ° 02 ′ 40 '' N 89 ° 56 ′ 47 '' W / 30.04444 ° N 89.94639 ° W / 30.04444 ; - 89.94639 ( Ninth Ward of New Orleans , LA ) -- lowest surface point in eastern United States at − 7 feet ( − 2.1 m ) New Orleans , Louisiana 29 ° 58 ′ N 90 ° 03 ′ W / 29.967 ° N 90.050 ° W / 29.967 ; - 90.050 ( New Orleans , Louisiana ) -- lowest city over 250,000 population in all U.S. territory and Western Hemisphere with an average elevation of − 1.5 feet ( − 0.46 m ) State of Delaware 39 ° 0 ′ 17 '' N 75 ° 32 ′ 46 '' W / 39.00472 ° N 75.54611 ° W / 39.00472 ; - 75.54611 ( State of Delaware ) -- lowest U.S. state with an average elevation of 60 feet ( 18 m ) Britton Hill , Florida 30 ° 59 ′ 18 '' N 86 ° 16 ′ 55 '' W / 30.98833 ° N 86.28194 ° W / 30.98833 ; - 86.28194 ( Britton Hill , FL ) -- lowest U.S. state high point at 345 feet ( 105 m ) Lake Superior bottom , Michigan 46 ° 54 ′ 31 '' N 86 ° 35 ′ 52 '' W / 46.90861 ° N 86.59778 ° W / 46.90861 ; - 86.59778 ( Deepest Point in Lake Superior ) -- lowest fresh water point in all U.S. territory at − 732 feet ( − 223 m ) Puget Sound bottom , Washington 47 ° 44.9 ′ N 122 ° 25.7 ′ W / 47.7483 ° N 122.4283 ° W / 47.7483 ; - 122.4283 ( Deepest Point in Puget Sound ) -- lowest sea water point in the interior of the United States at − 956 feet ( − 291 m ) Other points ( edit ) ( show ) Map this section 's coordinates using OSM Map this section 's coordinates using Google Export this section 's coordinates as KML Export this section 's coordinates as GPX Map all microformatted coordinates Place data as RDF Most remote point in the 50 states : Ipnavik River , National Petroleum Reserve -- Alaska , 68 ° 45 ′ N 156 ° 41 ′ W / 68.750 ° N 156.683 ° W / 68.750 ; - 156.683 ( most remote point ) ; 120 miles ( 190 km ) from nearest habitation Geographic center of the 50 states : approximately 20 miles ( 32 km ) north of Belle Fourche , South Dakota , 44 ° 58 ′ N 103 ° 46 ′ W / 44.967 ° N 103.767 ° W / 44.967 ; - 103.767 ( geographic center of 50 states ) Geographic center of the 48 contiguous states : approximately 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) west of Lebanon , Kansas , 39 ° 50 ′ N 98 ° 35 ′ W / 39.833 ° N 98.583 ° W / 39.833 ; - 98.583 ( geographic center of 48 contiguous states ) Closest to the equator : Baker Island is located at 0 ° 11 ′ 41 '' N 176 ° 28 ′ 46 '' W / 0.19472 ° N 176.47944 ° W / 0.19472 ; - 176.47944 ( Baker Island ) . The geographic center of the North American continent is located at 48 ° 10 ′ N 100 ° 10 ′ W / 48.167 ° N 100.167 ° W / 48.167 ; - 100.167 ( Geographic center of the North American continent ) , about 6 miles ( 10 km ) west of Balta in Pierce County , North Dakota . The North American pole of inaccessibility is located at 43 ° 22 ′ N 101 ° 58 ′ W / 43.367 ° N 101.967 ° W / 43.367 ; - 101.967 ( North American pole of inaccessibility ) , about eleven miles ( 18 km ) southeast of the town of Kyle on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in Bennett County , South Dakota , 1,025 miles ( 1,650 km ) from the nearest coastline . The southwest most point of the contiguous United States is Border Field State Park , California . The northwest most point of the contiguous United States is Cape Flattery , Washington . Islands ( edit ) ( show ) Map this section 's coordinates using OSM Map this section 's coordinates using Google Export this section 's coordinates as KML Export this section 's coordinates as GPX Map all microformatted coordinates Place data as RDF Island of Hawai ʻi , Hawai ʻi 19 ° 49 ′ 15 '' N 155 ° 28 ′ 5 '' W / 19.82083 ° N 155.46806 ° W / 19.82083 ; - 155.46806 ( Island of Hawaii ) -- most extensive island in all U.S. territory at 4,028 square miles ( 10,430 km ) and tallest island in all U.S. territory and the entire Pacific Ocean at 13,796 feet ( 4,205 m ) Kodiak Island , Alaska 57 ° 28 ′ N 153 ° 26 ′ W / 57.467 ° N 153.433 ° W / 57.467 ; - 153.433 ( Kodiak Island ) -- most extensive Gulf of Alaska island at 3,595.09 square miles ( 9,311.2 km ) Island of Puerto Rico , Puerto Rico 18 ° 15 ′ N 66 ° 30 ′ W / 18.250 ° N 66.500 ° W / 18.250 ; - 66.500 ( Island of Puerto Rico ) -- most extensive island of U.S. Caribbean territory at 3,515.1 square miles ( 9,104 km ) Prince of Wales Island , Alaska 55 ° 37 ′ 55 '' N 132 ° 54 ′ 27 '' W / 55.63194 ° N 132.90750 ° W / 55.63194 ; - 132.90750 ( Prince of Wales Island ) -- most extensive island of the Alexander Archipelago at 2,577 square miles ( 6,670 km ) Saint Lawrence Island , Alaska 63 ° 24 ′ 54 '' N 170 ° 23 ′ 58 '' W / 63.41500 ° N 170.39944 ° W / 63.41500 ; - 170.39944 ( Saint Lawrence Island ) -- most extensive Bering Sea island at 1,791.56 square miles ( 4,640.1 km ) Unimak Island , Alaska 54 ° 46 ′ 6 '' N 164 ° 11 ′ 12 '' W / 54.76833 ° N 164.18667 ° W / 54.76833 ; - 164.18667 ( Unimak Island ) -- most extensive Aleutian island at 1,571.41 square miles ( 4,069.9 km ) Long Island , New York 40 ° 52 ′ 10 '' N 73 ° 00 ′ 00 '' W / 40.86944 ° N 73.00000 ° W / 40.86944 ; - 73.00000 ( Long Island ) -- most extensive island of the U.S. Atlantic coast at 1,401 square miles ( 3,630 km ) Padre Island , Texas 26 ° 50 ′ 40 '' N 97 ° 22 ′ 04 '' W / 26.84444 ° N 97.36778 ° W / 26.84444 ; - 97.36778 ( Padre Island ) -- most extensive Gulf of Mexico island at 209 square miles ( 540 km ) and longest barrier island on Earth at 113 miles ( 182 km ) Isle Royale in Lake Superior , Michigan 48 ° 0 ′ N 88 ° 55 ′ W / 48.000 ° N 88.917 ° W / 48.000 ; - 88.917 ( Isle Royale ) -- most extensive island in a lake in all U.S. territory at 206.73 square miles ( 535.4 km ) Whidbey Island , Washington 48 ° 8 ′ 11 '' N 122 ° 34 ′ 57 '' W / 48.13639 ° N 122.58250 ° W / 48.13639 ; - 122.58250 ( Whidbey Island ) -- most extensive island of Puget Sound at 168.67 square miles ( 436.9 km ) Santa Cruz Island , California 34 ° 0 ′ 13 '' N 119 ° 43 ′ 35 '' W / 34.00361 ° N 119.72639 ° W / 34.00361 ; - 119.72639 ( Santa Cruz Island ) -- most extensive of the Channel Islands of California at 97 square miles ( 250 km ) Lakes ( edit ) ( show ) Map this section 's coordinates using OSM Map this section 's coordinates using Google Export this section 's coordinates as KML Export this section 's coordinates as GPX Map all microformatted coordinates Place data as RDF Lake Michigan - Huron 45 ° 48 ′ N 84 ° 45 ′ W / 45.800 ° N 84.750 ° W / 45.800 ; - 84.750 ( Lake Michigan - Huron ) -- largest freshwater lake in the world by surface area , at 45,300 square miles ( 117,000 km ) , of which 31,507 square miles ( 81,600 km ) is within the United States . Lake Superior 47 ° 42 ′ N 87 ° 30 ′ W / 47.700 ° N 87.500 ° W / 47.700 ; - 87.500 -- Located along the Canada -- United States border , it is the second largest freshwater lake in the world by surface area , at 31,700 sq mi ( 82,100 km ) , of which 20,600 square miles ( 53,350 km ) is within the United States . It is also North America 's largest by volume , at 2,900 cu mi ( 12,000 km ) . Commonly called the largest lake by surface area when Lake Michigan and Lake Huron are called separate lakes . Great Salt Lake , Utah 41 ° 10 ′ N 112 ° 35 ′ W / 41.167 ° N 112.583 ° W / 41.167 ; - 112.583 ( Great Salt Lake ) -- most extensive endorheic lake at 1,700 square miles ( 4,400 km ) Crater Lake , Oregon 42 ° 57 ′ N 122 ° 5 ′ W / 42.950 ° N 122.083 ° W / 42.950 ; - 122.083 ( Deepest point in Crater Lake ) -- deepest lake at 1,943 feet ( 592 m ) Rivers ( edit ) ( show ) Map this section 's coordinates using OSM Map this section 's coordinates using Google Export this section 's coordinates as KML Export this section 's coordinates as GPX Map all microformatted coordinates Place data as RDF Mississippi River 29 ° 9 ′ 4 '' N 89 ° 15 ′ 12 '' W / 29.15111 ° N 89.25333 ° W / 29.15111 ; - 89.25333 ( Mississippi River ) -- most extensive river basin at 1,151,000 square miles ( 2,980,000 km ) Mississippi - Missouri - Jefferson Rivers 29 ° 9 ′ 4 '' N 89 ° 15 ′ 12 '' W / 29.15111 ° N 89.25333 ° W / 29.15111 ; - 89.25333 ( Mississippi - Missouri - Jefferson Rivers ) -- longest river system at 3,902 miles ( 6,280 km ) Missouri River 38 ° 48 ′ 49 '' N 90 ° 7 ′ 11 '' W / 38.81361 ° N 90.11972 ° W / 38.81361 ; - 90.11972 ( Missouri River ) -- longest main stem river at 2,341 miles ( 3,767 km ) Mississippi River 29 ° 9 ′ 4 '' N 89 ° 15 ′ 12 '' W / 29.15111 ° N 89.25333 ° W / 29.15111 ; - 89.25333 ( Mississippi River ) -- longest Gulf of Mexico main stem river at 2,202 miles ( 3,544 km ) Yukon River 62 ° 35 ′ 55 '' N 164 ° 47 ′ 40 '' W / 62.59861 ° N 164.79444 ° W / 62.59861 ; - 164.79444 ( Yukon River ) -- longest Bering Sea main stem river at 1,979 miles ( 3,185 km ) Colorado River 31 ° 48 ′ 57 '' N 114 ° 48 ′ 22 '' W / 31.81583 ° N 114.80611 ° W / 31.81583 ; - 114.80611 ( Colorado River ) -- longest Gulf of California main stem river at 1,450 miles ( 2,330 km ) Columbia River 46 ° 14 ′ 39 '' N 124 ° 3 ′ 29 '' W / 46.24417 ° N 124.05806 ° W / 46.24417 ; - 124.05806 ( Columbia River ) -- longest Pacific Ocean main stem river at 1,243 miles ( 2,000 km ) Saint Lawrence River 49 ° 40 ′ N 64 ° 30 ′ W / 49.667 ° N 64.500 ° W / 49.667 ; - 64.500 ( Saint Lawrence River ) -- longest Atlantic Ocean main stem river at 600 miles ( 970 km ) Bear River 41 ° 27 ′ 30 '' N 112 ° 17 ′ 25 '' W / 41.45833 ° N 112.29028 ° W / 41.45833 ; - 112.29028 ( Bear River ) -- longest endorheic basin main stem river at 491 miles ( 790 km ) Extremes in distance ( edit ) Greatest east - west distance in the 48 contiguous states : 2,800 miles ( 4,500 km ) Greatest north - south distance in the 48 contiguous states : 1,650 miles ( 2,660 km ) . Greatest distance between any two points within U.S. Territory : 9,514 miles ( 15,311 km ) from Point Udall , Guam to Point Udall , St. Croix , U.S. Virgin Islands ( formerly known as Orote Point and East Point , respectively ) . Greatest distance between any two points within the 50 states : 5,859 miles ( 9,429 km ) from Kure Atoll , Hawaii to Log Point , Elliott Key , Florida . Greatest distance between any two points within the contiguous 48 states : 2,901 miles ( 4,669 km ) from North Farallon Island , California to Sail Rock , east of West Quoddy Head , Maine . Greatest distance between any two mainland points within the contiguous 48 states : 2,892 miles ( 4,654 km ) from Point Arena , California to West Quoddy Head , Maine . Greatest distance between two points on the same latitude : 5,823 miles ( 9,371 km ) from Kure Atoll , Hawaii to Riviera Beach , Florida . Note that some map projections make diagonal lines appear longer than they actually are . However , the diagonal line from Kure Atoll , Hawaii to West Quoddy Head , Maine is only 5,797 miles ( 9,329 km ) and the diagonal from Cape Wrangell , Attu Island , Alaska to Log Point on Elliott Key , Florida is only 5,505 miles ( 8,859 km ) . See also ( edit ) Geography of the United States Territories of the United States on stamps Extreme points of the Earth Extreme points of the Americas Extreme points of North America Extreme points of Canada Extreme points of Canadian provinces Extreme communities of Canada Extreme points of Greenland Extreme points of Mexico Extreme points of the United States Extreme points of U.S. states Extreme points of New England Extreme points of Central America Extreme points of the Caribbean Extreme points of Cuba Extreme points of South America Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Whitney is the highest point of the Sierra Nevada , the State of California , and the contiguous United States . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Elbert is the highest point of the Front Range and the Continental Divide of North America . Jump up ^ The summit of Mauna Kea is the highest point of the Island of Hawai ʻi , the State of Hawai ʻi , and the entire Pacific Ocean . Mauna Kea is also the tallest mountain on Earth as measured from base to summit . The shield volcano sits on the ocean floor at a depth of 19,678 feet ( 5,998 m ) for a total height of 33,474 feet ( 10,203 m ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ International Boundary Commission Jump up ^ http://www.quoddyloop.com/ep.shtml Jump up ^ The Milepost 61st edition pg. 626 ISBN 978 - 1892 - 15426 - 2 Jump up ^ Donald Winslow Carson ; James W. Johnson ( 2001 ) . Life and times of Morris K. Udall . University of Arizona Press . p. 220 . ISBN 0 - 8165 - 2049 - 6 . Jump up ^ Mark Newell ; Blaine Horner ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` New Elevation for Nation 's Highest Peak '' ( Press release ) . USGS . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Whitney '' . NGS Station Datasheet . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved September 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Whitney '' . Summits of the World . peakbagger.com . Retrieved September 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The summit elevation of Mount Whitney includes an adjustment of + 1.869 m ( + 6.1 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Elbert '' . NGS Station Datasheet . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Elbert '' . Summits of the World . peakbagger.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mauna Kea '' . Summits of the World . peakbagger.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About Taos Ski Valley '' . Taos Ski Valley Chamber of Commerce . Retrieved February 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` USGS National Elevation Dataset ( NED ) 1 meter Downloadable Data Collection from The National Map 3D Elevation Program ( 3DEP ) - National Geospatial Data Asset ( NGDA ) National Elevation Data Set ( NED ) '' . United States Geological Survey . September 21 , 2015 . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Furnace Creek , in Death Valley , California , set the world record for the highest reliably reported ambient air temperature of 134 ° F ( 57 ° C ) on July 10 , 1913 . This record has been eclipsed only once by a questionable reading of 136 ° F ( 58 ° C ) recorded in ' Aziziya , Libya , on September 13 , 1922 . Jump up ^ Sounding at 46 ° 54 ' 31 `` N , 86 ° 35 ' 52 '' W on NOAA chart 14963 , Grand Marais to Big Bay Point , scale 1 : 120,000 , 2006 . Chart datum ( as shown on the chart ) is 601.1 feet above mean sea level at Rimouski , Quebec Jump up ^ Two identical soundings at 47 ° 45.2'N , 122 ° 26.0'W and 47 ° 44.6'N , 122 ° 25.4'W on NOAA chart 18446 , Puget Sound : Apple Cove Point to Keyport , scale 1 : 25,000 , 2005 . Chart datum ( as shown on the chart ) is lower low water . Jump up ^ `` Baker Island '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved February 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` State University Encyclopedia : Equator '' . State University Encyclopedia . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` CIA World Factbook : Jarvis Island '' . CIA World Factbook . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.jaunted.com/story/2014/4/2/102926/6498/travel/Kinda-Sorta+Stand+at+the+Center+of+North+America+in+This+North+Dakota+Town+ Jump up ^ The Canyoneers ( 1 June 2016 ) . `` No bay at Border Field State Park for about 7000 years '' . San Diego Reader . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . Binkowski , Brooke ( 8 October 2012 ) . `` Friendship Park -- A Link Between Two Countries -- Opens Again '' . KPBS . San Diego . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . San Diego 's Friendship Park , or Border Field State Park , is tucked into the extreme southwest corner of the United States and the extreme northwest of Mexico , with fields on the U.S. side , the city of Tijuana on the other , and the blue Pacific Ocean to the west . `` Tijuana River National Estuarine Research Reserve Comprehensive Management Plan '' ( PDF ) . Office of Coastal Management . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . August 2010 . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ National Geographic Society ( U.S. ) ; National Geographic ( 2013 ) . Guide to Scenic Highways & Byways . National Geographic . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4262 - 1014 - 3 . Victoriah Arsenian ( 22 December 2015 ) . Moon Pacific Coast Highway Road Trip : California , Oregon & Washington . Avalon Publishing . p. 69 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 63121 - 029 - 7 . Jump up ^ The Canadian Encyclopedia Jump up ^ 2009 Crater Lake National Park map Jump up ^ http://geography.howstuffworks.com/united-states/geography-of-united-states1.htm ^ Jump up to : https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/Elevations-Distances/elvadist.html External links ( edit ) Find more aboutUnited Statesat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Text of congressional resolution designating Udall Point , Guam Maps of Orote Point , Guam : http://guampedia.com/maps-of-guam/ Maps of Guam , Guampedia , Guam 's Online Encyclopedia http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/australia/guam_pol_1991.pdf http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/australia/guam_rel_1991.pdf http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/topo/pacific_islands/txu-oclc-10552559-apra_harbor.jpg Map of Ballast Key , FL Detailed US coastline maps United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S. history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - 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"Sail Rock, Maine 44°48′45.2″N 66°56′49.3″W / 44.812556°N 66.947028°W / 44.812556; -66.947028 (Sail Rock), just offshore of West Quoddy Head, Maine – easternmost point in the 50 states, by direction of travel"
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"Sail Rock, Maine"
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218539125069666035 | Pilou Asbæk | Pilou Asbæk - wikipedia Pilou Asbæk Jump to : navigation , search Pilou Asbæk Asbæk at the Berlin Film Festival in 2010 Johan Philip Asbæk ( 1982 - 03 - 02 ) 2 March 1982 ( age 35 ) Copenhagen , Denmark Nationality Danish Education Herlufsholm School Alma mater Danish National School of Theatre Occupation Actor Years active 2008 -- present Known for Borgen Game of Thrones Ghost in the Shell Height 1.84 m ( 6 ft 0 in ) Spouse ( s ) Anna Bro Children Agnes ( b . 2012 ) Johan Philip `` Pilou '' Asbæk ( Danish pronunciation : ( piˈluː ˈæːsbɛɡ ) ; born 2 March 1982 ) is a Danish actor . He is best known for his role as troubled spin doctor Kasper Juul in the Danish television political drama Borgen , and as Euron Greyjoy in the television series Game of Thrones . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Television 2.2 Film 2.3 Theater 2.4 Presenting 3 Personal life 4 Awards 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Asbæk was born in Copenhagen , the son of gallery owners Maria Patricia ( née Tonn ) and Jacob A. Asbæk , who run Galerie Asbæk in Copenhagen . His mother was born in Casablanca , to a Danish father and a French mother . His father is from Hammel . He has two older brothers , Thomas Asbæk , an art consultant at Asbæk Art Consulting , and Martin Asbæk , a gallery owner at Martin Asbæk Gallery . Asbæk went to boarding school at Herlufsholm School where he was active in drama productions . He graduated from Denmark 's National School of Theatre in summer 2008 . Career ( edit ) Television ( edit ) In 2009 , Asbæk played soldier David Grüner in an episode of the second season of another Danish TV series , The Killing ( Danish : Forbrydelsen ) . From 2010 to 2013 , Asbæk played the spin - doctor , Kasper Juul , in the critically lauded Danish TV series Borgen written by Tobias Lindholm about the politics of a female Prime Minister of Denmark . Asbæk 's performance was uniformly praised by critics . In 2014 , the Danish public - funded DR cast Asbæk as Didrich , a landowner suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder , in a big - budget period TV series called 1864 . In 2016 , Asbæk joined the HBO series Game of Thrones in Season 6 as the ruthless pirate captain Euron Greyjoy . Film ( edit ) In 2011 , Asbæk starred in another piece by Tobias Lindholm , in the film , R , as a Danish convict , portraying a harrowing prison experience . The film was shot in the Dogme 95 - inspired style . The next year , in 2012 , Asbæk starred in another Tobias Lindholm film called A Hijacking , about Somalian piracy , for which he transformed himself physically , gaining weight to imbue the role with method acting . In 2013 , Asbæk portrayed a flamboyant Danish tycoon named Simon Spies in the movie Sex , Drugs & Taxation ( Danish : Spies & Glistrup ) . Asbæk co-stars opposite in the film with his wife 's cousin , the actor Nicolas Bro , who plays the other main character , Mogens Glistrup . In 2014 , Asbæk starred opposite Scarlett Johansson in the Luc Besson film , Lucy . Also in 2014 , Asbæk appeared in the Bille August film , Silent Heart ( Danish : Stille Hjerte ) , in which his mother - in - law , Danish actress Vigga Bro , plays the character Lisbeth . Pilou Asbæk ( far right ) co-hosting the Eurovision Song Contest In 2015 , Asbæk again collaborated with director Tobias Lindholm in the film , A War ( Danish : Krigen ) , playing a soldier in Afghanistan . The film premiered at the Venice Film Festival . Asbæk co-starred in the 2016 remake of Ben - Hur , starring Jack Huston and Morgan Freeman . He portrayed Pontius Pilate . In 2017 , he played Batou in Ghost in the Shell . Asbaek plays the lead role as police investigator Anders Olsen in the upcoming 2018 movie The Guardian Angel , opposite Josh Lucas . Written and directed by Arto Halonen , the movie is based on actual events . The plot revolves around the bizarre case of Hypnose murders which took place in Copenhagen in 1951 . Theater ( edit ) 2008 : Folk og røvere i Kardemomme By -- Bellevue Teatret 2008 : Core -- Det Lille Gasværk Presenting ( edit ) On 10 May 2014 , Asbæk co-hosted the Eurovision Song Contest 2014 in Copenhagen , with Lise Rønne and Nikolaj Koppel . Some critics commented adversely on the obscure jokes shared by the presenters throughout the televised show . Personal life ( edit ) Asbæk 's wife is playwright Anna Bro , who has been his partner since 2008 . She is the daughter of the actors Hans Henrik Clemensen and Vigga Bro and comes from an extended family of actors . The couple has a daughter , Agnes , born on 31 December 2012 . The nickname Pilou came from his mother 's French ancestry , and is a French version of the word Pip . The nickname is because Asbæk was the youngest son , in French , `` petit '' for littlest , `` Little Philip . '' Pilou is an abbreviation of Petit Philip . Asbæk 's godfather was the late artist , Kurt Trampedach . Awards ( edit ) 2010 : Danish Film Academy -- Robert Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role for R 2010 : Danish Film Critics Association 's Bodil Awards -- Bodil Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role for R 2011 : Berlin International Film Festival -- Shooting Stars Award 2012 : Ove Sprogøe Prize Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Director ( s ) Notes 2008 To verdener Teis Niels Arden Oplev Comeback Kris Ulrik Wivel Dig og mig Oliver Christian E. Christiansen 2009 Den Fremmede Den Mørkhårede Nuka Wølk Mathiassen Short film Monsterjægerne Søren Martin Schmidt Rune Tobias Lindholm & Michael Noer En familie Peter Pernille Fischer Christensen Venus Rasmus Tor Fruergaard Short film The Whistleblower Bas Larysa Kondracki 2011 Bora Bora Jim Hans Fabian Wullenweber 2012 Kapringen Mikkel Hartmann Tobias Lindholm 2013 Spies & Glistrup Simon Spies Christoffer Boe 2014 Lucy Richard Luc Besson Kapgang Onkel Kristian Niels Arden Oplev Fasandræberne Ditlev Pram Mikkel Nørgaard Stille hjerte Dennis Bille August 2015 9 . april Sekondløjtnant Sand Roni Ezra Krigen Claus Michael Pedersen Tobias Lindholm 2016 Ben - Hur Pontius Pilate Timur Bekmambetov The Great Wall Bouchard Zhang Yimou 2017 Ghost in the Shell Batou Rupert Sanders Woodshock Keith Mulleavy Sisters 2018 The Guardian Angel Anders Olsen Arto Halonen Filming Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Network Notes 2008 Deroute Mulvad - 3 episodes 2009 Forbrydelsen David Grüner DR1 1 episode Blekingegade Carsten Nielsen - 3 episodes 2010 -- 2013 Borgen Kasper Juul DR1 29 episodes 2013 The Borgias Paolo Orsini bravo ( Canada ) Showtime ( USA ) 7 episodes 2014 Eurovision Song Contest 2014 Co-Host DR With Lise Rønne & Nikolaj Koppel 1864 Didrich DR1 8 episodes 2016 Stag Neils BBC Two 1 episode 2016 -- present Game of Thrones Euron Greyjoy HBO 6 episodes References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Mesure , Susie ( 4 May 2013 ) . `` Fancy a Danish ? What about Pilou Asbaek - the man who plays Kasper Juul in ' Borgen ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ McHenry , Jackson ( 17 July 2017 ) . `` Is Euron Greyjoy Hot Enough for You Now ? '' . Vulture . Jump up ^ `` Pilou Asbæk : Buy Art to Look At : Not As An Investment '' . The Big Issue. 18 June 2015 . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.kvinfo.dk/side/597/bio/1068/ ^ Jump up to : Kupfer , Ruta ( 24 January 2013 ) . `` ' Mad Men ' of Northern Europe '' . Haaretz . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Synnot , Siobhan ( 11 May 2013 ) . `` Borgen 's Pilou Asbaek on his Somalian pirate film '' . The Scotsman . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Knutzen , Susanne ( 5 November 2012 ) . `` Kom tæt på brødrene Asbæk '' . Eurowoman . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Zøllner , Kristoffer ( 25 August 2013 ) . `` Pilou Asbæk : Det er jo bare skuespil '' . Berlingske . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Alessandra ( 11 October 2012 ) . `` She Seems to Have It All , a Whole Nation in Fact - ' Borgen , ' a Danish Political Drama Series , on Link TV '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( 4 September 2015 ) . `` The Perfect Binge - Watchable Show Finally Became Available in the U.S. '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lobb , Adrian ( 8 June 2015 ) . `` Pilou Asbæk Interview : `` When You Play With National History , People Get Very Emotional '' `` . The Big Issue . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Reuters ( 14 October 2014 ) . `` From the Makers of Denmark 's The Killing and Borgen : a Costume Drama '' . The New York Times . Reuters . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( 2 September 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones adds Lucy actor to play Euron Greyjoy - Update : It 's confirmed . '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Holden , Stephen ( 16 June 2011 ) . `` Life in the Big House : The Danish Experience '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Yde , Katrine Hornstrup ( Fall 2013 ) . `` TIFF : Sex , Drugs & Taxation - The story of two oddballs and their chase after freedom -- meet travel mogul Simon Spies and tax - evading politician Mogens Glistrup . '' . Danish Film Institute . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Frost , Caroline ( 6 April 2015 ) . `` ' 1864 ' Star Pilou Asbaek Interview : Lars Von Trier , Scarlett Johansson And What Kind Of Role Model He Wants To Be '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Holland , Jonathan ( 23 September 2014 ) . `` ' Silent Heart ' ( ' Stille Hjerte ' ) : San Sebastian Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Weissberg , Jay ( 5 October 2014 ) . `` Film Review : ' Silent Heart ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Dam , Freja ( Fall 2015 ) . `` Venice Film Festival . A War : Set in Afghanistan , Tobias Lindholm 's drama illuminates the consequences of war on all its participants . '' . Danish Film Institute . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ van Hoeij , Boyd ( 5 September 2015 ) . `` ' A War ' ( ' Krigen ' ) : Venice Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Ge , Linda ; Sneider , Jeff ( 21 January 2015 ) . `` ' Lucy ' Star Pilou Asbæk to Play Pontius Pilate in ' Ben - Hur ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Wrap . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Batou ( Character ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` AMBI picks up Scandi thriller ' Guardian Angel ' '' . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Siim , Jarmo ( 4 February 2014 ) . `` Koppel , Asbæk , Rønne to host Eurovision 2014 '' . Eurovision . Retrieved 4 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Heritage , Stuart ( 5 May 2014 ) . `` Pilou Asbæk : ' Eurovision is a party . I 've never said no to a party ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Debnath , Neela ( 11 May 2014 ) . `` Eurovision 2014 : Raunchy milk maids , giant hamster wheels and child abuse -- the most memorable moments of the night '' . The Independent . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Lobb , Adrian ( 13 May 2014 ) . `` Pilou Asbæk Interview : `` I Have to Get Through the Night Without Starting a War '' `` . The Big Issue . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Kastelan , Karsten ( 13 February 2011 ) . `` Shooting Stars Initiative Showcases Rising European Stars at Berlinale '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Bergløv , Emil ( 17 December 2012 ) . `` Pilou Asbæk vinder Ove Sprogøe Prisen '' . Politiken . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pilou Asbæk . Pilou Asbæk on IMDb Pilou Asbæk at Danish Film Institute Pilou Asbæk on Twitter Awards and achievements Preceded by Petra Mede Eurovision Song Contest presenter ( with Lise Rønne and Nikolaj Koppel ) 2014 Succeeded by Mirjam Weichselbraun , Alice Tumler , Arabella Kiesbauer VIAF : 179617827 LCCN : no2012062263 ISNI : 0000 0003 5612 7089 GND : 1014442346 SUDOC : 176423656 BNF : cb165903236 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Pilou_Asbæk&oldid = 801134309 '' Categories : 1982 births Danish male film actors Living people Male actors from Copenhagen Bodil Award winners Danish people of French descent Danish male television actors 21st - century Danish male actors Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2013 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Føroyskt Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 21 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the actor that plays euron greyjoy | [
"Johan Philip \"Pilou\" Asbæk (Danish pronunciation: [piˈluː ˈæːsbɛɡ]; born 2 March 1982) is a Danish actor. He is best known for his role as troubled spin doctor Kasper Juul in the Danish television political drama Borgen,[1] and as Euron Greyjoy in the television series Game of Thrones.[2]"
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"Johan Philip \"Pilou\" Asbæk"
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517593830244687846 | Detroit (film) | Detroit ( film ) - wikipedia Detroit ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Detroit Theatrical release poster Directed by Kathryn Bigelow Produced by Kathryn Bigelow Mark Boal Matthew Budman Megan Ellison Colin Wilson Written by Mark Boal Starring John Boyega Will Poulter Algee Smith Jason Mitchell John Krasinski Anthony Mackie Music by James Newton Howard Cinematography Barry Ackroyd Edited by William Goldenberg Production companies Annapurna Pictures First Light Productions Page 1 Distributed by Annapurna Pictures Release date July 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 25 ) ( Fox Theatre ) July 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 28 ) ( United States ) Running time 143 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $34 million Box office $21.5 million Detroit is a 2017 American period crime drama film directed by Kathryn Bigelow and written by Mark Boal . Based on the Algiers Motel incident during Detroit 's 1967 12th Street Riot , the film 's release commemorated the 50th anniversary of the event . The film stars John Boyega , Will Poulter , Algee Smith , Jason Mitchell , John Krasinski and Anthony Mackie . Detroit premiered at the Fox Theatre , Detroit , on July 25 , 2017 , and began a limited theatrical release on July 28 , 2017 , before opening wide on August 4 , 2017 . The film received positive reviews from critics , with particular praise towards Bigelow 's direction , Boal 's script and the performances of Boyega , Poulter and Smith but was a box office failure , only grossing $21 million against its $34 million budget . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 3.2 Post-production 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) On July 23 , 1967 , the Detroit police stage a raid on an unlicensed club during a celebration for returning black veterans . While suspects are being arrested , a mob forms and starts throwing rocks at the officers before looting nearby stores and starting fires , beginning the 12th Street Riot . With civil authorities , elected representatives , and even emergency services unable to maintain any semblance of order , Governor George W. Romney authorizes the Michigan National Guard and Army paratroopers to enter Detroit in order to provide assistance . On the second day of rioting , two cops pursue a fleeing looter . One of them , Philip Krauss , kills the man with a shotgun against orders , but is allowed to remain on active duty until his superiors can decide whether to file murder charges . The Dramatics , a professional black R&B group , arrive in Detroit hoping to score a recording contract . Seconds before their scheduled performance at a music hall , the police shut down the venue and order them to leave the city . En route , their bus is attacked by rioters and the group subsequently splits up , with lead singer Larry Reed and his friend Fred Temple renting a room at the local Algiers Motel for the night . They meet two white girls , Julie Ann and Karen , who introduce them to their friends Carl Cooper and Aubrey Pollard . Carl and another friend stage a prank using a starter pistol , upsetting Julie and Karen , who move to the room of Greene , a Vietnam War veteran , while Larry and Fred return to their own room . Melvin Dismukes , a private security guard , is assigned to protect a grocery store from looters and ingratiates himself with the Guardsmen . Carl decides to fire several blanks from his pistol in the direction of the troops to frighten them , but they mistake it for a sniper attack and open fire on the Algiers . A detachment of police arrive , led by Krauss , who guns down Carl when he tries to escape and plants a knife next to his body as he bleeds out and dies . Accompanied by Dismukes and some Guardsmen , the police round up everyone in the hotel and line them against the wall , demanding to know who the shooter was . Despite Dismukes failing to find any weapon during a search of the room , Krauss terrorizes and orders several suspects to be moved to different rooms and subjected to mock executions as part of a `` game '' to terrify the others into confessing . Unwilling to get involved , most of the Guardsmen and soldiers leave without informing anyone of Krauss 's abuse . Julie and Karen are taken to an upstairs room when they begin screaming , and Julie 's clothes are torn off . Disgusted , Dismukes and a Guardsman manage to get them released from custody . Aubrey is killed during his interrogation by one of the remaining police officers , and Krauss , fearing arrest , permits the remaining suspects to leave , but only if they swear to keep silent . Greene and Larry agree , but Fred is killed when he refuses . As the riots die down , Dismukes , while working his other job in a factory , is arrested and charged with murder after Julie identifies him as being present at the Algiers that night . Krauss and his fellow officers are questioned as well , and when everyone except Krauss confesses , they are also charged . Larry , whose singing career has stalled due to the trauma he experienced , is summoned as a witness to testify . The judge ultimately refuses to accept any of the confessions as evidence , and without a solid case , the all - white jury acquits Dismukes , Krauss , and their co-defendants of all charges . Dismukes confronts Krauss with the truth , but finds himself powerless to get any justice for the victims . The film ends by explaining what became of the participants : Dismukes moved to the suburbs to escape death threats and resumed work as a security guard , Krauss and his men remained on the force but never returned to active duty , Julie rebuilt her life and started a family , and Larry became a choir singer and still lives in Detroit to the present day . Cast ( edit ) John Boyega as Melvin Dismukes Will Poulter as Philip Krauss Algee Smith as Larry Reed Jacob Latimore as Fred Temple Jason Mitchell as Carl Cooper Hannah Murray as Julie Ann Kaitlyn Dever as Karen Jack Reynor as Demens Ben O'Toole as Flynn Nathan Davis Jr. as Aubrey Peyton Alex Smith as Lee Malcolm David Kelley as Michael Clark Joseph David - Jones as Morris John Krasinski as Attorney Auerbach Anthony Mackie as Greene Laz Alonso as John Conyers Jr . Ephraim Sykes as Jimmy Leon Thomas III as Darryl Gbenga Akinnagbe as Aubrey Pollard Sr . Chris Chalk as Officer Frank Jeremy Strong as Attorney Lang Austin Hébert as Warrant Officer Roberts Miguel Pimentel as Malcolm Kristopher Davis as Blind Pig Patron Samira Wiley as Vanessa Tyler James Williams as Leon Glenn Fitzgerald as Homicide Detective Anderson Production ( edit ) On January 28 , 2016 , it was announced that Kathryn Bigelow and Mark Boal would reteam to make a film about the 1967 Detroit riots , with Bigelow directing from a script by Boal . Both would also produce the film , along with Annapurna Pictures ' Megan Ellison and Matthew Budman . Game of Thrones actress Hannah Murray was cast in a `` key role '' in the film , although her character was then being kept under wraps . The film was scheduled to shoot in the summer of 2016 , in order to be released in 2017 for the 50th anniversary of the riots . On June 21 , 2016 , John Boyega joined the cast . On August 3 , 2016 , Jack Reynor , Will Poulter , and Ben O'Toole were cast in lead roles . On August 4 , 2016 , Anthony Mackie joined the cast , and on August 5 , 2016 , Jacob Latimore and Algee Smith also joined . On August 8 , 2016 , Joseph David - Jones joined the cast , followed by Kaitlyn Dever on August 30 , 2016 . On September 9 , 2016 , Jason Mitchell joined the cast , and on September 13 , 2016 , John Krasinski was also added . In October 2016 , Jeremy Strong , Chris Chalk , Austin Hébert , Ephraim Sykes , Laz Alonso , Nathan Davis Jr. , Malcolm David Kelley , Peyton Alex Smith , and Leon Thomas III all joined the cast of the film . Filming ( edit ) It was reported at the end of July 2016 that the film had commenced principal photography in Boston during the previous week . Scenes were filmed inside Dedham District Court , in Dorchester , Massachusetts and in Brockton , Massachusetts . In addition , the movie filmed in Detroit during October 2016 . The elimination of Michigan 's film incentives in 2015 affected the filming locations . Post-production ( edit ) In May 2017 , James Newton Howard was hired as the film 's composer . In July 2017 , Detroit rapper Tee Grizzley released a song called `` Teetroit '' for the soundtrack. . The Roots and Bilal released a song named `` It Ai n't Fair '' for the soundtrack . Release ( edit ) Detroit began a limited release in 10 markets on July 28 , 2017 , opening in New York City , Los Angeles , Chicago , Dallas , Washington D.C. , Detroit , San Francisco , Houston , Atlanta , and Baltimore . Annapurna Pictures then released the film nationally , its first as a distributor , on August 4 , 2017 . Annapurna handled the film 's North American distribution , while Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer and Entertainment One handled distribution for its international release . On November 3 , 2017 , it was announced the film would get a ten city , 20 screen re-release on December 1 , 2017 in an effort to push its award campaign . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Detroit grossed $16.8 million in the United States and Canada and $4.8 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $21.5 million , against a production budget of $34 million . In North America , Detroit grossed $350,190 in its limited opening from 20 theaters ( an average of $17,510 ) , finishing 16th at the box office . The film then had its wide expansion alongside Kidnap and The Dark Tower , and was initially projected to gross $10 -- 15 million from 3,007 theaters over the weekend . The film made $525,000 from Thursday previews , which was more than the $515,482 it made in its entire week of limited release . It then made $2.6 million on its first day , lowering weekend projections to $7.5 million . It went on to open to $7.1 million , finishing 8th at the box office ; 40 % of its opening weekend audience were African American . Deadline.com said that the film could have done better had it been released in the fall during festivals and awards season . In its second weekend the film grossed $2.9 million , dropping 59.5 % ( above average for an adult drama ) and finishing in 13th . In its third week of wide release the film was pulled from 1,579 theaters and grossed $850,000 ( a drop of 70.9 % ) . Critical response ( edit ) Detroit received praise for its direction , script and performances , especially those of Poulter , Boyega and Smith . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 84 % based on 227 reviews , and an average rating of 7.5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Detroit delivers a gut - wrenching -- and essential -- dramatisation of a tragic chapter from America 's past that draws distressing parallels to the present . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film has a weighted average score of 78 out of 100 , based on 48 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A − '' on an A+ to F scale , while comScore reported filmgoers gave an 86 % overall positive score and a 63 % `` definite recommend '' . Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 4 out of 4 stars and called it one of 2017 's best , saying : `` Journalist - screenwriter Mark Boal ( Bigelow 's collaborator on The Hurt Locker and Zero Dark Thirty ) does a magnificent job of juggling the multiple storylines and creating fully authentic characters -- some flawed , some basically decent , some evil . '' Writing for Rolling Stone , Peter Travers praised the cast and script , giving the film 3.5 / 4 stars and saying , `` ... Detroit is far more than a liberal howl against the escalating toxicity of racism in America . Bigelow , with the same immersive intensity that Christopher Nolan brings to Dunkirk , smacks us down in the middle of a brutal historical event so we can see it -- and feel it -- for ourselves . '' Conversely , Alexander Nazaryan of Newsweek said , `` ( Bigelow 's ) characters never come alive , moving through the film less as people than entries in a sociology textbook ... If Bigelow could get inside the minds of soldiers suffocated by post-traumatic stress disorder , as she did so capably in The Hurt Locker , she can get into the mind of anyone . In Zero Dark Thirty , she made even CIA interrogators likeable . The characters in Detroit , though , black and white , are as flat as the plains of the Upper Midwest . '' Several critics noted the film 's questionable take on a predominantly African American - based story . A.O. Scott in The New York Times wrote , `` It is curious that a movie set against a backdrop of black resistance and rebellion -- however inchoate and self - destructive its expression may have been -- should become a tale of black helplessness and passivity . The white men , the decent ones as much as the brutes , have the answers , the power , the agency . '' K. Austin Collins of The Ringer wrote , `` This movie is n't really about black people as people , nor history as a lived experience , but is instead invested in a dutiful , ' just the facts , ma'am ' reenactment that pretends those other things are already a given . Boal , and Bigelow beside him , refuse to speculate about -- or imagine -- the rest . '' The New Yorker 's Richard Brody called the film `` a moral failure '' , saying : `` ( Bigelow 's ) intentions come through clearly : to depict an incident -- and a climate -- of racism , to show that the cruelty of these deeds was multiplied by their ultimate impunity , and to suggest that , in the intervening half - century since the events depicted in the film took place , little has changed . Movies are n't made with intentions , though ; they 're made with people and with equipment , and what Bigelow has her actors do for the benefit of the camera is repellent to imagine . '' Tim Grierson and Will Leitch from The New Republic mentioned the film as a possible Academy Award candidate in the main category Best Picture , and mentioned John Boyega as a possible nominee for Best Actor . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Film releases '' . Variety Insight . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DETROIT ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . July 19 , 2017 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Detroit ( 2017 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hinds , Julie ( June 22 , 2016 ) ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Detroit 1967 riot movie will film here -- at least partly '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lesnick , Silas . `` Annapurna Pictures Dates Kathryn Bigelow 's Untitled Detroit Project '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Detroit ' : What other film critics are saying '' . Detroit Free Press . July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Giles , Jeff ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` Dark Tower Condemned '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Annapurna Channel ( April 12 , 2017 ) , DETROIT Official Trailer , retrieved April 12 , 2017 Jump up ^ Times , Seth S. King Special To The New York ( January 21 , 1970 ) . `` Trial Begins for Policemen Charged in Detroit Motel Beatings '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jr , Mike Fleming ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Kathryn Bigelow , Mark Boal Push Back Bowe Bergdahl For 1967 Detroit Race Riots Crime Drama Pic '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kathryn Bigelow Recruits ' Game of Thrones ' Star Hannah Murray For Her Next Film '' . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` John Boyega Joins Kathryn Bigelow 's Detroit Crime Drama ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` Kathryn Bigelow 's Detroit Riots Film Casts Will Poulter , Ben O'Toole , Jack Reynor ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` Anthony Mackie Reunites With ' Hurt Locker 's Kathryn Bigelow , Mark Boal In Detroit Riots Pic '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Ford , Rebecca ( August 5 , 2016 ) . `` Kathryn Bigelow 's Detroit Riots Drama Adds Two Rising Stars ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( August 8 , 2016 ) . `` Kathryn Bigelow 's Detroit Riots Film Casts ' Legends of Tomorrow 's ' Joseph David - Jones '' . Variety . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Kathryn Bigelow 's Detroit Riot Drama Adds Kaitlyn Dever ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` Jason Mitchell joins Kathryn Bigelow 's Detroit riot drama '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` John Krasinski Joins Kathryn Bigelow 's Detroit Race Drama ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` Kathryn Bigelow Rounds Out Ensemble Cast for Detroit Riots Film ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kathryn Bigelow 's Untitled Detroit Project , starring John Boyega , begins filming in Massachusetts '' . On Location Vacations . July 29 , 2016 . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Aurise , Elana ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` Feature film shoots scenes on Ashmont Street '' . Dorchester Reporter . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Libon , Daniel ( August 20 , 2016 ) . `` Kathryn Bigelow Movie to be Filmed in Dedham '' . Dedham Patch . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sweeney , Emily ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` Filming continues in Detroit - chester '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved August 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit riot movie will film in Motor City this week '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Newton Howard to Score Kathryn Bigelow 's ' Detroit ' '' . May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tee Grizzley 's Urgent New Song `` Teetroit '' Might Radicalize You `` . July 28 , 2017 . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2017/07/27/the_roots_and_bilal_reteam_for_a_stirring_new_song_from_the_movie_detroit.html Jump up ^ `` ' Emoji Movie ' & ' Atomic Blonde ' Vie To Take ' Dunkirk ' Brigade Out At Box Office '' . Deadline.com . July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` Bruce Willis ' ' Death Wish ' Remake Lands November Launch With Annapurna '' . Variety . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Annapurna Puts Kathryn Bigelow - Directed ' Detroit ' Back In Theaters For Limited Run : Watch New Trailer '' . Deadline.com . November 3 , 2017 . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dunkirk ' Marches Ahead Of ' Emoji Movie ' For Top Spot With $28 M + '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sony 's long - awaited ' Dark Tower ' may unseat ' Dunkirk ' with $25 - million box - office premiere '' . Los Angeles Times . August 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' The Dark Tower ' Opens To $18 M+ In Diverse Marketplace : Was The Decade - Plus Battle To The Screen Worth It ? '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Dark Tower ' Is Tall Enough For No. 1 With $19.5 M During Sluggish Summer Weekend '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Allesandro , Anthony ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Annabelle : Creation ' Comes Alive On Thursday With $4 M '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ D'Allesandro , Anthony . `` ' Hitman 's Bodyguard ' Flexes Muscle With $21 M+ Opening During Sleepy Summer Weekend '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tight focus intensifies the drama of riot recap ' Detroit ' '' . Chicago Sun Times . July 25 , 2016 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Detroit ' Review : Kathryn Bigelow 's Recreation of Riots , Racism Is Cry of Rage '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kathryn Bigelow 's ' Detroit ' Is A Well - intentioned Misfire '' . Newsweek . July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. `` In Detroit , Black Lives Caught in the Pre-History of the Alt - Right '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Collins , K. Austin ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Detroit ' Gives Us the Who , What , and Where , but Not the Why '' . The Ringer . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brody , Richard ( August 27 , 2017 ) . `` The Immoral Artistry of Kathryn Bigelow 's ' Detroit ' '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tim Grierson und Will Leitch : Grierson & Leitch 's Insanely Early 2018 Oscar Predictions In : newrepublic.com , 2 . März 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Detroit on IMDb Detroit at AllMovie Detroit at Box Office Mojo Detroit at Metacritic Detroit at Rotten Tomatoes ( hide ) Films directed by Kathryn Bigelow The Loveless ( 1982 ) Near Dark ( 1987 ) Blue Steel ( 1990 ) Point Break ( 1991 ) Strange Days ( 1995 ) The Weight of Water ( 2000 ) K - 19 : The Widowmaker ( 2002 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2008 ) Zero Dark Thirty ( 2012 ) Detroit ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Detroit_(film)&oldid=823481789 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2010s crime drama films American films American historical films American crime drama films Drama films based on actual events Films about race and ethnicity Films about racism Films set in 1967 Films set in 1969 Films set in Detroit Films shot in Massachusetts Annapurna Pictures films Films produced by Megan Ellison Films directed by Kathryn Bigelow Films scored by James Newton Howard Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer films Screenplays by Mark Boal Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 February 2018 , at 14 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the band in the movie detroit | [
"The Dramatics, a professional black R&B group, arrive in Detroit hoping to score a recording contract. Seconds before their scheduled performance at a music hall, the police shut down the venue and order them to leave the city. En route, their bus is attacked by rioters and the group subsequently splits up, with lead singer Larry Reed and his friend Fred Temple renting a room at the local Algiers Motel for the night. They meet two white girls, Julie Ann and Karen, who introduce them to their friends Carl Cooper and Aubrey Pollard. Carl and another friend stage a prank using a starter pistol, upsetting Julie and Karen, who move to the room of Greene, a Vietnam War veteran, while Larry and Fred return to their own room."
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"The Dramatics"
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-1435012663160988656 | Borders of India | Borders of India - wikipedia Borders of India This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Strangely formatted text in sections below . Please help improve this article if you can . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Borders of India India shares international land borders with six sovereign countries . Through India 's claim on Pakistan administered Kashmir , India also shares a land border with Afghanistan although not internationally recognised . Contents 1 Land borders of India 2 Maritime borders of India 3 Designated crossings with ICP & LCS 3.1 Integrated Check Posts ( ICP ) 3.1. 1 India -- Bangladesh border 3.1. 2 India - Bhutan border 3.1. 3 India -- Myanmar border 3.1. 4 India - Nepal border 3.1. 5 India -- Pakistan border 3.2 Land Customs Stations ( LCS ) 3.2. 1 India -- Bangladesh border 3.2. 2 India -- Pakistan border 4 Border bazaars and haats 4.1 India -- Myanmar border 4.2 India -- Bangladesh border 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Land borders of India ( edit ) Land Border Country Length ( km ) and ( mi ) Force Comments Afghanistan 106 kilometres ( 66 mi ) N / A Pakistan Administered Kashmir border with Wakhan Corridor Bhutan 699 kilometres ( 434 mi ) Sashastra Seema Bal Myanmar 1,643 kilometres ( 1,021 mi ) Assam Rifles and Indian Army Nepal 1,758 kilometres ( 1,092 mi ) Sashastra Seema Bal Pakistan 3,323 kilometres ( 2,065 mi ) Border Security Force China 3,380 kilometres ( 2,100 mi ) Indo - Tibetan Border Police and Special Frontier Force Bangladesh 4,097 kilometres ( 2,546 mi ) Border Security Force India -- Bangladesh enclaves exchanged Sri Lanka 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) Indian Coast Guard On a Ram Sethu sand dune . Maritime borders of India ( edit ) Maritime borders of India are the maritime boundary recognized by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea entails boundaries of territorial waters , contiguous zones , and exclusive economic zones . India , with its claim of 12 nautical mile territorial sea and 200 nautical miles exclusive economic zone , has more than 7000 km maritime border shared with 7 nations . Land Border Country Length ( km ) and ( mi ) Force Comments Bangladesh Indian Navy Indonesia Indian Navy Indira Point Myanmar Indian Navy Coco Islands Pakistan Indian Navy Sir Creek Thailand Indian Navy Sri Lanka > 400 kilometres ( 250 mi ) Indian Navy Maldives Indian Navy Designated crossings with ICP & LCS ( edit ) The map of ICP and LCS . Integrated check posts ( ICP ) ( edit ) India has 7 functional ICPs , and plans are underway to upgrade 13 more LCS to ICP , including 7 at borders taking total of border ICP to 14 , at the cost of ₹ 3,000 crore ( US $440 million ) ( c. Oct 2017 ) . Designated Integrated Check Posts ( ICP ) , with both customs and immigration facilities are : India -- Bangladesh border ( edit ) Assam Karimganj - Gopalganj District , Bangladesh via Sutarkandi integrated checkpost crossing on NH37 ( India ) and Sheola post ( Sylhet division , Bangladesh ) , plan announced c. Oct 2017 . Meghalaya Shillong - Sylhet via Dawki ICP integrated checkpost crossing ( Jaintia Hills , India ) and Tambil post ( Bangladesh ) . Dawki ICP foundation stone laid in January 2017 and will become operation in 2018 . Mizoram Kawarpuchiah / Kawripuichhuah , plan announced c. Oct 2017 . Tripura Agartala - Dhaka via Agartala integrated checkpost ( India ) and Akhaura checkpost crossing , already functional ( c. 2017 ) . Santirbazar - Feni via Santirbazar integrated border checkpost road and railway crossing in South Tripura district West Bengal Kolkata -- Dhaka via Petrapole integrated checkpost crossing , already functional ( c. 2017 ) . Malda - Rajshahi via Mahadipur crossing Changrabandha railway station Hili , plan announced c. Oct 2017 . Ghojadanga , plan announced c. Oct 2017 . Mahadipur , plan announced c. Oct 2017 . Fulbari , plan announced c. Oct 2017 . India - Bhutan border ( edit ) Jaigaon at Alipurduar district of West Bengal , plan approved c. 2016 . India -- Myanmar border ( edit ) Moreh ICP , already operational . Zorinpui in Lawngtlai district , already operational in Oct 2017 for Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project . India - Nepal border ( edit ) Jogbani , Bihar Raxaul , Bihar Sonauli , Uttar Pradesh Rupaidiha , Uttar Pradesh Taulihawa - Siddharthnagar , Uttar Pradesh Panitanki , Darjeeling district of West Bengal . India -- Pakistan border ( edit ) See also : Transport between India and Pakistan Attari at Wagah in Punjab , already operational ( 2017 ) ( see Samjhauta Express ) . Munabao in Barmer district in Rajasthan ( see Thar Express ) Land customs stations ( LCS ) ( edit ) India -- Bangladesh border ( edit ) Designated Land Customs Stations ( LCS ) are ( no immigration facilities ) : Assam Mankachar Land Customs Stations ( India ) - Rowmari post ( Natun Bandar , Rongpur division , Bangladesh ) Karimganj Steamer and Ferry Station ( KSFS ) ( India ) - Zakiganj post ( Sylhet division , Bangladesh ) Guwahati Steamer Ghat ( Dhubri district , India ) - Dhubri Steamer Ghat ( Dhubri district , India ) - Rowmati ( Maymansingh division , Bangladesh ) Assam non-functional LCS are : Mahisasan railway station ( Karimganj district , India ) - Shahbazpur ( Sylhet division ) Golokganj ( Dhubri district ) - Sonahaat ( Rongpur Division ) Silchar Railway Mail Service ( India ) - independent of border ( no border , inland LCS ) West Bengal Meghalaya Baghmara ( South Garo Hills , India ) - Bijoyour post ( Bangladesh ) Bholaganj ( East Khasi Hills district ) - Chatak ( Sunamganj division ) Borsara Land Customs Stations ( West Khasi Hills , India ) - Borsara post ( Bangladesh ) West Garo Hills - Bakshiganj via Mahendraganj crossing on NH12 Tura - Nalitabari via Dalu crossing on NH217 ( West Garo Hills , India ) and Nakugaon post ( Bangladesh ) Shellabazar ( West Khasi Hills district ) - Sunamganj ( Sylhet division ) Gasuapara ( South Garo Hills district ) - Karoitol ( Mymansing division ) Meghalaya non-functional LCS are : Ryngku ( East Khasi Hills district ) - Kalibari ( Sonamganj division ) Balat ( East Khasi Hills district ) - Dolura ( Sylhet division ) Tripura Srimantapur ( Sipahijala district ) - Bibir Bazar ( Comilla division ) , became operational in January 2016 . Dhalaighat ( Dhalai district ) - Kumarghat ( Sunamganj division ) Khowaighat ( West Tripura district ) - Balla ( Habiganj division ) Manu ( Dhalai district ) - Chatlapur ( Sylhet division ) Muhurighat ( South Tripura district ) - Belonia ( Feni division ) Old Ragnabazar ( North Tripura district ) - Betul ( Fultali ) ( Sylhet division ) Mizoram Kawarpuchiah integrated checkpost , opened in Oct 2017 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi . Non-functional LCS in Mizoram : Demagiri ( Lunglei district ) - Rangamati ( Sylhet division ) India -- Pakistan border ( edit ) Longewala in Jaisalmer district of Rajsthan Border bazaars and Haats ( edit ) This proposed list of border bazaars and haats in varying stages of implementation , as suggested by State Governments to Ministry of External Affairs for setting up Border Haats . India -- Myanmar border ( edit ) As of April 2012 , India and Myanmar have approved two locations -- Pangsau Pass , Arunachal Pradesh and Somrai in Ukhrul District . These are likely to be finalised soon during a forthcoming visit of Hon'ble Prime Minister to Myanmar . Arunachal Pradesh Border Haats Pangsau Pass ( Nampong ) , Changlang - Pangsau , Kachin Province Chingsa ( Khimiyang Circle ) , Changlang - Langhong , Kachin Province Makantong ( Khimiyang Circle ) , Changlang - Ngaimong , Kachin Province Wakka / Pongchao / Lazu - Tirap , Kachin Province Manipur Border Haats Kongkan Thana , Ukhrul - Aungci Suggested by State Government New Somtal , Chandel - Thenjen , or Khampat Behiang , Churachandpur - Khenman , or Chikha Mizoram Border Haats Hruitezawl , Lawngtlai - Varang Hnahlan , Champhai - Darkhai Vaphai , Champhai - Leilet Chakhang , Saiha - Nviaphia Nagaland Border Haats Avakhung , Phek - Layshi are 32 km from each other Pangsha , Tuensang - Lahe / Hkamti District HQ are 60 km from each other Chemoho / Longwa , Mon - Lahe are 60 km from each other Molhe , Phek - Pansat are 10 km from each other India -- Bangladesh border ( edit ) Meghalaya Kalaichar , West Garo Hills Balat , West Khasi Hills Mizoram Marpara , Mamit - Longkor Sillsury , Lunglei - Mahmuam Tuipuibari , Mamit - Not provided Nunsuri , Lunglei - Not provided Tripura : Decision on Tripura Haats will be subsequent to the completion of agreement w.r.t. Meghalaya Haats . Kamalasagar , West Tripura Boxanagar Bamutia Srinagar , South Tripura Ekimpur Pal Basti ( Raghna ) , North Tripura Hiracherra ( Kailasahar ) Kamalpur , Dhalai See also ( edit ) Look East policy Look - East connectivity Northeast India connectivity projects References ( edit ) Jump up ^ eJyoti Discovering facts , Information website Jump up ^ The Times of India , News website ^ Jump up to : SSB to strengthen presence on India - Bhutan border , Times of India , 20 Dec 2017 . Jump up ^ eJyoti Discovering facts , Information website Jump up ^ India - Sri Lanka fishing rights dispute ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) , Indian Express , Oct 2017 . ^ Jump up to : 7 border ICP and total 13 ICP coming up Jump up ^ http://www.mdoner.gov.in/node/1483 ICP of India ) Jump up ^ Dawki ICP foundation stone laid . ^ Jump up to : Indo - Nepal and Indo - Bhutan border to have more ICP , Oct 2016 . ^ Jump up to : India opens two border crossing points with Myanmar , Bangladesh , Times of India , 1 Oct 2o17 . Jump up ^ ICP and LCS Jump up ^ Srimantapur LCS opens Jump up ^ India opens two border crossing points with Myanmar , Bangladesh ^ Jump up to : Border haats of India Further reading ( edit ) Orton , Anna ( 2010 ) . India 's Borderland Disputes : China , Pakistan , Bangladesh , and Nepal . Epitome Books . ISBN 9789380297156 . External links ( edit ) MDoNER Northeast India and SAARC Trade Assessment report List of countries that have ratified Law of the Sea Conventions Borders of India Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan China Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Borders of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau India topics History Overviews Timeline Years Astronomy Economics Linguistics Maritime Mathematics Metallurgy Military Postal Science and technology Pre-colonial Stone Age Indus Valley Civilization Vedic period Mahajanapadas Mauryas Middle kingdoms Hoysala Chola Pala Kakatiya Delhi Sultanate Vijayanagara Mughals Marathas European trade Colonial Princely East India Company Plassey 1857 rebellion British Raj Railways Economy Army Zamindari Bengali renaissance Political reforms Princely states Partition of Bengal Independence movement 1943 famine World War II Partition Republic Integration Non-Aligned Movement Five - Year Plans Sino - Indian War Indo - Pakistani wars Green Revolution White Revolution Naxal Insurgency Smiling Buddha Space programme The Emergency Indian Peace Keeping Force ( IPKF ) Economic liberalisation Pokhran - II Geography Environment Biosphere reserves Climate Climatic regions Earthquakes Ecoregions Environmental issues Fauna Flora Geology National parks Protected areas Wildlife sanctuaries Landforms Beaches Desert Extreme points Glaciers Islands Lakes Mountains Plains Indo - Gangetic Eastern coastal Western coastal Rivers Valleys Volcanoes Waterfalls Regions East North Northeast South West Subdivisions Autonomous administrative divisions Cities Districts Municipalities States and territories Politics Government Agencies Energy policy Foreign relations Parliament President Vice President Prime Minister Union Council of Ministers Civil Services Cabinet Secretary State governments Law Chief Justice Constitution District Courts Fundamental rights , principles and duties High Courts Human rights Supreme Court Enforcement Federal Border Security Force ( BSF ) Central Industrial Security Force ( CISF ) Central Reserve Police Force ( CRPF ) Indo - Tibetan Border Police ( ITBP ) National Security Guard ( NSG ) Railway Protection Force ( RPF ) Sashastra Seema Bal ( SSB ) Special Protection Group ( SPG ) Intelligence Bureau of Police Research and Development ( BPR&D ) Central Bureau of Investigation ( CBI ) Directorate of Revenue Intelligence ( DRI ) Enforcement Directorate Intelligence Bureau ( IB ) Joint Intelligence Committee ( JIC ) Narcotics Control Bureau ( NCB ) National Investigation Agency ( NIA ) Research and Analysis Wing ( R&AW ) Military Army Navy Air Force Politics Censorship Elections Nationalism Parliament Lok Sabha Rajya Sabha Political parties INC BJP BSP CPI CPM NCP Reservations Scandals Scheduled groups Secularism Economy Companies BSE SENSEX CNX Nifty Government - owned companies List of companies Governance Ministry of Finance Finance ministers Ministry of Commerce and Industry Commerce ministers Finance Commission Planning Commission Economic Advisory Council Central Statistical Office Securities and Exchange Board of India Enforcement Directorate Foreign trade Remittances Taxation Subsidies Industrial licensing Voluntary guidelines NITI Aayog Make in India FDI in India Currency Indian rupee History Historical exchange rates data of the Indian rupee Coinage Reserve Bank of India Governors India Government Mint Financial services Banking Banks Insurance Foreign exchange reserves Bombay Stock Exchange National Stock Exchange Multi Commodity Exchange Bullion Black money History Economic Development Economic liberalisation Licence Raj Green revolution Government initiatives Numbering system People Billionaires Businesspeople Demography Income Poverty Labour law Pensions EPFO NPS PPF States Andhra Pradesh Assam Bihar Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Telangana Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Sectors Agriculture Livestock Fishing Automotive Defence Construction Education Energy Nuclear Solar Wind Entertainment Forestry Gambling Healthcare Information technology Media Cinema Television Printing Mining Pharmaceuticals Retail Science and technology Biotechnology Telecommunications Textiles Tourism Transport Aviation Civil Ports Rail Utilities Electricity Water Society Culture Society Caste system Corruption Demographics Education Universities in India Medical colleges in India Law colleges in India Engineering colleges in India Ethnic relations Healthcare Hospitals in India Languages Literacy Poverty Prisons Religion Socio - economic issues Standard of living Water supply and sanitation Crime Culture Arts and entertainment Architecture Blogging Cinema Comics Webcomics Cuisine wine Dance Dress Folklore Festivals Literature Media television Martial arts Music Public holidays Sport Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Borders_of_India&oldid=854435052 '' Categories : Borders of India Hidden categories : Articles needing cleanup from January 2018 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from January 2018 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from January 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages भोजपुरी اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 09 : 30 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which country shares longest land border with india | [
"\n\nLand Border Country\n\nLength (km) and (mi) [1]\n\nForce\n\nComments\n\n\n Afghanistan\n106 kilometres (66 mi)[2]\nN/A\nPakistan Administered Kashmir border with Wakhan Corridor\n\n\n Bhutan\n699 kilometres (434 mi)[3]\nSashastra Seema Bal\n\n\n\n Myanmar\n1,643 kilometres (1,021 mi)\nAssam Rifles and Indian Army\n\n\n\n Nepal\n1,758 kilometres (1,092 mi)[3]\nSashastra Seema Bal\n\n\n\n Pakistan\n3,323 kilometres (2,065 mi)\nBorder Security Force\n\n\n\n China\n3,380 kilometres (2,100 mi)\nIndo-Tibetan Border Police and Special Frontier Force\n\n\n\n Bangladesh\n4,097 kilometres (2,546 mi)\nBorder Security Force\nIndia–Bangladesh enclaves exchanged\n\n\n Sri Lanka\n30 kilometres (19 mi)\nIndian Coast Guard\nOn a Ram Sethu sand dune.\n"
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-8720149560442096309 | Negro Act of 1740 | Negro Act of 1740 - Wikipedia Negro Act of 1740 Jump to : navigation , search The comprehensive Negro Act of 1740 was passed in South Carolina , during Governor William Bull 's time in office , in response to the Stono Rebellion in 1739 . The act made it illegal for enslaved Africans to move abroad , assemble in groups , raise food , earn money , and learn to write ( though reading was not proscribed ) . Additionally , owners were permitted to kill rebellious slaves if necessary . The Act remained in effect until 1865 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Konadu , Kwasi ( 2010 - 05 - 12 ) . The Akan Diaspora in the Americas . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780199745388 . Jump up ^ `` Slavery and the Making of America . Timeline PBS '' . www.pbs.org . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ Gabbatt , Adam ( 24 October 2017 ) . `` A sign on scrubland marks one of America 's largest slave uprisings . Is this how to remember black heroes ? '' . Guardian US . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . External links ( edit ) `` An Act for the Better Ordering and Governing of Negroes and Other Slaves in this Province '' or Slave Code of South Carolina , May 1740 full text This article relating to law in the United States or its constituent jurisdictions is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Negro_Act_of_1740&oldid=826223723 '' Categories : United States slavery law Legal history of South Carolina 1740 in law 1740 in South Carolina African - American history of South Carolina United States law stubs Talk About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 17 February 2018 , at 22 : 53 . About Wikipedia | the negro act of 1740 was a reaction to what | [
"The comprehensive Negro Act of 1740 was passed in South Carolina, during Governor William Bull's time in office, in response to the Stono Rebellion in 1739.[1]"
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"the Stono Rebellion in 1739"
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-1519777054310527705 | American Horror Story: Roanoke | American Horror Story : Roanoke - wikipedia American Horror Story : Roanoke Jump to : navigation , search American Horror Story : Roanoke Promotional poster and home media cover art Starring Kathy Bates Sarah Paulson Cuba Gooding Jr . Lily Rabe André Holland Denis O'Hare Wes Bentley Evan Peters Cheyenne Jackson Angela Bassett Country of origin United States No. of episodes 10 Release Original network FX Original release September 14 ( 2016 - 09 - 14 ) -- November 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 16 ) Season chronology ← Previous Hotel Next → Cult List of American Horror Story episodes American Horror Story : Roanoke is the sixth season of the FX horror anthology television series American Horror Story . It premiered on September 14 , 2016 , marking the first time the series has debuted outside of October , and concluded on November 16 , 2016 . Returning cast members from previous seasons include : Kathy Bates , Sarah Paulson , Lily Rabe , Denis O'Hare , Wes Bentley , Evan Peters , Cheyenne Jackson , Angela Bassett , Adina Porter , Lady Gaga , Frances Conroy , Leslie Jordan , Finn Wittrock , Robin Weigert , and Taissa Farmiga , along with new cast members Cuba Gooding Jr. and André Holland . Paulson also reprised her role as the Asylum character , Lana Winters , for the season finale . Prior to the premiere , series co-creator Ryan Murphy stated this season of the series would be `` more rogue '' and `` dark '' in contrast to its previous cycle , Hotel . Details about its plot and cast were kept secret until the first episode aired , an unusual approach to publicity for the series . As such , it became the first iteration of the series to not release a subtitle prior to the season premiere since its debut . Several potential themes were theorized based on various promotional material produced by FX . After the release of pictures taken from the set in Santa Clarita , it was widely speculated that the season would incorporate the infamous 1580s Roanoke Colony disappearance . The premiere episode revealed the season to be depicted as a paranormal documentary entitled My Roanoke Nightmare which reenacts the experiences of a married couple who relocate to North Carolina . Roanoke has received positive reviews , with critics noting its subdued aesthetic and pacing in comparison to earlier seasons of the series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Special guest stars 2.3 Recurring 2.4 Guest stars 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.1. 1 Set design 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 5 Marketing 5.1 Campaign 5.2 Plot theories 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Awards and nominations 6.3 Ratings 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Presented as a paranormal documentary series titled My Roanoke Nightmare in the first half of the season , the story follows a married couple whose experiences are reenacted by actors . Shelby ( Lily Rabe ) and Matt Miller ( André Holland ) move from Los Angeles , California , to a house in North Carolina following a brutal assault which left Matt temporarily hospitalized and caused Shelby to have a miscarriage . As soon as the couple settles into their new home , located on a farmstead in rural North Carolina where the Roanoke Colony settled after their infamous disappearance , strange and paranormal occurrences begin to haunt them and Matt 's sister , Lee Harris ( Adina Porter ) . In the five - episode documentary , Shelby is portrayed by the extravagant English actress Audrey Tindall ( Sarah Paulson ) , Matt by the conceited Dominic Banks ( Cuba Gooding Jr . ) and Lee by the alcoholic Monet Tumusiime ( Angela Bassett ) . The leader of Roanoke 's colonists , Thomasin White , known as The Butcher , is portrayed by the unstable actress Agnes Mary Winstead ( Kathy Bates ) , while her son , Ambrose , is portrayed by Dylan ( Wes Bentley ) . The builder and first owner of the house , Edward Philippe Mott , is played by Rory Monahan ( Evan Peters ) and the previous owner , before the arrival of the Millers , by William van Henderson ( Denis O'Hare ) . The second half of the season is presented as found footage and depicts the production and aftermath of the follow - up series entitled Return to Roanoke : Three Days in Hell . Designed by My Roanoke Nightmare 's producer Sidney Aaron James ( Cheyenne Jackson ) , Return to Roanoke places the reenactors and their real life counterparts in the Roanoke house for three days during the Blood Moon , putting the lives of the cast and crew in danger as they face the true horrors within the Roanoke house . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main articles : List of American Horror Story cast members and List of American Horror Story : Roanoke characters Main ( edit ) Sarah Paulson , Cuba Gooding Jr. , and Angela Bassett ( left to right ) portray lead roles Audrey Tindall , Dominic Banks , and Monet Tumusiime , respectively . Lily Rabe , Kathy Bates , and Leslie Jordan ( left to right ) portray Shelby Miller , Agnes Mary Winstead , and Ashley Gilbert , respectively . Kathy Bates as Agnes Mary Winstead Thomasin White / The Butcher in My Roanoke Nightmare Sarah Paulson as Audrey Tindall and Lana Winters Shelby Miller in My Roanoke Nightmare Cuba Gooding Jr. as Dominic Banks Matt Miller in My Roanoke Nightmare Lily Rabe as Shelby Miller André Holland as Matt Miller Denis O'Hare as William van Henderson Dr. Elias Cunningham in My Roanoke Nightmare Wes Bentley as Dylan Ambrose White in My Roanoke Nightmare Evan Peters as Rory Monahan Edward Philippe Mott in My Roanoke Nightmare Cheyenne Jackson as Sidney Aaron James Angela Bassett as Monet Tumusiime Lee Harris in My Roanoke Nightmare Special guest stars ( edit ) Lady Gaga as Scáthach Frances Conroy as Mama Polk Finn Wittrock as Jether Polk Recurring ( edit ) Adina Porter as Lee Harris Leslie Jordan as Ashley Gilbert Cricket Marlowe in My Roanoke Nightmare Saniyya Sidney as Flora Harris Charles Malik Whitfield as Mason Harris Colby French as Police Officer Maya Rose Berko as Nurse Miranda Jane Kristen Rakes as Nurse Bridget Jane Grady Lee Richmond as Ishmael Polk Chaz Bono as Brian Wells Lot Polk in My Roanoke Nightmare Orson Chaplin as Cain Polk Estelle Hermansen as Priscilla Billy Snow as Rhett Snow Guest stars ( edit ) Taissa Farmiga as Sophie Green Doris Kearns Goodwin as herself Henderson Wade as Guinness Shannon Lucio as Diana Cross Robin Weigert as Mama Polk Jacob Artist as Todd Connors Jon Bass as Milo Emma Bell as Tracy Logan James Morosini as Bob Kinnaman Frederick Koehler as Lot Polk Trixie Mattel as herself ^ 1 These actors portray their characters solely in the My Roanoke Nightmare re-enactment . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of American Horror Story episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 64 `` Chapter 1 '' Bradley Buecker Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk September 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 14 ) 6ATS01 5.14 Shelby and Matt Miller are a married couple being interviewed for a documentary called My Roanoke Nightmare . Through a combination of dramatic re-enactment and testimonials , the couple reveal that they fled to North Carolina from Los Angeles , after they were assaulted as part of a gang initiation that caused Shelby to miscarry their baby . While in North Carolina , the couple find an abandoned colonial farmhouse that they purchase in an attempt to start over again . After moving into the house , strange and violent events begin to unfold that threaten the couple . When Matt leaves on a business trip , he asks his sister Lee to stay and guard Shelby . Lee and Shelby do not get along which puts them in jeopardy , as the house is invaded by a group of people wielding knives and carrying torches . The mob leaves behind creepy totems and a video of a man encountering a creature who has the head of a pig and the body of a man . When Matt wants to stay in the house , rather than flee , Shelby escapes in Matt 's car . After hitting a woman on the road , Shelby witnesses a ritualistic murder in the woods . 65 `` Chapter 2 '' Michael Goi Tim Minear September 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 21 ) 6ATS02 3.27 Shelby assumes the ritual she witnessed was staged ; she and Matt resolve to stay in the house . After discovering a burning totem in the woods near the house , Matt and Shelby finally secure the help of the local police . Unnerving and mysterious events continue to affect the residents of the house , this time including Matt , Lee , and her daughter Flora . Shelby and Matt discover a storm cellar under the back yard ; there , they view a recording created by the man killed in the first video . He was a previous resident who came to the house to research it ; he details the house 's previous use as a nursing home where two sisters committed multiple murders . Shelby and Matt realize that they are trapped because all their money is tied up in the house and they have no way out . Meanwhile , Lee violates her custody agreement with her ex-husband , and brings Flora to the house in an attempt to spend time with her . Flora encounters an entity , `` Priscilla '' , who tells her that everyone in the house will be murdered . Flora then disappears , and the adults find her hoodie atop a massive pine tree . 66 `` Chapter 3 '' Jennifer Lynch James Wong September 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 28 ) 6ATS03 3.08 While searching for Flora , Lee 's ex-husband is found dead . Shelby suspects Lee and the security cameras show that she followed him out of the house during the night . Meanwhile , the hillbilly family vanishes , leaving behind their two feral sons . Cricket , a psychic , claims to be able to locate Flora , and Lee pays him $25,000 . In the documentary interview , Lee reluctantly discusses the disappearance of her first daughter , many years earlier . Cricket reveals that Priscilla is a dead 16th - century child , and the area is haunted by spirits led by `` The Butcher '' , formerly Thomasin White , the first lady of the Roanoke Colony . The colonists rebelled against Thomasin in her husband 's absence and left her for dead . In desperation , she gave her soul to a mysterious woman and violently retook control of the colony , forcing them to relocate to what is now Shelby and Matt 's property . During a confrontation with the spirits , Matt disappears and Shelby finds him copulating with the same mysterious woman . Matt does not recall these events and as they argue the police arrive to arrest Lee , tipped off by Shelby . 67 `` Chapter 4 '' Marita Grabiak John J. Gray October 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 05 ) 6ATS04 2.83 Following Matt 's tryst with the mysterious woman , Shelby thinks that Matt and Lee are conspiring against her . Later that night , Shelby is attacked by the Piggy Man and is saved by Dr. Cunningham . Dr. Cunningham reveals the history of the paranormal activity of the house to the Millers . He reveals that Thomasin is responsible for all the disappearances in the house and all of them occur on the same six - day lunar cycle in October . Dr. Cunningham leads the Millers to Flora but is killed by Thomasin 's men . As the Millers rush home , they encounter Cricket . Cricket heads back into the woods and comes face to face with the mysterious woman who is revealed to be the true leader of the Roanoke Colony . She shows Cricket what really happened to the lost colony of Roanoke . Through his own experience with the mysterious woman , Matt learns some of her backstory . Before Matt can finish learning her backstory , he is interrupted by Shelby 's screams . Thomasin 's mob surround the house with Flora in their possession but Priscilla helps to free her . All the Millers flee into the house and Shelby and Matt witness the mob disembowel Cricket . 68 5 `` Chapter 5 '' Nelson Cragg Akela Cooper October 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 12 ) 6ATS05 2.82 Doris Kearns Goodwin reveals the backstory of one of the owners of the Roanoke House , Edward Philippe Mott , and his subsequent ownership of the property . Mott used the property as a storage house for his art collection and to conduct clandestine homosexual affairs with a member of his staff . During the blood moon , he was sacrificed by Thomasin and her men . In the present , Thomasin 's mob surrounds the house ready to kill the Millers . The mob attacks the house and just when all seems lost , Edward Philippe Mott arrives and leads the Millers to safety . However , he abandons the Millers out in the woods leading to them being kidnapped by the Polk family . Meanwhile , Lee is released from prison due to lack of evidence . The Millers attempt to escape , which leads to Mama Polk breaking Shelby 's leg . The Polks return the Millers to Thomasin as revenge for the loss of their two children . Just as Thomasin is about to sacrifice the Miller family , Ambrose stops her from completing the ritual and pushes her into the fire in penance for the colonies sins . Then , Lee arrives back to the house and the Millers flee the property in her car . 69 6 `` Chapter 6 '' Angela Bassett Ned Martel October 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 19 ) 6ATS06 2.48 My Roanoke Nightmare was a massive success during its run , attracting 23 million viewers . Spurred by its success , Sidney , the network executive who produced it , pitches a new idea entitled Return to Roanoke : Three Days in Hell where the reenactors and the real - world counterparts are brought together under the roof of the Roanoke house for three days during the blood moon . Sidney reveals that his motive for producing the follow - up is to expose Lee for the murder of Mason . The real Shelby Miller is reluctant to participate in the new series but is convinced to do it by a chance to reconnect with her estranged husband . As part of the new series , the lives of the reenactors who portrayed these events are explored . As the crew prepares the house for filming , strange events begin to unfold . As the series commences , the reenactors begin to get a taste of the true horrors within the house . It is revealed that over the course of the new series , all but one of the participants died in the house and that the series never made it to air . The first victim was Rory , the reenactor who played Edward Philippe Mott , who was murdered by the two nurses . 70 7 `` Chapter 7 '' Elodie Keene Crystal Liu October 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 26 ) 6ATS07 2.62 Following Rory 's murder , Agnes , who is completely consumed by her role as Thomasin , murders Sidney and his entire production team . Meanwhile , tensions in the house continue to rise as Matt , Shelby and Dominic argue about Shelby 's infidelity , and Lee and Monet go back and forth about her alcoholism . The fighting is interrupted when Agnes appears and attacks Shelby , forcing Lee , Audrey , and Monet to go into the woods to find help . On the way to find help , Audrey and Monet begin to encounter various supernatural occurrences that frighten them . Eventually , the three women are kidnapped by the Polk family , and are taken back to their farm , where the Polks proceed to cut Lee 's leg off and feed it to Audrey and Monet . Meanwhile , inside the house , Dominic and Shelby come across Matt having sex with Scathach . Matt admits he came back to the house for Scathach , causing Shelby to murder him in a violent rage . Then , Agnes lights a fire outside the house , demanding satisfaction from the occupants of it . Just then , the real Thomasin and her mob surround Agnes and Thomasin kills Agnes by thrusting her cleaver into Agnes ' face . 71 8 `` Chapter 8 '' Gwyneth Horder - Payton Todd Kubrak November 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 02 ) 6ATS08 2.20 After Agnes ' murder , Dominic and Shelby begin to devise a plan to escape the house . They first decide to flee out of the secret passage but are foiled by the ghosts of the Chen family attacking them . This forces the pair to flee upstairs and lock themselves in a bathroom , but not before being attacked by the Piggy Man , the skittering creature , and Thomasin 's mob . Once the pair are safely inside , Shelby slits her throat out of guilt for murdering Matt . Meanwhile , the three women continue to be tortured by the Polk family , with Lee losing more of her flesh , and Audrey having one of her teeth ripped out of her mouth . Eventually , the women manage to escape , killing two Polks in the process . However , only Audrey and Lee make it back to the house , as Monet is being hunted down by the two remaining Polks . Back at the house , the two women come across the dead body of Matt . Then , the two find Shelby 's body and Dominic in the bathroom . The two blame Dominic for the death of Shelby and Matt , forcing him out into the hall where he is murdered by the Piggy Man . The next morning , Dylan arrives at the house to the two women 's surprise . 72 9 `` Chapter 9 '' Alexis O. Korycinski Tim Minear November 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 09 ) 6ATS09 2.43 Sophie , Milo , and Todd , three fanatics of My Roanoke Nightmare , head out into the woods in search of the Roanoke house . The three stop to take pictures of the tree that Flora 's hoodie was found on but are interrupted by a bloodied women who begs for help . The three bloggers chase after the woman , only to come across her dead body in an over turned car . When the three report what they found to the police , the police tell them that they found no dead body and that the three of them need to stop making things up . Meanwhile , Audrey , Lee , and Dylan return to the Polk compound to recover Lee 's taped confession and Monet , as well as to escape . Dylan is murdered by Ishmael and the three women succeed in escaping the incoming mob , only to be separated in the woods . The three bloggers return to the woods under the cover of night to expose the real truth , only to be murdered by Lee ( possessed by Scathach ) , Thomasin , and her mob . Lee also murders Monet and attempts to murder Audrey . The next morning , the police arrive to find the carnage . Audrey , having survived her wounds , grabs an officers gun to shoot Lee in vengeance , but is gunned down by the police . 73 10 `` Chapter 10 '' Bradley Buecker Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk November 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 16 ) 6ATS10 2.45 Following Lee 's murders , three series , Crack 'd , The Lana Winters Special , and Spirit Chasers , attempt to understand what could have driven her to kill . On Crack 'd , Lee 's trial and subsequent acquittals for her murders are covered . On The Lana Winters Special , famed reporter Lana Winters interviews Lee about the disappearance of her daughter , believing that Lee took her once again . The interview is interrupted by the arrival of Lot Polk , who threatens violence against Lee until he is shot . On Spirit Chasers , a group paranormal investigators , including Ashley Gilbert ( Cricket 's reenactor ) , trespass into the Roanoke house during the blood moon in order to capture the spirits on film . They are interrupted by Lee , who bursts in looking for Flora . All of the Spirit Chasers crew and Ashley are murdered by the ghosts . Lee is able to reunite with Flora , and , following an emotional reunion , decides to sacrifice herself so she can protect Priscilla and give Flora a chance at life . Flora leaves the house and watches as her mother walks off into the woods with Priscilla . From a hilltop , Thomasin watches over her mob as they begin to surround the house once again . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) `` We just thought it would really be fun to keep it a mystery , so we are ; we just thought that would be a nice change after doing things one way for five years . '' -- FX president and CEO John Landgraf on the marketing strategy for the sixth season On November 10 , 2015 , the network renewed the series for a sixth cycle ; which premiered on September 14 , 2016 . In August 2015 , co-creator Ryan Murphy commented on the sixth year , stating , `` The next thing we 're crafting up is very very different than ( Hotel ) , not smaller . But just not opulent . More rogue and more dark . '' In October 2015 , when questioned about clues and hints alluding to the sixth season ( as has been the status quo since the first season of the series ) in Hotel , Murphy revealed he had yet to definitively decide on a theme , `` This is an interesting year in that the idea that we 're dealing with I 've mentioned in several seasons . It 's been there before . We 've actually talked about it a lot on the show . I might do that for season 7 but I 'm leaning towards that for season 6 . '' In January 2016 , FX president John Landgraf revealed that the season will be `` principally set in the present '' , with a dual timeline in `` echoes of the past '' . He also confirmed a fall 2016 premiere . At the 2016 PaleyFest , Murphy divulged that the two previous ideas ( the writers ) had been considering had been merged into season six , saying it will involve children and operatic themes . The season will consist of 10 episodes , the least in a given cycle , in the show 's history ; with the finale scheduled to air November 16 , 2016 . On September 1 , 2016 , it was reported by Entertainment Weekly that the season was possibly subtitled The Mist , as a Rotten Tomatoes page and TV Guide magazine had printed ; which was later proven untrue . There is a direct connection to Freak Show with an exploration of the Mott family origin . In a late September issue of Entertainment Weekly , Falchuk and Murphy revealed there would be a major twist coming to the series in `` Chapter 6 '' . Murphy said of the matter , `` You 'll see starting in episode 6 , the show has a huge turn and the thing that you think you 're watching is not what you 're watching , It 's a hat on a hat on a hat on a hat that we 've had to protect . '' Falchuk added , `` No matter what you think it is , it 's not that . Then , episode 6 comes and you 're like , ' Wait ! What happened ? ' It 's like ( episodes ) 1 -- 5 , 6 -- 9 , and 10 is its own thing . '' Murphy went on to confirm the turn in the season being a behind - the - camera look at the production of the faux documentary My Roanoke Nightmare . He also stated that the final episode will feature characters , and their mythologies , that will continue on in the overall series . Set design ( edit ) Colonial ware and design are incorporated into the season , which is theorized to be , at least partially , set in 1590 Roanoke , North Carolina . A pioneer cottage is incorporated in Santa Clarita , California . The set is fully dressed in time - period appropriate dressings , including an etched tree . The production designers constructed an entire colonial house , that serves as the season 's chief setting . The house was constructed in an undisclosed California forest , over the course of four months . The abode is completely functional , furnished , and finished inside and out . This is the first time in American Horror Story history that a complete home has been built , and is quite unprecedented for film and television productions in general . A three - story set built in Malibu Canyon was not permitted properly , and after being torn down in October 2016 , FX `` will be required to do extensive restoration . '' Casting ( edit ) In October 2015 , Murphy tweeted that he had asked Hotel star Lady Gaga to join the untitled season , but did not expect an answer anytime soon . She later confirmed her involvement in March 2016 . Coven star Emma Roberts has stated that she and Murphy have talked about a `` devilish '' role for her in the season . Murder House and Coven star Taissa Farmiga was heavily rumored to be involved with the season in some form . Murphy later confirmed Farmiga would appear late in the season . In February 2016 , Angela Bassett confirmed her return to the series during an interview on Larry King Now , being the first cast member added to the season 6 roster . She portrays Lee Harris , a re-enactor of the documentary 's horrific events . At PaleyFest , Murphy invited Kathy Bates , Denis O'Hare , Sarah Paulson , Finn Wittrock , Cheyenne Jackson , Wes Bentley , and Matt Bomer to return to the show for its sixth season . In May 2016 , Jessica Lange stated , in an interview with Charlie Rose , that she would not be returning for the sixth or any other future season of the series ; saying , `` No , I had four years with that , four seasons , and each year was a marvelous character , everything changed from one year to another which made it very interesting to me . But no , I think sometimes you come to the end of something ... '' However , Variety published an article in September 2016 , reporting Lange would appear . In June 2016 , Coven alum Leslie Jordan announced his return to the series , stating he had been approached to appear in Freak Show , but declined . He was surprised to get a call from Murphy again . Later in the month , Bomer , Jackson , and Evan Peters confirmed their involvement with the sixth season . O'Hare stated he would return in some capacity in a May 2016 interview . Us Weekly has reported the returns of Bentley , Bates , and Wittrock . In an early August 2016 interview with Glamour , series veteran Sarah Paulson announced her return for the sixth year . She said of the show , `` I just think I have the greatest job on the planet because my TV show ( American Horror Story ) is going into its sixth season and I 'm playing an entirely different character , like nothing I 've ever played . '' She plays the featured re-enactor in the horrific documentary . On Halloween 2016 , Murphy announced the return of Paulson 's Asylum character , Lana Winters . TMZ reported the casting of The People v. O.J. Simpson : American Crime Story star Cuba Gooding Jr . Gooding Jr. himself later went on to confirm his presence in the season , also announcing that he will share most screen - time with former co-star Paulson , stating , `` It 's really been a treat to finally engage with her on camera , because when we did The People v. O.J. it was more about my scenes and then her scenes and us being in the courtroom but separate , but we 're not separate no more ! '' He plays the co-lead of the My Roanoke Nightmare documentary . In September 2016 , Glee alum Jacob Artist announced his involvement with the sixth season . On the same month , the main casting was announced after the first episode with the addition of André Holland and series veteran Lily Rabe portraying the real - life couple , Matt Miller ( Lee 's brother ) and his wife Shelby from the documentary 's interviews . Adina Porter , after a small guest appearance on an episode of the first series , portrayed the real Lee Harris . Filming ( edit ) In March 2016 , the series received a major tax credit for filming of the season in Los Angeles , California . Cast alum Angela Bassett , along with Jennifer Lynch , Marita Grabiak , Gwyneth Horder - Payton , Elodie Keene , and Alexis Korycinski were set as directors during the season , marking the first time women have served in the capacity on the show . In June 2016 , cast member Jackson stated that the season had already clandestinely begun principal photography earlier that month . On August 1 , 2016 , TMZ published photographs of the American Horror Story set in Santa Clarita , California ; that consists of a small Pioneer home , and a tree with the word `` Croatoan '' carved into its center . Both of these things are attributed to the 1590 colony of 117 people , in Roanoke , North Carolina , that disappeared without a trace , and the only clue left was the carving -- the name being a nearby island and tribe of Native Americans . Later , TMZ unveiled more set photos from an unknown California forest . Marketing ( edit ) Campaign ( edit ) `` After all the breadcrumbs , you are definitely going to get the sandwich . There 's no bait and switch here . It was about celebrating the building and worshiping the anticipation . '' -- FX Head of Marketing Stephanie Gibbons on the fear that the publicity would n't materialize a quality season The marketing campaign for the season was one of mystery . On June 6 , 2016 , all of the series ' social media pages displayed a teaser image of a red number six , with a question mark superimposed . Little was known about plot details or casting before the premiere , which seems to be a deliberate ploy of publicity . The following months saw a virtual reality experience at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con International , a multitude of motley teaser trailers and posters , a Mercedes - Benz sweepstakes ; and no casting or plot announcements . At the Television Critics Association Summer Press Tour , on August 9 , 2016 , FX chief John Landgraf announced that all , but one , of the teaser trailers released thus far have been deliberate misdirects by the network . Explaining , `` ( Murphy and Stephanie Gibbons , FX head of marketing and on - air promotions ) went out and made many more trailers than you 've actually seen for hypothetical seasons of American Horror Story , meaning different genres and different places '' . Landgraf also reiterated what had been previously reported , that the official theme of the cycle will not be revealed until the airing of the first episode . A week before the premiere FX released a trailer featuring Lady Gaga 's new single `` Perfect Illusion '' , speaking to the anonymity of the season . In a September 13 , 2016 interview with The Hollywood Reporter , marketing chief Stephanie Gibbons spoke at length about the risks and idea behind the seasons complete anonymity . Explaining the origin of her campaign , `` I felt we would play on two aspects of the human helix : Desire to know , the curiosity to find out what you do n't know ; and perhaps more importantly , the notion of how powerful withholding is to the human psyche . Often wanting is more fulfilling than having . '' Plot theories ( edit ) One of the earliest season hypotheses was that of Slender Man , the 2009 phenomenon , a man with a blank face , tractable arms , and killer of children . However , sources working on the show confirmed to Entertainment Weekly , in January 2016 , that the myth would not be appearing , and that a theme had already been established for the season , and would be revealed in March . Though , this did not come to pass . Based on the teaser trailers and several interviews given by Murphy , media reported the plot of the season as dealing with cult , farm , orphanage , colony , or the storyline of the Antichrist , which has already been touched on by the series in season one ( Vivien and Tate 's child , Michael , that Constance took as her own , was considered to be the titular figure ) . Deadline 's Ross A. Lincoln posited the theory that the cycle will revolve around the Bloody Benders family . They owned an inn and general store in rural 1800s Kansas and were responsible for the deaths of 11 passersby , later disappearing . Photos from the set released by TMZ confirmed the season to incorporate colonial aspects . Vulture 's Jordan Crucchiola theorized it to be about the Roanoke Colony , with Murphy likely to adapt the historical explanation of the settlers disappearance . The Huffington Post added that another story avenue Murphy might venture on is the colloquial belief that the colonist vanished under supernatural circumstances . Screener 's Aaron Pruner noted that the colony was mentioned by Billie Dean Howard in Murder House , thus alluding to the possible Antichrist or supernatural presence in the sixth season . Pruner also mentioned that the history of the word `` Croatoan '' is vast and unnerving . Days before the death of author Edgar Allan Poe , he is said to have muttered the cryptic word as his final . Furthermore , in 1937 , the word was found scribbled in fated pilot Amelia Earhart 's journal . Kate Feldman from New York Daily News has speculated that the season will revolve around the Manson family ; she cited iconography in a teaser , Charles Manson 's fascination with spiders ( i.e. official poster for season ) , Evan Peters ' appearance resembling Manson , and Murphy 's previous comments stating that the series had considered the theme for the third year , which ultimately shifted to Coven . However , Sarah Paulson has rejected the Manson theme , saying , `` Wrong ! You can look me dead in the eyes . You are wrong , dead wrong . And you will see that I am not lying to you . I 'm not pulling a little Jedi mind trick . '' After the release of the revealing `` Anthology '' trailer , The Huffington Post 's Bill Bradley suggested , after taking into account several factors , that the season would feature a discarded Murder House menace that slays his victims with hedge trimmers . TV Guide suggested a major connection to Asylum concerning the spider shown travelling under the skin of a person in one of the teasers for the season . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) American Horror Story : Roanoke has received positive reviews from critics . The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the season a 78 % approval rating , with an average rating of 6.7 / 10 , based on 13 reviews . The site 's consensus reads , `` American Horror Story : My Roanoke Nightmare takes a surprising turn away from prior AHS formats , revisiting the deliberate pace of earlier seasons on a spookier , smaller scale , even if the true - crime format feels overdone . '' On Metacritic , the season was given a score of 72 out of 100 based on 9 reviews , indicating `` generally positive reviews '' . Dan Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter gave a positive review , writing , `` When you 're the type of show prone to kicking off a season with the introduction of a hairless mole man with a killer dildo , it 's possible that the most provocative thing you can do to start a chapter is eschewing mole men , dildos and , in fact , killing altogether for a full week . The American Horror Story franchise has been and done many things , but it 's never offered such a false sense of security , so this subdued start may be the scariest promise of all . It 's the most curious I 've been about future installments in a long time . '' Jeff Jensen of Entertainment Weekly also gave a positive review , writing , `` The use of mystery to market the season may have been contrived , but at this point , mystery might also be the best thing going for it , too . '' Ben Travers of IndieWire called the premiere `` a promising start with a central mystery as tantalizing as the ads teasing it . '' American Horror Story ( season 6 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 6 ( 2016 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Awards and nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by American Horror Story Year Award Nominated artist / work Result 2016 Art Directors Guild Awards Television Movie or Limited Series Andrew Murdock ( for `` Chapter 4 '' ) Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards Contemporary TV Series Lou Eyrich and Helen Huang Won 2017 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Cable TV Sci - Fi / Fantasy Show Nominated Black Reel Awards Best Supporting Actress in a TV Movie or Limited Series Angela Bassett Nominated Outstanding Director in a Television Miniseries or Movie Nominated Fangoria Chainsaw Awards Best TV Supporting Actress Sarah Paulson Nominated Best TV SFX Eryn Krueger Mekash and David LeRoy Anderson Nominated Saturn Awards Best Horror Television Series American Horror Story : Roanoke Nominated Best Actress on Television Sarah Paulson Nominated Best Supporting Actress on Television Kathy Bates Nominated Adina Porter Nominated Best Guest Starring Role on Television Leslie Jordan Nominated MTV Movie & TV Awards Best Villain Wes Bentley Nominated 69th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Hairstyling for a Limited Series or Movie Michelle Ceglia , Valerie Jackson , Jose Zamora Nominated Outstanding Makeup for a Limited Series or Movie ( Non-Prosthetic ) Kim Ayers , Mike Mekash , Eryn Krueger Mekash , Silvina Knight , Carleigh Herbert , Luis Garcia Nominated Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series , Limited Series , Movie , or Special Eryn Krueger Mekash , Michael Mekash , David Leroy Anderson , James Mackinnon , Jason Hamer , Melanie Eichner , Cristina Himiob , Maiko Chiba Won Outstanding Sound Editing for a Limited Series , Movie , or Special Gary Megregian , Steve M. Stuhr , Jason Krane , Timothy A. Cleveland , Paul Diller , David Klotz and Noel Vought ( for `` Chapter 1 '' ) Nominated Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Chapter 1 '' September 14 , 2016 2.8 5.14 TBD TBD TBD TBD `` Chapter 2 '' September 21 , 2016 1.8 3.27 TBD TBD TBD TBD `` Chapter 3 '' September 28 , 2016 1.7 3.08 1.6 2.95 3.3 6.03 `` Chapter 4 '' October 5 , 2016 1.4 2.83 1.8 3.30 3.2 6.13 5 `` Chapter 5 '' October 12 , 2016 1.5 2.82 1.7 3.31 3.2 6.14 6 `` Chapter 6 '' October 19 , 2016 1.4 2.48 1.8 3.50 3.2 5.99 7 `` Chapter 7 '' October 26 , 2016 1.4 2.62 1.8 3.23 3.2 5.85 8 `` Chapter 8 '' November 2 , 2016 2.20 1.9 3.37 3.1 5.57 9 `` Chapter 9 '' November 9 , 2016 1.3 2.43 1.3 2.30 2.6 4.73 10 `` Chapter 10 '' November 16 , 2016 1.3 2.45 1.7 2.99 3.0 5.44 ^ 1 Live + 7 ratings were not available , so Live + 3 ratings have been used instead . American Horror Story : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Ep. 11 Ep. 12 Ep. 13 Murder House 3.18 2.46 2.59 2.96 2.74 2.83 3.06 2.81 2.85 2.54 2.59 3.22 N / A Asylum 3.85 3.06 2.47 2.65 2.78 1.89 2.27 2.36 2.22 2.21 2.51 2.30 2.29 Coven 5.54 4.51 3.78 3.71 3.80 4.16 4.00 4.07 3.94 3.49 3.46 3.35 4.24 Freak Show 6.13 4.53 4.44 4.51 4.22 3.65 3.91 3.30 3.07 2.99 3.11 2.94 3.27 Hotel 5.81 4.06 3.20 3.04 2.87 2.64 2.64 2.31 2.14 1.85 1.84 2.24 N / A Roanoke 5.14 3.27 3.08 2.83 2.82 2.48 2.62 2.20 2.43 2.45 N / A Cult 3.93 2.38 2.25 2.13 2.20 2.15 2.07 2.06 1.48 1.82 1.97 N / A Source : Nielsen Media Research References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dan Avery , NewNowNext , Trixie Mattel Pops Up In The `` American Horror Story '' Season Finale , 2016 - 11 - 17 Jump up ^ Tyler Maas , Milwaukee Record , Milwaukee drag superstar Trixie Mattel was on the ' American Horror Story ' season finale , 2016 - 11 - 18 Jump up ^ Tom Chapman How The ' American Horror Story ' Finale Brought Drag Queens To The Mainstream , 2016 - 11 - 17 ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' American Horror Story ' premiere wins the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' American Horror Story ' experiences major drop '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' American Horror Story ' dips once again '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : MLB Wild Card games stay on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' American Horror Story : Roanoke ' bumps up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : Third Presidential Debate wins the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' American Horror Story ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' American Horror Story ' falls , ' Queen Sugar ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' American Horror Story ' ticks back up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' American Horror Story : Roanoke ' season finale holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nakamura , Reid ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' : FX Boss Explains Mysterious Season 6 Promos '' . TheWrap . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' renewed for Season 6 on FX '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kickham , Dylan ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` American Horror Story season 6 premiere date announced '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( August 27 , 2015 ) . `` There could be TWO seasons of American Horror Story in 2016 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( January 16 , 2016 ) . `` American Horror Story Season 6 ( Dual ) Time Frame Revealed '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' American Horror Story ' season 6 theme still undecided , but ... '' Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` Ryan Murphy Reveals the Real Reason Behind American Horror Story 's Radical Re-invention '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z -- American Horror Story on FX '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kickham , Dylan ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` American Horror Story : The Mist : Do we finally have a season 6 theme ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` How American Horror Story : Roanoke connects to Freak Show '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` American Horror Story : Roanoke exclusive : There 's a huge twist coming soon '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` American Horror Story : Ryan Murphy Reveals Roanoke Twist , Hints at Next Season 's Freak Show Tie - In '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` American Horror Story : Ryan Murphy on Wednesday 's huge twist and a return to Coven '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' American Horror Story ' New Set Photos Hint At Lost Colony '' . TMZ . August 1 , 2016 . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' American Horror Story ' Brand New Haunted House Unveiled '' . TMZ . August 4 , 2016 . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story Scars Scenic Santa Monica Mountains LCP Viewshed '' . Las Virgenes Homeowner 's Federation . July 8 , 2016 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` Ryan Murphy has already asked Lady Gaga to join American Horror Story season 6 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bell , Crystal ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Lady Gaga confirms she 'll be back for American Horror Story Season 6 '' . MTV News . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kessler , Robert ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` Emma Roberts on the Downside of a GIF - Worthy Performance : ' If I 'm Annoying ( My Friends ) , They 'll Send Me a Meme of Me ' '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Joanna ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Something Really Crazy Is Going on with American Horror Story Season 6 Why the FX show is succeeding where Game of Thrones and The Walking Dead failed '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Verhoeven , Beatrice ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` Taissa Farmiga , Finn Wittrock to Return to ' American Horror Story : Roanoke ' '' . TheWrap . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Angela Bassett Confirms She 'll Be In ' American Horror Story ' Season 6 '' . Ora TV . Retrieved February 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story Season 6 Just Added Its First Star '' . CinemaBlend . February 9 , 2016 . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Delbyck , Cole ( May 28 , 2016 ) . `` Jessica Lange And ' American Horror Story ' Are Never Getting Back Together '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roshanian , Arya ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' Teaser Features Lady Gaga 's ' Perfect Illusion ' '' . Variety . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Chris ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Leslie Jordan on his D.C. show and the one topic he wo n't discuss '' . Washington Blade . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' American Horror Story ' Season 6 : Matt Bomer Officially Confirms Return , Does He Know Concept ? VIDEO '' . Enstarz.com . June 7 , 2016 . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Marcus James ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' Season 6 : Evan Peters to return , but what about Finn Wittrock , Denis O'Hare ? '' . Gold Derby . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' : Cheyenne Jackson Confirms Season 6 Return '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Here Is Your Confirmed Cast For Season 6 Of ' AHS ' '' . MoviePilot.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gajewski , Ryan ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Emma Roberts Teases ' American Horror Story ' Return : See Her Mysterious Comments ! '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Branch , Kate ( August 5 , 2016 ) . `` Sarah Paulson on Playing American Horror Story and American Crime Story Characters at the Same Time '' . Glamour . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Ryan ( @ MrRPMurphy ) ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` Sarah Paulson 's ASYLUM ultimate survivor LANA WINTERS returns this season on `` AHS : ROANOKE . '' Happy Halloween ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Harris , Ricki ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` Cuba Gooding Jr. on His Small Screen Resurgence '' . ABC News . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( September 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' Adds ' Glee ' Alum Jacob Artist To Season 6 Cast '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Piester , Lauren ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` The American Horror Story Season 6 Premiere Still Did n't Tell Us the Theme ! Or Did It ? '' . E ! # E ! Online . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` American Horror Story 's Season 6 Cast Is Finally Revealed '' . E ! # E ! Online . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patton , Dominic ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Scream Queens ' ' Good Girls Revolt ' & ' American Horror Story ' Among 9 TV Projects Awarded California Tax Credits '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nilles , Billy ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` Finally , An American Horror Story Season 6 Update '' . E !. Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Strause , Jackie ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' : FX Marketing Boss Talks Misdirecting Promos and `` Twisty - Turny '' Season 6 `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bentley , Jean ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Is This American Horror Story 's First Real Season 6 Clue ? '' . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McHenry , Jackson ; Ivie , Devon ; Kiefer , Halle ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` Here 's Every Single American Horror Story Season 6 Teaser So Far '' . Vulture . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AHS6 Sweepstakes '' . FX . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brickner , Tierney ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` Is Lady Gaga 's New Song `` Perfect Illusion '' Really About American Horror Story Season 6 ? `` . E !. Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` American Horror Story season 6 focusing on Slender Man ? ' Not true , ' says source '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pruner , Aaron ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Is ' American Horror Story ' going back to the ' Asylum ' ? '' . Zap2it . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rochke , Ryan ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` American Horror Story : These Quotes From Ryan Murphy Have Taken On a Whole New Meaning '' . Popsugar . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A. ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` The Hillbillies Have Eyes In New ' American Horror Story ' Season 6 Teasers '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Crucchiola , Jordan ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` Strap on Your Bonnets and Buckled Shoes , Because American Horror Story Is Moving to the Precolonial South '' . Vulture . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Delbyck , Cole ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` New ' American Horror Story ' Set Photos Reveal Possible Colonial Theme For Season 6 '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pruner , Aaron ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` American Horror Story Season 6 will most certainly revisit ' Murder House ' '' . Screener . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Feldman , Kate ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' season 6 might be about serial killer Charles Manson '' . Daily News . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McRady , Rachel ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Sarah Paulson Dishes on ' AHS ' Season 6 and Reveals Girlfriend Holland Taylor Wo n't Be Her Emmy Date ! '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( August 18 , 2016 ) . `` New ' American Horror Story ' Promo Supports A Crazy , Elaborate Fan Theory On Season 6 Theme '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gennis , Saddie ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Will American Horror Story Answer This Major Asylum Mystery ? '' . TV Guide . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Roanoke Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Season 6 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Dan . `` ' American Horror Story : Season 6 ' : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Jeff ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` American Horror Story season 6 premiere : EW review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Travers , Ben ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` American Horror Story : My Roanoke Nightmare ' Review : Season 6 Gets Off To a Spooky Good Start : TV Review '' . IndieWire . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Roanoke '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' AHS : Roanoke ' episode 3 nearly doubles : Cable Live + 3 ratings for Sept. 26 - Oct. 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' puts up big gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 3 - 9 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' AHS : Roanoke ' is the runaway leader in cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 10 - 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' premiere , ' AHS : Roanoke ' dominate cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 17 - 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Walking Dead , ' ' Atlanta , ' ' AHS ' cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 24 - 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Walking Dead , ' ' American Horror Story ' again rule the cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 31 - Nov. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' vaults past election coverage in cable Live + 3 ratings for Nov. 7 - 13 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead 's ' DVR numbers are down too : Cable Live + 7 ratings for Nov. 14 - 20 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . January 24 , 2013 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Coven : ( Season Three ) Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . January 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Freak Show Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . January 22 , 2015 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Hotel ( Season Five ) Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . January 14 , 2016 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . November 17 , 2016 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : American Horror Story Season 6 Horror fiction portal Television in the United States portal Official website List of American Horror Story episodes on IMDb List of American Horror Story episodes at TV.com ( hide ) American Horror Story Awards and nominations Cast members Episodes list Murder House `` Pilot '' `` Home Invasion '' `` Murder House '' `` Halloween , Parts 1 and 2 '' `` Piggy Piggy '' `` Open House '' `` Rubber Man '' `` Spooky Little Girl '' `` Smoldering Children '' `` Birth '' `` Afterbirth '' Asylum `` Welcome to Briarcliff '' `` Tricks and Treats '' `` Nor'easter '' `` I Am Anne Frank , Parts 1 and 2 '' `` The Origins of Monstrosity '' `` Dark Cousin '' `` Unholy Night '' `` The Coat Hanger '' `` The Name Game '' `` Spilt Milk '' `` Continuum '' `` Madness Ends '' Coven `` Bitchcraft '' `` Boy Parts '' `` The Replacements '' `` Fearful Pranks Ensue '' `` Burn , Witch , Burn ! '' `` The Axeman Cometh '' `` The Dead '' `` The Sacred Taking '' `` Head '' `` The Magical Delights of Stevie Nicks '' `` Protect the Coven '' `` Go to Hell '' `` The Seven Wonders '' Freak Show `` Monsters Among Us '' `` Massacres and Matinees '' `` Edward Mordrake , Parts 1 and 2 '' `` Pink Cupcakes '' `` Bullseye '' `` Test of Strength '' `` Blood Bath '' `` Tupperware Party Massacre '' `` Orphans '' `` Magical Thinking '' `` Show Stoppers '' `` Curtain Call '' Hotel `` Checking In '' `` Chutes and Ladders '' `` Mommy '' `` Devil 's Night '' `` Room Service '' `` Room 33 '' `` Flicker '' `` The Ten Commandments Killer '' `` She Wants Revenge '' `` She Gets Revenge '' `` Battle Royale '' `` Be Our Guest '' Roanoke `` Chapter 1 '' `` Chapter 2 '' `` Chapter 3 '' `` Chapter 4 '' `` Chapter 5 '' `` Chapter 6 '' `` Chapter 7 '' `` Chapter 8 '' `` Chapter 9 '' `` Chapter 10 '' Cult `` Election Night '' `` Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark '' `` Neighbors from Hell '' `` 11 / 9 '' `` Holes '' `` Mid-Western Assassin '' `` Valerie Solanas Died for Your Sins : Scumbag '' `` Winter of Our Discontent '' `` Drink the Kool - Aid '' `` Charles ( Manson ) in Charge '' `` Great Again '' Characters Murder House Asylum Coven Freak Show Hotel Roanoke Cult Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Horror_Story:_Roanoke&oldid=818273268 '' Categories : 1580s in fiction 2016 American television seasons 2010s American drama television series American historical fiction American LGBT - related television shows American Horror Story seasons Cannibalism in fiction Celtic mythology in popular culture Druidry in fiction Fictional hillbillies Gay - related television programs Ghosts in television Mariticide in fiction Mass murder in fiction Reality television series parodies Roanoke Colony Suicide in fiction Television shows filmed in California Television shows filmed in Santa Clarita , California Television shows set in North Carolina Television series set in the 2010s Witchcraft in television Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2016 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Русский Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 16 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did they film american horror story roanoke | [
"In March 2016, the series received a major tax credit for filming of the season in Los Angeles, California.[51] Cast alum Angela Bassett, along with Jennifer Lynch, Marita Grabiak, Gwyneth Horder-Payton, Elodie Keene, and Alexis Korycinski were set as directors during the season, marking the first time women have served in the capacity on the show.[33] In June 2016, cast member Jackson stated that the season had already clandestinely begun principal photography earlier that month.[52] On August 1, 2016, TMZ published photographs of the American Horror Story set in Santa Clarita, California; that consists of a small Pioneer home, and a tree with the word \"Croatoan\" carved into its center. Both of these things are attributed to the 1590 colony of 117 people, in Roanoke, North Carolina, that disappeared without a trace, and the only clue left was the carving – the name being a nearby island and tribe of Native Americans.[27] Later, TMZ unveiled more set photos from an unknown California forest.[28]"
] | [
"Los Angeles, California"
] |
2299906690540438759 | The Secret Life of the American Teenager | The Secret Life of the American Teenager - wikipedia The Secret Life of the American Teenager Jump to : navigation , search The Secret Life of the American Teenager Also known as Secret Life Genre Teen drama Created by Brenda Hampton Written by Brenda Hampton Jeffrey Rodgers Caroline Kepnes Jeff Olsen Chris Olsen Elaine Arata Paul Perlove Kelley Turk Courtney Turk Anne Ramsay Directed by Ron Underwood Anson Williams Jason Priestley John Schneider Gail Bradley Lindsley Parsons III Keith Truesdell Barry Watson Starring Shailene Woodley Kenny Baumann Mark Derwin India Eisley Greg Finley Daren Kagasoff Jorge - Luis Pallo Megan Park Francia Raisa Molly Ringwald Steve Schirripa Michael Grant Cierra Ramirez Theme music composer Dan Foliart Opening theme `` Let 's Do It , Let 's Fall In Love '' , performed by Molly Ringwald Composer ( s ) Dan Foliart Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 121 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Brenda Hampton Producer ( s ) Lindsley Parsons III Hrag Gaboudian Location ( s ) Los Angeles , California Cinematography Ronald E. High William L. Asman Editor ( s ) Stephen Myers Ellen Ring Jacobson Marilyn McMahon Adams Janet Weinberg Janet Gratz Camera setup Single - camera Running time 45 minutes Production company ( s ) Brendavision ! ProdCo Original American Teenager Inc . ABC Family Original Productions Distributor Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Release Original network ABC Family Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release July 1 , 2008 -- June 3 , 2013 External links Website The Secret Life of the American Teenager ( often shortened to Secret Life ) is an American teen drama television series created by Brenda Hampton . The series aired on ABC Family from July 1 , 2008 until June 3 , 2013 . The series received generally mixed reviews from mainstream critics when it began broadcasting , but was well received among female and teenage viewers . The pilot episode broke the record for the highest rated debut on ABC Family with 2.82 million viewers , a record previously held by Kyle XY . The season one finale brought in 4.50 million viewers , beating that night 's episode of Gossip Girl , which had less than half its usual number of viewers . Premiering to mostly positive reviews from critics and being well received among viewers , the second season of Secret Life opened with the largest audience for the series , posting a series high in total viewers with 4.68 million viewers ; in adults 18 -- 34 , it was the number one scripted original premiere of summer 2009 . Furthermore , the mid-season premiere became ABC Family 's most watched telecast of all time with viewers ages 12 -- 34 , with more than three million viewers watching . The show earned the Teen Choice Award for Choice Summer TV Show during its premiere season , and spawned a book entitled The Secret Diary of Ashley Juergens . Contents ( hide ) 1 Season synopsis 1.1 Season 1 1.2 Season 2 1.3 Season 3 1.4 Season 4 2 Cast and characters 3 Broadcasting 3.1 Reception 3.2 U.S. Nielsen ratings 3.3 Awards and accolades 4 DVD releases 5 Other media 5.1 Music 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Season synopsis ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) In season one , fifteen - year - old Amy Juergens finds out that she is pregnant after having sex at band camp with a handsome and popular boy , Ricky Underwood . Amy first confides in her two best friends Lauren and Madison about it . Amy also tells Ben Boykewich ( the guy she started dating after becoming pregnant ) the truth , but he is surprisingly supportive and offers to marry her anyway , despite the protests of his friends , Henry and Alice . When Ricky finds out he is the father , he is willing to be a part of his future child 's life , causing Adrian Lee , Ricky 's friend with benefits to become jealous , especially since Ricky already has his sights on the sweet and virginal Grace Bowman , who was going out with Jack Pappas until he cheated on her with Adrian . Much to Adrian 's surprise , Grace is not angry at her , and the two girls become friends despite being romantic rivals . Ricky and Ben also compete with each other for Amy 's attention and at the end of the season , Amy has her child , a boy whom her sister , Ashley , names John . Amy decides to keep John , after struggling with the decision over the course of the season . Ricky said he would do anything to take care of his new son , John . Season 2 ( edit ) In season two , Amy 's parents Anne and George are divorced , and Anne even begins dating again , but when she becomes pregnant again , it is revealed that the baby is George 's . At the same time , Ashley begins her freshman year at Grant High and resents the legacy Amy has accidentally created as a teenage mother so she befriends a gay classmate named Griffin and they both pledge to remain abstinent throughout high school . Ben returns from his summer Italy trip . Meanwhile , Amy struggles to raise John and frequently argues with Ricky over custodial arrangements , especially since Ben is becoming jealous of Ricky 's constant presence . Eventually , Ben and Amy break up while Ricky and Adrian have agreed to date officially but Ricky has issues being faithful . Grace loses her virginity to Jack on the same night her father dies in a plane crash and is wracked with guilt . She blamed Jack and herself for her father 's death which causes Jack to be so upset that he starts drinking . Grace refused to get out of the car to attend her father 's funeral , so Ricky forces her to . Grace 's brother Tom has trouble adjusting when their mother decides to remarry again . Adrian begins to reach out to Amy in order to make peace , so Amy , John , and Ricky can be a family with less drama . The season 's events culminate with Adrian 's cheating on Ricky with Ben on the night of the Mother / Daughter dance , in an attempt to get back at Ricky for kissing Amy . Ricky is angry at both , breaking up with Adrian and refusing to forgive Ben , thus crushing their already - fragile friendship . Season 3 ( edit ) In season three , everyone finds out Adrian is pregnant with Ben 's baby , except for Amy . So , Ben and Amy continue to date and start considering taking their relationship to the next level , while Ben struggles to tell Amy about Adrian . George and Anne Juergens have officially divorced and Anne lives closer to her mother while George stays at the house with Amy and Ashley . Ashley drops out of school and begins homeschooling herself . Kathleen Bowman 's husband goes to Zimbabwe for a medical mission to bring aid to third world people and returns in the season finale with a proposal that he and Kathleen return to live and explore the world . Kathleen is hesitant to accept , not wanting to leave Grace and Tom behind by themselves . Towards the middle of the season , Amy and Ricky begin to date , and everyone is doubtful that Ricky will be faithful . Adrian and Ben decide to get married and the ceremony occurs near the end of the season . In the two - part season finale , Ben and Adrian are living together in their condo and Adrian begins to sense that something might be wrong with their baby . They decide to call the doctor , who has them meet her at the hospital as soon as possible . Adrian gives birth to their stillborn daughter . They named her Mercy . Amy and Ricky stayed home and start to make out , until John interrupts because he is hungry . Season 4 ( edit ) In season four , Amy and Ricky begin to get closer when Amy and John begin to move in with Ricky in his apartment , which is above the butcher shop . Meanwhile , Ashley leaves to go on a road trip with her friend Toby. Grace goes to Didiju and meets a new guy named Daniel who later becomes her boyfriend . Jack and Madison break up forcing Jack to do all the senior stuff with Grace who he is still in love with . Adrian is depressed as she lost her baby and Ben wants to leave , but does n't have the heart to do so . Adrian figures out that he wants to leave , and tries to seduce him so she can get pregnant again . Later Adrian sets her goal towards Ricky . Ricky proposes to Amy and she accepts . Afterwards , Jesse has a graduation party and everyone is invited . Adrian goes with Omar , her new boyfriend . Daniel 's ex-girlfriend shows up at the party and says she wants him back . Ricky kisses Adrian one last time as per her wish and she claims she is `` free '' from him , after which her new boyfriend Omar breaks up with her claiming that the kiss was `` totally disrespectful . '' The next morning outside , Grace asks Jack about Adrian 's theory , and then end up kissing which is caught on a picture sent to Daniel by Raven ( his ex-girlfriend ) , causing him to break up with Grace . Madison also sleeps with Jesse ending with 2 broken friendships and 1 broken relationship . Ben also shuns Henry when he sleeps with Adrian at the party because he was disloyal . Ben meets the lake house neighbor , Dylan , and she and her friends turn out to be a bad influence on him . Kathleen goes to Africa to learn that Marshall was cheating with her and already had a girlfriend and a son there who comes back to live with their family . In the last episode , Anne comes out with the fact that she really is gay , but when Amy is told , she is very upset and believes she is saying that because George is trying to have a good excuse as of why he cheated and also got back with Kathleen . Amy decided to take John away for the weekend . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of The Secret Life of the American Teenager characters This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( October 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Shailene Woodley as Amy Juergens Kenny Baumann as Ben Boykewich Mark Derwin as George Juergens ( seasons 1 -- 4 ; special guest star season 5 ) India Eisley as Ashley Juergens ( seasons 1 -- 4 ; special guest season 5 ) Greg Finley as Jack Pappas Daren Kagasoff as Ricky Underwood Jorge - Luis Pallo as Marc Molina ( season 1 ; guest season 2 ) Megan Park as Grace Bowman Francia Raisa as Adrian Lee Molly Ringwald as Anne Juergens ( seasons 1 -- 4 ; special guest star season 5 ) Steven R. Schirripa as Leo Boykewich ( seasons 3 -- 5 ; recurring seasons 1 -- 2 ) Michael Grant as Ethan ( season 5 ; recurring 4 ) Cierra Ramirez as Kathy ( season 5 ) Broadcasting ( edit ) The Secret Life of the American Teenager first aired on ABC Family on July 1 , 2008 . Season 1 began with 11 episodes broadcast from July 1 , 2008 , to September 9 , 2008 . After a hiatus , 12 first - season episodes aired January 5 , 2009 , through March 23 , 2009 , despite being marketed as season 2 , for a total of 23 episodes . The first season was aired on Canadian broadcaster City starting on September 3 , 2008 . In early 2009 , City removed Secret Life from its schedule . Therefore , MuchMusic started to air the first season in Canada on November 30 , 2009 , followed by the second season on December 7 , 2009 . In the United Kingdom Secret Life is available on ABC Studios via sky on demand . It is however broken up into eight seasons in contrast to the original five . Following the success of its first season , ABC Family announced on January 31 , 2009 , plans to renew Secret Life . The official press release was released on February 9 and was added to ABC Family 's line up on April 7 , 2009 . The show was renewed for a 24 - episode second season , which began airing on June 22 , 2009 . Season 2 began with 12 episodes broadcast starting June 22 , 2009 , through September 7 , 2009 . After a four - month hiatus , the second half of the season returned on January 4 , 2010 , and concluded on March 22 , 2010 . Following their record - breaking , mid-season returns , Make It or Break It , and Secret Life were both picked up for an additional season . The third - season premiere of Secret Life was aired on June 7 , 2010 , at 8 pm . On January 10 , 2011 , it was reported that Secret Life was picked up for a fourth season to be shown in Summer 2011 and season three would resume on March 28 , 2011 , after an extended season break . The second half of the fourth season is set to air on March 26 , 2012 . On February 2 , 2012 , it was announced ABC Family renewed The Secret Life of the American Teenager for a fifth season . Reception ( edit ) Secret Life received mixed reviews at the time of its debut . It currently has a score of 48 out of 100 from review aggregator Metacritic . The New York Post praised the series for having a set of characters that are `` ... real and come from families of all stripes -- from intact to single - parent households to one boy in foster care ... '' However , most mainstream critics have n't embraced the show , indicating it as a TV - series version of an after school special , `` filled with didactic messages and a lotta wooden acting , '' in the words of Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly . The New York Times claimed that `` Secret Life '' must surely be the collective effort of an anti-pregnancy cabal . ( ... ) ABC Family means well but could not have done worse . `` Secret Life '' does n't take the fun out of teenage pregnancy , it takes the fun out of television '' and calls the show a `` Prime - Time Cautionary Tale '' . Variety magazine reported that `` ABC Family 's latest original drama wants to be a slow - motion version of `` Juno '' but settles for being an obvious , stereotype - laden teen soap ( ... ) based on first impressions , `` The Secret Life of the American Teenager '' should probably stay a secret . '' ReporterMag 's Andrew Rees says , `` The show ... might be the worst scripted drama on television . Suffering from gag - worthy dialog , horrific plot twists , terrible acting , and characters who not even the best of 3 - D glasses could give depth to , it 's a wonder how this show stays on the air . '' Brenda Hampton does not mind the poor reviews , saying , `` I 'd rather get good ratings and bad reviews than bad ratings and good reviews . '' . Despite its lackluster critical reviews , Secret Life received the highest premiere viewership ratings ever for an ABC Family original program . The pilot episode brought in 2.82 million viewers and a 0.9 / 3 share in the 18 - to 49 - year - old demographic . Secret Life also scored high in the female demographic , registering a 6.5 / 24 among female teenagers and a 3.1 / 11 among 12 - to 34 - year - old females . Secret Life 's mid-season finale episode of season one defeated the first hour of the much - publicized series premiere of 90210 on The CW in viewers 12 -- 34 and females 12 -- 34 , beating 90210 in total viewers and all their key demographics , and bringing in some of the best ratings of the season for Secret Life . The season one finale brought in 4.50 million viewers and was the highest rated telecast on March 23 , 2009 in viewers aged 12 -- 34 and the number one scripted telecast that night . The episode also beat 90210 , which had 2.20 million viewers , more than half the usual number . On Monday , June 22 , 2009 , Secret Life opened its second season with the largest audience so far , posting a series high in total viewers with 4.68 million viewers , and second - best numbers ever in adults 18 -- 34 with 1.4 million viewers , behind season one 's mid-season finale , adults 18 -- 49 with 2.1 million viewers and viewers 12 -- 34 with 2.9 million viewers . In June 2009 , Secret Life ranked as cable 's number one scripted telecast in females 12 -- 34 , and the number one scripted series telecast in viewers 12 -- 34 and female teens . Additionally , Secret Life stood as ad - supported cable 's number one telecast this month in female teens . The season debut became cable 's number one scripted series premiere of the 2008 / 2009 season to date in women 18 -- 34 , women 18 -- 49 , and viewers 12 -- 34 , and the number one scripted original premiere of summer 2009 in adults 18 -- 34 . Secret Life 's second season debut stands as cable 's number one scripted original series season premiere of summer 2009 in adults ages 18 -- 34 and across core female 18 -- 34 , 18 -- 49 and 12 -- 34 demos , ahead of such high profile series as USA 's Royal Pains and Burn Notice , and TNT 's The Closer . Some critics praised the new developments of the show 's second season , saying they could be `` interesting material to build on . '' Jean Bently of EW Popwatch says that now that the whole `` teen going through a pregnancy '' plot has played out and the `` frustrated young mother '' thing is going on , we have room to explore some other topics . She remained hopeful that the writers will not just turn these new problems into issues of the week , instead allowing time for the characters to grieve Marshall 's death , deal with Ann 's accidental pregnancy , and explore the more emotionally complex aspects of teenage sex . With more than 4.55 million people watching the season two mid-season premiere , the episode became ABC Family 's most - watched telecast ever in the key 12 -- 34 and teen demos . The episode stands as the series ' second-most - watched episode in viewers and is TV 's number one telecast of the season in female teens , cable 's number one telecast in females 12 -- 34 , and cable 's number one scripted telecast in viewers 12 -- 34 . The season two mid-season premiere remains cable 's number one scripted premiere of the 2009 / 10 season . It improved nearly one million total viewers over its season two mid-season finale , and was number one in all target demos for the hour . On Monday , June 7 , 2010 , Secret Life opened its third season as the number one summer premiere for the 2010 summer season . It drew 1.3 million women 18 -- 49 viewers , 2.3 million viewers 12 -- 34 , 1.8 million female 12 -- 34 viewers , and 1.0 million teen viewers , topping high profiles premieres of Burn Notice , Royal Pains , and Pawn Stars . Additionally , Monday 's `` Secret Life '' ranks as summer 's number one scripted premiere on cable with 1.2 million viewers adults 18 -- 34 . It improved over its season 2 finale , growing by 20 % in adults 18 -- 34 , by 21 % in adults 18 -- 49 , and by 10 % in viewers 12 -- 34 . Regarding The Secret Life 's advertising , Laura Caraccioli - Davis , executive vice president of the media buyer Starcom , says , `` Nielsen numbers will do the talking in the advertising community , which has a deep respect for success . '' U.S. Nielsen Ratings ( edit ) The following is a table with the average estimated number of viewers per episode , each season of The Secret Life of the American Teenager on ABC Family . Season Timeslot ( ET / PT ) # Ep . Premiered Ended TV Season Viewers ( in millions ) Date Premiere Viewers ( in millions ) Date Finale Viewers ( in millions ) Tuesday 8 : 00PM ( 2008 ) Monday 8 : 00PM ( 2009 ) 23 July 1 , 2008 2.82 March 23 , 2009 4.50 2008 -- 2009 3.51 Monday 8 : 00PM 24 June 22 , 2009 4.68 March 22 , 2010 3.17 2009 -- 2010 3.24 26 June 7 , 2010 3.18 June 6 , 2011 3.56 2010 -- 2011 3.74 24 June 13 , 2011 3.07 June 4 , 2012 1.43 2011 -- 2012 2.14 5 24 June 11 , 2012 1.67 June 3 , 2013 1.50 2012 -- 2013 1.22 Awards and accolades ( edit ) Throughout its five seasons , Secret Life has been nominated for several Teen Choice Awards , and won a Gracie Allen Award . It won a Teen Choice Award for Choice Summer TV Show during its premiere season . In 2009 , it was nominated for three Teen Choice Awards , including Choice TV Show Drama , Choice TV Breakout Show , and Choice Summer TV . Kenny Baumann was nominated for Choice TV Actor Drama and Choice Summer TV Star : Male , Shailene Woodley was nominated for Choice TV Actress Drama and Choice Summer TV Star : Female , Daren Kagasoff was nominated for Choice TV Breakout Star : Male and won Choice Summer TV Star Male , and Molly Ringwald and Mark Derwin were nominated for Choice TV Parental Unit . A Gracie Allen Award was awarded to the show for Outstanding Drama in 2009 . In 2010 , the show was nominated as a Favorite TV Obsession at the 2010 People 's Choice Awards ; Shailene Woodley won a 2010 Gracie Award for Outstanding Female Rising Star in a Drama Series ; the show was nominated as the Choice Summer TV show at the 2010 Teen Choice Awards ; Ken Baumann and Daren Kagasoff were nominated as the Choice Male Summer TV Star ; and Shailene Woodley was also nominated as the Choice Female Summer TV Star . DVD releases ( edit ) Each Secret Life season is released on DVD in separate volumes . Season one , confusingly , is sold as season one and season two . Season two is sold as volume three and volume four , and similarly for the later seasons . The DVD releases include commentary by cast and crew members on selected episodes , deleted scenes , interviews with the cast , and behind - the - scenes featurettes . The season two , volume two DVD includes a preview of Ashley Juergen 's Secret Diary , a novella released on June 15 , 2010 . DVD release dates for The Secret Life of the American Teenager Name Release dates Ep # Additional information Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Volume One December 30 , 2008 TBA TBA 11 Incorrectly marketed as season one . Extras include deleted scenes , cast interviews , gag reel , episode commentaries , and 7 featurettes Volume Two June 16 , 2009 TBA TBA 12 Incorrectly marketed as season two . Extras include behind - the - Scenes featurettes with the cast , exclusive music video from The Strange Familiar Volume Three December 22 , 2009 TBA TBA 12 Extras include pilot episode `` Make It or Break It '' , Hot Chat , exclusive behind - the - scenes look at the cast Volume Four June 15 , 2010 TBA TBA 12 Extras include behind the `` Secret '' scenes , Cast on Family , interviews with cast and composer Volume Five December 21 , 2010 TBA TBA 14 On Set with Director Anson Williams , On Set Fist Bumps with Joey and Matthew Levinson , On Set with Shailene Woodley , On Set with Luke Zimmerman Volume Six June 7 , 2011 TBA TBA 12 Volume Seven March 20 , 2012 TBA TBA 13 Volume Eight TBA TBA TBA 11 Volume Nine TBA TBA TBA 12 Volume Ten TBA TBA TBA 12 Other media ( edit ) On June 15 , 2010 , The Secret Diary of Ashley Juergens was published . Written by Kelly and Courtney Turk , whose previous credits include episodes of 7th Heaven and NCIS , it documents the thoughts of the character Ashley Juergens in the events chronicling the first and part of the second season . It also includes new characters that were not shown on Secret Life . `` We watched the episodes together and then talked briefly about ideas we each had and what we thought Ashley would have to say about whatever the storyline was . Then we separated and exchanged our chapters , '' Courtney stated while talking about the difference between writing a book and writing for television . Music ( edit ) The series theme , sung by Molly Ringwald , is an upbeat version of Cole Porter 's `` Let 's Do It ( Let 's Fall in Love ) . '' Other noteworthy music featured in the installments includes : Both the first and last episodes of the first season feature the song `` Girlfriend '' by Avril Lavigne . It was also featured in the second - season episode 22 . A piano version of the song was played during mid-4th - season finale . In the fifteenth episode of the second season , Jack plays `` She Do n't Wanna Man '' by Asher Roth while he and Madison dance . At the Mother - Daughter Dance ( Season 2 , Episode 19 ) , Love Story by Taylor Swift is played in the background while Amy , her mother , and Ashley sit on the bleachers . In the fourth episode of the third season , when Adrian sits sadly on the stairs in front of her house , Tom plays `` You Are So Beautiful '' performed by Joe Cocker on his cell phone before they dance . ( Season 3 , episode 4 ) . The song `` Kids '' by MGMT appears in the fifth episode of the third season when a slide show of Amy lost in New York is played . At a party in the Bowmans ' guesthouse , the song `` New Day '' performed by Tamar Kaprelian is played . Bruno Mars ' `` Just the Way You Are '' plays in the final moments of the first half of the third - season finale , including during Ben and Adrian 's wedding . Sarah McLachlan 's `` Angel '' plays after Ben and Adrian find out the baby is dead , and the montage is played to close the season . `` Daughters '' by John Mayer was featured in the season 's first episode during Amy 's visit to the clinic . In the fifth episode of the fourth season , `` Rolling in the Deep '' by Adele is played in the beginning during Adrian 's walk and at the end of the episode when she is sitting in the empty nursery after punching numerous holes in the wall . In the thirteenth episode of the fourth season `` S&M '' by Rihanna , `` Memories '' by David Guetta feat . Kid Cudi and `` Til ya make it '' by `` Jamie Lynn Noon '' are played at the end of the episode during the dance party . At the beginning of first episode of fifth season , when Amy and Ricky went from chapel , is played Bruno Mars ' song `` Marry You '' . In the last episode when Adrian recollects her school years and relationships is played `` Try with Me '' by Nicole Scherzinger . In the last episode during Ricky 's flashback , the song `` Blurry '' by Puddle of Mudd is played . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Falling in Love Season Episode Guide on '' . Tv.com. 14 October 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' The Secret Life of the American Teenager '' and `` Make It or Break It '' Set Records for ABC Family -- TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings `` . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Bentley , Jean ( 23 June 2009 ) . `` ' The Secret Life of the American Teenager ' recap : A new life for a new mom EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Catlin , Roger ( 25 March 2009 ) . `` Roger Catlin 's TV Eye -- TV Entertainment News '' . Blogs.courant.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Secret Diary of Ashley Juergens ( 9781401324070 ) : Ashley Juergens : Books '' . Amazon.com. 9 September 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( November 11 , 2008 ) . `` ABC Family Brings Back American Teenager , Kyle XY '' . TVWeek.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News -- Citytv Announces Fall 2008 -- 2009 Programming Schedule '' . TheFutonCritic.com. 13 May 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Family : SaveSecretLifeinCanada Secret Life CANCELLED in CANADA '' . Community.abcfamily.go.com. 19 January 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Channel Canada . `` MuchMusic 's Secret Is Out : THE SECRET LIFE OF THE AMERICAN TEENAGER Begins Dec 7 '' . Channel Canada . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` ABCFamily.com '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Family announces upcoming programming slate -- TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com. 7 April 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Family 's The Secret Life of the American Teenager picked up for second season -- TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com. 9 February 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Kyle XY Cancelled '' . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2012 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Family : The Secret Life of the American Teenager ' secret life ' will return June 22 '' . Community.abcfamily.go.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Secret Life of the American Teenager , Make It Or Break It return to ABC Family Monday , January 4 -- TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Secret Life of the American Teenager Spoilers '' . Slotat.tripod.com. 7 June 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Secret Life of the American Teenager '' Renewed for 3rd Season ; `` Make It or Break It '' Renewed for 2nd Season -- Both Return in Summer 2010 -- TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings `` . TVbytheNumbers.com. 12 January 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 29 , 2010 ) . `` ABC Family Announces Summer Slate Including `` Pretty Little Liars , '' `` Huge , '' and `` Melissa & Joey '' `` . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Show Tracker '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 2 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Secret Life of the American Teenager ' Renewed For A 5th Season , ' Baby Daddy , ' ' Beverly Hills Nannies ' Picked Up By ABC Family '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Secret Life of the American Teenager reviews at '' . Metacritic.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Stasi , Linda ( June 30 , 2008 ) . `` Good Daughter Comes Home with Bad News in Secret Life '' . New York Post . Retrieved January 11 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` ABC Family scores with ' Teenager ' -- Entertainment News , Weekly TV , Media '' . Variety . 15 August 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Alessandra ( July 1 , 2008 ) . `` A Teenage Pregnancy , Packaged as a Prime - Time Cautionary Tale '' . New York Times . Retrieved April 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( July 1 , 2008 ) . `` The Secret Life of the American Teenager '' . Variety Magazine . Retrieved April 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Reporter Online TV Review : The Secret Life of the American Teenager '' . Reportermag.com. 18 December 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Review listing : The Secret Life of the American Teenager '' . MetaCritic.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick ( July 2 , 2008 ) . `` ABC 's Wipeout stays strong '' . Variety . Retrieved January 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Family 's The Secret Life of the American Teenager Defeats the First Hour of CW 's Highly - Promoted 90210 '' . TheFutonCritic.com . September 4 , 2008 . Retrieved January 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 10 , 2008 ) . `` ABC Family 's Secret Life Smacksdown CW and 90210 '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Family Claims Most - Watched June in Prime in Total Viewers -- TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Secret Life of the American Teenager Returns At Record Levels -- TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Cable ratings : WWE RAW , NCIS , SpongeBob , Secret Life and iCarly Top Weekly Cable Charts -- TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Secret Life of the American Teenager '' Third Season Opener is Cable 's number one Premiere This Summer Across Key Demos -- TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings `` . TVbytheNumbers.com. 8 June 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Catlin , Roger . ( 2009 - 03 - 25 ) ' Secret Life ' vs. ' Gossip Girl ' - Roger Catlin TV Eye . Blogs.courant.com . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Cable TV Show Nielsen TV Ratings Week Ending June 28 , 2009 ; BET Awards 2009 , Jon & Kate Plus 8 , Royal Pains , The Closer , Burn Notice , Princess Protection Program , NASCAR Sprint Cup Loudon , WWE Raw , Cake Boss - Ratings . TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Secret Life of the American Teenager ratings , Real Housewives of New Jersey ratings , American Pickers ratings , Pawn Stars ratings , Tori & Dean : Home Sweet Hollywood ratings , Nurse Jackie ratings , United States of Tara ratings , Neighbors from Hell ratings , WWE Raw ratings , Cake Boss ratings , All Worked Up ratings , Operation Repo ratings , Saving Grace ratings - Ratings . TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com ( 2010 - 06 - 08 ) . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Keeps Growing ; Plus ' WWE Raw , ' ' Secret Life , ' ' Real Housewives , ' ' American Pickers ' & More - Ratings . TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com ( 2011 - 06 - 14 ) . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Monday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs + ' Pawn Stars ' , ' WWE Raw ' , ' American Pickers ' , ' Cajun Pawn Stars ' , ' Basketball Wives ' + More - Ratings . TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com ( 2012 - 06 - 05 ) . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' Wins Night , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Secret Life of the American Teenager ' , ' Bunheads ' , ' Basketball Wives ' , ' Pawn Stars ' & More - Ratings . TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com ( 2012 - 06 - 12 ) . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Ratings - Monday 's Cable Ratings : Pacers / Heat Finale Delivers Big Numbers for TNT . TheFutonCritic.com ( 2013 - 06 - 03 ) . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Comment by Clara Hinson ( 28 September 2009 ) . `` Oklahoma 's 2009 Gracie Allen Award winners : Dr. Phil , Bob Dotson Television Blog '' . Blog.newsok.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Secret Life of the American Teenager ' Picks Up Award , Actors Shed Thoughts On Show 's Success '' . Buddytv.com. 2 September 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The 2009 Teen Choice Awards -- Photos & Winners List '' . Allie Is Wired. 9 September 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Teen Choice Awards , Nominees , Winners , TV Schedule '' . Chiff.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Vampires dominate People 's Choice Awards nominations '' . USA Today . November 10 , 2009 . Retrieved May 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Gracie Awards ® Winners '' . The Gracies . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil . `` ' Twilight Saga : Eclipse ' Leads New Teen Choice 2010 Nominees -- News Story Music , Celebrity , Artist News MTV News '' . Mtv . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Secret Life of the American Teenager : Season One : Secret Life of the American Teenager , Brenda Hampton : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Secret Life of the American Teenager DVD news : Announcement for The Secret Life of the American Teenager -- Season 2 '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Secret Life of the American Teenager : Season Two : Shailene Woodley , Daren Kagasoff , Ken Baumann , Molly Ringwald , Mark Derwin , Allen Evangelista , India Eisley , Megan Park , Amy Rider , Francia Raisa , Camille Winbush , Renee Olstead , . : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Secret Life of the American Teenager : Volume Three : Molly Ringwald , Allen '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Secret Life of the American Teenager : Volume Four : '' . Amazon.com. 9 September 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/dp/B001UREJXQ Jump up ^ `` The Secret Life of the American Teenager : Volume Three : Molly Ringwald , Allen '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0043CT976 Jump up ^ http://videoeta.com/movie/129899 ^ Jump up to : `` Breaking In : Interview with TV Writers Kelley and Courtney Turk '' . Pink Raygun.com. 26 May 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 16 . Further reading ( edit ) Villarreal , Yvonne ( January 3 , 2009 ) . `` Secret Life of the American Teenager explores teen pregnancy '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 11 , 2009 . External links ( edit ) Official Website The Secret Life of the American Teenager on IMDb Secret Life of the American Teenager : Episodes and Parent / Teen Episode Discussion Guides by NCPTUP The Secret Life of the American Teenager at TV.com Episode List at MSN Episode List at TVGuide.com ABC Spark Canada ( hide ) The Secret Life of the American Teenager Seasons Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Production Episode list Character list Brenda Hampton Freeform original programming History History of Freeform Christian Broadcasting Network ABC Family Worldwide Inc . Original programming 1990s debuts Amateur Hour ( revival ) ( 1992 ) Big Brother Jake ( 1990 -- 1994 ) Donkey Kong Country ( 1997 -- 2000 ) Great Pretenders ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Home and Family ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Maniac Mansion ( 1990 -- 1993 ) Monster Farm ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Ohh Nooo ! Mr. Bill Presents ( 1998 -- 1999 ) 2000s debuts 10 Things I Hate About You ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Beautiful People ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Brat Camp ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Da Möb ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Greek ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Knock First ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Kyle XY ( 2006 -- 2009 ) Las Vegas Garden of Love ( 2005 ) Lincoln Heights ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Make It or Break It ( 2009 -- 2012 ) The Middleman ( 2008 ) Power Rangers Dino Thunder ( 2004 ) Power Rangers Ninja Storm ( 2003 ) Power Rangers S.P.D. ( 2005 ) Power Rangers Wild Force ( 2002 ) Roommates ( 2009 ) Ruby & The Rockits ( 2009 ) Scariest Places On Earth ( 2000 -- 2006 ) The Secret Life of the American Teenager ( 2008 -- 2013 ) Slacker Cats ( 2007 -- 2009 ) So Little Time ( 2001 -- 2002 ) State of Grace ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Switched ! ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Three Moons Over Milford ( 2006 ) Wildfire ( 2005 -- 2008 ) 2010s debuts Baby Daddy ( 2012 -- 2017 ) Becoming Us ( 2015 ) Ben and Lauren : Happily Ever After ? ( 2016 ) Beverly Hills Nannies ( 2012 ) Bunheads ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Chasing Life ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Dead of Summer ( 2016 ) Freak Out ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Guilt ( 2016 ) Huge ( 2010 ) Jane by Design ( 2012 ) Job or No Job ( 2015 ) Kevin from Work ( 2015 ) The Lying Game ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Melissa & Joey ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Monica the Medium ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Mystery Girls ( 2014 ) Next Step Realty : NYC ( 2015 ) The Nine Lives of Chloe King ( 2011 ) Pretty Little Liars ( 2010 -- 2017 ) Ravenswood ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Recovery Road ( 2016 ) Spell - Mageddon ( 2013 ) Startup U ( 2015 ) State of Georgia ( 2011 ) Stitchers ( 2015 -- 2017 ) Switched at Birth ( 2011 -- 2017 ) Twisted ( 2013 -- 2014 ) The Vineyard ( 2013 ) Current Alone Together ( since 2018 ) Beyond ( since 2017 ) The Bold Type ( since 2017 ) Famous in Love ( since 2017 ) The Fosters ( since 2013 ) Grown - ish ( since 2018 ) Shadowhunters ( since 2016 ) Truth & Iliza ( since 2017 ) The Twins : Happily Ever After ? ( since 2017 ) Young & Hungry ( since 2014 ) Upcoming Cloak & Dagger ( 2018 ) Pretty Little Liars : The Perfectionists ( TBA ) Siren ( 2018 ) Related 13 Nights of Halloween Freeform 's 25 Days of Christmas ABC Spark Jetix List of ABC Family original films VIAF : 176377567 LCCN : n2010014132 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Secret_Life_of_the_American_Teenager&oldid=825857638 '' Categories : 2008 American television series debuts 2013 American television series endings 2000s American drama television series 2000s LGBT drama television series 2010s American drama television series 2010s LGBT drama television series ABC Family shows American high school television series American LGBT drama television series American teen drama television series English - language television programs Teenage pregnancy in television Television series by Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Television series created by Brenda Hampton Television shows set in Los Angeles The Secret Life of the American Teenager Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2014 Use mdy dates from June 2012 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Wikipedia articles needing style editing from October 2014 All articles needing style editing Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lumbaart Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 February 2018 , at 20 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many seasons are there in the secret life of the american teenager | [
"\n\nThe Secret Life of the American Teenager\n\n\n\n\n\nAlso known as\nSecret Life\n\n\nGenre\nTeen drama\n\n\nCreated by\nBrenda Hampton\n\n\nWritten by\n\n\n\nBrenda Hampton\nJeffrey Rodgers\nCaroline Kepnes\nJeff Olsen\nChris Olsen\nElaine Arata\nPaul Perlove\nKelley Turk\nCourtney Turk\nAnne Ramsay\n\n\n\n\n\nDirected by\n\n\n\nRon Underwood\nAnson Williams\nJason Priestley\nJohn Schneider\nGail Bradley\nLindsley Parsons III\nKeith Truesdell\nBarry Watson\n\n\n\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nShailene Woodley\nKenny Baumann\nMark Derwin\nIndia Eisley\nGreg Finley\nDaren Kagasoff\nJorge-Luis Pallo\nMegan Park\nFrancia Raisa\nMolly Ringwald\nSteve Schirripa\nMichael Grant\nCierra Ramirez\n\n\n\n\n\nTheme music composer\nDan Foliart\n\n\nOpening theme\n\"Let's Do It, Let's Fall In Love\", performed by Molly Ringwald\n\n\nComposer(s)\nDan Foliart\n\n\nCountry of origin\nUnited States\n\n\nOriginal language(s)\nEnglish\n\n\nNo. of seasons\n5\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n121 (list of episodes)\n\n\nProduction\n\n\nExecutive producer(s)\nBrenda Hampton\n\n\nProducer(s)\n\n\n\nLindsley Parsons III\nHrag Gaboudian\n\n\n\n\n\nLocation(s)\nLos Angeles, California\n\n\nCinematography\n\n\n\nRonald E. High\nWilliam L. Asman\n\n\n\n\n\nEditor(s)\n\n\n\nStephen Myers\nEllen Ring Jacobson\nMarilyn McMahon Adams\nJanet Weinberg\nJanet Gratz\n\n\n\n\n\nCamera setup\nSingle-camera\n\n\nRunning time\n45 minutes\n\n\nProduction company(s)\n\n\n\nBrendavision!\nProdCo Original\nAmerican Teenager Inc.\nABC Family Original Productions\n\n\n\n\n\nDistributor\nDisney–ABC Domestic Television\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nABC Family\n\n\nPicture format\n1080i (HDTV)\n\n\nOriginal release\nJuly 1, 2008 – June 3, 2013\n\n\nExternal links\n\n\nWebsite\n\n"
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"121"
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-1043645152202982574 | List of French Open men's singles champions | List of French Open men 's singles champions - wikipedia List of French Open men 's singles champions French Open Men 's Singles Champions Location Paris France Venue Stade Roland Garros Governing body Fédération Française de Tennis ( FFT ) Created 1891 ( established ) 1925 ( international ) Editions Tournaments Staged : ( 121 editions ) Open Era : 1968 ( 50 editions ) Surface Alternate between sand and clay ( 1891 -- 1907 ) Clay ( red ) ( 1908 -- present ) Trophy Coupe des Mousquetaires Website www.rolandgarros.com/en_FR/about/history/winners.html Most titles 11 : Rafael Nadal Current champion Rafael Nadal ( Eleventh title ) The French Open is an annual tennis tournament held over two weeks in May and June . Established in 1891 and played since 1928 on outdoor red clay courts at the Stade Roland Garros in Paris , France , the French Open is one of the four Grand Slam tournaments played each year , the other three being the Australian Open , Wimbledon and the US Open . Organised by the Fédération Française de Tennis ( FFT ) , the French Open is the second of the four Grand Slam tournaments of the year to be played . The winner of the men 's singles event receives the Coupe des Mousquetaires , named after The Four Musketeers of French tennis : Jean Borotra , Jacques Brugnon , Henri Cochet , and René Lacoste . The event was not held from 1915 to 1919 because of the First World War and was held unofficially under German occupation from 1941 to 1944 , during the Second World War . Rafael Nadal has won the most French Open titles , with eleven , and also holds the record for the most consecutive wins in the Open Era , with five from 2010 to 2014 . Max Decugis won the most titles before the Open era , with eight . Michael Chang became the youngest player to win the French Open when he took the title in 1989 at 17 years , 3 months and 20 days . In contrast , André Vacherot is the oldest champion , having won in 1901 at 40 years old . In the Open era , this record belongs to Andrés Gimeno , who was 34 years and 9 months old when he won in 1972 . French players have won the most French Open men 's singles titles , with 38 victories , followed by Spanish ( 18 ) and Australian players ( 11 ) . The current champion is Rafael Nadal who beat Dominic Thiem in the 2018 final to win his eleventh French Open title . Contents 1 History 2 Champions 2.1 French Championships 2.2 French Open 3 Statistics 3.1 Multiple champions 3.2 Champions by country 4 See also 5 Notes 6 Footnotes 7 References History ( edit ) Rafael Nadal , who has won an all - time record eleven French Open titles . Nadal won four consecutive titles from 2005 - 2008 and an open era record of five consecutive titles from 2010 - 2014 . The French Open was established in 1891 and was originally known as the French Championships . The tournament was only open to French players or foreign players who were a member of a French club during the first 34 years of its existence . The first winner of the Championship was the British player H. Briggs , a member of Club Stade Français which entitled him to compete . Records show matches were played as the best - of - three sets format until 1902 or 1903 , when best - of - five sets was adopted . French players were dominant in the early stages of the tournament , in particular Max Decugis , who won eight titles before the outbreak of the First World War . Between 1924 and 1932 the title was won by a member of The Four Musketeers . The championship started to attract the best players after it became an international event in 1925 , which was won by René Lacoste . France 's victory in the 1927 Davis Cup increased interest in the tournament and required a new stadium to be built . Previously the tournament had alternated between Racing Club and La Faisanderie , before the Stade Roland Garros was built in 1928 . Henri Cochet won the first tournament at the new venue . Jack Crawford 's victory in 1933 was the first time a foreign player had won the tournament since 1891 . Following his victory , no French players won the title up until 1940 , when the tournament was suspended following the outbreak of the Second World War . Don Budge 's victory in 1938 was notable , as he won all of the Grand Slam tournaments during the year . Though the event was suspended in 1940 , it was held unofficially under the guise of the Tournoi de France . Bernard Destremau won the first two events , while Yvon Petra won three from 1942 to 1945 . These results are not recognised by the FFT or other major international organisations and are considered unofficial . Marcel Bernard won the first event after the end of the war in 1946 ; he was the only Frenchman to win the event before the advent of the Open era in 1968 . No one player dominated the event during this period . Only five players , Frank Parker , Jaroslav Drobný , Tony Trabert , Nicola Pietrangeli and Roy Emerson , won multiple titles . The tournament became an Open in 1968 , as professional players were allowed to compete with amateurs , previously only amateurs could compete in the Grand Slam tournaments . The tournament , won by Australian Ken Rosewall , was the first Grand Slam tournament to be played in the Open era . Swede Björn Borg won the majority of the tournaments in the early years of the Open era . He won consecutive titles in 1974 and 1975 , before winning four successive titles from 1978 to 1981 . Yannick Noah became the first Frenchman to win the event since 1946 , when he won in 1983 . Ivan Lendl won his first title in 1984 , before losing the following year to Wilander in the final and won two consecutive titles in 1986 and 1987 . Michael Chang became the youngest man to win the French Open when he beat Stefan Edberg in 1989 . American Jim Courier won consecutive titles in 1991 and 1992 before Spaniard Sergi Bruguera repeated the feat in 1993 and 1994 . Gustavo Kuerten won three titles in 1997 , 2000 and 2001 . 2005 marked Rafael Nadal 's first French Open ; he won four consecutive titles from 2005 to 2008 . Nadal was beaten in the round of 16 of the 2009 tournament by Robin Söderling who lost to Roger Federer in the final . Nadal regained the title in 2010 and defended his crowns in 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , and 2014 . In the 2015 event , he was knocked out in the quarter - finals by Novak Djokovic , who eventually lost in the final to Stan Wawrinka . Champions ( edit ) Regular competition Not considered to be a Grand Slam event . A French club members only tournament called the French Championships † Disputed champions : Not considered to be a Grand Slam event . Not sanctioned or recognised by the FFT † † See Tournoi de France French Championships ( edit ) Henri Cochet took five titles in Paris . Year Country Champion Country Runner - up Score in the final 1891 BRI H. Briggs † FRA P. Baigneres 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 1892 FRA Jean Schopfer † USA Francis L. Fassitt 6 -- 2 , 1 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 1893 FRA Laurent Riboulet † FRA Jean Schopfer 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 1894 FRA André Vacherot † FRA Gérard Brosselin 1 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 1895 FRA André Vacherot † FRA Laurent Riboulet 9 -- 7 , 6 -- 2 1896 FRA André Vacherot † FRA Gérard Brosselin 6 -- 1 , 7 -- 5 1897 FRA Paul Aymé † BRI Francky Wardan 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 1898 FRA Paul Aymé † FRA Paul Lebreton 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 2 1899 FRA Paul Aymé † FRA Paul Lebreton 9 -- 7 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 1900 FRA Paul Aymé † FRA André Prévost 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 0 1901 FRA André Vacherot † FRA Paul Lebreton -- 1902 FRA Michel Vacherot † FRA Max Decugis 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 1903 FRA Max Decugis † FRA André Vacherot 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 1904 FRA Max Decugis † FRA André Vacherot 6 -- 1 , 9 -- 7 , 6 -- 8 , 6 -- 1 1905 FRA Maurice Germot † FRA André Vacherot -- 1906 FRA Maurice Germot † FRA Max Decugis 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 , 1 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 1907 FRA Max Decugis † FRA Robert Wallet -- 1908 FRA Max Decugis † FRA Maurice Germot 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 1 , 3 -- 6 , 10 -- 8 1909 FRA Max Decugis † FRA Maurice Germot 3 -- 6 , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 1910 FRA Maurice Germot † FRA François Blanchy 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 1911 FRA André Gobert † FRA Maurice Germot 6 -- 1 , 8 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 1912 FRA Max Decugis † FRA André Gobert -- 1913 FRA Max Decugis † FRA Georges Gault -- 1914 FRA Max Decugis † FRA Jean Samazeuilh 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 1915 No competition ( due to World War I ) 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 FRA André Gobert † FRA Max Decugis 6 -- 3 , 3 -- 6 , 1 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 1921 FRA Jean Samazeuilh † FRA André Gobert 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 , 2 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 1922 FRA Henri Cochet † FRA Jean Samazeuilh 8 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 5 1923 FRA François Blanchy † FRA Max Decugis 1 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 2 1924 FRA Jean Borotra † FRA René Lacoste 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 4 , 0 -- 6 , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 2 1925 FRA René Lacoste FRA Jean Borotra 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 1926 FRA Henri Cochet FRA René Lacoste 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 1927 FRA René Lacoste USA William Tilden 6 -- 4 , 4 -- 6 , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 , 11 -- 9 1928 FRA Henri Cochet FRA René Lacoste 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 1929 FRA René Lacoste FRA Jean Borotra 6 -- 3 , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 0 , 2 -- 6 , 8 -- 6 1930 FRA Henri Cochet USA William Tilden 3 -- 6 , 8 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 1931 FRA Jean Borotra FRA Christian Boussus 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 4 1932 FRA Henri Cochet ITA Giorgio de Stefani 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 4 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 1933 AUS Jack Crawford FRA Henri Cochet 8 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 1934 GER Gottfried von Cramm AUS Jack Crawford 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 9 , 3 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 1935 GBR Fred Perry GER Gottfried von Cramm 6 -- 3 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 1936 GER Gottfried von Cramm GBR Fred Perry 6 -- 0 , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 0 1937 GER Henner Henkel GBR Bunny Austin 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 1938 USA Donald Budge TCH Roderich Menzel 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 1939 USA Donald McNeill USA Bobby Riggs 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 3 1940 No competition ( due to World War II ) 1941 FRA Bernard Destremau † † FRA Robert Ramillon 6 -- 4 , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 1942 FRA Bernard Destremau † † FRA Marcel Bernard -- 1943 FRA Yvon Petra † † FRA Henri Cochet -- 1944 FRA Yvon Petra † † FRA Henri Cochet -- 1945 FRA Yvon Petra † † FRA Bernard Destremau 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 1946 FRA Marcel Bernard TCH Jaroslav Drobný 3 -- 6 , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 1947 HUN József Asbóth RSA Eric Sturgess 8 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 4 1948 USA Frank Parker TCH Jaroslav Drobný 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 5 , 5 -- 7 , 8 -- 6 1949 USA Frank Parker USA Budge Patty 6 -- 3 , 1 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 1950 USA Budge Patty EGY Jaroslav Drobný 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 2 , 3 -- 6 , 5 -- 7 , 7 -- 5 1951 EGY Jaroslav Drobný RSA Eric Sturgess 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 1952 EGY Jaroslav Drobný AUS Frank Sedgman 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 0 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 1953 AUS Ken Rosewall USA Vic Seixas 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 , 1 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 1954 USA Tony Trabert USA Arthur Larsen 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 1 1955 USA Tony Trabert SWE Sven Davidson 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 1956 AUS Lew Hoad SWE Sven Davidson 6 -- 4 , 8 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 1957 SWE Sven Davidson USA Herbert Flam 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 1958 AUS Mervyn Rose CHI Luis Ayala 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 1959 ITA Nicola Pietrangeli RSA Ian Vermaak 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 1 1960 ITA Nicola Pietrangeli CHI Luis Ayala 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 1961 ESP Manuel Santana ITA Nicola Pietrangeli 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 2 1962 AUS Rod Laver AUS Roy Emerson 3 -- 6 , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 9 -- 7 , 6 -- 2 1963 AUS Roy Emerson FRA Pierre Darmon 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 1964 ESP Manuel Santana ITA Nicola Pietrangeli 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 , 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 1965 AUS Fred Stolle AUS Tony Roche 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 1966 AUS Tony Roche HUN István Gulyás 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 5 1967 AUS Roy Emerson AUS Tony Roche 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 French Open ( edit ) Björn Borg won six titles and won four straight from 1978 to 1981 . Rafael Nadal took four straight titles from 2005 to 2008 , another five straight titles from 2010 to 2014 , and another two in 2017 and 2018 , making it eleven titles in all . Nadal has a 86 -- 2 win - loss record at the event . Year Country Champion Country Runner - up Score in the final 1968 AUS Ken Rosewall AUS Rod Laver 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 1969 AUS Rod Laver AUS Ken Rosewall 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 1970 TCH Jan Kodeš YUG Željko Franulović 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 0 1971 TCH Jan Kodeš ROU Ilie Năstase 8 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 2 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 1972 ESP Andrés Gimeno FRA Patrick Proisy 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 1 1973 ROU Ilie Năstase YUG Nikola Pilić 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 0 SWE Björn Borg ESP Manuel Orantes 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 1 SWE Björn Borg ARG Guillermo Vilas 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 1976 ITA Adriano Panatta USA Harold Solomon 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 , 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 1977 ARG Guillermo Vilas USA Brian Gottfried 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 0 1978 SWE Björn Borg ARG Guillermo Vilas 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 1979 SWE Björn Borg PAR Víctor Pecci 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 1980 SWE Björn Borg USA Vitas Gerulaitis 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 2 1981 SWE Björn Borg TCH Ivan Lendl 6 -- 1 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 1982 SWE Mats Wilander ARG Guillermo Vilas 1 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 4 FRA Yannick Noah SWE Mats Wilander 6 -- 2 , 7 -- 5 , 7 -- 6 1984 TCH Ivan Lendl USA John McEnroe 3 -- 6 , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 5 , 7 -- 5 1985 SWE Mats Wilander TCH Ivan Lendl 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 1986 TCH Ivan Lendl SWE Mikael Pernfors 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 TCH Ivan Lendl SWE Mats Wilander 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 2 , 3 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 1988 SWE Mats Wilander FRA Henri Leconte 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 1 1989 USA Michael Chang SWE Stefan Edberg 6 -- 1 , 3 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 1990 ECU Andrés Gómez USA Andre Agassi 6 -- 3 , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 1991 USA Jim Courier USA Andre Agassi 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 1992 USA Jim Courier TCH Petr Korda 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 1 1993 ESP Sergi Bruguera USA Jim Courier 6 -- 4 , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 1994 ESP Sergi Bruguera ESP Alberto Berasategui 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 5 , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 1995 AUT Thomas Muster USA Michael Chang 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 RUS Yevgeny Kafelnikov GER Michael Stich 7 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 , 7 -- 6 1997 BRA Gustavo Kuerten ESP Sergi Bruguera 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 1998 ESP Carlos Moyà ESP Àlex Corretja 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 1999 USA Andre Agassi UKR Andrei Medvedev 1 -- 6 , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 2000 BRA Gustavo Kuerten SWE Magnus Norman 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 , 2 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 2001 BRA Gustavo Kuerten ESP Àlex Corretja 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 0 2002 ESP Albert Costa ESP Juan Carlos Ferrero 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 0 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 2003 ESP Juan Carlos Ferrero NED Martin Verkerk 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 ARG Gastón Gaudio ARG Guillermo Coria 0 -- 6 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 1 , 8 -- 6 2005 ESP Rafael Nadal ARG Mariano Puerta 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 , 7 -- 5 2006 ESP Rafael Nadal SUI Roger Federer 1 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 2007 ESP Rafael Nadal SUI Roger Federer 6 -- 3 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 2008 ESP Rafael Nadal SUI Roger Federer 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 0 2009 SUI Roger Federer SWE Robin Söderling 6 -- 1 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 ESP Rafael Nadal SWE Robin Söderling 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 2011 ESP Rafael Nadal SUI Roger Federer 7 -- 5 , 7 -- 6 , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 1 2012 ESP Rafael Nadal SRB Novak Djokovic 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 , 2 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 2013 ESP Rafael Nadal ESP David Ferrer 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 2014 ESP Rafael Nadal SRB Novak Djokovic 3 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 2015 SUI Stan Wawrinka SRB Novak Djokovic 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 2016 SRB Novak Djokovic GBR Andy Murray 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 2017 ESP Rafael Nadal SUI Stan Wawrinka 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 2018 ESP Rafael Nadal AUT Dominic Thiem 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 Statistics ( edit ) Multiple champions ( edit ) Competitions prior to 1925 opened only to French tennis club members and French nationals Player Amateur Era Open Era All - time Years Rafael Nadal ( ESP ) 0 11 11 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2017 , 2018 Max Decugis ( FRA ) 8 0 8 1903 , 1904 , 1907 , 1908 , 1909 , 1912 , 1913 , 1914 Björn Borg ( SWE ) 0 6 6 1974 , 1975 , 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 Henri Cochet ( FRA ) 5 0 5 1922 , 1926 , 1928 , 1930 , 1932 André Vacherot ( FRA ) 0 1894 , 1895 , 1896 , 1901 Paul Aymé ( FRA ) 0 1897 , 1898 , 1899 , 1900 Maurice Germot ( FRA ) 0 1905 , 1906 , 1910 René Lacoste ( FRA ) 0 1925 , 1927 , 1929 Mats Wilander ( SWE ) 0 1982 , 1985 , 1988 Ivan Lendl ( TCH ) 0 1984 , 1986 , 1987 Gustavo Kuerten ( BRA ) 0 1997 , 2000 , 2001 André Gobert ( FRA ) 0 1911 , 1920 Jean Borotra ( FRA ) 0 1924 , 1931 Gottfried von Cramm ( GER ) 0 1934 , 1936 Frank Parker ( USA ) 0 1948 , 1949 Jaroslav Drobný ( EGY ) 0 1951 , 1952 Ken Rosewall ( AUS ) 1953 , 1968 Tony Trabert ( USA ) 0 1954 , 1955 Nicola Pietrangeli ( ITA ) 0 1959 , 1960 Manuel Santana ( ESP ) 0 1961 , 1964 Rod Laver ( AUS ) 1962 , 1969 Roy Emerson ( AUS ) 0 1963 , 1967 Jan Kodeš ( TCH ) 0 1970 , 1971 Jim Courier ( USA ) 0 1991 , 1992 Sergi Bruguera ( ESP ) 0 1993 , 1994 Champions by country ( edit ) Country Amateur Era Open Era All - time First title Last title France ( FRA ) 37 ( 9 ) * 38 ( 10 ) * 1892 Spain ( ESP ) 17 19 1961 2018 Australia ( AUS ) 9 11 1933 1969 United States ( USA ) 7 11 1938 1999 Sweden ( SWE ) 9 10 1957 1988 Czechoslovakia ( TCH ) 0 5 5 1970 Germany ( GER ) 0 1934 1937 Italy ( ITA ) 1959 1976 Brazil ( BRA ) 0 1997 2001 Great Britain ( GBR ) 2 ( 1 ) * * 0 2 ( 1 ) * * 1891 1935 Egypt ( EGY ) 0 1951 1952 Argentina ( ARG ) 0 1977 Switzerland ( SUI ) 0 2009 2015 Hungary ( HUN ) 0 1947 1947 Romania ( ROU ) 0 1973 1973 Ecuador ( ECU ) 0 1990 1990 Austria ( AUT ) 0 1995 1995 Russia ( RUS ) 0 Serbia ( SRB ) 0 2016 2016 * 28 victories came while the tournament was still called the French Championships and was open only to French club members . * * 1 victory came while the tournament was still called the French Championships and was open only to French club members . See also ( edit ) Tennis portal French Open other competitions List of French Open women 's singles champions List of French Open men 's doubles champions List of French Open women 's doubles champions List of French Open mixed doubles champions Grand Slam men 's singles List of Australian Open men 's singles champions List of Wimbledon gentlemen 's singles champions List of US Open men 's singles champions List of Grand Slam men 's singles champions French Pro Championship Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In 1909 the tournament was held at the Société Athlétique de la Villa Primrose in Bordeaux . Jump up ^ The tournament was not held from 1915 to 1919 because of World War I . Each year is linked to an article about that particular event 's draw with the exception of the pre-1925 years and 1951 . The dash means that the result or score is unknown because there are no available sources for this information Pre-1914 . The tournament was not officially held from 1940 to 1945 because of World War II . The champions listed are disputed , but are listed by a few sources , which means they are not included in the statistics charts because the tournament does not consider them champions . They are listed here as a historical note . Set score in parentheses indicates a tiebreaker score . Czechoslovakia ( TCH , 1918 -- 1992 ) , does not include the totals of Czech Republic ( CZE , 1992 -- present ) and Slovakia ( SVK , 1992 -- present ) . One win by a player from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( 1801 -- 1922 ) , plus one win by a player from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ( 1922 -- present ) . Footnotes ( edit ) General `` Past Winners '' . Roland Garros . Retrieved 15 July 2015 . `` French Open Men 's champions '' . SuperSport . Retrieved 15 July 2015 . Specific Jump up ^ `` The Origins of the Tournament '' . Roland Garros . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Slam Overview '' . International Tennis Federation ( ITF ) . Retrieved 23 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Bowers , Chris ( 27 February 2009 ) . `` The New Musketeers '' . Davis Cup . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Fetter , Henry D. ( 6 June 2011 ) . `` The French Open During World War II : A Hidden History '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 23 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Newbery , Piers ( 8 June 2014 ) . `` Rafael Nadal beats Novak Djokovic to win ninth French Open title '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 15 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Clarey , Christopher ( 22 May 2014 ) . `` A Century Ago , a French Title Collection to Rival Rafael Nadal '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 15 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Steven ( 29 May 2015 ) . `` Rafael Nadal the youngest French Open winner ? '' . ESPN . Retrieved 15 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` French Open History '' . Tennis . Tennis Media Company . 16 August 2012 . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Gillmeister 1998 , p. 225 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roland Garros past single winners '' . CNN . 23 May 2008 . Retrieved 19 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Gabrielle ( 23 May 2002 ) . `` French Open History '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 21 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Henri Cochet is dead ; French Tennis Leader '' . The New York Times . 3 April 1987 . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Gray , Michael ( 28 January 2000 ) . `` Donald Budge '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Ford , Bonnie D. ( 12 October 2008 ) . `` Reform to an Open status altered the course of tennis history '' . ESPN . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Jon ( 15 June 2008 ) . `` Now I 'd choose tennis '' . The Observer . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rafael Nadal , Bjorn Borg , Ivan Lendl and the seven kings of clay '' . Sky Sports . 22 May 2015 . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Gross , Jane ( 6 June 1983 ) . `` Noah captures French crown '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 5 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Gittings , Paul ( 8 June 2012 ) . `` Chang 's ' underhand ' tactics stunned Lendl and made Tennis history '' . CNN . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Topics of The Times -- An American in Paris '' . The New York Times . 10 June 1992 . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Roberts , John ( 6 June 1994 ) . `` Bruguera towers above tired Berasategui '' . The Independent . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Newberry , Piers ( 8 June 2008 ) . `` Nadal storms to fourth French win '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Ornstein , David ( 7 June 2009 ) . `` Federer claims historic Paris win '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Novak Djokovic beats Andy Murray to win first French Open title '' . BBC Sport. 5 June 2016 . Retrieved 5 June 2016 . Jump up ^ The Encyclopedia Of Tennis : 100 Years Of Great Players And Events ; by Max Robertson and Jack Kramer. 1974 edition , page 375 . Source for finalists and scores ^ Jump up to : `` French Open Men 's Singles '' . Grand Slam History . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Past Winners and Draws '' . fft.fr . Fédération Française de Tennis . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 08 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Superb Soderling Sends Nadal Crashing Out '' . atpworldtour.com . ATP Tour . 2009 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` French Open Singles Champions '' . USA Today . 10 - 06 - 2001 . Retrieved 10 - 07 - 2012 . Check date values in : accessdate = , date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Event Guide / History / Past Winners 1891 -- 2011 '' . rolandgarros.com . IBM , Fédération Française de Tennis . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 05 . References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to French Open . Gillmeister , Heiner ( 1998 ) . Tennis : A Cultural History ( Repr . ed . ) . London : Leicester University Press . ISBN 978 - 0718501952 . Robertson , Max ; Kramer , Jack ( 1974 ) . The Encyclopedia Of Tennis : 100 Years Of Great Players And Events . Studio . ISBN 978 - 0670294084 . French Championships men 's singles champions ( 1891 ) H. Briggs ( 1892 ) Jean Schopfer ( 1893 ) Laurent Riboulet ( 1894 ) André Vacherot ( 1895 ) André Vacherot ( 1896 ) André Vacherot ( 1897 ) Paul Aymé ( 1898 ) Paul Aymé ( 1899 ) Paul Aymé ( 1900 ) Paul Aymé ( 1901 ) André Vacherot ( 1902 ) Michel Vacherot ( 1903 ) Max Decugis ( 1904 ) Max Decugis ( 1905 ) Maurice Germot ( 1906 ) Maurice Germot ( 1907 ) Max Decugis ( 1908 ) Max Decugis ( 1909 ) Max Decugis ( 1910 ) Maurice Germot ( 1911 ) André Gobert ( 1912 ) Max Decugis ( 1913 ) Max Decugis ( 1914 ) Max Decugis ( 1915 -- 1919 ) No competition ( due to World War I ) ( 1920 ) André Gobert ( 1921 ) Jean Samazeuilh ( 1922 ) Henri Cochet ( 1923 ) François Blanchy ( 1924 ) Jean Borotra ( 1925 ) René Lacoste ( 1926 ) Henri Cochet ( 1927 ) René Lacoste ( 1928 ) Henri Cochet ( 1929 ) René Lacoste ( 1930 ) Henri Cochet ( 1931 ) Jean Borotra ( 1932 ) Henri Cochet ( 1933 ) Jack Crawford ( 1934 ) Gottfried von Cramm ( 1935 ) Fred Perry ( 1936 ) Gottfried von Cramm ( 1937 ) Henner Henkel ( 1938 ) Don Budge ( 1939 ) Don McNeill ( 1940 -- 1945 ) No competition ( due to World War II ) ( 1946 ) Marcel Bernard ( 1947 ) József Asbóth ( 1948 ) Frank Parker ( 1949 ) Frank Parker ( 1950 ) Budge Patty ( 1951 ) Jaroslav Drobný ( 1952 ) Jaroslav Drobný ( 1953 ) Ken Rosewall ( 1954 ) Tony Trabert ( 1955 ) Tony Trabert ( 1956 ) Lew Hoad ( 1957 ) Sven Davidson ( 1958 ) Mervyn Rose ( 1959 ) Nicola Pietrangeli ( 1960 ) Nicola Pietrangeli ( 1961 ) Manuel Santana ( 1962 ) Rod Laver ( 1963 ) Roy Emerson ( 1964 ) Manuel Santana ( 1965 ) Fred Stolle ( 1966 ) Tony Roche ( 1967 ) Roy Emerson French Open men 's singles champions ( 1968 ) Ken Rosewall ( 1969 ) Rod Laver ( 1970 ) Jan Kodeš ( 1971 ) Jan Kodeš ( 1972 ) Andrés Gimeno ( 1973 ) Ilie Năstase ( 1974 ) Björn Borg ( 1975 ) Björn Borg ( 1976 ) Adriano Panatta ( 1977 ) Guillermo Vilas ( 1978 ) Björn Borg ( 1979 ) Björn Borg ( 1980 ) Björn Borg ( 1981 ) Björn Borg ( 1982 ) Mats Wilander ( 1983 ) Yannick Noah ( 1984 ) Ivan Lendl ( 1985 ) Mats Wilander ( 1986 ) Ivan Lendl ( 1987 ) Ivan Lendl ( 1988 ) Mats Wilander ( 1989 ) Michael Chang ( 1990 ) Andrés Gómez ( 1991 ) Jim Courier ( 1992 ) Jim Courier ( 1993 ) Sergi Bruguera ( 1994 ) Sergi Bruguera ( 1995 ) Thomas Muster ( 1996 ) Yevgeny Kafelnikov ( 1997 ) Gustavo Kuerten ( 1998 ) Carlos Moyá ( 1999 ) Andre Agassi ( 2000 ) Gustavo Kuerten ( 2001 ) Gustavo Kuerten ( 2002 ) Albert Costa ( 2003 ) Juan Carlos Ferrero ( 2004 ) Gastón Gaudio ( 2005 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2006 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2007 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2008 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2009 ) Roger Federer ( 2010 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2011 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2012 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2013 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2014 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2015 ) Stan Wawrinka ( 2016 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2017 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2018 ) Rafael Nadal French Open singles drawsheets Men 's singles 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Women 's singles 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 French Open Pre Open Era 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 Open Era 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Champions Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Grand Slam tournament champions Grand Slam overall records Australian Open Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) French Open Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) Wimbledon Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) US Open Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) All tournaments Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Boys ' singles Girls ' singles Boys ' doubles Girls ' doubles Men 's singles finals Women 's singles finals Age of first title Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_French_Open_men%27s_singles_champions&oldid=845602061 '' Categories : Lists of French Open champions Lists of male tennis players Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Galego Hrvatski Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 June 2018 , at 21 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won this year's french open tennis | [
"Rafael Nadal has won the most French Open titles, with eleven, and also holds the record for the most consecutive wins in the Open Era, with five from 2010 to 2014.[5] Max Decugis won the most titles before the Open era, with eight.[6] Michael Chang became the youngest player to win the French Open when he took the title in 1989 at 17 years, 3 months and 20 days. In contrast, André Vacherot is the oldest champion, having won in 1901 at 40 years old. In the Open era, this record belongs to Andrés Gimeno, who was 34 years and 9 months old when he won in 1972.[7] French players have won the most French Open men's singles titles, with 38 victories, followed by Spanish (18) and Australian players (11). The current champion is Rafael Nadal who beat Dominic Thiem in the 2018 final to win his eleventh French Open title.\n"
] | [
"Rafael Nadal"
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-6312129669453854115 | Desert Island Discs | Desert Island Discs - wikipedia Desert Island Discs Desert Island Discs Desert Island Discs logo used on the BBC website Genre Biographical , Factual Running time 43 minutes Country of origin United Kingdom Language ( s ) English Home station BBC Forces Programme ( 1942 -- 1944 ) BBC Home Service ( 1943 -- 1944 , 1951 -- 1967 ) BBC Light Programme ( 1945 -- 1946 ) BBC Radio 4 ( 1967 -- ) Hosted by Roy Plomley ( 1942 -- 1985 ) Michael Parkinson ( 1985 -- 1988 ) Sue Lawley ( 1988 -- 2006 ) Kirsty Young ( 2006 -- present ) Created by Roy Plomley Produced by Gillian Hush Olivia Seligman Angie Nehring Miranda Birch Leanne Buckle Recording studio Broadcasting House Original release 29 January 1942 ( 1942 - 01 - 29 ) -- present No. of episodes 3068 ( 4 March 2016 ) Opening theme By the Sleepy Lagoon by Eric Coates Website BBC website Desert Island Discs is a radio programme broadcast on BBC Radio 4 . It was first broadcast on the BBC Forces Programme on 29 January 1942 . Each week a guest , called a ' castaway ' during the programme , is asked to choose eight recordings ( usually , but not always , music ) , a book and a luxury item that they would take if they were to be cast away on a desert island , whilst discussing their lives and the reasons for their choices . It was devised and originally presented by Roy Plomley . Since 2006 , the programme has been presented by Kirsty Young . More than 3,000 episodes have been recorded , with some guests having appeared more than once and some episodes featuring more than one guest . An example of a guest who falls into both categories is Bob Monkhouse , who appeared with his co-writer Denis Goodwin on 12 December 1955 and in his own right on 20 December 1998 . Contents 1 Format 2 Notable guests 3 Opening theme 4 Copyright status 5 Appearance in fiction 6 List of publications 7 References 8 External links Format ( edit ) Guests are invited to imagine themselves cast away on a desert island , and choose eight recordings , originally gramophone records , to take with them ; discussion of their choices permits a review of their life . Excerpts from their choices are played or , in the case of short pieces , the whole work . At the end of the programme they choose the one piece they regard most highly . Guests are also automatically given the Complete Works of Shakespeare and either the Bible or another appropriate religious or philosophical work . They are then prompted to select a third book to accompany them . Popular choices include Charles Dickens and Jane Austen . Actress Judi Dench , who suffers from macular degeneration , was permitted to take an audiobook in place of a printed manuscript . Guests also choose one luxury , which must be inanimate and of no use in escaping the island or allowing communication from outside . Roy Plomley enforced these rules strictly . He did , however , grant a special dispensation to Princess Michael of Kent , who chose her pet cat . The rules are , however , less strictly enforced today ; for instance , Lawley allowed John Cleese to take Michael Palin with him , on the condition that he was dead and stuffed . Examples of luxuries have included champagne and a piano , the latter of which is one of the most requested luxuries . After Plomley 's death in 1985 , the programme was presented by Michael Parkinson and from 1988 by Sue Lawley . Lawley stepped down in August 2006 after 18 years , her final castaway being actress Joan Plowright . She was replaced by Kirsty Young , who interviewed illustrator Quentin Blake for her first show , broadcast on 1 October 2006 . Notable guests ( edit ) See also : List of Desert Island Discs episodes The first castaway was Vic Oliver , and several castaways , including Celia Johnson , Arthur Askey , Trevor Nunn , John Schlesinger , Kenneth Williams , Terry Wogan , Brian Rix , David Attenborough and Adele Leigh have been cast away more than once . The most requested piece of music over the first 60 years was `` Ode to Joy '' , the last movement of Beethoven 's Ninth Symphony . One of the most remarked broadcasts was Elisabeth Schwarzkopf 's 1958 selection of seven of her own recordings . This record was subsequently beaten by British pianist Dame Moura Lympany on her second appearance on the programme on 28 July 1979 when all eight of her selections were of her own recordings . In the early 1970s , Roy Plomley attempted to interview Alistair MacLean , but ended up speaking to somebody else with the same name -- and the programme was never broadcast . In January of 1981 , Princess Margaret , Countess of Snowdon , appeared as a castaway on the show . Opening theme ( edit ) Plomley originally wanted the sounds of `` surf breaking on a shore and the cries of sea birds '' to open and close each programme . But Leslie Prowne , the head of popular record programmes at the BBC , was concerned that it lacked definition and insisted that music should also be used . Plomley and the series ' producer Frederic Piffard selected `` By the Sleepy Lagoon '' , composed by Eric Coates ( who appeared on the show in 1951 ) . The tune has been used since the first transmission in 1942 . The sound of herring gulls has accompanied the music except for a period of time in 1964 when tropical bird sounds were used . Copyright status ( edit ) Until late September 2009 , Desert Island Discs could not be heard on the BBC 's iPlayer service , which allows most programmes to be heard up to a week after transmission . The programme 's website stated that this was due to rights issues , as explained in The Sunday Times in 2006 . It was announced on 27 September 2009 that an agreement had been reached as a result of which the programme would be available to stream via the iPlayer . The first episode available through the iPlayer was with Barry Manilow . Subsequently , the programme was also made available as a podcast , beginning with the edition broadcast on 29 November 2009 , which featured Morrissey . However , due to music clearance issues , the music selections on the podcast versions are reduced to only playing for around 30 seconds or so ( and in rare instances are unavailable , as mentioned in an announcement made by Kirsty Young at the appropriate point of the programme ) . On 30 March 2011 , the BBC placed more than 500 episodes from the show 's archive online to listen to via iPlayer . Other episodes have since been added , both new and old . In the early years of the BBC , programmes were broadcast live and were generally not recorded . This , in addition to the BBC 's policy of wiping that was applied during the 1950s and 1960s , means very few episodes from the first 20 years of the show are known to exist ; the earliest episode still in existence is from 1951 and features actress Margaret Lockwood . Several extracts were preserved for posterity at the request of the guests , such as an extract featuring Alfred Hitchcock where he speaks about his films The Pleasure Garden ( 1925 ) and Rebecca ( 1940 ) , gives his view on the changing landscape of the film industry and briefly discusses his then upcoming film Psycho ( 1960 ) . Appearance in fiction ( edit ) In Tom Stoppard 's play The Real Thing , the playwright protagonist , Henry , frets over his forthcoming appearance on Desert Island Discs , worrying about whether he should be honest and admit his admiration for pop music ( particularly pop music derided by critics ) or pretend to favour more conventionally admired music . In the 1979 British comedy film Porridge ( based on the BBC TV series of the same name ) , criminal boss , and avid Radio 4 listener , Harry Grout stated that it was an ambition of his to one day appear on the programme . ( Peter Vaughan , the actor who portrayed the character , never appeared as a guest on the show . He died in 2016 . ) For the `` Dibley Live '' ( 1998 ) episode of The Vicar of Dibley , in which the characters are generating programming ideas for the village 's one - week radio station , the chronically dull Frank originally proposes a programme called Desert Island Desks , in which he would recount his favourites from the many desks at which he has sat during his lifetime . Instead , he opts for An Hour of Frank Talking , in which he unexpectedly reveals how he came to discover his -- hitherto undisclosed -- homosexuality ; however , none of the locals turns out to have heard the show , having anticipated a boring hour and chosen not to tune in . The 2015 National Theatre production of George Bernard Shaw 's Man and Superman featured an opening sequence in which the lead character Jack Tanner is on the show being interviewed by Kirsty Young and selects Mozart 's Don Giovanni . In Lisa Halliday 's novel `` Asymmetry ( novel ) '' , the last chapter of the book is a transcript of the fictional writer Ezra Blazer 's appearance on the show and his choices . He appears to be talking to Kristy Young . List of publications ( edit ) Desert Island Discs ( 1977 , by Roy Plomley ) Plomley 's Pick ( 1982 , by Roy Plomley ) Desert Island Lists ( 1984 , compiled by Roy Plomley and Derek Drescher ) Desert Island Discs : 70 Years of Castaways ( 2012 , by Sean Magee , foreword by Kirsty Young ) Desert Island Discs : Flotsam & Jetsam ( 2012 , by Mitchell Symons ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Midgley , Neil ( 29 January 2012 ) . `` Desert Island Discs : Britain 's longest - running radio show '' . The Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ `` Desert Island Discs -- Find a castaway '' . BBC Online . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Desert Island Discs -- Find a castaway '' . BBC Online . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Desert Island Discs racks up a milestone of delights '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 4 -- Desert Island Discs , Dame Judi Dench '' . Bbc.co.uk. 2015 - 09 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Desert Island delights '' . BBC . 29 January 2002 . Retrieved 15 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 4 -- Desert Island Discs , HRH Princess Michael of Kent '' . Bbc.co.uk. 1984 - 02 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Lister , David ( 30 January 2002 ) . `` ' Desert Island Discs ' enjoys luxury of a 60th birthday '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 24 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` John Stevens '' . Desert Island Discs. 17 November 2006 . BBC Radio 4 . Jump up ^ `` Shirley Williams '' . Desert Island Discs. 29 January 2006 . BBC Radio 4 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 4 -- Desert Island Discs , Dame Joan Plowright '' . Bbc.co.uk. 2006 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Beethoven tops island hit list '' , BBC News , 18 March 2002 Jump up ^ Roberts , Laura ( 2 March 2011 ) . `` Desert Island Discs ' most popular requests '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ `` Elisabeth Schwarzkopf '' . Desert Island Discs. 28 July 1958 . BBC Radio 4 . Jump up ^ `` Dame Moura Lympany '' . Desert Island Discs. 28 July 1979 . BBC Radio 4 . Jump up ^ Pile , Stephen . The Book of Heroic Failures ( 1980 ed . ) . Futura . pp. 29 -- 30 . ISBN 0 - 7088 - 1908 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` HRH Princess Margaret , Desert Island Discs - BBC Radio 4 '' . BBC . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ Magee , Sean ( 13 September 2012 ) . `` Chapter 2 : 1940s '' . Desert Island Discs : 70 Years Of Castaways . Bantam Press . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 593 - 07006 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Desert Island Discs -- Home '' . BBC . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Bremner , Charles ( 2 July 2006 ) . `` How a man in his pyjamas invented a radio classic '' . The Sunday Times . London . Retrieved 25 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Mark Damazer ( 27 September 2009 ) . `` BBC -- Radio 4 Blog : Desert Island Discs comes to iPlayer '' . BBC . Retrieved 27 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , John ( 28 September 2009 ) . `` BBC launches Radio 4 's Desert Island Discs on iPlayer '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 28 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Vicar of Dibley Series 2 '' , British Comedy Guide . Jump up ^ Paul Taylor ( 2015 - 02 - 26 ) . `` Man and Superman , National Theatre , review : Ralph Fiennes gives one of the best performances of his career '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Desert Island Discs : 70 years of castaways '' . Amazon . 13 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Desert Island Discs : Flotsam & Jetsam '' . Amazon . 25 October 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Desert Island Discs . Desert Island Discs , BBC Latest episodes Sue Arnold , `` The Lagoon Show '' , The Observer , London , 17 March 2002 Desert Island Discs Presenters Roy Plomley ( 1942 - 1985 ) Michael Parkinson ( 1985 - 1988 ) Sue Lawley ( 1988 - 2006 ) Kirsty Young ( 2006 - present ) Episodes 1942 -- 1946 1951 -- 1960 1961 -- 1970 1971 -- 1980 1981 -- 1990 1991 -- 2000 2001 -- 2010 2011 -- present BBC Radio 4 Category BBC Radio 4 Programmes Comedy Bleak Expectations Cabin Pressure Chain Reaction Count Arthur Strong 's Radio Show ! Clare in the Community Dead Ringers Down the Line Ed Reardon 's Week Fags , Mags and Bags Giles Wemmbley - Hogg Goes Off The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy I 'm Sorry I Have n't a Clue I 've Never Seen Star Wars Jeremy Hardy Speaks to the Nation Just a Minute Ladies of Letters The Museum of Curiosity The News Quiz The Now Show Old Harry 's Game One Quote ... Unquote That Mitchell and Webb Sound The Unbelievable Truth You 'll Have Had Your Tea : The Doings of Hamish and Dougal Entertainment 15 Minute Drama A Good Read Afternoon Drama The Archers Book at Bedtime Book of the Week Bookclub Brain of Britain Classic Serial Counterpoint Desert Island Discs Home Front Loose Ends The Lord of the Rings Poetry Please Round Britain Quiz The Saturday Play The Write Stuff News and factual Analysis Any Answers ? Any Questions ? Bottom Line Broadcasting House Case Notes Costing the Earth Crossing Continents Desert Island Discs Face the Facts Farming Today Feedback File on 4 The Film Programme The Food Programme From Our Own Correspondent Front Row Fry 's English Delight Gardeners ' Question Time Great Lives The House I Grew Up In In Business In Our Time Inside Health Inside Science The Kitchen Cabinet Last Word Midweek Money Box The Moral Maze More or Less PM Punt PI Reith Lectures Saturday Live Saturday Review Shipping Forecast Start the Week Thinking Allowed Today Tweet of the Day The Westminster Hour Woman 's Hour Word Of Mouth The World at One The World Tonight You and Yours Letter from America Americana Religious Bells on Sunday Beyond Belief The Daily Service Prayer for the Day Something Understood Sunday Thought for the Day Other Radio 4 Appeal Test Match Special Other Radio 4 UK Theme Sailing By Greenwich Time Signal BBC Home Service Radio 4 News FM BBC Radio 4 Extra Timeline of BBC Radio 4 Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desert_Island_Discs&oldid=852420277 '' Categories : Desert Island Discs 1942 radio programme debuts BBC Radio 4 programmes British music radio programmes British talk radio programmes Thought experiments Hidden categories : Use British English from May 2012 Use dmy dates from May 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano ქართული မြန်မာဘာသာ Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 28 July 2018 , at 21 : 45 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the first presenter of desert island discs | [
"Each week a guest, called a 'castaway' during the programme, is asked to choose eight recordings (usually, but not always, music), a book and a luxury item that they would take if they were to be cast away on a desert island, whilst discussing their lives and the reasons for their choices. It was devised and originally presented by Roy Plomley. Since 2006, the programme has been presented by Kirsty Young.\n"
] | [
"Roy Plomley"
] |
2718606159427288994 | Flower Child (Once Upon a Time) | Flower Child ( once Upon a Time ) - wikipedia Flower Child ( once Upon a Time ) 19th episode of the seventh season of Once Upon a Time `` Flower Child '' Once Upon a Time episode Episode no . Season 7 Episode 19 Directed by Tessa Blake Written by Edward Kitsis Adam Horowitz Original air date April 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 27 ) Guest appearance ( s ) Emma Booth as Eloise Gardener / Mother Gothel Rose Reynolds as Alice / Tilly Daniel Francis as Facilier / Mr. Samdi Tiera Skovbye as Robin / Margot Jeff Pierre as Drew Gabrielle Miller as Flora Emily Tennant as Isla Naika Toussaint as Seraphina Bruce Blain as Desk Sergeant Kyra Leroux as Yarrow Episode chronology ← Previous `` The Guardian '' Next → `` Is This Henry Mills ? '' Once Upon a Time ( season 7 ) List of Once Upon a Time episodes `` Flower Child '' is the nineteenth episode of the seventh season and the 152nd episode overall of the American fantasy - drama series Once Upon a Time . Written by Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz and directed by Tessa Blake , it premiered on ABC in the United States on April 27 , 2018 . In the episode , Gothel is ready to revive the Coven and wants Tilly to be part of the plan , and Lucy turns to another solution to save Henry , who is now dealing with the reaction from Jacinda about the tests . In the past , Gothel 's origins of how she formed The Coven is revealed . Contents 1 Plot 1.1 Opening sequence 1.2 In the Characters ' Past 1.3 In The Present Day 2 Casting Notes 3 Reception 3.1 Reviews 4 References Plot ( edit ) Opening sequence ( edit ) A carriage is featured in the forest . In the characters ' past ( edit ) Many Years Ago , a young Gothel becomes intrigued by seeing a group of women trying out dresses that they plan to wear to an upcoming ball . After they leave , Gothel sneaks in and touches the dresses and causes a small rose to magically bloom , only to be caught by the women after they return . It appears that they 're intrigued by Gothel , so they ask her to teach them magic by inviting her to the party . When Gothel arrives to a garden - like location , she unlocked a special door that enters a world in which it is revealed that Gothel is actually a wood nymph and is n't human . Unfortunately , her mother is not happy about Gothel being involved with humans and wants to groom her to become her successor . She is hoping that Gothel can embrace her destiny . At the party , Gothel arrived , ready to interact with her newfound friends and show them magic . But it turns out that it was all a setup to embarrass Gothel , as they wanted to disgrace her in front of the humans by calling her an abomination . It also turns out that the humans had used this party to destroy and kill the nymphs because when Gothel returned to the garden she saw her mother clinging to life , and implores Gothel not to seek revenge on the humans and embrace her destiny by restoring their world . Gothel does n't take her mother 's words to heart and begins a mission to destroy the humans . Gothel returns to the party and begins destroying everything she touches with deadly plants and kills the person who befriended her . However , one of the friends decided she wants to join Gothel as she also kept a secret that she too has magic powers but kept it hidden in fear that she would be killed . Gothel then rids the land of humans before returning to her destroyed home with her friend . The ending of the flashback reveals a twist in the story : the flashback of Gothel had taken place in the Land Without Magic , thousands of years ago . Gothel confesses to her friend that despite their realm being magical , the death of the tree nymphs by the humans has turned their realm into the first ever land without magic . Using a magic bean , Gothel and her friend decide to leave for another realm to find others like them to prepare for their return to the Land Without Magic to rid the land of humans once again after the would - be civilization begins . In the present day ( edit ) At the police station , Eloise / Gothel is paying a visit , but she 's more interested in recruiting the desk clerk , and uses her magic to bring him into her plan to wake up The Coven . While this was going on , Rogers interrogated Drew about Samdi about how Nick died , only to have Drew continue to warn Rogers about how powerful Samdi is . Gothel then later stalked out Tilly , but assured her that she needed to be told the truth about her , and revealed to Tilly that she is her mother . Tilly does n't buy that claim but Gothel reminded her that it will make sense very soon . Tilly later tells Rogers about the encounter . At Jacinda 's apartment , Henry is convinced the paternity test indicating that he is Lucy 's father is genuine . But Jacinda is n't so sure and ca n't process the facts . Henry is starting to believe that Lucy is telling the truth and it might be tied to the book . As for Lucy , she paid a visit to Facilier / Samdi and told him about the fallout between Regina and Weaver after he took the magic needed to save Henry ( Regina has n't answered his messages ) and this time believes that he can come up with a way to save Henry . Samdi suggests that Lucy find an item that can be used , as he warns her that Gothel is preparing for a war and Henry needs to be saved . When Rogers and Tilly visits Henry 's apartment , Henry lets them in and he shows them a display of residents that match the description of the book , and come to the conclusion that Gothel might be planning on something bigger beyond reviving the Coven . Moments later , Rogers gets a tip about Gothel 's whereabouts , and he and Tilly trace it to a theater . Unfortunately , it was a trap set by Gothel , who is ready to reveal everything about Tilly and Rogers ' true relationship by telling them that they 're actually daughter and father by taking a drop of blood from not only Rogers and Tilly , but from Margot and vows to threaten all three if Tilly refuses . With Rogers being held hostage , Gothel compelled Tilly to join her Coven as she does have magic and Tilly gives in , as she sees this as a way to save Rogers . The Coven begins their revival of evil . After uncovering a box of items from the apartment while attempting to convince Jacinda that she 's Cinderella by rummaging through the souvenirs , Lucy finds the glass slipper and brings it to Samdi , who then uses it to create a spell that saves Henry , allowing him to live . However , when Henry returns to see Jacinda as he tells her that the stories could be real , he and Jacinda finally kiss , but as Lucy walked inside , she became disappointed that nothing happened with the spell . Casting notes ( edit ) Lana Parrilla , Robert Carlyle and Mekia Cox are credited but do n't appear in the episode . Reception ( edit ) Reviews ( edit ) The episode received mixed to positive reviews . TV Fanatic gave the episode a 3.3 out of 5 stars . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Recap : Flower Child '' from TV Fanatic ( April 27 , 2018 ) Once Upon a Time episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Thing You Love Most '' `` Snow Falls '' `` The Price of Gold '' `` That Still Small Voice '' `` The Shepherd '' `` The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter '' `` Desperate Souls '' `` True North '' `` 7 : 15 A.M. '' `` Fruit of the Poisonous Tree '' `` Skin Deep '' `` What Happened to Frederick '' `` Dreamy '' `` Red - Handed '' `` Heart of Darkness '' `` Hat Trick '' `` The Stable Boy '' `` The Return '' `` The Stranger '' `` An Apple Red as Blood '' `` A Land Without Magic '' Season 2 `` Broken '' `` We Are Both '' `` Lady of the Lake '' `` The Crocodile '' `` The Doctor '' `` Tallahassee '' `` Child of the Moon '' `` Into the Deep '' `` Queen of Hearts '' `` The Cricket Game '' `` The Outsider '' `` In the Name of the Brother '' `` Tiny '' `` Manhattan '' `` The Queen Is Dead '' `` The Miller 's Daughter '' `` Welcome to Storybrooke '' `` Selfless , Brave and True '' `` Lacey '' `` The Evil Queen '' `` Second Star to the Right '' `` And Straight On ' til Morning '' Season 3 `` The Heart of the Truest Believer '' `` Lost Girl '' `` Quite a Common Fairy '' `` Nasty Habits '' `` Good Form '' `` Ariel '' `` Dark Hollow '' `` Think Lovely Thoughts '' `` Save Henry '' `` The New Neverland '' `` Going Home '' `` New York City Serenade '' `` Witch Hunt '' `` The Tower '' `` Quiet Minds '' `` It 's Not Easy Being Green '' `` The Jolly Roger '' `` Bleeding Through '' `` A Curious Thing '' `` Kansas '' `` Snow Drifts '' `` There 's No Place Like Home '' Season 4 `` A Tale of Two Sisters '' `` White Out '' `` Rocky Road '' `` The Apprentice '' `` Breaking Glass '' `` Family Business '' `` The Snow Queen '' `` Smash the Mirror '' `` Fall '' `` Shattered Sight '' `` Heroes and Villains '' `` Darkness on the Edge of Town '' `` Unforgiven '' `` Enter the Dragon '' `` Poor Unfortunate Soul '' `` Best Laid Plans '' `` Heart of Gold '' `` Sympathy for the De Vil '' `` Lily '' `` Mother '' `` Operation Mongoose '' Season 5 `` The Dark Swan '' `` The Price '' `` Siege Perilous '' `` The Broken Kingdom '' `` Dreamcatcher '' `` The Bear and the Bow '' `` Nimue '' `` Birth '' `` The Bear King '' `` Broken Heart '' `` Swan Song '' `` Souls of the Departed '' `` Labor of Love '' `` Devil 's Due '' `` The Brothers Jones '' `` Our Decay '' `` Her Handsome Hero '' `` Ruby Slippers '' `` Sisters '' `` Firebird '' `` Last Rites '' `` Only You '' `` An Untold Story '' Season 6 `` The Savior '' `` A Bitter Draught '' `` The Other Shoe '' `` Strange Case '' `` Street Rats '' `` Dark Waters '' `` Heartless '' `` I 'll Be Your Mirror '' `` Changelings '' `` Wish You Were Here '' `` Tougher Than the Rest '' `` Murder Most Foul '' `` Ill - Boding Patterns '' `` Page 23 '' `` A Wondrous Place '' `` Mother 's Little Helper '' `` Awake '' `` Where Bluebirds Fly '' `` The Black Fairy '' `` The Song in Your Heart '' `` The Final Battle '' Season 7 `` Hyperion Heights '' `` A Pirate 's Life '' `` The Garden of Forking Paths '' `` Beauty '' `` Greenbacks '' `` Wake Up Call '' `` Eloise Gardener '' `` Pretty in Blue '' `` One Little Tear '' `` The Eighth Witch '' `` Secret Garden '' `` A Taste of the Heights '' `` Knightfall '' `` The Girl in the Tower '' `` Sisterhood '' `` Breadcrumbs '' `` Chosen '' `` The Guardian '' `` Flower Child '' `` Is This Henry Mills ? '' `` Homecoming '' `` Leaving Storybrooke '' Wonderland `` Down the Rabbit Hole '' `` Trust Me '' `` Forget Me Not '' `` The Serpent '' `` Heart of Stone '' `` Who 's Alice '' `` Bad Blood '' `` Home '' `` Nothing to Fear '' `` Dirty Little Secrets '' `` Heart of the Matter '' `` To Catch a Thief '' `` And They Lived ... '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flower_Child_(Once_Upon_a_Time)&oldid=849579613 '' Categories : 2018 American television episodes Once Upon a Time ( season 7 ) episodes Hidden categories : Articles with short description Television episode articles with short description for single episodes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 July 2018 , at 23 : 55 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who plays isla in once upon a time | [
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7037235142869931218 | List of The Flash episodes | List of the Flash episodes - wikipedia List of the Flash episodes For the episodes from the 1990 series , see The Flash ( 1990 TV series ) § Episodes . The Flash is an American action television series developed by Greg Berlanti , Andrew Kreisberg , and Geoff Johns , airing on The CW . It is based on the DC Comics character Barry Allen / Flash , a costumed crimefighter with the power to move at superhuman speeds . It is a spin - off from Arrow , existing in the same fictional universe . The series follows Barry Allen , portrayed by Grant Gustin , a crime scene investigator who gains superhuman speed , which he uses to fight criminals , including others who have also gained superhuman abilities . As of May 22 , 2018 , 92 episodes of The Flash have aired , concluding the fourth season . On April 2 , 2018 , the series was renewed for a fifth season by the CW , which is set to premiere on October 9 , 2018 . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 2.5 Season 5 3 Ratings 3.1 Overview 3.2 Season 1 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 3.3 Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 3.4 Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 4 Home media 5 References 6 External links Series overview Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Average viewership ( in millions ) 23 October 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 07 ) May 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 19 ) 118 4.62 23 October 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 06 ) May 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 24 ) 112 4.25 23 October 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 04 ) May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) 120 3.50 23 October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) May 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 22 ) 151 3.04 5 22 October 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 09 ) TBA TBA TBA Episodes Season 1 ( 2014 -- 15 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' David Nutter Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg & Geoff Johns Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Geoff Johns October 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 07 ) 296648 4.83 Barry Allen , a forensic crime scene assistant for Central City Police Department , is struck by lightning during a storm that is created after a particle accelerator from S.T.A.R. Labs explodes . In a coma for nine months , Barry awakens in S.T.A.R. Labs , having been placed in the care of Dr. Harrison Wells and his assistants Dr. Caitlin Snow and Cisco Ramon . Barry learns that he can move at extraordinary speeds , and that there were other `` metahumans '' created from the explosion . One of them , Clyde Mardon , is robbing banks with his ability to control the weather . In order to stop Mardon , Barry is outfitted with a suit , designed by Cisco , that can withstand his high speed . He tracks down Mardon and with Detective Joe West , who learns of Barry 's abilities , Barry is able to stop Mardon , who is killed by Joe . With his new powers , Barry vows to exonerate his father , Henry , who is incarcerated for the accusation of murdering his wife , Nora , whom Barry witnessed being killed by another metahuman . He chooses the alias `` Flash '' for his alter ego . Wells , secretly revealed to be neither paraplegic nor needing glasses , reads a newspaper from 2024 stating the missing status of the Flash . `` Fastest Man Alive '' David Nutter Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Geoff Johns October 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 14 ) 3J5352 4.27 In flashbacks , it is revealed that Joe became Barry 's legal guardian but did not let him visit Henry in prison at the latter 's request . Barry begins using his abilities to stop minor crimes and help citizens across the city while starting to develop debilitating side effects . While guiding Iris West , who seeks his help to do her school assignment , Barry witnesses a robbery by a crew of men , but passes out while trying to stop them . The S.T.A.R. Labs team determines that Barry becomes hypoglycemic from the use of his abilities due to a sped - up metabolism and needs to ingest more calories to maintain his energy level . The team eventually learns that there is actually one robber , Danton Black , who has the ability to create clones of himself . Black intends to kill his former employer Simon Stagg , who stole Black 's cloning research . With encouragement from Joe , Barry goes after Black and successfully stops him . However , Black commits suicide . Afterward , Barry accepts Joe 's help in the investigation of Nora 's murder . Later , Wells visits Stagg , who has already become obsessed with the Flash and plans to exploit them as he did to Black . Wells then kills Stagg . `` Things You Ca n't Outrun '' Jesse Warn Alison Schapker & Grainne Godfree October 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 21 ) 3J5353 3.59 As the police investigate the murder of one of the city 's crime families , Barry suspects that the killer may be a metahuman who can control poison gases . As Barry and Joe work to discover the killer 's identity , Wells and his team work to retrofit the particle accelerator into a prison for metahumans where they can begin to find a way of reversing their mutations . This brings up difficult feelings and memories for Snow , whose fiancé , Ronnie Raymond , was killed by the explosion . The team identifies the killer as Kyle Nimbus , discovering that Nimbus does not control gases , but transforms his body into them . The team learns that Joe , the lead detective in the original case , is Nimbus ' next target . Barry races to Iron Heights Prison to save Joe 's life , forcing Nimbus to overexert himself so that he can apprehend him . The team locks Nimbus into a cell they have made . In a flashback to when the accelerator explodes , Wells is seen going into his hidden room and viewing a surveillance video of Barry getting struck by lightning in his lab . `` Going Rogue '' Glen Winter Geoff Johns & Kai Yu Wu October 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 28 ) 3J5354 3.53 Wells begins testing Barry 's powers by having him perform multiple tasks at superspeed . In the middle of the tests , a group of men attempt to hijack an armored truck carrying a diamond . Barry races over and stops the crime , as well as identifying Leonard Snart from a set of police mugshots . Felicity Smoak arrives to check on Barry , after learning that he woke from his coma . Barry introduces her to his friends at S.T.A.R. Labs . To combat the Flash , also known as the `` Streak '' , Snart acquires stolen tech from S.T.A.R. Labs , which includes a cryonic gun . Cisco reveals to Barry that he created the gun as a fail - safe against Barry should he become a villain like the other metahumans they have encountered . Felicity helps the team locate Snart , who sets a trap for Barry . Cisco , Caitlin , and Felicity arrive in time to save Barry , and Snart is able to escape . Joe finally accepts Iris 's relationship with Eddie Thawne , his partner . Wells demands Cisco not to build another fail - safe against Barry again . Barry kisses Felicity goodbye . Later , Snart tracks down his former partner , who has an affinity for fire , and offers him a place by Snart 's side taking back Central City from the Flash . 5 5 `` Plastique '' Dermott Downs Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing & Brooke Eikmeier November 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 11 ) 3J5355 3.46 Bette Sans Souci , a metahuman with the ability to turn anything she touches into an explosive , appears in Central City . She is being hunted by General Wade Eiling , and is a former military explosives expert . Barry brings her to S.T.A.R. Labs where the team explains to her that she was changed by the particle accelerator , which bonded bomb shrapnel to her body on a cellular level ; and they can not reverse the process . Secretly , Wells convinces Bette to kill Eiling . Barry races to stop her , and Eiling shoots her , who dies after mentioning Wells ' name . Her body turns into a bomb . Barry speeds off with the body and drops it in the river to save the city from the massive explosion . Eiling visits Wells , demanding that they work together once again , this time to collect metahumans . Wells refuses and warns Eiling to never return to S.T.A.R. Labs . Meanwhile , Barry ends his friendship with Iris after she refuses his advice not to write about the `` Streak '' . In a flashback set five years previously , Wells tells Eiling he is ending their experiments . After Eiling leaves , Wells walks to a cage and tells Gorilla Grodd that he has plans for him . 6 6 `` The Flash Is Born '' Millicent Shelton Jaime Paglia & Chris Rafferty November 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 18 ) 3J5356 3.73 Barry speeds off to stop a car thief ; but the thief 's skin turns to steel and Barry breaks his hand while punching . He runs back to the lab before he can be hurt further . The thief is identified as Tony Woodward , Barry 's childhood bully . Back at the lab , Cisco determines that if Barry can hit Woodward with a specific velocity at right angle , then he can create enough force to compromise Woodward 's metal structure . Woodward kidnaps Iris and demands that she write about him . Barry arrives and manages to temporarily disable Woodward 's abilities . Afterward , Woodward is locked away at S.T.A.R. Labs and finds out that Barry is the Flash , the name Iris also uses in her blog on the advice of Barry , who reconciles with her . Meanwhile , Joe continues investigating Nora 's murder and gets suspicious of Wells , who opened S.T.A.R. Labs one month after Nora 's murder ; but Wells states that he came to Central City because of his wife 's death . Joe , convinced that Wells is not involved , is visited by the metahuman that killed Nora , stealing the case file and threatening Iris 's life if Joe does not drop his investigation . 7 7 `` Power Outage '' Larry Shaw Alison Schapker & Grainne Godfree November 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 25 ) 3J5357 3.47 Wells returns to his secret room , where it is revealed that he has been documenting Barry 's abilities , and using his artificial intelligence , Gideon , to look at events in the future . Barry arrives at a crime scene where the victim was murdered via electrocution , and charred beyond recognition , suggesting a metahuman was involved . While investigating the victim 's identity , the team identifies a power drain in the city . When Barry arrives , he is attacked by Farooq Gibran , a man who has the ability to siphon electrical energy . The attack drains Barry of his speed , and Gideon reveals to Wells that there are currently no references to the Flash in the future . Wells realizes that Barry 's problem is psychological . Gibran attacks S.T.A.R. Labs , kills Woodward and Wells ' life gets in danger , forcing Barry to overcome his fear , connect to his speed and kill Gibran . Meanwhile , Tockman starts a hostage crisis at a police station and critically shoots Eddie ; but Iris manages to stop him and he is rearrested . Later , Wells sees that the timeline is safe , and takes a sample of Gibran 's blood to determine how he was able to drain Barry 's abilities . 8 8 `` Flash vs. Arrow '' Glen Winter Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Ben Sokolowski & Brooke Eikmeier December 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 02 ) 3J5358 4.34 Eddie proposes a task force to hunt down the Flash . A new metahuman , Roy Bivolo , shows up with the ability to send people into an uncontrollable rage , and uses his ability to rob a bank . Oliver Queen informs Barry that he and his team are tracking a killer who uses lethal boomerangs . Barry and Oliver agree to team - up and catch each other 's targets . Barry decides to go after Bivolo by himself . Bivolo uses his abilities on Barry ; but because of Barry 's powers it makes the effects last longer . Oliver tries to stop Barry , and the two engage in a fight until Wells and Joe use colored strobe light to reset Barry 's emotional state . Afterward , Barry and Oliver capture Bivolo and place him in the prison at S.T.A.R. Labs . Eddie 's task force is established after he was beaten by an enraged Flash . Barry confirms Oliver 's belief that he has a lot to learn . Oliver advises him to stay away from Iris , whom Barry is in love with . Iris decides to end her support of the Flash . Oliver asks Barry 's team to keep his alter ego a secret . A new metahuman able to manipulate fire appears in Central City . This episode begins a crossover event that concludes on Arrow season 3 episode 8 . 9 9 `` The Man in the Yellow Suit '' Ralph Hemecker Todd Helbing & Aaron Helbing December 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 09 ) 3J5359 4.66 The yellow - suited speedster who killed Nora Allen returns , in search of Mercury Lab 's tachyon particle technology . Barry encounters the `` Reverse - Flash '' and engages him but is swiftly defeated , with the villain insinuating that he and Barry have been lifelong enemies . Ronnie is revealed as the flame - controlling metahuman , suffering from memory - loss after having survived the explosion . Per Henry 's advice , Barry confesses his love for Iris before the tachyon particle technology is used as bait to lure the Reverse - Flash into a trap . The villain manages to escape , however , and proceeds to attack Wells and the police , mysteriously sparing Eddie before engaging in Barry again . Ronnie appears and fends off the Reverse - Flash before they both flee the scene . Joe tells Eddie about metahumans and asks him to keep it a secret . Cisco realizes that there were two speedsters in Barry 's house the night Nora died . Later , Wells enters his secret room and reveals the Reverse - Flash suit in a hidden chamber . Wells places the stolen tachyon device on it , and speaks in the villainous speedster 's distorted voice , revealing himself to be the Reverse - Flash . 10 10 `` Revenge of the Rogues '' Nick Copus Kai Yu Wu & Geoff Johns January 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 20 ) 3J5360 3.87 As Barry works on improving his speed through various training exercises , Leonard Snart returns to Central City with the cold gun and a new partner , Mick Rory , to set a trap for the Flash . Barry discovers his plan , and agrees with Wells not to engage Snart in the hope that he goes away and no one gets hurt like the last time . Snart and Rory , who now has a gun that can emit absolute hot temperatures , kidnap Caitlin to force Barry out of hiding . Cisco and Barry find a way to defeat Snart and Rory . The Flash faces the duo in the city for a showdown , exposing himself to the public . Barry eventually gets them to cross their streams with Eddie 's help , successfully damaging the weapons and disabling the pair , who are arrested and the guns delivered to S.T.A.R. Labs . While in transport to Iron Heights , Snart and Rory are broken out by Snart 's sister . Meanwhile , Caitlin investigates the cause of Ronnie 's transformation and finds out that the Army is covering up the incident . After Iris moves in with Eddie , Barry decides to move back in with Joe . 11 11 `` The Sound and the Fury '' John F. Showalter Alison Schapker & Brooke Eikmeier January 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 27 ) 3J5361 4.08 While home , Wells receives a threatening call from an unidentified person before using his super speed to save his life from an attempt . Wells informs Barry and the team that the caller was Hartley Rathaway , a former protégé . Rathaway begins attacking his family 's business with sonic blasts , and after Barry stops him , Rathaway reveals that he knows a secret of Wells ' , who states that Rathaway warned him that the particle accelerator could explode , but Wells chose to risk it for the rewards . Cisco discovers that Rathaway intentionally got caught so he could steal information from S.T.A.R. Labs that would allow him to identify the frequency of Barry 's molecules so he can kill him . A trap set by Rathaway starts shredding Barry 's organs . Wells manages to disable Rathaway 's weapons . Later , Joe has Eddie start an investigation into Wells . Rathaway , imprisoned back in the particle accelerator , reveals to Cisco that he knows where Ronnie is and how to save him . In his secret room , Wells uses the tachyon technology to temporarily recharge his speed force energy . Meanwhile , Iris starts working as a journalist and realizes that she is hired to write about the Flash . 12 12 `` Crazy for You '' Rob Hardy Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing February 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 03 ) 3J5362 3.60 A woman with the ability to teleport to any location she can see breaks into Iron Heights and frees her boyfriend , Clay Parker . The S.T.A.R. Labs team identifies the woman as Shawna Baez . To help Barry , Henry tracks down leads in Iron Heights and finds out that Parker owed money to a local crime boss and is planning a heist to pay it back . Barry learns the location of the heist , finding Baez and Parker and is able to capture her after removing all the lights in a tunnel , effectively making her unable to teleport without being able to see . Parker manages to escape . Meanwhile , Cisco brings Rathaway out of his cell so that the latter can show the truth about Ronnie ; Rathaway reveals that Doctor Martin Stein , who developed research into a F.I.R.E.S.T.O.R.M. project focused on transmuting elements , was at S.T.A.R. Labs the day of the explosion . Rathaway reveals that during the explosion Ronnie and Stein merged , before he escapes Cisco 's custody . Barry starts dating Iris 's colleague , Linda Park . Henry insinuates to Barry that he knows Barry 's alter ego . Elsewhere , two city workers are attacked by Grodd . 13 13 `` The Nuclear Man '' Glen Winter Andrew Kreisberg & Katherine Walczak February 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 10 ) 3J5363 3.66 The team attempts to track Stein 's whereabouts after he attacks a scientist . They convince Stein into coming back to S.T.A.R. Labs for testing . Wells discovers that Ronnie and Stein 's atoms are in conflict , and if it continues they will become nuclear . Stein leaves for a secluded location to safely explode without casualties . Barry and Caitlin arrive and use a device Wells made from the tachyon to separate the bodies , but it apparently does not work , and the duo escapes the explosion , which alerts Eiling , who orders a team to recover `` Firestorm '' . Meanwhile , Joe enlists Cisco 's help to identify Nora 's murderer . The duo searches the house and finds blood from two people behind some new wallpaper . Joe asks Cisco to compare the blood to Wells ' . Cisco runs the blood and informs Joe that while neither is from Wells , one is from an adult Barry . In the meantime Linda believes Barry to be still in love with Iris , but he proves to Linda that he now loves her not Iris . 14 14 `` Fallout '' Steve Surjik Keto Shimizu & Ben Sokolowski February 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 17 ) 3J5364 4.01 Barry and Caitlin find Ronnie and Stein alive and separated , which Eiling also finds out . Joe reveals his findings to Barry . Ronnie and Stein realize that their minds are partially connected . Wells visits Eiling , who reveals that he knows Barry 's alter ego and demands the F.I.R.E.S.T.O.R.M. project . Wells gives up Stein , who is tortured by Eiling until Barry and Ronnie save him . Ronnie and Stein reunite by the tachyon piece to survive the military onslaught . The duo gains enough control to be able to merge and separate on command . They decide to leave Central City to stay ahead of Eiling and learn more about their new powers . As the Reverse - Flash , Wells kidnaps Eiling and brings him to the sewers . He reveals himself to Eiling , and allows Grodd , who is displaying psychic abilities , to drag Eiling deeper into the sewer . Meanwhile , Iris 's colleague , Mason Bridge tells her his belief that Wells deliberately caused the S.T.A.R. Labs explosion . Iris suspects Caitlin 's activities and decides to help Mason with his investigation . Barry tells Joe that he will travel back in time again to save Nora , but intends to succeed by learning the mistakes in his previous attempt . 15 15 `` Out of Time '' Thor Freudenthal Todd Helbing & Aaron Helbing March 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 17 ) 3J5365 3.69 Mark Mardon , Clyde 's brother , returns to Central City to avenge Clyde 's death . Eddie and Linda get jealous of the intimacy between Barry and Iris . Mason shares his knowledge that Wells killed Stagg with Iris and Barry , who tells Caitlin and Cisco , who begins to believe Joe was right about Wells , so he rechecks the containment field that failed to hold the Reverse - Flash . Wells arrives and reveals himself to be Eobard Thawne , a relative of Eddie 's and a man from the future who came back in time to kill Barry , and has since been stranded in the present day . Thawne also explains that he is pushing Barry to get stronger so that he can use Barry 's powers to return to his time , and he murders Cisco to protect his secret . Mardon kidnaps Joe and forces him to watch as Mardon creates a tsunami in order to kill Iris . Barry reveals his secret identity to Iris , just after they admit to romantic feelings for each other , in order to save the city . Barry runs back and forth across the coastline to create a barrier against the tsunami , but he runs so fast that he travels back in time to the day before . 16 16 `` Rogue Time '' John Behring Story by : Grainne Godfree Teleplay by : Brooke Eikmeier & Kai Yu Wu March 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 24 ) 3J5366 3.33 Thawne warns Barry not to change any event for fear that he will create a bigger problem . Barry does not listen and instead captures Mardon and puts him in the particle accelerator . Snart and Rory return to Central City . Snart sends his sister , Lisa after Cisco , whom they force to rebuild the cold and heat guns , and a third gun shooting gold for Lisa , by threatening to kill Cisco 's brother . Iris rejects Barry 's romantic approach and later Eddie punches him . Barry realizes that Thawne was right about not to manipulate the timeline . Cisco returns and reveals that Snart forced him to reveal the Flash 's true identity . Barry goes after Snart , and the two come to a truce : Snart will not reveal Barry 's identity , will no longer kill innocent people , and stay away from Barry 's loved ones in exchange for Barry not locking him away in the particle accelerator . Caitlin tells Eddie and Iris that Barry is suffering from psychosis as a result of the lightning , making the duo reconcile with him and settling the tension . The Reverse - Flash kills Mason and destroys the evidence linking Thawne to Stagg 's death . Mason 's vanishing causes Barry to accept Joe was right about `` Wells '' . 17 17 `` Tricksters '' Ralph Hemecker Andrew Kreisberg March 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 31 ) 3J5367 3.67 Barry and Joe go after terrorist Axel Walker , under the alias Trickster . Walker sets a diversion for the Flash and breaks James Jesse , the original Trickster from 20 years prior , out of prison . Jesse and Walker attempt to extort patrons of fundraiser by poisoning them and ransoming the antidote . When the Flash arrives , Jesse and Walker fit him with a bomb that will detonate if he stops moving . Thawne coaches Barry on how to vibrate his molecules so that he can phase through objects , which removes the bomb . Afterward , Barry provides an antidote to all the patrons before capturing Jasse and Walker . The Flash reveals his identity to Eddie and convinces him to keep Iris from investigating Mason 's disappearance . Barry tells Eddie and Joe that `` Wells '' is the Reverse - Flash . In flashbacks , after failing to kill Barry , the Reverse - Flash escapes only to lose his speed . Gideon informs him that travelling through time has drained his powers . Thawne kills Harrison Wells and steals his appearance and identity so he can develop the particle accelerator sooner and return to his timeline . 18 18 `` All Star Team Up '' Kevin Tancharoen Grainne Godfree & Kai Yu Wu April 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 14 ) 3J5368 3.67 As Barry works in conjunction with Joe and Eddie to stop crimes across the city , an engineering professor is killed by a swarm of bees at a university . While the team searches for a metahuman that can control bees , Felicity arrives with Ray Palmer , looking for assistance to improve his A.T.O.M. suit . The team tracks another bee attack , but Barry is too late and is attacked by the swarm . The team captures one of the bees , which turns out to be a robot and their suspect just a scientist from Mercury Labs named Brie Larvan , who is targeting other former employees . During the next bee attack , Barry goes after Larvan while Ray attempts to stop the bees from killing Dr. Tina McGee . Felicity disables the robots , and Barry captures Larvan . Tina tells Barry that `` Wells '' personality changed after his wife 's demise . Iris threatens Eddie to break up if he does not share his secret . Barry informs Caitlin and Cisco about `` Wells '' . She does not want believe it , but Cisco does , revealing that he has been having `` dreams '' , which show his final moments with Thawne in the alternate timeline . 19 19 `` Who Is Harrison Wells ? '' Wendey Stanzler Ray Utarnachitt & Cortney Norris April 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 21 ) 3J5369 3.75 Barry and Eddie track a metahuman named Hannibal Bates , who can shape - shift into anyone he touches . Bates takes Eddie 's shape and frames him for murder . Later , Bates knocks Barry unconscious and assumes his form , but Thawne realizes the truth and prevents Bates from killing Caitlin and Iris . Bates manages to escape . Caitlin develops a serum to suppress Bates ' power , allowing Barry to defeat him and clear Eddie 's name . Iris reconciles with Eddie , who reveals his cooperation with the Flash . Bates is locked in the particle accelerator . Meanwhile , Joe and Cisco decide to investigate the car accident scene in Starling City where Dr. Wells ' wife died . With the help of Captain Quentin Lance , Cisco and Joe locate a buried corpse near the crash site . Cisco also modifies a sonic device for Laurel . Joe advises Quentin to reconcile with her . After a series of tests confirm the corpse is the real Dr. Wells , Barry , Caitlin and Cisco locate Thawne 's secret room at S.T.A.R. Labs . They find both the Reverse - Flash 's costume and the newspaper article from 2024 . 20 20 `` The Trap '' Steve Shill Alison Schapker & Brooke Eikmeier April 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 28 ) 3J5370 3.93 Barry talks to Gideon and learns about his battle with the Reverse - Flash in the future , as well as key moments in his life that include marrying Iris , a promotion at the CCPD , and that he created Gideon in the future . With high - tech goggles , the team reawakens Cisco 's memories of his alternate - timeline death and the secrets Wells confessed . The team regroups at Joe 's house , where Barry reveals his recent time travel and explains his plan to lure Thawne to confess to killing Nora . To trap Thawne , Cisco reverses the polarity of his containment field to protect himself from Thawne , while Caitlin films the interaction to capture Thawne 's confession . The trap fails , but Joe shoots Thawne before he can kill Cisco . As Thawne dies , his body transforms , revealing himself to be Bates . Thawne himself calls the team , revealing that he was always aware of their actions because he had them under surveillance . Reverse - Flash goes after Iris and Eddie , but Barry arrives , forcing Thawne to kidnap Eddie instead . Iris finds out about the Flash 's identity . Thawne reveals his relation to Eddie . Flashbacks reveal the aftermath of Barry being struck by lightning , and Thawne convincing Joe to let him save Barry 's life , and promising to a comatose Barry that he will die . 21 21 `` Grodd Lives '' Dermott Downs Grainne Godfree & Kai Yu Wu May 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 05 ) 3J5371 3.62 While looking for Eddie and Eobard , Barry heads to stop a robbery at the gold reserve . When Barry confronts the would - be thief , they are both disoriented by an unknown psychological attack . Back at S.T.A.R. Labs , Iris confronts Barry about being the Flash . He is able to stop the thief , who turns out to be Eiling , whose mind is revealed to be controlled by Grodd . With a lead from Iris , Barry , Joe and Cisco head into the sewers to look for Grodd . The trio realize that Grodd is getting smarter and larger , and during an attack , Joe is kidnapped by Grodd . Cisco and Caitlin build Barry a device that will prevent Grodd 's effect . It works , but the device gets damaged in a fight . Barry is able to fight off Grodd 's psychic attack and trick him into jumping in front of an on - coming train . Eiling is freed . Iris reveals her feelings for Barry , but states her choice to be with Eddie . Grodd is revealed to be safe and roaming the streets . Meanwhile , Thawne works on a device that will allow him to return to his own time . He reveals to Eddie , Iris and Barry 's marriage in the future . Later Thawne completes the device and is revealed to be hiding in a secret chamber inside S.T.A.R. Labs . 22 22 `` Rogue Air '' Doug Aarniokoski Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing May 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 12 ) 3J5372 3.65 Cisco discovers that Eobard has been supercharging his speed through his wheelchair , which is why he is so much faster than Barry . The particle accelerator is activated by Eobard , who has managed to repair it . The team is able to find and rescue Eddie , who ends his relationship with Iris . Worried that the metahumans imprisoned inside the particle accelerator will be killed when it reaches full power , the team plans to relocate them to Oliver 's prison on Lian Yu . In order to set up a safe transport , Barry requests Leonard 's help . Leonard agrees but only after Barry erases all of Leonard 's criminal record . Leonard and Lisa sabotage the transport and allow the metahumans to escape , killing Simmons however . Eobard arrives back at the lab just as the accelerator fully charges . Barry , Firestorm and Oliver all meet outside to fight Reverse - Flash . They coordinate their efforts ; Oliver stops him with a nanite injection that disables Eobard 's speed and knocks him out . Oliver leaves after informing Barry of an upcoming help request . 23 23 `` Fast Enough '' Dermott Downs Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Gabrielle Stanton & Andrew Kreisberg May 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 19 ) 3J5373 3.87 Barry visits Thawne in the particle accelerator prison , where Thawne reveals he killed Nora because of hating the Flash , whose future self saved him . Eobard requests Barry to help create a wormhole where Thawne can return to his time , while also allowing Barry to save Nora . Caitlin and Ronnie get married . Eobard tells Cisco that the latter 's ability to recall events of alternate timelines was acquired from the particle accelerator explosion . Barry decides to go through with Thawne 's offer . The latter states that Barry will have only a short time , or else the wormhole will become a black hole . Barry travels back in time , but his future self signals him not to save Nora . The present Barry returns and stops Thawne from returning to his time . The two fight , while the team shuts down the wormhole . Thawne eventually prevails , but before he can kill Barry , Eddie shoots himself , causing Thawne 's existence to cease . The wormhole reappears , and the team is unable to prevent it from becoming a black hole . As the black hole begins to tear the city apart , pulling Eddie inside , Barry speeds into it in an effort to stop it . Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 24 `` The Man Who Saved Central City '' Ralph Hemecker Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Gabrielle Stanton October 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 06 ) 3J5651 3.58 Ronnie and Stein turn into Firestorm and destroy the singularity , but at the cost of Ronnie 's life . Six months later , while using his speed to repair Central City , Barry operates alone , being the hero and savior of the public and the local government ; Cisco works in the police department alongside Joe , and Caitlin works at Mercury Labs . Barry evaluates a crime scene with a victim named Al Rothstein . At a ceremony , the Flash is attacked by Atom - Smasher , whose strength and size manipulation prove too much for Barry , but manages to force his mask off . Underneath the mask Atom - Smasher is revealed to look exactly like Rothstein . Barry is convinced by Joe and the others that he needs help in taking down certain metahumans and Rothstein is defeated by over absorbing radiation . As he dies , Rothstein tells Barry that he was sent to kill him by a person called Zoom . Barry receives a flash memory from Thawne 's lawyer containing Thawne 's confession to killing Nora . Henry is exonerated and released from prison , and leaves Central City so that Barry can focus on being the Flash . A man arrives at S.T.A.R. Labs and , introducing himself as Jay Garrick , tells the team their world is in danger . 25 `` Flash of Two Worlds '' Jesse Warn Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing October 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 13 ) 3J5652 3.49 Jay explains to everyone that he is the Flash on a parallel Earth and that he was in a battle with a demonic speedster named Zoom when the singularity brought him to this Earth without his powers . Stein confirms the claim , describing their world as `` Earth - 1 '' and Jay 's as `` Earth - 2 '' . Zoom brings another metahuman from Earth - 2 called Sand Demon , later identified as Eddie Slick , to kill the Flash . Cisco analyzes the `` sand '' left behind and has a vision of the previous fight , frightening him . After Slick kidnaps Officer Patty Spivot , Jay teaches Barry how to hurl lightning . Cisco uses his power to find Patty 's location . Barry uses the lightning blast to turn Sand Demon 's particles to glass , killing him . Patty reveals to Joe that Mark Mardon killed her father . She joins Joe 's metahuman task force . Cisco divulges his ability to Stein , and convinces him not to tell anyone . Stein and Cisco are able to locate 52 breaches with the Earth - 2 , with the largest one being within S.T.A.R. Labs itself . Joe 's estranged wife , Francine , pays him a visit . Stein collapses while talking . On Earth - 2 it 's revealed that the Harrison Wells of that world is alive and in charge of S.T.A.R. Labs . 26 `` Family of Rogues '' John F. Showalter Julian Meiojas & Katherine Walczak October 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 20 ) 3J5653 3.47 Jay creates a device that stabilizes the singularity and will allow him to return home , but he opts to stay to help Barry stop Zoom . Meanwhile , Lisa Snart shows up asking for Flash 's help in rescuing Snart , whom she believes was kidnapped . Barry tracks down Snart , who is revealed not to be kidnapped but is working with his father , Lewis . Lisa states that Snart would never work with Lewis willingly , because the latter was abusive toward her when she was a child . Eventually , the team determines that Lewis placed a bomb inside of Lisa and threatened to kill her if Snart did not help him with his theft . Barry infiltrates Lewis ' crew with assistance from Snart . Cisco successfully removes the bomb from Lisa , so Snart uses his cold gun to kill his father in retaliation . Snart is incarcerated in Iron Heights and Lisa leaves . Joe reveals to Iris that Francine is alive and a former addict . Stein turns into Firestorm , but with blue flames . Earth - 2 's Wells arrives at the lab through the breach . 27 `` The Fury of Firestorm '' Stefan Pleszczynski Kai Yu Wu & Joe Peracchio October 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 27 ) 3J5654 3.43 The team is able to temporarily stabilize Stein . Caitlin states that he needs to merge with a new person in order to survive . She identifies two potential candidates : a scientist named Henry Hewitt and a former high school football star named Jefferson Jackson . Hewitt is excited to merge with Stein , but the attempt fails and Hewitt leaves angrily , not knowing that his own metahuman powers have been activated . Jefferson initially refuses , but agrees when Hewitt goes on rampage . After the successful merger , the new Firestorm joins Barry in helping to take down Hewitt , who is incarcerated . Before departing with Jefferson , Stein encourages Cisco to tell the others about his powers . Meanwhile , Francine reveals that she is suffering from a terminal illness and only has months to live . Iris later confronts her for hiding the existence of the former 's brother . In the meantime , Wells breaks into Mercury Labs and steals an unknown device . Later , Barry is attacked by a humanoid shark monster sent by Zoom , but is saved by Wells . 28 5 `` The Darkness and the Light '' Steve Shill Ben Sokolowski & Grainne Godfree November 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 03 ) 3J5655 3.87 Wells , who Cisco nicknames `` Harry '' to distinguish him from Thawne , reveals that he is responsible for the creation of the metahumans and Zoom on Earth - 2 . He states that he plans to help Barry 's team stop Zoom and other metahumans . At the same time , a metahuman from Earth - 2 called Doctor Light arrives and starts robbing banks . Barry recognizes her as the Earth - 2 version of Linda . Later , Light attempts to kill Linda and take over her identity , but accidentally kills Linda 's boss and is stopped by Barry 's team in the process . Harry reveals Cisco 's powers to the team , which Cisco uses to locate Light . Barry defeats her with the help of Harry . After locking Light up , they plan to use her to lure Zoom out and defeat him for good . Jay , who dislikes Harry and vice versa , thinks it is too dangerous and leaves the team . Meanwhile , Barry starts dating Patty while Cisco starts a date with a barista named Kendra Saunders . Cisco picks the nickname `` Vibe '' for himself . Back on Earth - 2 , it is revealed that Zoom has Harry 's daughter captive . 29 6 `` Enter Zoom '' JJ Makaro Gabrielle Stanton & Brooke Eikmeier November 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 10 ) 3J5656 3.63 As the team works to find a way to stop Zoom , Doctor Light escapes from her containment cell . Instead , the Earth - 1 Linda agrees to help the team by impersonating Doctor Light . Barry reveals his alter ego to Linda . Harry creates a speed dampening serum and the team stages a fight at one of the breaches in order to trick Zoom through . The attempt fails , as Zoom knew the plan . Instead , he goes after Linda , before fighting Barry . Zoom is much faster and easily overpowers Barry , showing him defeated with his unconscious body to the local news and the police station before ultimately returning to S.T.A.R. Labs . Zoom stabs Barry with his hand , but Cisco shoots him with the serum , which hurts Zoom , but still leaves him with enough speed to escape . Later , Harry reveals that Zoom has his daughter , Jesse , and that he came to Earth - 1 to stop Zoom . Barry wakes from his injuries and discovers that he can no longer feel his legs . 30 7 `` Gorilla Warfare '' Dermott Downs Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing November 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 17 ) 3J5657 3.46 Barry manages to recover from the paralysis , but is unable to use his powers due to the psychological trauma of Zoom exposing Barry 's defeat to the city . Iris reaches out to Henry , who returns to help Barry overcome his fears . Wells formulates a plan to close all of the breaches , except one , through which Zoom can enter into the trap set for him . Cisco touches Kendra , but leaves after seeing a winged person in a vibe . Grodd returns , using scientists to steal various chemicals in the hopes of creating more gorillas with his level of intelligence . He later kidnaps Caitlin to help him with his plan . Harry dresses up as the Reverse - Flash in order to trick Grodd into thinking that his `` father '' is still alive . The plan works long enough for Harry to rescue Caitlin before they both escape . After Barry is fully recovered , they lure Grodd to one of the dimensional breaches and send him to a jungle sanctuary for gorillas that have been experimented on in Earth - 2 . Later , Cisco meets Kendra again , this time vibing and seeing her as the winged figure . 31 8 `` Legends of Today '' Ralph Hemecker Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing December 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) 3J5658 3.94 Vandal Savage arrives in Central City , seeking to kill Kendra . Barry goes to Star City and enlists the help of Oliver and his team to protect her . The team is visited by Malcolm who informs them that Savage is an immortal . Later , Kendra is kidnapped by Hawkman , but Barry and Oliver rescue her and capture Hawkman , who introducing himself as Carter Hall , tells them he and Kendra are soulmates who have been connected for millennia . The pair are destined to die , be reborn , and find each other in each lifetime . Carter also reveals that Savage has killed the pair several times , each time growing stronger . Savage acquires the Staff of Horus , a deadly weapon . Kendra unlocks her abilities and the team decides to regroup in Central City , where Oliver witnesses Samantha Clayton with her son , who is also his . Meanwhile , Caitlin and Harry create a serum that will temporarily increase Barry 's speed so that he can defeat Zoom . Jay initially refuses to test the serum , but changes his mind to save Harry when the latter is shot by an unaware Patty , whom Joe later informs about the truth . However , Jay advises against using the serum on Barry . This episode begins a crossover event that concludes on Arrow season 4 episode 8 . The two episodes also set up Legends of Tomorrow . 32 9 `` Running to Stand Still '' Kevin Tancharoen Andrew Kreisberg December 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 08 ) 3J5659 3.55 Mardon breaks James Jesse and Snart out of Iron Heights in an effort to team up to kill the Flash . Snart declines and alerts Barry . Jesse and Mardon place bombs hidden in Christmas gifts throughout the city , threatening to set them off in family homes if Barry does not sacrifice himself . Wells , Cisco , and Jay find one of the bombs and alter its magnetic polarity ; they send it into one of the dimensional breaches , which causes it to attract the remaining bombs , removing them from the city . With them gone , Barry subdues Mardon and Jesse , dissuading Patty from killing Mardon . Meanwhile , Iris and Barry tell Joe about the latter 's son named Wally , who later shows up at Joe 's . Caitlin and Jay start a romantic relationship . Elsewhere , Zoom is revealed to be sending metahumans in order to help Barry get faster so that Zoom can take the latter 's speed force , which Harry reluctantly agrees to help Zoom with because of his daughter , Jesse . 33 10 `` Potential Energy '' Rob Hardy Bryan Q. Miller January 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 19 ) 3J5660 3.41 Cisco presents a new idea to slow Zoom down , telling the team about a metahuman , whom he has dubbed the `` Turtle '' , who has the ability to stop the kinetic energy around him and slow everyone to a halt . After Barry fails to stop the Turtle , identified as Russell Glosson , at a diamond unveiling , the team sets a trap at an art exhibit . Barry invites Patty with the intention of telling her his secret , but Glosson is aware of the trap and almost kills Patty before escaping . Later , Glosson kidnaps Patty . The team tracks him down and Barry is able to generate enough speed to move through the kinetic waves to knock him unconscious and save Patty . Patty tells Barry that she is leaving Central City and Harry kills Glosson by extracting a portion of his brain matter . Meanwhile , Joe struggles to develop a relationship with Wally , who has been street racing in an attempt to earn enough money for Francine 's medical bills . Caitlin discovers that Jay is dying of an illness caused by Zoom stealing his speed . They vow to stop Zoom to get Jay 's speed back in order to cure Jay . 34 11 `` The Reverse - Flash Returns '' Michael A. Allowitz Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing January 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 26 ) 3J5661 3.71 The team discovers Turtle 's death and Jay suspects Harry . Cisco asks Harry for help in controlling his vibing abilities . The latter determines they are connected to Cisco 's fear response and triggers a vibe which alerts the team that Eobard Thawne is back . Harry surmises that this version of Thawne is from a point in the future before he went back in time to kill Nora and was protected from being erased . Cisco has a vibe of the future , and the team learns that Thawne is planning to use tachyons to return to his time . Barry arrives and destroys the machine . After a race around the city , Barry stops Thawne and imprisons him at the particle accelerator . However , his capture causes a rupture in the timeline that threatens to kill Cisco , so Barry sends Thawne back to the future to save his friend . Meanwhile , Patty discovers Barry is the Flash but , when he refuses to acknowledge it , she chooses to leave the city . Iris learns that Francine 's death is imminent and reconciles with her . Wally takes her advice to do the same . 35 12 `` Fast Lane '' Rachel Talalay Story by : Brooke Eikmeier Teleplay by : Kai Yu Wu & Joe Peracchio February 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 02 ) 3J5662 3.66 Right before the particle accelerator explosion , Joey Monteleone was thrown into a tar pit and left for dead . Sealed away , he is freed two years later with the ability to turn his body into molten tar . He sets out to get revenge on those who attempted to kill him . Harry creates a device to siphon Barry 's speed energy and attaches it to his suit . It steals a portion of Barry 's speed . Wells gives the energy to Zoom , who demands the rest . Meanwhile , Wells and Barry also successfully find a way to close the breaches . While going after Joey , Iris is injured when Barry is too slow to save her . Wells tells the team about the device , asking to be returned to Earth - 2 and have Barry seal the breaches so Zoom can not re-enter . After stopping Joey , Barry informs Wells that the team will help the latter to save Jesse . In the meantime , Wally continues racing even after Francine 's death . 36 13 `` Welcome to Earth - 2 '' Millicent Shelton Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Katherine Walczak February 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 09 ) 3J5663 3.96 Before heading to Earth - 2 , Barry closes all but one of the breaches , which is at S.T.A.R. Labs . Using the last breach , Barry , Cisco , and Harry travel to Earth - 2 , but an energy surge destabilizes the breach and the trio get stuck on Earth - 2 . Barry decides to impersonate his doppelgänger to get more information on Zoom . He later meets the Iris and Joe of Earth - 2 and learns that Iris , who is his doppelgänger 's wife , works for the CCPD while Joe is a singer . Barry is attacked by Earth - 2 's Caitlin and Ronnie , known as Killer Frost and Deathstorm respectively . Joe is killed in the attack . Cisco attempts to help the police stop the pair , but is confronted by his own evil doppelgänger , known as `` Reverb '' and revealed to have greater powers , including control over nervous systems and manipulation of vibrations . Barry arrives and is stopped by Reverb and Deathstorm . Zoom arrives , kills Reverb and Deathstorm for harming the Flash , and then imprisons Barry . Meanwhile , a new metahuman named Adam Fells appears in Earth - 1 Central City . Jay tells Caitlin that he invented Velocity - 6 , which is the real reason why he lost his speed . Caitlin develops Velocity - 7 , which Jay uses to engage Fells , who escapes . 37 14 `` Escape from Earth - 2 '' JJ Makaro Story by : Todd Helbing & Aaron Helbing Teleplay by : David Kob February 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 16 ) 3J5664 3.90 On Earth - 2 , Zoom issues a demand to Central City to turn in Wells and attacks S.T.A.R. Labs to find Wells and Cisco ; but the two escape with Barry - 2 . The trio updates Iris - 2 on what happened with Barry - 1 . They decide to convince Caitlin - 2 to help . After a fight , Caitlin - 2 agrees to take the team to Zoom . They arrive and rescue Barry - 1 and Jesse , but Zoom shows up too . They are able to escape by the help of Caitlin - 2 , who keeps Zoom frozen and unable to move , but a third unidentified prisoner , who tries to reveal something about Jay , is left behind . Barry - 2 and Iris - 2 leave Central City to hide from Zoom . Meanwhile on Earth - 1 , Caitlin - 1 creates `` Velocity 9 '' , which Jay uses to stop Adam , who gets incarcerated in Iron Heights . Caitlin - 1 discovers that Velocity 9 can cure Jay . The latter , Caitlin , Iris and Joe stabilize the breach and allow Barry - 1 , Cisco , Harry , and Jesse to return , but Zoom stabs his arm through Jay and pulls him back through the closing breach to Earth - 2 . 38 15 `` King Shark '' Hanelle Culpepper Benjamin Raab & Deric A. Hughes February 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 23 ) 3J5665 3.80 While everyone tries to move on , the humanoid shark - monster that Harry stopped , known as `` King Shark , '' escapes A.R.G.U.S. custody and heads for Central City to kill the Flash . John Diggle and Lyla Michaels , the new director , arrive to warn Barry . King Shark , later identified as Shay Lamden , shows up at Barry 's home looking for the Flash , tracking Barry 's electrical field . A.R.G.U.S. arrives and forces Shay to retreat . Later , Barry forces King Shark to chase him out on the water , where Barry creates an electrified underwater cyclone that subdues the latter , and allows A.R.G.U.S. to imprison him again , with Lyla planning to find a cure . Barry vows to open a breach back to Earth - 2 to stop Zoom . Meanwhile , Barry and Wally find it hard to develop a relationship . After Caitlin becomes cold due to Jay 's death , Cisco becomes scared that she will become Killer Frost ; but she assures him that she is only dealing with her grief . Back on Earth - 2 , it is revealed that , underneath his mask , Zoom looks exactly like Jay . 39 16 `` Trajectory '' Glen Winter Lauren Certo & Lilah Vandenburgh March 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 22 ) 3J5666 3.00 Barry starts training to get faster so that he can stop Zoom . While out with friends at a club for downtime , Barry and the other club patrons are robbed by an unknown speedster , who then escapes . The speedster turns out to be Eliza Harmon , a Mercury Labs employee who developed Velocity - 9 from samples Caitlin gave her to help with Jay 's illness . Operating under the alias `` Trajectory '' , Harmon invades S.T.A.R. Labs , imprisons Barry , and demands more V - 9 . After she threatens Jesse 's life , Wells and Caitlin make more of the drug for Harmon , who then speeds off to wreak havoc on the city . Barry manages to stop her before she injects more V - 9 into her system . Barry watches as Harmon 's speed becomes so intense that her lightning turns blue and she disintegrates . Jesse decides to leave the city to experience the world on her own and stop Wells from doing harmful things just to protect her . Based on what Barry saw from the overuse of V - 9 , the similarities between Zoom 's speed and Jay 's sickness , and Cisco 's `` vibe '' , the team concludes that Jay is Zoom . 40 17 `` Flash Back '' Alice Troughton Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing March 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 29 ) 3J5667 3.39 Barry travels back in time to when Hartley Rathaway attacked the team , and switches places with his past self , in order to have Thawne help him solve the speed force equation . However , after a Time Wraith follows Barry to the past , Thawne deduces Barry 's deception . Barry is able to convince Eobard to help him become faster . The wraith comes to the lab , where Caitlin and Cisco are forced to accept help from Hartley to deter the wraith . Afterward , the Barry from the current time arrives , forcing an explanation of the time travel event . Thawne provides the future Barry with the information about the tachyon technology , so that he can return to his time . As Barry prepares to make the jump through time , the Wraith arrives , forcing the past timeline 's Barry to intervene , so that his future self can return . Back in his time , Barry is confronted by the Wraith , but a reformed Hartley arrives with his sonic gauntlets and defeats the wraith . Barry gives Iris a footage of Eddie recorded in the alternate timeline , advising her to move on with her life . 41 18 `` Versus Zoom '' Stefan Pleszczynski Joe Peracchio & David Kob April 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 19 ) 3J5668 3.03 Years earlier on Earth - 2 , a young Hunter Zolomon watches as his father murders his mother and is subsequently sent to an orphanage . In the present day , Barry tests the tachyon accelerator ( during which he enters and exits a breach to Earth - 38 where he meets and befriends one of the heroes of that Earth , Supergirl ( as seen in `` Worlds Finest '' ) , and is able to enhance his speed four times greater than normal . Barry decides to re-open a breach back to Earth - 2 , and he believes that Cisco 's powers are the key to opening the portals . Meanwhile Caitlin reveals that Jay 's Earth - 1 doppelgänger is Zolomon and Wells , shocked to hear this , reveals that Earth - 2 Zolomon was a convicted serial killer . Zolomon was receiving electroconvulsive therapy during the explosion , and was one of the many affected . With this revelation , the team confirms that `` Jay '' is Hunter . Cisco opens a breach , and Zoom immediately appears , chasing Barry back to S.T.A.R. Labs . There , Barry uses images of Zolomon 's parents as a distraction to trap him , but Hunter escapes , claiming to be `` the darkness '' . Zolomon kidnaps Wally and demands Barry 's speed in exchange for Wally 's life . Barry agrees , so Wells siphons all of his speed force , leaving Barry powerless . Zolomon injects the speed force into himself , and he kidnaps Caitlin with his enhanced speed before escaping . 42 19 `` Back to Normal '' John F. Showalter Brooke Roberts & Katherine Walczak April 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 26 ) 3J5669 3.39 As Barry adjusts to life without his powers , Wells decides to leave the lab to look for Jesse . Shortly after speaking with her , Wells is attacked and kidnapped by Griffin Grey , believing him to be Thawne , who demands that Wells find a cure for his metahuman abilities . Grey has superhuman strength , but is also aging rapidly . Barry discovers that , when Grey uses his super strength , he accelerates the aging process . Barry , Joe , Cisco and Jesse manipulate Grey into exerting his powers until he ages and dies as a weak , old man ; his body then reverts back to its 18 - year - old self . To fight Zoom , Wells offers to recreate the circumstances that gave Barry his speed . Meanwhile on Earth - 2 , Zolomon tells Caitlin that he kidnapped her because he is in love with her . Caitlin encounters her doppelgänger , Killer Frost , who was captured by Zolomon as a reminder of Caitlin . Killer Frost convinces Caitlin to help her escape , but then attempts to kill her . Zoom arrives and kills Killer Frost , then warns Caitlin not to free the man in the iron mask . Later , Hunter decides to conquer the other Earths in the multiverse and takes Caitlin with him back to Earth - 1 . 43 20 `` Rupture '' Armen V. Kevorkian Kai Yu Wu & Lauren Certo May 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 03 ) 3J5670 3.34 While Barry keeps declining Harrison 's offer , the team rigs a hologram of the Flash to stop crime around the city so that no one will know the truth . Henry returns to Central City and joins the team . He argues with Wells on the safety of another explosion . Hunter and Caitlin arrive back on Earth - 1 with Hunter declaring the city under his control . Iris confesses her feelings to Barry . The Earth - 2 version of Dante Ramon , called `` Rupture '' , arrives on Earth - 1 looking to kill Cisco , believing that Cisco killed his Earth - 2 brother . Zolomon sends Rupture after the police to send the city a message . Barry and the police stop Rupture , but Zolomon arrives and kills the officers himself , as well as Rupture for failing . He then publicly announces the Flash 's disappearance . Cisco and Dante - 1 become closer . Barry finally agrees to Harrison 's plan . During the process , Barry is seemingly vaporized , while Jesse and Wally are caught in the blast . 44 21 `` The Runaway Dinosaur '' Kevin Smith Zack Stentz May 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 10 ) 3J5671 3.52 Wally regains consciousness , but Jesse remains in a coma . Cisco has a vibe of Barry and realizes that he is still alive and in the speed force . Barry meets physical manifestations of the speed force in the form of faces familiar to him . The speed force informs Barry that he can not leave unless he catches a mysterious moving figure , thus gaining his speed back . Cisco and Wells create a path into the speed force so Barry can escape , but the latter chooses to remain so he can earn his powers back . The speed force tells Barry that he can not become the Flash again until he finally accepts Nora 's death . Barry shares a moment with the physical manifestation of Nora , which allows him to finally catch the moving figure himself . With his powers restored and help from Cisco and Iris , Barry returns to S.T.A.R. Labs in time to save the team from the reanimated corpse of Tony Woodward . Afterwards , Barry uses a bit of speed force energy to bring Jesse out of her coma . Across town , Zolomon has assembled an army of metahumans from Earth - 2 , planning to unleash them on Central City . 45 22 `` Invincible '' Jesse Warn Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Brooke Roberts & David Kob May 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 17 ) 3J5672 3.37 Caitlin returns to the team , but not without emotional trauma from being kidnapped . Zoom 's army wreaks havoc across the city . Barry puts out several fires and takes out some of the metahumans to help the police . Back at S.T.A.R. Labs , Barry displays a level of confidence in stopping Zoom that concerns the team and each of them attempts to convince him to be more cautious . Among the attackers is Laurel Lance 's doppelgänger , `` Black Siren '' , who attacks various buildings around Central City using sonic blasts . Wally begins taking on metahumans trying to repay the Flash for saving him . The team creates a sonic amplifier tuned to the frequency of Earth - 2 . They discharge it and render all Earth - 2 natives unconscious , allowing Barry to apprehend them all at once , although Zoom survives by escaping to Earth - 2 . Meanwhile , Cisco begins having vibes of a future Earth - 2 being destroyed . Barry convinces Joe to let Wally be a hero . Later , Zoom returns and kidnaps Henry in front of the team . Barry races after them , revealing his identity to Wally , and is forced to watch Zoom kill Henry . 46 23 `` The Race of His Life '' Antonio Negret Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing May 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 24 ) 3J5673 3.35 Zolomon manages to escape Barry by creating a time remnant . After Henry 's funeral , Hunter challenges Barry to a race to determine who is faster , threatening to kill everyone Barry loves if he refuses . Harrison discovers Hunter is in possession of a magnetar , a device that will destroy every planet in the Multiverse except Earth - 1 which requires both their speeds to power . When an enraged and vengeful Barry refuses to back out , the team locks him in the Pipeline and force Zolomon back to Earth - 2 themselves ; but Hunter abducts Joe in the process . Wally discovers this and frees Barry , who agrees to Zolomon 's race . As Barry races Zolomon around the magnetar , he creates a time remnant of himself who frees Joe and destroys the machine , but at the cost of his life . The `` prime '' Barry defeats Zolomon , who is then taken away by Time Wraiths for his crimes against the timeline . Barry rescues the man in the iron mask , who is revealed to be the real Jay Garrick , Henry 's Earth - 3 doppelgänger . Wells and Jesse return to Earth - 2 with Jay , who plans to return to Earth - 3 from there . Barry , still feeling broken and defeated , travels back in time and stops Thawne from killing Nora . Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 47 `` Flashpoint '' Jesse Warn Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Brooke Roberts October 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 04 ) T27. 13101 3.17 After preventing the murder of Nora Allen , Barry returns with Eobard Thawne to the present and imprisons him in a cage that dampens his speed . In the new timeline , which Thawne dubs `` Flashpoint '' , both of Barry 's parents are alive ; Joe has a poor relationship with Wally and Iris and is chronically in trouble at work ; Cisco is a billionaire tech magnate ; and Caitlin is a pediatric ophthalmologist . There is also a new Flash in Central City called Kid Flash struggling with his own nemesis , Edward Clariss , known as `` The Rival '' . Barry begins losing his memories of the original timeline due to the new timeline becoming permanent . After discovering Kid Flash is Wally , Barry teams up with him and stops Clariss , but Wally is critically injured in the process . Realizing that the new timeline is worse for those closest to him , Barry is forced to let Thawne return to the past and kill Nora , resetting the timeline and restoring Barry 's memories . Back in the present , Barry learns to his horror that the timeline did not reset exactly and Joe and Iris do not talk to each other anymore . Meanwhile , Clariss is confronted by a mysterious voice and finds the message `` Alchemy '' being scratched into his mirror by an invisible force . 48 `` Paradox '' Ralph Hemecker Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing October 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 11 ) T27. 13102 2.80 Barry learns of multiple changes to the timeline : Iris has not forgiven Joe for concealing that her mother was alive , Cisco is angry with him for not altering the timeline to save his brother Dante from being killed , and he has a new CSI partner , Julian Albert , who does not like or trust him . Barry decides to travel back to fix the damage , but he is intercepted by Jay Garrick . Jay tells Barry that the timeline never resets exactly and he has to learn to live with his mistakes . Meanwhile , Clariss has visions of `` Flashpoint '' and locates the person responsible , Alchemy , who restores Clariss ' powers and full `` Flashpoint '' memories . Barry tells the team about the timeline 's alterations before confronting Clariss at an abandoned warehouse . Alchemy is there as well , saying that he is preparing for a future event . Cisco arrives and helps Barry defeat Clariss , who is then incarcerated in Iron Heights . The team determines Alchemy is creating other metahumans from `` Flashpoint '' whom they need to track down . Cisco and Barry reconcile , as do Iris and Joe . Caitlin is secretly revealed to have gained cryokinetic powers . Barry and Iris begin dating , while Clariss is confronted by the voice of Alchemy for his failure before being killed inside his cell by an unidentified metallic being . 49 `` Magenta '' Armen V. Kevorkian Judalina Neira & David Kob October 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 18 ) T27. 13103 2.67 Wells and Jesse return to Earth - 1 , where she reveals she has gained super speed from the second dark matter blast . Wells hopes everyone will dissuade her from using her powers . Elsewhere , foster child Frankie Kane develops metahuman magnetic powers that manifest as an alternate personality , Magenta , who attacks her abusive foster father . Julian confronts Frankie at the station and is nearly killed by Magenta . Barry learns from Magenta that she got her powers from Alchemy . She escapes and later goes to the Central City Hospital to kill her foster father by dropping an oil tanker on the building . Barry creates a vortex to hold the tanker in place , but is unable to confront Magenta simultaneously . Wells sends Jesse to help . She takes over the vortex while Barry talks Kane into gaining control over Magenta . Wally , grappling with disappointment over having no speed , realizes he is having the same dreams from `` Flashpoint '' that Kane describes . Wells tells Jesse that he will support her decision and presents her with her own speedster costume . Joe later shows Barry and Julian footage of Clariss being killed in his cell by an unseen force , manifesting only as a flying ball of white light . 50 `` The New Rogues '' Stefan Pleszczynski Benjamin Raab & Deric A. Hughes October 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 25 ) T27. 13104 2.80 Three years ago , Sam Scudder and Rosalind Dillon , former cohorts of Leonard Snart , were caught in the original particle accelerator explosion . In the present , Barry begins training Jesse on how to use her powers . Wells suggests the team locate a doppelgänger of his from another Earth to replace him on the team once he and Jesse leave . Scudder returns from being trapped in a mirror - like dimension with the ability to transport himself and others through reflective surfaces . He reunites with Dillon , who now has vertigo - inducing powers , and they go on a crime spree . Barry and Jesse ( as `` Jesse Quick '' ) confront them , but are defeated after Barry ends up trapped inside a mirror by Scudder . Caitlin secretly uses her emerging ice powers to help Barry free himself from his predicament . He and Jesse then successfully capture Scudder and Dillon . After evaluating the candidates , the team recruits the friendly and eccentric Wells of Earth - 19 , despite the Earth - 2 Wells ' misgivings . Jesse and her father then return to Earth - 2 , but not before Wells apprises Cisco of Barry 's suspicious escape . That night , Caitlin accidentally freezes the water in her shower and her appearance begins showing signs of her Earth - 2 doppelgänger , Killer Frost . 51 5 `` Monster '' C. Kim Miles Zack Stentz November 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 01 ) T27. 13105 2.77 Without informing the others , Caitlin visits her estranged mother , Carla , at her medical research company to have her powers examined , but leaves after viciously attacking another scientist who intended to exploit her condition . Meanwhile , a gigantic creature repeatedly appears and disappears on the streets of Central City . Cisco grows suspicious of the newly - recruited `` H.R. '' Wells when he does not provide much help in battling the monster . The monster is revealed to be simply a hologram operated by a bullied 15 - year - old boy wanting to create fear in others . Barry exposes the deception in time to keep police snipers from harming civilians and prevents Julian from shooting the boy , whom he mistakes for a metahuman . H.R. is revealed to have no technical knowledge at all . He admits that he is only an `` idea man '' for his tech company on Earth - 19 and that he came to Earth - 1 primarily to get material for a novel . The team decides to give him a chance to prove his worth as an assistant . A badly shaken Julian reconciles his differences with Barry . Carla informs Caitlin that her powers are increasing and that she needs to stop using them or her condition will become irreversible . 52 6 `` Shade '' JJ Makaro Emily Silver & David Kob November 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 15 ) T27. 13106 3.01 When Wally relates his recent dreams of being Kid Flash , Barry reveals what happened to him during `` Flashpoint . '' A metahuman H.R. nicknames `` Shade '' appears and murders a stockbroker . Caitlin reveals her powers to Cisco and has him `` vibe '' her to learn her future . Cisco sees himself fighting Killer Frost , causing Caitlin to contemplate leaving for good . Alchemy summons Wally to him , so the team locks Wally in the particle accelerator for his own safety . Meanwhile , Barry and the others stop Shade 's next attack and capture him . Cisco tells everyone the truth about Caitlin and Barry privately confesses to her that her powers are a result of `` Flashpoint . '' Wally volunteers to lead the team to Alchemy to capture the villain and stop the memories , which are causing him pain . Barry , Joe , and a S.W.A.T. team locate Alchemy and his followers and surround them . The metallic being that killed Clariss appears and attacks them , revealing himself to be a speedster that only Barry can see . As Barry fights their attacker , Alchemy entices Wally to pick up his fallen energy weapon , which encases Wally in a crystal cocoon . Calling himself `` Savitar '' , the speedster overpowers Barry and prepares to stab him with a blade from his arm . 53 7 `` Killer Frost '' Kevin Smith Story by : Judalina Neira Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Brooke Roberts November 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 22 ) T27. 13107 2.95 Savitar opts to drag Barry across the city , while battering him to demonstrate his superiority . Cisco and Caitlin arrive to rescue Barry and Savitar flees . Caitlin , with her Killer Frost persona having taken over , violently interrogates one of Alchemy 's followers at CCPD headquarters . When Julian catches her , she coerces him to find the other acolytes so they can lead her to Alchemy , who can presumably remove her powers . Barry and Cisco track her down and imprison her , but the team is fractured after she reveals Barry 's role in Dante 's death by creating `` Flashpoint . '' Greatly concerned and disregarding the consequences , Joe breaks Wally out of the cocoon . Wally emerges with unmanageable speed powers and he races away in a confused state . Barry offers his life to Caitlin for her freedom in a successful attempt to restore her sanity and gain her help in treating Wally . Joe and Barry locate Wally , stabilizing his condition with Caitlin 's serum , and Wally soon embraces his new abilities . Julian agrees to protect Caitlin from the police , but forces Barry to resign from the CCPD in exchange , believing him morally unfit for wanting Caitlin shielded . Julian is later revealed to be Alchemy and working for Savitar . 54 8 `` Invasion ! '' Dermott Downs Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing November 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 29 ) T27. 13108 4.15 Barry investigates a meteor crash outside Central City that turns out to be a spaceship from which aliens emerge . Lyla tells the team that the `` Dominators '' landed previously in the 1950s , but then mysteriously departed . Needing help , Barry assembles the original Team Arrow , Thea , the Legends , and Supergirl . The team begins training at a S.T.A.R. Labs facility , sparring against Supergirl to prepare for combat against the aliens . Cisco reveals a message to Rip Hunter from Barry 's future self , which exposes Barry 's manipulation of the timeline and how it affected other team members . Oliver , Supergirl , Felicity , Martin , and Jefferson are left as the only ones who still trust Barry . The Dominators abduct the President . Supergirl leads most of the others in a rescue effort , but the Dominators kill the President and ensnare everyone with a mind control device . The controlled heroes return and attack S.T.A.R. Labs . While Oliver holds them off , Barry lures Supergirl to the device and manipulates her into destroying it , freeing everyone . The team decides to trust Barry again . Suddenly , Sara , Ray , Diggle , Thea , and Oliver are teleported away before Barry can intervene . This episode begins a crossover event that continues on Arrow season 5 episode 8 , and concludes on Legends of Tomorrow season 2 episode 7 . 55 9 `` The Present '' Rachel Talalay Story by : Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing Teleplay by : Lauren Certo December 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 06 ) T27. 13109 3.14 Barry asks Jay Garrick for help against Savitar . The two heroes locate and defeat Alchemy and return his weapon to its box , causing Savitar to disappear before he can kill Jay . Discovering Julian to be Alchemy , Barry reveals his own identity to him to get further information . Julian relates how he located the Philosopher 's Stone following a vision of his dead sister and that he has been having blackouts ever since . Savitar manifests through Cisco using visions of Dante and fights Barry and Wally , but Caitlin manages to convince Cisco to close the box again . The team communicates with Savitar through Julian , who claims that Barry , in the future , will imprison him . He also says that one teammate will betray them , one will fall , and a third will suffer a fate worse than death . Trying to end Savitar 's threat , Barry and Jay throw the box into the speed force but , in the process , Barry is thrown five months into the future and witnesses Savitar killing Iris . Jay tells Barry that the future is not fixed . Wally is given his own `` Kid Flash '' costume , Julian gets Barry 's job back for him , and Barry rents a new apartment for himself and Iris . 56 10 `` Borrowing Problems from the Future '' Millicent Shelton Grainne Godfree & David Kob January 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 24 ) T27. 13110 2.72 Barry has been having nightmares about Iris 's murder . Jared Morillo attempts a robbery , but is confronted by Barry , who recalls a news report during his visit in the future when Barry captures Plunder . The distraction allows Morillo to overpower Barry and escape . H.R. launches the museum , but no one visits it . In a second confrontation , Wally intervenes and captures Morillo , gaining praise by everyone except Barry . He eventually reveals the future he saw to everyone but Joe . The team decides to change the course of other events in order to prevent Iris 's death . Using Cisco , Barry accesses the future memory , in which the news reveal that the S.T.A.R. Labs museum will close and Caitlin will become Killer Frost . Morillo escapes , and Barry decides to change the first event by letting Wally capture him . Cisco relaunches the museum , starting with an exhibition for elementary school students . Julian is persuaded by Caitlin to join the team . A mysterious woman from another Earth arrives , searching for H.R. 57 11 `` Dead or Alive '' Harry Jierjian Story by : Benjamin Raab & Deric A. Hughes Teleplay by : Zack Stentz January 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 31 ) T27. 13111 3.06 An Earth - 19 bounty hunter named Gypsy , possessing powers similar to Cisco 's , arrives on Earth - 1 intending to take H.R. back to Earth - 19 for trial and execution , as inter-dimensional travel is forbidden there . Cisco demands a trial by combat for H.R. 's life , which she accepts . As the duel is to the death , Barry and H.R. try to ambush Gypsy to save Cisco , but she easily defeats them . Meanwhile , determined to leave a legacy , Iris persuades Wally to help her bust an arms dealer . While he is out scouting , she confronts the dealer , seemingly unafraid of death . Wally manages to save her . Julian discovers a flaw in Gypsy 's fighting style . Cisco exploits this weakness during their battle , which allows him to defeat her . Cisco spares Gypsy 's life , but she makes it clear that H.R. can never return to Earth - 19 , since she will state that she killed him . Joe gets angry with Iris and is suspicious of her lack of fear . Barry plots to have Wally increase his speed so that Wally can save Iris from Savitar . 58 12 `` Untouchable '' Rob Hardy Brooke Roberts & Judalina Neira February 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 07 ) T27. 13112 2.91 Barry and Wally continue their training in order to save Iris from Savitar . They race against each other , and Barry wins by phasing through a building . Julian finds a decayed corpse that was murdered just eight hours ago . He informs Joe that this is surely the work of a metahuman . The body is taken to S.T.A.R. Labs for investigation , where Caitlin and Julian observe it turning to ash . Iris confesses to Barry that she is afraid of her future . The meta responsible for the disintegrated corpse attacks Joe and is revealed to be targeting the police who arrested him in Flashpoint . The metahuman tries to disintegrate a bridge on the train Joe is on , forcing Barry to phase the train through the wreckage of the bridge . Barry teaches Wally how to phase , which Wally uses to expose the meta to his blood and strip him of his powers . Joe insists that everyone be honest with him from now on after learning of Iris 's future death . While practicing phasing , Wally is shocked to see Jesse coming through a portal . Jesse says her father has been abducted by Grodd and taken to Gorilla City . 59 13 `` Attack on Gorilla City '' Dermott Daniel Downs Story by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Aaron Helbing & David Kob February 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 21 ) T27. 13113 2.78 Earth - 2 Wells is captured while running through the woods . Jesse explains that he was leading an expedition to Gorilla City that was ambushed and killed while Wells disappeared . Barry recalls that in the future Central City will be attacked by gorillas . He , Julian , Cisco , and Caitlin go to rescue him but are captured by Grodd . Speaking through Wells , Grodd asks Barry to help him usurp his master Solovar . Barry agrees to fight Solovar in the arena for the lives of the others and wins , but refuses to kill him . Grodd seizes control of Gorilla City and prepares an invasion of Earth - 1 . The team asks Caitlin to kill Cisco so Grodd can not open a portal , but she refuses . Barry fakes his death and Grodd removes him from his cage . He resuscitates himself and frees the others , and they return to Earth - 1 . Jesse and her father reunite and Wally and Jesse recommit to their relationship . Julian asks Caitlin out on a date . Grodd assembles his army with a brainwashed Gypsy at his side . 60 14 `` Attack on Central City '' Dermott Daniel Downs Story by : Todd Helbing Teleplay by : Benjamin Raab & Deric A. Hughes February 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 28 ) T27. 13114 2.87 Harry and H.R. clash over their different personalities . Jesse informs her father that she intends to stay on Earth - 1 with Wally , which Harry initially tries to prevent . Harry subdues Gypsy when she ambushes Cisco and Barry , and the team realizes that Grodd and his forces have reached Central City . Using his powers , Cisco determines that the gorillas will attack the center of town . This turns out to be a distraction for Grodd to abduct a visiting Army general . Barry contemplates killing Grodd as the only way to permanently stop him and also change the future , but Harry encourages him to find another way . Taking control of the general , Grodd attempts a nuclear missile strike on the city . Barry prevents the attack , so Grodd and his gorilla army invade the city themselves . Cisco travels to Earth - 19 to ask Gypsy for help . The speedsters distract the soldiers while Cisco and Gypsy bring Solovar to Earth - 1 , who defeats Grodd and assumes leadership once again . All the gorillas return to Earth - 2 , with the exception of Grodd , who is turned over to A.R.G.U.S. Gypsy kisses Cisco before telling him he could not handle her , then returns to Earth - 19 . Barry proposes to Iris . While going out to pick up dinner for Jesse , Wally is confronted by Savitar . 61 15 `` The Wrath of Savitar '' Alexandra La Roche Andrew Kreisberg & Andrew Wilder March 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 07 ) T27. 13115 2.52 Wally continues having visions of Savitar and , after a physical altercation with him , finally admits this to the team . The team attempts to question Savitar via Julian , who again acts as a conduit . Savitar casts doubt on whether the Philosopher 's Stone is truly lost to the speed force . Caitlin confesses that she kept part of the Philosopher 's Stone , hoping to use it to remove her powers . Barry and the team figure out that Savitar is trapped inside the speed force but Wally is at home with Jesse when they realize this . Wally , after being confronted by Savitar who appears as a vision of his mother , steals the stone fragment from the lab , creates a portal , and launches the fragment into the speed force , believing this will exile Savitar for good . Barry arrives just as the portal draws Wally into it , trapping him in the speed force . Savitar , having successfully manipulated Wally , emerges from the speed force and fights Barry , taunting him by boasting he will not kill him before Barry watches Iris die before his eyes . Barry breaks off Savitar 's arm blade using his vibrating hand , causing Savitar to retreat . 62 16 `` Into the Speed Force '' Gregory Smith Brooke Roberts & Judalina Neira March 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 14 ) T27. 13116 2.39 Feeling responsible for everything bad that is happening , and that Wally is suffering inside the speed force , Barry decides to rescue him . Cisco vibes Barry into the speed force , where he encounters manifestations of friends and foes who had previously sacrificed their lives . Less accommodating than before , they push Barry to understand true sacrifice and that he must be the one to save Iris in the future . Barry is also confronted by his former enemy , Hunter Zolomon , and defeats him . Jay Garrick , having been contacted by Cisco , joins Barry inside the speed force and voluntarily takes Wally 's place so Barry and Wally can escape . Meanwhile , Jesse uses the armor shard to locate and face Savitar by herself , managing to wound the villain with it before he escapes . Later , Jesse decides to go to Earth - 3 to protect it until the team can free Jay from the speed force . Barry admits to Iris that even though he does love her , he proposed for the wrong reasons and suggests they take some time apart from one another . 63 17 `` Duet '' Dermott Daniel Downs Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing March 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 21 ) T27. 13117 2.71 J'onn J'onzz and Mon - El arrive on Earth - 1 with a comatose Kara . The Music Meister attacks and places Barry in a similar coma . He wakes up in a musical world and finds Kara . Meister tells them that if they follow the script , they will return to the real world . Barry and Kara are forced to work as singers in a nightclub run by Malcolm , with Winn working as a piano player , Cisco as a waiter and Stein and Joe as two gangsters opposing Malcolm . Barry and Kara find Malcolm 's son , Mon - El , and Stein 's and Joe 's daughter , Iris , in a forbidden relationship . Kara and Barry convince the pair to reveal their love , also helping Barry and Kara to realize their own mistakes . Malcolm , Stein and Joe subsequently decide to go to war . Barry and Kara are shot in the crossfire , but the real Cisco , Mon - El and Iris vibe into their world to save them , allowing Barry and Kara to admit their loves for Iris and Mon - El . They wake up in S.T.A.R. Labs , and Meister reveals that he just wanted them to realize their love . Kara 's team returns to Earth - 38 , and Barry and Iris move back in together . Barry re-proposes to Iris , who accepts . This episode is a crossover with Supergirl . 64 18 `` Abra Kadabra '' Nina Lopez - Corrado Story by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Brooke Roberts & David Kob March 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 28 ) T27. 13118 2.39 Abra Kadabra , a criminal from the 64th century , comes to Central City , stealing from numerous tech companies and killing two guards . Gypsy returns , in pursuit of Kadabra , to avenge her partner . Kadabra offers the team the identity of Savitar in exchange for his freedom . Against Gypsy 's wishes , a desperate Joe releases Kadabra , who escapes to Thawne 's time vault after Gypsy fails to stop him and retrieves a power source . Kadabra also triggers an explosion that critically injures Caitlin . Refusing to take off the necklace suppressing her powers , even though doing so could save her life , Caitlin asks Julian to perform surgery with her guidance instead . Kadabra attempts to return to his own time , having used the stolen technology to build his own time machine , but he is foiled by the team with Gypsy 's help . Barry decides that the only way to save Iris ' life is by traveling to the future . Later , a still - recovering Caitlin loses consciousness and begins convulsing , before her vital signs flatline . A distraught Julian rips the necklace from her neck and her vital signs return to normal , as her injuries heal rapidly . She awakens , but in the guise of Killer Frost , and starts attacking the group with her ice powers . 65 19 `` The Once and Future Flash '' Tom Cavanagh Carina Adly MacKenzie April 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 25 ) T27. 13119 2.67 Killer Frost destroys the necklace . Barry travels to 2024 , when he learns that Cisco lost his powers after Killer Frost shattered his hands and forced him to use mechanical prosthetics , H.R. has become a successful novelist , Julian works at Iron Heights tending to Killer Frost , Wally is catatonic with a shattered spine , Joe is depressed , and future Barry is a recluse hiding at S.T.A.R. Labs . In his absence , Top and Mirror Master have taken over Central City . Barry fails to learn Savitar 's identity . Cisco secretly uses a device to prevent Barry from returning to the past , hoping he will put things right . Barry rounds up Julian , Joe , and H.R. , reuniting Team Flash . Top and Mirror Master overwhelm Barry with their powers but , after overhearing him , future Barry uses Cisco 's device to negate the villains ' abilities , helping to defeat them . Future Barry gives Barry information and tells him to find a physicist named Tracy Brand , who developed a speed force - based trap years after Iris ' death . In the present , Killer Frost meets with Savitar . She is reluctant to trust him , but changes her mind when Savitar 's armor opens up and he steps out , revealing his identity to her . 66 20 `` I Know Who You Are '' Hanelle Culpepper Bronwen Clark & Joshua V. Gilbert May 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 02 ) T27. 13120 2.69 Barry , Cisco , and H.R. visit Tracy to seek her help in making a trap for Savitar ; they are interrupted by Killer Frost , who attempts to kill Tracy , but is defeated before she escapes . Tracy goes to S.T.A.R. Labs with Team Flash and is shown her future . Killer Frost later decides to kidnap Joe 's girlfriend , Cecile , and demand Tracy in exchange . Killer Frost 's plan fails , leading to a battle between her and Cisco . Defeated , she is whisked away by Savitar , but not before Cisco draws some of her blood in order to potentially make a cure for her powers . Meanwhile , Joe admits his love to Cecile and tells her about Barry and Wally 's alter egos . H.R. develops feelings for Tracy . Later , Tracy , inspired by the events , plans to build a trap for Savitar , while Barry has a revelation regarding Savitar 's identity , given how much Savitar knows about everyone , and confronts him outside the city . Savitar confirms Barry 's new assumption and reveals himself to be a future version of Barry Allen . 67 21 `` Cause and Effect '' David McWhirter Judalina Neira & Lauren Certo May 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 09 ) T27. 13121 2.71 Future Barry explains to his younger self that he is a time remnant , created by his future self while fighting Savitar . After being shunned by Team Flash , future Barry became depressed and ran back in time to ultimately become Savitar . He explains that he needs to kill Iris so that Barry will be forced to create him in the future . Cisco proposes they stop Savitar from remembering any of their strategies by stopping Barry from creating new memories , but miscalculations cause Barry to lose his memory . Savitar also loses all of his memories , resulting in Wally 's powers disappearing , since Savitar never gave them to him . A pyromaniac named Lucious Coolidge gets released because of Barry 's inability to testify correctly . Killer Frost helps Cisco and Julian develop a way for Barry to regain his memories so that Savitar can , as well . When Coolidge starts a fire , Iris helps Barry regain his memories in time to stop the fire with assistance from Wally . Tracy and H.R. develop a romance . She then shows the team the completed speed force trap , which requires a high amount of energy . The final scene cuts to a room that has an alien power source , as well as King Shark . 68 22 `` Infantino Street '' Michael Allowitz Story by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Grainne Godfree May 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 16 ) T27. 13122 2.48 With 24 hours left before Iris dies , Team Flash learns that there is only one energy source that can power the `` Speed Force Bazooka '' in the form of a salvaged Dominator technology held at an A.R.G.U.S. facility . Barry and Cisco ask Lyla for it , but she refuses because of her mistrust of Barry due to his creation of Flashpoint . Barry then visits Snart in 1892 , when he was travelling with the Legends , and recruits him to help Barry break into A.R.G.U.S. and steal the device . In the process , A.R.G.U.S. agents eventually capture Barry and Snart , but Lyla , seeing the kindness in Barry 's actions , allows Barry to take the device . Snart advises Barry to use the goodness in him to defeat Savitar . Tracy decides to join the team . Cisco vibes about his battle with Killer Frost and leaves to fight her . Joe tries to hide Iris from Savitar on Earth - 2 with Harry but future Barry tricks H.R. into revealing up her location by pretending to be his younger self , breaks Wally 's leg and kidnaps Iris in front of a horrified Joe . Flash uses the `` Speed Force Bazooka '' on Savitar , but it fails when Savitar counteracts it with the Philosopher 's Stone , which is made out of calcified speed force energy . Savitar then stabs Iris in the back in front of Flash seemingly killing her as he escapes . 69 23 `` Finish Line '' David McWhirter Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) T27. 13123 3.04 H.R. reveals he swapped places with Iris and dies from his injuries . Realizing Iris is not dead , Savitar kidnaps Cisco and forces him to modify the Bazooka into an `` inter-dimensional quantum splicer '' . This will allow Savitar to disperse himself throughout time and protect him from the paradox that threatens to erase him . Barry meets with Savitar , believing he can be redeemed and they go to S.T.A.R. Labs . Although Barry and Iris try to get through to him , Savitar wrecks the lab and orders Caitlin to kill Cisco , but Gypsy saves him . Savitar and Killer Frost open a portal into the Speed Force . The Black Flash intervenes , but is frozen by Caitlin . Savitar then attempts to execute his plan . However , Cisco modified the Bazooka into a ' skeleton key ' which frees Jay from the Speed Force prison . Barry , Wally and Jay engage Savitar , while Cisco , with Gypsy 's help , convinces Caitlin to abandon Savitar . Barry phases through and destroys Savitar 's armor before Savitar is erased from existence . As Team Flash mourns H.R. , Caitlin decides not to use Julian 's cure , leaving the team so she may find her own purpose . Later on , an energy storm appears over Central City , caused by the Speed Force prison being empty . Barry explains that he needs to atone for creating Flashpoint and enters the prison , entrusting Central City to Iris and the team . Season 4 ( 2017 -- 18 ) Main article : The Flash ( season 4 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 70 `` The Flash Reborn '' Glen Winter Story by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Todd Helbing & Eric Wallace October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) T27. 13401 2.84 71 `` Mixed Signals '' Alexandra La Roche Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) T27. 13402 2.54 72 `` Luck Be a Lady '' Armen V. Kevorkian Sam Chalsen & Judalina Neira October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) T27. 13403 2.62 73 `` Elongated Journey Into Night '' Tom Cavanagh Sterling Gates & Thomas Pound October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) T27. 13404 1.99 74 5 `` Girls Night Out '' Laura Belsey Lauren Certo & Kristen Kim November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) T27. 13405 2.38 75 6 `` When Harry Met Harry ... '' Brent Crowell Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) T27. 13406 2.46 76 7 `` Therefore I Am '' David McWhirter Eric Wallace & Thomas Pound November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) T27. 13407 2.20 77 8 `` Crisis on Earth - X , Part 3 '' Dermott Downs Story by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Todd Helbing November 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 28 ) T27. 13408 2.82 78 9 `` Do n't Run '' Stefan Pleszczynski Sam Chalsen & Judalina Neira December 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) T27. 13409 2.22 79 10 `` The Trial of The Flash '' Philip Chipera Lauren Certo & Kristen Kim January 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) T27. 13410 2.51 80 11 `` The Elongated Knight Rises '' Alexandra La Roche Sterling Gates & Thomas Pound January 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) T27. 13411 2.12 81 12 `` Honey , I Shrunk Team Flash '' Chris Peppe Sam Chalsen & Judalina Neira January 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 30 ) T27. 13412 2.60 82 13 `` True Colors '' Tara Nicole Weyr Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) T27. 13413 2.28 83 14 `` Subject 9 '' Ralph Hemecker Mike Alber & Gabe Snyder February 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) T27. 13414 2.12 84 15 `` Enter Flashtime '' Gregory Smith Todd Helbing & Sterling Gates March 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) T27. 13415 2.04 85 16 `` Run , Iris , Run '' Harry Jierjian Eric Wallace March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) T27. 13416 2.09 86 17 `` Null and Annoyed '' Kevin Smith Lauren Certo & Kristen Kim April 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) T27. 13417 1.82 87 18 `` Lose Yourself '' Hanelle Culpepper Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza April 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 17 ) T27. 13418 1.88 88 19 `` Fury Rogue '' Rachel Talalay Joshua V. Gilbert & Jeff Hersh April 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 24 ) T27. 13419 1.90 89 20 `` Therefore She Is '' Rob J. Greenlea Sterling Gates & Thomas Pound May 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 01 ) T27. 13420 1.70 90 21 `` Harry and the Harrisons '' Kevin Mock Judalina Neira & Lauren Certo May 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 08 ) T27. 13421 1.74 91 22 `` Think Fast '' Viet Nguyen Sam Chalsen & Kristen Kim May 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 15 ) T27. 13422 1.93 92 23 `` We Are the Flash '' David McWhirter Todd Helbing & Eric Wallace May 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 22 ) T27. 13423 2.16 Season 5 Main article : The Flash ( season 5 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 93 `` Nora '' David McWhirter TBA October 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 09 ) TBA TBD 94 `` Blocked '' TBA TBA October 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 16 ) TBA TBD 95 `` The Death of Vibe '' TBA TBA October 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 23 ) TBA TBD 96 `` News Flash '' TBA TBA October 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 30 ) TBA TBD Ratings Overview The Flash : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Audience measurement performed by Nielsen Media Research . Season 1 ( 2014 -- 15 ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' October 7 , 2014 1.9 / 6 4.83 0.7 2.00 2.6 6.83 `` Fastest Man Alive '' October 14 , 2014 1.7 / 5 4.27 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Things You Ca n't Outrun '' October 21 , 2014 1.5 / 4 3.59 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Going Rogue '' October 28 , 2014 1.4 / 4 3.53 0.9 N / A 2.3 N / A 5 `` Plastique '' November 11 , 2014 1.4 / 4 3.46 1.0 N / A 2.4 N / A 6 `` The Flash Is Born '' November 18 , 2014 1.4 / 4 3.73 0.9 N / A 2.3 N / A 7 `` Power Outage '' November 25 , 2014 1.4 / 4 3.47 0.9 2.41 2.3 5.88 8 `` Flash vs. Arrow '' December 2 , 2014 1.6 / 5 4.34 1.0 2.31 2.6 6.65 9 `` The Man in the Yellow Suit '' December 9 , 2014 1.5 / 5 4.66 0.9 2.06 2.4 6.72 10 `` Revenge of the Rogues '' January 20 , 2015 1.4 / 5 3.87 1.0 2.41 2.4 6.27 11 `` The Sound and the Fury '' January 27 , 2015 1.3 / 4 4.08 1.0 2.20 2.3 6.28 12 `` Crazy for You '' February 3 , 2015 1.3 / 4 3.60 0.9 N / A 2.2 N / A 13 `` The Nuclear Man '' February 10 , 2015 1.5 / 5 3.66 N / A N / A N / A N / A 14 `` Fallout '' February 17 , 2015 1.5 / 4 4.01 0.9 N / A 2.4 N / A 15 `` Out of Time '' March 17 , 2015 1.3 / 5 3.69 1.0 2.34 2.3 6.09 16 `` Rogue Time '' March 24 , 2015 1.2 / 4 3.33 1.0 2.37 2.2 5.69 17 `` Tricksters '' March 31 , 2015 1.3 / 4 3.67 1.0 2.43 2.3 6.10 18 `` All Star Team Up '' April 14 , 2015 1.4 / 5 3.67 0.9 2.05 2.3 5.72 19 `` Who Is Harrison Wells ? '' April 21 , 2015 1.3 / 4 3.75 0.9 N / A 2.2 N / A 20 `` The Trap '' April 28 , 2015 1.5 / 5 3.93 0.9 N / A 2.4 N / A 21 `` Grodd Lives '' May 5 , 2015 1.5 / 5 3.62 0.9 2.27 2.4 5.97 22 `` Rogue Air '' May 12 , 2015 1.5 / 5 3.65 0.9 N / A 2.4 N / A 23 `` Fast Enough '' May 19 , 2015 1.5 / 5 3.87 1.0 2.38 2.5 6.25 Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` The Man Who Saved Central City '' October 6 , 2015 1.4 / 5 3.58 1.0 2.35 2.4 5.93 `` Flash of Two Worlds '' October 13 , 2015 1.4 / 4 3.49 0.8 2.06 2.2 5.52 `` Family of Rogues '' October 20 , 2015 1.4 / 5 3.47 0.9 2.05 2.3 5.60 `` The Fury of Firestorm '' October 27 , 2015 1.4 / 4 3.43 0.9 2.04 2.3 5.46 5 `` The Darkness and the Light '' November 3 , 2015 1.5 / 5 3.87 0.8 1.68 2.3 5.55 6 `` Enter Zoom '' November 10 , 2015 1.5 / 5 3.63 0.9 2.05 2.4 5.68 7 `` Gorilla Warfare '' November 17 , 2015 1.4 / 4 3.46 0.8 1.92 2.2 5.38 8 `` Legends of Today '' December 1 , 2015 1.4 / 5 3.94 0.9 2.12 2.3 6.07 9 `` Running to Stand Still '' December 8 , 2015 1.3 / 4 3.55 0.9 2.01 2.2 5.56 10 `` Potential Energy '' January 19 , 2016 1.3 / 4 3.41 1.0 2.06 2.3 5.48 11 `` The Reverse - Flash Returns '' January 26 , 2016 1.4 / 5 3.71 1.0 2.02 2.4 5.73 12 `` Fast Lane '' February 2 , 2016 1.4 / 5 3.66 0.8 1.86 2.2 5.53 13 `` Welcome to Earth - 2 '' February 9 , 2016 1.6 / 5 3.96 0.9 2.02 2.5 5.98 14 `` Escape from Earth - 2 '' February 16 , 2016 1.5 / 5 3.90 0.8 1.77 2.3 5.67 15 `` King Shark '' February 23 , 2016 1.4 / 5 3.80 0.9 1.96 2.3 5.77 16 `` Trajectory '' March 22 , 2016 1.1 / 4 3.00 0.9 1.96 2.0 4.96 17 `` Flash Back '' March 29 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.39 0.9 1.92 2.2 5.31 18 `` Versus Zoom '' April 19 , 2016 1.2 / 4 3.03 0.8 2.03 2.0 5.07 19 `` Back to Normal '' April 26 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.39 0.8 1.86 2.1 5.26 20 `` Rupture '' May 3 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.34 0.8 1.92 2.1 5.25 21 `` The Runaway Dinosaur '' May 10 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.52 0.8 1.82 2.1 5.34 22 `` Invincible '' May 17 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.37 0.9 2.08 2.2 5.45 23 `` The Race of His Life '' May 24 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.35 0.6 1.49 1.9 4.85 Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Flashpoint '' October 4 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.17 0.8 1.89 2.1 5.06 `` Paradox '' October 11 , 2016 1.1 / 4 2.80 0.7 1.92 1.8 4.72 `` Magenta '' October 18 , 2016 1.0 / 4 2.67 0.9 2.00 1.9 4.67 `` The New Rogues '' October 25 , 2016 1.0 / 3 2.80 0.9 1.91 1.9 4.71 5 `` Monster '' November 1 , 2016 1.0 / 3 2.77 0.9 2.01 1.9 4.78 6 `` Shade '' November 15 , 2016 1.2 / 4 3.01 0.9 2.06 2.1 5.07 7 `` Killer Frost '' November 22 , 2016 1.1 / 4 2.95 0.8 1.99 1.9 4.93 8 `` Invasion ! '' November 29 , 2016 1.5 / 5 4.15 0.9 2.17 2.4 6.31 9 `` The Present '' December 6 , 2016 1.2 / 4 3.14 0.8 1.80 2.0 4.94 10 `` Borrowing Problems From the Future '' January 24 , 2017 1.0 / 3 2.72 0.8 1.92 1.8 4.64 11 `` Dead or Alive '' January 31 , 2017 1.1 / 4 3.06 0.7 1.64 1.8 4.71 12 `` Untouchable '' February 7 , 2017 1.1 / 4 2.91 0.7 1.68 1.8 4.59 13 `` Attack on Gorilla City '' February 21 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.78 0.9 1.96 1.9 4.75 14 `` Attack on Central City '' February 28 , 2017 1.1 / 4 2.87 0.8 1.81 1.9 4.68 15 `` The Wrath of Savitar '' March 7 , 2017 0.9 / 3 2.52 0.7 1.71 1.6 4.23 16 `` Into the Speed Force '' March 14 , 2017 0.9 / 3 2.39 0.7 1.70 1.6 4.10 17 `` Duet '' March 21 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.71 0.8 1.88 1.8 4.59 18 `` Abra Kadabra '' March 28 , 2017 0.9 / 3 2.39 0.7 1.67 1.6 4.06 19 `` The Once and Future Flash '' April 25 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.67 0.9 1.90 1.9 4.57 20 `` I Know Who You Are '' May 2 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.69 0.8 1.77 1.8 4.46 21 `` Cause and Effect '' May 9 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.71 0.9 1.92 1.9 4.63 22 `` Infantino Street '' May 16 , 2017 0.9 / 4 2.48 0.9 1.94 1.8 4.42 23 `` Finish Line '' May 23 , 2017 1.1 / 5 3.04 0.8 1.82 1.9 4.86 Home media Season DVD release dates Blu - ray release dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Region A Region B September 22 , 2015 September 21 , 2015 September 23 , 2015 September 22 , 2015 September 21 , 2015 September 6 , 2016 September 12 , 2016 September 7 , 2016 September 6 , 2016 September 12 , 2016 September 5 , 2017 September 11 , 2017 September 5 , 2017 September 11 , 2017 References Jump up ^ Goldberg , Leslie ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Riverdale , ' ' Flash , ' ' Supernatural ' Among 10 CW Renewals '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Pedersen , Erik ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` The CW Sets Fall Premiere Dates , Including Sunday Lineup & Three Series Debuts '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2018 . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` 2014 -- 15 Full TV Season Ratings : Rankings For All Shows '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Quantico ' Lead Newcomers '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 -- 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` 2017 - 18 TV Series Ratings Rankings : NFL Football , ' Big Bang ' Top Charts '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 18 , 2018 ) . `` How Many Episodes of Your Fave Shows Were Ordered for Next Season ? '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Revised Tuesday , October 7 Final Ratings : ' Selfie ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' & ' Forever ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 15 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E. LD . ' , ' The Voice ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up ; ' About A Boy ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2014 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 22 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' The Flash ' & ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Adjusted Up ; ' Marry Me ' Adjusted Down + Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2014 . Retrieved October 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 29 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up ; ' Marry Me ' Adjusted Down & Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2014 . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2014 . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 19 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' The Flash ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Marry Me ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2014 . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 26 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2014 . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 3 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Marry Me ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2014 . Retrieved December 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show ' & ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' & ' MasterChef Junior ' Adjusted Up ; ' Parks and Recreation ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2015 . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 28 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' MasterChef Jr . ' & ' Marry Me ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2015 . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Supernatural ' , ' Marry Me ' , ' The Mindy Project ' & ' About A Boy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2015 . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' The Flash ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' , ' Person of Interest ' & ' About a Boy ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2015 . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2015 . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' & ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down '' . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2015 . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' The Flash ' , & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up ; ' NCIS : New Orleans ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2015 . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 1 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' Forever ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up '' . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' NCIS ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Fresh Off The Boat ' , ' Hell 's Kitchen ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2015 . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 22 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' Undateable ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2015 . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 29 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' , & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' One Big Happy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2015 . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 6 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for ' The Flash ' or ' Person of Interest ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 13 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' NCIS ' , & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 20 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2015 . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 7 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Muppets ' , ' NCIS ' and ' Scream Queens ' Adjusted Up ; ' Flash ' and ' iZombie ' Hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2015 . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 14 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Flash ' and ' NCIS ' adjusted up , ' Chicago Fire ' holds '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2015 . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 21 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS ' and ' Limitless ' adjusted up , ' Chicago Fire ' adjusted down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2015 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 28 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Fresh Off the Boat ' , ' The Flash ' and ' NCIS ' adjust up , ' Wicked City ' stays under 1.0 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2015 . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Fresh Off the Boat ' and ' Best Time Ever ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2015 . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' adjusts down , ' NCIS ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2015 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Flash ' and ' NCIS ' adjust up , ' Chicago Med ' premiere holds '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2015 . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Fresh Off the Boat ' and ' Rudolph ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2015 . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Flash ' and ' The Voice ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2015 . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' and ' Hollywood Game Night ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2016 . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 27 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Chicago Med ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2016 . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Muppets ' adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2016 . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 10 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Muppets , ' ' iZombie , ' ' NCIS : New Orleans ' and ' Grinder ' all adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2016 . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Hollywood Game Night ' and ' iZombie ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2016 . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Agent Carter ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2016 . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2016 . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Chicago Fire ' and ' Beyond the Tank ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2016 . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 20 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS ' and ' The Flash ' adjust up , ' Containment ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Containment ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Flash ' and ' Beyond the Tank ' adjust up , ' The Real O'Neals ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2016 . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 11 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS ' and ' NCIS : New Orleans ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2016 . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS ' and ' Chicago Fire ' finales adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2016 . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 25 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Voice , ' ' The Flash ' and ' The Real O'Neals ' finales adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' The Flash ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2016 . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' , ' Flash ' and ABC comedies adjust up , ' No Tomorrow ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2016 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' and ' The Voice ' adjust up , ' Chicago Fire ' , ' SHIELD ' and ' Real O'Neals ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' adjusts up , final World Series numbers : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Flash ' , ' Chicago Fire ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Fresh Off the Boat ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' New Girl ' adjusts up , all others hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2016 . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' adjusts up , everything else holds : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2016 . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat ' & ' American Housewife ' adjust up , ' No Tomorrow ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' NCIS ' adjusts up , ' Agents of SHIELD ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and TGIT rise above the rest in week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Wall ' adjusts up , ' Bones ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' , ' The Wall ' , ' This Is Us ' , FOX comedies all adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' , ' NCIS ' , all others unchanged : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat ' , ' Real O'Neals ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' finishes with season highs : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' The Flash ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' adjusts up and avoids new series low , ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Mick ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' adjust up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' The Middle ' adjust up , ' Prison Break ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS ' finale and ' Bull ' adjust up , ' The Middle ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars finale adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Voice ' , ' Flash ' , ' Lethal Weapon ' & ' The Mick ' adjust up , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' ' Voice ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' and ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' Kevin ' & World Series adjust up , ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' and World Series adjust up , ' Law & Order True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' adjusts up , ' The Mayor ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' The Flash ' and ' Kevin ' adjust up , ' Bull ' and ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' This Is Us , ' all others hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash , ' ' This Is Us ' and ' Rudolph ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Originals all hold , ' Modern Family ' rerun adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' LA to Vegas ' and ' Bull ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat ' adjusts down , plus State of the Union analysis numbers : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' Bull ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' adjusts up , ' Lethal Weapon ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Voice , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Black - ish ' adjust up , ' Rise ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne , ' ' The Middle , ' ' Lethal Weapon ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' ' Alex , Inc. , ' ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' The Flash ' adjust up , ' For the People ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Chicago Med , ' ' LA to Vegas ' adjust up , ' Rise ' and ' Deception ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' Bull ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Middle , ' NCIS , ' ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' and ' NCIS ' finales adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z -- flash , the on cw '' . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2018 . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sarkar , Prarthna ( August 18 , 2018 ) . `` Flash Season 5 spoilers : Vibe and Killer Frost to die ? '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2018 . Retrieved August 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gustin , Grant ( July 19 , 2018 ) . `` Just wrapped of episode 501 ( that 's season 5 ep 1 ) with my dude David McWhirter . Always have fun with David . I think this may be my favorite first episode of a season since the pilot . Starting 502 today and then it 's off to San Diego tomorrow for some Comic - Con . # TheLionIsHungry ( Zlatan shirt ) '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2018 . Retrieved July 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Flash : Season One Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 21 , 2015 . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2018 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . `` The Flash : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 25 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2018 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . `` The Flash : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2018 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . `` The Flash : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 23 , 2018 . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2018 . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( October 27 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Premiere Sets CW Record in Final DVR Ratings '' . Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Elementary ' , ' Parnethood ' & ' The Originals ' Top Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 6 Ending November 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2014 . Retrieved November 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 8 , 2014 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Reign ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 8 Ending November 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2014 . Retrieved December 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 8 , 2014 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Reign ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 8 Ending November 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2014 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 15 , 2014 ) . `` ( Updated ) ' Criminal Minds ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Grimm ' , ' Elementary ' & ' Revenge ' Top Percentage Gains & ' NCIS ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 10 Ending November 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2014 . Retrieved December 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel ( December 22 , 2014 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings & Viewership Increase ; ' Constantine ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Top Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 11 Ending December 7 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2014 . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings & Viewership Increase ; ' Elementary ' Tops Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 12 Ending December 14 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 9 , 2015 ) . `` ' Empire ' Notches Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Increase , ' Revenge ' Leads Percentage Gainers & ' Elementary ' Tops Viewership Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 18 Ending January 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2015 . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Notches Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Increase , ' Hart of Dixie ' Top Percentage Gainer in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 18 Ending February 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Gains , ' Glee ' Tops Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 20 Ending February 8 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2015 . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Gains + ' The Blacklist ' Tops Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 22 Ending February 22 -- Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2015 . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Empire ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Gains + ' The Originals ' Tops Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 26 Ending March 22 '' . TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com. April 6 , 2015 . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2015 . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Gains , ' Forever ' Tops Percentage Increases & ' The Blacklist ' Wins Viewership Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 27 Ending March 29 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2015 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Gains , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Percentage & Viewership Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 28 Ending April 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2015 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Gains , ' Reign ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Top Percentage Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 30 Ending April 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2015 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Gains , ' The Blacklist ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Top Percentage Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 31 Ending April 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2015 . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Modern Family ' Tie for Adults 18 -- 49 Growth , ' The Messengers ' Leads Percentage Gains + ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewership Increase in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 32 Ending May 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2016 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 26 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Growth , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 32 Ending May 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2015 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 1 , 2015 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Growth , ' Wayward Pines ' Tops Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 33 Ending May 17 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2015 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Growth , ' Wayward Pines ' Tops Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 35 Ending May 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2015 . Retrieved June 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 3 : ' Quantico ' more than doubles , ' Empire ' and ' Blindspot ' score biggest gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2015 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 4 : ' Jane the Virgin ' premiere doubles , ' Empire ' and ' Blindspot ' top charts for Oct. 12 -- 18 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2015 . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 5 : ' Empire ' and ' Blindspot ' have biggest toal gains , 5 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2015 . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Blindspot ' top week 6 , ' Quantico ' doubles in 18 -- 49 and viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2015 . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 7 : ' Elementary ' is still a strong DVR show '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2015 . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 8 : ' Empire ' , ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Quantico ' top charts for Nov. 9 -- 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2015 . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 9 : ' Big Bang Theory ' makes the biggest gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2015 . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 11 : ' Empire ' fall finale on top , ' Vampire Diaries ' leads percentage gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2015 . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 29 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' gets biggest bump of the season in week 12 , 5 shows double in 18 -- 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2015 . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' X-Files ' premiere dominates week 18 , ' Limitless ' doubles '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2016 . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Lucifer ' premiere shows solid growth in week 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2016 . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' gains the most , ' Vampire Diaries ' and ' Shades of Blue ' double '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2016 . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' How to Get Away with Murder ' , 5 other shows double in a DVR - heavy week 21 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2016 . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Blacklist ' and ' The Big Bang Theory ' lead week 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2016 . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' has biggest week 23 gain , ' Jane the Virgin ' and 3 others double '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2016 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Modern Family ' tops the week of March 21 -- 27 , 4 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2016 . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' Empire ' lead the week of March 28 -- April 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' lead for April 18 -- 24 , 5 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2016 . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' lead for April 25 -- May 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' tops total gains , ' Vampire Diaries ' and 9 others double in 18 -- 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2016 . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' finale and ' Empire ' share lead for May 9 -- 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' finales lead the week May 16 -- 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2016 . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Blindspot ' leads for May 23 -- 29 as summer slowdown begins '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2016 . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Rich get richer as ' Empire , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 3 -- 9 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 10 -- 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' score in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 17 -- 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Designated Survivor ' stay on top in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 24 -- 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2016 . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` 13 shows double , ' This Is Us ' & ' Big Bang ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 31 - Nov. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' are the Big Three in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' New Girl ' and ' Quantico ' double in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` 6 shows double in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2016 . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' reaches season highs week 12 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Agents of SHIELD ' benefit the most in week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Timeless ' lead the week 21 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' makes biggest gains again : Week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday Final Nationals : Trump Address Registers Nearly One - Tenth Less Audience Than Obama 's in 2009 '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sleepy Hollow ' & 5 more shows double , ' This Is Us ' has biggest total gain : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' finale , ' Designated Survivor ' top week 26 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Designated Survivor ' score in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' scores again , 7 shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( June 3 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday Final Nationals : ' Great News ' Debuts On - Par with ' Trial & Error ' Launch on NBC '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Big Bang ' gain the most , 10 shows double : Week 33 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' finale lead week 34 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Designated Survivor ' finales make biggest gains in week 35 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Bull ' season finales lead week 36 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Flash : Season 1 '' . TVShowsonDVD.com . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Flash -- Season 1 ( DVD ) ( 2015 ) '' . amazon.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` The Flash -- Season 1 ( DVD ) '' . EzyDVD . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Flash -- Season 1 ( Blu - ray ) ( 2015 ) '' . amazon.co.uk . ^ Jump up to : `` The Flash on DVD '' . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Flash : Season 2 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flash , The -- Season 2 '' . JB HiFi . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2016 . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Flash -- Warner Press Release Announces ' The Complete 3rd Season '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . May 31 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Flash : Season 3 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Flash : Season 3 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . External links Official website List of The Flash episodes on IMDb Arrowverse Arrow Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 7 `` Pilot '' `` The Secret Origin of Felicity Smoak '' `` Green Arrow '' `` Unchained '' `` Sins of the Father '' `` Legacy '' `` Kapiushon '' `` Lian Yu '' `` Doppelganger '' Characters The Flash Episodes Season 4 Season 5 `` Pilot '' `` Fastest Man Alive '' `` Things You Ca n't Outrun '' `` Killer Frost '' `` Attack on Gorilla City '' `` Attack on Central City '' `` Duet '' Characters Supergirl Episodes Season 4 `` Pilot '' `` Stronger Together '' `` Fight or Flight '' `` Livewire '' `` How Does She Do It ? '' `` Red Faced '' `` Human for a Day '' `` Hostile Takeover '' `` Blood Bonds '' `` Childish Things '' `` Strange Visitor from Another Planet '' `` Bizarro '' `` For the Girl Who Has Everything '' `` Truth , Justice and the American Way '' `` Solitude '' `` Falling '' `` Manhunter '' `` Worlds Finest '' `` Myriad '' `` Better Angels '' `` The Adventures of Supergirl '' `` Medusa '' `` Nevertheless , She Persisted '' Characters Legends of Tomorrow Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Characters Animated series Vixen Freedom Fighters : The Ray Constantine : City of Demons Cast and characters Cast members John Constantine Alex Danvers John Diggle Sara Lance Oliver Queen Thea Queen Harrison Wells Joe West Crossovers `` Flash vs. Arrow '' `` Heroes Join Forces '' `` Invasion ! '' `` Crisis on Earth - X '' Related Constantine Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Flash_episodes&oldid=857101323 '' Categories : The Flash ( 2014 TV series ) episodes Lists of American action - adventure television series episodes Lists of American crime television series episodes Lists of American drama television series episodes Lists of American science fiction television series episodes Lists of DC Comics television series episodes Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Wikipedia pages semi-protected from banned users Use mdy dates from May 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español Français Hrvatski Magyar Polski Português Русский Українська 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 15 : 40 ( UTC ) . 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"SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedNielsen ratingsFirst airedLast airedRankAverage viewership(in millions)123October 7, 2014 (2014-10-07)May 19, 2015 (2015-05-19)1184.62[3]223October 6, 2015 (2015-10-06)May 24, 2016 (2016-05-24)1124.25[4]323October 4, 2016 (2016-10-04)May 23, 2017 (2017-05-23)1203.50[5]423October 10, 2017 (2017-10-10)May 22, 2018 (2018-05-22)1513.04[6]522[7]October 9, 2018 (2018-10-09)[2]TBATBATBA"
] | [
"May 22, 2018"
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3096450771888621348 | Criminal Minds | Criminal Minds - wikipedia Criminal Minds Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Criminal Minds ( disambiguation ) . Criminal Minds Genre Police procedural Action Thriller Crime drama Created by Jeff Davis Starring Mandy Patinkin Thomas Gibson Lola Glaudini Shemar Moore Matthew Gray Gubler A.J. Cook Kirsten Vangsness Paget Brewster Joe Mantegna Rachel Nichols Jeanne Tripplehorn Jennifer Love Hewitt Aisha Tyler Adam Rodriguez Damon Gupton Daniel Henney Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 13 No. of episodes 299 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Mark Gordon ( 2005 -- ) Jeff Davis ( 2005 -- 07 ) Edward Allen Bernero ( 2005 -- 11 ) Deborah Spera ( 2006 -- 11 ) Chris Mundy ( 2009 -- 10 ) Simon Mirren ( 2009 -- 11 ) Erica Messer ( 2010 -- ) Janine Sherman Barrois ( 2010 -- 15 ) Breen Frazier ( 2015 -- ) Harry Bring ( 2017 -- ) Glenn Kershaw ( 2017 -- ) Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) The Mark Gordon Company Touchstone Television ( 2005 -- 2007 ) ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) ABC Studios ( 2007 -- 2008 ) ( season 3 -- present ) Paramount Network Television ( 2005 -- 2006 ) ( season 1 ) CBS Paramount Network Television ( 2006 -- 2009 ) ( seasons 2 -- 4 ) CBS Television Studios ( 2009 -- present ) ( season 5 -- present ) External links Website Criminal Minds is an American police procedural crime drama television series created by Jeff Davis and is the original show in the Criminal Minds franchise . It premiered on September 22 , 2005 , on the broadcast network CBS . The series is produced by The Mark Gordon Company , in association with CBS Television Studios and ABC Studios ( a subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company ) . Criminal Minds is set primarily at the FBI 's Behavioral Analysis Unit ( BAU ) based in Quantico , Virginia . In accordance with the show 's plot , Criminal Minds differs from many procedural dramas by focusing on profiling the criminal , called the `` unsub '' or `` unknown subject '' , rather than the crime itself . The show has an ensemble cast that has had many cast member changes since its inception . Matthew Gray Gubler , A.J. Cook and Kirsten Vangsness are the only actors to have appeared in every season . Thomas Gibson appeared in every season through to Season 12 . The series follows a group of FBI profilers who set about catching various criminals through behavioral profiling . The plot focuses on the team working cases and on the personal lives of the characters , depicting the hardened life and statutory requirements of a profiler . The show spawned several spin - offs : Criminal Minds : Suspect Behavior in 2011 , Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders in 2016 , and a South Korean adaptation in 2017 . On May 12 , 2018 , CBS renewed the series for a fourteenth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 Reception 4.1 Critical reception 4.2 American ratings 4.2. 1 Broadcast 4.2. 2 DVR 5 Syndication 6 Franchise 6.1 Criminal Minds : Suspect Behavior 6.2 Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders 6.3 크리미널 마인드 ( Criminal Minds Korea ) 6.4 Video game 7 Awards and nominations 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) When the series premiered in September 2005 , it featured FBI agents Jason Gideon , Aaron Hotchner , Elle Greenaway , Derek Morgan , Spencer Reid , Jennifer `` JJ '' Jareau , and Penelope Garcia . For season 1 , Garcia was not a main cast member but rather had a recurring role , although she appeared in most episodes . In 2006 , at the start of season 2 , Lola Glaudini announced her departure from the show , as she wanted to return home to New York City . Paget Brewster replaced her in the role of Emily Prentiss . At the start of season 3 , Mandy Patinkin announced his departure from the show because he was deeply disturbed by the content of the series . He left letters of apology for his fellow cast members , explaining his reasons and wishing them luck . Joe Mantegna replaced him as David Rossi , a best - selling author and FBI agent who comes out of retirement . During season three , A.J. Cook became pregnant with her first child . Her pregnancy was written into the show . Cook 's son , Mekhai Andersen , has been written into a recurring role as Jennifer 's son Henry . Cook 's void during maternity leave was filled by Meta Golding , who played Jordan Todd , an FBI agent who works with the agency 's Counter Terrorism Unit . In season 6 , JJ is forced to accept a promotion at The Pentagon , causing her to leave the BAU . Later that season , Emily is seemingly killed off . Although she survives , she does not appear for the rest of the season . Cook and Brewster were both replaced by Rachel Nichols as Ashley Seaver , an FBI cadet . CBS 's decision to release Cook and Brewster from their contracts resulted in numerous fans writing angry letters to the studio and signing protest petitions . CBS rehired Cook and Brewster as Jennifer Jareau and Emily Prentiss , respectively ; Nichols was released . In February 2012 Brewster announced her departure from the show after the seventh season . She was replaced in the eighth season by Jeanne Tripplehorn , who played Alex Blake , a linguistics expert . Later in season nine , Paget Brewster made a special guest appearance , reprising her role as Emily Prentiss in the 200th episode . After two seasons , Tripplehorn was released from the show . Former Ghost Whisperer star Jennifer Love Hewitt joined the cast as Kate Callahan , a former undercover FBI agent who joins the BAU . During season 10 , Jason Gideon was killed off - screen . Executive producer and showrunner Erica Messer said CBS and ABC Studios were fine with the decision because it was clear that Patinkin would not come back again , but the show would feature him in a flashback if he were ever to return in the future . Following the conclusion of season 10 , Hewitt and Cook announced that they will both be on hiatus from the show due to their pregnancies . Hewitt did not return for season 11 or any of the following ones , while Cook returned after the first seven episodes of season 11 . Aisha Tyler , who plays Dr. Tara Lewis , joined the show at the start of season 11 in a recurring role , though she appeared in most episodes . Later that season , Shemar Moore , who plays Derek Morgan , left the show after 11 seasons . He had thought to leave in the previous season when his contract ended but was persuaded to stay to give his character a proper sendoff . Messer said the initial thought was for Moore to do six episodes , but when that did n't feel like enough , they settled on Moore doing the first 18 episodes of that season , and he departed in March 2016 . He is replaced in the twelfth season by former CSI : Miami star Adam Rodriguez , who plays Luke Alvez , a Fugitive Task Force Agent . A week after Moore left , Paget Brewster made her second special guest appearance . In season 12 , Brewster once again became a series regular . On August 10 , 2016 , it was announced that Aisha Tyler would be promoted to series regular for the 12th season . The next day , it was reported that Thomas Gibson , who portrays Aaron Hotchner , had been suspended from and written off the show for at least one , most likely two , episodes in the 12th season owing to an on - set altercation with one of the producers . The day after that , Gibson was fired from the program due to this incident . On September 30 , 2016 , it was announced that Gibson 's character would be replaced by Damon Gupton , who will play Special Agent Stephen Walker , a seasoned profiler from the Behavioral Analysis Program ( the counterintelligence division of the FBI ) who will bring his spy - hunting skills to the BAU . On June 11 , 2017 , it was announced that Gupton had been fired from the show after one season . CBS said his departure was `` part of a creative change on the show . '' On June 20 , 2017 , CBS announced that Daniel Henney , who was a series regular on Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders as Matt Simmons , would join the main show as a series regular for the 13th season . Characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Criminal Minds characters Cast members in 2011 -- 12 : ( left to right ) Gibson , Cook , Gubler , Mantegna , Brewster , and Moore . Absent : Kirsten Vangsness Cast and crew at a Paley Centre discussion of the show Main ( edit ) Jason Gideon ( Mandy Patinkin ) , senior supervisory special agent and former BAU unit chief ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Gideon is widely known as the BAU 's best profiler . After a series of emotionally troubling cases and the murder of his friend Sarah by fugitive serial killer Frank Breitkopf ( Keith Carradine ) , he begins to feel burned out . The last straw occurs when Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner is suspended for two weeks by the team 's boss -- an action for which Jason feels responsible . He retreats to his cabin and leaves a letter for Dr. Spencer Reid , who he knows will be the one to look for him . When Spencer arrives at the cabin , it is empty except for the letter and Jason 's badge and firearm . Jason is last seen remarking to a Nevada diner waitress that he does not know where he is going or how he will know when he gets there , leaving the diner and driving off . In season 10 , he is killed ( off - screen ) by a suspect he had tracked down from one of his first cases . Aaron Hotchner ( Thomas Gibson ) , Former BAU unit chief and senior supervisory special agent ( seasons 1 -- 12 ) Hotch is a former prosecutor and was originally assigned to the FBI field office in Seattle . He is one of the most experienced agents in the BAU . He struggles to balance the demands of his job with his family life , but his wife , Haley Brooks ( Meredith Monroe ) , divorces him in season 3 . In the episode `` 100 '' ( season 5 ) , Haley is killed by fugitive serial killer George Foyet ( C. Thomas Howell ) , also known as `` The Boston Reaper , '' whom Aaron fights and beats to death . He also has a son named Jack ( Cade Owens ) and a brother named Sean . After Haley is murdered , he has custody of Jack , and Haley 's sister , Jessica Brooks ( Molly Baker ) , helps him take care of Jack . When SSA Jennifer Jareau leaves the BAU , Aaron and technical analyst Penelope Garcia take over her job as communications liaison . Aaron dated a woman named Beth Clemmons ( Bellamy Young ) , who first appeared in the episode `` The Bittersweet Science '' ( season 7 ) , before the couple separated after Clemmons accepted a job in Hong Kong . Following an on - set altercation , Thomas Gibson was removed from the main cast after season 12 , episode 2 , at which point it 's claimed that Gibson 's character took a consulting job off screen . In a later episode , it 's revealed that the consulting job was a ruse and that Jack was being stalked by Peter `` Mr. Scratch '' Lewis , a serial killer from a previous BAU case . Therefore , Aaron and Jack went into the witness protection program . Following Lewis 's death in the 13th season premiere , Prentiss reveals that Aaron has opted not to return to the BAU , but instead to retire to be a full - time parent to Jack . Elle Greenaway ( Lola Glaudini ) , Supervisory Special Agent ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Greenaway is assigned to the FBI field office in Seattle and assigned to the BAU as an expert in sexual offense crimes . Elle suffers extreme emotional trauma after being shot by an unsub in the season 1 finale ( `` The Fisher King ( Part 1 ) '' ) . In the season 2 premiere ( `` The Fisher King ( Part 2 ) '' ) , Elle survives and returns to duty sooner than SSA Jason Gideon and Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner would like . Several episodes later , while alone on stakeout of a suspected serial rapist , she murders the suspect by shooting in cold blood and planting her gun on the unarmed victim . The local police deem it self - defense , but Jason and Aaron question her ability as a profiler after this . Elle resigns , turning in her badge and gun to Aaron , declaring that it is `` not an admission of guilt . '' Derek Morgan ( Shemar Moore ) , supervisory special Agent ( seasons 1 -- 11 ; guest star seasons 12 -- 13 ) Morgan is a confident , assertive , and often hot - tempered character . He was raised by his mother , Fran , along with his two sisters , Sarah Morgan and Desiree Benita , after the death of his police officer father right in front of him , Derek was a troubled Chicago youth headed for juvenile delinquency . He was rescued and mentored by Carl Buford ( Julius Tennon ) . Buford turned out to be a sexual predator who molested Derek and other young boys ; he was eventually arrested for murder . After developing an interest in football , Derek attended Northwestern University on a scholarship . After a football injury left him unable to play , he joined the Chicago Police Department 's bomb squad and later joined the FBI and the BAU . He has an emotionally intimate , but platonic , relationship with technical analyst Penelope Garcia ; the two have a unique shorthand and banter . In the season 7 premiere ( `` It Takes a Village '' ) , Derek shows utter hatred toward Ian Doyle ( Timothy V. Murphy ) for killing SSA Emily Prentiss , but when Emily returns alive , he has mixed feelings . In season 11 , Derek is kidnapped and tortured by the father of Giuseppe Montolo , a hitman whom Derek put away and who later died while in custody . Derek escapes and when he learns his girlfriend Savannah is pregnant , he realizes that he does n't want to put his family through something like this again . Derek leaves the BAU in the episode `` A Beautiful Disaster '' to care for his now - wife and newborn son . Spencer Reid , Ph. D. , ( Matthew Gray Gubler ) , supervisory special agent ( seasons 1 -- present ) Reid is a genius who graduated from Las Vegas High School at age 12 and holds Ph. D.s in mathematics , chemistry , and engineering as well as bachelor of arts degrees in psychology and sociology and , as of season 4 , is working on a B.A. in philosophy . It has been revealed that he has an IQ of 187 , can read a dizzying 20,000 words per minute , and has an eidetic memory . Most of the members on the team are intimidated by his profound knowledge . He is habitually introduced as `` Dr. Spencer Reid '' in contrast to the other agents , who are introduced as `` supervisory special agent . '' The purpose of this , as explained by Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner in the pilot episode ( `` Extreme Aggressor '' ) , is to create a respectable first impression of Spencer , deflecting judgments about his age . His mother , Diana Reid ( Jane Lynch ) , suffers from schizophrenia and is currently committed to a mental institution . In season 6 Reid starts suffering from cluster headaches and when doctors ca n't diagnose why , Reid thinks he might be in the early stages of schizophrenia himself . Reid takes SSA Emily Prentiss ' death very hard and , when it was revealed the death was faked , was distrustful of both Prentiss and SSA Jennifer Jareau ( who helped in the cover - up ) . During season 8 , Reid becomes involved with a woman who was being stalked . In the episode `` Zugzwang , '' her stalker ultimately kidnaps her and kills her , devastating Reid . In season 11 he is deeply affected by Derek Morgan 's decision to leave the BAU but understands and supports his reasons . Initially Reid had a crush on JJ , even going as far as taking her on a date to a football game . As the series progresses , their relationship becomes more of the brother -- sister kind . Morgan and Reid maintained a brotherly relationship and Morgan refers to Reid as his `` little brother '' prior to his departure in season 11 . Spencer is also the godfather of Jennifer 's son , Henry , and Derek 's son , Hank . Jennifer `` JJ '' Jareau ( A.J. Cook ) , former BAU communications liaison and current supervisory special agent ( seasons 1 -- 5 , 7 -- present ; recurring season 6 ) JJ served as the communications liaison on the team to local police agencies in seasons 1 -- 5 . She dates and marries William LaMontagne ( Josh Stewart ) , a New Orleans Police Department detective . They have two sons , Henry LaMontagne ( Mekhai Andersen ) and Michael LaMontagne ( Phoenix Sky Andersen ) . Both boys are played by A.J. Cook 's real - life sons . In the episode `` JJ '' ( season 6 ) , Jennifer is forced to accept a promotion at the Pentagon , causing her departure from the team , although Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner expresses his hope that she will return to the BAU in the future . Jennifer returns in the episode `` Lauren '' ( season 6 ) to assist the team in finding SSA Emily Prentiss ( Paget Brewster ) . Jennifer returns as a series regular in the season 7 premiere as a legitimate profiler and admits to helping fake Prentiss 's death , much to dismay of her colleagues . In the 200th episode , JJ is kidnapped because of a secret mission she performed while at the Pentagon . At the end of season 10 , JJ reveals she is pregnant with her second child and consults over the phone for the few episodes of season 11 before rejoining the team in the field in the episode `` Target Rich . '' Penelope Garcia ( Kirsten Vangsness ) , BAU technical analyst and BAU communications liaison ( seasons 2 -- present ; recurring season 1 ) Garcia joined the BAU after bringing attention to herself by illegally accessing some of their equipment ; she is offered a job in lieu of a jail sentence . She submitted her resume to Hotch on pink stationery . She usually supports the team from her computer lab at Quantico but occasionally joins them on location when her skills can be used in the field . She is a leader in a support group for those who have lost someone in their lives . Her parents were killed by a drunk driver when they were out looking for her when she was a teen and had missed her curfew . She enjoys a flirtatious relationship with SSA Derek Morgan , often engaging in comical banter of a sexually suggestive nature when he calls in for information . He calls her `` Baby Girl . '' She was once shot and almost killed by Jason Clark Battle , who lured her on a date in the episode `` Lucky '' ( season 3 ) . When SSA Jennifer Jareau leaves the BAU , Penelope and Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner take over her job as communications liaison . SSA Sam Cooper ( Criminal Minds : Suspect Behavior ) often calls when his team needs her computer skills . Penelope is the godmother of Jennifer 's son , Henry , and the godmother of Morgan 's son . Emily Prentiss ( Paget Brewster ) , supervisory special agent and BAU Unit Chief ( seasons 2 -- 7 , 12 -- present ; guest seasons 9 , 11 ) Prentiss is the daughter of Ambassador Elizabeth Prentiss ( Kate Jackson ) . After SSA Elle Greenaway leaves the BAU , Assistant Director Strauss approves Emily to join the BAU . The plan was for Emily to report any problems within the BAU , but Emily remained loyal to the team and refused to report any problems , going so far as threatening resignation . Emily is also fluent in several languages , such as Spanish , French , Greek , and Arabic , has a working knowledge in Italian , and was fluent in Russian at one point but has lost comprehension . She is apparently killed while being held hostage by Ian Doyle in the episode `` Lauren '' ( season 6 ) , but in the last scene of the episode , it is revealed that she survived her encounter with Ian and is seen with SSA Jennifer Jareau in Paris passing her passports and bank accounts for protection . In the season 7 premiere ( `` It Takes a Village '' ) , she returns alive and well , much to the team 's surprise . In the season 7 finale ( `` Run '' ) , Emily decides to leave the BAU after accepting a position running and returning to the Interpol office in London . She returns for the 200th episode to help rescue a kidnapped SSA Jennifer Jareau and again in the episode `` Tribute '' ( season 11 ) , where she enlists the help of the BAU in catching a serial killer who had originally killed in Europe before killing in the United States . Paget Brewster was confirmed to return for a several episode arc in season 12 . Following the dismissal of Thomas Gibson , Brewster was promoted to a series regular again starting from season 12 , episode 3 ; later Prentiss is promoted to Hotch 's position of unit chief . David Rossi ( Joe Mantegna ) , senior supervisory special agent ( seasons 3 -- present ) Rossi is a highly experienced profiler who once worked the BAU in its origins , then took early retirement in 1997 to write books and go on lecture tours about criminal analysis , until volunteering to return shortly after SSA Jason Gideon 's departure in 2007 . He has been married three times and is quite wealthy because of his successful writing career . In the episode `` From Childhood 's Hour '' ( season 7 ) , David reconnects with his first wife , Carolyn Baker , who has shocking news for him . It is revealed that she came to him because she was diagnosed with ALS ( Lou Gehrig 's disease ) and wants David to assist in her suicide . In the next episode ( `` Epilogue '' ) , Carolyn dies after taking a drug overdose . It is also revealed in this episode that David had a son who died at birth . In the season 8 episode `` The Fallen , '' it is revealed that David was a Marine in Vietnam . The season 7 finale ( `` Hit '' ) reveals SSA David Rossi may be having a secret relationship with Section Chief Erin Strauss ; this was discovered when technical analyst Penelope Garcia and SSA Dr. Spencer Reid spot them both leaving a hotel . In the last season 8 episode ( `` The Replicator '' ) we see their relationship has been known to the entire team . The episode is an emotional one for SSA David Rossi since Unit Chief Erin Strauss is murdered by The Replicator . She was taken from her hotel room , where he had planned to meet her that night , drugged and put on the streets of New York disoriented for Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner to find her . The episode 's last scene is SSA David Rossi eulogizing her to the team after her funeral , at a gathering at his home . In season 10 we learn that David has a daughter by his second wife . Since then , he is shown to have a strong relationship with his daughter , son - in - law , and grandson , even approving of her husband 's Italian heritage . In season 11 Rossi reunites with his second wife , and they give their relationship a second chance . Ashley Seaver ( Rachel Nichols ) , FBI cadet and special agent ( season 6 ) Seaver replaces SSA Jennifer Jareau after she is forced to accept a promotion at the Pentagon . She was chosen for her unique background ; her father , Charles Beauchamp , was a horrific serial killer known as the `` Redmond Ripper , '' who murdered dozens of women before being caught by the BAU , incidentally . At first , Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner was going to make her a special one - time consultant to the BAU , but SSA David Rossi allowed her to finish her remedial training with the team , under the supervision of SSA Emily Prentiss . In the episode `` ... With Friends Like These '' ( season 6 ) , she graduated from the Academy and had been added to the team as a `` probationary agent . '' In the season 7 premiere ( `` It Takes a Village '' ) , Jennifer reveals to Emily that Ashley transferred to the domestic trafficking task force , which is led by Andi Swann . Dr. Alex Blake , Ph. D. , ( Jeanne Tripplehorn ) , FBI linguistics expert , supervisory special agent , and professor at Georgetown University ( seasons 8 -- 9 ) Blake once worked for the BAU during the 2001 anthrax attacks but retired after a conflict with Chief Erin Strauss and rejoins the BAU after SSA Emily Prentiss transfers to the Interpol office in London . Alex first appears in the season 8 premiere ( `` The Silencer '' ) . She makes a personal connection with Spencer Reid after he reveals to her that he has begun a romantic relationship with a woman whom he has never met . In the season 9 finale , after a difficult case in Texas in which the team is targeted by a group of corrupt sheriff deputies and Reid is shot , she escorts Reid to his apartment , explaining that the experience brought back memories of her son 's death and that Reid reminds her of him . She leaves behind her credentials , which Reid finds in his bag before seeing Blake leave in a taxi , saddened but understanding . Kate Callahan ( Jennifer Love Hewitt ) , Former FBI undercover agent and supervisory special agent ( season 10 ) Callahan , as mentioned in the season 10 premiere , previously worked under Andi Swann 's team , which is also Ashley Seaver 's team since she left the BAU . She is a `` seasoned undercover agent whose stellar work at the FBI has landed her a coveted position with the Behavioral Analysis Unit . '' She and her husband , Chris , have been the guardians of Kate 's teenage niece , Meg , since Meg was a baby following her parents ' deaths in the September 11 , 2001 , attacks . Kate and Chris discover they are expecting a baby in the middle of season 10 , coinciding with the actress 's real - life pregnancy . At the end of season 10 she decides to take a year off and raise her baby . As of season 13 , she has not returned , but producer Erica Messer has stated the door was open should Hewitt choose to return to the show . Dr. Tara Lewis ( Aisha Tyler ) , forensic psychologist and supervisory special agent ( seasons 12 -- present ; recurring season 11 ) Lewis is a psychologist with an eye on forensic psychology and its application toward the criminal - justice system . Her dream was to study psychopaths up close and personal -- and her psychology background , combined with her experience in the FBI , brought her face to face with monsters . Her job was to stare them down and interview them , to determine if they were fit to stand trial . In the process , she made herself find the humanity inside these broken men ( and , sometimes , women ) in order to learn if there was a conscience behind their brutal crimes . Lewis replaced both JJ ( A.J. Cook ) and Kate ( Jennifer Love Hewitt ) while they were on maternity leave in the 11th season . Luke Alvez ( Adam Rodriguez ) , fugitive task force agent and supervisory special agent ( seasons 12 -- present ) Alvez is a member of the FBI fugitive task force that partners with the BAU to catch the serial killers that escaped in the season 11 finale . In the season 12 premiere , he works with the BAU to catch the `` Crimson King , '' one of the escapees that attacked Alvez 's old partner . The team discovers the real killer is `` Mr. Scratch , '' who taunts the team by turning over the real `` Crimson King , '' who was tortured to the point he no longer remembers who he was . After that , Alvez decides to join the BAU full time . Alvez has a dog , a Belgian Tervuren named Roxy ( whom Garcia thought at first was his human girlfriend ) and served in Iraq as an Army Ranger prior to joining the FBI . Stephen Walker ( Damon Gupton ) , supervisory special agent ( season 12 ) Walker is a supervisory special agent with the BAU . Walker was a member of the Behavioral Analysis Program . He was contacted by Emily Prentiss ( Paget Brewster ) about joining the BAU to assist in the manhunt for Peter Lewis , aka `` Mr. Scratch . '' Walker is an experienced profiler with about 20 years under his belt and a member of the FBI 's Behavioral Analysis Program before his transfer to the BAU . He is married to a woman named Monica and has two children with her , Maya and Eli . He met Emily Prentiss , then the chief of Interpol 's London office , during his line of work . He was also mentored by David Rossi ( Joe Mantegna ) . Stephen 's first case concerned a terrorist cell in Belgium , and three agents were sent undercover to infiltrate it . However , Stephen 's profile was wrong , and this resulted in the deaths of the undercover agents . He eventually moved on from the trauma and improved as he went along in his career . He and other BAP agents , including his longtime friend Sam Bower , were sent undercover to investigate corruption in the Russian government . Walker 's skills include being fluent in Russian and playing the trombone . In the season 13 premiere , it is revealed he had died in the car crash Mr. Scratch had arranged as a trap for the team at the end of season 12 . Matt Simmons ( Daniel Henney ) ( season 13 ; guest seasons 10 , 12 ) is a former member of the International Response Team . Simmons is a special operations agent and formerly worked with the IRT . Simmons as wife , Kristy , ( Kelly Frye ) and has a total of four children , including two boys ( Jake and David ) and twin daughters , all of them under the age of 3 . He was a former member of a special ops unit , and his experience with the unit allowed him to hone his profiling skills . Recurring ( edit ) Erin Strauss ( portrayed by Jayne Atkinson ; seasons 2 -- 3 , 5 -- 9 ; 23 episodes ) , an assistant director and the BAU Unit Chief 's direct superior . While her FBI experience was primarily in administration , SSA Derek Morgan remarked on her masterly marksmanship , after observing her at a firing range . In early episodes , Strauss appeared only concerned with herself and appearances within the Bureau , going so far as to force SSA Jennifer Jareau to accept a promotion to the Pentagon in the episode `` JJ '' ( season 6 ) . Further character development revealed her alcohol abuse . After being confronted by Morgan and Hotchner , Strauss accepts help and achieves sobriety . In the season 8 finale , the Replicator breaks into Strauss 's hotel room in New York , drugs her , and forces her -- at gunpoint -- to drink alcohol from her room 's minibar . Hotchner finds her on a bench near the hotel , where Strauss dies in his arms . Her death is avenged when Rossi traps the Replicator in an exploding house . Fittingly , Strauss 's sobriety helps defeat the Replicator as Rossi uses her sobriety chip to escape the Replicator 's trap and taunts him with it . After attending her funeral , the members of the BAU gather in a still - emotional Rossi 's backyard , reminisce , and toast her memory . Showrunner Erica Messer chose to kill Strauss off because she felt that the character had come full circle since she was first introduced . Haley Hotchner ( portrayed by Meredith Monroe ; seasons 1 -- 3 , 5 , 9 ; 14 episodes ) is Agent Aaron Hotchner 's wife and the mother of his only son , Jack Hotchner , born in late 2005 . The couple 's marriage was troubled , as clues were revealed in season 3 that she may have been having an affair and walked out on him . She later appeared with divorce papers , and he accepted reluctantly so as not to cause any trouble for his son with the divorce . In the episode `` 100 '' ( season 5 ) , Haley and Jack were captured by a killer known as `` The Reaper '' ; though Jack was saved , Haley was shot and died before Aaron could save her . Aaron later beat The Reaper to death . In the episode `` Route 66 , '' Hotch collapses from internal bleeding and dreams about Haley . She tells him that he should stop blaming himself for her death and to make sure Jack knows that he can talk about his mother 's death . Haley leaves Hotch by telling him that he and Beth have a good relationship and he should n't mess it up by not telling her how he feels . Jessica Brooks ( portrayed by Molly Baker ; seasons 1 , 3 , 5 , 9 -- 11 ) , is Agent Aaron Hotchner 's sister - in - law , Jack 's aunt , and Haley 's sister . Jordan Todd ( portrayed by Meta Golding ; season 4 ; 8 episodes ) is SSA Jennifer Jareau 's handpicked replacement to serve as the BAU 's media director during Jennifer 's maternity leave , from late 2008 through early 2009 . Jordan had formerly served in the FBI counterterrorism division , but follows Jennifer for only day of shadowing before Jennifer goes into labor . Jordan seemed to get along well with most of the team , even flirting platonically with SSA Derek Morgan . She is especially close with SSA David Rossi , who is seen to counsel her while they are on cases . However , Jordan has clashed several times with Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner . She eventually leaves when she decides she ca n't handle the stress that comes with her job . Diana Reid ( portrayed by Jane Lynch ; seasons 1 -- 2 , 4 , 12 ; 8 episodes ) is the mother of BAU team member Dr. Spencer Reid . Like her son , she has a high IQ . She was once a university professor of literature , but suffers from schizophrenia and is hospitalized in a Las Vegas sanitarium , where Spencer committed her when he was 18 . Her husband , William Reid , left prior to her diagnosis , because of his inability to cope with her illness , and he could not deal with protecting her after she witnessed a murder . She is functional when on her medication , but frequently lapses into regression to her university career . Diana spent much time reading aloud to Spencer while he was growing up , and he continues to write her a letter every day . She is proud of her son but disapproves of the FBI , as it is a government - run organization ; she refers to his colleagues as `` fascists . '' She seems to be showing signs of improvement in later episodes , when Reid states that she went on a supervised field trip to the Grand Canyon without feeling the need to notify Reid . However , she did not forget him , as Reid later receives a postcard and a gift from her . William LaMontagne Jr. ( portrayed by Josh Stewart ; season 2 -- 5 , 7 -- 9 , 11 -- present ) is SSA Jennifer Jareau 's husband and the father of Jennifer 's son , Henry LaMontagne . Will and Jennifer met while she was working a case in his hometown . As of early season 4 , Will had moved to Virginia and is a stay - at - home dad for Henry until he became a detective for the Metropolitan Police Department ( Washington D.C. ) as shown in the season 7 finale ( `` Run '' ) . It is also stated that the couple had made a deal that in a life - threatening situation , they would do everything so that one of them could live to look after Henry . Jennifer accepted his marriage proposal and they were married officially ; however , when their son was born , they exchanged rings with insets of Henry 's birthstone , citrine . He is seen briefly in the 100th episode getting medicine for Henry with Jennifer , as well as the episode `` The Slave of Duty '' ( season 5 ) , accompanying Jennifer and the team at Haley Hotchner 's funeral . In the season 7 finale , Will works alongside JJ to stop the bank robbers and is eventually taken hostage . Afterward , they agree to get married and unknowingly attend a surprise wedding ceremony thrown by Rossi and Will . Kevin Lynch ( portrayed by Nicholas Brendon ; season 3 -- 10 ) first appears in the episode `` Penelope '' ( season 3 ) , in which he is required to search Penelope Garcia 's computer to learn who shot her . Kevin sends the team live video alerting that the unsub ( unknown subject ) is in the BAU headquarters . He is intensely impressed by Penelope 's computer skills , and the feeling is mutual . At the end of the episode , Penelope is introduced to Kevin , and the two become romantically involved . In the episode `` I Love You , Tommy Brown '' ( season 7 ) , Kevin proposes to Penelope , but she turns him down , saying that `` things are going too fast , '' and ultimately the couple break up . Mateo Cruz ( portrayed by Esai Morales ; season 9 -- 10 ) takes over from the late Erin Strauss as the new BAU section chief in season 9 . He has a past working relationship with JJ . It was revealed in `` 200 '' that the two had worked on a task force together in the Middle East . He was the only person to know of her pregnancy and miscarriage during her time on the task force . In the same episode , they are both kidnapped by Tivon Askari ( Faran Tahir ) , who was a traitor within the task force . They are both physically and mentally tortured into giving the access codes given to them during the mission . He is shocked to discover that Michael Hastings ( Tahmoh Penikett ) , one of the men with whom they had worked on the task force , was the mastermind behind the plan and threatened to rape JJ to give him the access codes . He gives in and is later stabbed by Askari , who is quickly killed by Hotch . Cruz is taken to the hospital following the incident and is believed to be alive . Several episodes later , he reappears in the season 9 finale , `` Angels '' and `` Demons , '' when he asks the team to investigate a case brought to him by his friend Peter Coleman , the sheriff of Briscoe County , Texas . They first arrive to investigate a series of murders involving prostitutes , but as they investigate , the team soon finds that they are caught in a ring of corrupt deputies -- ironically the only officer not involved being Sheriff Coleman -- and find their lives in danger . After a fatal shootout with the corrupt , drug - peddling Preacher Mills ( Brett Cullen ) , Sheriff Coleman is killed , Morgan is wounded , and Reid is critically wounded and hospitalized as a result . Distraught by this turn of events , Cruz travels to Texas with Garcia to help the team investigate and apprehend the ring leader , Deputy Owen McGregor ( Michael Trucco ) . He is not seen again until late in season 10 ( episode 19 , `` Beyond Borders '' ) when he needs the BAU to help the FBI 's international team , led by Jack Garrett ( Gary Sinise ) , to catch an unsub who has kidnapped a family while on vacation in Barbados . The case is especially critical because this unsub has eluded both the domestic and international BAU teams by killing a family in Aruba , then in Florida one year later . This episode was the backdoor pilot for the upcoming spinoff , titled Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders . Dr. Savannah Hayes ( portrayed by Rochelle Aytes ; season 9 -- 11 ; 10 episodes ) Savannah Morgan ( née Hayes ) is Derek Morgan 's wife . She works as a doctor at Bethesda General Hospital . Savannah first appeared in Season 9 's `` The Return , '' and it is presumed Morgan and Savannah started dating prior to Season 9 , and first met after she approached him when he was depressed over a case that ended badly . Before they started dating they used to be neighbors . She was introduced to the show because Shemar Moore , the actor who portrays Morgan , had requested that his character should get a romantic partner . Joy Struthers ( portrayed by Amber Stevens ; season 10 -- 11 ) is Rossi 's daughter from his short - lived second marriage to French diplomat Hayden Montgomery . When they divorced , Hayden did n't tell him she was pregnant , and Joy thought her father was her mother 's second husband , who finally told her the truth before dying from cancer . In the episode `` Fate '' ( 10x09 ) , Joy seeks Rossi out and they 're getting to know each other . Joy is a reporter and true - crime writer and is married . She has a 2 - year - old son called Kai . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Criminal Minds episodes As of April 18 , 2018 , 299 episodes of Criminal Minds have aired , concluding the thirteenth season . Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Rating 22 September 22 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 22 ) May 10 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 10 ) 27 8.2 23 September 20 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 20 ) May 15 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 15 ) 18 8.8 20 September 26 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 26 ) May 21 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 21 ) 18 8.2 26 September 24 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 24 ) May 20 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 20 ) 11 9.4 5 23 September 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 23 ) May 26 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 26 ) 14 8.5 6 24 September 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 22 ) May 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 18 ) 10 8.7 7 24 September 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 21 ) May 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 16 ) 13 8.6 8 24 September 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 26 ) May 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 22 ) 16 8.0 9 24 September 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 25 ) May 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 14 ) 13 8.2 10 23 October 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 01 ) May 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 06 ) 8 9.0 11 22 September 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 30 ) May 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 04 ) 13 7.8 12 22 September 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 28 ) May 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) 17 6.9 13 22 September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) April 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 18 ) TBA TBA Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion with : inclusion of more reviews and summaries , for all seasons . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2016 ) The first season of Criminal Minds received mixed reviews from critics . It has a Metacritic score of 42 based on 21 reviews , indicating `` mixed or average reviews . '' Dorothy Rabinowitz said , in her review for The Wall Street Journal , `` From the evidence of the first few episodes , Criminal Minds may be a hit , and deservedly '' and gave particular praise to Gubler and Patinkin 's performance . Ned Martel in The New York Times was less positive , saying , `` The problem with `` Criminal Minds '' is its many confusing maladies , applied to too many characters . '' The reviewer felt that `` as a result , the cast seems like a spilled trunk of broken toys , with which the audience -- and perhaps the creators -- may quickly become bored . '' The Chicago Tribune reviewer , Sid Smith , felt that the show `` may well be worth a look , '' though he too criticized the `` confusing plots and characters . '' Writing in PopMatters , Marco Lanzagorta criticized the show after its premiere , saying it `` confuses critical thinking with supernatural abilities '' and that its characters conform to stereotypes . In the Los Angeles Times , Mary McNamara gave a similar review , and praised Patinkin and Gubler 's performances . American Ratings ( edit ) In 2016 a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that `` like several of the other police procedurals , '' Criminal Minds `` is more popular in rural areas , particularly in the southeastern half of the country . It hits peak popularity in Alabama and rural Tennessee and is least popular in Santa Barbara , Calif . '' Broadcast ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Wednesday 9 : 00 pm 22 September 22 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 22 ) 19.57 May 10 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 10 ) 12.67 2005 -- 06 28 12.63 23 September 20 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 20 ) 15.65 May 16 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 16 ) 13.21 2006 -- 07 24 14.05 20 September 26 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 26 ) 12.66 May 21 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 21 ) 13.15 2007 -- 08 24 12.78 26 September 24 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 24 ) 17.01 May 20 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 20 ) 13.99 2008 -- 09 11 14.95 5 23 September 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 23 ) 15.85 May 26 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 26 ) 12.97 2009 -- 10 16 13.70 6 24 September 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 22 ) 14.13 May 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 18 ) 12.84 2010 -- 11 10 14.11 7 24 September 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 21 ) 14.14 May 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 16 ) 13.68 2011 -- 12 15 13.20 8 24 September 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 26 ) 11.73 May 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 22 ) 11.01 2012 -- 13 20 12.15 9 24 September 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 25 ) 11.27 May 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 14 ) 12.03 2013 -- 14 12 12.66 10 23 October 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 01 ) 11.74 May 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 06 ) 9.61 2014 -- 15 11 14.11 11 22 September 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 30 ) 10.08 May 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 04 ) 8.84 2015 -- 16 16 12.20 12 22 September 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 28 ) 8.92 May 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) 8.12 2016 -- 17 20 10.86 13 Wednesday 10 : 00 pm 22 September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) 7.00 April 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 18 ) 5.39 2017 -- 18 TBD TBD DVR ( edit ) The show ranked number nine in DVR playback ( 2.35 million viewers ) , according to Nielsen prime DVR lift data from September 22& to November 23 , 2008 . For the week of October 10 , 2010 , Criminal Minds ranked sixth in DVR playback ( 2.40 million viewers ) , and seventh in the demo playback ( 1.0 demo ) according to Nielsen prime DVR lift data . Syndication ( edit ) The series is in syndication on A&E Network and Ion Television We TV and Sundance TV . Early seasons of Criminal Minds have begun airing on Rewind Networks 's HITS TV channel in South East Asia , Hong Kong and Taiwan . Franchise ( edit ) Criminal Minds has produced two spin - offs : Criminal Minds : Suspect Behavior and Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders , as well as a video game . Criminal Minds : Suspect Behavior ( edit ) The season five episode `` The Fight '' introduced a second BAU team and launched a new series called Criminal Minds : Suspect Behavior . The spin - off series debuted February 16 , 2011 , on CBS but was canceled after a short 13 - episode season owing to low ratings . On September 6 , 2011 , CBS DVD released The Complete Series on a four - disc set . It was packaged as `` The DVD Edition '' . The cast features Forest Whitaker as the lead role of Sam Cooper ; including Janeane Garofalo , Michael Kelly , Beau Garrett , Matt Ryan , Richard Schiff , and Kirsten Vangsness , who reprises her role as Penelope Garcia from the original series . Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders ( edit ) A proposed new series in the Criminal Minds franchise to be named Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders was announced in January 2015 . Former CSI : NY star Gary Sinise ( who is also a producer on the show ) and Anna Gunn were cast in the lead roles of Jack Garrett and Lily Lambert , though the latter departed after the backdoor pilot . Tyler James Williams has been cast as Russ `` Monty '' Montgomery and Daniel Henney as Matt Simmons , with Alana de la Garza as Clara Seger and Annie Funke as Mae Jarvis further being cast as series regulars . The series follows the FBI agents of the International Response Team ( IRT ) helping American citizens who find themselves in trouble abroad . CBS aired a backdoor pilot on April 8 , 2015 in the Criminal Minds slot , with a crossover episode titled `` Beyond Borders '' . The second spin - off series debuted March 16 , 2016 , on CBS . On May 16 , 2016 , CBS renewed the series for a second season . On May 14 , 2017 , CBS canceled the series after two seasons due to low ratings . 크리미널 마인드 ( Criminal Minds korea ) ( edit ) In 2017 tvN launched their own Korean version of Criminal Minds . The episodes are based on the original American version after its third season . On the cast is Lee Joon - gi as Kim Hyun - joon ( Derek Morgan ) , Moon Chae Won as Ha Sun - woo ( Emily Prentiss ) , Son Hyun - joo as Kang Ki - hyung ( Aaron Hotchner ) , Yoo Sun as Nana Hwang ( Penelope Garcia ) , Lee Sun - bin as Yoo Min - young ( Jennifer Jareau ) , and Go Yoon as Lee Han ( Spencer Reid ) . The episodes are 1 hour long . Video game ( edit ) CBS announced in October 2009 that Legacy Interactive would develop a video game based on the show . The game would require players to examine crime scenes for clues to help solve murder mysteries . The interactive puzzle game was released in 2012 , but the show 's cast was not involved with the project so it did not feature any of their voices . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Awards and nominations for Criminal Minds Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result 2006 People 's Choice Awards Favorite New Television Drama Criminal Minds Nominated Hollywood Post Alliance Outstanding Editing -- Television Jimmy Giritlian Nominated ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top TV Series Marc Fantini , Steffan Fantini , Scott Gordon Won 2007 Top TV Series Marc Fantini , Steffan Fantini , Scott Gordon Won 2008 Motion Picture Sound Editors Best Sound Editing -- Music for Short Form Television Lisa A. Arpino For episode `` True Night '' Nominated BMI Film & TV Awards BMI TV Music Award Mark Mancina Won Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Stunt Coordination Tom Elliott For episode `` Tabula Rasa '' Nominated 2009 BMI Film & TV Awards BMI TV Music Award Mark Mancina Won Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Stunt Coordination Tom Elliott For episode `` Normal '' Nominated Hollywood Music In Media Awards ( HMMA ) Best Score in a TV Show Marc Fantini , Steffan Fantini , Scott Gordon Won ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top Television Series Steffan Fantini Won 2011 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Crime Drama Criminal Minds Nominated Image Awards Outstanding Writing in a Dramatic Series Janine Sherman Barrois For episode `` Remembrance of Things Past '' Nominated ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top Television Series Steffan Fantini Won 2012 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Crime Drama Criminal Minds Nominated Image Awards Outstanding Writing in a Dramatic Series Janine Sherman Barrois For episode `` The Bittersweet Science '' Nominated ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top Television Series Steffan Fantini Won Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Stunt Coordination Tom Elliott For episode `` The Bittersweet Science '' Nominated 2013 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Crime Drama Criminal Minds Nominated MovieGuide Awards Faith and Freedom Award Criminal Minds For episode `` The Fallen '' Nominated Image Awards Outstanding Writing in a Dramatic Series Janine Sherman Barrois For episode `` The Pact '' Nominated BMI Film & TV Awards BMI TV Music Award Mark Mancina Won ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top Television Series Marc Fantini , Steffan Fantini , Scott Gordon Won 2014 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Crime Drama Criminal Minds Nominated Image Awards Outstanding Writing in a Dramatic Series Janine Sherman Barrois For episode `` Strange Fruit '' Won Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series Shemar Moore Nominated Outstanding Directing in a Drama Series Rob Hardy For episode `` Carbon Copy '' Nominated 2015 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Crime Drama Criminal Minds Nominated Favorite TV Crime Drama Actor Shemar Moore Nominated Prism Awards Drama Episode -- Mental Health Criminal Minds For episode `` The Edge of Winter '' Nominated Monte - Carlo TV Festival International TV Audience Award -- Best Drama TV Series Touchstone Television , The Mark Gordon Company Nominated Image Awards Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series Shemar Moore Won Outstanding Directing in a Drama Series Hanelle Culpepper For episode `` The Edge of Winter '' Nominated 2016 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Crime Drama Criminal Minds Nominated Favorite TV Crime Drama Actor Shemar Moore Nominated 2017 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Crime Drama Criminal Minds Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( May 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Criminal Minds ' Renewed For Seasons 14 '' . TV Line . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Criminal Minds Fan . `` Criminal Minds Fanatic 's Favorite Things '' . Criminal Minds Fanatic . Mountain View , California : Blogger . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Witchel , Alex . `` Mandy Patinkin : ' I Behaved Abominably ' '' . The New York Times . New York City : The New York Times Company . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva . `` Fans And Co-Stars Back ' Minds ' Actresses '' . Deadline Hollywood . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva . `` JJ Is Back ! AJ Cook Inks 2 - Year Deal To Return To ' Criminal Minds ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie . `` It 's Official : Criminal Minds Welcomes Back Paget Brewster , Bids Farewell to Rachel Nichols '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . 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Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` Criminal Minds : Shemar Moore Hails the ' Exclamation Point ' on Derek 's ' Hero Ride , ' Says ' I Left It All on the Field ' '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eng , Joyce ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Criminal Minds Boss on Shemar Moore 's Exit : `` There Is No Replacing Derek Morgan '' `` . TV Guide . Radnor , Pennsylvania : NTVB Media CBS Interactive ( CBS Corporation ) ( digital assets ) . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James . `` Criminal Minds adds Adam Rodriguez as series regular '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York City : Time Inc . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Sandra ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Paget Brewster is once again a series regular on ' Criminal Minds ' '' . CNN News . Atlanta : CNN . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Criminal Minds ' : Paget Brewster To Return For Arc In Season 12 '' . Deadline Hollywood . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eng , Joyce ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` Paget Brewster Is Returning to Criminal Minds in Season 12 '' . TV Guide . Radnor , Pennsylvania : NTVB Media CBS Interactive ( CBS Corporation ) ( digital assets ) . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bring , Harry ( @ LLPOS ) ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` Well , look who joined us for the table read on 1203 ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Criminal Minds : Aisha Tyler Promoted to Series Regular for Season 12 '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` Thomas Gibson Suspended From ' Criminal Minds ' Over On - Set Altercation '' . Deadline Hollywood . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( August 12 , 2016 ) . `` Thomas Gibson Fired From CBS ' ' Criminal Minds ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( September 30 , 2016 ) . `` Criminal Minds : New Series Regular Cast in Wake of Thomas Gibson 's Exit '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Criminal Minds ' : Damon Gupton Leaving CBS Series After One Season '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Criminal Minds Adds Beyond Borders ' Daniel Henney as Series Regular '' . TVLine.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Lisa ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` Kirsten Vangsness -- Diani & Devine Meet The Apocalypse '' . Starry Mag . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris . `` Jennifer Love Hewitt Joins Criminal Minds as Series Regular '' . E ! Online . Los Angeles : NBCUniversal Cable . Retrieved 2 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Criminal Minds ' : Damon Gupton Leaving CBS Series After One Season '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eng , Joyce ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Criminal Minds Boss on The Replicator Reveal , the Finale Death and What 's Next in Season 9 '' . TV Guide . Radnor , Pennsylvania : NTVB Media CBS Interactive ( CBS Corporation ) ( digital assets ) . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Eng , Joyce ( July 25 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : Esai Morales Joins Criminal Minds as New Section Chief '' . TV Guide . Radnor , Pennsylvania : NTVB Media CBS Interactive ( CBS Corporation ) ( digital assets ) . Retrieved July 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Criminal Minds ' doing new spinoff '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York City : Time Inc . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb . `` ' Criminal Minds ' Spin - Off 2015 -- Globe - Trotting Team Of Profilers '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 - Present ( Ninth Edition ) . Ballantine Books . p. 1697 - 1698 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4 . Jump up ^ Top Rated TV Programs By Season ( 2007 - Present ) ^ Jump up to : `` Critic Reviews for Criminal Minds Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rabinowitz , Dorothy ( October 7 , 2005 ) . `` Circle of Genius '' . The Wall Street Journal . New York City : News Corp . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Martel , Ned ( September 28 , 2015 ) . `` On the Case , a Crack Team of Tic - Ridden F.B.I. Agents '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 2 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings Top 25 : American Idol , Big Bang Theory , Two And A Half Men Top 18 -- 49 Ratings '' . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2010 . Retrieved June 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Final 2009 -- 10 Broadcast Primetime Show Average Viewership '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . June 16 , 2010 . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2010 . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 28 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' , ' Glee , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Dancing with the Stars ' Top Premiere Week '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved September 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' Happy Endings ' Adj . Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 11 Season Broadcast Primetime Show Viewership Averages '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . June 1 , 2011 . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 27 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Two And A Half Men ' Tops ' Sunday Night Football ' For Week Ending September 25 , 2011 '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved September 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 22 , 2012 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' American Idol ' , ' NCIS ' Top Week 35 Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gormam , Bill ( May 25 , 2012 ) . `` Complete List Of 2011 -- 12 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' American Idol , ' ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 2 , 2012 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : Sunday Night Football Tops Week 1 Viewing Among Adults 18 -- 49 and With Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2012 . Retrieved October 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Modern Family ' Tops Week 35 Viewing Among Adults 18 -- 49 , ' Dancing With the Stars ' on Top With Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved June 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` Complete List Of 2012 -- 13 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' NCIS , ' ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 26 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' Modern Family ' and ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Nashville ' & ' CSI ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved September 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Revolution ' , ' Arrow ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Suburgatory ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago P.D. ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2013 -- 14 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . United States : Penske Media Corporation . May 22 , 2014 . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' How to Get Away With Murder ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Parenthood ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week Ending October 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2014 . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' , ' Nashville ' , & ' The Goldbergs ' Adjusted Up ; ' American Idol ' , ' Criminal Minds ' ' Supernatural ' & ' Blacki - ish ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` Full 2014 -- 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline Hollywood . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( October 1 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Rosewood ' Adjusted Up ; ' Nashville ' & ' Code Black ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Chicago PD ' and ' Heartbeat ' adjust up , ' Nashville ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . United States : Penske Media Corporation . May 26 , 2015 . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire , ' ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' SVU ' & ' Blindspot ' all adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Criminal Minds ' finale , ' Chicago PD ' & ' Speechless ' all adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Final 2016 -- 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' premiere adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Scandal ' and ' Criminal Minds ' get biggest finale bumps in week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News -- Cbs Number One Live -- And In Playback '' . The Futon Critic . June 29 , 2010 . Retrieved July 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 1 , 2010 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : Grey 's Anatomy , Fringe , The Mentalist Top Week 's Rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Adweek -- Breaking News in Advertising , Media and Technology '' . AdWeek . New York City : Mediabistro Holdings . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` HITS '' . hitstv.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 17 , 2010 ) . `` CBS Picks Up ' Criminal Minds ' Spinoff To Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved May 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 17 , 2011 ) . `` CBS renews ' CSI : NY ' , cancels ' Criminal Minds : Suspect Behavior ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved May 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` How The Criminal Minds Spinoff Will Replace Anna Gunn '' . Cinema Blend . Jump up ^ `` Alana De La Garza & Annie Funke Join ' Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . United States : Penske Media Corporation . July 17 , 2015 . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb . `` ' Criminal Minds ' Spin - Off 2015 -- Globe - Trotting Team Of Profilers '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Rush Hour ' Series Sets Premiere Date , CBS Shifts ' Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders ' '' . The Wrap . Santa Monica , California : The Wrap News Inc . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie . `` ' Code Black ' , ' Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders ' , ' The Odd Couple ' & ' Undercover Boss ' Renewed By CBS '' . Deadline Hollywood . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley . `` ' Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders ' Canceled at CBS7 '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Jump up ^ `` Criminal Minds Game Blog '' ( Press release ) . November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Consumer Products Announces Eight New Video Games Based on Popular TV Shows '' ( Press release ) . CBS Interactive . October 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Thomas Gibson '' . ShaveMagazine.com . Retrieved May 10 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutCriminal Mindsat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Official website Criminal Minds on IMDb Criminal Minds at TV.com A&E 's Criminal Minds site AXN 's Criminal Minds site `` List of Criminal Minds Episodes '' . TV Guide . Radnor , Pennsylvania : NTVB Media CBS Interactive ( CBS Corporation ) ( digital assets ) . Gamespy Article On The Game Preceded by Grey 's Anatomy 2006 Criminal Minds Super Bowl lead - out program 2007 Succeeded by House 2008 Criminal Minds Criminal Minds Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Characters Jason Gideon Aaron Hotchner Elle Greenaway Derek Morgan Spencer Reid Jennifer Jareau Penelope Garcia Emily Prentiss David Rossi Alex Blake Video game Suspect Behavior Sam Cooper Beyond Borders Episodes Season 1 Characters Jack Garrett Clara Seger Russ Montgomery Matt Simmons Mae Jarvis International South Korean CBS programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 48 Hours ( since 1988 ) 60 Minutes ( since 1968 ) The Amazing Race ( since 2001 ) The Big Bang Theory ( since 2007 ) Big Brother ( since 2000 ) Blue Bloods ( since 2010 ) Bull ( since 2016 ) Celebrity Big Brother ( since 2018 ) Celebrity Undercover Boss ( since 2018 ) Code Black ( since 2015 ) Criminal Minds ( since 2005 ) Elementary ( since 2012 ) Hawaii Five - 0 ( since 2010 ) Hunted ( since 2017 ) Instinct ( since 2018 ) Life in Pieces ( since 2015 ) Living Biblically ( since 2018 ) MacGyver ( since 2016 ) Madam Secretary ( since 2014 ) Man with a Plan ( since 2016 ) Mom ( since 2013 ) NCIS ( since 2003 ) NCIS : Los Angeles ( since 2009 ) NCIS : New Orleans ( since 2014 ) Ransom ( since 2017 ) Salvation ( since 2017 ) SEAL Team ( since 2017 ) Survivor ( since 2000 ) S.W.A.T. 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( 2018 ) Murphy Brown ( 1988 -- 1998 ; 2018 ) The Neighborhood ( 2018 ) TKO : Total Knock Out ( 2018 ) Blood & Treasure ( 2019 ) The Code ( 2019 ) Fam ( 2019 ) The Red Line ( 2019 ) The World 's Best ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Criminal_Minds&oldid=841756525 '' Categories : Criminal Minds 2005 American television series debuts 2000s American crime television series 2000s American drama television series 2000s American mystery television series 2010s American crime television series 2010s American drama television series 2010s American mystery television series American crime drama television series CBS network shows English - language television programs Federal Bureau of Investigation in fiction Mental illness in fiction Police procedural television series Super Bowl lead - out programs Television series by ABC Studios Television series by CBS Television Studios Television shows set in Virginia Television shows filmed in Los Angeles Television shows featuring audio description Hidden categories : All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from May 2012 Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from August 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles to be expanded from April 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Башҡортса Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Sardu Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 34 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 May 2018 , at 21 : 08 . 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"\n\nSeason\nEpisodes\nOriginally aired\nNielsen ratings[36][37]\n\n\nFirst aired\nLast aired\nRank\nRating\n\n\n\n1\n22\nSeptember 22, 2005 (2005-09-22)\nMay 10, 2006 (2006-05-10)\n27\n8.2\n\n\n\n2\n23\nSeptember 20, 2006 (2006-09-20)\nMay 15, 2007 (2007-05-15)\n18\n8.8\n\n\n\n3\n20\nSeptember 26, 2007 (2007-09-26)\nMay 21, 2008 (2008-05-21)\n18\n8.2\n\n\n\n4\n26\nSeptember 24, 2008 (2008-09-24)\nMay 20, 2009 (2009-05-20)\n11\n9.4\n\n\n\n5\n23\nSeptember 23, 2009 (2009-09-23)\nMay 26, 2010 (2010-05-26)\n14\n8.5\n\n\n\n6\n24\nSeptember 22, 2010 (2010-09-22)\nMay 18, 2011 (2011-05-18)\n10\n8.7\n\n\n\n7\n24\nSeptember 21, 2011 (2011-09-21)\nMay 16, 2012 (2012-05-16)\n13\n8.6\n\n\n\n8\n24\nSeptember 26, 2012 (2012-09-26)\nMay 22, 2013 (2013-05-22)\n16\n8.0\n\n\n\n9\n24\nSeptember 25, 2013 (2013-09-25)\nMay 14, 2014 (2014-05-14)\n13\n8.2\n\n\n\n10\n23\nOctober 1, 2014 (2014-10-01)\nMay 6, 2015 (2015-05-06)\n8\n9.0\n\n\n\n11\n22\nSeptember 30, 2015 (2015-09-30)\nMay 4, 2016 (2016-05-04)\n13\n7.8\n\n\n\n12\n22\nSeptember 28, 2016 (2016-09-28)\nMay 10, 2017 (2017-05-10)\n17\n6.9\n\n\n\n13\n22\nSeptember 27, 2017 (2017-09-27)\nApril 18, 2018 (2018-04-18)\nTBA\nTBA\n\n"
] | [
"April 18, 2018"
] |
475099728251432370 | Queen of the South (TV series) | Queen of the South ( TV series ) - Wikipedia Queen of the South ( TV series ) Queen of the South Genre Action Crime Drama Thriller Created by M.A. Fortin Joshua John Miller Based on La Reina del Sur by Arturo Pérez - Reverte Written by Scott Rosenbaum M.A. Fortin Joshua John Miller Arturo Pérez - Reverte Starring Alice Braga Veronica Falcon Justina Machado Peter Gadiot Hemky Madera Gerardo Taracena Joaquim de Almeida Jon - Michael Ecker Nick Sagar Theme music composer Giorgio Moroder Raney Shockne Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 33 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) David Friendly Scott Rosenbaum M.A. Fortin Joshua John Miller Producer ( s ) Robert J. Wilson Lorenzo O'Brien Cinematography Cameron Duncan Alejandro Martinez Production company ( s ) Frequency Films Friendly Films Skeeter Rosenbaum Productions Fox 21 Television Studios Universal Cable Productions Distributor NBCUniversal Television Distribution 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment ( MOD releases ) Release Original network USA Network Original release June 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 23 ) -- present External links Website Queen of the South is an American television crime drama - thriller series . It premiered June 23 , 2016 , on USA Network and is an adaptation of the successful telenovela La Reina del Sur , which airs on USA 's sister network Telemundo , which in turn is an adaptation of the novel of the same name by Spanish author Arturo Pérez - Reverte . On September 6 , 2016 , USA Network renewed the series for a second season which premiered June 8 , 2017 . On August 10 , 2017 , USA renewed the series for a third season , which premiered on June 21 , 2018 . Contents 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Upcoming cast 2 Critical reception 3 Episodes 3.1 Series overview 3.2 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 3.3 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 3.4 Season 3 ( 2018 ) 4 Broadcast 4.1 Awards and nominations 5 References 6 External links Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) The cast and crew of the TV show Queen of the South at the ATX Television Festival presentation of the show . From left : Moderator Jarett Wieselman , David T. Friendly , Alice Braga , Veronica Falcón , Joaquim De Almeida , Jon - Michael Ecker , Justina Machado , Peter Gadiot , Hemky Madera and Gerardo Taracena Alice Braga as Teresa Mendoza , a poor woman from Jalisco , Mexico who becomes a wealthy woman by building a drug empire Veronica Falcon as Doña Camila Vargas , Don Epifanio 's estranged wife and head of the American chapter of the Vargas Cartel in Dallas , Texas Justina Machado as Brenda Parra , Teresa 's best friend , Chino 's wife , and Tony 's mother ( Season 1 ) Peter Gadiot as James Valdez , Camila 's right - hand man Hemky Madera as Pote Galvez , a lieutenant in the Vargas Cartel Gerardo Taracena as Cesar `` Batman '' Guemes , Don Epifanio Vargas ' right - hand man ( Season 1 - 2 ) Joaquim de Almeida as Don Epifanio Vargas , Camilla Vargas ' husband , head of the Vargas Cartel ( see : Sinaloa Cartel ) , and a candidate for the governor of the Mexican state of Sinaloa ( Seasons 1 - 2 ) Jon - Michael Ecker as Raymundo `` El Güero '' Davila ( Season 2 , recurring season 1 ) Nick Sagar as DEA agent Alonzo Loya Recurring ( edit ) Mark Consuelos as Teo Aljarafe ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) , Camila 's lawyer who got killed in season 2 by a DEA agent James Martinez as Gato Fierros , a lieutenant in the Vargas Cartel Carlos Gomez as Javier Acosta Rafael Amaya as Aurelio Casillas Ximena Duque as Eva Buemeros ( season 2 ) Michel Duval as Enrique `` Kique '' Jiménez ( season 2 ) Upcoming cast ( edit ) Alfonso Herrera as Javier Gallegos Iván Sánchez as Santiago López Fisterra `` El Gallego Critical reception ( edit ) Queen of the South 's first season received mixed to positive feedback from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a rating of 69 % , based on 16 reviews . The site 's consensus reads : `` Queen of the South enlivens an overdone premise with action and narrative vigor -- and shows hints of intriguing potential . '' On Metacritic , the first season scored 59 out of 100 , based on 15 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 June 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 23 ) September 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 15 ) 13 June 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 08 ) August 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 31 ) 13 June 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 21 ) TBA Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Piloto '' Charlotte Sieling M.A. Fortin & Joshua John Miller June 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 23 ) 101 1.39 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Güero -- a drug dealer -- and Teresa have been together for a year , but one day Teresa finds out that Güero is dead and that the next one will be Chino , and runs home to try to prevent it . She does not arrive on time , but at least manages to rescue Brenda and her son , and the three escape in a car . The killers chase and corner them , but Teresa crashes the car in her truck and drives away . Teresa goes in one direction and Brenda and her son , another . Teresa knows that her life is in danger , so she must find the notebook that Güero told her and take it to Don Epifanio , Güero 's godfather and drug dealer who wants to be Governor of Sinaloa , and give it to him in exchange for his life . She finds him in an abandoned apartment , but soon the murderers find her , and one of them rapes her , but Teresa alludes and sees her future self , the Queen of the South , and tells her to do something . She takes a gun , shoots her attacker in the face and flees . Teresa meets Don Epifanio and gives him the notebook . He refuses to help her , but finally gives in to his pleas . They both get into a car driven by one of Epifanio 's men and take the road to an unknown destination . Suddenly , they stop and go back to see the Queen of the South who tells her that `` something has changed '' in the plans of Don Epifanio ; Teresa pulls out a gun and asks Don Epifanio to stop the vehicle . He tries to obtain Teresa 's weapon , who shoots the driver in the back of his head . The car ends face down on the side of the road , and Teresa escapes , ignoring Epifanio , who is seriously injured and asks for her help . Teresa stops at a gas station to heal her wounds , but her pursuers find her and take her to see their boss , Don Epifanio 's wife , Camila Vargas , who takes Teresa 's hand and recognizes her . Then Teresa asks where she is and Camila tells her she is in Dallas , Texas . `` Cuarenta Minutos '' Matthew Penn Scott Rosenbaum June 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 30 ) 102 1.35 `` Estrategia de Entrada '' Scott Peters Scott Rosenbaum July 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 07 ) 103 1.26 `` Lirio de los Valles '' Zetna Fuentes Scott Rosenbaum July 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 14 ) 104 1.26 5 5 `` Un Alma . Un Mapa . Dos Futuros . '' T.J. Scott Scott Rosenbaum July 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 21 ) 105 1.22 6 6 `` El Engaño Como la Regla '' Dave Rodriguez Scott Rosenbaum July 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 28 ) 106 1.22 7 7 `` El Hombre Pájaro '' David Platt Benjamin Daniel Lobato & David Ehrman August 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 04 ) 107 1.21 8 8 `` Billete de Magia '' David Boyd Gregg Hurwitz August 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 11 ) 108 1.06 9 9 `` Coge Todo lo Que Puede Llevar '' Jamie Payne Benjamin Daniel Lobato & David Ehrman August 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 18 ) 109 1.05 10 10 `` Esta Cosa Que Es Nuestra '' Scott Peters Benjamin Daniel Lobato & David Ehrman August 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 25 ) 110 1.20 11 11 `` Punto sin Retorno '' Constantine Makris Kyle Lierman September 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 01 ) 111 1.16 12 12 `` Quinientos Mil '' David Rodriguez Benjamin Daniel Lobato & David Ehrman September 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 08 ) 112 1.12 13 13 `` Cicatriz '' Matthew Penn Scott Rosenbaum September 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 15 ) 113 1.35 Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 14 `` El Cuerpo de Cristo '' David Boyd Natalie Chaidez June 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 08 ) 201 1.25 15 `` Dios y el Abogado '' Nick Gomez Jason Ganzel June 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 15 ) 202 1.27 16 `` Un Pacto Con el Diablo '' Eduardo Sanchez Dailyn Rodriguez June 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 22 ) 203 1.08 17 `` El Beso de Judas '' Ami Canaan Mann Benjamin Daniel Lobato June 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 29 ) 204 0.90 18 5 `` El Nacimiento de Bolivia '' Nick Copus Joe Loya July 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 06 ) 205 1.11 19 6 `` El Camino de la Muerte '' David Boyd Ryan O'Nan July 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 13 ) 206 1.10 20 7 `` El Precio de la Fe '' Joe Menendez Jorge A. Reyes July 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 20 ) 207 1.18 21 8 `` Sacar Con Sifón el Mar '' Bronwen Hughes Tina Mabry July 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 27 ) 208 1.16 22 9 `` Sólo el Amor de Una Madre '' David Rodriguez Tina Mabry & Dailyn Rodriguez August 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 03 ) 209 1.02 23 10 `` Que Manden los Payasos '' Loni Peristere Jason Ganzel & Jorge A. Reyes August 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 10 ) 210 1.18 24 11 `` La Noche Oscura del Alma '' Tina Mabry Benjamin Daniel Lobato August 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 17 ) 211 1.24 25 12 `` Todas las Horas Hieren '' Eduardo Sanchez Ryan O'Nan August 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 24 ) 212 1.24 26 13 `` La Última Hora Mata '' David Boyd Natalie Chaidez & Ryan O'Nan August 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 31 ) 213 1.33 Season 3 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 27 `` La Ermitaña '' David Boyd Natalie Chaidez June 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 21 ) 301 1.24 28 `` El Colgado '' David Boyd Benjamin Daniel Lobato June 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 28 ) 302 1.02 29 `` Reina de Oros '' David Grossman Ryan O'Nan July 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 05 ) 303 1.02 30 `` La Fuerza '' Darren Grant Mark Valadez July 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 12 ) 304 1.22 31 5 `` El Juicio '' Eduardo Sanchez Jorge A. Reyes July 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 19 ) 305 1.12 32 6 `` Los Enamorados '' Rebecca Rodriguez Dailyn Rodriguez , Fernanda Coppel July 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 26 ) 306 1.09 33 7 `` Reina de Espadas '' Meera Menon Tony Puryear August 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 02 ) 307 1.09 34 8 `` El Carro '' Ben Hernadez Bray Benjamin Daniel Lobato August 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 09 ) 308 1.05 35 9 `` El Diablo '' TBA TBA August 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 16 ) 309 TBD 36 10 `` La Muerte '' TBA TBA August 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 23 ) 310 TBD 37 11 `` Diez de Copas '' TBA TBA August 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 30 ) 311 TBD Broadcast ( edit ) Internationally , the series premiered in Australia on Showcase on August 4 , 2016 . German TV channel DMAX is showing the series since June 14 , 2017 . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee Result Ref . 2017 Imagen Awards Best Supporting Actor - Television Peter Gadiot Won Best Primetime Television Series - Drama Queen of the South Nominated Best Actress - Television Alice Braga Nominated Best Actor - Television Joaquim de Almeida Nominated Best Supporting Actress - Television Veronica Falcon Nominated 2018 WIN Awards Film or Show Written By a Woman Natalie Chaidez Won Drama Series Queen Of the South Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A. `` ' Queen of The South ' Composers Giorgio Moroder & Raney Shockne -- Interview '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Queen of the South '' . NBCUniversal Media Village . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` Queen of the South - DVDs Are Coming Soon for the First Season of the USA Network Series ! '' . TVShowsonTV.com . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2017 . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( 9 June 2016 ) . `` Queen Of The South EP & Cast Talk Female Empowerment And The Importance of Keeping It Real '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on 13 June 2016 . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 23 September 2014 ) . `` La Reina Del Sur Adaptation Picked Up By USA Network As Drama Pilot '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on 24 February 2016 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Queen Of The South ' Renewed For Season 3 By USA '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise . `` Justina Machado Joins ' Queen Of The South ' ; Kyle Gallner In ' Outsiders ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on 9 March 2016 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise . `` Peter Gadiot Joins USA Drama Series ' Queen Of The South ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on 21 February 2016 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team . `` Loretta Devine Joins Jerrod Carmichael Comedy Pilot ; Hemky Madera In ' Queen Of The South ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on 21 February 2016 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise . `` Kyle Dean Massey Cast In ' Nashville ' , Joaquim De Almeida In ' Queen Of The South '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on 22 February 2016 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team . `` James Martinez Cast In ' Queen Of The South ' ; Luis Guzman & Finesse Mitchell Tour With ' Roadies ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on 21 February 2016 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise . `` Carlos Gomez Joins USA Drama Series ' Queen Of The South ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on 29 December 2015 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Hansen , Lena . `` Rafael Amaya habla sobre su papel en la serie Queen of the South '' . People en Español ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on 16 April 2016 . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Trejos , Carolina . `` Ximena Duque y Michel Duval se unen a Queen of the South '' . People en Español ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on 2 April 2017 . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alfonso Herrera se incorpora al `` remake '' estadounidense de `` La reina del sur '' `` . elcomercio.pe ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 6 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Iván Sánchez regresa como ' El Gallego ' , de La Reina del Sur '' . zeleb.mx ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Queen of the South : Season 1 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Queen of the South : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2016 . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z - queen of the south on usa '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 06 - 24 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : NBA Draft wins the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 07 - 05 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 07 - 08 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : CNN wins the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 07 - 22 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : Republican National Convention dominates the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 07 - 29 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : Democratic National Convention lands on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 08 - 05 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Queen of the South ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 06 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 08 - 12 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Queen of the South ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 08 - 19 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Queen of the South ' ticks up , NFL Preseason dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 26 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Mountain Men ' and ' Ice Road Truckers ' hold steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2016 . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( September 6 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Queen of the South ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2016 . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Queen of the South ' ticks back up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2016 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alex Welch ( 2016 - 09 - 16 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : Thursday Night Football scores top spot '' . Tvbythenumbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 09 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.8. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.15. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.22. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.29. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.6. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.13. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2017 . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.20. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.27. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.3. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.17. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.24. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 1 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.31. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 22 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.21. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 29 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.28. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 6 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.5. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 13 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.12. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 20 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.19. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 27 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.26. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 3 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.2. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 10 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.9. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Purcell , Charles ( 28 July 2016 ) . `` New This Week ( Aug 1 ) : Sharknado 4 , Shades Of Blue , Queen Of The South , Super Rugby and live sport '' . The Green Room . Archived from the original on 29 July 2016 . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ KG , imfernsehen GmbH & Co. , Queen of the South ( in German ) , retrieved 2017 - 12 - 12 External links ( edit ) Official website Queen of the South on IMDb USA Network original programming Current American Ninja Warrior : Ninja vs. Ninja ( since 2017 ) Chrisley Knows Best ( since 2014 ) Mr. Robot ( since 2015 ) Miz & Mrs. ( since 2018 ) Queen of the South ( since 2016 ) Shooter ( since 2016 ) The Sinner ( since 2017 ) Suits ( since 2011 ) Unsolved ( since 2018 ) Westminster Dog Show WWE Raw ( 1993 -- 2000 , since 2005 ) WWE SmackDown ( since 2016 ) WWE Tribute to the Troops ( since 2005 ) Former 1970s debuts NBA on USA NHL on USA USA Thursday Game of the Week 1980s debuts Airwolf Alfred Hitchcock Presents ( 1985 ) American Bandstand Bumper Stumpers Chain Reaction Commander USA 's Groovie Movies Dance Party USA The Dick Cavett Show The Hitchhiker Jackpot Love Me , Love Me Not Night Flight PGA Tour on USA Radio 1990 Southwest Championship Wrestling Tuesday Night Fights Tuesday Night Titans U.S. Open Tennis Championship USA Cartoon Express USA Saturday Nightmares USA Up All Night WWF All American Wrestling WWF Prime Time Wrestling 1990s debuts Beyond Reality Campus Cops Claude 's Crib Crush Duckman Eco-Challenge Farmclub.com Free 4 All G vs E Highlander : The Animated Series The Huntress La Femme Nikita Lost on Earth Manhattan , AZ Mortal Kombat : Defenders of the Realm The Net Night Flight Pacific Blue Quicksilver The Savage Dragon Silk Stalkings Street Fighter Strip Poker The Superman / Batman Adventures Swamp Thing Ultraforce USA Action Extreme Team USA High The War Next Door Weird Science Wing Commander Academy World League of American Football WWF Action Zone WWF Heat WWF LiveWire WWF Mania 2000s debuts The 4400 Burn Notice Cannonball Run 2001 Cover Me Combat Missions Cool Money D.C. Sniper : 23 Days of Fear The Dead Zone Dr. Steve - O Frankenstein Helen of Troy In Plain Sight Kojak The Last Ride Law & Order : Criminal Intent Monk Nashville Star Peacemakers Psych Royal Pains Spartacus The Starter Wife miniseries TV series Stealing Christmas Smush Three Wise Guys To Love and Die Touching Evil Traffic Underfunded White Collar 2010s debuts Benched Colony Common Law Complications Covert Affairs Damnation Dig Donny ! Eyewitness Fairly Legal Falling Water First Impressions Graceland Necessary Roughness Political Animals Playing House Rush Satisfaction Sirens WWE Tough Enough Upcoming The Purge ( 2018 ) Second City ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen_of_the_South_(TV_series)&oldid=854367959 '' Categories : 2010s American crime television series 2010s American drama television series 2016 American television series debuts American action television series American crime drama television series American television series based on telenovelas English - language television programs Serial drama television series USA Network shows Television series by 20th Century Fox Television Television series by Universal Television Television shows filmed in Texas Television shows set in Dallas Television shows set in Costa Rica Television shows set in Spain Thriller television series Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from June 2018 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Magyar Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 20 : 35 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | how many episodes in season three of queen of the south | [
"SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired113June 23, 2016 (2016-06-23)September 15, 2016 (2016-09-15)213June 8, 2017 (2017-06-08)August 31, 2017 (2017-08-31)313June 21, 2018 (2018-06-21)[19]TBA"
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4931696192407692095 | Full Throttle (roller coaster) | Full Throttle ( roller coaster ) - Wikipedia Full Throttle ( roller coaster ) Jump to : navigation , search Full Throttle Full Throttle 's features the world 's second tallest vertical loop at 160 ft . The train uses the loop twice for the ride . Six Flags Magic Mountain Park section Six Flags Plaza Coordinates 34 ° 25 ′ 23 '' N 118 ° 35 ′ 50 '' W / 34.423178 ° N 118.597174 ° W / 34.423178 ; - 118.597174 Coordinates : 34 ° 25 ′ 23 '' N 118 ° 35 ′ 50 '' W / 34.423178 ° N 118.597174 ° W / 34.423178 ; - 118.597174 Status Operating Opening date June 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 22 ) Cost US $6 million Replaced Log Jammer General statistics Type Steel -- Launched Manufacturer Premier Rides Track layout Terrain Lift / launch system 3 linear synchronous motor launches Height 160 ft ( 49 m ) Length 2,200 ft ( 670 m ) Speed 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) Inversions Duration 1 : 30 Capacity 800 riders per hour G - force 4.0 Height restriction 54 in ( 137 cm ) Trains 2 trains with 3 cars . Riders are arranged 2 across in 3 rows for a total of 18 riders per train . Flash Pass available Must transfer from wheelchair Full Throttle at RCDB Pictures of Full Throttle at RCDB Full Throttle is a steel launched roller coaster at the Six Flags Magic Mountain amusement park in Valencia , California . The ride is designed by Premier Rides and featured the world 's tallest vertical loop at 160 feet ( 49 m ) when it opened ( this record is now held by Flash , a steel roller coaster at Lewa Adventure , China ) . It is also the first roller coaster to feature a top - hat element on a loop . It officially opened to the public on June 22 , 2013 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Ride experience 2.1 Trains 2.2 Plaza and station 3 Reception 4 Records 5 Awards 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) In late 2012 Baltimore - based roller coaster manufacturer Premier Rides was announced as the builder of the coaster . Construction of Full Throttle started shortly after the Log Jammer log flume was closed on October 31 , 2011 . In March 2012 , details of a launched roller coaster named Full Throttle were leaked to the Los Angeles Times . On April 4 , 2012 , Six Flags trademarked the name Full Throttle . On August 28 , 2012 , Six Flags Magic Mountain officially announced Full Throttle . Along with Full Throttle there would be a new themed section to host the new coaster . In mid-November 2012 , construction walls went up , blocking off the construction site in Six Flags Plaza . For the new themed section , What the Fried ? ( restaurant ) and Warner Bros. Kids ' Club ( theater ) were demolished before the construction walls went up . By mid-December , the first pieces of Full Throttle 's track had arrived on site . In late February , Full Throttle started to become vertical until April 12 , 2013 when it was complete . Six Flags Magic Mountain confirmed on Twitter that Full Throttle would open on June 22 , 2013 . Ride experience ( edit ) The train is launched from 0 to 70 miles per hour ( 110 km / h ) using one of the three linear synchronous motor out of the station into the record - breaking 160 - foot - tall ( 49 m ) vertical loop . Riders then enter into a high - banked curve to the right and then another to the left as they approach the second inversion , a dive loop . This inversion drops down into a tunnel previously used for the park 's monorail system , where the train comes to a halt . The train is then launched backwards out of the tunnel and partially up the dive loop . Once it loses its backward momentum , the train returns forward into the tunnel and is launched out of the tunnel and straight into a high - G turn to the left . Riders then go up the top hat that is located on top of the loop . Riders drop from the hill and reach the brake run before entering a 180 - degree turn to the left back into the station . Duration of the 2,200 foot ( 670 m ) ride is under one minute . Entrance to Full Throttle with the 160 foot loop The dive loop before entering the tunnel Trains ( edit ) The train is configured in a 2 trains with 3 cars per train layout . Riders are arranged 2 across in 3 rows for a total of 18 riders per train . The roller coaster configuration makes the capacity of 800 riders per hour . Plaza and station ( edit ) Full Throttle 's station was once open aired , but shade has since been placed over the station . It 's theme is unlike other coasters in the park . In front of the station is a dining area and gift shop in a building with `` Full Throttle '' badging . There is also a stage where dance parties are often held featuring a DJ , drum player , and `` Full Throttle dancers . '' Reception ( edit ) Upon its building , Full Throttle received positive reviews from critics . Brady MacDonald of the Los Angeles Times states , `` you ride Full Throttle and there 's only one reaction : wow '' . MacDonald claims the ride starts `` silky smooth and whisper quiet '' and launches as a `` rocket - fast launch '' . MacDonald criticized the activation of the brakes as the train descends the top hat . Records ( edit ) Upon debut , Full Throttle surpassed Superman : Krypton Coaster at Six Flags Fiesta Texas for the tallest vertical loop on a roller coaster . In January 2016 , the record was conceded to Mack - manufactered Flash at the Lewa Adventure amusement park , located in China . However , Full Throttle 's loop remains to be the tallest loop in North America . It has the first top hat attached directly on top of the vertical loop . As of 2017 no other looping roller - coaster has this type of top hat . Awards ( edit ) Golden Ticket Awards : Top steel Roller Coasters Year 2014 Ranking 39 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Full Throttle Launches ... '' . Six Flags Magic Mountain / Twitter . 12 June 2013 . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Marden , Duane . `` Full Throttle ( Six Flags Magic Mountain ) '' . Roller Coaster DataBase . Retrieved August 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hopkins , Jamie ( 2012 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Premier Rides to build tallest , fastest - looping roller coaster '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Log Jammer Closed At Six Flags Magic Mountain '' . The Coaster Guy . October 31 , 2011 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ MacDonald , Brady ( November 14 , 2011 ) . `` Top 13 for 2013 : Most anticipated new rides at U.S. theme parks '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : MacDonald , Brady ( 7 March 2012 ) . `` Six Flags Magic Mountain spills plans for record - setting coaster '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 25 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Six Flags ( April 4 , 2012 ) . `` Full Throttle '' . United States Patent and Trademark Office . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Martin , Hugo ( 30 August 2012 ) . `` Six Flags Magic Mountain announces 18th coaster '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 30 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full Throttle Construction Update # 1 '' . The Coaster Guy . November 18 , 2012 . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Full Throttle Track Is Onsite At Six Flags Magic Mountain '' . The Coaster Guy . December 16 , 2012 . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Full Throttle Construction Article Roundup '' . The Coaster Guy . February 2 , 2013 . Retrieved April 15 , 2013 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Park 's Newest World Record Coaster -- FULL THROTTLE -- To Change Skyline of Six Flags Magic Mountain '' . 11 April 2013 . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` What you need to know about Six Flags Magic Mountain 's Full Throttle '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` Magic Mountain Announces Next Mega-Coaster '' . SCVNews . August 30 , 2012 . Retrieved August 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Peralta , Mark ( August 30 , 2012 ) . `` Six Flags Magic Mountain Launches World Record Coaster for 2013 '' . Examiner . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Six Flags Magic Mountain Cranks It Up : Full Throttle In 2013 '' . KHTS Radio . August 30 , 2012 . Retrieved August 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Six Flags Magic Mountain to open world 's tallest looping coaster in 2013 '' . Los Angeles Business . August 30 , 2012 . Retrieved August 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Full Throttle Media Day At Six Flags Magic Mountain '' . The Coaster Guy . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Brady . `` Review : Giant loop on Magic Mountain 's new coaster offers big thrills '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Levine , Arthur . `` Full Throttle Preview of Launched Looping Coaster Coming to Six Flags Magic Mountain in 2013 '' . About.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Brenner , Lisa ( 2013 - 06 - 22 ) . `` Traffic chokes LA , ' Full Throttle ' roller coaster opens at Six Flags Magic Mountain '' . KPCC . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 18 ( 6.2 ) : 46 -- 47 . September 2014 . Retrieved September 30 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Full Throttle ( roller coaster ) . Official website Full Throttle at the Roller Coaster DataBase Preceded by Superman : Krypton Coaster World 's Tallest Vertical Loop June 2013 -- February 24 , 2016 Succeeded by Flying Aces ( hide ) Six Flags Magic Mountain Roller coasters Apocalypse : The Ride Batman : The Ride Canyon Blaster Full Throttle Gold Rusher Goliath Green Lantern : First Flight Magic Flyer The New Revolution Ninja The Riddler 's Revenge Road Runner Express Scream Speedy Gonzales Hot Rod Racers Superman : Escape from Krypton Tatsu Twisted Colossus Viper X Other rides Jet Stream Justice League : Battle for Metropolis Lex Luthor : Drop of Doom Roaring Rapids Tidal Wave Whistlestop Park Events Fright Fest Holiday in the Park Former Déjà Vu Flashback Log Jammer Psyclone Sarajevo Bobsleds Shockwave Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Full_Throttle_(roller_coaster)&oldid=798564359 '' Categories : Operating roller coasters Roller coasters by name Steel roller coasters Launched roller coasters Roller coasters manufactured by Premier Rides Six Flags Magic Mountain Roller coasters introduced in 2013 Roller coasters in California Roller coasters operated by Six Flags Hidden categories : CS1 errors : missing author or editor Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Coordinates on Wikidata Articles needing their RCDB number moved to Wikidata Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 2 September 2017 , at 16 : 57 . About Wikipedia | when did full throttle open at six flags | [
"Full Throttle is a steel launched roller coaster at the Six Flags Magic Mountain amusement park in Valencia, California.[2] The ride is designed by Premier Rides[2] and featured the world's tallest vertical loop at 160 feet (49 m) when it opened (this record is now held by Flash, a steel roller coaster at Lewa Adventure, China). It is also the first roller coaster to feature a top-hat element on a loop. It officially opened to the public on June 22, 2013."
] | [
"June 22, 2013"
] |
7748253701846624274 | Ages of consent in the United States | Ages of consent in the United states - wikipedia Ages of consent in the United states Jump to : navigation , search Age of consent laws in the U.S. , reflecting the general age of consent : 16 17 18 No data available In the United States , age of consent laws regarding sexual activity are made at the state level . There are several federal statutes related to protecting minors from sexual predators , but laws regarding specific age requirements for sexual consent are left to individual states , territories , and the District of Columbia . Depending on the jurisdiction , legal age of consent ranges from 16 to 18 years old . In some places , civil and criminal laws within the same state conflict with each other . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Federal laws 3 Rules for U.S. military 4 District of Columbia 5 State laws 5.1 Alabama 5.2 Alaska 5.3 Arizona 5.4 Arkansas 5.5 California 5.5. 1 History of California laws 5.6 Colorado 5.7 Connecticut 5.8 Delaware 5.9 Florida 5.10 Georgia 5.11 Hawaii 5.12 Idaho 5.13 Illinois 5.13. 1 History of Illinois laws 5.14 Indiana 5.15 Iowa 5.16 Kansas 5.17 Kentucky 5.18 Louisiana 5.19 Maine 5.20 Maryland 5.21 Massachusetts 5.22 Michigan 5.23 Minnesota 5.24 Mississippi 5.25 Missouri 5.26 Montana 5.27 Nebraska 5.28 Nevada 5.29 New Hampshire 5.30 New Jersey 5.31 New Mexico 5.32 New York 5.32. 1 Certain defenses 5.32. 2 Other crimes 5.33 North Carolina 5.34 North Dakota 5.35 Ohio 5.36 Oklahoma 5.37 Oregon 5.38 Pennsylvania 5.38. 1 Pennsylvania legal codes 5.39 Rhode Island 5.40 South Carolina 5.41 South Dakota 5.42 Tennessee 5.43 Texas 5.44 Utah 5.45 Vermont 5.46 Virginia 5.47 Washington 5.48 West Virginia 5.49 Wisconsin 5.50 Wyoming 6 Territorial laws 6.1 American Samoa 6.2 Guam 6.3 Northern Mariana Islands 6.4 Puerto Rico 6.5 United States Virgin Islands 6.6 United States Minor Outlying Islands 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Works cited 11 Further reading 11.1 Books 11.2 Reports 11.3 Magazine and newspaper articles 11.4 Journal articles 12 External links History ( edit ) While the general age of consent is now set between 16 and 18 in all U.S. states , the age of consent has widely varied across the country in the past . In 1880 , the age of consent was set at 10 or 12 in most states , with the exception of Delaware where it was 7 . The ages of consent were raised across the U.S. during the late 19th century and the early 20th century . By 1920 ages of consent generally rose to 16 - 18 and small adjustments to these laws occurred after 1920 . As of 2015 the final state to raise its age of general consent was Hawaii , which changed it from 14 to 16 in 2001 . Age - of - consent laws were historically only applied when a female was younger than her male partner . By 2015 ages of consent were made gender - symmetric . Until the late 20th century many states had provisions requiring that the teenage girl must be of previous `` chaste character '' in order for the sexual conduct to be considered criminal . In 1998 Mississippi became the last state to remove this provision from its code . The laws were designed to prosecute persons far older than the victims rather than teenagers close in age ; therefore prosecutors rarely pursued teenagers in relationships with other teenagers even though the wordings of the laws made some close - in - age teenage relationships illegal . After the 1995 Landry and Forrest study concluded that men aged 20 and older produced half of the teenage pregnancies of girls between 15 and 17 , states began to more stringently enforce age - of - consent laws to combat teenage pregnancy in addition to prevent adults from taking advantage of minors . A backlash among the public occurred when some teenagers engaging in close - in - age relationships received punishments perceived by the public to be disproportionate , and thus age - gap provisions were installed to reduce or eliminate penalties if the two parties are close in age . Brittany Logino Smith and Glen A. Kercher of the Criminal Justice Center of Sam Houston State University wrote that these laws are often referred to as `` Romeo and Juliet laws '' , though they defined Romeo and Juliet as only referring to an affirmative defense against prosecution . Previously some of these statutes only applied to heterosexual sex , leaving homosexual sex in the same age range open to prosecution . On June 26 , 2003 , both heterosexual and homosexual sodomy became legal ( between non-commercial , consenting adults in a private bedroom ) in all U.S. states , territories , and Washington , D.C. under the U.S. Supreme Court decision Lawrence v. Texas . In State v. Limon ( 2005 ) , the Kansas Supreme Court used Lawrence as a precedent to overturn the state 's `` Romeo and Juliet '' law , which prescribed lesser penalties for heterosexual than homosexual acts of similar age of consent - related offenses . From 2005 onwards states have started to enact Jessica 's Law statutes , which provide for lengthy penalties ( often a mandatory minimum sentence of 25 years in prison and lifetime electronic monitoring ) for the most aggravated forms of child sexual abuse ( usually of a child under age 12 ) . In 2008 , in Kennedy v. Louisiana , the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the death penalty for rape of a child was unconstitutional . Federal laws ( edit ) ( Chapter 117 , 18 U.S.C. 2422 ( b ) ) forbids the use of the United States Postal Service or other interstate or foreign means of communication , such as telephone calls or use of the internet , to persuade or entice a minor ( defined as under 18 throughout the chapter ) to be involved in a criminal sexual act . The act has to be illegal under state or federal law to be charged with a crime under 2422 ( b ) , and can even be applied to situations where both parties reside within the same state but use an instant messenger program whose servers are located in another state . ( Chapter 117 , 18 U.S.C. 2423 ( a ) ) forbids transporting a minor ( defined as under 18 ) in interstate or foreign commerce with the intent of engaging in criminal sexual acts in which a person can be charged . This subsection is ambiguous on its face and seems to apply only when the minor is transported across state or international lines to a place where the conduct is already illegal to begin with . The United States Department of Justice seems to agree with this interpretation . ( Chapter 117 , 18 U.S.C. 2423 ( b ) ) forbids traveling in interstate or foreign commerce to engage in `` illicit sexual conduct '' with a minor ; this is considered one form of sexual tourism . 2423 ( f ) refers to Chapter 109A as its bright line for defining `` illicit sexual conduct '' as far as non-commercial sexual activity is concerned . For the purposes of age of consent , the only provision applicable is ( Chapter 109A , 18 U.S.C. 2243 ( a ) ) . 2243 ( a ) refers to situations where such younger person is under the age of 16 years , has attained 12 years of age , and the older person is more than 4 years older than the 12 - to - 15 - year - old ( persons under 12 are handled under 18 U.S.C. 2241 ( c ) under aggravated sexual abuse ) . So , the age is 12 years if one is within 4 years of the 12 - to - 15 - year - old 's age , 16 under all other circumstances . This most likely reflects Congressional intent not to unduly interfere with a state 's age - of - consent law , which would have been the case if the age was set to 18 under all circumstances . This law is also extraterritorial in nature to U.S. Citizens and Residents who travel outside of the United States . Although legislation tends to reflect general societal attitudes regarding male versus female ages of consent , Richard Posner notes in his Guide to America 's Sex Laws : `` The U.S. Supreme Court has held that stricter rules for males do not violate the equal protection clause of the Constitution , on the theory that men lack the disincentives ( associated with pregnancy ) that women have , to engage in sexual activity , and the law may thus provide men with those disincentives in the form of criminal sanctions . '' The Assimilative Crimes Act ( 18 U.S.C. § 13 ) incorporates local state criminal law when on federal reservations such as Bureau of Land Management property , military posts and shipyards , national parks , national forests , inter alia . Consequently , if an act is not punishable under any federal law ( such as 18 U.S.C. 2243 ( a ) mentioned above ) then the local state 's age - of - consent laws would apply to the crime . The Protect Act § 503 of 1992 ( codified at 18 U.S.C. § 2251 to 18 U.S.C. § 2260 ) makes it a federal crime to possess or create sexually explicit images of any person under 18 years of age ; this creates a federal age of consent of 18 for pornography . Thus , while some conduct covered by the statute is highly culpable , these penalties apply even when consensual sex between someone under the age of eighteen and someone over the age of eighteen is entirely legal under state law , the non-commercial possession of an explicit picture or video clip of the person under the age of eighteen ( such as a cell phone photograph of a naked sexual partner , under the age of eighteen , of the person taking the photo ) may still constitute a serious federal child pornography felony . The sentence for a first time offender convicted of producing child pornography under 18 U.S.C. § 2251 ( such as taking a suggestive cell phone picture of an otherwise legal sexual partner under the age of eighteen without an intent to share or sell the picture ) , face fines and a statutory minimum of 15 years to 30 years maximum in prison . While mandatory minimum offenses do not apply to mere possession of child pornography , it is almost always the case that a person in possession of child pornography is also necessarily guilty of either receipt of child pornography , which carries a five - year mandatory minimum sentence , or production of child pornography , which carries a fifteen - year mandatory minimum sentence . However , in Esquivel - Quintana v. Sessions , the Supreme Court hold that in the context of statutory rape offenses that criminalize sexual intercourse based solely on the ages of the participants , the generic federal definition of `` sexual abuse of a minor '' requires the age of the victim to be less than 16 . Rules for U.S. military ( edit ) Article 120 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice ( 10 U.S.C. § 920 ) , to which essentially only members of the United States Armed Services and enemy prisoners of war are subject , defines the age of consent as sixteen years in subsection but allows an exemption for people who are married to minors 12 -- 15 years old . There is also a mistake - in - age defense if the minor is over 12 , but not if the minor is under 12 . Within the United States , United States servicemembers are further subject to the local state law both when off - post . The local state law is incorporated , for the most part , into federal law when on - post per the Assimilative Crimes Act ( 18 U.S.C. § 13 ) . Depending upon the relevant status of forces agreement , United States servicemembers are also subject to the local criminal laws of the host nation for acts committed off - post . District of Columbia ( edit ) The age of consent in the District of Columbia is 16 with a close - in - age exemption for those within four years of age . However , sexual relations between people 18 or older and people under 18 are illegal if they are in a `` significant relationship '' . According to the Code of the District of Columbia , a relationship is considered `` significant '' if one of the partners is : `` A parent , sibling , aunt , uncle , or grandparent , whether related by blood , marriage , domestic partnership , or adoption '' `` A legal or de facto guardian or any person , more than 4 years older than the victim , who resides intermittently or permanently in the same dwelling as the victim '' `` The person or the spouse , domestic partner , or paramour of the person who is charged with any duty or responsibility for the health , welfare , or supervision of the victim at the time of the act '' `` Any employee or volunteer of a school , church , synagogue , mosque , or other religious institution , or an educational , social , recreational , athletic , musical , charitable , or youth facility , organization , or program , including a teacher , coach , counselor , clergy , youth leader , chorus director , bus driver , administrator , or support staff , or any other person in a position of trust with or authority over a child or a minor . '' State laws ( edit ) Each U.S. state has its own general age of consent . Currently state laws set the age of consent at 16 , 17 , or 18 . The most common age is 16 , a common age of consent in most other Western countries . Less than 50 % of the U.S. population resides in states which set the age of consent at 16 ; these states are usually smaller than states which set the ages of consent at 17 and 18 and therefore have lower populations . Over 60 % of the U.S. population resides in states which have ages of consent as 16 and / or 17 . age of consent 16 ( 31 ) : Alabama , Alaska , Arkansas , Connecticut , Georgia , Hawaii , Indiana , Iowa , Kansas , Kentucky , Maine , Maryland , Massachusetts , Michigan , Minnesota , Mississippi , Montana , Nebraska , Nevada , New Hampshire , New Jersey , North Carolina , Ohio , Oklahoma , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , South Carolina , South Dakota , Vermont , Washington , West Virginia age of consent 17 ( 8 ) : Colorado , Illinois , Louisiana , Missouri , New Mexico , New York , Texas , Wyoming age of consent 18 ( 11 ) : Arizona , California , Delaware , Florida , Idaho , North Dakota , Oregon , Tennessee , Utah , Virginia , Wisconsin These state laws are discussed in detail below . Most of these state laws refer to statutory rape using other names instead of `` statutory rape '' in particular . Such laws may refer to : `` carnal knowledge of a minor , '' `` child molestation , '' `` corruption of a minor , '' `` sexual misconduct , '' and / or `` unlawful carnal knowledge . '' The laws of Georgia , Missouri , North Carolina , Mississippi , and Tennessee specifically refer to `` statutory rape '' , with each state defining it differently . Nevada criminalizes `` statutory sexual seduction '' while Pennsylvania criminalizes `` statutory sexual assault '' . In most states there is not a single age in which a person may consent , but rather consent varies depending upon the minimum age of the younger party , the minimum age of the older party , and / or the differences in age . Some states have a single age of consent . 30 U.S. states have age gap laws which make sexual activity legal if the ages of both participants are close to one another , and these laws are often referred to as `` Romeo and Juliet laws '' . Other states have measures which reduce penalties if the two parties are close in age , and others provide an affirmative defense if the two parties are close in age . Even though state laws regarding the general age of consent and age gap laws differ , it is common for people in the United States to assume that sexual activity with someone under 18 is statutory rape . In 2011 Smith and Kercher wrote `` Because of the large number of potential statutory rape cases , it is said that many jurisdictions will `` pick and choose '' which cases they want to investigate and prosecute . '' In some states it is common to only prosecute the male in events where both parties in a heterosexual relationship are below the age of consent . Smith and Kercher wrote that there had been `` large inconsistencies '' among the decisions of prosecution and sentencing of these cases , and there had been accusations that minority males who have sex with minority women resulting in pregnancy and / or who have sex with white women have faced the brunt of enforcement . Alabama ( edit ) The age of consent in Alabama is 16 . From by articles of the Code of Alabama : 13A - 6 - 70 : `` ( c ) A person is deemed incapable of consent if he is : ( 1 ) Less than 16 years old ... '' 13A - 6 - 67 : `` ( a ) A person commits the crime of sexual abuse in the second degree if : ... ( 2 ) He , being 19 years old or older , subjects another person to sexual contact who is less than 16 years old , but more than 12 years old . '' 13A - 6 - 62 : `` ( a ) A person commits the crime of rape in the second degree if : ... ( 1 ) Being 16 years old or older , he or she engages in sexual intercourse with a member of the opposite sex less than 16 and more than 12 years old ; provided , however , the actor is at least two years older than the member of the opposite sex . '' 13A - 6 - 64 : `` ( a ) A person commits the crime of sodomy in the second degree if : ... ( 1 ) He , being 16 years old or older , engages in deviate sexual intercourse with another person less than 16 and more than 12 years old . '' The State Legislature passed Act 2010 - 497 making it a crime for any school employee to have any sexual relations with a student under the age of 19 . A school employee includes a teacher , school administrator , student teacher , safety or resource officer , coach , and other school employee . Age of the student and consent is not a defense . So thus , the age of consent of 16 can not be used . 13A - 6 - 81 : `` A person commits the crime of a school employee engaging in a sex act or deviant sexual intercourse with a student under the age of 19 years if : ( a ) He or she is a school employee and engages in a sex act or deviant sexual intercourse with a student , regardless of whether the student is male or female . Consent is not a defense to a charge under this section . ( b ) As used in this section , sex act means sexual intercourse with any penetration , however slight ; emission is not required . ( c ) As used in this section , deviant sexual intercourse means any act of sexual gratification between persons not married to each other involving the sex organs of one person and the mouth or anus of another . '' ( d ) The crime of a school employee engaging in a sex act or deviant sexual intercourse with a student is a Class B felony . '' 13A - 6 - 82 : `` A person commits the crime of a school employee having sexual contact with a student under the age of 19 years if : ( a ) He or she is a school employee and engaging in sexual contact with a student , regardless of whether the student is male or female . Consent is not a defense to a charge under this section . ( b ) As used in this section , sexual contact means any touching of the sexual or other intimate parts of a student , done for the purpose of gratifying the sexual desire of either party . The term includes soliciting or harassing a student to perform a sex act . ( c ) The crime of a school employee having sexual contact with a student is a Class A misdemeanor . '' Any individual convicted of these offenses , regardless if they received prison time or not , will have to register as a Sex Offender for the remainder of their life . There was also a law which prohibited K - 12 teachers from having sex with students under age 19 , and violators could face prison time and / or get on the sex offender registry . In 2017 , Alabama Circuit Judge Glenn Thompson , of Morgan County in the north of the state , ruled that this law was unconstitutional . Alaska ( edit ) The age of consent is 16 , provided the older partner is not in a position of authority . Alaska Statutes -- Title 11 . Criminal Law -- Chapter 41 . Offenses Against the Person -- Sexual Abuse of a Minor Section 436 in the First Degree ( Unclassified Felony ) ; Section 436 in the Second Degree ( Class B Felony ) ; Section 438 in the Third Degree ( Class C Felony ) ; Section 440 : in the Fourth Degree ( Class A misdemeanor ) AS 11.41. 436 . Sexual Abuse of a Minor in the Second Degree . ( a ) An offender commits the crime of sexual abuse of a minor in the second degree if ( 1 ) being 16 years of age or older , the offender engages in sexual penetration with a person who is 13 , 14 , or 15 years of age and at least three years younger than the offender , or aids , induces , causes or encourages a person who is 13 , 14 , or 15 years of age and at least three years younger than the offender to engage in sexual penetration with another person ... Sexual Abuse of a Minor in the ... : Younger minor under 13 + Elder minor under 16 ( more than 3 years between them ) : Sexual contact = 4th Degree & Sexual penetration = 3rd Degree Younger minor under 13 + Elder minor above 16 : pornography = 2nd Degree ( younger under 16 vs. elder above 16 ) Sexual contact = 2nd Degree ( for elder minor oneself or if ( s ) he helps another person ) Sexual penetration = 1st Degree ( for elder minor oneself or if ( s ) he helps another person ) Younger minor aged 13 , 14 or 15 + Elder minor above 16 ( more than 3 years between them ) : Sexual contact = 3rd Degree Sexual penetration = 2nd Degree ( for elder minor oneself or if ( s ) he helps another person ) pornography = 2nd Degree ( younger under 16 vs. elder above 16 ) Minor under 16 + partner above 18 ( civil majority ) if cohabitant with authority or position of authority : Sexual contact = 2nd Degree & Sexual penetration = 1st Degree . Minor under 18 + parent or guardian above 18 : Sexual contact = 2nd Degree & Sexual penetration = 1st Degree Indecent Exposure : with masturbation , in front of minor under 16 = Indecent Exposure in the 1st Degree ( Class C Felony ) simply , in front of minor under 16 = Indecent Exposure in the 2nd Degree ( Class A misdemeanor ) simply , in front of above 16 = Indecent Exposure in the 2nd Degree ( Class B misdemeanor ) . Arizona ( edit ) The age of consent in Arizona is 18 . However , there exist in the legislation defenses to prosecution if the defendant is close - in - age to the `` victim '' or a spouse of the `` victim '' . Note : these are not close - in - age exceptions but defenses in court . Arizona Revised Statute 13 - 1405 ( A ) 13 - 1407 ( Defenses ) B. It is a defense to a prosecution pursuant to sections 13 - 1404 and 13 - 1405 in which the victim 's lack of consent is based on incapacity to consent because the victim was fifteen , sixteen or seventeen years of age if at the time the defendant engaged in the conduct constituting the offence the defendant did not know and could not reasonably have known the age of the victim . D. It is a defense to a prosecution pursuant to section 13 - 1404 or 13 - 1405 that the person was the spouse ( legally married AND cohabiting ) of the other person at the time of commission of the act ... F. It is a defense to a prosecution pursuant to section 13 - 1405 if the victim is fifteen , sixteen or seventeen years of age , the defendant is under nineteen years of age or attending high school and is no more than twenty - four months older than the victim and the conduct is consensual . Arkansas ( edit ) The age of consent is 16 , with some close - in - age exemptions . Details : The age is minimum 16 for a minor ( < 18 ) with a major 20 years old or older . Under 18 , the younger must not be less than 14 , or if so , there is a defense if the minor is not more 4 years younger if 12 or above , not more 3 years younger if under 12 . Sexual intercourse of a major and a minor under 14 is a rape . Arkansas Code -- Title 5 . Criminal Offenses -- Chapter 14 . Sexual Offenses . Sections 5 - 14 - 103 , 124 , 125 , 126 , 127 5 - 14 - 127 . A person commits sexual assault in the fourth degree if the person : ( a ) ( 1 ) Being twenty ( 20 ) years of age or older , engages in sexual intercourse or deviate sexual activity with another person who is : ( A ) Less than sixteen ( 16 ) years of age ; and ( B ) Not the person 's spouse ; or ( 2 ) Engages in sexual contact with another person who is : ( A ) Less than sixteen ( 16 ) years of age ; and ( B ) Not the person 's spouse . ( b ) ( 1 ) Sexual assault in the fourth degree under subdivision ( a ) ( 1 ) of this section is a Class D felony . ( 2 ) Sexual assault in the fourth degree under subdivision ( a ) ( 2 ) of this section is a Class A misdemeanor if the person engages only in sexual contact with another person as described in subdivision ( a ) ( 2 ) of this section . California ( edit ) The age of consent in California is 18 . In California , there is a crime of `` Unlawful sexual intercourse '' , which is an act of sexual intercourse with a person under the age of 18 who is not the spouse of the person . ( CA Penal Code § 261.5 ( a ) ) There are no exceptions ; all sexual activity with a person under the age of 18 ( and not their spouse ) is a criminal offense . So if a 15 - year - old willingly has sex with a 17 - year old , both have committed a crime , although it is only a misdemeanor . The punishment is varied , depending on the ages of the perpetrator and the victim , and there are more severe penalties if there is a wider gap between the age of the perpetrator and the age of the victim : Any person who commits the crime with a minor not more than 3 years younger or older than the perpetrator is guilty of a misdemeanor . ( CA Penal Code § 261.5 ( b ) ) Any person who commits the crime with a minor who is more than 3 years younger than the perpetrator is guilty of a misdemeanor or a felony . A misdemeanor conviction is punished by imprisonment in a county jail not exceeding one year . A felony conviction is punished by imprisonment in a county jail for 16 months , or two or three years , or in the state prison , depending on the person 's criminal history . ( CA Penal Code § 261.5 ( c ) ) Any person 21 years of age or older who commits the crime with a minor under 16 years of age is guilty of a misdemeanor or a felony . A misdemeanor conviction is punished by imprisonment in a county jail not exceeding one year . A felony conviction is punished by imprisonment in a county jail for two , three or four years , or in the state prison , depending on the person 's criminal history . ( CA Penal Code § 261.5 ( d ) ) There are also civil sanctions possible for a violation stated above . ( CA Penal Code § 261.5 ( e ) ) There are separate crimes for committing sodomy with minors . ( CA Penal code § 286 ) There are separate crimes for committing any lewd or lascivious act with a person under the age of 14 . ( CA Penal Code § 288 ) History of California laws ( edit ) The age of consent , at the time applying only when the girl is the younger party , was 10 when California introduced its penal code in 1850 . In 1889 the age of consent was raised to 14 . In 1897 the age of consent became 16 . The age of consent in California has been 18 since 1913 . Some media sources reported that the age of consent in California in the 1970s was 14 or 16 but in fact it was and has been 18 . In the 1990s Governor of California Pete Wilson stated that there was a trend of men in their mid-to - late 20s having sex with and impregnating teenage girls around 14 years of age and that the statutory rape laws needed to be enforced to prevent this . In 2012 Kristin Olsen , a Republican member of the State Assembly of California , sponsored a bill that criminalizes sexual relations between K - 12 teachers and students , including students over 18 , as well as sexual text messages and other communications aimed at seducing a student . The bill was proposed after a 41 - year - old teacher and 18 - year - old high school student publicly announced that they were in a relationship . The bill was killed in committee by Democratic lawmakers concerned about the constitutionality of the proposed legislation . By 2014 there had been civil court rulings in California stating that minors under 18 may consent to sexual activity , even though the age of consent is 18 under state criminal law . Colorado ( edit ) The age of consent in Colorado is 17 ; however , there exists in the legislation close - in - age exceptions , which allow those aged 15 and 16 to engage in acts with those less than ten years older and those less than 15 to engage in acts with those less than four years older . A 17 - year - old may not , however , consent to sex with a person who is in a position of trust with respect to the person under the age of eighteen . C.R.S. 18 - 3 - 405.3 . C.R.S. 18 - 3 - 402 ( 1 ) Any actor who knowingly inflicts sexual intrusion or sexual penetration on a victim commits sexual assault if : ... ( d ) At the time of the commission of the act , the victim is less than fifteen years of age and the actor is at least four years older than the victim and is not the spouse of the victim ; or ( e ) At the time of the commission of the act , the victim is at least fifteen years of age but less than seventeen years of age and the actor is at least ten years older than the victim and is not the spouse of the victim ; Notwithstanding the age of consent , however , for purposes of child prostitution offenses in Colorado , a `` child '' means a person under the age of eighteen years . C.R.S. 18 - 7 - 401 ( 2 ) . Reasonable mistake of age , or similarity in age , is not a defense to these offenses . C.R.S. 18 - 7 - 407 . All child prostitution offenses are class three felonies ( class one felonies are capital offenses , class two felonies include second degree murder ) . So , while it is not a crime for a 17 - year - old to have non-commercial sex with a 60 - year - old in Colorado , it is a serious crime punishable by four to twelve years in prison for an 18 year old to engage in any sexual act , or to present at a `` place of prostitution '' with an intent do so , for money or any other thing of value with a seventeen - year - old with the reasonable belief that the minor was under eighteen years old . C.R.S. 18 - 7 - 406 . The same conduct , entered into with an eighteen - year - old and without a belief that the prostitute was under eighteen years of age , would be a misdemeanor . C.R.S. 18 - 7 - 205 . Persons under the age of eighteen are also children for the crime of inducing or coercing someone to have sex or to have sexual conduct with another for the voyeur 's gratification , or to expose themselves to another for the voyeur 's sexual gratification , C.R.S. 18 - 3 - 404 ( 1.5 ) , and the crime of trafficking in children , C.R.S. 18 - 3 - 502 . There is a marriage exception to both Colorado 's statutory rape law , C.R.S. 18 - 3 - 402 , the crime of sexual assault upon a child by a person in a position of trust , C.R.S. 18 - 3 - 405.3 , and Colorado 's child prostitution laws . However , while Colorado law does recognize common law marriages entered into when both spouses are eighteen years of age or older , it does not recognize common law marriages entered into in Colorado or elsewhere after September 1 , 2006 , when one spouse is under eighteen years of age . C.R.S. 14 - 2 - 109.5 . Connecticut ( edit ) The general age of consent in Connecticut is 16 . This applies in most relationships . However , if any of the following apply , then the age of consent becomes 18 : Where one person is a guardian , or responsible for the general supervision , of the other . See C.G.S. § 53a - 71 ( a ) ( 4 ) . Where one person is an athletic coach or an intensive instructor ( e.g. piano teacher ) outside of a school setting , and the other is being coached or instructed . See C.G.S. § 53a - 71 ( 9 ) ( B ) . Where one person 's professional , legal , occupational or volunteer status gives him or her a role of supervision , power , or authority , over the other 's participation in a program or activity , and the older person is at least 20 years old . See C.G.S. § 53a - 71 ( a ) ( 4 ) . Connecticut recognizes that minors who are at least 13 can consent to sexual activity if ( and only if ) there is less than a 3 - year age difference . For example : A 13 - year - old can consent to any 15 - year - old . A 15 - year - old can consent to any 17 - year - old . A 15 - year - old born on January 1 can consent to an 18 - year - old born on February 1 . This is just under a 3 - year age difference . A 15 - year - old born on February 1 can not consent to an 18 - year - old born on January 1 . This is just over , and illegal . However consensual , sexual intercourse within the 3 - year age difference by a minor 13 through 17 years old may , upon a complaint , lead the Connecticut Superior Court to a `` family with service needs '' finding . See C.G.S. § 46b - 120 ( 7 ) ( E ) . Such a finding would allow the Court to issue orders as it finds necessary in dealing with the matter . Consensual sexual intercourse over the 3 - year age difference ( where the minor is 13 to 15 years old ) would subject the older party to a charge of Sexual Assault , 2nd Degree , in violation of C.G.S. § 53a - 71 ( a ) ( 1 ) . Any juvenile offender 14 years old or older has the case automatically transferred to the regular criminal docket of the Superior Court by operation of law , and thus stands before the court to be tried as an adult . See C.G.S. § 46b - 127 ( a ) . A guilty verdict would result in conviction of a Class B felony sex offense , with a mandatory minimum of 9 months and maximum 20 years imprisonment . It would not matter if the older person did not know of the age difference , or if the younger person lied about age . However , if the offender is 17 years old or younger , has a clean record , and such sexual activity was consensual , Youthful Offender status ( a pre-trial diversionary program that seals the court record and results in a dismissal of charges ) may be granted . See C.G.S. § 54 - 76b to o . Previously the Connecticut age gap was two years , not three . By 2007 there had been a proposal to increase the gap to four years to reduce the number of close - in - age statutory rape cases being prosecuted , but three years was selected as a compromise . Connecticut also recognizes that minors under 13 are released from criminal liability as to consensual sexual activity if ( and only if ) there is less than a 2 - year age difference . For example : A 12 - year - old can consent to any 13 - year - old . A 12 - year - old can not consent to any 14 - year - old . Consensual ( between minors ) sexual intercourse over the 2 - year age difference ( where the minor is under 13 years old ) would subject the older minor to a charge of Sexual Assault , 1st Degree , in violation of C.G.S. § 53a - 70 ( a ) ( 2 ) . A guilty verdict would result in conviction of a Class A felony sex offense , with a mandatory minimum of 5 -- 10 years and maximum 25 years imprisonment . Any juvenile offender 14 years old or older has the case automatically transferred to the regular criminal docket of the Superior Court by operation of law , and thus stands before the court to be tried as an adult . However , the offender would have the same chance to apply for Youthful Offender status ( see Sexual Assault , 2nd Degree above ) provided the criteria are met . A juvenile offender 13 years old and younger would be charged as a `` serious juvenile offender '' under C.G.S. § 46b - 120 ( 12 ) ( A ) . Because the charge is a sex offense , the juvenile prosecutor can request that the proceeding designated a `` serious sexual offender prosecution '' . See C.G.S. § 46b - 133d ( b ) - ( f ) . Unless the juvenile waives the right to a trial by jury , the case proceeds to the regular criminal docket of the Superior Court , where the juvenile must face trial as an adult . If the juvenile agrees to the waiver , the case will proceed through the juvenile system with a bench trial . Links to Statutes Cited ( in numerical order ) C.G.S. § 46b - 120 C.G.S. § 46b - 127 C.G.S. § 46b - 133d C.G.S. § 53a - 70 C.G.S. § 53a - 71 C.G.S. § 54 - 76b to o Delaware ( edit ) The age of consent in Delaware is 18 , but it is legal for teenagers aged 16 and 17 to engage in sexual intercourse as long as the older partner is younger than 30 . Title 11 § 761 . Definitions generally applicable to sexual offences . ( j ) A child who has not yet reached his or her sixteenth birthday is deemed unable to consent to a sexual act with a person more than 4 years older than said child . Children who have not yet reached their twelfth birthday are deemed unable to consent to a sexual act under any circumstances . Crimes and Criminal Procedure , Delaware Criminal Code § 770 . Rape in the fourth degree ; class C felony . ( a ) A person is guilty of rape in the fourth degree when the person : ... 2 ) Intentionally engages in sexual intercourse with another person , and the victim has not yet reached that victim 's eighteenth birthday , and the person is 30 years of age or older , except that such intercourse shall not be unlawful if the victim and person are married at the time of such intercourse . Florida ( edit ) The age of consent in Florida is 18 , but close - in - age exemptions exist . By law , the exception permits a person 23 years of age or younger to engage in legal sexual activity with a minor aged 16 or 17 . 794.05 Unlawful sexual activity with certain minors. -- ( 1 ) A person 24 years of age or older who engages in sexual activity with a person 16 or 17 years of age commits a felony of the second degree , punishable as provided in s. 775.082 , s. 775.083 , or s . 775.084 . As used in this section , `` sexual activity '' means oral , anal , or vaginal penetration by , or union with , the sexual organ of another ; however , sexual activity does not include an act done for a bona fide medical purpose Florida code , Title XLVI , Chapter 794 A new law passed in 2007 stated that persons convicted of statutory rape may be removed from the sex offender list if they were no more than four years older than their victims , had only the statutory rape offense on their records , and had victims aged 14 -- 17 . Georgia ( edit ) The age of consent in Georgia is 16 and there is no close - in - age exception , though the offenses are a misdemeanor rather than a felony in cases where the perpetrator is less than 19 years of age and is no more than 4 years older than the victim . The crime of `` statutory rape '' makes it illegal for a perpetrator of any age to have sexual intercourse with someone under the age of 16 that they are not married to . This law specifies that a defendant can not be convicted on the testimony of the victim alone ; some other evidence must be present . This offense carries a minimum sentence of 1 year in prison , and a maximum of 20 years . If the offender is 21 years of age or older , the minimum is raised to 10 years in prison , and the offender is subject to sex offender sentencing guidelines . However , if the victim is 14 or 15 years old and the actor is age 18 or younger and within 4 years of the victim 's age , the crime is reduced to a misdemeanor with a maximum sentence of 1 year in prison . The crime `` child molestation '' makes it illegal for anyone to engage in `` any immoral or indecent act to or in the presence of or with any child under the age of 16 years with the intent to arouse or satisfy the sexual desires of either the child or the person , '' as well as electronically transmit any depiction of such an act . It carries a minimum sentence of 5 years and a max of 20 years in prison for a first - time offender , as well as mandatory counseling and sex offender sentencing guidelines . For repeat offenders , the minimum 10 years and the maximum is life imprisonment . This crime has the same close - in - age exception as statutory rape stated above if the victim is 14 or 15 years old and the actor is 18 or younger and within 4 years of age . A third applicable crime is `` aggravated child molestation '' , which is any act of the previously mentioned child molestation that causes injuries to the victim , or involves an act of `` sodomy '' ( defined under state law as any act of oral sex or anal sex ) . This crime carries a sentence of 25 years to life , and lifetime probation thereafter . However , if the victim is 13 , 14 or 15 years old , the actor is 18 or younger and within 4 years of age , and the act committed was `` sodomy '' and did not cause injury , the crime is reduced to a misdemeanor . This exception was added after a landmark case , Wilson v. State of Georgia occurred in 2006 and caused lawmakers to think the statute should have a close - in - age exception . At the time because of the words of the law , a 17 - year - old boy was sentenced to 10 years in prison for having consensual oral sex with a 15 - year - old girl . In June 2005 , a bill was proposed before the General Assembly of Georgia ( USA ) to raise the age of consent from 16 to 18 . Hawaii ( edit ) The age of consent in Hawaii is 16 . There is however a close - in - age exemption , which allows those aged 14 and 15 to consent to sex with those less than five years older . For more on age of consent in Hawaii and the territories in the Pacific Ocean , see : Ages of consent in Oceania # United States Previously the age of consent was 14 , the lowest in the United States . Avery Chumbley , a member of the Hawaiian Senate , had made efforts to raise the age of consent . The age of consent was changed to 16 by Act 1 , House Bill 236 , passed by the Legislature of Hawaii in 2001 . Idaho ( edit ) The age of consent in Idaho is 18 . If the victim is under the age of 16 and female , and the actor is male and age 18 or older , or if the female is age 16 or 17 and the male actor is at least 3 years older , any penetrative act ( including intercourse , anal sex and oral sex ) is considered Rape . Rape carries a minimum sentence of 1 year in prison , and a maximum of life . If the victim is under the age of 16 , any lewd or lascivious act ( including any form of genital contact ) done by an actor `` with the intent of arousing , appealing to , or gratifying the lust or passions or sexual desires of such person , such minor child , or third party '' is Lewd Conduct With Minor Child Under Sixteen . This law does not discriminate by the gender of the victim nor actor , and notably provides no exceptions based on the parties being close - in - age . If the victim is age 16 or 17 and the actor is at least 5 years older , any lewd or lascivious act ( including any form of genital contact ) or any other form of sexual contact done by an actor `` with the intent of arousing , appealing to , or gratifying the lust or passions or sexual desires of such person , such minor child , or third party '' is Sexual Battery Of A Minor Child Sixteen Or Seventeen Years Of Age . Like Lewd Conduct above , this law does not discriminate by gender . If the victim is under the age of 16 , and the actor is age 18 or older , any sexual contact not amounting to the aforementioned Lewd Conduct is classified as Sexual Abuse Of A Child Under The Age Of Sixteen Years . Illinois ( edit ) The age of consent in Illinois is 17 , and rises to 18 with someone who has a position of authority or trust over the victim . There is no close - in - age exception , crossing the age boundary is Criminal Sexual Assault . Any sexual contact between minors the age of 9 and 16 is Criminal sexual abuse . When the victim is younger than 9 and the perpetrator 13 to 16 , the crime becomes Aggravated Criminal Sexual Assault ; when the victim is younger than 13 and the perpetrator 17 or older , it becomes Predatory criminal sexual assault of a child . Sex with a victim with severe intellectual disability at any age , or with a family or household member under 18 , is Aggravated criminal sexual abuse , though penetration upgrades it to Aggravated Criminal Sexual Assault . Although Illinois ' minimum marriage age ( with parental consent or court order ) is 16 , there is no statutory exception to the age of sexual consent . History of Illinois laws ( edit ) Bill 1139 was introduced in 2011 to decriminalize sexual relationships between persons 13 -- 16 years old and those fewer than five years older , but the bill failed to pass . In 2011 a bill was proposed that would allow persons who violated the age of consent laws and were close in age with their victims to petition a judge to be removed from the sex offender registry . This bill , HB1139 , was , written by Republican Party state representative Robert Pritchard . An editorial in the Chicago Sun - Times argued in favor of the bill . Emily McAsey , a Democratic state representative from Lockport , stated opposition to the idea , citing that she was `` troubled '' by the idea of a romantic relationship between a 14 - year - old and an 18 - year old . Republican state representative Dennis Reboletti of Elmhurst stated that he did not believe judges should be able to reverse decisions made by prosecutors . The bill passed the Illinois House Judiciary II Committee 4 - 3 in February 2011 and moved to the Illinois Senate . By 2012 Democratic state senator William Haine of Alton sponsored Senate Bill 3359 which included a provision that a person who had sex with a minor between 13 and 17 while he / she was fewer than five years older may petition to be removed from the sex offender registry after serving 10 years . Haine stated that he did not want `` Romeo and Juliet '' offenders to be on the sex offender registry . Indiana ( edit ) The age of consent in Indiana is 16 . A close - in - age exception allows minors 14 -- 15 years of age to legally consent to sex with a partner who is less than 18 years old . IC 35 - 42 - 4 - 9 states : `` Sexual misconduct with a minor Sec. 9 . ( a ) A person at least eighteen ( 18 ) years of age who , with a child at least fourteen ( 14 ) years of age but less than sixteen ( 16 ) years of age , performs or submits to sexual intercourse or deviate sexual conduct commits sexual misconduct with a minor , a Class C felony . '' Under certain aggravating circumstances , the offense increases to a Class B felony or to a Class A felony . The law allows the actor a defense to prosecution if the victim is currently or was previously married ( the absolute minimum marriageable age in Indiana is 15 ) , although this defense does not apply in the case of violence , threats or drugs . The law also allows a defense if the actor is within 4 years of age of the younger person and the two were in an ongoing dating / romantic relationship . This is not a close - in - age exception though , but merely a defense in court . The law also allows a mistake of age defense if the actor reasonably believed the victim was 16 or older . The age limit rises to 18 , according to IC35 - 42 - 4 - 7 , if the actor is an adult who is the guardian , adoptive parent , adoptive grandparent , custodian , or stepparent of the minor ; or a child care worker for the minor ; or a military recruiter who is attempting to enlist over the minor . Any person who engages in sexual intercourse with a child under 14 years of age commits a Class B felony , under IC 35 - 42 - 4 - 3 Child molesting . Under certain aggravating circumstances , the crime becomes a Class A felony . Iowa ( edit ) The age of consent in Iowa is 16 , with a close - in - age exemption for those aged 14 and 15 , who may engage in sexual acts with partners less than 4 years older . Section 709.4 states : A person commits sexual abuse in the third degree when the person performs a sex act under any of the following circumstances ... 2 ( c ) The other person is fourteen or fifteen years of age and any of the following are true ... ( 4 ) The person is four or more years older than the other person . Section 709.15 forbids , amongst other things , sexual contact between a school employee and a `` ... person who is currently enrolled in or attending a public or nonpublic elementary or secondary school , or who was a student enrolled in or who attended a public or nonpublic elementary or secondary school within thirty days of any violation ... '' There exist similar laws for those who provide or purport to provide mental health services ( § 709.15 ) , officers in charge of offenders and juveniles ( § 709.16 ) . Kansas ( edit ) The age of consent in Kansas is 16 . K.S.A. 21 - 5503 , 21 - 5504 , 21 - 5506 and 21 - 5507 prohibit sexual activity with minors aged 14 and 15 . K.S.A. 21 - 5507 allows for a lesser penalty if the minor is 14 or 15 and the offender is under 19 years old . 21 - 5506 covers indecent liberties with a child and aggravated indecent liberties with a child . Aggravated indecent liberties with a child is sexual intercourse with a child who is 14 or more years of age but less than 16 years of age . As per State v. Limon ( 2005 ) the previous Kansas age of consent law , which did not apply to homosexuals , was struck down by the Kansas Supreme Court due to 2003 's Lawrence v. Texas decision . Kentucky ( edit ) The age of consent in Kentucky is 16 . Kentucky Revised Statutes Section 510.020 deems a person unable to consent if he or she is less than 16 years old . In addition to the basic law regarding consent , the KRS has additional consent laws covering a variety of other situations : Under KRS 510.110 ( 1 ) ( d ) , it is `` sexual abuse in the first degree '' for `` a person in a position of authority or position of special trust '' ( as defined in KRS 532.045 , including but not limited to parents , stepparents , foster parents , teachers , coaches , corrections personnel , religious leaders , and employers ) to : engage in sexual conduct with a person under 18 , if the minor came into contact with the adult as a result of the adult 's special position , masturbate in the presence of said person under 18 , or masturbate while communicating by telephone , Internet , or other electronic means with any person known by the adult to be under 16 ( regardless of whether the actor 's position brought him or her into contact with the minor ) , and the minor can see or hear the adult masturbate . Under KRS 510.110 ( 1 ) ( c ) , the actions stated above ( without the qualification of `` position of authority ... or special trust '' ) are also `` sexual abuse in the first degree '' when performed by anyone 21 or older if the other person is under 16 . Sexual abuse in the first degree is a Class D felony if the victim is 12 to 17 years old , and a Class C felony if the victim is under 12 . Under KRS 510.120 , it is `` sexual abuse in the second degree , '' a Class A misdemeanor , for : a person at least 18 but under 21 to subject a person under age 16 to sexual conduct ( 510.120 ( 1 ) ( b ) ) , or personnel of correctional , juvenile justice , and detention facilities to engage in sexual conduct with adults ( at least 18 ) who are under the supervision of an included facility ( 510.120 ( 1 ) ( c ) ) . However , KRS 510.120 ( 2 ) provides a defense to prosecutions under 510.120 ( 1 ) ( b ) ( where the actor is between ages 18 and 21 ) for sexual abuse in the second degree if the `` victim '' is at least 14 and the actor is less than 5 years older . Similarly , it is a defense to the Class B misdemeanor of `` sexual abuse in the third degree '' ( KRS 510.130 ) , defined as subjecting another person to non-consensual sex , if the lack of consent was due solely to incapacity by age , the `` victim '' is 14 or 15 years old , and the actor is under 18 . Louisiana ( edit ) The age of consent in Louisiana is 17 . § 80 . Felony carnal knowledge of a juvenile A. Felony carnal knowledge of a juvenile is committed when : ( 1 ) A person who is seventeen years of age or older has sexual intercourse , with consent , with a person who is thirteen years of age or older but less than seventeen years of age , when the victim is not the spouse of the offender and when the difference between the age of the victim and the age of the offender is four years or greater ; or ... Maine ( edit ) The age of consent in Maine is 16 . Teenagers aged 14 and 15 may engage in sexual intercourse with partners who are less than 5 years older . § 254 . Sexual abuse of minors 1 . A person is guilty of sexual abuse of a minor if : A . The person engages in a sexual act with another person , not the actor 's spouse , who is either 14 or 15 years of age and the actor is at least 5 years older than the other person . Maryland ( edit ) The age of consent in Maryland is 16 . If a victim is 14 or 15 and the offender at least 4 years older than the victim , that constitutes a sexual offense in the fourth degree . If the offender is at least 21 years old , and they engage in vaginal intercourse or other sexual acts ( including oral and anal sex ) , that constitutes a sexual offense in the third degree . If a victim is under 14 and the offender at least 4 years older , and they engage in a sex act ( oral , anal and other sex acts , but not vaginal intercourse ) , that constitutes a sexual offense in the second degree . If they engage in vaginal intercourse , that constitutes rape in the second degree . If they have sexual contact ( kissing , touching for sexual gratification ) , that constitutes a sexual offense in the third degree . An additional violation is the crime of `` sexual solicitation of minor . '' § 3 - 324 . Under this statute , it is illegal to solicit any minor under 18 ( or a law enforcement officer posing as a minor ) by any means ( in person , by agent , online , telephone , mail , writing etc . ) to commit a rape or sexual offense in the second degree , sexual offense in the third degree , or prostitution . Notes Jump up ^ An exception to the age of consent is that if a person in a `` position of authority '' ( full - time , permanent employee ) engages in any sexual contact with any minor under age 18 or victim specified above , that constitutes a sexual offense in the fourth degree . Jump up ^ In Maryland , sexual offense ( 1st & 2nd degree ) and rape ( 1st & 2nd degree ) carry the same penalty . The distinction is that a rape involves vaginal intercourse . Massachusetts ( edit ) The age of consent in Massachusetts is 16 . Section 23 of Chapter 265 of the General Laws of Massachusetts states : `` Whoever unlawfully has sexual intercourse or unnatural sexual intercourse , and abuses a child under sixteen years of age shall ... be punished ... '' MGL 265 - 23 Section 35A of Chapter 272 states : `` Whoever commits any unnatural and lascivious act with a child under the age of sixteen shall be punished ... '' However , Chapter 272 , Section 4 sets another age of consent at 18 when the `` victim '' is `` of chaste life '' and the perpetrator induces them . `` Whoever induces any person under 18 years of age of chaste life to have unlawful sexual intercourse shall be punished . '' MGL 272 - 4 Michigan ( edit ) The age of consent in Michigan is 16 and there is no close - in - age exception , unless one is an authority figure in which case the age of consent is 18 . 750.520 d Criminal sexual conduct in the third degree ; felony . Sec . 520d. ( 1 ) A person is guilty of criminal sexual conduct in the third degree if the person engages in sexual penetration with another person and if any of the following circumstances exist : ( a ) That other person is at least 13 years of age and under 16 years of age ... In March 2012 the Michigan Senate passed a bill which was to prohibit sexual relations between students of any age and teachers . It passed 36 - 2 . Minnesota ( edit ) The age of consent in Minnesota is 16 . If the actor is in a position of authority , the age of consent is 18 . If the younger party is under the age of 13 , the older party must be no more than 36 months older . If the younger party is 13 , 14 or 15 , the other person must be no more than 48 months older . The specifics of these laws are covered under Sections 609.34 x of the Minnesota Criminal Code . Specifically sections 609.341 Definitions , 609.342 Criminal Sexual Conduct in the First Degree , 609.343 Criminal Sexual Conduct in the Second Degree , 609.344 Criminal Sexual Conduct in the Third Degree , 609.345 Criminal Sexual Conduct in the Fourth Degree , 609.3451 Criminal Sexual Conduct in the Fifth Degree , and 609.349 Voluntary Relationships . Mississippi ( edit ) The age of consent in Mississippi is 16 . § 97 - 3 - 65 . Statutory rape ; enhanced penalty for forcible sexual intercourse or statutory rape by administering certain substances . ( 1 ) The crime of statutory rape is committed when : ( a ) Any person seventeen ( 17 ) years of age or older has sexual intercourse with a child who : ( i ) Is at least fourteen ( 14 ) but under sixteen ( 16 ) years of age ; ( ii ) Is thirty - six ( 36 ) or more months younger than the person ; and ( iii ) Is not the person 's spouse § 97 - 3 - 95 . Sexual battery . ( 1 ) A person is guilty of sexual battery if he or she engages in sexual penetration with : ... ( c ) A child at least fourteen ( 14 ) but under sixteen ( 16 ) years of age , if the person is thirty - six ( 36 ) or more months older than the child ... Missouri ( edit ) The age of consent in Missouri is 17 . Mistake as to the age of the victim may be a defense in some circumstances as defined in RSMo 566.020 . Statutory rape and sodomy , RSMo § § 566.032 and 566.062 involve a victim less than 14 years of age . Statutory rape and sodomy in the second degree , RSMo § § 566.034 and 566.064 involve a victim less than 17 years of age and an accused who is 21 years of age or older . The crime of Child molestation in the second degree , RSMo § 566.068 , occurs when a victim less than 17 years of age is subject to `` sexual contact '' . The distinction among those crimes has led some to the false conclusion that Missouri has a close - in - age exception . Missouri has no such exception beyond the degree of crime committed . While the statutory titles are cast in terms of Rape and Sodomy , the statutes prohibit conduct that is described as `` sexual intercourse '' and `` deviant sexual intercourse '' . Those terms are defined in RSMo § 566.010 . Statutory rape , second degree , penalty . − 566.034. 1 . A person commits the crime of statutory rape in the second degree if being twenty - one years of age or older , he has sexual intercourse with another person who is less than seventeen years of age . Statutory sodomy , second degree , penalty . 566.064. 1 . A person commits the crime of statutory sodomy in the second degree if being twenty - one years of age or older , he has deviate sexual intercourse with another person who is less than seventeen years of age . Child molestation , second degree , penalties . 566.068. 1 . A person commits the crime of child molestation in the second degree if he or she subjects another person who is less than seventeen years of age to sexual contact . Montana ( edit ) The age of consent in Montana is 16 . Nebraska ( edit ) The age of consent in Nebraska is 16 . In addition Nebraska has a law prohibiting `` lewdly inducing '' a person under 17 to `` carnally know '' any other person . 28 - 319 . Sexual assault ; first degree ; penalty . ( 1 ) Any person who subjects another person to sexual penetration ( a ) without the consent of the victim , ( b ) who knew or should have known that the victim was mentally or physically incapable of resisting or appraising the nature of his or her conduct , or ( c ) when the actor is nineteen years of age or older and the victim is at least twelve but less than sixteen years of age is guilty of sexual assault in the first degree . ( 2 ) Sexual assault in the first degree is a Class II felony . The sentencing judge shall consider whether the actor caused serious personal injury to the victim in reaching a decision on the sentence . ( 3 ) Any person who is found guilty of sexual assault in the first degree for a second time when the first conviction was pursuant to this section or any other state or federal law with essentially the same elements as this section shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of twenty - five years in prison . 28 - 319.01 . Sexual assault of a child ; first degree ; penalty . ( 1 ) A person commits sexual assault of a child in the first degree : ( a ) When he or she subjects another person under twelve years of age to sexual penetration and the actor is at least nineteen years of age or older ; or ( b ) When he or she subjects another person who is at least twelve years of age but less than sixteen years of age to sexual penetration and the actor is twenty - five years of age or older . ( 2 ) Sexual assault of a child in the first degree is a Class IB felony with a mandatory minimum sentence of fifteen years in prison for the first offense . ( 3 ) Any person who is found guilty of sexual assault of a child in the first degree under this section and who has previously been convicted ( a ) under this section , ( b ) under section 28 - 319 of first degree or attempted first degree sexual assault , ( c ) under section 28 - 320.01 before July 14 , 2006 , of sexual assault of a child or attempted sexual assault of a child , ( d ) under section 28 - 320.01 on or after July 14 , 2006 , of sexual assault of a child in the second or third degree or attempted sexual assault of a child in the second or third degree , or ( e ) in any other state or federal court under laws with essentially the same elements as this section , section 28 - 319 , or section 28 - 320.01 as it existed before , on , or after July 14 , 2006 , shall be guilty of a Class IB felony with a mandatory minimum sentence of twenty - five years in prison . ( 4 ) In any prosecution under this section , the age of the actor shall be an essential element of the offense that must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt . Nevada ( edit ) The age of consent in Nevada is 16 . NRS 200.364 Definitions . As used in NRS 200.364 to 200.3774 , inclusive , unless the context otherwise requires : ... 3. `` Statutory sexual seduction '' means : ( a ) Ordinary sexual intercourse , anal intercourse , cunnilingus or fellatio committed by a person 18 years of age or older with a person under the age of 16 years ; or ( b ) Any other sexual penetration committed by a person 18 years of age or older with a person under the age of 16 years with the intent of arousing , appealing to , or gratifying the lust or passions or sexual desires of either of the persons . New Hampshire ( edit ) The age of consent in New Hampshire is 16 . But a close - in - age exception exists where a person may `` engage in sexual penetration '' with a person older than 13 but younger than 16 but only if their age difference is three years or less . However , if the partner is acting `` in loco parentis '' , e.g. as a teacher or a guardian , the minimum age is 18 . NH Criminal code Section 632 - A :3 and Section 632 - A : 2 New Jersey ( edit ) The age of consent in New Jersey is 16 . There is an exception . If the victim is less than 18 and the partner is a parent , guardian , sibling or any other person closer than a fourth cousin or has any type of authority over the victim ( for example , a teacher ) then the assailant may be charged with a crime . For instance , it 's criminal for a manager of any age to have sex with a 17 - year - old subordinate , even if the sex is consensual . State law specifies ( by not saying anything ) that minors between 13 and 15 years old may , in general , engage in a consensual sexual relationship with someone up to four years older . Therefore , for example , it is legal for a 14 - year - old male or female to engage in consensual sex with a person up to 18 years of age . Specifically , NJ state law details three circumstances of sexual assault under which the age of consent is pertinent . For aggravated sexual assault ( a crime of the first degree ) , a person must have committed sexual penetration ( that is , intercouse , oral or anal sex or something inserted ) while either ( 1 ) the victim was under 13 or ( 2 ) the assailant exercised some legal or occupational authority over the victim who was between 13 and 15 . ( All other conditions for aggravated sexual assault do not impact the NJ age of consent . ) Simple sexual assault ( a crime of the second degree ) is defined in two ways . First , a person must have committed sexual contact ( that is , intentional touching of intimate parts for sexual gratification ) while the victim was under 13 and the assailant was over four years older . Or , second , a person must have committed sexual penetration ( defined above under aggravated sexual assault ) while not using force and either ( 1 ) the victim was 16 or 17 and one of the following conditions was true : ( a ) the assailant was a third cousin or closer OR ( b ) the assailant exercised some authority over the victim OR ( c ) the assailant was a legal guardian in the household of the victim or ( 2 ) the victim was between 13 and 15 and the assailant was over four years older . ( All other conditions for simple sexual assault do not impact the NJ age of consent . ) For more information , see the actual NJ statutes at N.J.S.A. 2C : 14 - 2 . In a period before 1979 the age of consent was raised to 16 . In May 1979 the New Jersey Legislature passed a bill sponsored by Christopher Jackman , the assembly speaker , changed the age of consent to 13 . This bill was scheduled to go into effect on September 1 , 1979 . By June 1979 there were reports Governor of New Jersey Brendan T. Byrne had refused to sign the bill into law . The coordinator for New Jersey Majority Women , Elizabeth Sadowski , asked for a postponement of this bill . New Mexico ( edit ) The age of consent in New Mexico is 17 with age - gap , marital , and school employee provisions . New Mexico Code > Chapter 30 > Article 9 > Section 30 - 9 - 11 : Criminal sexual penetration . `` F. Criminal sexual penetration in the fourth degree consists of all criminal sexual penetration : ( 1 ) not defined in Subsections C through E of this section perpetrated on a child thirteen to sixteen years of age when the perpetrator is at least eighteen years of age and is at least four years older than the child and not the spouse of that child ; or : ( 2 ) perpetrated on a child thirteen to eighteen years of age when the perpetrator , who is a licensed school employee , an unlicensed school employee , a school contract employee , a school health service provider or a school volunteer , and who is at least eighteen years of age and is at least four years older than the child and not the spouse of that child , learns while performing services in or for a school that the child is a student in a school . Whoever commits criminal sexual penetration in the fourth degree is guilty of a fourth degree felony . '' New York ( edit ) The age of consent in New York is 17 . The offense will be more serious depending on relative ages , thus : Sex with a person under 17 is a misdemeanor if the perpetrator is at least 16 ( see infra ) . ( `` Sexual misconduct , '' NY Penal Law § 130.20 . ) Sex with a person under 17 is a Class `` E '' felony if the perpetrator is at least 21 . ( `` Rape in the third degree , '' NY Penal Law § 130.25 ; `` Criminal sexual act in the third degree , '' NY Penal Law § 130.40 . ) Sex with a person under 15 is a Class `` D '' violent felony if the perpetrator is at least 18 . However , it is a defense to this charge if an 18 - year - old perpetrator proves by a preponderance that he or she was less than four years older than the victim . This is not a defense to any other charge that might apply , i.e. , Sexual misconduct , supra . ( `` Rape in the second degree , '' NY Penal Law § 130.30 ; `` Criminal sexual act in the second degree , '' NY Penal Law § 130.45 . ) Sex with a person under 13 is a Class `` B '' violent felony if the perpetrator is at least 18 . ( `` Rape in the first degree , '' NY Penal Law § 130.35 ( 4 ) ; `` Criminal sexual act in the first degree , '' NY Penal Law § 130.50 ( 4 ) . ) Sex with a person under 11 is a Class `` B '' violent felony if the perpetrator is at least 16 . ( `` Rape in the first degree , '' NY Penal Law § 130.35 ( 3 ) ; `` Criminal sexual act in the first degree , '' NY Penal Law § 130.50 ( 3 ) . ) `` Sex , '' as used above , refers to the four conspicuous types of sexual acts , including `` sexual intercourse '' , `` oral sexual conduct '' ( both types ) , and `` anal sexual conduct . '' The latter three acts were known by statute as `` deviant sexual intercourse '' prior to 2003 . Non-intercourse sexual activity is also regulated based on age . Non-intercourse sexual activity , called `` sexual contact '' is defined as `` any touching of the sexual or other intimate parts of a person not married to the actor for the purpose of gratifying sexual desire of either party . It includes the touching of the actor by the victim , as well as the touching of the victim by the actor , whether directly or through clothing . '' ( NY Penal Law § 130.00 ( 3 ) . ) If the person is underage such `` sexual contact '' can constitute the crime of `` sexual abuse . '' `` Sexual contact '' with a person less than 17 but at least 14 , by a perpetrator who is at least five years older than the victim is `` Sexual abuse in the third degree , '' a class B misdemeanor . ( NY Penal Law § 130.55 . ) `` Sexual contact '' with a person less than 14 is `` Sexual abuse in the second degree , '' a Class A misdemeanor , if the perpetrator is at least 16 . ( NY Penal Law § 130.60 ( 2 ) . ) `` Sexual contact '' with a person less than 11 is `` Sexual abuse in the first degree , '' a class `` D '' violent felony , if the perpetrator is at least 16 . ( NY Penal Law § 130.65 ( 3 ) . ) Certain defenses ( edit ) It is not a defense that the perpetrator believed the victim was older than is later proven . ( NY Penal Law § 15.20 ( 3 ) ) . Legally recognized marriage is a defense . ( NY Penal Law § 130.10 ( 4 ) . ) The only minimum age for a perpetrator of first degree rape / criminal sexual act with a victim under 11 ( NY Penal Law § § 130.35 ( 3 ) & 130.50 ( 3 ) ) , sexual abuse in the first and second degrees ( NY Penal Law § § 130.65 ( 3 ) & 130.60 ( 2 ) ) , and misdemeanor sexual misconduct ( NY Penal Law § 130.20 ) is provided by the defense of infancy found at NY Penal Law § 30.00 ( 1 ) . That age is 16 years old . Someone under that age may be adjudicated a juvenile delinquent , but may not commit these crimes . On the other hand , someone who is 16 years old commits a crime by voluntarily having sex with anyone who can not themselves legally consent to sex , including another 16 - year - old , even if this `` victim '' is actually older . ( People v. Bowman , 88 Misc . 2d 50 ; 387 N.Y.S. 2d 982 ( City Crim . Ct. 1976 ) ; Matter of Jessie C. , 164 A.D. 2d 731 ; 565 N.Y.S. 2d 941 ( 4 Dept. , 1991 ) . ) In effect , mutual crimes are committed when two unmarried 16 - year - old individuals voluntarily have sex with each other in New York State , each being the `` victim '' of the other . Other crimes ( edit ) It appears that the crime of `` Predatory sexual assault against a child , '' a class A-II felony , effectively subsumes all instances of `` statutory '' first degree rape / criminal sexual act where the victim is under 13 ( NY Penal Law § § 130.35 ( 4 ) , 130.50 ( 4 ) ) and the perpetrator over 18 . ( NY Penal Law § 130.96 . ) Thus , any person who commits one of these lesser offenses would necessarily commit the greater offense of `` Predatory sexual assault against a child . '' ( See , People v. Lawrence , 81 A.D. 3d 1326 ; 916 N.Y.S. 2d 393 ( 4 Dept. 2011 ) . ) There are other special offenses , namely `` Course of sexual conduct against a child in the first degree '' and `` Course of sexual conduct against a child in the second degree '' that punish sex with an underage person combined with an additional illegal sexual act during wide time period . These do not subject a person to more punishment than the crimes listed above but provide only a gimmick for prosecutors to avoid the requirement that an individual sex act be specified in a rape indictment . ( See , People v. Beauchamp , 74 N.Y. 2d 639 ; 539 N.E. 2d 1105 ( 1989 ) . ) ( Note that `` violent felonies '' are specified by NY Penal Law § 70.02 . Actual `` violence '' is irrelevant . ) New York Penal Law Article 130 North Carolina ( edit ) The age of consent in North Carolina is 16 . However , certain exceptions to this general rule exist . No employee of a K - 12 school can have any sexual activity with any student at that school except when married to the person ( § 14 ‐ 27.7 ) ; this is a felony unless the actor is less than 4 years older than the student and is not a teacher , administrator , student teacher , safety officer , or coach . This prohibition covers adults and students who were at the school at the same time , and continues in force as long as the younger person is a student at any K - 12 school , regardless of age . Any sexual intercourse with a person under 16 years of age is prohibited unless the defendant is less than 4 years older than the victim except when married to the person ( § 14 ‐ 27.2 , 14 ‐ 27.4 & 14 ‐ 27.7 A ) . § 14 ‐ 27.7 A. Statutory rape or sexual offense of person who is 13 , 14 , or 15 years old . ( a ) A defendant is guilty of a Class B1 felony if the defendant engages in vaginal intercourse or a sexual act with another person who is 13 , 14 , or 15 years old and the defendant is at least six years older than the person , except when the defendant is lawfully married to the person . ( b ) A defendant is guilty of a Class C felony if the defendant engages in vaginal intercourse or a sexual act with another person who is 13 , 14 , or 15 years old and the defendant is more than four but less than six years older than the person , except when the defendant is lawfully married to the person . North Carolina General Statutes Chapter 14 North Dakota ( edit ) The age of consent in North Dakota is 18 . 12.1 - 20 - 03 . Gross sexual imposition -- Penalty . 1. A person who engages in a sexual act with another , or who causes another to engage in a sexual act , is guilty of an offense if ... the victim is less than fifteen years old Section 12.1 - 20 - 05 of the code refers to sexual acts between adults and teenagers aged 15 , 16 and 17 : 12.1 - 20 - 05. Corruption or solicitation of minors . An adult who engages in , solicits with the intent to engage in , or causes another to engage in a sexual act with a minor , is guilty of a class A misdemeanor if the victim is a minor fifteen years of age or older . An adult who solicits with the intent to engage in a sexual act with a minor under age fifteen or engages in or causes another to engage in a sexual act when the adult is at least twenty - two years of age and the victim is a minor fifteen years of age or older , is guilty of a class C felony . Ohio ( edit ) The age of consent in Ohio is 16 as specified by Section 2907.04 of the Ohio Revised Code . However , there exists a close - in - age exception where a minor 13 or older can consent to sex as long as their partner is less than 18 years old . 2907.04 Unlawful sexual conduct with minor . ( A ) No person who is eighteen years of age or older shall engage in sexual conduct with another , who is not the spouse of the offender , when the offender knows the other person is thirteen years of age or older but less than sixteen years of age , or the offender is reckless in that regard . ( § 2907.04 ) . It is illegal for a person of any age to have sex with a child beneath 13 years of age who they are not married to . 2907.02 ( A ) 1 . No person shall engage in sexual conduct with another who is not the spouse of the offender or who is the spouse of the offender but is living separate and apart from the offender when any of the following applies ... ( b ) the other person is less than thirteen years of age , whether or not the offender knows the age of the other person ( § 2907.02 ) . However , the preceding statute , Section 2907.03 , specifies that sexual conduct between anyone under 18 and a teacher , administrator , or coach of the school they attend , a cleric , or other person in authority , is punishable as a felony of the third degree . 2907.03 Sexual battery . ( A ) No person shall engage in sexual conduct with another , not the spouse of the offender , when any of the following apply : ( 5 ) The offender is the other person 's natural or adoptive parent , or a stepparent , or guardian , custodian , or person in loco parentis of the other person . ( 7 ) The offender is a teacher , administrator , coach , or other person in authority employed by or serving in a school for which the state board of education prescribes minimum standards pursuant to division ( D ) of section 3301.07 of the Revised Code , the other person is enrolled in or attends that school , and the offender is not enrolled in and does not attend that school . ( 8 ) The other person is a minor , the offender is a teacher , administrator , coach , or other person in authority employed by or serving in an institution of higher education , and the other person is enrolled in or attends that institution . ( 9 ) The other person is a minor , and the offender is the other person 's athletic or other type of coach , is the other person 's instructor , is the leader of a scouting troop of which the other person is a member , or is a person with temporary or occasional disciplinary control over the other person . ( 12 ) The other person is a minor , the offender is a cleric , and the other person is a member of , or attends , the church or congregation served by the cleric . ( § 2907.03 ) ( § 2907.03 ) Ohio law also contains a rule against importuning , which means a perpetrator of any age sexually soliciting a minor over the internet if the minor is under the age of 13 , or in the case of a perpetrator 18 years of age or older , sexually soliciting any minor who is under the age of 16 . ( § 2907.07 ) Laws against `` contributing to the unruliness or delinquency of a child '' ( § 2919.24 ) and `` interference with custody '' ( § 2919.23 ) may be used against those who have sex with those who are 16 and 17 if a parent or guardian complains . These two crimes are not considered to be sexual offenses . In 1989 Donald Edgar Lukens was prosecuted under the misdemeanor charge `` contributing to the delinquency and unruliness of a child '' for having sex with a 16 - year - old girl . At the time he was 58 years old , and he received a 30 - day jail sentence . Oklahoma ( edit ) The age of consent in Oklahoma is 16 . A close - in - age exemption applies if the minor was over the age of 14 and the actor was age 18 or younger . An employee of a school system who has sexual conduct with a student of that school system aged between 16 and 18 may face criminal charges in Oklahoma . Oregon ( edit ) The age of consent in Oregon is 18 . Sexual offenses are defined under the Oregon Revised Statutes Chapter 163 . With regards to age only , the following offenses are defined . 18 : Consent for all laws . ( ORS 163.345 -- ORS 163 - 425 ) Under 18 : Defined as Sexual Abuse 3 ( Class A Misdemeanor ) Under 16 : Defined as Rape 3 / Sodomy 3 ( Class C Felony ) Under 14 : Defined as Rape 2 / Sodomy 2 ( Class B Felony ) Under 12 : Defined as Rape 1 / Sodomy 1 ( Class A Felony ) Additionally , Oregon has a three - year rule defined under ORS 163.345 . However , this does not apply to Rape 1 , or Sodomy 1 , effectively limiting the age to 12 . However , a person can still be charged with Sexual Misconduct ( Class C Misdemeanor ) under ORS 163.445 , if the victim was an unmarried person under 18 years of age . Pennsylvania ( edit ) The age of consent in Pennsylvania is 16 years of age for sexual consent . The age of consent was previously 18 but it was lowered to 16 in 1995 . Teenagers aged 13 , 14 and 15 may or may not be able to legally engage in sexual activity with partners who are less than 4 years older . Such partners could not be prosecuted under statutory rape laws , but may be liable for other offenses , even when the sexual activity is consensual . In December 2011 the Pennsylvania Legislature passed an amendment stating that an employee of a school who engages in sexual relations with any student or athletic player under the age of 18 may receive a third - degree felony charge . In 2014 Governor of Pennsylvania Tom Corbett signed into law an amendment making this law apply to athletic coaches who work outside of an educational setting . Historically Pennsylvania prosecutors were only allowed to issue misdemeanor charges such as corruption of minors against teachers and coaches who had sex with 16 and 17 - year - old students . In addition to the corruption of minors charge , Pennsylvania prosecutors have also brought child endangerment charges against schoolteachers who had sex with 16 and 17 - year - old students . Pennsylvania legal codes ( edit ) Under Pennsylvania law , a defendant is strictly liable for the offense of rape , a felony of the first degree , when the complainant is 12 or younger . Pennsylvania has enacted several other strict liability sexual offenses when the complainant is under 16 , but 13 years old or older . § 3122.1 . Statutory sexual assault . Except as provided in section 3121 ( relating to rape ) , a person commits a felony of the second degree when that person engages in sexual intercourse with a complainant under the age of 16 years and that person is four or more years older than the complainant and the complainant and the person are not married to each other . § 3125 Aggravated indecent assault ( 7 ) the complainant is less than 13 years of age ; or ( 8 ) the complainant is less than 16 years of age and the person is four or more years older than the complainant and the complainant and the person are not married to each other . ( b ) Aggravated indecent assault of a child. -- A person commits aggravated indecent assault of a child when the person violates subsection ( a ) ( 1 ) , ( 2 ) , ( 3 ) , ( 4 ) , ( 5 ) or ( 6 ) and the complainant is less than 13 years of age . § 3123 Involuntary deviate sexual intercourse ( 7 ) who is less than 16 years of age and the person is four or more years older than the complainant and the complainant and person are not married to each other . When the alleged victim is 16 or older and less than 18 years of age , and the alleged offender is over the age of 18 , the Commonwealth may charge the offense of corruption of minors or unlawful contact with a minor , even if the activity was consensual : § 6301 Corruption of minors . ( a ) Offense defined. -- ( 1 ) Whoever , being of the age of 18 years and upwards , by any act corrupts or tends to corrupt the morals of any minor less than 18 years of age , or who aids , abets , entices or encourages any such minor in the commission of any crime , or who knowingly assists or encourages such minor in violating his or her parole or any order of court , commits a misdemeanor of the first degree . The crime of corruption of minors is usually a crime that accompanies another `` more serious '' crime such as statutory rape or involuntary deviate sexual intercourse or accompanies some drug or alcohol use , possession or sale . Tending to corrupt like contributing to delinquency is a broad term involving conduct toward a child in an unlimited variety of ways which tends to produce or to encourage or to continue conduct of the child which would amount to delinquent conduct . '' The question of whether consensual intercourse with a minor 16 years or older tends to corrupt the morals of that minor is a jury question to be decided by the `` common sense of the community . '' § 6318 . Unlawful contact with minor . ( a ) Offense defined. -- A person commits an offense if he is intentionally in contact with a minor , or a law enforcement officer acting in the performance of his duties who has assumed the identity of a minor , for the purpose of engaging in an activity prohibited under any of the following , and either the person initiating the contact or the person being contacted is within this Commonwealth : ( 1 ) Any of the offenses enumerated in Chapter 31 ( relating to sexual offenses ) . ( 2 ) Open lewdness as defined in section 5901 ( relating to open lewdness ) . ( 3 ) Prostitution as defined in section 5902 ( relating to prostitution and related offenses ) . ( 4 ) Obscene and other sexual materials and performances as defined in section 5903 ( relating to obscene and other sexual materials and performances ) . ( 5 ) Sexual abuse of children as defined in section 6312 ( relating to sexual abuse of children ) . ( 6 ) Sexual exploitation of children as defined in section 6320 ( relating to sexual exploitation of children ) . There is also a corruption of minors statute against adults corrupting the morals of minors under 18 years of age . However , the corruption of minors statute only applies to perpetrators 18 years of age and older . In 2005 JoAnne Epps , a former prosecutor and Temple University Beasley School of Law dean of academic affairs , stated that the corruption of minors charge is considered to be a separate crime from that of statutory rape ; she stated that the consideration of whether a minor is consenting to sexual activity is a separate issue from whether someone is corrupting the minor 's morals . Rhode Island ( edit ) The age of consent in Rhode Island is 16 . Sexual intercourse with a minor aged 14 -- 15 by an actor 18 or older is third degree sexual assault , sexual intercourse with a minor under the age of 14 by an actor of any age is child molestation . However , there is a close - in - age exception that allows people aged 16 -- 17 to have sex with a minor aged 14 or 15 , but not younger . § 11 - 37 - 6 Third degree sexual assault . -- A person is guilty of third degree sexual assault if he or she is over the age of eighteen ( 18 ) years and engaged in sexual penetration with another person over the age of fourteen ( 14 ) years and under the age of consent , sixteen ( 16 ) years of age . § 11 - 37 - 8.1 First degree child molestation sexual assault . -- A person is guilty of first degree child molestation sexual assault if he or she engages in sexual penetration with a person fourteen ( 14 ) years of age or under . South Carolina ( edit ) The age of consent in South Carolina is 16 . SECTION 16 - 3 - 651 . Criminal sexual conduct : definitions ... ( h ) `` Sexual battery '' means sexual intercourse , cunnilingus , fellatio , anal intercourse , or any intrusion , however slight , of any part of a person 's body or of any object into the genital or anal openings of another person 's body , except when such intrusion is accomplished for medically recognized treatment or diagnostic purposes . SECTION 16 - 3 - 655 . Criminal sexual conduct with a minor ; aggravating and mitigating circumstances ; penalties ; repeat offenders . ( B ) A person is guilty of criminal sexual conduct with a minor in the second degree if : ... ( 2 ) the actor engages in sexual battery with a victim who is at least fourteen years of age but who is less than sixteen years of age and the actor is in a position of familial , custodial , or official authority to coerce the victim to submit or is older than the victim . However , a person may not be convicted of a violation of the provisions of this item if he is eighteen years of age or less when he engages in illicit but consensual sexual conduct with another person who is at least fourteen years of age . In addition , mistake of age may be used as a defense . SECTION 16 - 15 - 140 . Committing or attempting lewd act upon child under sixteen . It is unlawful for a person over the age of fourteen years to willfully and lewdly commit or attempt a lewd or lascivious act upon or with the body , or its parts , of a child under the age of sixteen years , with the intent of arousing , appealing to , or gratifying the lust or passions or sexual desires of the person or of the child . South Dakota ( edit ) The age of consent in South Dakota is 16 and there is no close - in - age exemption , although if the perpetrator is within three years of age of the victim or is under 18 the penalties are reduced . 22 - 22 - 1 . Rape defined -- Degrees -- Felony . Rape is an act of sexual penetration accomplished with any person under any of the following circumstances : ... ( 5 ) If the victim is thirteen years of age , but less than sixteen years of age , and the perpetrator is at least three years older than the victim . 22 - 22 - 7 . Sexual contact with child under sixteen -- Felony or misdemeanor . Any person , sixteen years of age or older , who knowingly engages in sexual contact with another person , other than that person 's spouse if the other person is under the age of sixteen years is guilty of a Class 3 felony . If the actor is less than three years older than the other person , the actor is guilty of a Class 1 misdemeanor . If an adult has a previous conviction for a felony violation of this section , any subsequent felony conviction for a violation under this section , is a Class 2 felony . Notwithstanding § 23A - 42 - 2 , a charge brought pursuant to this section may be commenced at any time before the victim becomes age twenty - five or within seven years of the commission of the crime , whichever is longer . 22 - 22 - 7.3 . Sexual contact with child under sixteen years of age -- Violation as misdemeanor . Any person , younger than sixteen years of age , who knowingly engages in sexual contact with another person , other than his or her spouse , if such other person is younger than sixteen years of age , is guilty of a Class 1 misdemeanor . Tennessee ( edit ) The age of consent in Tennessee is 18 . A close - in - age exemption allows minors aged 13 -- 17 to engage in sexual acts with partners less than 4 years older . Penalties differ depending on the age of the minor , as well as the age difference between the minor and the offender . ( see Article 39 - 13 - 506 . Statutory rape ) . Texas ( edit ) There are two laws concerning age of consent in Texas : one sets the age of consent for sexual activity at 17 and the other sets the age of consent for inducement of sexual conduct and for sexual activity involving `` visual representation or employment '' at 18 . There is also a three - year `` Romeo and Juliet '' provision that allows for sexual contact if there is a three year or less gap between the parties . Texas age of consent is 17 years . The age of consent is gender neutral and applies the same to both heterosexual and homosexual conduct and regardless of age difference . Like many other states , Texas does not enforce harsh penalties for individuals who have sex with someone under 17 as long as that person is not more than 3 years older than the minor . If the victim is under the age of 17 ( subject to a three - year close - in - age exception ) , then underage sexual conduct can also be prosecuted ( without requiring proof of inducement ) under section 21.11 of title 5 . Sex with a child under the age of 14 is considered aggravated sexual assault Section 22.021 ( a. 2. B) . The age of consent in Texas involving visual representation such as a part in a play or movie or employment involving sex is 18 under section 43.25 ( b ) , A person commits an offense if , the person he / she employs , or includes in content of the material , he / she produces , directs , or promotes a performance that includes sexual conduct is younger than 18 years of age . A parent or legal guardian or custodian of a child younger than 18 years of age commits an offense if he / she consents to the participation by the child in a sexual performance . This crime requires proof of inducement . However , inducement does not require threat , promise of payment or any specific incentive , or even verbal persuasion to be proven . under Texas Penal Code § 33.021 . Online Solicitation of a Minor is a criminal offense in the state of Texas that makes it illegal for someone 17 years and older to intentionally or knowingly communicate certain sexual content or try to induce or solicit a minor under 17 years of age , or any communication , language , or material , including a photographic or video image , that relates to or describes sexual conduct , as defined by Section 43.25 . Some confusion arises regarding the applicability of section 43.25 to mere `` sexual conduct '' , due to the section title `` sexual performance by a child '' and other provisions that seem to suggest that the intention of this section is to criminalize commercial sexual performances by a minor . However , in John Perry DORNBUSCH , Appellant , v . The STATE of Texas and in Summers v. State , 11 - 92 - 057 - CR , 845 S.W. 2d 440 ( 1992 ) both cases brought up different views on the applicability , in Summers v. State the judge dismisses the appellant 's argument that the legislative intent of the statute was to apply only to sexual performance as defined by section 43.25 ( a ) ( 1 ) . Section 21.12 further prohibits all sexual contact between an employee of a school ( including educators ) ) , and a student enrolled at the primary or secondary school and / or school district where said employee works ( unless the student is the employee 's spouse ) . No age is specified by the statute ( thus , even if the student has reached the age of consent , it is still a violation ) , and violations are a second degree felony . Persons convicted under 21.12 do not have to register as sex offenders . The law exists to prevent scenarios where a teacher or employee coerces a student into a sexual relationship in exchange for higher grades or other favors . In 2003 Helen Giddings , a Democratic member of the Texas House of Representatives , first authored the anti student - teacher sex bill but only intended for it to into effect if the student is 17 or younger . Warren Chisum of Pampa removed the maximum age from the bill . The bill was passed in 2003 . Shortly after the law passed , a teacher engaged in sexual intercourse with her 18 - year - old student , and a Texas court refused to indict her . In 2011 an amendment made it so that a teacher is forbidden from having sexual relations with any student in his / her school district , not just his / her school . Afterwards criminal prosecutions of teachers in relationships with students going to other schools in the same school district , including teachers of other educational levels , began occurring . In response to this law , Houston lawyer Dick DeGuerin stated `` Unless there 's real strong evidence of a teacher trading sex for grades or using improper influence , then it 's a statute that is really open to abuse . '' Utah ( edit ) The age of consent in Utah is 18 . However , it is legal for minors aged 16 and 17 to engage in sexual activity with partners less than 7 years older , and between 7 and 10 years older if the partner reasonably did n't know the minor 's age . 76 - 5 - 401.2 . Unlawful sexual conduct with a 16 - or 17 - year - old . ( 1 ) As used in this section , `` minor '' means a person who is 16 years of age or older , but younger than 18 years of age , at the time the sexual conduct described in Subsection ( 2 ) occurred . ( 2 ) ( a ) A person commits unlawful sexual conduct with a minor if , under circumstances not amounting to an offense listed under Subsection ( 3 ) , a person who is : ( i ) seven or more years older but less than 10 years older than the minor at the time of the sexual conduct engages in any conduct listed in Subsection ( 2 ) ( b ) , and the person knew or reasonably should have known the age of the minor ; or ( ii ) 10 or more years older than the minor at the time of the sexual conduct and engages in any conduct listed in Subsection ( 2 ) ( b ) . ( b ) As used in Subsection ( 2 ) ( a ) , `` sexual conduct '' refers to when the person : ( i ) has sexual intercourse with the minor ; ( ii ) engages in any sexual act with the minor involving the genitals of one person and the mouth or anus of another person , regardless of the sex of either participant ; ( iii ) causes the penetration , however slight , of the genital or anal opening of the minor by any foreign object , substance , instrument , or device , including a part of the human body , with the intent to cause substantial emotional or bodily pain to any person or with the intent to arouse or gratify the sexual desire of any person , regardless of the sex of any participant ; or ( iv ) touches the anus , buttocks , or any part of the genitals of the minor , or touches the breast of a female minor , or otherwise takes indecent liberties with the minor , or causes a minor to take indecent liberties with the actor or another person , with the intent to cause substantial emotional or bodily pain to any person or with the intent to arouse or gratify the sexual desire of any person regardless of the sex of any participant . 76 - 5 - 401 . Unlawful sexual activity with a minor -- Elements -- Penalties -- Evidence of age raised by defendant . ( 1 ) For purposes of this section `` minor '' is a person who is 14 years of age or older , but younger than 16 years of age , at the time the sexual activity described in this section occurred . ( 2 ) A person commits unlawful sexual activity with a minor if , under circumstances not amounting to rape , in violation of Section 76 - 5 - 402 , object rape , in violation of Section 76 - 5 - 402.2 , forcible sodomy , in violation of Section 76 - 5 - 403 , or aggravated sexual assault , in violation of Section 76 - 5 - 405 , the actor : ( a ) has sexual intercourse with the minor ; ( b ) engages in any sexual act with the minor involving the genitals of one person and the mouth or anus of another person , regardless of the sex of either participant ; or ( c ) causes the penetration , however slight , of the genital or anal opening of the minor by any foreign object , substance , instrument , or device , including a part of the human body , with the intent to cause substantial emotional or bodily pain to any person or with the intent to arouse or gratify the sexual desire of any person , regardless of the sex of any participant . ( 3 ) A violation of Subsection ( 2 ) is a third degree felony unless the defendant establishes by a preponderance of the evidence the mitigating factor that the defendant is less than four years older than the minor at the time the sexual activity occurred , in which case it is a class B misdemeanor . Vermont ( edit ) The age of consent in Vermont is 16 . Title 13 V.S.A. § 3252 . Sexual assault : § 3252 ( c ) No person shall engage in a sexual act with a child who is under the age of 16 , except : where the persons are married to each other and the sexual act is consensual ; or where the person is less than 19 years old , the child is at least 15 years old , and the sexual act is consensual . However it rises to 18 if the person is related to the minor or in a position of authority over him . ( d ) No person shall engage in a sexual act with a child who is under the age of 18 and is entrusted to the actor 's care by authority of law or is the actor 's child , grandchild , foster child , adopted child , or stepchild . Virginia ( edit ) The age of consent in Virginia is 18 , with a close - in - age exception that allows teenagers aged 15 to 17 to engage in sexual acts but only with a partner younger than 18 . The state code defines felony statutory rape as crimes against those under 15 , while adults who have sex minors over 15 can be prosecuted for a misdemeanor offense , `` contributing to the delinquency of a minor . '' Section § 18.2 - 63 of the Code refers to minors younger than 15 , while § 18.2 - 371 is about 15 - , 16 - and 17 - year - olds . Section 18.2 - 63 states in part : `` If any person carnally knows , without the use of force , a child thirteen years of age or older but under fifteen years of age , such person shall be guilty of ... felony ... For the purposes of this section , ( i ) a child under the age of thirteen years shall not be considered a consenting child and ( ii ) `` carnal knowledge '' includes the acts of sexual intercourse , cunnilingus , fellatio , analingus , anal intercourse , and animate and inanimate object sexual penetration . '' Consensual sex where one partner is 15 , 16 or 17 and the other is over 18 is a class 1 misdemeanor . § 18.2 - 371 . Causing or encouraging acts rendering children delinquent , abused , etc. ; penalty ; abandoned infant . Any person 18 years of age or older , including the parent of any child , who ( i ) willfully contributes to , encourages , or causes any act , omission , or condition which renders a child delinquent , in need of services , in need of supervision , or abused or neglected as defined in § 16.1 - 228 , or ( ii ) engages in consensual sexual intercourse with a child 15 or older not his spouse , child , or grandchild , shall be guilty of a Class 1 misdemeanor . As of 2013 the state was attempting to prosecute a 47 - year - old man who had oral sex with a 17 - year - old girl with a `` crimes against nature '' law , an anti-sodomy which forbids people from engaging in anal and oral sex and makes these acts a felony offense . The 47 year - old had been convicted under a misdemeanor offense and his lawyers did not challenge that conviction . In addition , the man had to serve one year in prison and register as a sex offender due to the sodomy charge . In March 2013 the U.S. Court of Appeals overturned the sodomy conviction , saying it was unconstitutional according to the 2003 Lawrence v. Texas decision . Attorney General of Virginia Ken Cuccinelli asked the U.S. Supreme Court to do a rehearing , arguing that the state 's sodomy laws may still constitutionally apply to 16 and 17 year olds . Dalia Lithwick of Slate stated that this scenario would cause problems for homosexual teenagers . In October of that year the Supreme Court denied the petition . Washington ( edit ) The age of consent in Washington is 16 . It is also illegal to engage in sexual acts with someone younger than 18 under three different sets of circumstances , enumerated in RCW 9A. 44.096 . Foster parents with their foster children ; school teachers and school administration employees over their students ( including , as interpreted by the Washington State Supreme Court , students up to age 21 ) ; The third set of circumstances require all of the following situations occur in tandem : The older person is 60 months or more older than the 16 - or 17 - year - old , the person is in a significant relationship as defined by RCW 9A. 44.010 , and such older person abuses the relationship to have sexual contact . There are also three exceptions for people close in age . RCW 9A. 44.079 `` A person is guilty of rape of a child in the third degree when the person has sexual intercourse with another who is at least fourteen years old but less than sixteen years old and not married to the perpetrator and the perpetrator is at least forty - eight months older than the victim . Rape of a child in the third degree is a class C felony . '' RCW 9A. 44.076 `` A person is guilty of rape of a child in the second degree when the person has sexual intercourse with another who is at least twelve years old but less than fourteen years old and not married to the perpetrator and the perpetrator is at least thirty - six months older than the victim . Rape of a child in the second degree is a class A felony . '' RCW 9A. 44.073 `` A person is guilty of rape of a child in the first degree when the person has sexual intercourse with another who is less than twelve years old and not married to the perpetrator and the perpetrator is at least twenty - four months older than the victim . Rape of a child in the first degree is a class A felony . '' Several have reported that the immoral communication with a minor statute exists and places the age of consent at 18 due to the inability to `` communicate '' to 16 - and 17 - year - olds about sexual activity . These reports are incorrect . The Washington Court of Appeals , Division 1 decided in the case of State v. Danforth , 56 Wn . App . 133 , 782 P. 2d 1091 ( 1989 ) that such communication has to be for the purposes of committing an illegal act under RCW Chapter 9.68 A. Danforth 's conviction was overturned by that ruling . However , the Washington Supreme Court in the case of State v. McNallie , 120 Wn. 2d 925 , 846 P. 2d 1358 ( 1993 ) overturned the scope of the Danforth ruling ( though not the result ; Danforth would have still had his conviction overturned under the McNallie standard ) , applying the communication statute to encompass all sexual misconduct with a minor , not just those under RCW Chapter 9.68 A , which deal mostly with illegal child pornography and prostitution . In State v. Luther , the Court of Appeals concluded , that `` the Legislature never intended that RCW 9.68 A. 090 proscribe communications about sexual conduct that would be legal if performed , and that conclusion makes it unnecessary to consider constitutional argument based on procedural due process . '' . Due to these cases , it is clear that communications with 16 - and 17 - year - olds just for general sexual activity is legal , as long as such conduct discussed is not about illegal conduct or would be illegal in real life ( such as the teacher / student circumstance , the foster parent / foster child circumstance , the significant relationship abuse circumstance , or asking for illegal pictures or attempting to bring such younger persons into prostitution ) . A state statute makes it illegal for a teacher and a `` minor '' student defined as `` at least sixteen years old . '' The Washington State Supreme Court ruled that this policy affects all high school students up to 21 years of age , which under state law is the age cap for enrollment in high school . West Virginia ( edit ) The age of consent in West Virginia is 16 . § 61 - 8B - 5 . Sexual assault in the third degree . ( a ) A person is guilty of sexual assault in the third degree when : ( 2 ) The person , being sixteen years old or more , engages in sexual intercourse or sexual intrusion with another person who is less than sixteen years old and who is at least four years younger than the defendant and is not married to the defendant . Wisconsin ( edit ) The age of consent in Wisconsin is 18 and there is no close - in - age exception . There is , however , a marital exception which allows a person to have sex with a minor 16 or older if they are married to the minor . If the minor is below 16 both sexual intercourse and any sexual contact are a felony ; sexual intercourse with a minor 16 - 17 by a perpetrator who is not married to the minor is a Class A misdemeanor . However , Wisconsin has a child enticement law that prohibits people of any age from taking people under 18 to a private area such as a room and exposing a sex organ to them or having the minor expose their sex organ to them . This is a Class B or C felony . 948.09 Sexual intercourse with a child age 16 or older . Whoever has sexual intercourse with a child who is not the defendant 's spouse and who has attained the age of 16 years is guilty of a Class A misdemeanor . 948.02 Sexual assault of a child . ( ... ) ( 2 ) Second degree sexual assault . Whoever has sexual contact or sexual intercourse with a person who has not attained the age of 16 years is guilty of a Class C felony . If the minor is below 16 marriage to the minor by the accused is not a defense . 948.02 ( 4 ) Marriage not a bar to prosecution . A defendant shall not be presumed to be incapable of violating this section because of marriage to the complainant . Sexual intercourse with a child younger than 13 carries the highest penalties , it is a Class B felony . 948.02 ( e ) Whoever has sexual contact with a child who has not attained the age of 13 years is guilty of a class b felony . Wisconsin law contains an unusual provision making it a Class F felony for a person responsible for a child under the age of 16 years such as a parent to not prevent their child from having sexual contact with another person if it was realistically possible for them to do so and they were aware that the other person intended to have sex with their child . ( 3 ) Failure to act . A person responsible for the welfare of a child who has not attained the age of 16 years is guilty of a Class F felony if that person has knowledge that another person intends to have , is having or has had sexual intercourse or sexual contact with the child , is physically and emotionally capable of taking action which will prevent the intercourse or contact from taking place or being repeated , fails to take that action and the failure to act exposes the child to an unreasonable risk that intercourse or contact may occur between the child and the other person or facilitates the intercourse or contact that does occur between the child and the other person . Child Enticement . Section 948.07 , Wisconsin Statutes , prohibits causing or enticing a child into any vehicle , building , room , or secluded place with the intent to : commit an act of first or second - degree sexual assault ; cause the child to engage in prostitution ; expose a sex organ to the child or cause the child to expose a sex organ ; or take pictures or make audio recordings of the child engaging in sexually explicit conduct ( Class BC felony ) . Wyoming ( edit ) The age of consent in Wyoming is 17 . 6 ‐ 2 ‐ 304 . Sexual assault in the third degree . ( a ) An actor commits sexual assault in the third degree if , under circumstances not constituting sexual assault in the first or second degree : ( i ) The actor is at least four ( 4 ) years older than the victim and inflicts sexual intrusion on a victim under the age of sixteen ( 16 ) years ... The age of consent in Wyoming was thought by some to be 16 , as stated above by Section 6 ‐ 2 ‐ 304 . However , in the cases of Pierson v. State and Moore v. State , the Wyoming Supreme Court held that sexual activity with minors aged 16 or 17 could be charged under Section 14 - 3 - 105 of Wyoming Statutes . That statute was repealed in 2007 and re-codified as Section 6 - 2 - 316 , which provides , in pertinent part as follows : 6 - 2 - 316 . Sexual abuse of a minor in the third degree . ( a ) Except under circumstance constituting sexual abuse of a minor in the first or second degree as defined by W.S. 6 - 2 - 314 and 6 - 2 - 315 , an actor commits the crime of sexual abuse of a minor in the third degree if : ... ( iv ) Being seventeen ( 17 ) years of age or older , the actor knowingly takes immodest , immoral or indecent liberties with a victim who is less than seventeen ( 17 ) years of age and the victim is at least four ( 4 ) years younger than the actor . Territorial laws ( edit ) American Samoa ( edit ) It is an offense in American Samoa to engage in sexual acts with a person under the age of 16 . Guam ( edit ) The age of consent in Guam is 16 . § 25.25 . Third Degree Criminal Sexual Conduct . ( a ) A person is guilty of criminal sexual conduct in the third degree if the person engages in sexual penetration with another person and if any of the following circumstances exists : ( 1 ) that other person is at least fourteen ( 14 ) years of age and under sixteen ( 16 ) years of age ( ... ) Northern Mariana Islands ( edit ) The age of consent in the Northern Mariana Islands is 16 , according to Sections 1306 -- 1309 of the Commonwealth Code . There a close - in - age exemption permitting minors aged 13 -- 15 to engage in sexual activity with those less than three years older . Under the same provisions , it is also illegal for any person aged 16 or older to aid , encourage , induce or causes minors under 13 to engage in any sexual activity with anyone else , or minors aged 13 -- 15 to engage in sexual activity with persons older than them by three years or more . The age of consent rises to 18 when the older partner -- being age 18 or older -- is the parent , stepparent , adopted parent , or legal guardian of the younger person , or when the older partner has or occupies a position of authority over the younger person . This does not apply for minors aged 16 or 17 as long as the older partner is less than three years older and is not the younger person 's parent , stepparent , adopted parent or legal guardian . According to section 1317 , a position of authority `` means an employer , youth leader , scout leader , coach , teacher , counselor , school administrator , religious leader , doctor , nurse , psychologist , guardian ad litem , babysitter , or a substantially similar position , and a police officer or probation officer other than when the officer is exercising custodial control '' over a person under 18 . According to Section 1310 , affirmative defenses for the crimes outlined in Sections 1306 -- 1309 exists for consensual activity between legal spouses and for cases where the defendant reasonably believed that a minor age 13 or older was of legal age . Sections 1303 and 1304 of the Commonwealth Code also criminalize sexual activity with persons aged 18 or 19 , if they are `` committed to the custody of the Department of Public Health and Environmental Services under the Commonwealth 's civil or criminal laws , and the offender is the legal guardian of the person '' . Puerto Rico ( edit ) The age of consent in Puerto Rico is 16 . Article 142. - Sexual Assault. - Any person who performs sexual penetration , whether vaginal , anal , oral - genital , digital or instrumental under any of the following circumstances shall incur a second degree felony : ( a ) When the victim has not attained the age of sixteen ( 16 ) years at the time of the commission of the crime ( ... ) Article 144. - Lewd Acts. - Any person who without the intention to consummate the crime of sexual assault described in Article 142 submits another person to an act that tends to awaken , excite or satisfy the sexual passion or desire of the accused , under any of the following circumstances hereinbelow , shall incur a third degree felony . ( a ) When the victim has not attained the age of sixteen ( 16 ) years at the time of the commission of the crime ( ... ) United states Virgin Islands ( edit ) Paraphrasing Virgin Islands Code : V.I.C. § 1700 -- 1709 Virgin Islands Code and appeals records Francis vs. VI NOTE : `` mistake of fact as to the victim 's age is not a defense '' . The age of consent is 18 . There is however a close - in - age exemption that allows minors 16 and 17 years old to consent with someone no more than five years older than themselves and minors 13 to 15 years old to consent with one another , but not with anyone 16 or over . Article § 1700 . Aggravated rape in the first degree bans sexual intercourse or sodomy with a child under 13 . Sexual acts with minors are aggravated by the use of force , intimidation , or the perpetrator 's position of authority , and by the fact that the minor , being under 16 and not the perpetrator 's spouse , is residing in the same household as the perpetrator. ( see Article § 1700 , Article § 1702 , Article § 1708 ) . Other relevant articles of the criminal code are : § 1702 . Rape in the second degree ( a ) Any person over 18 years of age who perpetrates under circumstances not amounting to rape in the first degree , an act of sexual intercourse or sodomy with a person not the perpetrator 's spouse who is at least 16 years but less than 18 years of age , and the perpetrator is 5 years or older than the victim , is guilty of rape in the second degree and shall be imprisoned not more than 10 years . § 1703 . Rape in the third degree Any person under 18 years of age but over 16 years of age who perpetrates an act of sexual intercourse or sodomy with a person not the perpetrator 's spouse who is under 16 years of age but over 13 years of age , under circumstances not amounting to rape in the first degree , is guilty of rape in the third degree and shall be subject to the jurisdiction of the Family Division of the Superior Court `` Sexual contact '' , that is , non-penetrative sex , defined as `` the intentional touching of a person 's intimate parts , whether directly or through clothing , to arouse or to gratify the sexual desires of any person '' is not permitted with children under 16 , but a close - in - age exemption allows those aged at least 13 to engage in such acts with partners under 18 . § 1708 . Unlawful sexual contact in the first degree A person who engages in sexual contact with a person not the perpetrator 's spouse -- ( ... ) ( 2 ) when the other person is under thirteen years of age ; § 1709 . Unlawful sexual contact in the second degree A person over eighteen years of age who engages in sexual contact with a person not the perpetrator 's spouse who is over thirteen but under sixteen years of age is guilty of unlawful sexual contact in the second degree and shall be imprisoned not more than 1 year United states minor outlying Islands ( edit ) Baker Island , Howland Island , Jarvis Island , Johnston Atoll , Kingman Reef , Palmyra Atoll and Wake Island , are under the jurisdiction of the US Federal Government Department of the Interior , as part of the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument . As such , all US Federal laws regarding age of consent would be applicable . Midway Atoll is under the jurisdiction of the US Federal Government Department of the Interior ( administered as a National Wildlife Refuge ) . As such , all US Federal laws regarding age of consent would be applicable . See also ( edit ) United States portal Sexuality portal Law portal Age of consent Age of consent reform Ages of consent in Africa Ages of consent in Asia Ages of consent in Europe Ages of consent in North America Ages of consent in Oceania Ages of consent in South America Comprehensive sex education Child sexual abuse Fantasy defense Jailbait Adolescent sexuality in the United States Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Laws against `` contributing to the unruliness or delinquency of a child '' ( § 2919.24 ) and `` interference with custody '' ( § 2919.23 ) may be used against those who are 18 and older who have sex with those who are 16 and 17 if a parent or guardian complains . - See the section about Ohio for further information Jump up ^ Even though a person may legally consent to sexual activity with someone of any age older than him / her once he / she turns 16 , Pennsylvania state prosecutors may still charge a person 18 or older with corruption of a minor , a misdemeanor offense , if a person has consensual sexual intercourse with a 16 or 17 year old -- See the section about Pennsylvania for further information Jump up ^ Texas has two statutes : section 21.11 of title 5 defines the age of consent as 17 , but section 43.25 of title 9 criminalizes inducing a minor under 18 to engage in sexual conduct or causing such a minor to engage in a sexual performance -- See the section about Texas for further information References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Drobac , Jennifer Ann ( 2013 ) , `` Wake up and Smell the Starbucks Coffee : How Doe v. Starbucks confirms the end of ' the Age of Consent ' in California and Perhaps Beyond '' , Boston College Journal of Law & Social Justice , 33 ( Iss. 1 , Art . 2 ) , retrieved August 11 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` '' Age of Consent Laws , '' in Children and Youth in History , Item # 230 `` . Stephen Robertson . Retrieved 4 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Children and Youth in History '' . gmu.edu . Jump up ^ `` Campaign to Raise the Legal Age of Consent , 1885 -- 1914 , Lesson Plan '' . alexanderstreet.com . ^ Jump up to : Volokh , Eugene . `` Statutory rape laws and ages of consent in the U.S. '' ( Archive ) . Washington Post . May 1 , 2015 . Retrieved on September 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Urbina , Ian . `` The Challenge of Defining Rape '' ( Archive ) . The New York Times . October 12 , 2014 . Retrieved on September 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Smith and Kercher , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Smith and Kercher , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Smith and Kercher , p. 10 . ^ Jump up to : Smith and Kercher , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Higdon , Michael J. `` Queer Teens and Legislative Bullies : The Cruel and Invidious Discrimination Behind Heterosexist Statutory Rape Laws '' ( Archive ) . UC Davis Law Review , University of California , Davis . Vol. 42 , p. 195 - 253 . 2008 . Retrieved on September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/pdf/02-102P.ZO Jump up ^ `` 85898 -- State v. Limon -- Luckert -- Kansas Supreme Court '' . Kscourts.org . Retrieved 16 February 2011 . Jump up ^ United States v. Dhingra , which discusses the fact of incorporation of state criminal law into violation of 2422 ( b ) , specifically California statute , where Dhingra resided and committed the acts . Jump up ^ Posner , Richard ( 1996 ) . A Guide to America 's Sex Laws . The University of Chicago Press . p. 45 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 67564 - 5 . The case cited is Michael M. v. Superior Court , 450 U.S. 464 ( 1981 ) . Jump up ^ `` The US Federal Age of Sexual Consent '' . SOL Research . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Child Pornography Sentences '' . famm.org . Jump up ^ `` USDOJ : CRM : Child Exploitation and Obscenity Section '' . justice.gov . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , United States v. Poulin , 631 F. 3d 17 , 20 -- 21 ( 1st Cir. 2011 ) ( sexually explicit photographs or video for `` personal use '' still constitutes production of child pornography ) ; United States v. Fore , 507 F. 3d 412 , 415 ( 6th Cir. 2007 ) ( lesser offense of possession does not require distribution or an intent to distribute to a third party ) ; United States v. Burgess , 576 F. 3d 1078 , 1102 ( 10th Cir. 2009 ) ( lesser offense of possession does not require distribution or an intent to distribute to a third party ) ; United States v. Holston , 343 F. 3d 83 , 85 -- 86 ( 2d Cir. 2003 ) ( the crime may be established without a showing of economic benefit of any kind to the defendant ) ; United States v. Williams , 553 U.S. 285 , 296 ( 2008 ) ( `` ( I ) n much Internet file sharing of child pornography each participant makes his files available for free to other participants . '' ) Jump up ^ See United States v. Richardson , 238 F. 3d 837 , 839 ( 7th Cir. 2001 ) ( Posner , J . ) . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Chapter 30 . Sexual Abuse '' . Retrieved 4 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Age Of Consent By State '' . Age-of-consent.info . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Boyer , Barbara . `` Chester sex case points up questions A high school administrator has been charged with two misdemeanors . Experts say the issues are not clear - cut . '' ( Archive ) . Philadelphia Inquirer. April 9 , 2005 . Retrieved on August 4 , 2015 . `` Wilson 's arrest highlights confusing questions about sexual relations between youths who are of the age of legal consent at 16 and adults . Sex with a minor younger than 16 is considered statutory rape . '' and `` In Pennsylvania , prosecutors turn to broader laws , such as corrupting the morals of a minor , that are not as clearly defined . '' and `` JoAnne Epps , dean of academic affairs at Temple University 's Beasley School of Law , said that even though a teenager can legally consent to sex ( ... ) '' ( ... ) but that 's irrelevant in determining whether a person is guilty of corrupting the morals of a minor. `` '' ^ Jump up to : `` PENAL CODE CHAPTER 43 . PUBLIC INDECENCY '' . ^ Jump up to : `` PENAL CODE CHAPTER 21 . SEXUAL OFFENSES '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Indecency with a Child in Texas '' . Jump up ^ Norman - Eady , Sandra , Christopher Reinhart , and Peter Martino . `` STATUTORY RAPE LAWS BY STATE . '' Government of Connecticut . April 14 , 2003 . 2003 - R - 0376 . Retrieved on September 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Palmer , Brian . `` What 's `` Unlawful Sexual Intercourse '' ? '' ( Archive ) . Slate . September 28 , 2009 . Retrieved on September 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statutory Rape : A Guide to State Laws and Reporting Requirements . Summary of Current State Laws ... '' U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , December 15 , 2014 . Retrieved on May 15 , 2016 . `` A common misperception about statutory rape is that state codes define a single age at which an individual can legally consent to sex . Only 12 states have a single age of consent , below which an individual can not consent to sexual intercourse under any circumstances , and above which it is legal to engage in sexual intercourse with another person above the age of consent . For example , in Massachusetts , the age of consent is 16 . In the remaining 39 states , other factors come into play : age differentials , minimum age of the victim , and minimum age of the defendant . Each is described below . '' - The mathematics does not add up in this section as there are 50 states , unless DC is counted as # 51 . Jump up ^ Smith and Kercher , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Remkus , Ashley ( 2017 - 08 - 11 ) . `` North Alabama judge rules state 's teacher - student sex law is unconstitutional '' . AL.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Donovan , Patricia . `` Can Statutory Rape Laws Be Effective in Preventing Adolescent Pregnancy ? '' ( ) . Guttmacher Institute . Family Planning Perspectives Volume 29 , Number 1 , January / February 1996 . Retrieved on February 19 , 2015 . `` '' One of the most disturbing things about ( the ) exploding ( rate of ) teen pregnancy is that so many of the fathers are ... men , 26 and 28 years old , having sex with 14 - year - old girls , '' declared California Gov. Pete Wilson . `` We 've got to enforce statutory rape laws . '' '' Jump up ^ Dreier , Hannah. `` Student - Teacher Dating Would Become A Felony Under California Bill '' ( Archive ) . Associated Press at Huffington Post . March 27 , 2012 . Retrieved on September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Capitol Alert : Lawmakers kill bill to make student - teacher trysts a felony -- sacbee.com '' . Jump up ^ `` Criminal Law Says Minors Ca n't Consent -- But Some Civil Courts Disagree '' ( Archive ) . National Public Radio . November 16 , 2014 . Retrieved on September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gramlich , John . `` New laws take ' Romeo ' into account '' ( ) . Stateline.org , Pew Research Center . Monday July 16 , 2007 . Retrieved on September 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Statutory Rape : A Guide to State Laws and Reporting Requirements . '' United States Department of Health and Human Services . Retrieved on November 4 , 2014 . `` Florida ( ... ) A child under 16 years of age can not consent to sexual activity , regardless of the age of the defendant. ( 189 ) A child who is at least 16 years of age and less than 18 years of age can not consent to sexual activity if the defendant is 24 years of age or older . '' and `` Pennsylvania ( ... ) Sexual intercourse with someone less than 13 years of age is illegal regardless of the age of the defendant. ( 641 ) Sexual intercourse with someone at least 13 years of age and less than 16 years of age is illegal unless the defendant is less than four years older than the victim or is the victim 's spouse . '' Jump up ^ `` Man shed sex offender status under new ' Romeo and Juliet ' law '' ( ) . Associated Press at Tampa Bay Online . Saturday June 13 , 2009 . Retrieved on September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` § 16 - 6 - 3 -- Statutory rape : : 2010 Georgia Code '' . Retrieved 18 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` § 17 - 10 - 6.2 -- Punishment for sexual offenders : : 2010 Georgia Code '' . Retrieved 18 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` § 16 - 6 - 4 -- Child molestation ; aggravated child molestation : : 2010 Georgia Code '' . Retrieved 18 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` § 16 - 6 - 2 -- Sodomy ; aggravated sodomy ; medical expenses : : 2010 Georgia Code '' . Retrieved 18 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` hb722. html '' . Legis.state.ga.us. 1 July 2005 . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2009 . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia General Assembly -- HB 722 '' . Legis.ga.gov . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2012 . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` House Bill '' . Jump up ^ Donnelly , Christine . `` Hawaii 's age of consent is too low , advocates say '' ( Archive ) . Honolulu Star - Bulletin . Friday , August 25 , 2000 . Retrieved on November 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` REPORT OF THE AGE OF CONSENT TASK FORCE '' ( Archive ) . State of Hawaii Department of the Attorney General . Retrieved on November 4 , 2014 . p. i ( PDF p. 6 / 79 ) . Submitted to The Twenty - Second State Legislature Regular Session of 2003 Pursuant to Act 1 , Second Special Session , SLH 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Idaho Statutes -- 18 - 6101 '' . Archived from the original on 30 July 2010 . Retrieved 28 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Idaho Statutes -- 18 - 6104 '' . Archived from the original on 26 July 2010 . Retrieved 28 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Idaho Statutes -- 18 - 1508 '' . Archived from the original on 31 July 2010 . Retrieved 28 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Idaho Statutes -- 18 - 1508A '' . Archived from the original on 31 July 2010 . Retrieved 28 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Idaho Statutes -- 18 - 1506 '' . Archived from the original on 31 July 2010 . Retrieved 28 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Criminal Sexual Assault ( 720 ILCS 5 / 11 - 1.20 ) Jump up ^ Criminal sexual abuse ( 720 ILCS 5 / 11 - 1.50 ) Jump up ^ Aggravated Criminal Sexual Assault ( 720 ILCS 5 / 11 - 1.30 ) Jump up ^ Predatory criminal sexual assault of a child ( 720 ILCS 5 / 11 - 1.40 ) Jump up ^ Aggravated criminal sexual abuse ( 720 ILCS 5 / 11 - 1.60 ) Jump up ^ 750 ILCS 5 / 203 and 750 ILCS 5 / 208 Jump up ^ Yeagle , Patrick ( 2011 - 02 - 24 ) . `` Advocates : Do n't prosecute teens for consensual sex '' . Illinois Times . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Illinois ' Romeo And Juliet ' Law Would Take Young Sex Offenders Off Registry '' . Huffington Post . March 2 , 2011 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Hess , Hannah ( February 28 , 2011 ) . `` Illinois bill would pare sex offender list '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Take Romeo off sex offender list '' . Chicago Sun - Times . February 28 , 2011 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ Yeagle , Patrick ( April 19 , 2012 ) . `` Reformers : sex offender mandate would hurt Illinois '' . Illinois Times . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2015 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ Wall , Tobias ( March 25 , 2014 ) . `` Report : Keep juvenile sex offenders off registries '' . The State Journal - Register . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2015 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Code 35 - 42 - 4 '' . p. 438 . Retrieved 9 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indiana Code 35 - 42 - 4 '' . In.gov . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas Statutes 21 - 5503 , 21 - 5504 , 21 - 5506 and 21 - 5507 '' . 2012 . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Louisiana Laws , Revised Statutes , TITLE 14 -- Criminal law , RS 14 : 80 -- Felony carnal knowledge of a juvenile '' . Law.justia.com . Retrieved 11 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sexual offense in the fourth degree . Maryland Code , Criminal Law § 3 - 308 . ^ Jump up to : Sexual offense in the third degree . Maryland Code , Criminal Law § 3 - 307 . ^ Jump up to : Sexual offense in the second degree . Maryland Code , Criminal Law § 3 - 306 . ^ Jump up to : Rape in the second degree . Maryland Code , Criminal Law § 3 - 304 . Jump up ^ Sexual solicitation of minor . Maryland Code , Criminal Law § 3 - 324 . Jump up ^ `` General Laws '' . malegislature.gov . ^ Jump up to : Gordon , Claire . `` Lawmakers Move To Bar Teachers From Having Sex With Students . '' AOL News . March 27 , 2013 . Retrieved on August 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Murray , Dave . `` Teachers prohibited from having sex with students of any age under bill approved by Michigan Senate . '' MLive . March 20 , 2012 . Retrieved on August 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ These laws have been translated into layman 's terms at the child sexual abuse prevention website YouCanStopItNow.org . Jump up ^ `` § 97 - 3 - 65 . Statutory rape ; enhanced penalty for forcible sexual intercourse or statutory rape by administering certain substances '' . LexisNexis.com . Retrieved 18 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Go To Top '' . `` What is the Montana Legal Age of Consent for 2012 ? '' . Age-of-consent.info . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nebraska Legislature '' . nebraskalegislature.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` Nebraska Legislature '' . nebraskalegislature.gov . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 28 Section 805 . '' Nebraska Legislature . Retrieved on May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sadowski asks penal code delay '' ( Archive ) . The Daily Register ( Shrewsbury , New Jersey ) . Friday June 15 , 1979 . Volume 101 , No. 303 . p. 4 . Retrieved on May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 New Mexico Statutes -- Section 30 - 9 - 11 -- Criminal sexual penetration '' . Law.justia.com . Retrieved 11 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` OHIO AGE OF CONSENT / STATUTORY RAPE FACT SHEET . '' Ohio Alliance to End Sexual Violence . Retrieved on August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harding , David . `` Lukens found guilty . '' United Press International ( UPI ) at The Bryan Times . Saturday May 27 , 1989 . Volume 41 , No. 125 . p. 1 . Retrieved from Google News . Jump up ^ `` Rep. Lukens Gets 30 Days for Sex With Minor '' ( Archive ) . Associated Press at The New York Times . July 1 , 1989 . Retrieved on May 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` State v. Lukens , 66 Ohio App . 3d 794 -- Ohio : Court of Appeals 1990 . '' Available at Google Scholar . See `` CONTRIBUTING TO THE UNRULINESS OR DELINQUENCY OF A CHILD '' phrasebook from the Ohio Office of the Public Defender . Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma Statutes § 21 - 1111 . Rape defined '' . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Age of Consent in Oklahoma -- Oklahoma Legal Group '' . oklahomalegalgroup.com . Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma Statutes § 21 - 1112 . Age limitation on conviction for rape '' . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Kuruvilla , Carol . `` English teacher avoids jail after cops nab her in hotel room with 17 - year - old student '' ( Archive ) . New York Daily News . Sunday March 29 , 2014 . Retrieved on October 5 , 2014 . `` The age of consent in Oklahoma is 16 . But because Queen was the teenager 's teacher , different rules apply . According to state laws , a sexual act is considered rape if the victim is a student between 16 and 18 years of age and the suspect is an employee of the student 's school system . '' ^ Jump up to : Smerconish , Michael . `` The Pulse : Coming forward on abuse helps the community '' ( Archive ) . Philadelphia Inquirer . August 5 , 2011 . `` There are no statutory - rape charges pending as the age of consent in the commonwealth is 16 . '' Jump up ^ Anastasia , George . `` D.A. to fight ruling on Rinick sex tape A judge said reporters were entitled to view it . Prosecutors said four women 's privacy rights must be protected . '' ( Archive ) . Philadelphia Inquirer . August 5 , 2011 . Retrieved on August 6 , 2015 . `` Rinick 's lawyer in that case , Nino Tinari , said yesterday that the charges were downgraded to corrupting the morals of minors after Rinick produced videotapes that indicated the girls took part in consensual sex . ( The age of consent in Pennsylvania for sex is 16 . ) '' Jump up ^ Elizabeth , Jane . `` State ranks low with school sex abuse law . '' Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Saturday May 31 , 2003 . Retrieved on August 4 , 2015 . `` The age of consent in Pennsylvania is 16 years old -- reduced in 1995 from 18 years old . '' Jump up ^ e.g. § 6318 . Unlawful contact with minor ( does not require the offender to be over the age of 18 ) or § 6301 . Corruption of minors ( requires the offender to be over the age of 18 ) Jump up ^ Finley , Ben . `` Corbett signs law targeting predatory youth coaches '' ( Archive ) . Philadelphia Inquirer . June 20 , 2014 . Retrieved on September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Martin , Josh P. `` Lower Merion High teacher suspended in student - romance allegation . '' Philadelphia Inquirer . January 5 , 2011 . Retrieved on August 6 , 2015 . `` Pennsylvania law sets the age of consent for sex at 16 , although prosecutors in some counties have brought child endangerment and corruption - of - minors charges against teachers who have had relationships with 16 - and 17 - year - old students . '' ^ Jump up to : `` See Commonwealth v. Decker , 26 Pa . D. & C. 4th 157 ( 1995 ) '' . Scholar.google.com . Retrieved 16 February 2011 . - The `` common sense of the community '' comes from section 161 . Jump up ^ `` Rhode Island Sex Crime Attorney -- Statutory Rape Law in RI '' . Jump up ^ `` Rhode Island Statutory Rape Laws & Criminal Penalties -- Criminal Law '' . Jump up ^ `` Rhode Island Rape and Sexual Assault Laws -- FindLaw.com '' . Jump up ^ `` 11 - 37 - 6 '' . Rilin.state.ri.us . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 11 - 37 - 8.1 '' . Rilin.state.ri.us . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` South Carolina Bench Book for Summary Court Judges -- Crimes and Offenses Section '' . Sccourts.org . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LexisNexis ® Custom Solution : Tennessee Code Research Tool '' . lexisnexis.com . Jump up ^ `` Age of Consent in Texas '' . Varghese Summersett PLLC . Jump up ^ `` CNS -- Tutor - Student Sex Deemed Legal , Photos Not '' . Jump up ^ reporter , miya shay , eyewitness news , ( 21 April 2015 ) . `` Former HPD officer could face child porn chages '' . Jump up ^ `` Fort Worth Statutory Rape Attorney -- Arlington Sex With a Minor Defense '' . Jump up ^ `` Texas Statutory Rape Laws & Criminal Penalties -- Criminal Law '' . Jump up ^ `` PENAL CODE CHAPTER 22 . ASSAULTIVE OFFENSES '' . Jump up ^ `` FindLaw 's Court of Criminal Appeals of Texas case and opinions '' . Jump up ^ `` Johnson v. State '' . Jump up ^ `` Jose L. Mateo v . The State of Texas -- Appeal from 264th District Court of Bell County '' . Jump up ^ `` Attorney for Indecency with a Child Arrests in Fort Worth , TX '' . Jump up ^ `` Sexual Performance by a Child -- Texas Sexual Assault Attorney -- Defense '' . Jump up ^ `` Sexual Performance by a Child '' . Jump up ^ `` Attorney for Sexual Performance by a Child in San Antonio , TX '' . Jump up ^ `` Texas Penal Code -- PENAL -- PENAL § 33.021 -- FindLaw '' . findlaw.com . Jump up ^ `` Online Solicitation of a Minor '' . saputo. law . Jump up ^ `` 156 S.W. 3d 859 ( 2005 ) John Perry DORNBUSCH , Appellant , v . The STATE of Texas , Appellee . No. 13 - 02 - 700 - CR . Court of Appeals of Texas , Corpus Christi - Edinburg . January 27 , 2005 . Rehearing Overruled March 24 , 2005 ... '' `` It is uncontested that Dornbusch was substantially older than V.V. Also , as an educator at her high school , Dornbusch was in a position of authority over V.V. '' and `` We conclude that a scenario such as this , where a person of authority creates a situation in which a teenager would find it almost impossible to deny a sexual advance , can be fairly considered to constitute inducement in the common understanding of the term . '' and `` We hold that the statute was not impermissibly vague as applied to Dornbusch 's conduct . The statute forbids inducement of sexual conduct by a child under eighteen years of age , and according to the State 's evidence , Dornbusch did exactly that : he induced ( he used persuasion and influence to bring about ) V.V. 's sexual conduct . '' Jump up ^ `` Andrew Berkovsky v . The State of Texas -- Appeal from 278th District Court of Walker County '' . Jump up ^ `` Tanya Ramirez : Teacher Convicted Of Sleeping With Student Sues Him For Bragging About Their Romp '' . Jump up ^ `` Texas teacher pleads GUILTY to sex with two 17 - year - old students '' . ^ Jump up to : Lomax , John Nova . `` A Closer Look at the Texas High School Student - Teacher Sex Epidemic '' ( Archive ) . Texas Monthly . February 4 , 2015 . Retrieved on September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Utah State Legislature '' . utah.gov. 76 - 5 - 401.2 Unlawful sexual conduct with a 16 - or 17 - year - old Jump up ^ `` The Vermont Statutes Online '' . Leg.state.vt.us. 26 May 2006 . Retrieved 16 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Schulte , Brigide . `` An Age - Old Cultural Divide . '' Washington Post . Sunday March 20 , 2005 . Page LZ21 . Online p. 1 ( Archive ) . `` In Virginia , the age of consent is 18 . '' Jump up ^ Chandler , Michael Alison . `` Laws on child sex abuse in schools . '' Washington Post . July 24 , 2010 . Retrieved on September 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sheppard , Kate . `` More on Cuccinelli 's Defense of Virginia 's Anti-Sodomy Law '' ( Archive ) . Mother Jones . Thursday April 4 , 2013 . Retrieved on September 17 , 2015 . `` While that might be seen as creepy , in Virginia , the age of consent is 15 years old . '' Jump up ^ Lithwick , Dahlia . `` Ken Cuccinelli 's Sodomy Obsession '' ( Archive ) . Slate . August 7 , 2013 . Retrieved on September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Marcotte , Amanda . `` Ken Cuccinelli Loses Bid to Re-Ban Sodomy '' ( Archive ) . Slate . October 8 , 2013 . Retrieved on September 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Clark - Flory , Tracy. `` Student - teacher sex : When is it OK ? . '' Salon . November 20 , 2010 . Retrieved on December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ [email protected] . `` West Virginia Code '' . Legis.state.wv.us . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wisconsin Legislature : Subch . III of ch. 944 Title '' . Docs.legis.wisconsin.gov . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wisconsin Legislature : 948.02 '' . Docs.legis.wisconsin.gov. 1 August 2012 . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wisconsin Legislature : 948.02 '' . Docs.legis.wisconsin.gov. 1 August 2012 . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Code Annotated '' . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived October 18 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Code '' . - See : § 1306. Sexual Abuse of a Minor in the First Degree § 1307. Sexual Abuse of a Minor in the Second Degree , § 1308 . Sexual Abuse of a Minor in the Third Degree. , § 1308 . Sexual Abuse of a Minor in the Fourth Degree . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 10 - 16 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 07 . Works cited ( edit ) Smith , Brittany Logino and Glen A. Kercher . `` Adolescent Sexual Behavior and the Law '' ( Archive ) . Crime Victims ' Institute , Criminal Justice Center , Sam Houston State University . March 2011 . Further reading ( edit ) Books ( edit ) Cocca , Carolyn . Jailbait : The Politics of Statutory Rape Laws in the United States . SUNY Press , April 29 , 2004 . ISBN 9780791459058 . Chapter 1 : Statutory Rape Laws in Historical Context ( Archive ) See : p. 23 : `` Table 1.1. : Ages of Consent 1885 -- 1999 , and Age Spans in the Fifty States , 1999 '' Odem , Mary E. Delinquent Daughters : Protecting and Policing Adolescent Female Sexuality in the United States , 1885 -- 1920 ( Gender & American culture ) . University of North Carolina Press , 1995 . ISBN 9780807845288 . See : p. 14 : `` Table 1 . Legal Ages of Consent in the United States , 1885 and 1920 '' in Chapter 1 : ' White Slaves ' and ' Vicious Men ' : The Age - of - Consent Campaign . Watkins , Christine . Age of Consent , 1st Edition . Greenhaven Press , 2013 . ISBN 9780737768169 . See info page and fact sheet at Gale Cengage . List of articles : Watchman , Kelsey . `` The age of consent should be eighteen . '' - Originally from : Wacthman , Kelsey . `` YES : This is not simply a moral issue . '' In : `` Should age of consent be raised ? '' Winnipeg Free Press . June 14 , 2009 . Appel , Jacob . `` The Age of Consent Should Be Lowered . '' - Originally published in ( Archive ) the Huffington Post . March 18 , 2010 , Updated May 25 , 2011 . Kempner , Martha . `` Age of consent laws are confusing . '' Smith , Brittany Logino and Glen A. Kercher . `` Provisions for juvenile offenders are important in age of consent laws . '' Baklo , Radley . `` Judges should have sentencing discretion regarding age of consent laws . '' Reports ( edit ) Glosser , Asaph , Karen Gardiner , and Mike Fishman . `` Statutory Rape : A Guide to State Laws and Reporting Requirements . '' The Lewin Group . Prepared for : Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation , Department of Health and Human Services ( HHS ) . December 15 , 2004 . Complete report , PDF version ( Archive ) hosted by the HHS . PDF version ( Archive ) hosted by The Lewin Group . Report overview ( Archive ) Magazine and newspaper articles ( edit ) Noble , Kevin Maillard . `` The Mysterious Age of Consent in Establishing Who Is an Adult '' ( Archive ) . The New York Times . May 28 , 2012 . Updated June 12 , 2012 . Russell , Thaddeus . `` How Young Is Too Young ? '' ( Archive ) . The Daily Beast . October 1 , 2009 . Saletan , William ( September 27 , 2007 ) . `` The Mind - Booty Problem : Rethinking the age of sexual consent '' . Slate . Journal articles ( edit ) Stine , Emily J. `` When Yes Means No , Legally : An Eighth Amendment Challenge to Classifying Consenting Teenagers as Sex Offenders '' ( Archive ) . DePaul Law Review . Volume 60 , Issue 4 , Article 7 . Summer 2011 . p. 1169 - 1228 . Sutherland , Kate . `` From Jailbird to Jailbait : Age of Consent Law and the Construction of Teenage Sexualities '' ( Archive ) . William & Mary Journal of Women and the Law . Volume 9 , Issue 3 , Article 2 . 2003 . p. 313 - 349 . External links ( edit ) Lowen , Linda . `` Romeo and Juliet Laws -- What They Mean For Teens . '' About.com . `` Federal Statutes Relating to Crimes Against Children . '' Federal Bureau of Investigation . 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-4705678479308448274 | Coinage Act of 1965 | Coinage Act of 1965 - wikipedia Coinage Act of 1965 Jump to : navigation , search Coinage Act of 1965 Long title An Act to provide for the coinage of the United States Enacted by the 89th United States Congress Citations Public law 89 -- 81 Statutes at Large 79 Stat. 254 Legislative history Introduced in the Senate as S. 2080 by A. Willis Robertson on June 3 , 1965 Committee consideration by Senate Committee on Banking and Currency Passed the Senate on June 24 , 1965 ( 74 -- 9 ) Passed the House on July 14 , 1965 ( 255 -- 151 ) with amendment Senate agreed to House amendment on July 15 , 1965 ( passed ) Signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on July 23 , 1965 The Coinage Act of 1965 , Pub. L. 89 -- 81 , 79 Stat. 254 , enacted July 23 , 1965 , eliminated silver from the circulating United States dime ( ten - cent piece ) and quarter dollar coins . It also reduced the silver content of the half dollar from 90 percent to 40 percent ; silver in the half dollar was subsequently eliminated by a 1970 law . There had been coin shortages beginning in 1959 , and the United States Bureau of the Mint expanded production to try to meet demand . The early 1960s was a time of increased use of silver both in the coinage and in industry , putting pressure on the price of silver , which was capped at just over $1.29 per ounce by government sales at that price . The silver in a dollar 's worth of quarters would be worth more as bullion than as money if the price of the metal rose past $1.38 per ounce , and there was widespread hoarding of silver coins . Demand for the Kennedy half dollar as a collectable drove it from circulation after its debut in 1964 . The Bureau of the Mint increased production , helping reduce the coin shortages by May 1965 , but government stocks of silver were being rapidly reduced , and threatened to run out by 1968 . After extensive study by the Treasury Department , President Lyndon B. Johnson in June 1965 recommended that Congress pass legislation to allow for silverless dimes and quarters , and debased silver half dollars . Although there was some opposition , mainly from legislators representing Western mining states , the bill progressed rapidly through Congress , and was enacted with Johnson 's signature on July 23 , 1965 . The new coins began to enter circulation in late 1965 , and alleviated the shortages . They passed side by side with their silver counterparts for a time , but the precious metal coins were hoarded beginning in 1967 as the Treasury ended its efforts to keep silver prices low . The act also banned the production of silver dollars until at least 1970 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Coin shortage 3 Legislation 4 Provisions 4.1 Title I -- Authorization of additional coinage ( sections 101 to 108 ) 4.2 Title II -- Amendments of existing law ( sections 201 to 212 ) 4.3 Title III -- Joint Commission on the Coinage ( sections 301 to 304 ) 5 Aftermath 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Sources 10 External links Background ( edit ) The Coinage Act of 1792 established the Mint of the United States , and made both gold and silver legal tender . This meant that anyone could present bullion at the Philadelphia Mint and receive it back , struck into coins . The 1792 act authorized six silver coins , in value from five cents to a dollar , and prescribed their weights and fineness . Making a dollar equal to given quantities of both gold and silver made the currency vulnerable to variations in the price of precious metals , and U.S. coins flowed overseas for melting until adjustments were made to their size and weight in 1834 and again with the Coinage Act of 1853 , when the amount of bullion in the silver coins worth less than a dollar was reduced . The fact that the dime ( ten - cent piece ) , quarter dollar , and other smaller silver coins contained less silver in proportion to the dollar helped keep them in circulation . With the Coinage Act of 1873 , the dollar was no longer equivalent to a set amount of silver , a statutory change made so that as the price of silver dropped with increased U.S. production , mining companies could not present their bullion at the mints and receive it back , struck into silver dollars worth more as money than they were as metal . By the post-World War II era , the Bureau of the Mint was striking the three remaining precious metal coins , the dime , quarter and half dollar in 90 percent silver -- the dollar had not been coined since 1935 and circulated little outside some Western states like Nevada and Montana . The metal in a silver dollar was worth more as bullion than as money above $1.2929 per troy ounce ; the smaller coins would be attractive for the melting pot above $1.38 per ounce . Beginning in 1934 , the price of silver in the United States was effectively set by the government as it would support that price through purchases and sales of the metal ; in 1934 it was $. 45 per troy ounce . In 1958 , with the return of lend - lease bullion , the Treasury 's stock of silver reached 2.1 billion troy ounces ; it began to vend the metal at $. 91 per ounce to the public , despite the warnings of the Conference of Western Governors that there was not enough silver to make these sales and maintain coinage operations . Worldwide consumption of silver more than doubled between 1958 and 1965 , but production increased by only about 15 percent . Industrial uses for silver included photographic film , batteries , and electronic components . At the same time , the Mint 's production of silver coin increased as it attempted to meet demand ; it used 111.5 million troy ounces of silver in coinage in 1963 , up from just over 38 million in 1958 . In spite of the increased demand , silver prices were checked by the fact that the Treasury would redeem silver certificates : paper money exchangeable for silver dollars ( or the bullion equivalent , . 7734 troy ounces ) , thus placing a ceiling of $1.29 per ounce on the market . Without government as the supplier of last resort , silver would rise in price , likely making it profitable to melt not only silver dollars , but the subsidiary silver coins as well . In 1963 , the gap between production and consumption by the non-communist world amounted to 209 million ounces . Just lower than world production ( 210 million ounces ) , this gap was filled by the sale of Treasury silver at $1.29 per ounce . Even a rise in the price of silver likely would not have led to a major jump in production , as silver was for the most part obtained as a by - product in the mining of other metals , such as copper and lead . The Bureau of the Mint in 1955 ended coinage operations at the San Francisco Mint , deeming it cheaper to supply the West Coast with coins from Denver . The Denver Mint ( opened in 1906 ) had been modernized twice , in contrast to the aging Philadelphia Mint , constructed in 1901 and with much of its coinage equipment dating from then . Plans for a replacement facility had been scuttled multiple times by political infighting , as a new mint was sought not only by different cities , but by various neighborhoods of the city of Philadelphia . Coin shortage ( edit ) In the postwar era , occasional coin shortages had been known , often local and seasonal , and generally brief in duration . The shortage might affect one of the five denominations ( cent , nickel , dime , quarter and half dollar ) being minted for circulation . The Federal Reserve Banks ( `` the Fed '' ) , responsible for obtaining coins from the Mint and distributing them on request to member banks , also performed the function of receiving from these banks coins they did not need , a process known as `` flowback '' . Coins were returned from commercial banks to the Fed , were processed and cleaned , and were then sent to banks needing them . These recycled pieces represented the bulk of what the Fed shipped , and perhaps only a fifth were new coins . The banks accustomed themselves to seasonal need for coins , as for quarters and half dollars in Michigan to pay cherry pickers the traditional 75 - cent rate , and to local preferences ; for example , half dollars were not popular in New York , two quarters being preferred instead . Beginning in late 1959 , the Mint failed to provide enough coins to satisfy demand , and the Fed , through its district banks and branches , imposed rationing . By 1963 , there was often rationing of all denominations , commercial banks ( and their retail customers ) receiving less than they needed . There were widespread shortages of some denominations during the 1962 holiday shopping season . Traditionally , the heavy demand for coinage late in the year resulted in a large amount of flowback in the winter , but in early 1963 , few coins returned to the banks , or to the Fed . Officials suggested responsibility might lie with coin collectors and investors , as well as uncollected coins remaining in the nation 's millions of vending machines . The Mint increased production to around - the - clock shifts at Philadelphia and Denver . A new Philadelphia Mint was authorized in 1963 , though the hoped - for opening date of 1966 was soon pushed back to 1967 ( it eventually opened in 1969 ) . The coin shortage did not ease during 1963 . In spite of heavy production by the two mints , early 1964 saw but a trickle of flowback , alarming the Fed . Investigation showed that banks and their business customers were retaining coins , fearing shortages . Many of the silver ones were being taken out of circulation by people believing the price of that metal would rise . The Treasury began removing silver certificates from circulation , replacing them with Federal Reserve Notes . This helped free up silver that did not have to be held as backing for the certificates , which the Treasury redeemed with silver bullion instead of dollar coins after March 1964 , when it stopped paying out silver dollars . It had almost depleted a stock that had been at just under 273 million in 1954 . There had been a run on the Treasury for them ; citizens could obtain up to 50,000 in a day , and payment in silver certificates was not required . In much - photographed scenes at the Treasury Building in Washington , citizens had shown up with wheelbarrows , armed guards , and even armored cars to haul away the silver . The remaining silver dollars held in the Treasury ( 2,970,928 as of May 20 , 1965 ) had high numismatic value ; Congress in 1970 authorized their sale at a premium to collectors . President Kennedy 's assassination in November 1963 led to calls to honor him with a place on one of the circulating coins , and the Kennedy half dollar was authorized by Congress on December 30 . When 26 million of the new coins were issued on March 24 , 1964 , they were immediately hoarded , both by investors and by those wanting a memento of Kennedy , and the situation did not ease as more coins were produced . One - third of the record - breaking 202.5 million ounces of silver used in coinage in 1964 thus became coins that did not circulate . Congress allowed the Mint to continue to strike 1964 - dated pieces into 1965 , hoping to make them not worth putting aside . Congress in August 1964 passed an appropriation intended to be used for striking 45 million silver dollars . The Senate Majority Leader , Mike Mansfield , was from hard - money Montana and insisted on the Mint proceeding . The Mint struck over 300,000 of them , bearing the Peace dollar design and the date 1964 , in May 1965 but due to a public outcry that the coins would only be hoarded , they were melted . The minting had been at the direction of President Lyndon Johnson ; the subsequent flip - flop on the question left Nevada Senator Alan Bible , a prominent supporter of the mining industry , unimpressed with the administration 's leadership on coin matters , feeling officials were leaving the mess for Congress to straighten out . He introduced legislation to outlaw hoarding , export , and melting of U.S. coins , but the bill went nowhere . In the interim , the coin shortage continued , putting supermarkets , drugstores , and other large retail establishments under great pressure . Two chains in the Midwest commissioned their own paper scrip , but this was never issued as the Treasury warned it trespassed on the federal prerogative to coin money . Stores urged customers to break open piggy banks and bring in the contents . Coins obtained by newsboys , vending - machine operators , and churches on collection plates were ardently sought after by stores and banks . They had competition in this regard , as investors also wanted the coins , and withdrew them from circulation . In addition to the circulated coinage , investors wanted the new 1964 pieces ( especially the half dollar ) and a lively market in rolls and large canvas bags of coins developed in the pages of Coin World , with the advertisements examined at congressional hearings . Some banks were offered ample quantities of coin at a premium , or the exchange of bags of old coinage for the new ; most refused , and bank employees who cooperated with would - be accumulators were fired . Numismatic writer David Lange pointed out that the collecting of recent coins in rolls peaked in 1964 , and believed the coin collecting hobby 's blame for the shortage unfair . The Mint arranged to outsource part of the coin - making process , and pledged to flood the nation with coins by 1965 . Despite an increased need for coins in an improving economy , merchants made it past the 1964 holiday season without severe shortages , though the half dollar had stopped circulating . Most Fed facilities reported sufficient supplies of cents and nickels , with some still short on dimes and quarters , and shortages of half dollars everywhere -- one Fed official wrote that his branch had not seen a half dollar deposited by a bank in eight months . The Treasury conducted extensive research , and in May 1965 concluded that the nation could not go on using so much silver in its coinage . It decided on clad coinage , with copper - nickel faces and a pure copper core , as the most desirable replacement material . Such a composition would work in place of silver in vending machines , which would not require wholesale adjustment . Copper and nickel were readily available , and the melt value of the new coins would be much under face value . The material was hard , allowing the designs to remain recognizable for long periods , and other nations , such as the United Kingdom , had transitioned from silver to copper - nickel coins . The Mint conducted lengthy test runs , and did not experience production problems . Legislation ( edit ) On June 3 , 1965 , President Johnson sent a special message to Congress , asking it to pass legislation allowing the dime and quarter to be made from base metal , and to reduce the silver content of the half dollar to 40 percent . The silver dollar would be unaffected if any were struck , but there were no plans to do so . He noted that the metal for the silver coinage was being struck from dwindling Treasury stocks , rather than from newly mined silver , and that the government bullion would be entirely used up by 1968 . Johnson argued that the metal necessary for industry must not be wasted as a means of exchange . He urged the passage of draft legislation , attached to the message , and said the bill would `` ensure a stable and dignified coinage , fully adequate in quantity and in its specially designed technical characteristics to the needs of our Twentieth Century life . It can be maintained indefinitely , however much the demand for coin may grow . '' Under Johnson 's proposal , there would be no change in the cent or nickel , but the dime and quarter would be made with a clad composition , that is copper - nickel bonded to a core of pure copper ; the half dollar would have 80 percent silver faces and the core would contain 21 percent silver . The clad alloy had similar electrical properties to silver , and so would work in existing vending machines . He also sent the Treasury Staff Report on which his recommendations were based . This report had been expected in February , but had been repeatedly delayed , in part because outgoing Treasury Secretary C. Douglas Dillon felt that his successor should approve the plan , as he would have to live with the consequences . The new secretary , Henry H. Fowler , had needed time to study the problem , further delaying the report 's issuance . If adopted , the bill would reduce the need for silver in U.S. coinage by 90 percent . Hearings on the president 's proposal , introduced as H.R. 8926 , began before the House Banking and Currency Committee on June 4 . Chairman Wright Patman , the bill 's sponsor , deemed it to have something for everyone , including price supports for silver , though industrial users would benefit most , as the silver formerly used in coinage would be freed up for commercial use . Most business stakeholders , including the banks , the vending machine operators , and corporate leaders , wanted to see the bill pass , it being better than the current situation . On June 11 , the committee issued a report recommending the bill pass , with amendments requiring the half dollar to be made of base metal , requiring the silver coins that would be struck during the transition period to be dated 1964 , and banning the striking of silver dollars for five years . One day of hearings on S. 2080 , the version introduced into the Senate , was held before that body 's Committee on Banking and Currency on June 9 , with Virginia Senator A. Willis Robertson , the chairman , presiding . Senator Bible and others from mining states sought to retain silver in the currency or include provisions from Bible 's earlier bill banning hoarding of coins , but they were not successful . On June 11 , the Senate committee issued a report recommending the bill 's passage , with several amendments , mostly technical in nature . The bill required the Treasury to buy newly mined U.S. silver at $1.25 per ounce when presented by mining companies ; a five - year limit was placed on this . The Senate considered the bill between June 22 and 24 , 1965 . An amendment by Rhode Island Senator John Pastore to remove silver entirely from the half dollar failed , 32 -- 60 . A number of senators wished to retain silver in the dime and quarter , and called for them to be made from 40 percent silver , but an amendment to that effect was defeated . There were other failed amendments , including one by Bible to prohibit melting of silver coins by the public . Robertson was determined to prevent any changes to the bill , which had been unanimously approved by his committee , and each attempt failed . The bill passed the Senate , 74 -- 9 , the opponents being Bible and other Western senators . The House of Representatives debated the bill on July 13 and 14 , 1965 . The discussion was wide - ranging . Idaho Congressman Compton I. White opposed the bill , having prepared a chart showing the debasement of the Roman denarius between the years 1 and 300 , though stating that he did not expect that coinage debasement would cause a government to fall . Nevada 's Walter S. Baring noted that the Treasury was selling silver to the makers of cutlery and stated , `` I would rather eat with chopsticks than take the silver out of our coinage '' . Massachusetts ' Silvio Conte denigrated Sir Thomas Gresham for illicit profits when the Royal Exchange in London was established , but conceded that Gresham 's Law would nevertheless cause base metal coins to drive the silver ones from circulation . Iowa 's Harold Gross asked Conte that if the U.S. was going to debase its coinage , why not go back to wampum . Minor amendments , including removing the mint mark from coinage for up to five years , were agreed to . There was objection to the committee amendment removing silver entirely from the half dollar ; it was defeated 48 -- 94 , leaving the half dollar at 40 percent silver . Congressman James F. Battin of Montana offered an amendment to make the dime and quarter out of 40 percent silver ; although Patman objected that the committee had rejected the idea , it initially passed 122 -- 112 . However , this was at the Committee of the Whole stage , and Patman got the House to reject the Battin amendment , 197 -- 218 . After other attempts were made in vain to derail the bill , the House Minority Leader , Michigan 's Gerald R. Ford , asked that there be a recorded vote on H.R. 8926 , and the bill passed , 255 -- 151 , Ford voting in favor . Patman then had the House amend the Senate bill , S. 2080 , to reflect the House - passed language , and pass it . The House notified the Senate that it had passed S. 2080 . The Senate , considering the bill on July 15 , could either agree to the House amendments or go to a conference committee , and after disgruntlement at some of the House amendments -- the House had greatly expanded the membership of the Joint Commission on the Coinage , which was to make recommendations on useful changes -- the Senate passed the House 's version without a recorded vote , though Washington 's Warren Magnuson requested that the record show him as voting against the bill . President Johnson enacted S. 2080 as the Coinage Act of 1965 with his signature on July 23 , 1965 . Provisions ( edit ) Title I -- authorization of additional coinage ( sections 101 to 108 ) ( edit ) A clad 1965 quarter , worn by years of circulation Section 101 authorized the Secretary of the Treasury to issue dimes , quarters , and half dollars of clad composition , with the half dollar to be made of 40 percent silver . So long as there was a shortage of coins , the Mint could strike dimes , quarters , and half dollars from . 900 silver , but this authority was to end once the secretary certified there was an adequate supply of the new coins in circulation , and in any event five years after the law was enacted ( thus , ending July 23 , 1970 ) . During that five - year period , no standard silver dollars could be minted . Section 102 made all coins and currency of the United States legal tender without limit , reiterating language found in the Act of May 12 , 1933 . That part of the 1933 act was repealed in section 210 to avoid possible legal arguments that section 102 did other than restate existing law . Section 103 gave the secretary broad discretion to acquire equipment , supplies , and patent rights to expedite the production of coins during the emergency , with the provision again to expire after five years . Section 104 required the secretary to purchase at $1.25 per troy ounce silver bullion of U.S. origin within a year of the month in which it was mined . According to the Senate committee report on the bill , section 104 was intended `` as a precautionary measure to protect our mining industry from any undue downward fluctuations in the market during the period of transition '' . This provision , which was limited to five years by the House committee , was deemed to be `` continuing government interference in the market for silver '' by the American Institute for Economic Research in its report on Johnson 's message to Congress . Section 105 authorized the secretary to prohibit the melting , export , or treating of any coin , if necessary to protect the nation 's coinage , and prescribed a penalty of up to five years in prison for violation of such an order -- section 106 declared that coins seized under section 105 would be forfeited to the United States , with the secretary given powers paralleling those under the Internal Revenue Code to enforce such forfeitures . Section 107 allowed the secretary to issue regulations to put into force the Coinage Act of 1965 , while section 108 contained definitions and similar technical matters . Title II -- amendments of existing law ( sections 201 to 212 ) ( edit ) Section 201 amended legislation regarding the San Francisco Assay Office to allow coins to be minted there ( as they previously were when it was the San Francisco Mint ) until such time as the secretary certified that the mints of the United States were able to strike sufficient coins to meet the needs of the nation . It also repealed a provision of law not allowing gold or silver to be refined at the San Francisco facility . Section 202 increased the amount appropriated to expand Mint facilities ( including the construction of the new Philadelphia Mint ) from $30 million to $45 million . Section 9 of the Gold Standard Act of 1900 had required the Treasury Secretary to melt silver coins that were worn or no longer current , and restrike them into new ones ; this was repealed by section 203 and the secretary was given authority to withdraw and melt all worn or uncurrent coins without needing to reuse the metal in coinage . Section 204 amended the Coinage Act of 1873 , which required the year of striking to appear on coins . During the 1965 or subsequent coinage emergency , the secretary could continue to strike coins dated with a year that has passed , with the silver ones in the present crisis to be dated 1964 , and the clad ones 1965 or after . The House Banking Committee added language to Johnson 's proposal , eliminating mint marks on coins for up to five years , excepting the mint mark `` D '' for Denver on 1964 - dated coins struck there . A bullion fund was authorized under previous law within the Mint ; section 205 allowed purchases of silver made under section 104 to be paid for from this fund . Another Mint account , the minor coinage metal fund , used to purchase copper and other metals for cents and nickels , was redesignated the coinage metal fund by section 206 , usable for all denominations , and that section eliminated statutory limits on how much money can be in that fund . Section 207 repealed obsolete limitations on wastage in the Mint 's operations , but directed that administrative regulations be developed on the subject , which could be more easily changed . Section 208 repealed a provision of the 1873 act requiring coinage dies for the obverse , which are dated , to be destroyed at the end of each year . Section 209 rephrased statutory provisions allowing the Treasury to sell silver at a price not less than $1.292929 per ounce , and allowed it to sell silver to other government departments for less . Section 210 repealed the 1933 provision regarding the legal tender status of coins. The law prior to 1965 made it a felony to forge silver coins ; this was amended by section 211 to forbid the counterfeiting of coins with denomination greater than five cents . Section 212 made using coins as security for loans a misdemeanor if the secretary hasemade a proclamation in the Federal Register proscribing their use as collateral . Title iii -- Joint Commission on the coinage ( sections 301 to 304 ) ( edit ) Sections 301 to 303 establish a Joint Commission on the Coinage in the Executive Branch , chaired by the Treasury Secretary . Its membership was to include the Commerce Secretary , Budget Director , Mint Director , six members of the House , six of the Senate , and eight members of the public , appointed by the president . If a member of the commission left the position that qualified him for membership , he would leave the commission as well . The members of the public were not to have any financial conflicts of interest . The Joint Commission was tasked to report on the implementation of the Coinage Act of 1965 , and make recommendations from time to time to the president , the Treasury Secretary , and Congress . The matters within its remit were to include technological advances , the need of the economy for coins , whether the U.S. should continue to maintain the price of silver , and whether the silver dollar should again be minted . Section 304 appropriated such money as may be needed to carry out the Coinage Act . Aftermath ( edit ) A $5 silver certificate The Mint began to strike the first of the 1965 - dated clad coins , quarters , on August 23 of that year , making them the first U.S. coins to bear that date . By November 1965 , with the Christmas shopping season beginning , the Fed had only 15 million of the old silver quarters in reserve . That month , though , the Mint released over 230 million of the new clad quarters , and stated that an equal number would be issued every month . This figure quadrupled the previous record monthly production . The new dime and half dollar were released in early 1966 , a time when flowback to the Fed increased for all denominations being struck except the half dollar . That denomination failed to return to circulation , as they continued to be withdrawn . The Mint continued to strike 1964 - dated silver pieces under the authority of the Coinage Act until 1966 , when Secretary Fowler announced , `` the coin shortage is over '' . In July 1966 , the Treasury announced that coins struck after August 1 , 1966 , would bear the date of minting . Silver inventories at the Treasury continued to drop through 1966 as the government attempted to maintain the $1.2929 price of silver . The Joint Commission on the Coinage , authorized by the Coinage Act , held its first meeting in May 1967 to recommend how to deal with the situation . At its recommendation , the Treasury discontinued sales it deemed speculative , and to foreign buyers , attempting to supply only U.S. industry at that price , and resulting in a two - tier price system for silver . It also invoked its authority under the Coinage Act to prohibit the melting or export of silver coins . In June 1967 , it obtained legislation making silver certificates no longer exchangeable for bullion effective after a year . After the Joint Commission 's second meeting , in July 1967 , the Treasury announced that it would no longer attempt to maintain the $1.2929 price as it could keep the nation supplied even if all the remaining silver coins vanished from circulation , as they soon did . By the time silver certificate redemptions ended on June 24 , 1968 , the price of silver had risen to $2.56 per ounce . Although the Joint Commission in December 1968 voted to recommend making the prohibitions on melting or exporting silver coin permanent , it reconsidered and in March 1969 , the bans were lifted . In November 1969 , the government left the silver market , making its final sales of bullion to the Franklin Mint . Mint marks returned to the coinage in 1968 . With the end of the Coinage Act 's five - year prohibition on the striking of silver dollars approaching in 1969 and 1970 , many in Congress wanted a new silver dollar , bearing the image of the recently deceased president , Dwight D. Eisenhower . The melt value of the new part - silver half dollars had approached their face value , and in 1969 , the Joint Commission recommended the elimination of that metal from the halves . The battle over whether to have silver in the proposed dollar proved contentious , and it was not until December 31 , 1970 , that President Richard Nixon signed legislation for a circulating half dollar and Eisenhower dollar , both silverless , with part - silver collector 's versions of the dollar also authorized . The same bill authorized the sale of the remaining old silver dollars in government inventories , many from the Carson City Mint . The base metal dollar and half dollar were struck beginning in 1971 . Both failed to circulate : the `` Ike dollar '' because of its size , and the half dollar because its place in commerce had been lost during its long absence . See also ( edit ) Coinage Act of 1834 Coinage Act of 1849 Coinage Act of 1853 Coinage Act of 1857 Coinage Act of 1864 Coinage Act of 1873 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ 31 U.S.C. 462 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Coin World Almanac 2011 , p. 455 . Jump up ^ Taxay , pp. 48 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Lange 2006 , pp. 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Taxay , pp. 217 -- 221 . Jump up ^ Coin World Almanac 2011 , p. 456 . Jump up ^ Friedman , p. 1166 . Jump up ^ March 1965 House report part 1 , pp. 5 -- 8 . Jump up ^ 1964 House hearings , pp. 73 , 214 . Jump up ^ March 1965 House report part 1 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ March 1965 House report part 2 , pp. 22 -- 23 . ^ Jump up to : Scheibla , Shirley ( November 15 , 1965 ) . `` State of the Coinage : The Treasury Is Betting Heavily Against Gresham 's Law '' . Barron 's National Business and Financial Weekly . pp. 5 , 18 , 24 . ^ Jump up to : June 1965 House report , p. 4 . Jump up ^ New York Fed , p. 151 . Jump up ^ 1964 House hearings , p. 14 . Jump up ^ New York Fed , p. 151 n. 1 . Jump up ^ 1964 House hearings , pp. 198 -- 199 . Jump up ^ 1964 House hearings , pp. 158 -- 159 . Jump up ^ 1964 House hearings , p. 165 . Jump up ^ 1964 House hearings , p. 98 . Jump up ^ 1964 House hearings , pp. 206 -- 207 . Jump up ^ 1964 House hearings , p. 38 . Jump up ^ 1964 House hearings , pp. 59 -- 73 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Gives Coin Shortage Alarm , Urges Public To Remain Calm '' . Associated Press via The New York Times . August 15 , 1963 . pp. 1 , 40 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ 1964 House hearings , p. 157 . ^ Jump up to : Lange 2006 , p. 179 . Jump up ^ March 1965 House report part 1 , pp. 9 -- 10 . Jump up ^ March 1965 House report part 1 , pp. 9 -- 10 , 23 -- 24 . Jump up ^ 1965 House silver dollar hearings , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Coin World Almanac 1975 , p. 208 . Jump up ^ Taxay , p. 380 . Jump up ^ March 1965 House report part 1 , pp. 21 -- 22 . Jump up ^ March 1965 House report part 2 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Burdette , pp. 78 -- 101 . Jump up ^ Elliott , p. 125 . Jump up ^ 1964 House hearings , pp. 27 , 110 -- 112 . Jump up ^ 1964 House hearings , p. 116 . Jump up ^ 1964 House hearings , pp. 9 , 145 , 150 . Jump up ^ Lange 2015 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ 1964 House hearings , pp. 156 -- 158 . ^ Jump up to : Coin World Almanac 1975 , p. 196 . Jump up ^ 1965 House silver dollar hearings , pp. 35 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Coin World Almanac 1975 , pp. 196 -- 197 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Lyndon ( June 3 , 1965 ) . `` Special Message to the Congress Proposing Changes in the Coinage System '' . American Presidency Project . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Frost , Robert ( March 14 , 1965 ) . `` Drain on Silver : A Headache for Mr. X at the Treasury '' . The New York Times . pp. 1 , 14 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Frost , Robert ( April 6 , 1965 ) . `` Senate May Back Silver in Coinage '' . The New York Times . pp. 49 , 55 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ 1965 House silver dollar hearings , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Elliott , pp. 125 -- 126 . Jump up ^ June 1965 House report , pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ June 1965 Senate hearings , pp. I , 1 . Jump up ^ Elliott , pp. 126 -- 127 . Jump up ^ June 1965 Senate report , p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Coinage Act of 1965 '' . Congressional ProQuest . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ 1965 Congressional Record , Vol. 111 , Page 14645 -- 14649 ( June 24 , 1965 ) Jump up ^ 1965 Congressional Record , Vol. 111 , Page 14649 - 14665 ( June 24 , 1965 ) Jump up ^ 1965 Congressional Record , Vol. 111 , Page 14645 -- 14675 ( June 24 , 1965 ) Jump up ^ 1965 Congressional Record , Vol. 111 , Page 16805 ( July 14 , 1965 ) Jump up ^ 1965 Congressional Record , Vol. 111 , Page 16810 ( July 14 , 1965 ) ^ Jump up to : 1965 Congressional Record , Vol. 111 , Page 16813 ( July 14 , 1965 ) Jump up ^ 1965 Congressional Record , Vol. 111 , Page 16828 -- 16833 ( July 14 , 1965 ) Jump up ^ 1965 Congressional Record , Vol. 111 , Page 16833 -- 16844 ( July 14 , 1965 ) Jump up ^ 1965 Congressional Record , Vol. 111 , Page 16915 -- 16919 ( July 15 , 1965 ) ^ Jump up to : Coinage Act of 1965 Jump up ^ June 1965 House report , p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : June 1965 Senate report , p. 6 . Jump up ^ AIER , p. 94 . ^ Jump up to : June 1965 House report , p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : June 1965 House report , pp. 12 -- 13 . ^ Jump up to : Coin World Almanac 1975 , p. 205 . Jump up ^ Coin World Almanac 1975 , p. 198 . ^ Jump up to : Lange 2006 , p. 175 . Jump up ^ Coin World Almanac 1975 , pp. 199 , 205 -- 206 . Jump up ^ Coin World Almanac 1975 , pp. 206 -- 207 . Jump up ^ Coin World Almanac 1975 , pp. 207 -- 208 . Jump up ^ Lange 2006 , p. 181 . Jump up ^ `` New silverless dollar ; half dollar to return '' . The Free Lance -- Star . Fredericksburg , Virginia . December 15 , 1971 . p. 4 . Sources ( edit ) American Institute for Economic Research ( June 14 , 1965 ) . `` The President 's Coinage Message '' ( PDF ) . Burdette , Roger W. ( 2008 ) . A Guide Book of Peace Dollars . Atlanta GA : Whitman Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7948 - 2669 - 7 . Coin World Almanac ( 1st ed . ) . Sidney OH : Amos Press . 1975 . Coin World Almanac ( 8th ed . ) . Sidney OH : Amos Press . 2011 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 944945 - 60 - 5 . Elliott , Gary ( 1994 ) . Senator Alan Bible and the Politics of the New West . Reno NV : University of Nevada Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87417 - 240 - 9 . Federal Reserve Bank of New York ( August 1967 ) . `` Recent Changes in United States Silver Policy '' ( PDF ) . Monthly Review . Federal Reserve Bank of New York : 151 -- 156 . Friedman , Milton ( December 1990 ) . `` The Crime of 1873 '' . Journal of Political Economy . The University of Chicago Press . 98 ( 6 ) : 1159 -- 1194 . doi : 10.1086 / 261730 . JSTOR 2937754 . Lange , David W. ( 2006 ) . History of the United States Mint and its Coinage . Atlanta GA : Whitman Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7948 - 1972 - 9 . Lange , David W. ( September 2015 ) . `` U.S. Coinage Dated 1965 , Part I '' . The Numismatist . American Numismatic Association : 17 -- 18 . Taxay , Don ( 1983 ) . The U.S. Mint and Coinage ( reprint of 1966 ed . ) . New York NY : Sanford J. Durst Numismatic Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 915262 - 68 - 7 . United States House of Representatives Committee on Appropriations ( May 24 , 1965 ) . Special Hearing on Silver Dollars ( subcommittee hearing ) . Washington DC : United States Government Printing Office . United States House of Representatives Committee on Banking and Currency ( June 11 , 1965 ) . Coinage Act of 1965 ( report ) . Washington DC : United States Government Printing Office . United States House of Representatives Committee on Government Operations ( July 2 , 1964 ) . Coin Shortage . Washington DC : United States Government Printing Office . United States House of Representatives Committee on Government Operations ( March 22 , 1965 ) . Coin Shortage , Part 1 . Washington DC : United States Government Printing Office . United States House of Representatives Committee on Government Operations ( March 22 , 1965 ) . Coin Shortage , Part 2 . Washington DC : United States Government Printing Office . United States Senate Committee on Banking and Currency ( June 9 , 1965 ) . Coinage Act of 1965 ( hearings ) . Washington DC : United States Government Printing Office . United States Senate Committee on Banking and Currency ( June 11 , 1965 ) . Coinage Act of 1965 ( report ) . Washington DC : United States Government Printing Office . External links ( edit ) Text of the Coinage Act of 1965 Treasury Staff Report on Coinage and Silver ( June 1965 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coinage_Act_of_1965&oldid=816341969 '' Categories : 1965 in economics 1965 in United States law Coins of the United States United States federal currency legislation Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Featured articles All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 19 : 21 . About Wikipedia | when was silver taken out of us coins | [
"The Coinage Act of 1965, Pub.L. 89–81, 79 Stat. 254, enacted July 23, 1965, eliminated silver from the circulating United States dime (ten-cent piece) and quarter dollar coins. It also reduced the silver content of the half dollar from 90 percent to 40 percent; silver in the half dollar was subsequently eliminated by a 1970 law."
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"1970"
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-3894567623233304776 | Initial public offering of Facebook | Initial public offering of Facebook - wikipedia Initial public offering of Facebook The social networking company Facebook held its initial public offering ( IPO ) on Friday , May 18 , 2012 . The IPO was the biggest in technology and one of the biggest in Internet history , with a peak market capitalization of over $104 billion . Media pundits called it a `` cultural touchstone . '' Contents 1 Context 2 Preparation 2.1 Filing and roadshow 2.2 Valuation 2.2. 1 Price targets 2.2. 2 Analysis of fundamentals 3 Public trading 3.1 First day 3.2 Subsequent days 4 Aftermath 4.1 Financial 4.2 Legal 4.3 Regulatory 4.3. 1 Secondary exchanges 4.4 Reputational 5 References Context ( edit ) Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg resisted buyout offers , suggesting the company was `` definitely in no rush . '' For years , Facebook and Zuckerberg resisted both buyouts and taking the company public . The main reason that the company decided to go public is because it crossed the threshold of 500 shareholders , according to Reuters financial blogger Felix Salmon . Facebook reportedly turned down a $75 million offer from Viacom in 2006 . That same year , Yahoo ! attempted to buy the company for $1 billion but Zuckerberg refused . Also that year , BusinessWeek reported a $2 billion valuation for the company . Facebook did accept investments from companies , and these investments suggested fluctuating valuations for the firm . In 2007 Microsoft beat out Google to purchase a 1.6 % stake for $240 million , giving Facebook a notional value of $15 billion at the time . Microsoft purchased preferred stock , which meant that the company 's actual valuation would be considerably lower than $15 billion . Meanwhile , that valuation dropped to $10 billion in 2009 , when Digital Sky Technologies bought a nearly 2 % stake for $200 million - a larger stake than Microsoft had purchased at a lower price . An investment report in 2011 valued the company at $50 billion . Zuckerberg wanted to wait to conduct an initial public offering , saying in 2010 that `` we are definitely in no rush . '' But since by 2012 Facebook had more than 500 round lot ( over 100 shares ) stockholders , Facebook was subject to the SEC disclosure rules starting the next year , 2013 . Zuckerberg had little choice as to whether an IPO had to be done at once . Preparation ( edit ) Filing and roadshow ( edit ) Facebook filed for an initial public offering on February 1 , 2012 by filing their S1 document with the Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) . The preliminary prospectus announced that the company had 845 million active monthly users and that its website featured 2.7 billion daily likes and comments . The filing noted that the company 's increases in membership , as well as its incomes , were slowing and that the deceleration was likely to continue . To ensure that early investors would retain control of the company , Facebook in 2009 instituted a dual - class stock structure . After the IPO , Zuckerberg was to retain a 22 % ownership share in Facebook and was to own 57 % of the voting shares . The document also stated that the company was seeking to raise US $ 5 billion , which would make it one of the largest IPOs in tech history and the biggest in Internet history . The roadshow faced a `` rough start '' initially . Zuckerberg raised controversy for wearing a hoodie ( rather than a customary business suit ) to the first meeting with investors . Wedbush Securities analyst Michael Pachter called it a `` mark of immaturity . '' A half - hour - long video played during that meeting also frustrated investors who wanted to discuss more technical details , and was dropped for future meetings . Valuation ( edit ) Facebook 's valuation steadily increased in the days leading up to the IPO . Prior to the official valuation , the target price of the stock steadily increased . In early May , the company was aiming for a valuation somewhere from $28 to $35 per share ( $77 billion to $96 billion ) . On May 14 , it raised the targets from $34 to $38 per share . Some investors even suggested a $40 valuation , although a dip in the stock market on the day before the IPO ended such speculation . Strong demand , especially from retail investors , suggested Facebook could choose a relatively high offering price . Ultimately underwriters settled on a price of $38 per share , at the top of its target range . This price valued the company at $104 billion , the largest valuation to date for a newly public company . On May 16 , two days before the IPO , Facebook announced that it would sell 25 % more shares than originally planned due to high demand . This meant the stock would debut with 421 million shares . The Facebook IPO brought inevitable comparisons with other technology company offerings . Some investors expressed keen interest in Facebook because they felt they had missed out on the massive gains Google saw in the wake of its IPO . LinkedIn stock , meanwhile , had doubled on its first day . At $26.81 per share , which Facebook closed at a week after its IPO , Facebook was valued like `` an ultra-growth company , '' according to Robert Leclerc of the Financial Post . Its PE ratio was 85 , despite a decline in both earnings and revenue in the first quarter of 2012 . A number of commentators argued retrospectively that Facebook had been heavily overvalued because of an illiquid private market on SecondMarket , where trades of stock were minimal and thus pricing unstable . Facebook 's aggregate valuation went up from January 2011 to April 2012 , before plummeting after the IPO in May - but this was in a largely illiquid market , with less than 120 trades each quarter during 2010 and 2011 . `` Valuations in the private market are going to make it ' difficult to go public ' '' , according to Mary Meeker , an American venture capitalist and former Wall Street securities analyst . Price targets ( edit ) Prior to the IPO , several investors set price targets for the company . On May 14 , before the offering price was announced , Sterne Agee analyst Arvind Bhatia pegged the company at $46 in an interview with The Street . The interviewer cautioned Bhatia against what she perceived as Bhatia 's low valuation , suggesting the stock could rise to `` 60 , 70 , 80 dollars '' and could shoot up to $60 on the first day of trading . On May 17 , the day before the offering , analyst Jim Krapfel of Morningstar suggested that only a 50 % or better increase on the first day would be seen positively ; `` anything under that would be underwhelming . '' Lee Simmons of Dun & Bradstreet predicted more modest first - day gains , in the range of 10 to 20 % . No analysts Reuters interviewed projected a first - day decrease . Others were less optimistic . Much of Wall Street expressed concerns over what it saw as a high valuation . Citing the price - to - earnings ratio of 108 for 2011 , critics stated that the company would have to undergo `` almost ridiculous financial growth ( for the valuation ) to make sense . '' Other companies trade at far lower ratios , although there are notable exceptions . Writers at TechCrunch expressed similar skepticism , stating , `` That 's a big multiple to live up to , and ( Facebook ) will likely need to add bold new revenue streams to justify the mammoth valuation '' . Early investors themselves were said to express similar skepticism . Warning signs before the IPO indicated that several such investors were interested in selling their shares of the company . Accel Partners planned to offload as many as 28 % of their shares , while Goldman Sachs was ready to sell up to 50 % of theirs . Rolfe Winkler of the Wall Street Journal suggested that , given insider worries , the public should avoid snapping up the stock . Facebook employees were less concerned , with Mark Zuckerberg planning to sell just 6 % . Analysis of fundamentals ( edit ) Striking an optimistic tone , The New York Times predicted that the offering would overcome questions about Facebook 's difficulties in attracting advertisers to transform the company into a `` must - own stock '' . Jimmy Lee of JPMorgan Chase described it as `` the next great blue - chip '' . Some analysts expressed concern over Facebook 's revenue model ; namely , its advertising practices . Brian Wieser of Pivotal Research Group argued that , `` Although Facebook is very promising , it 's an unproven ad model . '' To better monetize user involvement , the company could improve advertising . Yet such efforts could undermine user privacy . Also , some advertisers expressed concern over the value of the advertisements they purchased on Facebook . General Motors announced it would pull its $10 million campaign from the social network just days before the IPO . The automobile company asked for `` bigger , flashier '' advertisements but Facebook refused . Public trading ( edit ) In the immediate build - up to the offering , public interest swelled . Some said it is `` as much a cultural phenomenon as it is a business story . '' Meanwhile , Facebook itself celebrated the occasion with an all - night `` hackathon '' on the night before the IPO . Zuckerberg rang a bell from Hacker Square on Facebook campus in Menlo Park , California , to announce the offering , as is customary for CEOs on the day their companies go public . First day ( edit ) An electronic billboard on the Thomson Reuters building welcomes Facebook to the Nasdaq . Trading was to begin at 11 : 00am Eastern Time on Friday , May 18 , 2012 . However , trading was delayed until 11 : 30am Eastern Time due to technical problems with the NASDAQ exchange . Those early jitters would foretell ongoing problems ; the first day of trading was marred by numerous technical glitches that prevented orders from going through , or even confused investors as to whether or not their orders were successful . Initial trading saw the stock shoot up to as much as $45 . Yet the early rally was unsustainable . The stock struggled to stay above the IPO price for most of the day , forcing underwriters to buy back shares to support the price . Only the aforementioned technical glitches and underwriter support prevented the stock price from falling below the IPO price on the first day of trading . At closing bell , shares were valued at $38.23 , only $0.23 above the IPO price and down $3.82 from the opening bell value . The opening was widely described by the financial press as a disappointment . Despite technical problems and a relatively low closing value , the stock set a new record for trading volume of an IPO ( 460 million shares ) . The IPO also ended up raising $16 billion , making it the third largest in U.S. history ( just ahead of AT&T Wireless and behind only General Motors and Visa Inc . ) . The stock price left the company with a higher market capitalization than all but a few U.S. corporations -- surpassing heavyweights such as Amazon.com , McDonald 's , Disney , and Kraft Foods -- and made Zuckerberg 's stock worth $19 billion . Subsequent days ( edit ) Facebook 's share value fell during nine of the next thirteen trading days , posting gains during just four . The next day of trading after the IPO ( May 21 ) , the stock closed below its offering price , at $34.03 . The stock saw another large loss the next day , closing at $31.00 . A ' circuit breaker ' was used in an attempt to slow down the decline in the stock price . The stock increased modestly in coming days , and Facebook closed its first full week of trading at $31.91 . The stock returned to losses for most of its second full week , and had lost over a quarter of its starting value by the end of May . This led the Wall Street Journal to call the IPO a `` fiasco . '' The stock closed its second full week of trading on June 1 at $27.72 . By June 6 investors had lost $40 billion . Facebook ended its third full week at $27.10 , slightly lower than a week previous . The company finished its fourth full week with an increase to $30.01 , its first weekly gain . Significant price moves Trading days after IPO Date Share price at market close Market capitalization Daily change Net change from offering price Notable Event Offering price May 18 , 2012 $38.00 ~ $90 B N / A N / A IPO First day May 18 $38.23 ~ $90 B 0.6 % 0.6 % May 21 $34.03 11 % 10 % May 22 $31.00 8.9 % 18 % 6 May 29 $28.84 $69.17 B 9.6 % 24 % 8 May 31 $29.60 5 % 22 % 9 June 1 $27.72 6.4 % 27 % 19 June 15 $30.01 6.1 % 21 % 68 August 20 $20.011 5.04 % 47 % 578 December 20 , 2013 $55.12 $140 B 0.13 % 45 % Facebook joins S&P 500 index 642 February 19 , 2014 $68.06 $173.35 B 1.13 % 79 % WhatsApp Purchase Announcement Price targets for the new stock ranged considerably . On June 4 , seven of fifteen analysts polled by FactSet Research suggested prices above the stock 's price , effectively advising a `` buy . '' Four of fifteen suggested a `` hold , '' while another four of fifteen suggested `` sell . '' Sanford Bernstein was the lowest of the group , pegging the stock at $25 . On December 11 , 2013 , Standard & Poor 's announced that Facebook would join its S&P 500 index `` after the close of trading on December 20 , '' Reuters reported . Aftermath ( edit ) Financial ( edit ) The IPO had immediate impacts on the stock market . Other technology companies took hits , while the exchanges as a whole saw dampened prices . Investment firms faced considerable losses due to technical glitches . Bloomberg estimated that retail investors may have lost approximately $630 million on Facebook stock since its debut . UBS alone may have lost as much as $350 million . The Nasdaq stock exchange offered $40 million to investment firms plagued by offering - day computer glitches . While considerably higher than the usual $3 million limit on reimbursements , it was unlikely to make up for large investor losses . Additionally , the rival New York Stock Exchange lampooned the move as a `` harmful precedent '' and an unnecessary subsidy in the wake of Nasdaq 's missteps . Nasdaq claimed to fix the problems that beset the offering , and hired IBM for a technical review . The IPO impacted both Facebook investors and the company itself . It was said to provide healthy rewards for venture capitalists who finally saw the fruits of their labor . In contrast , it was said to negatively affect individual investors such as Facebook employees , who saw once - valuable shares become less lucrative . More generally , the disappointing IPO was said to lower interest in the stock by investors . That would make it more difficult for the company to accumulate cash reserves for large future expenditures such as acquisitions . CBS News said `` the Facebook brand takes a pretty big hit for this , '' mostly because of the public interest that had surrounded the offering . Some suggested implications for companies other than Facebook specifically . The IPO could jeopardize profits for underwriters who face investors skeptical of the technology industry . In the long - run , the troubled process `` makes it harder for the next social - media company that wants to go public . '' While the Wall Street Journal called for a broad perspective on the issue , they agreed that valuations and funding for future startup IPOs could take a hit . Online travel company Kayak.com delayed its IPO roadshow in the wake of Facebook 's troubles . Analyst Trip Chowdhry suggested an even broader conclusion with regards to IPOs , arguing `` that hype does n't sell anymore , short of fundamentals . '' CBS News compared the situation to the dot - com bubble , warning that `` You 'd think we all would have learned our lesson '' from that period of overvaluation . While expected to provide significant benefits to Nasdaq , the IPO resulted in a strained relationship between Facebook and the exchange . Facebook has considered moving its listing to a competing exchange . Legal ( edit ) More than 40 lawsuits were filed regarding the Facebook IPO in the month that followed . Reuters ' Alistair Barr reported that Facebook 's lead underwriters , Morgan Stanley ( MS ) , JP Morgan ( JPM ) , and Goldman Sachs ( GS ) all cut their earnings forecasts for the company in the middle of the IPO roadshow . Some have filed lawsuits , alleging that an underwriter for Morgan Stanley selectively revealed adjusted earnings estimates to preferred clients . The remaining underwriters ( MS , JPM , GS ) and Facebook 's CEO and board are also facing litigation . It is believed that adjustments to earnings estimates were communicated to the underwriters by a Facebook financial officer , who in turn used the information to cash out on their positions while leaving the general public with overpriced shares . Additionally , a class - action lawsuit is being prepared due to the trading glitches , which led to botched orders . Apparently , the glitches prevented a number of investors from selling the stock during the first day of trading while the stock price was falling - forcing them to incur bigger losses when their trades finally went through . In June 2012 , Facebook asked for all the lawsuits to be consolidated into one , because of overlap in their content . Morgan Stanley settled allegations of improperly influencing research analysts for $5 million in December 2012 . Regulatory ( edit ) Facebook 's IPO is now under investigation and has been compared to pump and dump schemes . Government officials called for investigations in the following weeks . Securities and Exchange Commission Chairman Mary Schapiro and Financial Industry Regulatory Authority ( FINRA ) Chairman Rick Ketchum called for a review of the circumstances surrounding the troubled IPO . On 22 May , regulators from Wall Street 's Financial Industry Regulatory Authority announced that they had begun to investigate whether banks underwriting Facebook had improperly shared information only with select clients , rather than the general public . Massachusetts Secretary of State William Galvin subpeonaed Morgan Stanley over the same issue . The allegations sparked `` fury '' among some investors and led to the immediate filing of several lawsuits , one of them a class action suit claiming more than $2.5 billion in losses due to the IPO . Secondary exchanges ( edit ) Before the creation of secondary market exchanges like SecondMarket and SharesPost , shares of private companies had very little liquidity ; however , this is no longer the case . Facebook employees had been finding private buyers to unload their shares as early as 2007 , and when SharesPost launched in 2009 , early employees started exiting en masse . Class B shares of Facebook traded as high as $44.50 / share ( $46.30 / share after commissions ) on SharesPost prior to the IPO . Reputational ( edit ) The reputation of both Morgan Stanley , the primary IPO underwriter , and NASDAQ were damaged in the fallout from the botched offering . In interviews with the media , bankers seemed sanguine about the outcome . `` We think Morgan has done pretty well on the deal , '' one person at a bank that was one of Facebook 's other underwriters told CNN Money . `` Reputation of the bank aside , Facebook has n't been a bad trade for Morgan . '' This is because even as the share prices dropped Morgan `` racked up big profits '' trading the shares . Morgan 's reputation in technology IPOs was `` in trouble '' after the Facebook offering . Underwriting equity offerings became an important part of Morgan 's business after the financial crisis , generating $1.2 billion in fees since 2010 . But by signing off on an offering price that was too high , or attempting to sell too many shares to the market , Morgan compounded problems , senior editor for CNN Money Stephen Gandel writes . According to Brad Hintz , an analyst at Sanford Bernstein , `` this is something that other banks will be able to use against them when competing for deals . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bultman , Matt . `` Facebook IPO to Make Dobbs Ferry 's Mark Zuckerberg a $24 Billion Man '' . The Greenburgh Daily Voice . Retrieved 18 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Warren Olney , `` Facebook IPO : A Touchstone Cultural Moment for America ? '' , KCRW.com , May 17 , 2012 Jump up ^ Felix Salmon , `` Facebook : The smart money exits , '' Reuters , May 16 , 2012 . Salmon writes that the reason it had more than 500 shareholders is because `` early investors , including Accel and DST , have been selling down their stakes in private markets for some years now . '' Jump up ^ WebPorNews Staff , Facebook Sees $25 M From Greylock , April 19 , 2006 ^ Jump up to : Associated Press , Microsoft invests $240 million in Facebook , 10 / 24 / 2007 Jump up ^ Steve Rosenbush and Timothy J. Mullaney , Social Networking 's Gold Rush , April 18 , 2006 Jump up ^ Ina Fried , Microsoft and Facebook : The $240 million poke , October 24 , 2007 Jump up ^ Ina Fried , Facebook investment puts spotlight on Microsoft stake , May 26 , 2009 Jump up ^ SUSANNE CRAIG AND ANDREW ROSS SORKIN , Goldman Offering Clients a Chance to Invest in Facebook , JANUARY 2 , 2011 ^ Jump up to : `` Zuckerberg : ' No Rush ' to Facebook IPO '' . PC Magazine . Jump up ^ `` Form S - 1 Registration Statement Under The Securities Act of 1933 '' . February 1 , 2012 . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Erickson , Christine ( February 3 , 2012 ) . `` Facebook IPO : The Complete Guide '' . Mashable business . Retrieved March 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Facebook IPO underscores shutting out the masses . sfgate.com Jump up ^ Helft , Miguel ; Hempel , Jessi ( March 19 , 2012 ) . `` Inside Facebook '' . Fortune . 165 ( 4 ) : 122 . Retrieved April 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Facebook Officially Files for $5 Billion IPO '' . KeyNoodle . February 1 , 2012 . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rough Start to Facebook IPO Tour ; '' . NBC Bay Area . ^ Jump up to : `` Facebook IPO : Why Do n't We Do It in the Roadshow ? '' . PC Magazine . ^ Jump up to : `` Zuckerberg 's Hoodie a ' Mark of Immaturity , ' Analyst Says '' . Bloomberg . Jump up ^ https://www.cnbc.com/id/47341613 ^ Jump up to : http://www.thestreet.com/video/11531984/sterne-agee-gives-facebook-46-price-target.html title = Facebook rises IPO price Jump up ^ http://www.forexdice.com/facebook-increases-ipo-price-target-to-generate-12/658061/ ^ Jump up to : `` Goldman , Other Investors Pile Out of Facebook '' . The Wall Street Journal . May 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Facebook rises IPO price range '' . The Wall Street Journal . ^ Jump up to : `` Facebook prices at top of range in landmark IPO '' . Reuters . May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andrew Tangel ; Walter Hamilton ( May 17 , 2012 ) . `` Stakes are high on Facebook 's first day of trading '' . The Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2012 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Facebook boosts number of shares on offer by 25 % '' . BBC News . May 16 , 2012 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Robert Leclerc , `` Overvaluing Facebook '' , Financial Post , June . 7 , 2012 Jump up ^ Felix Salmon , `` Facebook 's SecondMarket muppets , '' Reuters , May 30 , 2012 Jump up ^ Doug Gross ( March 17 , 2012 ) . `` Internet greets Facebook 's IPO price with glee , skepticism '' . CNN . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Evelyn M. Rusli ; Peter Eavis ( May 17 , 2012 ) . `` Facebook Raises $16 Billion in I.P.O. '' The New York Times . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bercovici , Jeff . `` Reason why Facebook do n't want to give GM what they want '' . Forbes . ^ Jump up to : `` Trickle - down Zuckonomics and the Facebook IPO hackathon '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . 17 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASDAQ paid 40m to investors ensnared by trading glitches '' ( in French ) . 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Jenny Straburg ; Jacob Bunge ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` Trading Problems Persisted After Opening for Facebook 's IPO '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Tepid honeymoon of facebook and nasdaq does not deliver the big bang . forbes.com Jump up ^ Jacob Bunge ; Jenny Strasburg ; Ryan Dezember ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` Facebook Falls Back to IPO Price '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Regulators probe banks role Facebook IPO . news.yahoo.com Jump up ^ Michael J. De La Mercred ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` Facebook Closes at $38.23 , Nearly Flat on Day '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jolie O'Dell ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` Facebook disappoints on its opening day , closing down $4 from where it opened '' . Venture Beat . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Facebook Sets Record For IPO Trading Volume '' . The Wall Street Journal . May 18 , 2012 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2012 . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bernard Condon ( May 17 , 2012 ) . `` Questions and answers on blockbuster Facebook IPO '' . U.S. News . Associated Press . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/technology/ups-and-downs-how-facebook-stock-has-traded-since-long-awaited-public-offering/2012/06/07/gJQAmOR2LV_story.html . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Another Facebook First : Tripping a Circuit - Breake . WSJ Online Jump up ^ `` Facebook IPO Facts , Fiction and Flops '' . The Wall Street Journal . ^ Jump up to : `` Did Ipo damaged Facebook brand '' . CBS News . Jump up ^ https://www.cnbc.com/id/47741929 Jump up ^ http://www.sacbee.com/2012/06/15/4565475/facebooks-stock-enjoys-first-positive.html ^ Jump up to : Schaefer , Steve . `` Facebook 's fall in 7 days '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` Facebook Inc : NASDAQ : FB quotes & news - Google Finance '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Facebook Hit With $25 Price Target From Bernstein '' . The Wall Street Journal . June 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Facebook to join S&P 500 '' . Reuters . December 11 , 2013 . Retrieved 17 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Eichler , Alexander ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Wall St. Cashes In On Facebook Stock Plunge While Ordinary Investors Lose Millions '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Steve . `` Facebook lost 350 million on suit '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Strauss , Karsten . `` Ipo future '' . Forbes . ^ Jump up to : Rusli , Evelyn M. ( July 1 , 2012 ) . `` Its I.P.O. Botched , Facebook Looks Hard at Nasdaq '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Tsukayama , Hayley ( June 17 , 2012 ) . `` Technology '' . The Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : Facebook bankers secretly cut facebook revenue estimates middle . finance.yahoo.com Jump up ^ Fury Over Facebook IPO Grows . Lawsuits Mount . finance.yahoo.com Jump up ^ Heres the inside story of what happened on the Facebook IPO www.businessinsider.com Jump up ^ SEC - FINRA review Facebook issues . finance.yahoo.com Jump up ^ Morgan Stanley sued firm . yahoo.com ^ Jump up to : Facebook shares fall valuation doubts . finance.yahoo.com Jump up ^ Evelyn M. Rusli and Michael J. De La Merced ( 22 May 2012 ) . `` Facebook I.P.O. Raises Regulatory Concerns '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 22 May 2012 . Jump up ^ James Temple ; Casey Newton ( 23 May 2012 ) . `` Litigation over Facebook IPO just starting '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Stephen Gandel , CNN Money `` Morgan Stanley made money on Facebook share drop '' , May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stephen Gandel , `` Facebook IPO blunder adds to Morgan Stanley woes , '' CNN Money , May 23 , 2012 Facebook Website Features Beacon Bluetooth Beacon Credits Dating EdgeRank Graph Search Instant Articles Like button Live facebookcorewwwi. onion Platform Safety Check Stories Watch List of original programs Zero Other products Current Atlas Solutions Express Wi - Fi Free Basics Instagram Hyperlapse IGTV List of most followed accounts List of most liked pictures Messenger MSQRD Oculus Rift Onavo Portal WhatsApp Workplace Former Camera FriendFeed Hello Home HTC First M ( virtual assistant ) Moves Paper Poke ( app ) Riff Slingshot tbh Wirehog People Founders Mark Zuckerberg ( 28 % equity ) Dustin Moskovitz ( 7 % ) Eduardo Saverin ( 5 % , formerly ) Chris Hughes ( 1 % , formerly ) Andrew McCollum Board Mark Zuckerberg Jim Breyer ( 11 % ) Peter Thiel ( 2 % ) Sheryl Sandberg Marc Andreessen Erskine Bowles Susan Desmond - Hellmann Donald E. Graham Reed Hastings Executive officers Current Mark Zuckerberg ( Chairman and CEO ) Sheryl Sandberg ( COO ) David Wehner ( CFO ) Mike Schroepfer ( CTO ) Former Sean Parker ( 4 % , formerly ) Owen Van Natta Gideon Yu Adam D'Angelo Chris Kelly Bret Taylor David Ebersman Notable employees Current Chris Cox ( VP of Product ) Elliot Schrage ( VP of Global Communications , Marketing and Public Policy ) Lars Rasmussen ( Graph Search director ) John Carmack ( CTO of Oculus VR ) Hugo Barra ( VP of Oculus VR ) Naomi Gleit ( VP of social good ) Caryn Marooney ( VP of Communications ) Former Blake Ross ( Director of Product ) Ted Ullyot ( VP , General Counsel , and Secretary ) Matt Cohler Charlie Cheever Randi Zuckerberg Yishan Wong George Hotz Joe Lockhart Andrei Alexandrescu ( research scientist ) Open source Apache Cassandra Apache Hive Apache Thrift Buck FQL Hack HHVM HipHop for PHP MyRocks Open Compute Project Phabricator React RocksDB Scribe Telecom Infra Project Tornado ( web server ) Mass media The Facebook Effect The Accidental Billionaires The Social Network Concepts Activity stream Social graph Friending and following Reblogging Fan - gating Facebook diplomacy Facebook like button Business History Timeline Acquisitions f8 conference IPO Censorship Criticism Cambridge Analytica data scandal Litigation Financial performance 2018 Divisions Facebook AI Research Facebook Creative Labs Related Priscilla Chan ( wife of Mark Zuckerberg ) Chan Zuckerberg Initiative Aquila Internet relay drone Willow Village Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Initial_public_offering_of_Facebook&oldid=862417756 '' Categories : 2012 in the United States 2012 initial public offerings Facebook Initial public offering Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles with dead external links from April 2014 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 October 2018 , at 07 : 26 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how much was facebook stock when it first came out | [
"Strong demand, especially from retail investors, suggested Facebook could choose a relatively high offering price.[24] Ultimately underwriters settled on a price of $38 per share, at the top of its target range.[24] This price valued the company at $104 billion, the largest valuation to date for a newly public company.[25]\n"
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"$38 per share"
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-5594717740715779923 | The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson | The Tonight show Starring Johnny Carson - wikipedia The Tonight show Starring Johnny Carson For the entire Tonight Show franchise , see The Tonight Show . For the 1955 -- 56 CBS variety show hosted by Carson , see The Johnny Carson Show . The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson Also known as The Tonight Show ( franchise brand ) Johnny Carson ( Antenna TV repeats ) Genre Talk / Variety Created by Steve Allen William O. Harbach Dwight Hemion Sylvester L. Weaver , Jr . Written by Head writer : Walter Kempley ( 1963 -- 67 ) Hank Bradford ( 1969 -- 75 ) Marshall Brickman ( 1969 -- 70 ) Raymond Siller ( 1974 -- 89 ) Andrew Nicholls and Darrell Vickers ( 1989 -- 92 ) Presented by Johnny Carson Narrated by Ed McMahon Theme music composer Paul Anka Country of origin United States No. of seasons 30 No. of episodes 4,531 ( list of episodes ) Production Producer ( s ) Fred de Cordova Peter Lassally Production location ( s ) NBC Studios New York City ( 1962 -- 72 ) NBC Studios Burbank , California ( 1972 -- 92 ) Running time 47 -- 105 minutes Release Original network NBC Picture format Color Original release October 1 , 1962 -- May 22 , 1992 Chronology Preceded by Tonight Starring Jack Paar Followed by The Tonight Show with Jay Leno External links Website The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson is an American talk show hosted by Johnny Carson under the Tonight Show franchise from October 1 , 1962 through May 22 , 1992 . It originally aired during late - night . For its first decade , Johnny Carson 's The Tonight Show was based at 30 Rockefeller Plaza , New York City , with some episodes recorded at NBC - TV 's West Coast studios in Burbank , California ; on May 1 , 1972 , the show moved to Burbank as its main venue and remained there exclusively after May 1973 until Carson 's retirement . In 2002 , The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson was ranked No. 12 on TV Guide 's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time , and in 2013 it was ranked No. 22 on their list of 60 Best Series . Contents 1 Format 2 Show regulars 2.1 Ed McMahon 2.2 Bandleaders and others 3 Recurring segments and skits 3.1 Characters 3.2 Bits 4 Programming history 4.1 1979 -- 1980 contract battle 4.2 Tape archives 4.3 Rebroadcasts 5 Guest hosts 5.1 Joan Rivers 6 Consequential appearances 7 Carson 's last shows 8 References 9 External links Format ( edit ) Johnny Carson 's Tonight Show established the modern format of the late - night talk show : a monologue sprinkled with a rapid - fire series of 16 to 22 one - liners ( Carson had a rule of no more than three on the same subject ) was followed by sketch comedy , then moving on to guest interviews and performances by musicians and stand - up comedians . During the early years of Carson 's tenure , his guests included politicians such as former U.S. Vice President ( and future U.S. President ) Richard M. Nixon , former U.S. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy , and Vice President Hubert Humphrey , but by 1970 , Carson primarily interviewed as guests people that had a book , movie , television show , or stage performance to promote . Other regulars were selected for their entertainment or information value , in contrast to those who offered more cerebral conversation ; Carson refused to discuss politics on The Tonight Show out of concern it might alienate his audience . Carson 's preference for access to Hollywood stars caused the show 's move to the West Coast on May 1 , 1972 . When asked about intellectual conversation on The Tonight Show , Carson and his staff invariably cited `` Carl Sagan , Paul Ehrlich , Margaret Mead , Gore Vidal , Shana Alexander , Madalyn Murray O'Hair '' as guests ; one television critic stated , however , `` he always presented them as if they were spinach for your diet when he did ( feature such names ) '' . Family therapist Carlfred Broderick appeared on the show ten times , and psychologist Joyce Brothers was one of Carson 's most frequent guests . Carson , in general , did not feature prop comedy acts ( Carson was not averse to using prop comedy himself ) ; such acts , with Gallagher being a prominent example , more commonly appeared when guest hosts helmed the program . Carson almost never socialized with guests before or after the show ; frequent interviewee Orson Welles recalled that Tonight Show employees were astonished when Carson visited Welles 's dressing room to say hello before a show . Unlike his avuncular counterparts Merv Griffin , Mike Douglas , and Dick Cavett , Carson was a comparatively `` cool '' host who only laughed when genuinely amused and abruptly cut short monotonous or embarrassingly inept interviewees . Mort Sahl recalled , `` The producer crouches just off camera and holds up a card that says , ' Go to commercial . ' So Carson goes to a commercial and the whole team rushes up to his desk to discuss what had gone wrong , like a pit stop at Le Mans . '' Actor Robert Blake once compared being interviewed by Carson to `` facing the death squad '' or `` Broadway on opening night . '' The publicity value of appearing on The Tonight Show was so great , however , that most guests were willing to subject themselves to the risk . Show regulars ( edit ) Ed McMahon ( edit ) The show 's announcer and Carson 's sidekick was Ed McMahon , who from the very first show would introduce Carson with a drawn - out `` Heeeeeeeeere 's Johnny ! '' ( something McMahon was inspired to do by the overemphasized way he had introduced reporter Robert Pierpoint on the NBC Radio Network program Monitor ) . The catchphrase was heard nightly for 30 years , and ranked top of the TV Land poll of U.S. TV catchphrases and quotes in 2006 ; it has been referenced in all media going from The Shining to Johnny Bravo to a `` Weird Al '' Yankovic album cut ; it was even used for the character Johnny Cage in the video game series Mortal Kombat . McMahon , who held the same role in Carson 's ABC game show Who Do You Trust ? for five years previously , would remain standing to the side as Carson did his monologue , laughing ( sometimes obsequiously ) at his jokes , then join him at the guest chair when Carson moved to his desk . The two would usually interact in a comic spot for a short while before the first guest was introduced . McMahon stated in a 1978 profile of Carson in The New Yorker that `` the ' Tonight Show ' is my staple diet , my meat and potatoes -- I 'm realistic enough to know that everything else stems from that '' . After a 1965 incident in which he ruined Carson 's joke on the air McMahon was careful to , as he said , `` never to go where ( Carson ) 's going '' . He wrote in his 1998 autobiography : My role on the show never was strictly defined . I did what had to be done when it had to be done . I was there when he needed me , and when he did n't I moved down the couch and kept quiet ... I did the audience warm - up , I did commercials , for a brief period I co-hosted the first fifteen minutes of the show ... , and I performed in many sketches . On our thirteenth - anniversary show Johnny and I were talking at his desk and he said , `` Thirteen years is a long time . '' He paused long enough for me to recognize my cue , so I asked , `` How long is it ? '' `` That 's why you 're here , '' he said , probably summing up my primary role on the show perfectly ... I had to support him , I had to help him get to the punch line , but while doing it I had to make it look as if I was n't doing anything at all . The better I did it , the less it appeared as if I was doing it ... If I was going to play second fiddle , I wanted to be the Heifetz of second fiddlers ... The most difficult thing for me to learn how to do was just sit there with my mouth closed . Many nights I 'd be listening to Johnny and in my mind I 'd reach the same ad lib just as he said it . I 'd have to bite my tongue not to say it out loud . I had to make sure I was n't too funny -- although critics who saw some of my other performances will claim I need n't have worried . If I got too many laughs , I was n't doing my job ; my job was to be part of a team that generated the laughs . Bandleaders and others ( edit ) The Tonight Show had a live big band for nearly all of its existence . The NBC Orchestra during Carson 's reign was originally led by Skitch Henderson ( who had previously led the band during Tonight Starring Steve Allen ) , followed briefly by Milton DeLugg . Starting in 1967 and continuing until Jay Leno took over , the band was led by Doc Severinsen , with Tommy Newsom filling in for him when he was absent or filling in for McMahon as the announcer ( this usually happened when a guest host substituted for Carson , which generally gave McMahon the night off as well ) . The show 's instrumental theme music , `` Johnny 's Theme '' , was a re-arrangement of the Paul Anka composition `` Toot Sweet '' , which Anka and Annette Funicello had separately recorded , with lyrics , as `` It 's Really Love '' . During shows when Newsom filled in for Severinsen , the band played a slightly truncated version of the theme that transitioned from the bridge to the closing phrase without reprising the first few notes of the main melody . The NBC Orchestra was the last in - house studio orchestra to perform on American television . Behind the scenes , motion picture director / producer Fred de Cordova joined The Tonight Show in 1970 as producer , graduating to executive producer in 1984 . Unlike many people of his position , de Cordova often appeared on the show , bantering with Carson from his chair off - camera ( though occasionally a camera would be pointed in his direction ) . Recurring segments and skits ( edit ) Characters ( edit ) Carnac the Magnificent , in which Carson played a psychic who clairvoyantly divined the answer to a question contained in a sealed envelope . This was to some degree a variation on Steve Allen 's recurring `` The Question Man '' sketch . The answer was always an outrageous pun . `` Carnac '' examples : `` Debate '' ... `` What do you use to catch de fish ? '' `` Baja '' ... `` What sound does a sheep make when it laughs ? '' `` Ben - Gay '' ... `` Why did n't Mrs. Franklin have any kids ? '' `` A loaf of bread , a jug of wine , and thou '' ... `` Name three things that have yeast . '' `` Three Dog Night '' ... `` What 's a bad night for a tree ? '' `` Mount Baldy '' ... `` What did Yul Brynner 's wife do on their wedding night ? '' `` Sis boom bah '' ... `` Describe the sound made when a sheep explodes . '' ( Ed McMahon 's personal favorite ) If the laughter fell short when a line bombed ( as it often did ) , `` Carnac '' would face the audience with mock seriousness and bestow a comic curse : `` May a diseased yak befriend your sister ! '' or `` May a rabid holy man bless your nether regions with a power tool ! '' `` Floyd R. Turbo '' , a dimwitted yokel responding to a TV station editorial . Floyd always spoke haltingly , as though reading from cue cards , and railed against some newsworthy topic , like Secretaries ' Day : `` This raises the question : Kiss my Dictaphone ! '' `` Art Fern '' , the fast - talking host of a `` Tea Time Movie '' program , who advertised inane products , assisted by the attractive Matinee Lady , played by Paula Prentiss ( late 1960s ) , Carol Wayne ( the most familiar Matinee Lady , 1971 -- 82 ) , Danuta Wesley ( 1984 ) , and Teresa Ganzel ( 1985 -- 92 ) . The fake movies Art would introduce usually had eclectic casts ( `` Ben Blue , Red Buttons , Jesse White , and Karen Black '' ) and nonsensical titles ( `` Rin - Tin - Tin Gets Fixed Fixed Fixed '' ) . This would be followed by a four - second stock film clip before coming back for another commercial , usually catching Art and the Matinee Lady in a very compromising position . On giving directions to a fake store he was touting , Fern would show a spaghetti - like road map , sometimes with a literal `` fork in the road '' , other times making the joke , `` Go to the Slauson Cutoff ... '' , and the audience would recite with him , `` ... cut off your Slauson ! '' The character was previously named `` Honest Bernie Schlock '' and then `` Ralph Willie '' when the Tea Time sketches first aired in the mid-to - late 1960s . At least one surviving pre-1972 Art Fern sketch that originated from New York had its movie show title as `` The Big Flick '' , an amalgam of two movie show titles in use at the time by New York station WOR - TV , The Big Preview and The Flick . On that sketch Lee Meredith was the Matinee Lady . Carson 's Comedy Classics features an episode where Juliet Prowse is in the role of Matinee Lady , from 20 August 1971 . `` Aunt Blabby '' , an old woman whose appearance and speech pattern bore more than a passing resemblance to comedian Jonathan Winters ' character `` Maude Frickert '' . A frequent theme would be McMahon happening to mention a word or phrase that could suggest death , as in `` What tourist attractions did you check out ? , '' to which Aunt Blabby would respond , `` Never say check out to an old person ! '' `` El Mouldo '' , mysterious mentalist . He would announce some mind - over-matter feat and always fail , although triumphantly shouting `` El Mouldo has done it again ! '' Ed McMahon would take exception , noting El Mouldo 's failure . `` Did I fail before ? '' asked El Mouldo . `` Yes ! , '' replied McMahon , to which El Mouldo said , `` Well , I 've done it again ! '' El Mouldo was in large part a continuation of Carson 's mentalist character Dillinger , which he had performed on The Johnny Carson Show in 1955 on CBS - TV ; Dillinger was an obvious spoof of Dunninger , leading to complaints and threats of lawsuits against Carson and CBS . `` David Howitzer , Consumer Supporter '' , a thinly veiled satire of consumer reporter David Horowitz . Howitzer 's segments ( in a rare example of prop comedy for the show ) usually featured purported counterfeit consumer goods ( usually gag props ) that unscrupulous mail - order companies had sent his unsuspecting viewers ( for example , a woman who spent thousands of dollars on an oriental rug instead received a cheap toupee made in Taiwan ) . `` Ronald Reagan '' . During President Reagan 's term in office , Carson developed an impersonation of the president that was featured regularly in Mighty Carson Art Players segment . Carson also did a less memorable impersonation of Jimmy Carter during his term as President . Bits ( edit ) `` Stump the Band '' , where studio audience members ask the band to try to play obscure songs given only the title . Unlike when this routine was done during the Jack Paar years with the Jose Melis band , Doc 's band almost never knew the song , but that did not stop them from inventing one on the spot . Example : Guest 's request : My Dead Dog Rover Doc Severinsen , singing : `` My dead dog Rover / lay under the sun / and stayed there all summer / until he was done ! '' David Letterman revived this bit later , along with the CBS Orchestra on his Late Show . `` The Mighty Carson Art Players '' ( depending on one 's point of view , the name was an obvious tribute to or ripoff of radio legend Fred Allen 's Mighty Allen Art Players ) . While Carson 's show was primarily a talk show , with performances by guests , periodically Carson and a group of stock performers would perform skits that spoofed news , movies , television shows , commercials , and past events . A Mighty Carson Art Players appearance would usually be announced along with that night 's guests during McMahon 's introduction . Example : Johnny , dressed as a doctor , starting to talk about some intimate topic ( just as in the real ad ) and then being hit by cream pies from several directions at once . `` The Edge of Wetness '' , in which Johnny would read humorous plot summaries of a fictional soap opera ( such as The Edge of Night ) while the camera randomly chose an unsuspecting audience member whom Carson claimed was , for example , the butler from the soap . `` Headlines '' , developed by Jay Leno , and seen only during nights when he guest - hosted beginning in 1986 , featured humorous stories and typos from newspaper clippings . This carried over when Leno became permanent host in 1992 . `` How ___ was it ? '' , a recurring call - and - response during Carson 's monologues . Carson would set up the joke with a passing comment about , for instance , the weather with the phrase `` It was so hot ... '' prompting the audience to respond `` HOW HOT WAS IT ? '' Carson would then follow with several punch lines ( e.g. `` I heard Burger King singing , ' If you want it made your way , cook it yourself ! ' '' ) . Carson would occasionally throw the audience off with an anti-joke ( such as `` it was worth the trip in , was n't it ? '' ) . Programming History ( edit ) Carson 's first Tonight Show on New Year 's Eve , 1962 ; shown with Skitch Henderson and Ed McMahon October 1 , 1962 -- December 30 , 1966 : Monday -- Friday 11 : 15 p.m. -- 1 : 00 a.m. Jack Paar 's last appearance was on March 29 , 1962 , and due to Carson 's previous contracts , Carson did not take over until October 1 . His first guests were Rudy Vallée , Tony Bennett , Mel Brooks , and Joan Crawford . Carson inherited from Paar a show that was 1 3 / 4 hours ( 105 minutes ) long . The show broadcast two openings , one starting at 11 : 15 p.m. and including the monologue , the other that listed the guests and re-announced the host , starting at 11 : 30 . The two openings gave affiliates the option of screening either a fifteen - minute or thirty - minute local newscast preceding Carson . Since 1959 , the show had been videotaped earlier the same broadcast day . As more affiliates introduced thirty minutes of local news , Carson 's monologue was being seen by fewer people . To rectify this situation , Ed McMahon and Skitch Henderson co-hosted the first fifteen minutes of the show between February 1965 and December 1966 without Carson , who then took over at 11 : 30 . Finally , because he wanted the show to start when he came on , at the beginning of January 1967 Carson insisted the 11 : 15 segment be eliminated ( which , he claimed in a monologue at the time , `` no one actually watched except the Armed Forces and four Native Americans in Gallup , New Mexico '' ) . January 1965 -- September 1966 : Saturday or Sunday 11 : 15 -- 1 : 00 a.m. ( reruns , initially billed as The Saturday Tonight Show ) September 1966 -- September 1975 : Saturday or Sunday 11 : 30 -- 1 : 00 a.m. ( reruns , now identified as The Saturday / Sunday Tonight Show ; The Weekend Tonight Show by 1973 ) January 2 , 1967 -- September 12 , 1980 : Monday -- Friday 11 : 30 p.m. -- 1 : 00 a.m. Doc Severinsen , leader of The NBC Orchestra , known for his flashy outfits By the mid-1970s Tonight was the most profitable show on television , making NBC $50 to $60 million ( $190 to $230 million in 2017 ) each year . Carson influenced the scheduling of reruns ( which typically aired under the title The Best of Carson ) in the mid-1970s and , in 1980 , the length of each evening 's broadcast , by threatening NBC with , in the first case , moving to another network , and in the latter , retiring altogether . In order to work fewer days each week , Carson began to petition network executives in 1974 that reruns on the weekends be discontinued , in favor of showing them on one or more nights during the week . In response to his demands , NBC created a new comedy / variety series to feed to affiliates on Saturday nights that debuted in October 1975 , Saturday Night Live , which is now in its 43rd season . In 1980 , Carson renewed his contract with the stipulation that the show lose its last half - hour . On the last 90 - minute show ( September 12 , 1980 ) , Carson explained that by going to an hour , the show would feel more fast - paced , and have a greater selection of guests . For a year , Tom Snyder 's existing talk show , Tomorrow , was expanded to 90 minutes and forced to change its format , adding gossip reporter Rona Barrett as a co-host and taking on the name Tomorrow Coast to Coast . This was short - lived as a year and a half later , Snyder had quit and Tomorrow Coast to Coast had been canceled . Carson was given authority to fill the vacant time slot and used it to create Late Night with David Letterman ( 1982 -- 1993 ) . Today , The Tonight Show remains one hour in length and is still followed by Late Night , currently under the title Late Night with Seth Meyers ( 2014 - ) . September 15 , 1980 -- August 30 , 1991 : Monday -- Friday 11 : 30 p.m. -- 12 : 30 a.m. September 2 , 1991 -- May 22 , 1992 : Monday -- Friday 11 : 35 p.m. -- 12 : 35 a.m. The show 's start time was delayed by five minutes to allow NBC affiliates to include more commercials during their local newscasts . In an onscreen eulogy to Carson in 2005 , David Letterman said that every talk show host owes his livelihood to Johnny Carson during his Tonight Show run . 1979 -- 1980 contract Battle ( edit ) In 1979 , when Fred Silverman was the head of NBC , Carson took the network to court , claiming that he had been a free - agent since April of that year because his most recent contract had been signed in 1972 . Carson cited a California law barring certain contracts from lasting more than seven years . NBC claimed that it had signed three agreements since then and Carson was bound to the network until April 1981 . While the case was settled out of court , the friction between Carson and the network remained and Carson was actively courted by rival network ABC , which was willing to double Carson 's salary and offer him a lighter work schedule and ownership of the show . Eventually , Carson reached an agreement that paid $25 million a year while reducing his workload from 90 to 60 minutes , with new shows airing only three nights a week 37 weeks a year ( a guest host would appear Monday nights and for most of Carson 's 15 weeks of vacation and `` Best of Carson '' reruns would air Tuesdays ) and also give him ownership of the show , as well as its back catalog , and of the time slot following the Tonight Show which became Late Night with David Letterman produced by Carson Productions . In September 1980 , Carson 's eponymous production company gained ownership of the show . after owning it from 1969 to the early 1970s . Tape archives ( edit ) Some memorable moments . Top left : Carson 's first show with Groucho , 1962 . Top right : Carson practices pitching at Yankee Stadium , 1962 . Bottom left : Tiny Tim 's wedding , 1969 . Bottom right : Carson does a skydiving demonstration , 1968 . Only 33 complete episodes of Johnny Carson 's Tonight Show that had originally aired prior to May 1 , 1972 are known to exist . All other shows during this period , including Carson 's debut as host , are now considered lost because of wiping . Following the standard procedure for most television production companies of that era , NBC reused The Tonight Show videotapes for recording other programs . Carson himself encouraged the erasure of his archives , once humorously quipping that NBC should `` make guitar picks '' out of them , and did not believe they were of any value . It was rumored that many other episodes were lost in a fire , but NBC has denied this . Other surviving material from the era has been found on kinescopes held in the archives of the Armed Forces Radio and Television Service , or in the personal collections of guests of the program , while a few moments such as Tiny Tim 's wedding , were preserved . New York meteorologist Dr. Frank Field , an occasional guest during the years he was weather forecaster for WNBC - TV , showed several clips of his appearances with Carson in a 2002 career retrospective on WWOR - TV ; Field had maintained the clips in his own personal archives . There are also two appearances by Judy Garland in 1968 that still survive . The program archive is virtually complete from 1973 to 1992 . The New York Post reported in May 2011 that 250 of Carson 's monologues and sketches spanning a 20 - year period are on the Memory Lane website . Carson Productions has also made clips available on YouTube and Antenna TV . Although no footage is known to remain of Carson 's very first broadcast as host of The Tonight Show on October 1 , 1962 , photographs taken that night survive , including Carson being introduced by Groucho Marx , as does an audio recording of Marx 's introduction and Carson 's first monologue . One of his first jokes upon starting the show ( after receiving a few words of encouragement from Marx , one of which was , `` Do n't go to Hollywood ! '' ) was to pretend to panic and say , `` I want my nana ! '' ( This recording was played at the start of Carson 's final broadcast on May 22 , 1992 . ) The oldest surviving video recording of the show is dated November 1962 , while the oldest surviving color recording is from April 1964 , when Carson interviewed Jake Ehrlich , Sr. , as his guest . The 30 - minute audio recordings of many of the `` missing '' episodes are contained in the Library of Congress in the Armed Forces Radio collection . Many 1970s - era episodes have been licensed to distributors that advertise mail - order offers on late - night TV . The later shows that exist in full were stored by Carson in a bomb - proof underground salt mine outside Hutchinson , Kansas . Rebroadcasts ( edit ) A large amount of material from Carson 's first two decades of The Tonight Show ( 1962 -- 1982 ) , much of it not seen since it had first aired , appeared in a half hour `` clip / compilation '' syndicated program known as Carson 's Comedy Classics that aired in 1983 . Audio clips from the show were featured nightly on WHO - AM in Des Moines , Iowa in the mid-2000s . In 2014 , Turner Classic Movies would begin rerunning select interviews from the program for a new series called `` Carson on TCM '' presented by Conan O'Brien , who himself hosted The Tonight Show briefly . The digital multicast network Antenna TV acquired rerun rights to whole episodes of the series in August 2015 . Unlike the previous clip shows , Antenna TV 's airings feature full broadcasts as they were originally seen , with the only edits being removal of The Tonight Show name , with the show being renamed simply as Johnny Carson ( as of January 2018 , the broadcasts air opposite the current edition of The Tonight Show in much of the United States , and NBC still owns the trademark on that name ) , and with bumpers , walk - on music and the closing theme being replaced by generic music cues from the Warner / Chappell Production Music library . Most musical guest segments are also removed . Antenna TV began airing the show seven days a week beginning January 1 , 2016 . Currently , sixty - minute episodes ( from September 1980 - May 1992 ) air Monday through Friday nights , and ninety - minute episodes ( from 1972 - September 12 , 1980 ) Saturday and Sunday nights . Guest hosts ( edit ) Jack Paar had often asked Carson to guest - host Tonight in its earliest years and repeatedly claimed he had been responsible for NBC 's selection of Carson in 1962 as his replacement . Steve Allen also utilized guest hosts , including Carson and Ernie Kovacs , particularly after he began hosting The Steve Allen Show in prime time in 1956 and needed to reduce his workload on Tonight . The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson had guest hosts for entire weeks during Carson 's vacations and other nights he had off . Many guest hosts were already large names in their own right , among them Frank Sinatra , Burt Reynolds and Don Rickles . The following is a list of those who guest - hosted at least fifty times during the first 21 years of the show 's run : Joey Bishop ( 177 times , mostly in the 1960s ) Joan Rivers ( 93 , during the 1970s and 1980s ) John Davidson ( 87 ) Bob Newhart ( 87 ) David Brenner ( 70 ) McLean Stevenson ( 58 ) Jerry Lewis ( 52 , mostly in the 1960s ) David Letterman ( 51 , mostly between 1980 and 1981 ) Sammy Davis Jr. guest hosted in April 1965 , becoming the first African - American to host a talk show . Harry Belafonte guest hosted for a week in February 1968 , and among Belafonte 's guests were Robert F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King , Jr . On April 2 , 1979 , Kermit the Frog was guest host . In addition , many other Muppets appeared for skits and regular segments : Frank Oz voiced Fozzie Bear and Animal , while Jerry Nelson performed Uncle Deadly , a Vincent Price - inspired Muppet during a segment with the real Price . Carson 's contract , that took effect in 1981 , reduced his work schedule to three nights a week , 37 weeks a year . `` Best of Carson '' reruns aired on Tuesdays in the weeks that Carson was hosting new shows . Monday night shows and shows for most of the 15 weeks that Carson had off were hosted by guest hosts . Due to the frequent need for substitutes , starting in 1983 permanent guest hosts were hired in order to give the program more stability . The permanent guest hosts were Joan Rivers ( 1983 -- 86 ) , then , after about a year where a wide range of guest hosts were used , Garry Shandling alternating with Jay Leno ( 1987 -- 88 ) and finally Leno alone ( 1988 -- 92 ) after Shandling left to focus on his Showtime series It 's Garry Shandling 's Show . Though the concept of using `` permanent '' guest hosts was fairly strictly adhered to , occasionally illness or some other situation necessitated a substitute guest host , as when David Brenner filled in for Joan Rivers on October 31 and November 1 , 1985 , when Rivers ' husband was briefly hospitalized . Joan Rivers ( edit ) In September 1983 , Joan Rivers was designated Carson 's permanent guest host , a role she had been essentially filling for the previous year . In 1986 , she left the program for her own show on the then - new Fox Network . According to Carson , Rivers never personally informed him of the existence of her show . Rivers , on the other hand , disagreed . Nevertheless , Rivers ' new show was quickly canceled , and she never again appeared on The Tonight Show with Carson . She also never appeared on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno , a ban instigated by Leno out of respect for Carson . She also never appeared during Conan O'Brien's seven - month run . After Carson 's death in 2005 , Rivers told CNN that Carson never forgave her for leaving , and never spoke to her again , even after she wrote him a note following the accidental death of Carson 's son Ricky in June 1991 . On February 17 , 2014 , Rivers returned to the Tonight Show as part of a skit in which numerous celebrities paid new host , Jimmy Fallon , after having lost the bet that he would never become the host of the program . Rivers appeared for a full - length interview segment on March 27 , 2014 . The program of July 26 , 1984 , with guest host Joan Rivers , was the first MTS stereo broadcast in U.S. television history , though not the first television broadcast with stereophonic sound . Only NBC 's flagship local station in New York City , WNBC , had stereo broadcast capability at that time . NBC transmitted The Tonight Show in stereo sporadically through 1984 and on a regular basis beginning in 1985 . Consequential appearances ( edit ) According to Skeptical activist James Randi Carson invited Uri Geller , who claimed paranormal powers , onto the Tonight Show specifically to disprove the Israeli performers claims . Randi later wrote , `` that Johnny had been a magician himself '' , so prior to the date of taping , Randi was asked `` to help prevent any trickery . '' Per Randi 's advice , the show prepared their own props without informing Geller , and did not let Geller or his staff `` anywhere near them . '' When Geller joined Carson on stage , he appeared surprised that he was not going to be interviewed , but instead was expected to display his abilities using the provided articles . Geller said `` This scares me . '' and `` I 'm surprised because before this program your producer came and he read me at least 40 questions you were going to ask me . '' Geller was unable to display any paranormal abilities , saying `` I do n't feel strong '' and he expressed his displeasure at feeling like he was being `` pressed '' to perform by Carson . According to Adam Higginbotham 's Nov. 7 , 2014 article in the New York Times : The result was a legendary immolation , in which Geller offered up flustered excuses to his host as his abilities failed him again and again . `` I sat there for 22 minutes , humiliated , '' Geller told me , when I spoke to him in September . `` I went back to my hotel , devastated . I was about to pack up the next day and go back to Tel Aviv . I thought , That 's it -- I 'm destroyed . '' However , this appearance on The Tonight Show , which Carson and Randi had orchestrated to debunk Geller 's claimed abilities , backfired . According to Higginbotham , To Geller 's astonishment , he was immediately booked on The Merv Griffin Show . He was on his way to becoming a paranormal superstar . `` That Johnny Carson show made Uri Geller , '' Geller said . To an enthusiastically trusting public , his failure only made his gifts seem more real : If he were performing magic tricks , they would surely work every time . Carson 's last shows ( edit ) As his retirement approached , Carson tried to avoid sentimentality but would periodically show clips of some of his favorite moments and again invited some of his favorite guests . He told his crew , `` Everything comes to an end ; nothing lasts forever . Thirty years is enough . It 's time to get out while you 're still working on top of your game , while you 're still working well . '' Carson hosted his penultimate show , featuring guests Robin Williams and Bette Midler , on May 21 , 1992 . The last of Carson 's monologues was delivered on this episode and was written by Jim Mulholland , Steven Kunes and Rift Fournier . Once underway , the atmosphere was electric and Carson was greeted with a sustained , two - minute intense standing ovation . Williams was especially uninhibited with his trademark manic energy and stream - of - consciousness lunacy . Midler was more emotional . When the conversation turned to Johnny 's favorite songs , `` I 'll Be Seeing You '' and `` Here 's That Rainy Day '' , Midler mentioned that she knew a chorus of the latter . She began singing the song , and after the first line , Carson joined in and turned it into an impromptu duet . Midler finished her appearance from center stage , where she slowly sang the pop standard `` One for My Baby ( and One More for the Road ) '' . Carson became unexpectedly tearful , and a shot of the two of them was captured by a camera angle from across the set that has never been broadcast . The audience became tearful as well and called the three performers out for a second bow after the taping was completed . This show was immediately recognized as a television classic that Midler considered one of the most emotional moments of her life and eventually won an Emmy for her role in it . Carson had no guests on his final episode of The Tonight Show on May 22 , 1992 , which was instead a retrospective show taped before an invitation - only studio audience of family , friends , and crew . More than fifty million people tuned in for this finale , which ended with Carson sitting on a stool alone at center stage , similar to Jack Paar 's last show . He said these final words in conclusion : And so it has come to this : I , uh ... am one of the lucky people in the world ; I found something I always wanted to do and I have enjoyed every single minute of it . I want to thank the people who 've shared this stage with me for thirty years . Mr. Ed McMahon , Mr. Doc Severinsen , and you people watching . I can only tell you that it has been an honor and a privilege to come into your homes all these years and entertain you . And I hope when I find something that I want to do and I think you would like and come back , that you 'll be as gracious in inviting me into your home as you have been . I bid you a very heartfelt good night . A few weeks after the final show aired , it was announced that NBC and Carson had struck a deal to develop a new series . Ultimately , however , Carson chose not to return to television . He gave only two major interviews after his retirement : one to the Washington Post in 1993 , and the other to Esquire magazine in 2002 . Carson hinted in his 1993 interview that he did not think he could top what he had already accomplished . He rarely appeared elsewhere after retiring , providing only a guest voice on an episode of The Simpsons , which included him performing feats of strength and featured Bette Midler as well , and a cameo on the May 13 , 1994 , Late Show with David Letterman where he delivered a Top 10 List and sat in Dave 's chair for a minute . In 2005 , after Carson 's death , it was revealed that he had made a habit of sending jokes to Dave Letterman via fax machine which Letterman would then sometimes incorporate into his monologues . The January 31 , 2005 , episode of the Late Show with David Letterman , which featured a tribute to Carson , began with a monologue by Letterman composed entirely of jokes written by Carson himself after his retirement . In 2011 , the last Carson Tonight show was ranked No. 10 on the TV Guide Network special , TV 's Most Unforgettable Finales . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bill Zehme ( June 2002 ) . `` The Man Who Retired '' . Esquire . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ ( Carson , however , brought the show back to Manhattan in November 1972 , and again in May 1973 ) . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Names Top 50 Shows '' . Cbsnews.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Magazine 's 60 Best Series of All Time '' . 23 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Fort Lauderdale : Playground of the Stars by Jack Drury . ^ Jump up to : Tynan , Kenneth ( February 20 , 1978 ) . `` Fifteen Years of the Salto Mortale '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` American National Biography Online '' . Jump up ^ Carter , Bill ( March 20 , 2013 ) . `` ' Tonight ' Show Expected to Return to New York , With Fallon '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Simon , Jeff ( 2013 - 07 - 08 ) . `` The return of Johnny Carson on TCM '' . The Buffalo News . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Carlfred B. Broderick , Noted Sociologist , Dies at 67 '' , USC News , September 6 , 1999 . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Episode 145 -- Gallagher , WTF with Marc Maron , wtfpod.com Jump up ^ `` Here 's Johnny '' is top TV quote BBC NEWS Entertainment . Thursday , 7 December , 2006 . Jump up ^ McMahon , Ed . For Laughing Out Loud : My Life and Good Times . p. 154 . ISBN 0 - 446 - 52370 - 4 . Jump up ^ Myers , Marc ( January 7 , 2014 ) . `` Tonight Show Theme : Evolution '' . JazzWax . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2014 . Retrieved November 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CNN Transcripts : Larry King Live '' . CNN . 2006 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Fred Allen 's Mighty Allen Art Players Jump up ^ Harris , Jay S. ( editor ) ( 1978 ) . TV Guide : The First 25 Years . New York : New American Library . p. 65 . ISBN 0 - 452 - 25225 - 3 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Hill , Doug ; Weingrad , Jeff ( 2014 ) . Saturday Night : A Backstage History of Saturday Night Live . San Francisco : Untreed Reads , LLC . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61187 - 709 - 0 . Jump up ^ Carter , Bill ( May 22 , 1991 ) . `` NBC Moves Johnny Carson Starting Time by 5 Minutes '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Letterman delivers Carson - penned monologue '' . CBC.ca . February 1 , 2005 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2008 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Television : Family Feud '' . Time magazine . 1979 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Law : Rent - a-Judge '' . Time magazine . 1981 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Bushkin , Henry ; Lewis , Andy ( October 9 , 2013 ) . `` How Johnny Carson Nearly Quit ' Tonight ' and Scored TV 's Richest Deal Ever '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` People '' . Time Magazine . 1980 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Carter , Bill ( 1994 ) . The Late Shift : Letterman , Leno , and the Network Battle for the Night . New York , NY : Hyperion . p. 27 . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 8907 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Carson Calls This Man ' Bombastic ' All the Way to Bank . '' The Wall Street Journal , June 8 , 1980 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ `` Digital Download -- Volume 1 '' . Jump up ^ King , Susan ( July 6 , 2013 ) . `` ' Carson on TCM ' shows why Johnny was the king '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Johnny Carson : The Official Tonight Show Website , Clip Licensing . Jump up ^ Starr , Michael ( May 13 , 2011 ) . `` Starr report '' . New York Post . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Carson '' . Jump up ^ Watch Jake Ehrlich Sr. on The Tonight Show with Johnny Carson on Google Video . Jump up ^ Stuever , Hank ( May 13 , 2012 ) . `` A Heartfelt Doc Deconstructs The King of Late Night '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Werts , Diane ( June 28 , 2013 ) . `` ' Carson on TCM ' review : Heeere 's Johnny '' . Newsday . Melville , New York . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( August 12 , 2015 ) . `` Johnny Carson Returns : Antenna TV to Air Full ' Tonight Show ' Episodes . '' Variety . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of The Tonight Show '' . JohnnyCarson.com . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Johnny Carson , 79 , Dies '' . Live Event / Special rush transcript . CNN . January 23 , 2005 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 12 . ( D ) uring our 17 years together , which were wonderful years , and he was the one that discovered me and he was the one that said , `` You 're going to be a star '' the first night I worked . He was an amazing man and an amazing mentor . And then when I left the show to do my own show on Fox , he never forgave me , and that made me terribly sad . We never spoke again . Jump up ^ `` Sammy Davis , Jr . TV Guest Appearances '' . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Harry Belafonte ; Michael Shnayerson ( 2011 ) . My Song : A Memoir . Alfred A. Knopf . p. 322 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 27226 - 3 . Jump up ^ Barry Gordemer ( Producer ) ( 2005 - 05 - 09 ) . Happy 50th Birthday , Kermit ! ( audio recording ) . National Public Radio . Event occurs at 1 : 20 -- 1 : 25 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 24 ... Kermit hosted The Tonight Show . Jump up ^ `` Joan Rivers on Johnny Carson 's reaction to the start of her late show on Fox '' . Youtube.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Hinckley , David ( August 6 , 2009 ) . `` Two more football seasons for ' Friday Night Lights , ' and other news from the TV Critics Press Tour '' . Daily News . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 07 . We did n't feel it was right to invite her while Johnny was alive , '' said Leno . `` It was a respect thing for Johnny . Jump up ^ `` Russell Crowe / Joan Rivers / The National '' . The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon . Season 1 . Episode 29 . 2014 - 03 - 27 . nbc . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ Lyons , James . Miami Vice . Wiley Publishing , 2010 , p. 22 Jump up ^ Peter W. Kaplan , `` TV Notes '' , New York Times , July 28 , 1984 , sec. 1 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ `` James Randi - Secrets of the Psychics Documentary ( Full ) '' . Youtube.com . JREF . Retrieved 25 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Higginbotham , Adam . `` The Unbelievable Skepticism of the Amazing Randi '' . nytimes.com . New York Times . Retrieved 25 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bernard Weinraub ( May 23 , 1992 ) . `` Fade Out for Johnny Carson , His Dignity and Privacy Intact '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson Season 30 Episode Guide '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0055708/fullcredits/ ^ Jump up to : Deborah Seibel ( May 22 , 1992 ) . `` Fans Put Johnny On The Spot '' . Chicago Tribune . ^ Jump up to : Matt Roush ( January 30 , 2005 ) . `` Life After Johnny '' . Broadcasting & Cable . ^ Jump up to : Marc Shaiman ( January 24 , 2005 ) . `` Someone in a Tree : My view of Johnny Carson 's last night '' . The Film Music Society . Jump up ^ `` Carson : He left ' Tonight Show ' with popularity still running high '' . The Register - Guard . Eugene , Oregon . January 24 , 2005 . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Hancock , David ( January 18 , 2005 ) . `` Carson Feeds Jokes To Letterman '' . CBS News . Associated Press . Jump up ^ redOrbit ( 1 February 2005 ) . `` Letterman Pays Special Tribute to Carson -- Redorbit '' . Jump up ^ TV 's Most Unforgettable Finales -- Aired May 22 , 2011 on TV Guide Network External links ( edit ) Official website The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson on IMDb The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson at TV.com The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson at The Interviews : An Oral History of Television Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Series 1951 -- 1975 The Alan Young Show ( 1951 ) Your Show of Shows ( 1952 ) Your Show of Shows ( 1953 ) Omnibus ( 1954 ) Disneyland ( 1955 ) The Ed Sullivan Show / Your Hit Parade ( 1956 ) Caesar 's Hour ( 1957 ) The Dinah Shore Chevy Show ( 1958 ) The Dinah Shore Chevy Show ( 1959 ) The Fabulous Fifties ( 1960 ) Astaire Time ( 1961 ) The Garry Moore Show ( 1962 ) The Andy Williams Show ( 1963 ) The Danny Kaye Show ( 1964 ) The Andy Williams Show ( 1966 ) The Andy Williams Show ( 1967 ) Rowan & Martin 's Laugh - In ( 1968 ) Rowan & Martin 's Laugh - In ( 1969 ) The David Frost Show ( 1970 ) The Flip Wilson Show / The David Frost Show ( 1971 ) The Carol Burnett Show / The Dick Cavett Show ( 1972 ) The Julie Andrews Hour ( 1973 ) The Carol Burnett Show ( 1974 ) The Carol Burnett Show ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Saturday Night Live ( 1976 ) Van Dyke and Company ( 1977 ) The Muppet Show ( 1978 ) Steve & Eydie Celebrate Irving Berlin ( 1979 ) Baryshnikov on Broadway ( 1980 ) Lily : Sold Out ( 1981 ) Night of 100 Stars ( 1982 ) Motown 25 : Yesterday , Today , Forever ( 1983 ) A Celebration of the Performing Arts ( 1984 ) Motown Returns to the Apollo ( 1985 ) A Celebration of the Performing Arts ( 1986 ) 41st Tony Awards ( 1987 ) Irving Berlin 's 100th Birthday Celebration ( 1988 ) The Tracey Ullman Show ( 1989 ) In Living Color ( 1990 ) 63rd Academy Awards ( 1991 ) The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson ( 1992 ) Saturday Night Live ( 1993 ) Late Show with David Letterman ( 1994 ) The Tonight Show with Jay Leno ( 1995 ) Dennis Miller Live ( 1996 ) Tracey Takes On ... 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'' `` Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy '' `` Friends '' `` In the Mood '' `` Strangers in the Night '' `` Old Cape Cod '' `` Buckets of Rain '' `` Hang On in There Baby '' `` Big Noise from Winnetka '' `` When a Man Loves a Woman '' `` The Rose '' `` Chapel of Love '' `` All I Need to Know '' `` Favorite Waste of Time '' `` Beast of Burden '' `` Under the Boardwalk '' `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' `` From a Distance '' `` Night and Day '' `` In My Life '' `` In This Life '' `` You Do n't Own Me '' `` I 'm Beautiful '' `` White Christmas '' `` Fever '' `` Be My Baby '' Other songs `` We Are the World '' `` I Put a Spell on You '' `` It 's Gonna Take a Miracle '' `` Somewhere Along the Way '' `` Manhattan '' `` The Greatest Ears in Town '' Tours Experience the Divine Diva Las Vegas Kiss My Brass The Showgirl Must Go On Divine Intervention Tour Books The Saga of Baby Divine Book Commons Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Tonight_Show_Starring_Johnny_Carson&oldid=863948468 '' Categories : The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson 1960s American late - night television series 1960s American variety television series 1962 American television series debuts 1970s American late - night television series 1970s American variety television series 1980s American late - night television series 1980s American variety television series 1990s American late - night television series 1990s American variety television series 1992 American television series endings American television talk shows Burbank , California English - language television programs NBC network shows Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Series winners Television series by Carson Productions Television shows filmed in California Television shows filmed in New York ( state ) Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 TV.com template with ID same as Wikidata The Interviews title ID not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Français Bahasa Indonesia Simple English Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 14 October 2018 , at 03 : 35 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sang for carson on his next to last episode | [
"Carson hosted his penultimate show, featuring guests Robin Williams and Bette Midler, on May 21, 1992.[49] The last of Carson's monologues was delivered on this episode and was written by Jim Mulholland, Steven Kunes and Rift Fournier.[50] Once underway, the atmosphere was electric and Carson was greeted with a sustained, two-minute intense standing ovation.[51] Williams was especially uninhibited with his trademark manic energy and stream-of-consciousness lunacy.[48][52] Midler was more emotional.[52] When the conversation turned to Johnny's favorite songs, \"I'll Be Seeing You\" and \"Here's That Rainy Day\", Midler mentioned that she knew a chorus of the latter. She began singing the song, and after the first line, Carson joined in and turned it into an impromptu duet. Midler finished her appearance from center stage, where she slowly sang the pop standard \"One for My Baby (and One More for the Road)\". Carson became unexpectedly tearful, and a shot of the two of them was captured by a camera angle from across the set that has never been broadcast.[53] The audience became tearful as well and called the three performers out for a second bow after the taping was completed.[51] This show was immediately recognized as a television classic that Midler considered one of the most emotional moments of her life and eventually won an Emmy for her role in it.[52][53][54]\n"
] | [
"Bette Midler"
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5170765158681567047 | The Story of My Life (biography) | The Story of My Life ( biography ) - Wikipedia The Story of My Life ( biography ) This article is about the autobiography of Helen Keller . For other books with similar titles , see The Story of My Life ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Story of My Life Front Cover Author Helen Keller Language English Genre Classic , Memoir Published 1903 The Story of My Life , first published in 1903 , is Helen Keller 's autobiography detailing her early life , especially her experiences with Anne Sullivan . Portions of it were adapted by William Gibson for a 1957 Playhouse 90 production , a 1959 Broadway play , a 1962 Hollywood feature film , and Sanjay Leela Bhansali 's Black featuring Amitabh Bachchan in the role of Anne Sullivan . The book is dedicated to inventor Alexander Graham Bell . The dedication reads , `` TO ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL ; Who has taught the deaf to speak and enabled the listening ear to hear speech from the Atlantic to the Rockies , I DEDICATE This Story of My Life . '' The book is prescribed as long reading text for CBSE Class 10 subject English Communicative code 101 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Helen Keller -- In Her Own Words '' . Retrieved September 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Helen Keller '' . famouspeople.com . External links ( edit ) The Story of My Life at Internet Archive ( scanned books original editions color illustrated ) The Story of My Life public domain audiobook at LibriVox Helen Keller Life history Ivy Green Tuscumbia , Alabama Laura Bridgman Alexander Graham Bell Charles W. Adams Schools attended Perkins School for the Blind Anne Sullivan Wright - Humason School for the Deaf Horace Mann School for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing The Cambridge School of Weston Radcliffe College Related foundations Helen Keller International American Civil Liberties Union Helen Keller Services for the Blind Related works `` The Frost King '' The Story of My Life Light in My Darkness Deliverance Helen Keller in Her Story The Miracle Worker The Miracle Continues Black Related topics Helen Keller Day Helen Keller ( Hlavka ) Helen Keller 's The Story of My Life ( 1903 ) Characters Anne Sullivan Helen Keller Film The Miracle Worker ( 1962 ) The Miracle Worker ( 1979 ) The Miracle Worker ( 2000 ) Black ( 2005 ) Stage The Miracle Worker ( 1959 play ) Related The Miracle Continues The Miracle Worker This article about a biographical or autobiographical book whose subject was born in the United States is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Story_of_My_Life_(biography)&oldid=854602006 '' Categories : Alabama culture American autobiographies 1903 books Helen Keller Books adapted into films United States biography book stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2014 All articles needing additional references Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles with LibriVox links All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia فارسی हिन्दी മലയാളം Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 14 : 35 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | when was the story of my life first published | [
"The Story of My Life, first published in 1903, is Helen Keller's autobiography detailing her early life, especially her experiences with Anne Sullivan.[1] Portions of it were adapted by William Gibson for a 1957 Playhouse 90 production, a 1959 Broadway play, a 1962 Hollywood feature film, and Sanjay Leela Bhansali's Black featuring Amitabh Bachchan in the role of Anne Sullivan.[2] The book is dedicated to inventor Alexander Graham Bell. The dedication reads, \"TO ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL; Who has taught the deaf to speak and enabled the listening ear to hear speech from the Atlantic to the Rockies, I DEDICATE This Story of My Life.\"\n"
] | [
"1903"
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-6433936557969168964 | Dog (zodiac) | Dog ( zodiac ) - wikipedia Dog ( zodiac ) Jump to : navigation , search Chinese paper cutting of the Dog The Dog ( 狗 ) is eleventh of the 12 - year cycle of animals which appear in the Chinese zodiac related to the Chinese calendar . The Year of the Dog is associated with the Earthly Branch symbol 戌 . The character 狗 , refers to the actual animal while 戌 , refers to the zodiac animal . Contents ( hide ) 1 Years and the Five Elements 2 Chinese zodiac Dog 3 Basic astrology elements 4 2018 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading Years and the Five Elements ( edit ) People born within these date ranges can be said to have been born in the `` Year of the Dog '' , while also bearing the following elemental sign : Start date End date Heavenly branch 14 February 1934 3 February 1935 Wood Dog 2 February 1946 21 January 1947 Fire Dog 18 February 1958 7 February 1959 Earth Dog 6 February 1970 26 January 1971 Metal Dog 25 January 1982 12 February 1983 Water Dog 10 February 1994 30 January 1995 Wood Dog 29 January 2006 17 February 2007 Fire Dog 16 February 2018 4 February 2019 Earth Dog 2 February 2030 22 January 2031 Metal Dog 22 January 2042 9 February 2043 Water Dog Chinese zodiac Dog ( edit ) Sign Best Match Average No Match Dog Dog , Tiger , Horse Pig , Rabbit , Goat , Snake , Rooster , Ox , Monkey , Rat Dragon Basic astrology elements ( edit ) Earthly Branches of Birth Year : 戌 Xu The Five Elements : Earth Yin Yang : Yang Lunar Month : Ninth Lucky Numbers : 3 , 4 , 9 ; Avoid : 1 , 6 , 7 Lucky Flowers : rose , oncidium , cymbidium , orchid Lucky Colors : green , red , purple ; Avoid : blue , white , golden Season : Autumn 2018 ( edit ) In the sexagenary cycle , 2018 ( February 16 , 2018 -- February 4 , 2019 , and every 60 - year multiple before and after ) , is the Celestial stem / Earthly Branch year indicated by the characters 戊戌 . It is the current year , until February 5 , 2019 . See also ( edit ) Dog Dog in Chinese mythology Animal worship References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` When is Chinese New Year ? '' . pinyin.info . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . Horoscope 2018 : Chinese New Year -- Predictions in the Year of the Dog Further reading ( edit ) Neil Somerville ( 2005 ) . Your Chinese Horoscope 2006 : What the Year of the Dog Holds for You . p. 367 . ISBN 9780007197736 . ( hide ) Chinese zodiac Rat Ox Tiger Rabbit Dragon Snake Horse Goat Monkey Rooster Dog Pig Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dog_(zodiac)&oldid=837109575 '' Categories : Astrological signs Chinese astrology Vietnamese astrology Mythological dogs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Asturianu Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Português Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 19 : 33 . About Wikipedia | when does year of dog start in 2018 | [
"\n\nStart date\nEnd date\nHeavenly branch\n\n\n14 February 1934\n3 February 1935\nWood Dog\n\n\n2 February 1946\n21 January 1947\nFire Dog\n\n\n18 February 1958\n7 February 1959\nEarth Dog\n\n\n6 February 1970\n26 January 1971\nMetal Dog\n\n\n25 January 1982\n12 February 1983\nWater Dog\n\n\n10 February 1994\n30 January 1995\nWood Dog\n\n\n29 January 2006\n17 February 2007\nFire Dog\n\n\n16 February 2018\n4 February 2019\nEarth Dog\n\n\n2 February 2030\n22 January 2031\nMetal Dog\n\n\n22 January 2042\n9 February 2043\nWater Dog\n\n"
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"16 February 2018"
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-4456614433280196572 | Derek Shepherd | Derek Shepherd - Wikipedia Derek Shepherd This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( November 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Derek Shepherd Grey 's Anatomy character Patrick Dempsey as Derek Shepherd in 2012 First appearance `` A Hard Day 's Night '' ( 1.01 ) March 27 , 2005 Last appearance `` How to Save a Life '' ( 11.21 ) May 14 , 2015 Created by Shonda Rhimes Portrayed by Patrick Dempsey Information Full name Derek Christopher Shepherd Nickname ( s ) McDreamy Occupation Attending neurosurgeon Member of the Board Title Chief of Neurosurgery Chief of Surgery M.D. F.A.C.S. Family Mr. Shepherd ( father , deceased ) Carolyn Maloney Shepherd ( mother ) Nancy Shepherd ( sister ) Kathleen `` Kate '' Shepherd ( sister ) Elizabeth `` Lizzie '' Shepherd ( sister ) Amelia Shepherd ( sister ) 9 unnamed nieces 6 unnamed nephews ( one deceased ) Spouse ( s ) Addison Montgomery ( m . 1994 ; div. 2006 ) Meredith Grey ( m . 2009 -- 2015 ) Significant other ( s ) Rose Children Zola Grey Shepherd ( daughter with Meredith ) Derek Bailey Shepherd ( son via Meredith ) Ellis Shepherd ( daughter via Meredith ) Derek Christopher Shepherd , M.D. , also referred to as `` McDreamy '' , is a fictional surgeon from the ABC medical drama Grey 's Anatomy , portrayed by actor Patrick Dempsey . He made his first appearance in the pilot episode , `` A Hard Day 's Night '' , which was broadcast on March 27 , 2005 . Derek was married to Addison Montgomery ( Kate Walsh ) for 12 years , before their divorce in 2006 . Before his death in 2015 , Derek was happily married to his longtime girlfriend and wife Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) . The couple have three children together . Shepherd was formerly the Chief of Surgery at Seattle Grace Mercy West ( now known as Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital ) , but abruptly resigned as chief in season 7 following the shooting . For his portrayal of Shepherd , Dempsey was nominated in 2006 and 2007 Golden Globe for the Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series Drama for the role , and the 2006 SAG Award for the Outstanding Performance by an Actor in a Drama Series . Contents 1 Storyline 2 Development 2.1 Casting and creation 2.2 Characterization 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Storyline ( edit ) Derek arrives at Seattle Grace Hospital as the new Head of Neurosurgery from New York City . He is a Bowdoin College graduate and attended Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons alongside his childhood best friend Mark Sloan and ex-wife Addison Montgomery and Private Practice characters Naomi Bennett and Sam Bennett . Derek was a student of Dr. Richard Webber and was enticed to come with an `` offer he could n't refuse '' -- the position of Chief of Surgery , which he eventually turned down . He specializes in highly complex tumors and conditions of the brain and spine and came to Seattle Grace with a reputation for taking on `` lost causes '' and `` impossible '' cases that most of his peers would turn down . As an attending he is both well - liked and feared -- well - liked by patients and his scrub nurses for his compassion and gentlemanly bedside manner and feared by interns and residents who are intimidated by his reputation and high standards . He is passionate about his job and has been known to expel staff or remove interns and residents ( or at least threaten them ) from his service for being disrespectful about patients or if he deems their attitude to be detrimental to his patient 's well - being . Derek first meets Meredith Grey at a bar , and soon finds out that she is an intern at Seattle Grace . They begin to have feelings for one another and it causes some awkwardness at work , particularly after her supervising resident Dr. Miranda Bailey discovers their relationship . Meredith 's housemates and fellow interns George O'Malley and Izzie Stevens both antagonized her for some time as they felt she was using her relationship with Derek to further her career . He generally tolerated them despite his dislike of sharing his living space with the interns who worked under him . While most of his family members accepted Meredith , his sister , Nancy , particularly disliked her and repeatedly called her `` the slutty intern '' ; as of season nine she still refuses to speak to Meredith or acknowledge her as her sister - in - law . His mother Carolyn approved as she felt Meredith 's gray perspective of life complemented Derek 's tendency to see everything in black and white . Derek 's background was generally a mystery for the first season and source of speculation amongst his colleagues due to his sudden departure from an established and highly respected practice in New York . In the season one finale , his past eventually catches up with him when his estranged wife Addison moves to Seattle and is offered a position by Dr. Webber . Shortly thereafter , his childhood best friend Mark joins Seattle Grace as the new head of plastic surgery . Derek and Addison attempt to repair their marriage but attempts were futile . Since their divorce they have remained on amicable terms , with Addison even admonishing Meredith for breaking up with Derek in season three . In the Private Practice episode `` Ex-Life '' Derek finally tells Addison that his mother never liked her in the first place . He admits to Meredith that Addison cheating on him with Mark was partly his fault as an absentee husband . Addison eventually leaves Seattle for a private practice in Los Angeles , spawning the spin - off Private Practice . In the season eight episode `` If / Then '' , Meredith dreams of an alternate universe where her mother never had Alzheimer 's ; Derek and Addison are still married but their strained relationship and Shepherd 's disillusionment causes his career to stagnate , earning him the nicknames `` Bad Shepherd '' and `` McDreary '' . When Derek is offered the Chief of Surgery position for the second time , he persuades the board to keep Dr. Webber on the staff . During the merger of Seattle Grace with Mercy West their relationship sours when Derek disagreed with Richard 's handling of the merger and Richard begins to display uncharacteristic behavior , not unnoticed by his fellow surgeons . Derek learns from Meredith that Richard has since resumed drinking and feels forced to have him removed as Chief of Surgery . With mixed feelings , Derek offers him an ultimatum : go into rehab and possibly pick up where he left off after , or quit completely . In seasons three and four , Meredith and Derek 's relationship becomes rocky and they each take time to date other people . Derek 's plans to propose were ruined by a series of unfortunate events in season five . In the season finale , they decide to give their planned wedding to Alex and Izzie . Due to their tight schedule , they instead informally marry and Derek writes down their `` promises '' on a post-it note . They legalize their marriage in season seven in order to adopt Zola , a young African orphan treated for spina bifida . They briefly separate after Meredith tampers with their Alzheimer 's trial , jeopardizing her career and tarnishing Derek 's reputation . Zola is taken away from Meredith after a social worker finds out she and Derek are living separately . In later seasons , Derek often griped about how his subsequent interns and residents -- mainly Lexie Grey , Shane Ross and Heather Brooks -- did not quite measure up to Meredith . The social worker comes back and announces they are the official parents of Zola . As Meredith nears the end of her fifth year of residency , she and Derek are torn between staying at Seattle Grace Mercy West or leaving for Boston where Derek would work at Harvard while Meredith would be at the Brigham and Women 's Hospital . Following his rescue from the plane crash that killed Mark and Lexie , Derek learns that he may only regain 80 percent of his hand 's function . He comes to terms with the fact that his career as a surgeon may be over and is grateful that he is alive . When Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) , head of orthopedic surgery , tells him a more risky surgery could give him back full function of his hand or reduce its function if it goes wrong , he agrees , accepting the possibility of never again holding a scalpel . Derek recovers well and Callie clears him to return to work , but it is still weeks later that he feels ready to operate . Derek , Callie and fellow resident Jackson Avery decide to do nerve transplant for his hand . Meredith , newly pregnant with their second child , goes behind his back and calls his sisters so they can donate a nerve to him . Lizzie ( Neve Campbell ) , Derek 's younger sister , agrees to donate a nerve and the surgery is a success . Derek and Meredith 's marriage is strained after he accepted an invitation from the President to participate in the Brain - Mapping Initiative . He went back on his promise to her that he would not add to his current workload in order to devote time to their two young children and allow her the chance to establish her career as a full - fledged attending . Eventually he was offered a position at the National Institutes of Health in Washington , D.C. , but Meredith puts her foot down and refuses to leave her hometown and uproot their young family . His youngest sister Amelia ( Caterina Scorsone ) takes over his position at Grey Sloan . Meanwhile , he and Meredith fight bitterly on and off over whether they should move . After a bad argument , he accepts the job in the heat of the moment and leaves for Washington . While there , he and Meredith talk things out over the phone and come to a mutual conclusion that they both did not want to end their marriage . He tells her that just being with her , raising their children and operating on patients was more satisfying than `` saving the world '' . In season 11 , Derek is involved in a fatal car accident while driving to the airport for his final trip to Washington . He is able to hear and process auditory input , but unable to speak . He is recognized by Winnie , one of the victims of a crash he assisted in earlier , who tells the surgeons that their patient 's name is Derek and that he is a surgeon as well . The hospital he was taken to was understaffed and his head injury was not detected quickly enough by the interns on duty that night . Although the neurosurgeon on call is paged multiple times , he takes too long to arrive and Derek is declared brain dead . Police arrive at Meredith 's door and take her to see Derek , where she consents to removing him from life support . At the time of his death , Meredith was pregnant with their third child . She gives birth to a daughter whom she names Ellis after her mother . Derek was mentioned or referenced to a number of times in season 12 as the other characters struggle to cope with his sudden death . In the episode `` My Next Life '' , Meredith had a flashback of their first ever surgery together when a patient named Katie Bryce was admitted to the hospital with a brain aneurysm . Amelia took his death especially hard as he was the sibling she was closest to . At the end of the season , prior to her wedding to Derek 's long - time colleague Owen Hunt , Amelia goes on a nervous rant about how Derek was supposed to be the one to give her away , him having given away their three other sisters at their weddings . Development ( edit ) Casting and creation ( edit ) When Patrick Dempsey auditioned for the role of Derek Shepherd , he was afraid that he was not going to get the part . Creator Shonda Rhimes ' first reaction was : `` The very first time I met him , I was absolutely sure that he was my guy . Reading the lines of Derek Shepherd , Patrick had a vulnerable charm that I just fell for . And he had amazing chemistry with Ellen Pompeo . '' Rhimes admitted that Dempsey 's dyslexia threw her at first , particularly at the first few table readings : `` I did not know about Patrick 's dyslexia in the beginning . I actually thought that he did n't like the scripts from the way he approached the readings . When I found out , I completely understood his hesitation . Now that we all know , if he is struggling with a word , the other actors are quick to step up and help him out . Everyone is very respectful . '' Isaiah Washington also auditioned for the part and when he did not get it , he said his reaction was like `` I 'd been kicked in the stomach by 14 mules . '' Washington was , however , later cast as Preston Burke . Rob Lowe was also considered to portray Shepherd but turned the role down . Some of the character 's medical cases were inspired by real - life patients of Steve Giannotta , Chair of Neurological Surgery at the University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine , whom Rhimes had consulted in writing for Shepherd 's storylines and patients . In January 2014 , Dempsey signed a two - year contract to remain on Grey 's Anatomy ( then in its tenth season ) that would ensure his presence for potential 11th and 12th seasons . However , in April 2015 , Dempsey 's character was killed off while his contract was not over yet . Dempsey explained : `` it just sort of evolved . It 's just kind of happened . It really was something that was kind of surprising that unfolded , and it just naturally came to be . Which was pretty good . I like the way it has all played out . '' In August 2015 , Rhimes commented : `` The decision to have the character die the way that he did was not a difficult one in the sense of what were the options ? Either Derek was going to walk out on Meredith , and leave her high and dry , and what was that going to mean ? That was going to suggest that the love was not true , the thing we had said for 11 years was a lie and McDreamy was n't McDreamy . For me , that was untenable . Meredith and Derek 's love had to remain Meredith and Derek 's love . As painful as it was for me as a storyteller , because I had never really thought that was going to happen , it preserved what felt true to me , was that Derek was going to have to die in order for that love to remain honest . Because I really could n't have the idea that he just turned out to be a bad guy who walked out on his wife and kids be a true story . To me , it felt like that was the only way to make Meredith and Derek 's magic remain true and forever frozen in time . '' The character was later written to be a graduate of Bowdoin College , a liberal arts college in Brunswick , Maine , after an alumnus led a petition signed by over 450 students to `` adopt '' the character as an alumnus . Dempsey is from Lewiston , about 18 miles ( 29 km ) away from Brunswick , and was awarded an honorary doctorate by Bowdoin in 2013 . Characterization ( edit ) Rhimes describes Shepherd as typical `` Prince Charming '' . He was planned to be a doctor who does n't really care about anything , who lives in his `` own '' universe and has a big sex appeal . A man who is charming , devilishly handsome and the type of guy every girl dreams of , and a man that often makes the wrong decisions , and is often known as a jerk or the ultimate heartbreaker . Rhimes planned to have this kind of character from the beginning , because he was the kind of guy whom girls fall in love with and a character whose storylines could easily be changed . USA Today writer Robert Bianco said : `` Derek could , at times , seem like two people , warm and funny one minute , cold and self - involved the next . Dempsey 's gift was in making those two sides seem like part of the same person , while keeping us rooting for that person as a whole . '' Reception ( edit ) Dempsey 's relation with Ellen Pompeo ( Meredith Grey ) has been the highlight of the series since its inception . With the show concluding its second season , Robert Bianco of USA Today said that Emmy voters could consider him because of the `` seemingly effortless way he humanizes Derek 's ' dreamy ' appeal with ego and vanity '' . In the third season , Alan Sepinwall of The Star - Ledger wrote that `` the attempt to give the moral high ground back to McDreamy was bad . Dude , whatever happened in New York ceased to count in any kind of grievance tally once you agreed to take Addison back and give things another try . You 're the dick who cheated on her , you 're the one who knew that she found the panties , and still you act like her getting back together with Mark justifies what you did ? Wow . I did n't think it was possible for me to dislike anyone on this show more than Meredith , but congratulations , big guy . '' Debbie Chang of BuddyTV noted the character 's immaturity in the fourth season , saying : `` The only character who did not make me love him was Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) . How this character is still Shonda 's golden child is beyond me . Yes , we get it . He 's tormented by his love for Meredith , but that does not give him the right to lash out at her when his clinical trial patients are dying . If things do n't go absolutely the way he wants them to , then he refuses to cooperate . How immature can this man possibly be ? No amount of heavily styled hair or blue - blue - blue eyes is going to make me warm up to him unless he admits to being the needy , desperate one in the relationship . '' Entertainment Weekly placed Shepherd in its list of the `` 30 Great TV Doctors and Nurses '' . The character was also listed in Wetpaint 's `` 10 Hottest Male Doctors on TV '' and in BuzzFeed 's `` 16 Hottest Doctors On Television '' . His relationship with Meredith was included in TV Guide 's list of `` The Best TV Couples of All Time '' . Victor Balta of Today listed Shepherd and Sloan 's friendship in its `` TV 's best bromances '' . He called them `` the most exciting couple on Grey 's , '' explaining `` they 've demonstrated an easy chemistry that makes for some of the great comic relief around Seattle Grace Hospital with their banter , sage wisdom on each other 's lives , and locker room - style teasing . '' Their bromance was furthermore included in lists by About.com , BuddyTV , Cosmopolitan , Wetpaint . However , following the announcement of Dane 's upcoming departure from the show , Mark Perigard of the Boston Herald felt he and Derek `` never clicked like you 'd expect friends would . Any scene they had together ranged from uncomfortable to forced . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Addison Shepherd Quotes -- Season 4 , Episode 13 : `` Piece of My Heart '' `` . TV Fanatic . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' McDreamy ' in Maine for Dempsey Challenge , Tips Cap to Bowdoin '' . Bowdoin College . October 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Enough is Enough '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 1 . Episode 2 . April 12 , 2012 . ABC . ^ Jump up to : `` Poker Face '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . Episode 6 . October 20 , 2011 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` Stand By Me '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 18 . March 19 , 2009 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` Give Peace a Chance '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 6 . Episode 7 . October 29 , 2009 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` Support System '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . Episode 19 . April 12 , 2012 . ABC . ^ Jump up to : `` Go It Alone '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 10 . Episode 20 . April 17 , 2014 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` Brave New World '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 4 . October 16 , 2008 . ABC . ^ Jump up to : `` What Is It About Men '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . Episode 4 . October 6 , 2011 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` The Heart of the Matter '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 4 . Episode 4 . October 18 , 2007 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` Let the Angels Commit '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 3 . Episode 6 . November 2 , 2006 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` Love Turns You Upside Down '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 9 . Episode 8 . December 6 , 2012 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` Sympathy for the Devil '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 12 . January 15 , 2009 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` Yesterday '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 18 . February 19 , 2006 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` White Wedding '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 20 . May 5 , 2011 . ABC . Jump up ^ Rhodes , Joe ( July 15 , 2005 ) . `` Today 's News : Our Take -- Vet Earns M.D. on Grey 's Anatomy '' . TV Guide . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Keck , William ( November 17 , 2006 ) . `` Lowe knows political roles '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved September 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the Real - Life McDreamy : The Doctor Behind ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy 's ' Patrick Dempsey , Ellen Pompeo Ink New Two - Year Deals '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Patrick Dempsey Officially Leaving After 11 Seasons '' . Variety . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( April 24 , 2015 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy star Patrick Dempsey on tonight 's shocking twist -- exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bucksbaum , Sydney ( August 5 , 2015 ) . `` Shonda Rhimes Finally Explains Why Derek Had to Die on Grey 's Anatomy '' . E ! Online . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alumnus puts Bowdoin in the Spotlight '' . The Bowdoin Orient. April 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bianco , Robert ( April 24 , 2015 ) . `` Review : ' Grey 's Anatomy 's ' accidental death '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bianco , Robert ( May 14 , 2006 ) . `` The cure for bromidic TV : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' House ' '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( September 28 , 2006 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : You 're kidding , right ? '' . What 's Alan Watching ? . Blogspot . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chang , Debbie ( May 27 , 2008 ) . `` How ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Got its Groove Back '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Amy ( June 15 , 2009 ) . `` Paging Dr. Feelgood : 30 Great TV Doctors and Nurses '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Martin , Rebecca ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` The 10 Hottest Male Doctors on TV '' . Wetpaint . The Cambio Network . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 16 Hottest Doctors On Television '' . BuzzFeed . September 28 , 2012 . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Couples Pictures , Grey 's Anatomy Photos -- Photo Gallery : The Best TV Couples of All Time '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Balta , Victor . `` How adorable ! TV 's best bromances '' . Today.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Rachel . `` TV 's Best Bromances '' . About.com . The New York Times Company . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best TV Bromances # 15 McDreamy and McSteamy '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hottest TV bromances '' . Cosmopolitan . July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Kim ( January 28 , 2013 ) . `` Top 14 TV Bromances -- I Love You , Man ! ( PHOTOS ) '' . Wetpaint . The Cambio Network . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Perigard , Mark ( July 27 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' drops another doc '' . Boston Herald . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy portal Fictional characters portal Grey 's Anatomy at ABC.com Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Preston Burke Derek Shepherd Addison Montgomery Callie Torres Mark Sloan Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Nathan Riggs Spin - offs Private Practice Station 19 Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Derek_Shepherd&oldid=854153697 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy characters Fictional surgeons Fictional characters from New York ( state ) Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Fictional American people of Irish descent Fictional neurosurgeons Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from November 2010 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Italiano Македонски Nederlands Polski Português Српски / srpski Suomi 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 09 : 30 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what season does meredith and derek get married in grey's anatomy | [
"In seasons three and four, Meredith and Derek's relationship becomes rocky and they each take time to date other people. Derek's plans to propose were ruined by a series of unfortunate events in season five. In the season finale, they decide to give their planned wedding to Alex and Izzie. Due to their tight schedule, they instead informally marry and Derek writes down their \"promises\" on a post-it note. They legalize their marriage in season seven in order to adopt Zola, a young African orphan treated for spina bifida.[16] They briefly separate after Meredith tampers with their Alzheimer's trial, jeopardizing her career and tarnishing Derek's reputation. Zola is taken away from Meredith after a social worker finds out she and Derek are living separately. In later seasons, Derek often griped about how his subsequent interns and residents – mainly Lexie Grey, Shane Ross and Heather Brooks – did not quite measure up to Meredith.[4][10] The social worker comes back and announces they are the official parents of Zola. As Meredith nears the end of her fifth year of residency, she and Derek are torn between staying at Seattle Grace Mercy West or leaving for Boston where Derek would work at Harvard while Meredith would be at the Brigham and Women's Hospital.\n"
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"season seven"
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836387829153789083 | List of iPod models | List of iPod models - wikipedia List of iPod models Jump to : navigation , search The Apple iPod line has been upgraded many times , and each significant revision is called a `` generation '' . Only the most recent generation and refurbished units of previous generations of the iPod line are available from Apple for each model ( classic , nano , shuffle , touch ) . Each new generation usually has more features and refinements while typically being physically smaller and lighter than its predecessor , while usually ( but not always ) retaining the older model 's price tag . Notable changes include the touch - sensitive click wheel replacing the mechanical scroll wheel , use of color displays , and flash memory replacing hard disks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Models 2 Timeline of iPod models and related products 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Models ( edit ) Model Generation Image Capacity Connection Original release date Minimum OS to sync Rated battery life ( hours ) Classic 1st 5 , 10 GB FireWire October 23 , 2001 Mac : 9 , 10.1 audio : 10 First model , with mechanical scroll wheel . 10 GB model released later . 2nd 10 , 20 GB FireWire July 17 , 2002 Mac : 10.1 Win : 2000 audio : 10 Touch - sensitive wheel . FireWire port had a cover . Hold switch revised . Windows compatibility through Musicmatch . 3rd 10 , 15 , 20 , 30 , 40 GB FireWire ( USB for syncing only ) April 28 , 2003 Mac : 10.1 Win : 2000 audio : 8 First complete redesign with all - touch interface , dock connector , and slimmer case . Musicmatch support dropped with later release of iTunes 4.1 for Windows . 4th ( Photo ) ( Color ) 20 , 40 GB FireWire or USB July 19 , 2004 Mac : 10.2 Win : 2000 audio : 12 Adopted Click Wheel from iPod Mini , hold switch redesigned . photo : 30 , 40 , 60 GB FireWire or USB October 26 , 2004 Mac : 10.2 Win : 2000 audio : 15 slideshow : 5 color : 20 , 60 GB June 28 , 2005 Premium spin - off of 4th generation iPod With Color Screen , plus picture viewing . Later reintegrated into main iPod line . 5th 30 , 60 , 80 GB USB ( FireWire for charging only ) October 12 , 2005 Mac : 10.3 Win : 2000 30 GB audio : 14 video : 2 ( later 3.5 ) 60 / 80 GB audio : 20 video : 3 / 6.5 Second full redesign with a slimmer case , and larger screen with video playback . Offered in black or white . Hardware and firmware updated with 60 GB model replaced with 80 GB model on September 12 , 2006 . 6th 80 , 120 , 160 GB USB ( FireWire for charging only ) September 5 , 2007 Mac : 10.4 Win : XP 80 GB audio : 30 video : 5 120 GB audio : 36 video : 6 160 GB 2007 model audio : 40 video : 7 2009 model audio : 36 video : 6 Introduced the `` Classic '' suffix . New interface and anodized aluminum front plate . Silver replaces white . In September 2008 the hardware and firmware was updated with a 120 GB model replacing the 80 GB model and the 160 GB model was discontinued . In September 2009 , the 120 GB model was replaced with a 160 GB model . Discontinued on September 9 , 2014 . Mini 1st 4 GB USB or FireWire January 6 , 2004 Mac : 10.1 Win : 2000 audio : 8 New smaller model , available in 5 colors . Introduced the `` Click Wheel '' . 2nd 4 , 6 GB USB or FireWire February 22 , 2005 Mac : 10.2 Win : 2000 audio : 18 Brighter color variants with longer battery life . Click Wheel lettering matched body color . Gold color discontinued . Later replaced by iPod Nano . Nano 1st 1 , 2 , 4 GB USB ( FireWire for charging only ) September 7 , 2005 Mac : 10.3 Win : 2000 audio : 14 slideshow : 4 Replaced Mini . Available in black or white and used flash memory . Color screen for picture viewing . 1 GB version released later . 2nd 2 , 4 , 8 GB USB ( FireWire for charging only ) September 12 , 2006 Mac : 10.3 Win : 2000 audio : 24 slideshow : 5 Anodized aluminum casing and 6 colors available . 3rd 4 , 8 GB USB ( FireWire for charging only ) September 5 , 2007 Mac : 10.4 Win : XP audio : 24 video : 5 2 '' QVGA screen , colors refreshed with chrome back , new interface , video capability , smaller Click Wheel . 4th 4 , 8 , 16 GB USB September 9 , 2008 Mac : 10.4 Win : XP audio : 24 video : 4 Revert to tall form and all - aluminum enclosure with nine color choices , added accelerometer for shake and horizontal viewing . 4 GB model limited release in select markets . 5th 8 , 16 GB USB September 9 , 2009 Mac : 10.4 Win : XP audio : 24 video : 5 First iPod to include a video camera ; also included a larger screen , FM radio , speaker , pedometer , and a polished exterior case while retaining the similar colors as the 4th generation model . 6th 8 , 16 GB USB September 1 , 2010 Mac : 10.5 Win : XP audio : 24 First iPod Nano to include multi-touch screen ; clip from iPod Shuffle added . Video playback , speakers and camera removed . 7th 16 GB USB September 12 , 2012 Mac : 10.6 Win : XP audio : 30 video : 3.5 Revert to tall form factor with larger 2.5 '' multi-touch screen . Clip removed . Video playback restored and Bluetooth added . Discontinued July 27 , 2017 Shuffle 1st 512 MB , 1 GB USB ( no adaptor required ) January 11 , 2005 Mac : 10.2 Win : 2000 audio : 12 New entry - level model . Uses flash memory and has no screen . 2nd 1 , 2 GB USB September 12 , 2006 Mac : 10.3 Win : 2000 audio : 12 Smaller clip design with anodized aluminum casing. 4 color options added later . Colors were later refreshed twice . 3rd 2 , 4 GB USB March 11 , 2009 Mac : 10.4 Win : XP audio : 10 Smaller design with controls relocated to right earbud cable . Introduced with two colors , and features VoiceOver . More colors and 2 GB model added in September 2009 . 4th 2 GB USB September 1 , 2010 Mac : 10.5 Win : XP audio : 15 Controls returned to the body of the iPod . Introduced with five colors , and features VoiceOver . Discontinued July 27 , 2017 Touch 1st 8 , 16 , 32 GB USB ( FireWire for charging only ) September 5 , 2007 Mac : 10.4 Win : XP audio : 22 video : 5 First iPod with Wi - Fi and a Multi-touch interface . Features Safari browser and wireless access to the iTunes Store and YouTube . 32 GB model later added . iOS 2.0 and App Store access requires an upgrade fee . 2nd 8 , 16 , 32 GB USB September 9 , 2008 Mac : 10.4 Win : XP audio : 36 video : 6 New tapered chrome back with Nike+ functionality , volume buttons , and built - in speaker added . iOS 2.0 and App Store access standard . Bluetooth support added but not made active until iOS 3.0 , which requires an upgrade fee . 3rd 32 , 64 GB USB September 9 , 2009 Mac : 10.4 Win : XP audio : 30 video : 6 Updated to include the upgraded internals from the iPhone 3GS ; includes Voice Control support and bundled remote earphones . 4th 8 , 16 , 32 , 64 GB USB September 1 , 2010 Mac : 10.5 Win : XP audio : 40 video : 7 New thinner design including two cameras for FaceTime and HD video recording , hold button moved to top right corner , Retina Display similar to iPhone 4 , Apple A4 chip . White - colored version added on October 4 , 2011 . 5th 16 , 32 , 64 GB USB September 12 , 2012 Mac : 10.6 Win : XP audio : 40 video : 8 New aluminum design with colored case options . Features improved cameras along with A5 processor , Siri , and longer 4 '' Retina Display . First 16 GB models released have no color choices and have no iSight camera , In early 2014 16 GB models were released that have iSight cameras and color choices . 6th 16 , 32 , 64 , 128 GB USB July 15 , 2015 Mac : 10.7 Win : 7 audio : 40 video : 8 Updated with a new lineup of six colors , a new 128 GB model , and improved internals . The improved internals feature new cameras and the A8 processor with M8 motion coprocessor , 1GB of RAM ( 2X more than the previous generation ) , and AC Wi - Fi . Sources : Apple Inc. , Mactracker Product Red 2nd generation iPod Nano . The software bundled with the first generation iPod was Macintosh - only , so Windows users had to use third - party updates like ephPod or XPlay to manage their music . When Apple introduced the second generation of iPods in July 2002 , they sold two versions , one that included iTunes for Macintosh users and another that included Musicmatch Jukebox for Windows users . In October 2003 , Apple released the Windows version of iTunes , and started selling iPods that included both Macintosh and Windows versions of iTunes so that they could be used with either platform . Current iPods no longer ship with iTunes , which must be downloaded from Apple 's website . In December 2004 , Apple unveiled its first limited edition iPods , with either Madonna 's , Tony Hawk 's , or Beck 's signature or No Doubt 's band logo engraved on the back for an extra US $50 . On 26 October 2004 , Apple introduced a special edition of its fourth generation monochrome iPod , designed in the color scheme of the album How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb by Irish rock band U2 . It had a black case with a red click wheel and the back had the engraved signatures of U2 's band members . This iPod was updated alongside the iPod Photo and fifth generation iPod . On October 31 , 2012 , Apple released a special edition 4 GB red iPod nano as part of the Product Red campaign . An 8 GB version was released three weeks later and both of them sold for the same price as the standard models . US $10 from each sale is donated to The Global Fund to Fight AIDS , Tuberculosis & Malaria . On September 5 , 2007 , Apple also added a Product Red iPod Shuffle model . They did not disclose how much will be donated to charity from this model . Apple also released Special Edition Harry Potter iPods to accompany the iPod Photo . These were engraved with the Hogwarts Crest on the back and were only available to purchasers of the Harry Potter audiobooks . They were updated when the fifth generation iPods were released , but were only available for a limited time . On July 27 , 2017 , Apple discontinued the iPod Shuffle and iPod Nano. Apple plans to keep the iPod Touch , as it is the most popular iPod device . Timeline of iPod models and related products See also : Timeline of full - sized iPod models and Timeline of compact iPod models Sources : Apple press release library , Mactracker Apple Inc. model database See also ( edit ) List of iOS devices References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Apple discontinues iPod nano and shuffle '' . 9to5Mac. 27 July 2017 . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone and iPod touch : Charging the battery '' . Apple Inc . October 15 , 2009 . Retrieved January 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Introduces The Best iPod touch Yet '' ( Press release ) . Cupertino , California : Apple . July 15 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ Apple Inc. , Identifying iPod models , retrieved October 31 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Mactracker ( mactracker.ca ) , Apple Inc. model database , version as of July 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Apple Unveils New iPods Archived 2011 - 01 - 24 at the Wayback Machine. , Apple Inc. , 2002 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved on 2007 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Apple Launches iTunes for Windows , Apple Inc. , 2003 - 10 - 16 . Retrieved on 2006 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ Dalrymple , Jim . Limited Edition Kelsey , Lucas Samuel , Beck iPods . Macworld , 2002 - 09 - 10 . Retrieved on 2007 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Tips About Your Apple iPod '' ( in Ukrainian ) . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Pierce , David ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` Goodbye iPod , and Thanks for All the Tunes '' . Wired . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Apple Inc. , Apple press release library , Retrieved September 19 , 2007 . External links ( edit ) Official website iPod Models Classic Photo iPod + HP Mini Shuffle Nano Touch 5th 6th Accessories Earbuds iPod Hi - Fi Nike + iPod Software Comparison of iPod managers iOS Store iPod game iTunes Store version history Other Advertising Click wheel Dock Connector Italics indicate discontinued products . iOS and iOS - based products History Outline Hardware Apple TV Apple Watch Series 2 Series 3 iPad 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Air Air 2 2017 iPad Mini 1st iPad Pro iPhone 1st 3G 3GS 4S 5 5C 5S 6 & 6 Plus 6S & 6S Plus SE 7 & 7 Plus 8 & 8 Plus X iPod Touch 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Software AirDrop AirPlay AirPrint CarPlay Cocoa Touch Control Center Core Animation HomeKit iTunes iOS 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 All Notification Center SDK Siri Spotlight SpringBoard VoiceOver WebKit Bundled apps Calendar Clock Contacts FaceTime Files Find My Friends Find My iPhone Health Home iBooks Mail Maps Messages Music News Notes Photo Booth Photos Reminders Safari TV Videos Wallet Weather Watch Discontinued Newsstand Apple apps AirPort Utility Clips iLife GarageBand iMovie iWork Keynote Numbers Pages Logic Remote Remote Discontinued Beats Music Cards iPhoto Nike + iPod Services Apple Pay App Store Game Center iBookstore iCloud iMessage iTunes Connect iTunes Store Multitasking Push Notifications TestFlight Discontinued iAd iTunes Radio MobileMe Other 300 - page bill Apple mobile application processors FairPlay Free and open - source iOS applications Games History of iPhone iFund Jailbreaking Metal Swift WWDC Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_iPod_models&oldid=817829841 '' Categories : IPod Apple Inc. lists Electronics lists Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Ukrainian - language sources ( uk ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 December 2017 , at 20 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did 4th generation ipod touch come out | [
"\n\nModel\nGeneration\nImage\nCapacity\nConnection\nOriginal release date\nMinimum OS to sync\nRated battery life (hours)\n\n\nClassic\n1st\n\n5, 10 GB\nFireWire\nOctober 23, 2001\nMac: 9, 10.1\naudio: 10\n\n\nFirst model, with mechanical scroll wheel. 10 GB model released later.\n\n\n2nd\n\n10, 20 GB\nFireWire\nJuly 17, 2002\nMac: 10.1\nWin: 2000\naudio: 10\n\n\nTouch-sensitive wheel. FireWire port had a cover. Hold switch revised. Windows compatibility through Musicmatch.\n\n\n3rd\n\n10, 15, 20, 30, 40 GB\nFireWire (USB for syncing only)\nApril 28, 2003\nMac: 10.1\nWin: 2000\naudio: 8\n\n\nFirst complete redesign with all-touch interface, dock connector, and slimmer case. Musicmatch support dropped with later release of iTunes 4.1 for Windows.\n\n\n4th\n(Photo)\n(Color)\n\n20, 40 GB\nFireWire or USB\nJuly 19, 2004\nMac: 10.2\nWin: 2000\naudio: 12\n\n\nAdopted Click Wheel from iPod Mini, hold switch redesigned.\n\n\n\nphoto:\n30, 40, 60 GB\nFireWire or USB\nOctober 26, 2004\nMac: 10.2\nWin: 2000\naudio: 15\nslideshow: 5\n\n\ncolor:\n20, 60 GB\nJune 28, 2005\n\n\nPremium spin-off of 4th generation iPod With Color Screen, plus picture viewing. Later reintegrated into main iPod line.\n\n\n5th\n\n30, 60, 80 GB\nUSB (FireWire for charging only)\nOctober 12, 2005\nMac: 10.3\nWin: 2000\n30 GB\naudio: 14\nvideo: 2\n(later 3.5)\n60/80 GB\naudio: 20\nvideo: 3/6.5\n\n\nSecond full redesign with a slimmer case, and larger screen with video playback. Offered in black or white. Hardware and firmware updated with 60 GB model replaced with 80 GB model on September 12, 2006.\n\n\n6th\n\n80, 120, 160 GB\nUSB (FireWire for charging only)\nSeptember 5, 2007\nMac: 10.4\nWin: XP\n80 GB\naudio: 30\nvideo: 5\n120 GB\naudio: 36\nvideo: 6\n160 GB\n2007 model\naudio: 40\nvideo: 7\n2009 model\naudio: 36\nvideo: 6\n\n\nIntroduced the \"Classic\" suffix. New interface and anodized aluminum front plate. Silver replaces white. In September 2008 the hardware and firmware was updated with a 120 GB model replacing the 80 GB model and the 160 GB model was discontinued. In September 2009, the 120 GB model was replaced with a 160 GB model. Discontinued on September 9, 2014.\n\n\nMini\n1st\n\n4 GB\nUSB or FireWire\nJanuary 6, 2004\nMac: 10.1\nWin: 2000\naudio: 8\n\n\nNew smaller model, available in 5 colors. Introduced the \"Click Wheel\".\n\n\n2nd\n\n4, 6 GB\nUSB or FireWire\nFebruary 22, 2005\nMac: 10.2\nWin: 2000\naudio: 18\n\n\nBrighter color variants with longer battery life. Click Wheel lettering matched body color. Gold color discontinued. Later replaced by iPod Nano.\n\n\nNano\n1st\n\n1, 2, 4 GB\nUSB (FireWire for charging only)\nSeptember 7, 2005\nMac: 10.3\nWin: 2000\naudio: 14\nslideshow: 4\n\n\nReplaced Mini. Available in black or white and used flash memory. Color screen for picture viewing. 1 GB version released later.\n\n\n2nd\n\n2, 4, 8 GB\nUSB (FireWire for charging only)\nSeptember 12, 2006\nMac: 10.3\nWin: 2000\naudio: 24\nslideshow: 5\n\n\nAnodized aluminum casing and 6 colors available.\n\n\n3rd\n\n4, 8 GB\nUSB (FireWire for charging only)\nSeptember 5, 2007\nMac: 10.4\nWin: XP\naudio: 24\nvideo: 5\n\n\n2\" QVGA screen, colors refreshed with chrome back, new interface, video capability, smaller Click Wheel.\n\n\n4th\n\n4, 8, 16 GB\nUSB\nSeptember 9, 2008\nMac: 10.4\nWin: XP\naudio: 24\nvideo: 4\n\n\nRevert to tall form and all-aluminum enclosure with nine color choices, added accelerometer for shake and horizontal viewing. 4 GB model limited release in select markets.\n\n\n5th\n\n8, 16 GB\nUSB\nSeptember 9, 2009\nMac: 10.4\nWin: XP\naudio: 24\nvideo: 5\n\n\nFirst iPod to include a video camera; also included a larger screen, FM radio, speaker, pedometer, and a polished exterior case while retaining the similar colors as the 4th generation model.\n\n\n6th\n\n8, 16 GB\nUSB\nSeptember 1, 2010\nMac: 10.5\nWin: XP\naudio: 24\n\n\nFirst iPod Nano to include multi-touch screen; clip from iPod Shuffle added. Video playback, speakers and camera removed.\n\n\n7th\n\n16 GB\nUSB\nSeptember 12, 2012\nMac: 10.6\nWin: XP\naudio: 30\nvideo: 3.5\n\n\nRevert to tall form factor with larger 2.5\" multi-touch screen. Clip removed. Video playback restored and Bluetooth added. Discontinued July 27, 2017[1]\n\n\nShuffle\n1st\n\n512 MB, 1 GB\nUSB\n(no adaptor required)\nJanuary 11, 2005\nMac: 10.2\nWin: 2000\naudio: 12\n\n\nNew entry-level model. Uses flash memory and has no screen.\n\n\n2nd\n\n1, 2 GB\nUSB\nSeptember 12, 2006\nMac: 10.3\nWin: 2000\naudio: 12\n\n\nSmaller clip design with anodized aluminum casing. 4 color options added later. Colors were later refreshed twice.\n\n\n3rd\n\n2, 4 GB\nUSB\nMarch 11, 2009\nMac: 10.4\nWin: XP\naudio: 10\n\n\nSmaller design with controls relocated to right earbud cable. Introduced with two colors, and features VoiceOver. More colors and 2 GB model added in September 2009.\n\n\n4th\n\n2 GB\nUSB\nSeptember 1, 2010\nMac: 10.5\nWin: XP\naudio: 15\n\n\nControls returned to the body of the iPod. Introduced with five colors, and features VoiceOver. Discontinued July 27, 2017[1]\n\n\nTouch\n1st\n\n8, 16, 32 GB\nUSB (FireWire for charging only)[2]\nSeptember 5, 2007\nMac: 10.4\nWin: XP\naudio: 22\nvideo: 5\n\n\nFirst iPod with Wi-Fi and a Multi-touch interface. Features Safari browser and wireless access to the iTunes Store and YouTube. 32 GB model later added. iOS 2.0 and App Store access requires an upgrade fee.\n\n\n2nd\n\n8, 16, 32 GB\nUSB\nSeptember 9, 2008\nMac: 10.4\nWin: XP\naudio: 36\nvideo: 6\n\n\nNew tapered chrome back with Nike+ functionality, volume buttons, and built-in speaker added. iOS 2.0 and App Store access standard. Bluetooth support added but not made active until iOS 3.0, which requires an upgrade fee.\n\n\n3rd\n32, 64 GB\nUSB\nSeptember 9, 2009\nMac: 10.4\nWin: XP\naudio: 30\nvideo: 6\n\n\nUpdated to include the upgraded internals from the iPhone 3GS; includes Voice Control support and bundled remote earphones.\n\n\n4th\n\n8, 16, 32, 64 GB\nUSB\nSeptember 1, 2010\nMac: 10.5\nWin: XP\naudio: 40\nvideo: 7\n\n\nNew thinner design including two cameras for FaceTime and HD video recording, hold button moved to top right corner, Retina Display similar to iPhone 4, Apple A4 chip. White-colored version added on October 4, 2011.\n\n\n5th\n\n16, 32, 64 GB\nUSB\nSeptember 12, 2012\nMac: 10.6\nWin: XP\naudio: 40\nvideo: 8\n\n\nNew aluminum design with colored case options. Features improved cameras along with A5 processor, Siri, and longer 4\" Retina Display. First 16 GB models released have no color choices and have no iSight camera, In early 2014 16 GB models were released that have iSight cameras and color choices.\n\n\n6th\n\n16, 32, 64, 128 GB\nUSB\nJuly 15, 2015\nMac: 10.7\nWin: 7\naudio: 40\nvideo: 8\n\n\nUpdated with a new lineup of six colors, a new 128 GB model, and improved internals. The improved internals feature new cameras and the A8 processor with M8 motion coprocessor, 1GB of RAM (2X more than the previous generation), and AC Wi-Fi.[3]\n\n\n\nSources: Apple Inc.[4], Mactracker[5]\n\n\n"
] | [
"September 1, 2010"
] |
-9166903868759818761 | M. Karunanidhi | M Karunanidhi - wikipedia M Karunanidhi `` Kalaignar '' redirects here . For the television channel , see Kalaignar TV . In this Indian name , the name Muthuvel is a patronymic , not a family name , and the person should be referred to by the given name , Karunanidhi . Tamizhina Thalaivar / Kalaignar M. Karunanidhi First President of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam In office 27 July 1969 -- 7 August 2018 Secretary General V.R. Nedunchezhiyan K. Anbazhagan Succeeded by M.K. Stalin 3rd Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu In office 13 May 2006 -- 15 May 2011 Deputy M.K. Stalin ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Preceded by J. Jayalalithaa Succeeded by J. Jayalalithaa Constituency Chepauk In office 13 May 1996 -- 13 May 2001 Preceded by J. Jayalalithaa Succeeded by O. Panneerselvam Constituency Chepauk In office 27 January 1989 -- 30 January 1991 Preceded by Janaki Ramachandran Succeeded by J. Jayalalithaa Constituency Harbour In office 15 March 1971 -- 31 January 1976 Preceded by President 's rule Succeeded by President 's rule Constituency Saidapet In office 10 February 1969 -- 4 January 1971 Preceded by V.R. Nedunchezhiyan ( acting ) Succeeded by President 's rule Constituency Saidapet Member of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly for Thiruvarur In office 15 May 2011 -- 7 August 2018 Preceded by U. Mathivanan Personal details ( 1924 - 06 - 03 ) 3 June 1924 Thirukuvalai , Madras Presidency , British India ( now in Nagapattinam District , Tamil Nadu , India ) 7 August 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 07 ) ( aged 94 ) Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India Political party Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Other political affiliations Justice Party , Dravidar Kazhagam ( before 1949 ) Spouse ( s ) Padmavathi Ammal Dayalu Ammal Rajathi Ammal Relations See Karunanidhi family Children 6 , including Muthu , Azhagiri , Stalin and Kanimozhi Residence Gopalapuram , Chennai Signature Muthuvel Karunanidhi ( 3 June 1924 -- 7 August 2018 ) was an Indian writer and politician who served as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu for almost two decades over five terms between 1969 and 2011 . He was a long - standing leader of the Dravidian movement and ten - time president of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam political party . Before entering politics he worked in the Tamil film industry as a screenwriter . He has also made contributions to Tamil literature , having written stories , plays , novels , and a multiple - volume memoir . He was popularly referred to as Kalaignar , meaning artist in Tamil . Karunanidhi died on 7 August 2018 at Kauvery Hospital in Chennai after prolonged , age - related illness . Contents 1 Early life and family 2 Screenwriting 2.1 Parasakthi 2.2 Writing and narration style 2.3 Filmography 3 Literature 3.1 Books 3.2 Stage plays 4 Politics 4.1 Entry into politics 4.2 Rise to power 4.2. 1 Chief Minister 4.2. 2 70 's and Emergency 4.2. 3 80 's & 90 's 4.2. 4 2000 's 4.3 World Tamil Conference 5 Illness , death and reactions 6 Awards and titles 7 Controversies 7.1 Ram Setu remarks 7.2 Connections with LTTE 7.3 Allegations of nepotism 8 Elections contested and positions held 8.1 Posts in legislature 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Early Life and family ( edit ) Karunanidhi was born of 3 June 1924 , in the village of Thirukkuvalai in Nagapattinam district , Madras Presidency , to Ayyathurai Muthuvelu and Anjugam . He had two elder sisters , Periyanayagam and Shanmugasundarathammal . At birth he was named Dakshinamurthy after a form of Shiva as a teacher , but he later changed it to Karunanidhi influenced by Dravidian and rationalist movements that were against use of Brahmanical and gods ' names . In his own writings Karunanidhi said that his family were of Isai Velalar caste , a small Tamil community that traditionally played musical instruments at ceremonial occasions ; however his political rival M.G. Ramachandran and some observers contested that and said that he was of Telugu ancestry . As recalled in the first volume of his biography Nenjukku Needhi , during his childhood Karunanidhi was more interested in music , writing and activism than schoolwork . He also recollects experiencing and revolting against caste - based discrimination during this period . His initial schooling was in Thirukkuvalai and then in 1936 he shifted to a high school in Tiruvarur . As a teenager he was captivated by the political writings of Tamil leaders including Panagal Arasar , Periyar and Pattukottai Azhagirisamy ( after whom Karunanidhi later named one of his sons ) . Karunanidhi joined the anti-Hindi protests sparked by the provincial government 's legislation making Hindi - education mandatory in schools , and in 1938 organised a group of boys to hold demonstrations traveling around Tiruvarur on a cycle rickshaw . The law was rescinded in 1939 . The taste for activism however stuck and in the ensuing years , after a brief flirtation with Communism , Karunanidhi started following the work and speeches of leaders of Justice Party , Self - Respect Movement and Dravidar Kazhagam . He ignored schooling and dropped - out after failing three - times in the final year . Karunanidhi started his first magazine , at age 15 , called Manava Nesan ( Friends of Students ) , which was hand - written and distributed . It was soon followed by the establishment of Murasoli ( Drum Roll ) . He expanded into writing plays propagating Dravidian ideology , and at age 20 starting writing and performing in plays for the Dravid Nadigar Kazhagam ( Dravidian Actor 's Group ) professionally . Karunanidhi married three times . His first marriage was to Padmavathi in September 1944 , and they had a son M.K. Muthu , who was briefly active in Tamil films and politics . Padmavathi died in 1948 soon after childbirth . In September of that year , Karunanidhi 's marriage was arranged with Dayalu Ammal , with whom he had three sons , M.K. Alagiri , M.K. Stalin and M.K. Tamilarasu , and a daughter , M.K. Selvi . Alagiri and Stalin are active in state politics and competed to be their father 's political successors , before Stalin prevailed . Tamilarasu is a businessman and film - producer and campaigner for his father and his party ; Selvi campaigned for Karunanidhi elections too . With his third wife , Rajathi Ammal , Karunanidhi had a daughter , Kanimozhi , who is seen as his literary heir . Screenwriting ( edit ) Karunanidhi awarding Kalaimamani See also : Parasakthi ( 1952 film ) and Tamil cinema and Dravidian politics Karunanidhi began his career as a screenwriter in the Tamil film industry . His first movie as screen writer was Rajakumari produced by Coimbatore based Jupiter Pictures directed by A.S.A. Sami starring M.G. Ramachandran . During this period he and M.G. Ramachandran , then an upcoming actor and later day founder of AIADMK party started a long friendship eventually turning into rivals in later years politics . His stint with Jupiters Pictures then housed at Central Studios continued for another MGR starrer Abhimanyu ( 1948 film ) , Marudhanaattu Ilavarasi ( 1950 ) starring M.G. Ramachandran and V.N. Janaki . Around late 1949 , T.R. Sundaram of Modern Theatres Studio in Salem engaged Karunanidhi as scriptwriter for the film Manthiri Kumari starring M.G. Ramachandran which would become be a blockbuster hit . Later T.R. Sundaram had Karunanidhi on permanent rolls at Modern Studio . Parasakthi ( edit ) His most notable movie was Parasakthi , a turning point in Tamil cinema , as it espoused the ideologies of the Dravidian movement and also introduced two prominent actors of Tamil filmdom , Sivaji Ganesan and S.S. Rajendran . The movie was initially marred with controversies and faced censorship troubles , but was eventually released in 1952 . becoming a huge box office hit . The movie was opposed by orthodox Hindus since it contained elements that criticised Brahmanism . Two other movies written by Karunanidhi that contained such messages were Panam ( 1952 ) directed by famous comedian and political activist N.S. Krishnan and Thangarathnam ( 1960 ) produced and acted by S.S. Rajendran another popular actor and DMK activist ... These movies contained themes such as widow remarriage , abolition of untouchability , self - respect marriages , abolition of zamindari and abolition of religious hypocrisy . Another memorable hit movie was Manohara ( 1954 ) starring Sivaji Ganesan , S.S. Rajendran and P. Kannamba known for its crisp dialogues . Writing and narration style ( edit ) Through his wit and oratorical skills he rapidly rose as a popular politician . As his movies and plays with strong social messages became popular , they suffered from increased censorship ; two of his plays in the 1950s were banned . He was famous for writing historical and social ( reformist ) stories which propagated the socialist and rationalist ideals of the Dravidian movement to which he belonged . Alongside C.N. Annadurai he began using Tamil cinema to propagate his political ideals through his movies . Filmography ( edit ) At the age of 20 , Karunanidhi went to work for Jupiter Pictures as a scriptwriter . His first film , Rajakumaari , gained him much popularity . It was here that his skills as a scriptwriter were honed , which extended to several films . He was active in screenwriting even during his later political career till 2011 when he last wrote for historic movie Ponnar Shankar . Ponnar Shankar ( 2011 ) Ilaignan ( 2011 ) Pen Singam ( 2010 ) Uliyin Osai ( 2008 ) Pasa Kiligal ( 2006 ) Kannamma ( 2005 ) Mannin Maindhan ( 2005 ) Puthiya Parasakthi ( 1996 ) Madurai Meenakshi ( 1993 ) Kavalukku Kettikaran ( 1990 ) Nyaya Tharasu ( 1989 ) Paasa Paravaigal ( 1988 ) Paadatha Thenikkal ( 1988 ) Neethikku Thandanai ( 1987 ) Palaivana Rojakkal ( 1985 ) Kaalam Pathil Sollum ( 1980 ) Pillaiyo Pillai ( 1972 ) Avan Pithana ? ( 1966 ) Poomalai ( 1965 ) Poompuhar ( 1964 ) Kaanchi Thalaivan ( 1963 ) Iruvar Ullam ( 1963 ) Thayilla Pillai ( 1961 ) Arasilangkumari ( 1961 ) Kuravanji ( 1960 ) Pudhumai Pithan ( 1957 ) Pudhaiyal ( 1957 ) Raja Rani ( 1956 ) Rangoon Radha ( 1956 ) Malaikkallan ( 1954 ) Thirumbi Paar ( 1953 ) Panam ( 1952 ) Manohara ( 1954 ) Manamagal ( 1951 ) Parasakthi ( 1952 ) Manthiri Kumari ( 1950 ) Marudhanaattu Ilavarasi ( 1950 ) Abimanyu ( 1948 ) Rajakumaari ( 1947 ) Literature ( edit ) Karunanidhi ( middle ) with actor Sivaji Ganesan ( left ) Karunanidhi is known for his contributions to Tamil literature . His contributions cover a wide range : poems , letters , screenplays , novels , biographies , historical novels , stage - plays , dialogues and movie songs . He has written Kuraloviam for Thirukural , Tholkaappiya Poonga , Poombukar , as well as many poems , essays and books . Apart from literature , Karunanidhi has also contributed to the Tamil language through art and architecture . Like the Kuraloviyam , in which Kalaignar wrote about Thirukkural , through the construction of Valluvar Kottam he gave an architectural presence to Thiruvalluvar , in Chennai . At Kanyakumari , Karunanidhi constructed a 133 - foot - high statue of Thiruvalluvar in honour of the scholar . Books ( edit ) The books written by Karunanidhi include Sanga Thamizh , Thirukkural Urai , Ponnar Sankar , Romapuri Pandian , Thenpandi Singam , Vellikizhamai , Nenjukku Needhi , Iniyavai Irubathu and Kuraloviam . His books of prose and poetry number more than 100 . Stage plays ( edit ) Karunanidhi 's stage plays include : Manimagudam , Ore Ratham , Palaniappan , Thooku Medai , Kagithapoo , Naane Arivali , Vellikizhamai , Udhayasooriyan and Silappathikaram . Politics ( edit ) Entry into politics ( edit ) Karunanidhi entered politics at the age of 14 , inspired by a speech by Alagiriswamii of the Justice Party , and participated in Anti-Hindi agitations . He founded an organisation for the local youth of his locality . He circulated a handwritten newspaper called Manavar Nesan to its members . Later he founded a student organisation called Tamil Nadu Tamil Manavar Mandram , which was the first student wing of the Dravidan Movement . Karunanidhi involved himself and the student community in social work with other members . Here he started a newspaper for its members , which grew into Murasoli , the DMK party 's official newspaper . The first major protest that aided Karunanidhi in gaining ground in Tamil politics was his involvement in the Kallakudi agitation in Kallakudi . Original name of this industrial town was Kallakudi and it was changed to Dalmiapuram after a cement mogul who built a cement plant there . DMK wanted to change the name back to Kallakudi . In the protest Karunanidhi and his companions erased the name Dalmiapuram from the railway station and lay down on the tracks blocking the course of trains . Two people died in the protest and Karunanidhi was arrested . Rise to power ( edit ) At the age of 33 , Karunanidhi entered the Tamil Nadu assembly by winning the Kulithalai seat in the 1957 election . He became the DMK treasurer in 1961 and deputy leader of opposition in the state assembly in the year 1962 and when the DMK came to power in 1967 , he became the Minister for Public Works . Chief Minister ( edit ) When Annadurai died in 1969 , Karunanidhi became the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu and the first leader of DMK , since the leader post was customarily left vacant for Periyar during Annadurai time as Annadurai was party general secretary only . He has held various positions in the party and government during his long career in Tamil Nadu political arena . 70 's and Emergency ( edit ) During the Emergency , the DMK was the only ruling party across India that opposed the Emergency , for which his government was summarily dismissed by Indira Gandhi 's government and many of his party leaders were arrested and jailed till the Emergency was lifted . Later , the D.M.K teamed up with the Janata Party post-Emergency , but suffered defeat at the assembly elections under accusations of corruption . His one time friend M.G. Ramachandran , who floated his AIADMK party after being sacked by Karunanidhi from DMK a few years earlier , would come to power in Tamil Nadu . The DMK then suffered multiple electoral defeats against his primary opponent M.G. Ramachandran 's AIADMK , until the latter 's death in 1987 . Karunanidhi meeting the then Prime Minister , Manmohan Singh , in Chennai , 2011 The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu , Karunanidhi meeting the Deputy Chairman of Planning Commission , Montek Singh Ahluwalia to finalise plan for the financial year , in New Delhi on June 6 , 2006 80 's & 90 's ( edit ) Karunanidhi had a brief stint as Chief Minister in the late 1980s , during which his government was dismissed by the Central government on accusations of degrading the law and order situation in the state after Rajiv Gandhi 's assassination . He later again became the CM of Tamil Nadu in 1996 following a sweeping electoral win in the preceding elections . Following a five - year rule , his party again lost at the elections to J. Jayalalithaa 's AIADMK in 2001 . 2000 's ( edit ) He was however back in power when he took over as chief Minister of Tamil Nadu on 13 May 2006 after his coalition defeated his main opponent J. Jayalalithaa in the May 2006 elections . At the end of the 5 - year administration , the DMK lost the majority of seats in the legislative assembly of Tamil Nadu when elections were held in 2011 , thereby ceding power again to the AIADMK under J. Jayalalithaa . During the 2016 closely fought elections DMK narrowly lost seats against J. Jayalalithaa 's AIADMK . He currently represents the constituency of Tiruvarur in the Tamil Nadu state Legislative Assembly . He has been elected to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly 13 times ( from 1957 to 2016 elections ) and once to the now abolished Tamil Nadu Legislative Council . World Tamil Conference ( edit ) He delivered the special address on the inaugural day of 3rd World Tamil Conference held in Paris in 1970 , and also on the inaugural day of 6th World Tamil Conference held in Kuala Lumpur ( Malaysia ) in 1987 . He penned the song `` Semmozhiyaana Tamizh Mozhiyaam '' , the official theme song for the World Classical Tamil Conference 2010 , that was set to tune by A.R. Rahman . ' Ulaga Tamizh Manadu ' ( World Tamil Conference ) , was the first coined word for the conference in 2010 , however the IATR organisation that had right to conduct the conference was not happy hence change in name . Illness , death and reactions ( edit ) Karunanidhi was in poor health from October 2016 and minimised his political activities and public appearances , with the last one being on his 94th birthday on 3 June 2018 . On 28 July 2018 , Karunanidhi 's health deteriorated and became `` extremely critical and unstable '' , and he was admitted at Kauvery Hospital in Chennai for treatment . He died there at 6 : 10 p.m. on 7 August 2018 due to age - related illness , which led to multiple organ failure . The government of Tamil Nadu declared a public holiday on 8 August 2018 and a seven - day mourning after Karunanidhi 's death . A national mourning on 8 August 2018 was announced by the government of India . The national flag flew half - mast in Delhi , all state capitals and across Tamil Nadu on 8 August 2018 . The governments of Karnataka and Bihar announced one - day and two - days state mourning respectively . Awards and titles ( edit ) Karunanidhi in Paavendhar Tamil Literature & Research library Annamalai University awarded him an honorary doctorate in 1971 . He was awarded `` Raja Rajan Award '' by Tamil University , Thanjavur for his book Thenpandi Singam . On 15 December 2006 , the Governor of Tamil Nadu and the Chancellor of Madurai Kamaraj University , Surjit Singh Barnala conferred an honorary doctorate on the Chief Minister on the occasion of the 40th annual convocation . In June 2007 , the Tamil Nadu Muslim Makkal Katchi announced that it would confer the title `` Friend of the Muslim Community '' ( Yaaran - E-Millath ) upon M. Karunanidhi . Controversies ( edit ) The neutrality of this article is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( August 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) He has been indicted by the Sarkaria commission for corruption in allotting tenders for the Veeranam project . Indira Gandhi dismissed the Karunanidhi government based on charges of possible secession and corruption . In 2001 , he was arrested on the charges of corruption in the construction of flyovers in Chennai . He and his party members were also charged under four Sections like IPC 120 ( b ) , IPC 167 , IPC 420 and IPC 409 . Ram setu remarks ( edit ) In response to the Sethusamudram controversy , Karunanidhi questioned the existence of the Hindu God Rama . He said ' It is said that there was a God thousands of years ago called Ram . Do not touch the bridge built by him . I ask who is this Ram ? Which engineering college did he graduate from ? '' His remarks caused a firestorm of controversy . BJP leader Ravi Shankar Prasad accused Karunanidhi of religious discrimination when noting `` We would like to know from Karunanidhi if he would make a similar statement against religious head of any other religion ; chance are he may not . '' Connections with LTTE ( edit ) In April 2009 , in an interview to NDTV , Karunanidhi made a controversial remark stating that `` Prabhakaran is my good friend '' and also said , `` India could not forgive the LTTE for assassinating Rajiv Gandhi ''. An interim report of Justice Jain Commission , which oversaw the investigation into Rajiv Gandhi 's assassination , had indicted Karunanidhi for abetting Rajiv Gandhi 's murderers , who belonged to the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam ( LTTE ) . but the final report contained no such allegations . Allegations of nepotism ( edit ) Karunanidhi has been accused by opponents , by some members of his party , and by other political observers of trying to promote nepotism . Many political opponents and DMK party senior leaders have been critical of the rise of M.K. Stalin in the party . But some of the party men have pointed out that Stalin has come up on his own . He has faced a lot of hardship since 1975 , when he was jailed under the Maintenance of Internal Security Act ( MISA ) and was beaten up in jail so brutally during the Emergency that a fellow DMK party prisoner died trying to save him . Stalin was an MLA in 1989 and 1996 when his father Karunanidhi was the Chief Minister , but he was not inducted into the Cabinet . He became Chennai 's 44th mayor and its first directly elected mayor in 1996 . It was only in his fourth term as MLA that he was made a Minister in the Karunanidhi cabinet and then in 2009 was made the Deputy Chief Minister . Karunanidhi 's daughter Kanimozhi is a Rajya Sabha MP now . Elections contested and positions held ( edit ) Karunanidhi contested and won in all Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections ( then Madras ) since 1957 except 1984 when he did n't contest the election . Year Constituency Result Vote percentage Opposition Candidate Opposition Party Opposition vote percentage 1957 Kulithalai Won K.A. Dharmalingam INC 1962 Thanjavur Won A.Y.S. Parisutha Nadar INC 1967 Saidapet Won S.G. Vinayagamurthy INC 1971 Saidapet Won Kudanthai Ramalingam Congress ( O ) 1977 Anna Nagar Won 50.1 G. Krishnamurthy ADMK 31.0 1980 Anna Nagar Won 49.0 H.V. Hande ADMK 48.3 1984 Not Contested Not Contested Not Contested Not Contested Not Contested Not Contested Harbour Won 59.8 K.A. Wahab Muslim League 13.8 1991 Harbour Won 48.7 K. Suppu ADMK 47.3 Chepauk Won 77.1 N.S. Nellai Kannan INC 17.2 Chepauk Won 51.9 R. Damodharan INC 43.5 2006 Chepauk Won 51.0 Dawood Miah Khan Independent 38.3 2011 Thiruvarur Won 62.9 M. Rajendran ADMK 33.9 2016 Thiruvarur Won R. Pannerselvam ADMK Posts in legislature ( edit ) Assembly From To Position Party -- Number of seats / Seats contested Third Assembly 1962 1967 Deputy Leader of the Opposition 50 / 143 Fourth Assembly 1967 1969 State Minister for Public Works 138 / 233 Fourth Assembly 10 February 1969 5 January 1971 Chief Minister ( 1 ) 136 / 233 Fifth Assembly 15 March 1971 31 January 1976 Chief Minister ( 2 ) 182 / 203 Sixth Assembly 25 July 1977 17 February 1980 Leader of the Opposition ( 1 ) 48 / 230 Seventh Assembly 27 June 1980 18 August 1983 Leader of the Opposition ( 2 ) 37 / 112 Ninth Assembly 27 January 1989 30 January 1991 Chief Minister ( 3 ) 150 / 202 Tenth Assembly 26 April 1991 30 March 1996 MLA 2 / 176 Eleventh Assembly 13 May 1996 14 May 2001 Chief Minister ( 4 ) 173 / 182 Thirteenth Assembly 13 May 2006 14 May 2011 Chief Minister ( 5 ) 96 / 132 Fourteenth Assembly 16 May 2011 19 May 2016 MLA 23 / 124 Fifteenth Assembly 19 May 2016 Present MLA 89 / 176 See also ( edit ) List of political families Karunanidhi family Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Narayan , Pushpa . `` M Karunanidhi , DMK chief and former Tamil Nadu chief minister , dies aged 94 '' . The Times of India ( 7 August 2018 ) . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` M Karunanidhi : India 's 91 - year - old politician who is still fighting '' . BBC . 13 May 2016 . Retrieved 5 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Mohan , Gopu ( 31 May 2009 ) . `` Karunanidhi 's Kutumbam '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ravishankar , Sandhya ( 31 May 2018 ) . Karunanidhi : A Life in Politics . HarperCollins Publishers India . ISBN 978 - 93 - 5277 - 920 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kalaignar Karunanidhi dies in Chennai : The colossus of Dravidian politics '' . Hindustan Times . 7 August 2018 . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Kolappan , B. ( 7 August 2018 ) . `` Obituary : M. Karunanidhi , Dravidian stalwart '' . The Hindu . ISSN 0971 - 751X . Retrieved 9 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Anand , S. ( 27 January 2003 ) . `` With Them / Against Them '' . Outlook . Retrieved 9 August 2018 . Jump up ^ For claims of Karunanidhi 's Telugu ancestry see : Seshadri , Badri ( 9 January 2016 ) . `` When Tamil Nationalism Turned Against Telugu Speakers Of Tamil Nadu '' . Swarajya . Retrieved 9 August 2018 . According to MG Ramachandran , ... Karunanidhi 's forefathers were Telugu speakers from Andhra . It is not clear whether this is true ; Karunanidhi 's stated caste is Isai Velalar which is clearly a Tamil caste . Sharma , V.V.P. ( 8 February 2017 ) . `` After Series of ' Outsiders ' , Sasikala to be first Tamil CM in 29 Years '' . News18 . Retrieved 9 August 2018 . Chellappan , Kumar ( 23 December 2014 ) . `` No real Tamil - speaking leaders in TN ! '' . The Pioneer . Retrieved 9 August 2018 . `` Tamil pride : What 's that ? '' . Hindustan Times . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 9 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Life and family of DMK supremo ' Kalaignar ' M Karunanidhi '' . The New Indian Express . 7 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Lear -- The Long Profile of Karunanidhi in The Caravan '' . The Caravan India . Archived from the original on 26 March 2012 . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Guneratne 2003 , p. 216 ^ Jump up to : Hardgrave , Jr , Robert L ( 1973 ) . `` Politics and the Film in Tamilnadu : The Stars and the DMK '' . Asian Survey . 13 ( 3 ) : 288 -- 305 . doi : 10.1525 / as. 1973.13. 3.01 p0314o . Jump up ^ A. , Srivathsan ( 12 June 2006 ) . `` Films and the politics of convenience '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Ramaswamy 1997 , p. 226 Jump up ^ `` M Karunanidhi : The radical wordsmith who shook up Indian politics '' . BBC News . 2018 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Krishnakumar ( 25 April 2006 ) . `` The Sachin of TN politics '' . Rediff.com . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ T. , Ramakrishnan ( 16 May 2010 ) . `` Front Page : Theme song launched for world classical Tamil meet '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Karashima , Noboru ( 23 July 2010 ) . `` IATR and the World Classical Tamil Conference '' -- via www.thehindu.com . Jump up ^ `` Crowds amass for ailing Indian politician '' . BBC News . 2018 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Kalaignar ' M. Karunanidhi , former Tamil Nadu Chief Minister and DMK chief , passes away aged 94 '' . The Hindu . 7 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TN govt announces 7 - day mourning over Karunanidhi 's death '' . The Hindu Business Line . 7 August 2018 . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` DMK chief M Karunanidhi death : One day national mourning declared by Centre '' . Times now news . 8 August 2018 . Retrieved 9 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` National Flag Flew Half Mast Marking Death Of Karunanidhi '' . Headlines Today . 8 August 2018 . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Former Chief Minister Of Tamil Nadu And DMK Chief M Karunanidhi Passed Away '' . Headlines Today . 7 August 2018 . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Awards '' . Drkalaignar.org . Archived from the original on 7 January 2009 . Retrieved 19 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` TMMK to confer Karunanidhi with ' Friend of the Community ' title '' . newkerala.com . United News of India . 3 June 2007 . Chennai , 3 June : Tamil Nadu Chief Minister and DMK President M Karunanidhi , who turned 84 today , will be conferred with the ' Friend of the Muslim Community ' title by the Tamil Nadu Muslim Makkal Katchi . Jump up ^ `` MK awarded ' Friend of the Community ' title '' . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ United News of India ( 4 June 2007 ) . `` Karunanidhi turns 84 '' . news.webindia123.com . The Tamil Nadu Muslim Makkal Katchi has decided to confer ' Yaaraan - E-Millath ( meaning friend of the Muslim community ) title on Mr Karunanidhi to mark the occasion . Jump up ^ `` The Hindu : What the Sarkaria Commission said '' . The Hindu . 10 June 2001 . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Frontline '' . 29 ( 01 ) . Frontline . Jump up ^ `` Karunanidhi held in pre-dawn swoop -- Jailed on corruption charges '' . Blonnet.com. 31 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 1 June 2006 . Retrieved 24 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Karuna earns BJP 's wrath for comments on Lord Ram '' . Rediff. 17 September 2007 . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Karunanidhi flip flops , says ca n't forgive LTTE '' . CNN - IBN . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ TamilNet ( 21 April 2012 ) . `` Karunanidhi : `` Tamil Eelam Still Around the Corner '' `` . Tamilnet.tv . Archived from the original on 2 December 2013 . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ S , Rajanayagam . Popular Cinema and Politics in South India : The Films of MGR and Rajinikanth . Routledge , 2015 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 58772 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` India Today Cover Story Jain Commission Revelations : Damning the DMK ) '' . India Today . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` No adverse comments on DMK leaders in Jain report '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 14 February 2004 . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ S , Rajanayagam . Popular Cinema and Politics in South India : The Films of MGR and Rajinikanth . Routledge , 2015 . ISBN 1317587723 . Jump up ^ `` Politics : Special Series ; MK Stalin '' . India Today . 1 November 1999 . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Party wise comparison since 1977 in Anna Nagar constituency '' . Election Commission of India . Retrieved 10 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Party wise comparison since 1977 in Harbour constituency '' . Election Commission of India . Retrieved 10 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Party wise comparison since 1977 in Chepauk constituency '' . Election Commission of India . Retrieved 10 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly elections 2011 , p. 191 Jump up ^ Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1962 -- 70 1967 , pp. 6 -- 7 Jump up ^ Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1967 -- 70 1971 , p. 7 ^ Jump up to : `` Details of Successive legislative assemblies constituted under the constitution of India '' . Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1967 -- 70 1971 , p. 145 Jump up ^ Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1971 -- 76 1976 , p. 157 Jump up ^ Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1977 -- 80 1980 , p. 9 Jump up ^ Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 1980 , p. 10 Jump up ^ Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 1989 , p. 10 Jump up ^ Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 1991 , p. 10 Jump up ^ Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 1996 , p. 11 Jump up ^ Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 2006 , p. 11 References ( edit ) Guneratne , Anthony R. ; Wimal Dissanayake ; Sumita S. Chakravarty ( 2003 ) . Rethinking Third Cinema . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 21354 - 1 . Ramaswamy , Sumathy ( 1997 ) . Passions of the tongue : language devotion in Tamil India , 1891 -- 1970 . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 20805 - 6 , 978 - 0 - 520 - 20805 - 6 . `` Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1962 -- 67 '' ( PDF ) . Fort St. George , Madras : Legislative Assembly Department . June 1967 . `` Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1967 -- 70 '' ( PDF ) . Fort St. George , Madras : Legislative Assembly Department . June 1971 . `` Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1971 -- 76 '' ( PDF ) . Fort St. George , Madras : Legislative Assembly Department . June 1976 . `` Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1977 -- 80 '' ( PDF ) . Fort St. George , Madras : Legislative Assembly Department . 1980 . `` Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly elections '' ( PDF ) . New Delhi : Election Commission of India . 2011 . `` Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections '' ( PDF ) . New Delhi : Election Commission of India . 1980 . `` Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections '' ( PDF ) . New Delhi : Election Commission of India . 1989 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 October 2010 . `` Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections '' ( PDF ) . New Delhi : Election Commission of India . 1996 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 October 2010 . `` Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections '' ( PDF ) . New Delhi : Election Commission of India . 2006 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : M. Karunanidhi The Last Lear : A Long Profile of Muthuvel Karunanidhi by Vinod K Jose in The Caravan magazine Muthuvel Karunanidhi : One Hundred Tamils of 20th Century Political offices Preceded by C.N. Annadurai Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu First Tenure 1969 -- 1976 Vacant President 's Rule Title next held by M.G. Ramachandran Vacant President 's Rule Title last held by Janaki Ramachandran Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu Second Tenure 1989 -- 1990 Vacant President 's Rule Title next held by J. Jayalalithaa Preceded by J. Jayalalithaa Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu Third Tenure 1996 -- 2001 Succeeded by J. Jayalalithaa Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu Fourth Tenure 2006 -- 2011 Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu Madras Presidency A. Subbarayalu Reddiar Panagal Raja P. Subbarayan P. Munuswamy Naidu Ramakrishna Ranga Rao P.T. Rajan Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu C. Rajagopalachari Tanguturi Prakasam O.P. Ramaswamy Reddiyar P.S. Kumaraswamy Raja Madras State P.S. Kumaraswamy Raja C. Rajagopalachari K. Kamaraj M. Bakthavatsalam C.N. Annadurai Tamil Nadu C.N. Annadurai V.R. Nedunchezhiyan M. Karunanidhi M.G. Ramachandran V.N. Janaki J. Jayalalithaa O. Panneerselvam Edappadi K. Palanisamy Members of the 14th Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly ( 2011 -- 2016 ) AIADMK+ alliance AIADMK Pon . Raja B.V. Ramanaa R. Manimaran S. Abdul Rahim S. Vedachalam V. Moorthy K. Kuppan P. Vetriivel ( to 2015 ) J.C.D. Prabhakar V. Neelakandan D. Jayakumar Pala . Karuppiah B. Valarmathi S. Gokula Indira G. Senthamizhan V.P. Kalairajan R. Rajalakshmi M.K. Ashok K.P. Kandan R. Perumal P. Dhansingh T.K.M. Chinnayya K. Manoharan R. Manoharan V.S. Raji S. Kanitha Sampath P. Ganesan V. Somasundaram S. Ravi A. Mohammed John R. Srinivasan V.S. Vijay Govi . Sampath Kumar K.C. Veeramani K.G. Ramesh V.N.P. Venkatraman ( from 2014 ) Manoranjitham Nagaraj S.S. Krishnamoorthy K. Alaguvelu M.S.M. Anandan K.P. Anbalagan A.K. Aranganathan V.C. Arukutty K.P.P. Baskar A.K. Bose Budhichandhiran R. Chandrasekar S.T. Chellapandian P. Chendur Pandian ( to 2015 ) O.K. Chinnaraj R. Chinnaswamy C.T. Palanichamy S. Damodaran P. Dhanapal R. Doraikkannu R. Doraisamy S. Duraiappa Edappadi K. Palaniswami K. Gopalsamy V. Gunaseelan M. Gunasekaran D. Haridoss T. Indragandhi I. Janagiraman Jayalalithaa K.A. Jayapal L. Jaya Sudha Kadambur Raju N.V. Kamaraj R. Kamaraj S. Kamaraj A.A. Karuppasamy DMDK C.H. Sekar M. Arun Subramanian K. Nalla Thambi B. Parthasarathy Panruti S. Ramachandran ( to 2014 ) D. Murugesan R. Mohan Raj R. Arulselvan C. Arunpandian R.M. Babu Murugavel A. Baskar V.C. Chandhirakumar CPI ( M ) G. Beem Rao A. Soundararajan K. Balabharathi K. Balakrishnan P. Dillibabu CPI K. Lingamuthu M. Arumugham S. Gunasekaran MNMK A. Aslam Basha M.H. Jawahirullah RPI C.K. Tamilarasan DMK+ alliance DMK M.K. Stalin J. Anbazhagan Durai Murugan G. Anbalagan Anitha R. Radhakrishnan R. Annadurai Govi . Chezhian N. Eramakrishnan Karunanidhi PMK M. Kalai Arasu ( expelled 2014 ) A. Ganeshkumar Kaduvetti Guru INC K. Gopinath S. John Jacob Dravidian political parties Related topics Self - respect Movement Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu Cinema in Dravidian politics Rise of Dravidian parties Forerunners Periyar E.V. Ramasamy Iyothee Thass Rettamalai Srinivasan Natesa Mudaliar Maraimalai Adigal Theagaroya Chetty T.M. Nair List of Dravidian parties Defunct parties Justice party Tamil National Party Thazhthapattor Munnetra Kazhagam Makkal Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Thamizhaga Munnetra Munnani Thayaga Marumalarchi Kazhagam HINDRAF ( Malaysia ) Current parties Dravidar Kazhagam Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam All India Latchiya Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Malaysian Indian Congress ( Malaysia ) Malaysian Makkal Sakhti Party ( Malaysia ) Human Right Party ( Malaysia ) Chief Ministers from Dravidian parties Madras Presidency A. Subbarayalu Reddiar Panagal Raja P. Munuswamy Naidu Ramakrishna Ranga Rao P.T. Rajan Tamil Nadu C.N. Annadurai V.R. Nedunchezhiyan Karunanidhi M.G. Ramachandran V.N. Janaki J. Jayalalithaa O. Panneerselvam Edappadi K. Palaniswami WorldCat Identities GND : 136344690 ISNI : 0000 0000 7883 6861 LCCN : n80045166 SNAC : w6sn44xs SUDOC : 063464594 VIAF : 80705248 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M._Karunanidhi&oldid=859699717 '' Categories : Dravidian movement 1924 births 2018 deaths Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu Indian atheists Tamil screenwriters Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians Indians imprisoned during the Emergency ( India ) Leaders of the Opposition in Tamil Nadu Karunanidhi family Chief ministers from Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Tirukkural commentators Members of the 11th Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Members of the 12th Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Members of the 13th Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Members of the 14th Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Members of the 15th Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Criminals from Tamil Nadu Corruption in Tamil Nadu Screenwriters from Tamil Nadu Deaths from multiple organ failure Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages with incorrect protection templates EngvarB from May 2014 Use dmy dates from May 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2006 All articles containing potentially dated statements NPOV disputes from August 2018 All NPOV disputes Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2014 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Deutsch Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski संस्कृतम् Simple English Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు اردو 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2018 , at 18 : 34 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | this person was a long-standing leader of the dravidian movement | [
"Muthuvel Karunanidhi (3 June 1924 – 7 August 2018) was an Indian writer and politician who served as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu for almost two decades over five terms between 1969 and 2011. He was a long-standing leader of the Dravidian movement and ten-time president of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam political party. Before entering politics he worked in the Tamil film industry as a screenwriter. He has also made contributions to Tamil literature, having written stories, plays, novels, and a multiple-volume memoir. He was popularly referred to as Kalaignar, meaning artist in Tamil.[2][3] \n"
] | [
"Muthuvel Karunanidhi"
] |
6720471309302543236 | Motor cortex | Motor cortex - wikipedia Motor cortex Jump to : navigation , search Motor Cortex Topography of human motor cortex Details Identifiers Latin cortex motorius NeuroLex ID Motor cortex Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) The motor cortex is the region of the cerebral cortex involved in the planning , control , and execution of voluntary movements . Classically the motor cortex is an area of the frontal lobe located in the posterior precentral gyrus immediately anterior to the central sulcus . Contents ( hide ) 1 Components of the motor cortex 1.1 The premotor cortex 1.2 The supplementary motor cortex 2 History 3 The motor cortex map 4 Evolution of the motor cortex 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Components of the motor cortex ( edit ) The motor cortex can be divided into three areas : 1 . the primary motor cortex is the main contributor to generating neural impulses that pass down to the spinal cord and control the execution of movement . However , some of the other motor areas in the brain also play a role in this function . It is located on the anterior paracentral lobule on the medial surface 2 . the premotor cortex is responsible for some aspects of motor control , possibly including the preparation for movement , the sensory guidance of movement , the spatial guidance of reaching , or the direct control of some movements with an emphasis on control of proximal and trunk muscles of the body . Located anterior to the primary motor cortex 3 . the supplementary motor area ( or SMA ) , has many proposed functions including the internally generated planning of movement , the planning of sequences of movement , and the coordination of the two sides of the body such as in bi-manual coordination . Located on the midline surface of the hemisphere anterior to the primary motor cortex The posterior parietal cortex is sometimes also considered to be part of the group of motor cortical areas ; however it is best to regard it as an association cortex rather than motor . It is thought to be responsible for transforming multisensory information into motor commands , and to be responsible for some aspects of motor planning , in addition to many other functions that may not be motor related . The primary somatosensory cortex , especially the part called area 3a , which lies directly against the motor cortex , is sometimes considered to be functionally part of the motor control circuitry . Other brain regions outside the cerebral cortex are also of great importance to motor function , most notably the cerebellum , the basal ganglia , pedunculopontine nucleus and the red nucleus , as well as other subcortical motor nuclei . The premotor cortex ( edit ) In the earliest work on the motor cortex , researchers recognized only one cortical field involved in motor control . Alfred Walter Campbell was the first to suggest that there might be two fields , a `` primary '' motor cortex and an `` intermediate precentral '' motor cortex . His reasons were largely based on cytoarchitectonics , or the study of the appearance of the cortex under a microscope . The primary motor cortex contains cells with giant cell bodies known as `` Betz cells '' . These cells were mistakenly thought to be the main outputs from the cortex , sending fibers to the spinal cord . It has since been found that Betz cells account for about 2 - 3 % of the projections from the cortex to the spinal cord , or about 10 % of the projections from the primary motor cortex to the spinal cord . The specific function of the Betz cells that distinguishes them from other output cells of the motor cortex remains unknown , but they continue to be used as a marker for the primary motor cortex . Other researchers , such as Vogt and Vogt and Otfrid Foerster also suggested that motor cortex was divided into a primary motor cortex ( area 4 , according to Brodmann 's naming scheme ) and a higher - order motor cortex ( area 6 according to Korbinian Brodmann ) . Wilder Penfield notably disagreed and suggested that there was no functional distinction between area 4 and area 6 . In his view both were part of the same map , though area 6 tended to emphasize the muscles of the back and neck . Woolsey who studied the motor map in monkeys also believed there was no distinction between primary motor and premotor . M1 was the name for the proposed single map that encompassed both the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex . Although sometimes `` M1 '' and `` primary motor cortex '' are used interchangeably , strictly speaking , they derive from different conceptions of motor cortex organization . Despite the views of Penfield and Woolsey , a consensus emerged that area 4 and area 6 had sufficiently different functions that they could be considered different cortical fields . Fulton helped to solidify this distinction between a primary motor cortex in area 4 and a premotor cortex in area 6 . As Fulton pointed out , and as all subsequent research has confirmed , both primary motor and premotor cortex project directly to the spinal cord and are capable of some direct control of movement . Fulton showed that when the primary motor cortex is damaged in an experimental animal , movement soon recovers ; when the premotor cortex is damaged , movement soon recovers ; when both are damaged , movement is lost and the animal can not recover . Some commonly accepted divisions of the cortical motor system of the monkey The premotor cortex is now generally divided into four sections . First it is divided into an upper ( or dorsal ) premotor cortex and a lower ( or ventral ) premotor cortex . Each of these is further divided into a region more toward the front of the brain ( rostral premotor cortex ) and a region more toward the back ( caudal premotor cortex ) . A set of acronyms are commonly used : PMDr ( premotor dorsal , rostral ) , PMDc , PMVr , PMVc . Some researchers use a different terminology . Field 7 or F7 denotes PMDr ; F2 = PMDc ; F5 = PMVr ; F4 = PMVc . PMDc is often studied with respect to its role in guiding reaching . PMDr may participate in learning to associate arbitrary sensory stimuli with specific movements or learning arbitrary response rules . PMVc or F4 is often studied with respect to its role in the sensory guidance of movement . Neurons here are responsive to tactile stimuli , visual stimuli , and auditory stimuli . These neurons are especially sensitive to objects in the space immediately surrounding the body , in so - called peripersonal space . Electrical stimulation of these neurons causes an apparent defensive movement as if protecting the body surface . This premotor region may be part of a larger circuit for maintaining a margin of safety around the body and guiding movement with respect to nearby objects . PMVr or F5 is often studied with respect to its role in shaping the hand during grasping and in interactions between the hand and the mouth . Mirror neurons were first discovered in area F5 in the monkey brain by Rizzolatti and colleagues . These neurons are active when the monkey grasps an object . Yet the same neurons become active when the monkey watches an experimenter grasp an object in the same way . The neurons are therefore both sensory and motor . Mirror neurons are proposed to be a basis for understanding the actions of others by internally imitating the actions using one 's own motor control circuits . The supplementary motor cortex ( edit ) Penfield described a cortical motor area , the supplementary motor area ( SMA ) , on the top or dorsal part of the cortex . Each neuron in the SMA may influence many muscles , many body parts , and both sides of the body . The map of the body in SMA is therefore extensively overlapping . SMA projects directly to the spinal cord and may play some direct role in the control of movement . Based on early work using brain imaging techniques in the human brain , Roland suggested that the SMA was especially active during the internally generated plan to make a sequence of movements . In the monkey brain , neurons in the SMA are active in association with specific learned sequences of movement . Others have suggested that , because the SMA appears to control movement bilaterally , it may play a role in inter-manual coordination . Yet others have suggested that , because of the direct projection of SMA to the spinal cord and because of its activity during simple movements , it may play a direct role in motor control rather than solely a high level role in planning sequences . On the basis of the movements evoked during electrical stimulation , it has been suggested that the SMA may have evolved in primates as a specialist in the part of the motor repertoire involving climbing and other complex locomotion . Based on the pattern of projections to the spinal cord , it has been suggested that another set of motor areas may lie next to the supplementary motor area , on the medial ( or midline ) wall of the hemisphere . These medial areas are termed the cingulate motor areas . Their functions are not yet understood . History ( edit ) In 1870 Eduard Hitzig and Gustav Fritsch demonstrated that electrical stimulation of certain parts of the dog brain resulted in muscular contraction on the opposite side of the body . A little later , in 1874 , David Ferrier , working in the laboratory of the West Riding Lunatic Asylum at Wakefield ( at the invitation of its director , James Crichton - Browne ) , mapped the motor cortex in the monkey brain using electrical stimulation . He found that the motor cortex contained a rough map of the body with the feet at the top ( or dorsal part ) of the brain and the face at the bottom ( or ventral part ) of the brain . He also found that when electrical stimulation was maintained for a longer time , such as for a second , instead of being discharged over a fraction of a second , then some coordinated , seemingly meaningful movements could be caused , instead of only muscle twitches . After Ferrier 's discovery , many neuroscientists used electrical stimulation to study the map of the motor cortex in many animals including monkeys , apes , and humans . One of the first detailed maps of the human motor cortex was described in 1905 by Campbell . He did autopsies on the brains of amputees . A person who had lost an arm would over time apparently lose some of the neuronal mass in the part of the motor cortex that normally controls the arm . Likewise , a person who had lost a leg would show degeneration in the leg part of motor cortex . In this way the motor map could be established . In the period between 1919 and 1936 others mapped the motor cortex in detail using electrical stimulation , including the husband and wife team Vogt and Vogt , and the neurosurgeon Foerster . Perhaps the best - known experiments on the human motor map were published by Penfield in 1937 . Using a procedure that was common in the 1930s , he examined epileptic patients who were undergoing brain surgery . These patients were given a local anesthetic , their skulls were opened , and their brains exposed . Then , electrical stimulation was applied to the surface of the brain to map out the speech areas . In this way , the surgeon would be able to avoid any damage to speech circuitry . The brain focus of the epilepsy could then be surgically removed . During this procedure , Penfield mapped the effect of electrical stimulation in all parts of the cerebral cortex , including motor cortex . Penfield is sometimes mistakenly considered to be the discoverer of the map in motor cortex . It was discovered approximately 70 years before his work . However , Penfield drew a picture of a little man stretched over the cortical surface and used the term `` homunculus '' to refer to it . Perhaps for these reasons his work has become iconic in neuroscience . The motor cortex map ( edit ) A simple view , that is almost certainly too limited and that dates back to the earliest work on the motor cortex , is that neurons in motor cortex control movement by a feed - forward direct pathway . In that view , a neuron in motor cortex sends an axon or projection to the spinal cord and forms a synapse on a motor neuron . The motor neuron sends an axon to a muscle . When the neuron in cortex becomes active , it causes a muscle contraction . The greater the activity in motor cortex , the stronger the muscle force . Each point in motor cortex controls a muscle or a small group of related muscles . This description is only partly correct . Most neurons in the motor cortex that project to the spinal cord synapse on interneuron circuitry in the spinal cord , not directly onto motor neurons . One suggestion is that the direct , cortico - motoneuronal projections are a specialization that allows for the fine control of the fingers . The view that each point in motor cortex controls a muscle or a limited set of related muscles was debated over the entire history of research on the motor cortex , and was suggested in its strongest and most extreme form by Asanuma on the basis of experiments in cats and monkeys using electrical stimulation . However , almost every other experiment to examine the map , including the classic work of Ferrier and of Penfield showed that each point in motor cortex influences a range of muscles and joints . The map is greatly overlapping . The overlap in the map is generally greater in the premotor cortex and supplementary motor cortex , but even the map in the primary motor cortex controls muscles in an extensively overlapped manner . Many studies have demonstrated the overlapping representation of muscles in the motor cortex . It is believed that as an animal learns a complex movement repertoire , the motor cortex gradually comes to coordinate among muscles . Map of the body in the human brain . The clearest example of the coordination of muscles into complex movement in the motor cortex comes from the work of Graziano and colleagues on the monkey brain . They used electrical stimulation on a behavioral time scale , such as for half a second instead of the more typical hundredth of a second . They found that this type of stimulation of the monkey motor cortex often evoked complex , meaningful actions . For example , stimulation of one site in cortex would cause the hand to close , move to the mouth , and the mouth to open . Stimulation of another site would cause the hand to open , rotate until the grip faced outward , and the arm to project out as if the animal were reaching . Different complex movements were evoked from different sites and these movements were mapped in the same orderly manner in all monkeys tested . Computational models showed that the normal movement repertoire of a monkey , if arranged on a sheet such that similar movements are placed near each other , will result in a map that matches the actual map found in the monkey motor cortex . This work suggests that the motor cortex does not truly contain a homunculus - type map of the body . Instead , the deeper principle may be a rendering of the movement repertoire onto the cortical surface . To the extent that the movement repertoire breaks down partly into the actions of separate body parts , the map contains a rough and overlapping body arrangement noted by researchers over the past century . A similar organization by typical movement repertoire has been reported in the posterior parietal cortex of monkeys and galagos and in the motor cortex of rats and mice . Evolution of the motor cortex ( edit ) Mammals evolved from mammal - like reptiles over 200 million years ago . These early mammals developed several novel brain functions most likely due to the novel sensory processes that were necessary for the nocturnal niche that these mammals occupied . These animals most likely had a somatomotor cortex , where somatosensory information and motor information were processed in the same cortical region . This allowed for the acquisition of only simple motor skills , such as quadrupedal locomotion and striking of predators or prey . Placental mammals evolved a discrete motor cortex about 100 mya . According to the principle of proper mass , `` the mass of neural tissue controlling a particular function is appropriate to the amount of information processing involved in performing the function . '' This suggests that the development of a discrete motor cortex was advantageous for placental mammals , and the motor skills that these organisms acquired were more complex than their early - mammalian ancestors . Further , this motor cortex was necessary for the arboreal lifestyles of our primate ancestors . Enhancements to the motor cortex ( and the presence of opposable thumbs and stereoscopic vision ) were evolutionarily selected to prevent primates from making mistakes in the dangerous motor skill of leaping between tree branches ( Cartmill , 1974 ; Silcox , 2007 ) . 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Jump up ^ Graziano , M.S.A. , Aflalo , T.N. and Cooke , D.F ( 2005 ) . `` Arm movements evoked by electrical stimulation in the motor cortex of monkeys '' . J. Neurophysiol. 94 ( 6 ) : 4209 -- 4223 . doi : 10.1152 / jn. 01303.2004 . PMID 16120657 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Fritsch , G and Hitzig , E ( 1870 ) . `` Über die elektrische Erregbarkeit des Grosshirns '' . Archiv fur Anatomie , Physiologie und Wissenschaftliche Medicin : 300 -- 332 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Translated in : von Bonin , G. , ed. ( 1960 ) . Some Papers on the Cerebral Cortex . Springfield IL : Charles Thomas . pp. 73 -- 96 . ^ Jump up to : Ferrier , D ( 1874 ) . `` Experiments on the brain of monkeys - No. 1 '' . Proc. R. Soc . Lond. 23 ( 156 -- 163 ) : 409 -- 430 . doi : 10.1098 / rspl. 1874.0058 . Jump up ^ Beevor , C. and Horsley , V ( 1887 ) . `` A minute analysis ( experimental ) of the various movements produced by stimulating in the monkey different regions of the cortical centre for the upper limb , as defined by Professor Ferrier '' . Phil . Trans . R. Soc . Lond . B. 178 : 153 -- 167 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 1887.0006 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Grunbaum A. and Sherrington , C ( 1901 ) . `` Observations on the physiology of the cerebral cortex of some of the higher apes . ( Preliminary communication ) '' . Proc. R. Soc . Lond. 69 ( 451 -- 458 ) : 206 -- 209 . doi : 10.1098 / rspl. 1901.0100 . ^ Jump up to : Bortoff , G.A. & Strick , P.L. ( 1993 ) . `` Corticospinal terminations in two new - world primates : further evidence that corticomotoneuronal connections provide part of the neural substrate for manual dexterity '' . J. Neurosci. 13 ( 12 ) : 5105 -- 5118 . PMID 7504721 . Jump up ^ Heffner , R. & Masterton , B. ( 1975 ) . `` Variation in form of the pyramidal tract and its relationship to digital dexterity '' . Brain Behav . Evol. 12 ( 3 ) : 161 -- 200 . doi : 10.1159 / 000124401 . PMID 1212616 . Jump up ^ Asanuma , H. ( 1975 ) . `` Recent developments in the study of the columnar arrangement of neurons within the motor cortex '' . Physiol. Rev. 55 ( 2 ) : 143 -- 156 . PMID 806927 . Jump up ^ Cheney , P.D. & Fetz , E.E. ( 1985 ) . `` Comparable patterns of muscle facilitation evoked by individual corticomotoneuronal ( CM ) cells and by single intracortical microstimuli in primates : evidence for functional groups of CM cells '' . J. Neurophysiol. 53 ( 3 ) : 786 -- 804 . PMID 2984354 . Jump up ^ Schieber , M.H. & Hibbard , L.S. ( 1993 ) . `` How somatotopic is the motor cortex hand area ? '' . Science . 261 ( 5120 ) : 489 -- 492 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 8332915 . PMID 8332915 . Jump up ^ Rathelot , J.A. & Strick , P.L. ( 2006 ) . `` Muscle representation in the macaque motor cortex : an anatomical perspective '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103 ( 21 ) : 8257 -- 8262 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0602933103 . PMC 1461407 . PMID 16702556 . Jump up ^ Park , M.C. , Belhaj - Saif , A. , Gordon , M. and Cheney , P.D. ( 2001 ) . `` Consistent features in the forelimb representation of primary motor cortex in rhesus macaques '' . J. Neurosci. 21 ( 8 ) : 2784 -- 2792 . PMID 11306630 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Sanes , J.N. , Donoghue , J.P. , Thangaraj , V. , Edelman , R.R. and Warach , S. ( 1995 ) . `` Shared neural substrates controlling hand movements in human motor cortex '' . Science . 268 ( 5218 ) : 1775 -- 1777 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 7792606 . PMID 7792606 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Donoghue , J.P. , Leibovic , S. and Sanes , J.N. ( 1992 ) . `` Organization of the forelimb area in squirrel monkey motor cortex : representation of digit , wrist and elbow muscles '' . Exp . Brain Res. 89 : 1 -- 10 . doi : 10.1007 / bf00228996 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Meier , J.D. , Aflalo , T.N. , Kastner , S. and Graziano , M.S.A. ( 2008 ) . `` Complex organization of human primary motor cortex : A high - resolution fMRI study '' . J. Neurophysiol. 100 ( 4 ) : 1800 -- 1812 . doi : 10.1152 / jn. 90531.2008 . PMC 2576195 . PMID 18684903 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Nudo , R.J. , Milliken , G.W. , Jenkins , W.M. and Merzenich , M.M. ( 1996 ) . `` Use - dependent alterations of movement representations in primary motor cortex of adult squirrel monkeys '' . J. Neurosci. 16 ( 2 ) : 785 -- 807 . PMID 8551360 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Martin , J.H. , Engber , D. and Meng , Z. ( 2005 ) . `` Effect of forelimb use on postnatal development of the forelimb motor representation in primary motor cortex of the cat '' . J. Neurophysiol. 93 ( 5 ) : 2822 -- 2831 . doi : 10.1152 / jn. 01060.2004 . PMID 15574795 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Graziano , M.S.A. and Aflalo , T.N. ( 2007 ) . `` Mapping behavioral repertoire onto the cortex '' . Neuron. 56 ( 2 ) : 239 -- 251 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neuron. 2007.09. 013 . PMID 17964243 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Stepniewska , I. , Fang , P.C. and Kaas , J.H. ( 2005 ) . `` Microstimulation reveals specialized subregions for different complex movements in posterior parietal cortex of prosimian galagos '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102 ( 13 ) : 4878 -- 4883 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0501048102 . PMC 555725 . PMID 15772167 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Gharbawie , O.A. , Stepniewska , I. , Qi , H. and Kaas , J.H. ( 2011 ) . `` Multiple parietal - frontal pathways mediate grasping in macaque monkeys '' . J. Neurosci. 31 ( 32 ) : 11660 -- 11677 . doi : 10.1523 / JNEUROSCI. 1777 - 11.2011 . PMC 3166522 . PMID 21832196 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Haiss , F. & Schwarz , C ( 2005 ) . `` Spatial segregation of different modes of movement control in the whisker representation of rat primary motor cortex '' . J. Neurosci. 25 ( 6 ) : 1579 -- 1587 . doi : 10.1523 / JNEUROSCI. 3760 - 04.2005 . PMID 15703412 . Jump up ^ Ramanathan , D. , Conner , J.M. and Tuszynski , M.H. ( 2006 ) . `` A form of motor cortical plasticity that correlates with recovery of function after brain injury '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103 ( 30 ) : 11370 -- 11375 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0601065103 . PMC 1544093 . PMID 16837575 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Harrison , Thomas C. ; Ayling , Oliver G.S. ; Murphy , Timothy H. ( 2012 ) . `` Distinct Cortical Circuit Mechanisms for Complex Forelimb Movement and Motor Map Topography '' . Neuron. 74 ( 2 ) : 397 -- 409 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neuron. 2012.02. 028 . ISSN 0896 - 6273 . PMID 22542191 . ^ Jump up to : Kaas , J.H. ( 2004 ) . `` Evolution of somatosensory and motor cortex in primates '' . The Anatomical Record Part A : Discoveries in Molecular , Cellular , and Evolutionary Biology . 281 ( 1 ) : 1148 -- 1156 . doi : 10.1002 / ar. a. 20120 . PMID 15470673 . ^ Jump up to : Jerison , Harry ( 1973 ) . Evolution of the Brain and Intelligence . Elsevier : Academic Press Inc . Further reading ( edit ) Canavero S. Textbook of therapeutic cortical stimulation . New York : Nova Science , 2009 External links ( edit ) Motor Cortex Wikimedia Commons has media related to Motor cortex . ( hide ) Anatomy of the cerebral cortex of the human brain Frontal lobe Superolateral Prefrontal Superior frontal gyrus 6 8 Middle frontal gyrus 9 10 46 Inferior frontal gyrus : 11 47 - Pars orbitalis Broca 's area 44 - Pars opercularis 45 - Pars triangularis Superior frontal sulcus Inferior frontal sulcus Precentral Precentral gyrus Precentral sulcus Medial / inferior Prefrontal Superior frontal gyrus 6 Medial frontal gyrus 8 9 Paraterminal gyrus / Paraolfactory area 12 Straight gyrus 11 Orbital gyri / Orbitofrontal cortex 10 11 12 Ventromedial prefrontal cortex 10 Subcallosal area 25 Olfactory sulcus Orbital sulcus Precentral Paracentral lobule Paracentral sulcus Both Primary motor cortex Premotor cortex 6 Supplementary motor area 6 Supplementary eye field 6 Frontal eye fields 8 Parietal lobe Superolateral Superior parietal lobule 5 7 Inferior parietal lobule 40 - Supramarginal gyrus 39 - Angular gyrus Parietal operculum 43 Intraparietal sulcus Medial / inferior Paracentral lobule 5 Precuneus 7 Marginal sulcus Both Postcentral gyrus / Primary somatosensory cortex Secondary somatosensory cortex 5 Posterior parietal cortex 7 Occipital lobe Superolateral Occipital pole of cerebrum Lateral occipital gyrus 18 19 Lunate sulcus Transverse occipital sulcus Medial / inferior Visual cortex 17 Cuneus Lingual gyrus Calcarine sulcus Temporal lobe Superolateral Transverse temporal gyrus / Auditory cortex 41 42 Superior temporal gyrus 38 22 / Wernicke 's area Middle temporal gyrus 21 Superior temporal sulcus Medial / inferior Fusiform gyrus 37 Medial temporal lobe 27 28 34 35 36 Inferior temporal gyrus 20 Inferior temporal sulcus Interlobar sulci / fissures Superolateral Central ( frontal + parietal ) Lateral ( frontal + parietal + temporal ) Parieto - occipital Preoccipital notch Medial / inferior Longitudinal fissure Cingulate ( frontal + cingulate ) Collateral ( temporal + occipital ) Callosal sulcus Limbic lobe Parahippocampal gyrus anterior Entorhinal cortex Perirhinal cortex Postrhinal cortex Posterior parahippocampal gyrus Prepyriform area Cingulate cortex / gyrus Subgenual area 25 Anterior cingulate 24 32 33 Posterior cingulate 23 31 Isthmus of cingulate gyrus : Retrosplenial cortex 26 29 30 Hippocampal formation Hippocampal sulcus Fimbria of hippocampus Dentate gyrus Rhinal sulcus Other Supracallosal gyrus Uncus Amygdala Insular cortex Insular cortex General Operculum Poles of cerebral hemispheres Some categorizations are approximations , and some Brodmann areas span gyri . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motor_cortex&oldid=810557317 '' Categories : Cerebral cortex Motor system Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Eesti Español Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 16 November 2017 , at 00 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the primary function of the cortex | [
"The motor cortex is the region of the cerebral cortex involved in the planning, control, and execution of voluntary movements. Classically the motor cortex is an area of the frontal lobe located in the posterior precentral gyrus immediately anterior to the central sulcus."
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"planning, control, and execution of voluntary movements"
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803470778302993967 | Foreign policy of the United States | Foreign policy of the United States - Wikipedia Foreign policy of the United States This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas The foreign policy of the United States is its interactions with foreign nations and how it sets standards of interaction for its organizations , corporations and system citizens of the United States . The officially stated goals of the foreign policy of the United States , including all the Bureaus and Offices in the United States Department of State , as mentioned in the Foreign Policy Agenda of the Department of State , are `` to build and sustain a more democratic , secure , and prosperous world for the benefit of the American people and the international community . '' In addition , the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs states as some of its jurisdictional goals : `` export controls , including nonproliferation of nuclear technology and nuclear hardware ; measures to foster commercial interaction with foreign nations and to safeguard American business abroad ; international commodity agreements ; international education ; and protection of American citizens abroad and expatriation . '' U.S. foreign policy and foreign aid have been the subject of much debate , praise and criticism , both domestically and abroad . Contents 1 Powers of the President 2 Powers of the Congress 3 Historical overview 3.1 20th century 3.1. 1 World War I 3.1. 2 World War II 3.1. 3 Cold War 3.2 21st century 4 Law 5 International agreements 5.1 Economic and general government 5.2 Freely Associated States 5.3 Non-participation in multi-lateral agreements 5.4 Hub and spoke vs multilateral 6 Oil 6.1 Persian Gulf 6.2 Canada 6.3 Africa 7 Foreign aid 8 Military 8.1 Mutual defense agreements 8.2 Other allies and multilateral organizations 8.3 Unilateral vs. multilateral military actions 8.4 Aid 8.5 Missile defense 8.6 Exporting democracy 8.6. 1 Opinion that U.S. intervention does not export democracy 8.6. 2 Opinion that U.S. intervention has mixed results 8.6. 3 Opinion that U.S. intervention effectively exports democracy 9 Global opinion 10 Covert actions 11 Influencing foreign elections 12 Human rights 13 War on Drugs 14 Criticism 15 Support 16 See also 16.1 Constitutional and international law 16.2 Diplomacy 16.3 Intelligence 16.4 Military 16.5 Policy and doctrine 17 References 18 Further reading 19 External links Powers of the President ( edit ) Subject to the advice and consent role of the U.S. Senate , the President of the United States negotiates treaties with foreign nations , but treaties enter into force if ratified by two - thirds of the Senate . The President is also Commander in Chief of the United States Armed Forces , and as such has broad authority over the armed forces . Both the Secretary of State and ambassadors are appointed by the President , with the advice and consent of the Senate . The United States Secretary of State acts similarly to a foreign minister and under Executive leadership is the primary conductor of state - to - state diplomacy . Powers of the Congress ( edit ) The U.S. Constitution gives much of the foreign policy decision - making to the presidency , but the Senate has a role in ratifying treaties , and the Supreme Court interprets treaties when cases are presented to it . Main articles : Treaty Clause , War Powers Clause , Appointments Clause , and Foreign Commerce Clause Congress is the only branch of government that has the authority to declare war . Furthermore , Congress writes the civilian and military budget , thus has vast power in military action and foreign aid . Congress also has power to regulate commerce with foreign nations . Historical overview ( edit ) Main articles : History of U.S. foreign policy and Timeline of United States diplomatic history The Jay Treaty of 1795 aligned the U.S. more with Britain and less with France , leading to political polarization at home The main trend regarding the history of U.S. foreign policy since the American Revolution is the shift from non-interventionism before and after World War I , to its growth as a world power and global hegemony during and since World War II and the end of the Cold War in the 20th century . Since the 19th century , U.S. foreign policy also has been characterized by a shift from the realist school to the idealistic or Wilsonian school of international relations . Foreign policy themes were expressed considerably in George Washington 's farewell address ; these included among other things , observing good faith and justice towards all nations and cultivating peace and harmony with all , excluding both `` inveterate antipathies against particular nations , and passionate attachments for others '' , `` steer ( ing ) clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world '' , and advocating trade with all nations . These policies became the basis of the Federalist Party in the 1790s . But the rival Jeffersonians feared Britain and favored France in the 1790s , declaring the War of 1812 on Britain . After the 1778 alliance with France , the U.S. did not sign another permanent treaty until the North Atlantic Treaty in 1949 . Over time , other themes , key goals , attitudes , or stances have been variously expressed by Presidential ' doctrines ' , named for them . Initially these were uncommon events , but since WWII , these have been made by most presidents . Jeffersonians vigorously opposed a large standing army and any navy until attacks against American shipping by Barbary corsairs spurred the country into developing a naval force projection capability , resulting in the First Barbary War in 1801 . Despite two wars with European Powers -- the War of 1812 and the 1898 Spanish -- American War -- American foreign policy was peaceful and marked by steady expansion of its foreign trade during the 19th century . The 1803 Louisiana Purchase doubled the nation 's geographical area ; Spain ceded the territory of Florida in 1819 ; annexation brought in the independent Texas Republic in 1845 ; a war with Mexico in 1848 added California , Arizona , Utah , Nevada , and New Mexico . The U.S. bought Alaska from the Russian Empire in 1867 , and it annexed the independent Republic of Hawaii in 1898 . Victory over Spain in 1898 brought the Philippines , and Puerto Rico , as well as oversight of Cuba . The short experiment in imperialism ended by 1908 , as the U.S. turned its attention to the Panama Canal and the stabilization of regions to its south , including Mexico . 20th century ( edit ) World War I ( edit ) The 20th century was marked by two world wars in which the United States , along with allied powers , defeated its enemies and increased its international reputation . President Wilson 's Fourteen Points was developed from his idealistic Wilsonianism program of spreading democracy and fighting militarism so as to end any wars . It became the basis of the German Armistice ( really a surrender ) and the 1919 Paris Peace Conference . The resulting Treaty of Versailles , due to European allies ' punitive and territorial designs , showed insufficient conformity with these points and the U.S. signed separate treaties with each of its adversaries ; due to Senate objections also , the U.S. never joined the League of Nations , which was established as a result of Wilson 's initiative . In the 1920s , the United States followed an independent course , and succeeded in a program of naval disarmament , and refunding the German economy . Operating outside the League it became a dominant player in diplomatic affairs . New York became the financial capital of the world , but the Wall Street Crash of 1929 hurled the Western industrialized world into the Great Depression . American trade policy relied on high tariffs under the Republicans , and reciprocal trade agreements under the Democrats , but in any case exports were at very low levels in the 1930s . World War II ( edit ) Main article : Diplomatic history of World War II § United States Allies of World War II at the Yalta Conference : Winston Churchill , Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin . The United States adopted a non-interventionist foreign policy from 1932 to 1938 , but then President Franklin D. Roosevelt moved toward strong support of the Allies in their wars against Germany and Japan . As a result of intense internal debate , the national policy was one of becoming the Arsenal of Democracy , that is financing and equipping the Allied armies without sending American combat soldiers . Roosevelt mentioned four fundamental freedoms , which ought to be enjoyed by people `` everywhere in the world '' ; these included the freedom of speech and religion , as well as freedom from want and fear . Roosevelt helped establish terms for a post-war world among potential allies at the Atlantic Conference ; specific points were included to correct earlier failures , which became a step toward the United Nations . American policy was to threaten Japan , to force it out of China , and to prevent its attacking the Soviet Union . However , Japan reacted by an attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941 , and the United States was at war with Japan , Germany , and Italy . Instead of the loans given to allies in World War I , the United States provided Lend - Lease grants of $50,000,000,000 . Working closely with Winston Churchill of Britain , and Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union , Roosevelt sent his forces into the Pacific against Japan , then into North Africa against Italy and Germany , and finally into Europe starting with France and Italy in 1944 against the Germans . The American economy roared forward , doubling industrial production , and building vast quantities of airplanes , ships , tanks , munitions , and , finally , the atomic bomb . Much of the American war effort went to strategic bombers , which flattened the cities of Japan and Germany . Cold War ( edit ) Main article : Cold War Chinese Communist Party Chairman Mao Zedong meets with U.S. President Richard Nixon , 1972 After the war , the U.S. rose to become the dominant non-colonial economic power with broad influence in much of the world , with the key policies of the Marshall Plan and the Truman Doctrine . Almost immediately , however , the world witnessed division into broad two camps during the Cold War ; one side was led by the U.S. and the other by the Soviet Union , but this situation also led to the establishment of the Non-Aligned Movement . This period lasted until almost the end of the 20th century and is thought to be both an ideological and power struggle between the two superpowers . A policy of containment was adopted to limit Soviet expansion , and a series of proxy wars were fought with mixed results . In 1991 , the Soviet Union dissolved into separate nations , and the Cold War formally ended as the United States gave separate diplomatic recognition to the Russian Federation and other former Soviet states . In domestic politics , foreign policy is not usually a central issue . In 1945 -- 1970 the Democratic Party took a strong anti-Communist line and supported wars in Korea and Vietnam . Then the party split with a strong , `` dovish '' , pacifist element ( typified by 1972 presidential candidate George McGovern ) . Many `` hawks '' , advocates for war , joined the Neoconservative movement and started supporting the Republicans -- especially Reagan -- based on foreign policy . Meanwhile , down to 1952 the Republican Party was split between an isolationist wing , based in the Midwest and led by Senator Robert A. Taft , and an internationalist wing based in the East and led by Dwight D. Eisenhower . Eisenhower defeated Taft for the 1952 nomination largely on foreign policy grounds . Since then the Republicans have been characterized by a hawkish and intense American nationalism , and strong opposition to Communism , and strong support for Israel . 21st century ( edit ) In the 21st century , U.S. influence remains strong but , in relative terms , is declining in terms of economic output compared to rising nations such as China , India , Russia , and the newly consolidated European Union . Substantial problems remain , such as climate change , nuclear proliferation , and the specter of nuclear terrorism . Foreign policy analysts Hachigian and Sutphen in their book The Next American Century suggest all five powers have similar vested interests in stability and terrorism prevention and trade ; if they can find common ground , then the next decades may be marked by peaceful growth and prosperity . In 2017 diplomats from other countries developed new tactics to deal with President Donald Trump . The New York Times reported on the eve of his first foreign trip as president : For foreign leaders trying to figure out the best way to approach an American president unlike any they have known , it is a time of experimentation . Embassies in Washington trade tips and ambassadors send cables to presidents and ministers back home suggesting how to handle a mercurial , strong - willed leader with no real experience on the world stage , a preference for personal diplomacy and a taste for glitz ... certain rules have emerged : Keep it short -- no 30 - minute monologue for a 30 - second attention span . Do not assume he knows the history of the country or its major points of contention . Compliment him on his Electoral College victory . Contrast him favorably with President Barack Obama . Do not get hung up on whatever was said during the campaign . Stay in regular touch . Do not go in with a shopping list but bring some sort of deal he can call a victory . Trump has numerous aides giving advice on foreign policy . The chief diplomat was Secretary of State Rex Tillerson . His major foreign policy positions , which sometimes are at odds with Trump , include : urging the United States to stay in the Trans - Pacific Partnership and the Paris climate accord , taking a hard line on Russia , advocating negotiations and dialogue to defuse the mounting crisis with North Korea , advocating for continued U.S. adherence to the Iran nuclear deal , taking a neutral position in the dispute between Qatar and Saudi Arabia , and reassuring jittery allies , from South Korea and Japan to our NATO partners , that America still has their back . Law ( edit ) In the United States , there are three types of treaty - related law : Treaties are formal written agreements specified by the Treaty Clause of the Constitution . The President makes a treaty with foreign powers , but then the proposed treaty must be ratified by a two - thirds vote in the Senate . For example , President Wilson proposed the Treaty of Versailles after World War I after consulting with allied powers , but this treaty was rejected by the Senate ; as a result , the U.S. subsequently made separate agreements with different nations . While most international law has a broader interpretation of the term treaty , the U.S. sense of the term is more restricted . In Missouri v. Holland , the Supreme Court ruled that the power to make treaties under the U.S. Constitution is a power separate from the other enumerated powers of the federal government , and hence the federal government can use treaties to legislate in areas which would otherwise fall within the exclusive authority of the states . Executive agreements are made by the President -- in the exercise of his Constitutional executive powers -- alone . Congressional - executive agreements are made by the President and Congress . A majority of both houses makes it binding much like regular legislation after it is signed by the president . The Constitution does not expressly state that these agreements are allowed , and constitutional scholars such as Laurence Tribe think they are unconstitutional . In contrast to most other nations , the United States considers the three types of agreements as distinct . Further , the United States incorporates treaty law into the body of U.S. federal law . As a result , Congress can modify or repeal treaties afterward . It can overrule an agreed - upon treaty obligation even if this is seen as a violation of the treaty under international law . Several U.S. court rulings confirmed this understanding , including Supreme Court decisions in Paquete Habana v. United States ( 1900 ) , and Reid v. Covert ( 1957 ) , as well as a lower court ruling n Garcia - Mir v. Meese ( 1986 ) . Further , the Supreme Court has declared itself as having the power to rule a treaty as void by declaring it `` unconstitutional '' , although as of 2011 , it has never exercised this power . The State Department has taken the position that the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties represents established law . Generally , when the U.S. signs a treaty , it is binding . However , as a result of the Reid v. Covert decision , the U.S. adds a reservation to the text of every treaty that says , in effect , that the U.S. intends to abide by the treaty , but if the treaty is found to be in violation of the Constitution , then the U.S. legally ca n't abide by the treaty since the U.S. signature would be ultra vires . International agreements ( edit ) The United States has ratified and participates in many other multilateral treaties , including arms control treaties ( especially with the Soviet Union ) , human rights treaties , environmental protocols , and free trade agreements . Further information : List of United States treaties Economic and General government ( edit ) The United States is a founding member of the United Nations and most of its specialized agencies , notably including the World Bank Group and International Monetary Fund . The U.S. has at times has withheld payment of dues due to disagreements with the UN . The United States is also member of : Organization of American States Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe ( OSCE ) NAFTA , the regional trade bloc with Canada and Mexico World Trade Organization Asia - Pacific Economic Cooperation ( APEC ) Group of Seven ( G7 ) World Customs Organization Freely Associated States ( edit ) After it captured the islands from Japan during World War II , the United States administered the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands from 1947 to 1986 ( 1994 for Palau ) . The Northern Mariana Islands became a U.S. territory ( part of the United States ) , while Federated States of Micronesia , the Marshall Islands , and Palau became independent countries . Each has signed a Compact of Free Association that gives the United States exclusive military access in return for U.S. defense protection and conduct of military foreign affairs ( except the declaration of war ) and a few billion dollars of aid . These agreements also generally allow citizens of these countries to live and work in the United States with their spouses ( and vice versa ) , and provide for largely free trade . The federal government also grants access to services from domestic agencies , including the Federal Emergency Management Agency , National Weather Service , the United States Postal Service , the Federal Aviation Administration , the Federal Communications Commission , and U.S. representation to the International Frequency Registration Board of the International Telecommunication Union . Further information : Associated state Non-participation in multilateral agreements ( edit ) The United States notably does not participate in various international agreements adhered to by almost all other industrialized countries , by almost all the countries of the Americas , or by almost all other countries in the world . With a large population and economy , on a practical level this can undermine the effect of certain agreements , or give other countries a precedent to cite for non-participation in various agreements . In some cases the arguments against participation include that the United States should maximize its sovereignty and freedom of action , or that ratification would create a basis for lawsuits that would treat American citizens unfairly . In other cases , the debate became involved in domestic political issues , such as gun control , climate change , and the death penalty . Examples include : Versailles Treaty and the League of Nations covenant ( in force 1920 -- 45 , signed but not ratified ) International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ( took effect in 1976 , ratified with substantial reservations ) International Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights ( took effect in 1976 , signed but not ratified ) American Convention on Human Rights ( took effect in 1978 ) Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women ( took effect in 1981 , signed but not ratified ) Convention on the Rights of the Child ( took effect in 1990 , signed but not ratified ) United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( took effect in 1994 ) Comprehensive Nuclear - Test - Ban Treaty ( signed in 1996 but never ratified and never took effect ) Mine Ban Treaty ( took effect in 1999 ) International Criminal Court ( took effect in 2002 ) Kyoto Protocol ( in force 2005 -- 12 , signed but not ratified ) Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture ( took effect in 2006 ) Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities ( took effect in 2008 , signed but not ratified ) Convention on Cluster Munitions ( took effect in 2010 ) International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance ( took effect in 2010 ) Arms Trade Treaty ( took effect in 2014 ) Other human rights treaties Further information : List of treaties unsigned or unratified by the United States Hub and spoke vs multilateral ( edit ) While America 's relationships with Europe have tended to be in terms of multilateral frameworks , such as NATO , America 's relations with Asia have tended to be based on a `` hub and spoke '' model using a series of bilateral relationships where states coordinate with the United States and do not collaborate with each other . On May 30 , 2009 , at the Shangri - La Dialogue Defense Secretary Robert M. Gates urged the nations of Asia to build on this hub and spoke model as they established and grew multilateral institutions such as ASEAN , APEC and the ad hoc arrangements in the area . However , in 2011 Gates said that the United States must serve as the `` indispensable nation , '' for building multilateral cooperation . Oil ( edit ) Persian Gulf ( edit ) Further information : Energy policy of the United States and Petroleum politics A U.S. soldier stands guard duty near a burning oil well in the Rumaila oil field , Iraq , April 2003 As of 2014 , the U.S. currently produces about 66 % of the oil that it consumes . While its imports have exceeded domestic production since the early 1990s , new hydraulic fracturing techniques and discovery of shale oil deposits in Canada and the American Dakotas offer the potential for increased energy independence from oil exporting countries such as OPEC . Former U.S. President George W. Bush identified dependence on imported oil as an urgent `` national security concern '' . Two - thirds of the world 's proven oil reserves are estimated to be found in the Persian Gulf . Despite its distance , the Persian Gulf region was first proclaimed to be of national interest to the United States during World War II . Petroleum is of central importance to modern armies , and the United States -- as the world 's leading oil producer at that time -- supplied most of the oil for the Allied armies . Many U.S. strategists were concerned that the war would dangerously reduce the U.S. oil supply , and so they sought to establish good relations with Saudi Arabia , a kingdom with large oil reserves . The Persian Gulf region continued to be regarded as an area of vital importance to the United States during the Cold War . Three Cold War United States Presidential doctrines -- the Truman Doctrine , the Eisenhower Doctrine , and the Nixon Doctrine -- played roles in the formulation of the Carter Doctrine , which stated that the United States would use military force if necessary to defend its `` national interests '' in the Persian Gulf region . Carter 's successor , President Ronald Reagan , extended the policy in October 1981 with what is sometimes called the `` Reagan Corollary to the Carter Doctrine '' , which proclaimed that the United States would intervene to protect Saudi Arabia , whose security was threatened after the outbreak of the Iran -- Iraq War . Some analysts have argued that the implementation of the Carter Doctrine and the Reagan Corollary also played a role in the outbreak of the 2003 Iraq War . Canada ( edit ) Almost all of Canada 's energy exports go to the United States , making it the largest foreign source of U.S. energy imports : Canada is consistently among the top sources for U.S. oil imports , and it is the largest source of U.S. natural gas and electricity imports . Africa ( edit ) In 2007 the U.S. was Sub-Saharan Africa 's largest single export market accounting for 28 % of exports ( second in total to the EU at 31 % ) . 81 % of U.S. imports from this region were petroleum products . Foreign aid ( edit ) Main articles : United States foreign aid and United States Agency for International Development Foreign assistance is a core component of the State Department 's international affairs budget , which is $49 billion in all for 2014 . Aid is considered an essential instrument of U.S. foreign policy . There are four major categories of non-military foreign assistance : bilateral development aid , economic assistance supporting U.S. political and security goals , humanitarian aid , and multilateral economic contributions ( for example , contributions to the World Bank and International Monetary Fund ) . In absolute dollar terms , the United States government is the largest international aid donor ( $23 billion in 2014 ) . The U.S. Agency for International Development ( USAID ) manages the bulk of bilateral economic assistance ; the Treasury Department handles most multilateral aid . In addition many private agencies , churches and philanthropies provide aid . Although the United States is the largest donor in absolute dollar terms , it is actually ranked 19 out of 27 countries on the Commitment to Development Index . The CDI ranks the 27 richest donor countries on their policies that affect the developing world . In the aid component the United States is penalized for low net aid volume as a share of the economy , a large share of tied or partially tied aid , and a large share of aid given to less poor and relatively undemocratic governments . Foreign aid is a highly partisan issue in the United States , with liberals , on average , supporting foreign aid much more than conservatives do . Military ( edit ) As of 2016 , the United States is actively conducting military operations against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and Al - Qaeda under the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists , including in areas of fighting in the Syrian Civil War and Yemeni Civil War . The Guantanamo Bay Naval Base holds what the federal government considers unlawful combatants from these ongoing activities , and has been a controversial issue in foreign relations , domestic politics , and Cuba -- United States relations . Other major U.S. military concerns include stability in Afghanistan and Iraq after the recent invasions of those countries , and Russian military activity in Ukraine . Mutual defense agreements ( edit ) A map of allies of the United States NATO member states , including their colonies and overseas possessions Major non-NATO allies , plus Republic of China ( Taiwan ) Signatories of Partnership for Peace with NATO The United States is a founding member of NATO , an alliance of 28 North American and European nations formed to defend Western Europe against the Soviet Union during the Cold War . Under the NATO charter , the United States is compelled to defend any NATO state that is attacked by a foreign power . The United States itself was the first country to invoke the mutual defense provisions of the alliance , in response to the September 11 attacks . The United States also has mutual military defense treaties with : Australia and New Zealand Japan South Korea Philippines Thailand , with other states formerly in the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization Most countries in South America , Central America , and the Caribbean , through the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance The United States has responsibility for the defense of the three Compact of Free Association states : Federated States of Micronesia , the Marshall Islands , and Palau . Other allies and multilateral organizations ( edit ) Countries with U.S. military bases ( excluding the U.S. Coast Guard ) . In 1989 , the United States also granted five nations the major non-NATO ally status ( MNNA ) , and additions by later presidents have brought the list to 28 nations . Each such state has a unique relationship with the United States , involving various military and economic partnerships and alliances . U.S. Air Force Special Tactics Commandos training with Jordanian special operations forces and lesser agreements with : Taiwan Israel Saudi Arabia The U.S. participates in various military - related multi-lateral organizations , including : Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons International Atomic Energy Agency The U.S. also operates hundreds of military bases around the world . Unilateral vs. multilateral military actions ( edit ) The United States has undertaken unilateral and multilateral military operations throughout its history ( see Timeline of United States military operations ) . In the post-World War II era , the country has had permanent membership and veto power in the United Nations Security Council , allowing it to undertake any military action without formal Security Council opposition . With vast military expenditures , the United States is known as the sole remaining superpower after the collapse of the Soviet Union . The U.S. contributes a relatively small number of personnel for United Nations peacekeeping operations . It sometimes acts through NATO , as with the NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina , NATO bombing of Yugoslavia , and ISAF in Afghanistan , but often acts unilaterally or in ad - hoc coalitions as with the 2003 invasion of Iraq . The United Nations Charter requires that military operations be either for self - defense or affirmatively approved by the Security Council . Though many of their operations have followed these rules , the United States and NATO have been accused of committing crimes against peace in international law , for example in the 1999 Yugoslavia and 2003 Iraq operations . Aid ( edit ) Main articles : United States military aid , United States Foreign Military Financing , and Foreign Military Sales U.S. Soldiers unload humanitarian aid for distribution to the town of Rajan Kala , Afghanistan , December 2009 The U.S. provides military aid through many different channels . Counting the items that appear in the budget as ' Foreign Military Financing ' and ' Plan Colombia ' , the U.S. spent approximately $4.5 billion in military aid in 2001 , of which $2 billion went to Israel , $1.3 billion went to Egypt , and $1 billion went to Colombia . Since 9 / 11 , Pakistan has received approximately $11.5 billion in direct military aid . As of 2004 , according to Fox News , the U.S. had more than 700 military bases in 130 different countries . Estimated U.S. foreign military financing and aid by recipient for 2010 : Recipient Military aid 2010 ( USD Billions ) Iraq 6.50 Afghanistan 5.60 Israel 2.75 Egypt 1.75 Pakistan 1.60 Colombia . 834 Jordan . 300 Palestinian Authority . 100 Yemen . 070 According to a 2016 report by the Congressional Research Service , the U.S. topped the market in global weapon sales for 2015 , with $40 billion sold . The largest buyers were Qatar , Egypt , Saudi Arabia , South Korea , Pakistan , Israel , the United Arab Emirates and Iraq . Missile defense ( edit ) Main articles : National missile defense and Strategic Defense Initiative The Strategic Defense Initiative ( SDI ) was a proposal by U.S. President Ronald Reagan on March 23 , 1983 to use ground and space - based systems to protect the United States from attack by strategic nuclear ballistic missiles , later dubbed `` Star Wars '' . The initiative focused on strategic defense rather than the prior strategic offense doctrine of mutual assured destruction ( MAD ) . Though it was never fully developed or deployed , the research and technologies of SDI paved the way for some anti-ballistic missile systems of today . In February 2007 , the U.S. started formal negotiations with Poland and Czech Republic concerning construction of missile shield installations in those countries for a Ground - Based Midcourse Defense system ( in April 2007 , 57 % of Poles opposed the plan ) . According to press reports the government of the Czech Republic agreed ( while 67 % Czechs disagree ) to host a missile defense radar on its territory while a base of missile interceptors is supposed to be built in Poland . Russia threatened to place short - range nuclear missiles on the Russia 's border with NATO if the United States refuses to abandon plans to deploy 10 interceptor missiles and a radar in Poland and the Czech Republic . In April 2007 , Putin warned of a new Cold War if the Americans deployed the shield in Central Europe . Putin also said that Russia is prepared to abandon its obligations under an Intermediate - Range Nuclear Forces Treaty of 1987 with the United States . On August 14 , 2008 , the United States and Poland announced a deal to implement the missile defense system in Polish territory , with a tracking system placed in the Czech Republic . `` The fact that this was signed in a period of very difficult crisis in the relations between Russia and the United States over the situation in Georgia shows that , of course , the missile defense system will be deployed not against Iran but against the strategic potential of Russia '' , Dmitry Rogozin , Russia 's NATO envoy , said . Keir A. Lieber and Daryl G. Press , argue in Foreign Affairs that U.S. missile defenses are designed to secure Washington 's nuclear primacy and are chiefly directed at potential rivals , such as Russia and China . The authors note that Washington continues to eschew nuclear first strike and contend that deploying missile defenses `` would be valuable primarily in an offensive context , not a defensive one ; as an adjunct to a US First Strike capability , not as a stand - alone shield '' : If the United States launched a nuclear attack against Russia ( or China ) , the targeted country would be left with only a tiny surviving arsenal , if any at all . At that point , even a relatively modest or inefficient missile defense system might well be enough to protect against any retaliatory strikes . This analysis is corroborated by the Pentagon 's 1992 Defense Planning Guidance ( DPG ) , prepared by then Secretary of Defense Richard Cheney and his deputies . The DPG declares that the United States should use its power to `` prevent the reemergence of a new rival '' either on former Soviet territory or elsewhere . The authors of the Guidance determined that the United States had to `` Field a missile defense system as a shield against accidental missile launches or limited missile strikes by ' international outlaws ' '' and also must `` Find ways to integrate the ' new democracies ' of the former Soviet bloc into the U.S. - led system '' . The National Archive notes that Document 10 of the DPG includes wording about `` disarming capabilities to destroy '' which is followed by several blacked out words . `` This suggests that some of the heavily excised pages in the still - classified DPG drafts may include some discussion of preventive action against threatening nuclear and other WMD programs . '' Finally , Robert David English , writing in Foreign Affairs , observes that in addition to the deployment U.S. missile defenses , the DPG 's second recommendation has also been proceeding on course . `` Washington has pursued policies that have ignored Russian interests ( and sometimes international law as well ) in order to encircle Moscow with military alliances and trade blocs conducive to U.S. interests . '' Exporting democracy ( edit ) See also : American democracy promotion in the Middle East and North Africa In United States history , critics have charged that presidents have used democracy to justify military intervention abroad . Critics have also charged that the U.S. helped local militaries overthrow democratically elected governments in Iran , Guatemala , and in other instances . Studies have been devoted to the historical success rate of the U.S. in exporting democracy abroad . Some studies of American intervention have been pessimistic about the overall effectiveness of U.S. efforts to encourage democracy in foreign nations . Until recently , scholars have generally agreed with international relations professor Abraham Lowenthal that U.S. attempts to export democracy have been `` negligible , often counterproductive , and only occasionally positive . '' Other studies find U.S. intervention has had mixed results , and another by Hermann and Kegley has found that military interventions have improved democracy in other countries . Opinion that U.S. intervention does not export democracy ( edit ) Professor Paul W. Drake argued that the U.S. first attempted to export democracy in Latin America through intervention from 1912 to 1932 . Drake argued that this was contradictory because international law defines intervention as `` dictatorial interference in the affairs of another state for the purpose of altering the condition of things . '' The study suggested that efforts to promote democracy failed because democracy needs to develop out of internal conditions , and can not be forcibly imposed . There was disagreement about what constituted democracy ; Drake suggested American leaders sometimes defined democracy in a narrow sense of a nation having elections ; Drake suggested a broader understanding was needed . Further , there was disagreement about what constituted a `` rebellion '' ; Drake saw a pattern in which the U.S. State Department disapproved of any type of rebellion , even so - called `` revolutions '' , and in some instances rebellions against dictatorships . Historian Walter LaFeber stated , `` The world 's leading revolutionary nation ( the U.S. ) in the eighteenth century became the leading protector of the status quo in the twentieth century . '' Mesquita and Downs evaluated 35 U.S. interventions from 1945 to 2004 and concluded that in only one case , Colombia , did a `` full fledged , stable democracy '' develop within ten years following the intervention . Samia Amin Pei argued that nation building in developed countries usually unravelled four to six years after American intervention ended . Pei , based on study of a database on worldwide democracies called Polity , agreed with Mesquita and Downs that U.S. intervention efforts usually do n't produce real democracies , and that most cases result in greater authoritarianism after ten years . Professor Joshua Muravchik argued U.S. occupation was critical for Axis power democratization after World War II , but America 's failure to encourage democracy in the third world `` prove ... that U.S. military occupation is not a sufficient condition to make a country democratic . '' The success of democracy in former Axis countries such as Italy were seen as a result of high national per - capita income , although U.S. protection was seen as a key to stabilization and important for encouraging the transition to democracy . Steven Krasner agreed that there was a link between wealth and democracy ; when per - capita incomes of $6,000 were achieved in a democracy , there was little chance of that country ever reverting to an autocracy , according to an analysis of his research in the Los Angeles Times . Opinion that U.S. intervention has mixed results ( edit ) Tures examined 228 cases of American intervention from 1973 to 2005 , using Freedom House data . A plurality of interventions , 96 , caused no change in the country 's democracy . In 69 instances , the country became less democratic after the intervention . In the remaining 63 cases , a country became more democratic . However this does not take into account the direction the country would have gone with no U.S. intervention . Opinion that U.S. intervention effectively exports democracy ( edit ) Hermann and Kegley found that American military interventions designed to protect or promote democracy increased freedom in those countries . Peceny argued that the democracies created after military intervention are still closer to an autocracy than a democracy , quoting Przeworski `` while some democracies are more democratic than others , unless offices are contested , no regime should be considered democratic . '' Therefore , Peceny concludes , it is difficult to know from the Hermann and Kegley study whether U.S. intervention has only produced less repressive autocratic governments or genuine democracies . Peceny stated that the United States attempted to export democracy in 33 of its 93 20th - century military interventions . Peceny argued that proliberal policies after military intervention had a positive impact on democracy . Global opinion ( edit ) A global survey done by Pewglobal indicated that at ( as of 2014 ) least 33 surveyed countries have a positive view ( 50 % or above ) of the United States . With the top ten most positive countries being Philippines ( 92 % ) , Israel ( 84 % ) , South Korea ( 82 % ) , Kenya ( 80 % ) , El Salvador ( 80 % ) , Italy ( 78 % ) , Ghana ( 77 % ) , Vietnam ( 76 % ) , Bangladesh ( 76 % ) , and Tanzania ( 75 % ) . While 10 surveyed countries have the most negative view ( Below 50 % ) of the United States . With the countries being Egypt ( 10 % ) , Jordan ( 12 % ) , Pakistan ( 14 % ) , Turkey ( 19 % ) , Russia ( 23 % ) , Palestinian Territories ( 30 % ) , Greece ( 34 % ) , Argentina ( 36 % ) , Lebanon ( 41 % ) , Tunisia ( 42 % ) . Americans ' own view of the United States was viewed at 84 % . International opinion about the US has often changed with different executive administrations . For example in 2009 , the French public favored the United States when President Barack Obama ( 75 % favorable ) replaced President George W. Bush ( 42 % ) . After President Donald Trump took the helm in 2017 , French public opinion about the US fell from 63 % to 46 % . These trends were also seen in other European countries . Covert actions ( edit ) Main articles : United States involvement in regime change and History of the Central Intelligence Agency See also : Clandestine HUMINT and covert action Covert United States involvement in regime change 1949 Syrian coup d'état 1949 -- 1953 Albania 1951 -- 56 Tibet 1953 Iranian coup d'état 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 1956 -- 57 Syria crisis 1957 -- 58 Indonesian rebellion 1959 -- 2000 Cuba , assassination attempts on Fidel Castro 1959 Cambodian `` Bangkok Plot '' 1960 Congo coup 1961 Cuba , Bay of Pigs Invasion 1961 Cuba , Operation Mongoose 1961 Dominican Republic 1963 South Vietnamese coup 1964 Bolivian coup d'état 1964 Brazilian coup d'état 1966 Ghana coup d'état 1970 Cambodian coup 1971 Bolivian coup d'état 1970 -- 73 Chile 1979 -- 89 Afghanistan , Operation Cyclone 1980 -- 92 Angola , UNITA 1981 -- 87 Nicaragua , Contras 1982 Chad 1991 Haiti 1996 Iraq coup attempt 2000 Yugoslavia 2004 Haiti 2011 -- 2017 Syria , Timber Sycamore view talk United States foreign policy also includes covert actions to topple foreign governments that have been opposed to the United States . According to J. Dana Stuster , writing in Foreign Policy , there are seven `` confirmed cases '' where the U.S. -- acting principally through the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) , but sometimes with the support of other parts of the U.S. government , including the Navy and State Department -- covertly assisted in the overthrow of a foreign government : Iran in 1953 , Guatemala in 1954 , Congo in 1960 , the Dominican Republic in 1961 , South Vietnam in 1963 , Brazil in 1964 , and Chile in 1973 . Stuster states that this list excludes `` U.S. - supported insurgencies and failed assassination attempts '' such as those directed against Cuba 's Fidel Castro , as well as instances where U.S. involvement has been alleged but not proven ( such as Syria in 1949 ) . In 1953 the CIA , working with the British government , initiated Operation Ajax against the Prime Minister of Iran Mohammad Mossadegh who had attempted to nationalize Iran 's oil , threatening the interests of the Anglo - Persian Oil Company . This had the effect of restoring and strengthening the authoritarian monarchical reign of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi . In 1957 , the CIA and Israeli Mossad aided the Iranian government in establishing its intelligence service , SAVAK , later blamed for the torture and execution of the regime 's opponents . A year later , in Operation PBSUCCESS , the CIA assisted the local military in toppling the democratically elected left - wing government of Jacobo Árbenz in Guatemala and installing the military dictator Carlos Castillo Armas . The United Fruit Company lobbied for Árbenz overthrow as his land reforms jeopardized their land holdings in Guatemala , and painted these reforms as a communist threat . The coup triggered a decades long civil war which claimed the lives of an estimated 200,000 people ( 42,275 individual cases have been documented ) , mostly through 626 massacres against the Maya population perpetrated by the U.S. - backed Guatemalan military . An independent Historical Clarification Commission found that U.S. corporations and government officials `` exercised pressure to maintain the country 's archaic and unjust socio - economic structure , '' and that U.S. military assistance had a `` significant bearing on human rights violations during the armed confrontation . '' During the massacre of at least 500,000 alleged communists in 1960s Indonesia , U.S. government officials encouraged and applauded the mass killings while providing covert assistance to the Indonesian military which helped facilitate them . This included the U.S. Embassy in Jakarta supplying Indonesian forces with lists of up to 5,000 names of suspected members of the Communist Party of Indonesia ( PKI ) , who were subsequently killed in the massacres . In 2001 , the CIA attempted to prevent the publication of the State Department volume Foreign Relations of the United States , 1964 -- 1968 , which documents the U.S. role in providing covert assistance to the Indonesian military for the express purpose of the extirpation of the PKI . In July 2016 , an international panel of judges ruled the killings constitute crimes against humanity , and that the US , along with other Western governments , were complicit in these crimes . In 1970 , the CIA worked with coup - plotters in Chile in the attempted kidnapping of General René Schneider , who was targeted for refusing to participate in a military coup upon the election of Salvador Allende . Schneider was shot in the botched attempt and died three days later . The CIA later paid the group $35,000 for the failed kidnapping . Influencing foreign elections ( edit ) Main article : Foreign electoral intervention According to one peer - reviewed study , the U.S. intervened in 81 foreign elections between 1946 and 2000 , while the Soviet Union or Russia intervened in 36 . Human rights ( edit ) See also : Human rights violations by the CIA , List of authoritarian regimes supported by the United States , United States and state - sponsored terrorism , and United States and state terrorism Zairean dictator Mobutu Sese Seko and Richard Nixon in Washington , D.C. , October 1973 Since the 1970s , issues of human rights have become increasingly important in American foreign policy . Congress took the lead in the 1970s . Following the Vietnam War , the feeling that U.S. foreign policy had grown apart from traditional American values was seized upon by Senator Donald M. Fraser ( D , MI ) , leading the Subcommittee on International Organizations and Movements , in criticizing Republican Foreign Policy under the Nixon administration . In the early 1970s , Congress concluded the Vietnam War and passed the War Powers Act . As `` part of a growing assertiveness by Congress about many aspects of Foreign Policy , '' Human Rights concerns became a battleground between the Legislative and the Executive branches in the formulation of foreign policy . David Forsythe points to three specific , early examples of Congress interjecting its own thoughts on foreign policy : Subsection ( a ) of the International Financial Assistance Act of 1977 : ensured assistance through international financial institutions would be limited to countries `` other than those whose governments engage in a consistent pattern of gross violations of internationally recognized human rights . '' Section 116 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 , as amended in 1984 : reads in part , `` No assistance may be provided under this part to the government of any country which engages in a consistent pattern of gross violations of internationally recognized human rights . '' Section 502B of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 , as amended in 1978 : `` No security assistance may be provided to any country the government of which engages in a consistent pattern of gross violations of internationally recognized human rights . '' Barack Obama with King Salman of Saudi Arabia , January 2015 . According to AI , `` For too long , the USA has shied away from publicly confronting Saudi Arabia over its human rights record , largely turning a blind eye to a mounting catalogue of abuses . '' These measures were repeatedly used by Congress , with varying success , to affect U.S. foreign policy towards the inclusion of Human Rights concerns . Specific examples include El Salvador , Nicaragua , Guatemala and South Africa . The Executive ( from Nixon to Reagan ) argued that the Cold War required placing regional security in favor of U.S. interests over any behavioral concerns of national allies . Congress argued the opposite , in favor of distancing the United States from oppressive regimes . Nevertheless , according to historian Daniel Goldhagen , during the last two decades of the Cold War , the number of American client states practicing mass murder outnumbered those of the Soviet Union . John Henry Coatsworth , a historian of Latin America and the provost of Columbia University , suggests the number of repression victims in Latin America alone far surpassed that of the USSR and its East European satellites during the period 1960 to 1990 . W. John Green contends that the United States was an `` essential enabler '' of `` Latin America 's political murder habit , bringing out and allowing to flourish some of the region 's worst tendencies . '' On December 6 , 2011 , Obama instructed agencies to consider LGBT rights when issuing financial aid to foreign countries . He also criticized Russia 's law discriminating against gays , joining other western leaders in the boycott of the 2014 Winter Olympics in Russia . In June 2014 , a Chilean court ruled that the United States played a key role in the murders of Charles Horman and Frank Teruggi , both American citizens , shortly after the 1973 Chilean coup d'état . War on drugs ( edit ) Main article : War on Drugs United States foreign policy is influenced by the efforts of the U.S. government to control imports of illicit drugs , including cocaine , heroin , methamphetamine , and cannabis . This is especially true in Latin America , a focus for the U.S. War on Drugs . Those efforts date back to at least 1880 , when the U.S. and China completed an agreement that prohibited the shipment of opium between the two countries . Over a century later , the Foreign Relations Authorization Act requires the President to identify the major drug transit or major illicit drug - producing countries . In September 2005 , the following countries were identified : Bahamas , Bolivia , Brazil , Burma , Colombia , Dominican Republic , Ecuador , Guatemala , Haiti , India , Jamaica , Laos , Mexico , Nigeria , Pakistan , Panama , Paraguay , Peru and Venezuela . Two of these , Burma and Venezuela are countries that the U.S. considers to have failed to adhere to their obligations under international counternarcotics agreements during the previous 12 months . Notably absent from the 2005 list were Afghanistan , the People 's Republic of China and Vietnam ; Canada was also omitted in spite of evidence that criminal groups there are increasingly involved in the production of MDMA destined for the United States and that large - scale cross-border trafficking of Canadian - grown cannabis continues . The U.S. believes that the Netherlands are successfully countering the production and flow of MDMA to the U.S. Criticism ( edit ) Main article : Criticism of American foreign policy Demonstration at Checkpoint Charlie in Berlin against the NSA surveillance program PRISM , June 2013 Critics from the left cite episodes that undercut leftist governments or showed support for Israel . Others cite human rights abuses and violations of international law . Critics have charged that the U.S. presidents have used democracy to justify military intervention abroad . Critics also point to declassified records which indicate that the CIA under Allen Dulles and the FBI under J. Edgar Hoover aggressively recruited more than 1,000 Nazis , including those responsible for war crimes , to use as spies and informants against the Soviet Union in the Cold War . The U.S. has faced criticism for backing right - wing dictators that systematically violated human rights , such as Augusto Pinochet of Chile , Alfredo Stroessner of Paraguay , Efraín Ríos Montt of Guatemala , Jorge Rafael Videla of Argentina , Hissène Habré of Chad Yahya Khan of Pakistan and Suharto of Indonesia . Critics have also accused the United States of facilitating and supporting state terrorism in the Global South during the Cold War , such as Operation Condor , an international campaign of political assassination and state terror organized by right - wing military dictatorships in the Southern Cone of South America . Journalists and human rights organizations have been critical of US - led airstrikes and targeted killings by drones which have in some cases resulted in collateral damage of civilian populations . In early 2017 , the U.S. faced criticism from some scholars , activists and media outlets for dropping 26,171 bombs on seven different countries throughout 2016 : Syria , Iraq , Afghanistan , Libya , Yemen , Somalia and Pakistan . The U.S. has been accused of complicity in war crimes for backing the Saudi Arabian - led intervention into the Yemeni Civil War ( 2015 -- present ) , which has triggered a humanitarian catastrophe , including a cholera outbreak and millions facing starvation . Studies have been devoted to the historical success rate of the U.S. in exporting democracy abroad . Some studies of American intervention have been pessimistic about the overall effectiveness of U.S. efforts to encourage democracy in foreign nations . Some scholars have generally agreed with international relations professor Abraham Lowenthal that U.S. attempts to export democracy have been `` negligible , often counterproductive , and only occasionally positive . '' Other studies find U.S. intervention has had mixed results , and another by Hermann and Kegley has found that military interventions have improved democracy in other countries . A 2013 global poll in 68 countries with 66,000 respondents by Win / Gallup found that the U.S. is perceived as the biggest threat to world peace . Support ( edit ) President George W. Bush and Slovakia 's Prime Minister Mikulas Dzurinda are greeted by a crowd of thousands gathered in Bratislava 's Hviezdoslavovo Square ( February 2005 ) . Regarding support for certain anti-Communist dictatorships during the Cold War , a response is that they were seen as a necessary evil , with the alternatives even worse Communist or fundamentalist dictatorships . David Schmitz says this policy did not serve U.S. interests . Friendly tyrants resisted necessary reforms and destroyed the political center ( though not in South Korea ) , while the ' realist ' policy of coddling dictators brought a backlash among foreign populations with long memories . Many democracies have voluntary military ties with United States . See NATO , ANZUS , Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan , Mutual Defense Treaty with South Korea , and Major non-NATO ally . Those nations with military alliances with the U.S. can spend less on the military since they can count on U.S. protection . This may give a false impression that the U.S. is less peaceful than those nations . Research on the democratic peace theory has generally found that democracies , including the United States , have not made war on one another . There have been U.S. support for coups against some democracies , but for example Spencer R. Weart argues that part of the explanation was the perception , correct or not , that these states were turning into Communist dictatorships . Also important was the role of rarely transparent United States government agencies , who sometimes mislead or did not fully implement the decisions of elected civilian leaders . Empirical studies ( see democide ) have found that democracies , including the United States , have killed much fewer civilians than dictatorships . Media may be biased against the U.S. regarding reporting human rights violations . Studies have found that The New York Times coverage of worldwide human rights violations predominantly focuses on the human rights violations in nations where there is clear U.S. involvement , while having relatively little coverage of the human rights violations in other nations . For example , the bloodiest war in recent time , involving eight nations and killing millions of civilians , was the Second Congo War , which was almost completely ignored by the media . Niall Ferguson argues that the U.S. is incorrectly blamed for all the human rights violations in nations they have supported . He writes that it is generally agreed that Guatemala was the worst of the US - backed regimes during the Cold War . However , the U.S. can not credibly be blamed for all the 200,000 deaths during the long Guatemalan Civil War . The U.S. Intelligence Oversight Board writes that military aid was cut for long periods because of such violations , that the U.S. helped stop a coup in 1993 , and that efforts were made to improve the conduct of the security services . Bahraini pro-democracy protesters killed by the U.S. - allied regime , February 2011 Today the U.S. states that democratic nations best support U.S. national interests . According to the U.S. State Department , `` Democracy is the one national interest that helps to secure all the others . Democratically governed nations are more likely to secure the peace , deter aggression , expand open markets , promote economic development , protect American citizens , combat international terrorism and crime , uphold human and worker rights , avoid humanitarian crises and refugee flows , improve the global environment , and protect human health . '' According to former U.S. President Bill Clinton , `` Ultimately , the best strategy to ensure our security and to build a durable peace is to support the advance of democracy elsewhere . Democracies do n't attack each other . '' In one view mentioned by the U.S. State Department , democracy is also good for business . Countries that embrace political reforms are also more likely to pursue economic reforms that improve the productivity of businesses . Accordingly , since the mid-1980s , under President Ronald Reagan , there has been an increase in levels of foreign direct investment going to emerging market democracies relative to countries that have not undertaken political reforms . Leaked cables in 2010 suggested that the `` dark shadow of terrorism still dominates the United States ' relations with the world '' . The United States officially maintains that it supports democracy and human rights through several tools Examples of these tools are as follows : A published yearly report by the State Department entitled `` Advancing Freedom and Democracy '' , issued in compliance with ADVANCE Democracy Act of 2007 ( earlier the report was known as `` Supporting Human Rights and Democracy : The U.S. Record '' and was issued in compliance with a 2002 law ) . A yearly published `` Country Reports on Human Rights Practices . '' In 2006 ( under President George W. Bush ) , the United States created a `` Human Rights Defenders Fund '' and `` Freedom Awards . '' The `` Human Rights and Democracy Achievement Award '' recognizes the exceptional achievement of officers of foreign affairs agencies posted abroad . The `` Ambassadorial Roundtable Series '' , created in 2006 , are informal discussions between newly confirmed U.S. Ambassadors and human rights and democracy non-governmental organizations . The National Endowment for Democracy , a private non-profit created by Congress in 1983 ( and signed into law by President Ronald Reagan ) , which is mostly funded by the U.S. Government and gives cash grants to strengthen democratic institutions around the world . See also ( edit ) International relations of the Great Powers ( 1814 -- 1919 ) Constitutional and international law ( edit ) Advice and consent List of United States treaties Missouri v. Holland Treaty Clause Diplomacy ( edit ) Council on Foreign Relations Cowboy diplomacy List of diplomatic missions of the United States George Washington 's Farewell Address United States and the United Nations United States Agency for International Development List of diplomatic missions in the United States United States foreign aid The Washington Diplomat Intelligence ( edit ) Extraordinary rendition Special Activities Division Torture and the United States Military ( edit ) 2003 invasion of Iraq NATO United States Foreign Military Financing United States involvement in regime change United States military aid Policy and doctrine ( edit ) United States and state terrorism United States and state - sponsored terrorism Anti-Americanism American imperialism American exceptionalism Bush Doctrine Carter Doctrine China containment policy Containment Détente Foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration Human rights in the United States Kirkpatrick Doctrine Human Rights Record of the United States ( Chinese publication ) Monroe Doctrine Nixon Doctrine Powell Doctrine Reagan Doctrine Roosevelt Corollary Special Relationship Truman Doctrine Criticism of American foreign policy United States foreign policy in the Middle East History of U.S. expansion and influence Foreign policy Military history Timeline of military operations List of wars United States military deployments List of bases Manifest destiny Non-interventionism Foreign interventions Pax Americana America 's Backyard Territorial acquisitions United States involvement in regime change References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Alphabetical List of Bureaus and Offices '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bureau of Budget and Planning '' . State.gov . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About the Committee '' . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2012 . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ James M. McCormick , American Foreign Policy and Process ( 2009 ) ch. 7 -- 8 Jump up ^ George C. Herring , From Colony to Superpower : U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Richard Russell , `` American Diplomatic Realism : A Tradition Practised and Preached by George F. Kennan , '' Diplomacy and Statecraft , Nov 2000 , Vol. 11 Issue 3 , pp. 159 -- 83 Jump up ^ Oren , Michael B. ( 2005 - 11 - 03 ) . `` The Middle East and the Making of the United States , 1776 to 1815 '' . Jump up ^ Donald L. Miller ( 2015 ) . Supreme City : How Jazz Age Manhattan Gave Birth to Modern America . Simon and Schuster . pp. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Seymour Martin Lipset , `` Neoconservatism : Myth and reality . '' Society 25.5 ( 1988 ) : pp. 9 - 13 online . Jump up ^ Colin Dueck , Hard Line : The Republican Party and U.S. Foreign Policy since World War II ( 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Nikolas K. Gvosdev ( 2008 - 01 - 02 ) . `` FDR 's Children '' . National Interest . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 13 . Hachigian ... and Sutphen ... recognize that the global balance of power is changing ; that despite America 's continued predominance , the other pivotal powers `` do challenge American dominance and impinge on the freedom of action the U.S. has come to enjoy and expect . '' Rather than focusing on the negatives , however , they believe that these six powers have the same vested interests : All are dependent on the free flow of goods around the world and all require global stability in order to ensure continued economic growth ( and the prosperity it engenders ) . Jump up ^ See Peter Baker , `` Tips for Leaders Meeting Trump : Keep It Short and Give Him a Win , '' New York Times May 18 , 2017 Jump up ^ Aaron David Miller and Richard Sokolsky , `` Should Rex Tillerson Resign ? , '' Politico October 1 , 2017 Jump up ^ Laurence H. Tribe , `` Taking Text and Structure Seriously : Reflections on Free - Form Method in Constitutional Interpretation , '' 108 Harv . L. Rev. 1221 , 1227 ( 1995 ) . Jump up ^ The power of the League was limited by the United States ' refusal to join . Northedge , F.S ( 1986 ) . The League of Nations : Its Life and Times , 1920 -- 1946 . Holmes & Meier . pp. 276 -- 78 . ISBN 0 - 7185 - 1316 - 9 . Jump up ^ The United States was responsible for 36 % of greenhouse gas emissions at the time of the Kyoto Protocol Jump up ^ The United States Should Ratify The Law Of The Sea Convention ( due to China citing U.S. citing non-ratification as a reason it does n't need to follow the agreement ) Jump up ^ `` Why wo n't America ratify the UN convention on children 's rights ? '' . Economist.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hufbauer , Gary Clyde ; Schott , Jeffrey J. ( 1994 ) . Western Hemisphere Economic Integration . Peterson Institute . pp. 132 -- 22 . Jump up ^ John Pike . `` Gates Delivers Keynote Address to Open Asia Security Conference '' . Globalsecurity.org . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Shanker , Tom . `` Gates Talks of Boosting Asian Security Despite Budget Cuts . '' New York Times , 1 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` United States - U.S. Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) '' . Eia.gov . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Company Level Imports '' . Eia.doe.gov . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bush Leverage With Russia , Iran , China Falls as Oil Prices Rise , Bloomberg.com Jump up ^ Shrinking Our Presence in Saudi Arabia , New York Times Jump up ^ The End of Cheap Oil , National Geographic Jump up ^ James Paul . `` Crude Designs : '' . Global Policy Forum . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ The war is about oil but it 's not that simple , msnbc.com Jump up ^ The United States Navy and the Persian Gulf Archived January 1 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ What if the Chinese were to apply the Carter Doctrine ? , Haaretz - Israel News Jump up ^ Selling the Carter Doctrine , TIME Jump up ^ Alan Greenspan claims Iraq war was really for oil , Times Online Jump up ^ Oil giants to sign contracts with Iraq , The Guardian Jump up ^ See Energy Information Administration , `` Canada '' ( 2009 report ) Archived December 10 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 12 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : See `` FY 2014 Omnibus -- State and Foreign Operations Appropriations '' ( Jan 2014 ) Jump up ^ `` We 're sorry , that page ca n't be found '' ( PDF ) . fpc.state.gov . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanford University Press . `` The Politics of American Foreign Policy : How Ideology Divides Liberals and Conservatives over Foreign Affairs - Peter Hays Gries '' . Sup.org . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Collective Defense Arrangements '' . State.gov . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Policy in Colombia Amnesty International USA '' . Amnestyusa.org . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The News International : Latest , Breaking , Pakistan , Sports and Video News '' . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Fox News , 1 November 2004 Analysts Ponder U.S. Basing in Iraq Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan : US foreign assistance '' ( PDF ) . Fas.org . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Page Not Found '' . www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anne Davies ( January 2 , 2010 ) . `` US aid tied to purchase of arms '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aid to Pakistan '' ( PDF ) . Belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Arms and Training Fuel UAE 's War in Yemen '' ( PDF ) . Ciponline.org . Retrieved 14 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan : Background and U.S relations '' ( PDF ) . Fas.org . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Sold $40 Billion in Weapons in 2015 , Topping Global Market '' . The New York Times . 2016 - 12 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Federation of American Scientists . Missile Defense Milestones Archived March 6 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... Accessed March 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Johann Hari : Obama 's chance to end the fantasy that is Star Wars , The Independent , November 13 , 2008 Jump up ^ Historical Documents : Reagan 's ' Star Wars ' speech Archived December 19 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , CNN Cold War Jump up ^ `` Son of `` Star Wars '' - How Missile Defense Systems Will Work `` . HowStuffWorks . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Missile defense backers now cite Russia threat '' . News.yahoo.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ U.S. Might Negotiate on Missile Defense , washingtonpost.com Jump up ^ Citizens on U.S. Anti-Missile Radar Base in Czech Republic Archived November 30 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Europe diary : Missile defence , BBC News Jump up ^ `` Missile Defense : Avoiding a Crisis in Europe '' . rand.org . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Russia piles pressure on EU over missile shield , Telegraph Jump up ^ China , Russia sign nuclear deal , condemn U.S. missile defense plans , International Herald Tribune Jump up ^ Russia threatening new cold war over missile defence , The Guardian Jump up ^ U.S. , Russia no closer on missile defense , USATODAY.com Jump up ^ Russia Lashes Out on Missile Deal , The New York Times , August 15 , 2008 Jump up ^ Russia angry over U.S. missile shield , Al Jazeera English , August 15 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` The Rise of U.S. Nuclear Primacy '' Keir A. Lieber and Daryl G. Press , Foreign Affairs , March / April 2006 Jump up ^ `` Prevent the Reemergence of a New Rival '' The National Security Archive Jump up ^ `` Russia , Trump , and a New Détente '' Foreign Affairs , March 10 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Mesquita , Bruce Bueno de ( Spring 2004 ) . `` Why Gun - Barrel Democracy Does n't Work '' . Hoover Digest . 2 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2008 . Also see this page . ^ Jump up to : Meernik , James ( 1996 ) . `` United States Military Intervention and the Promotion of Democracy '' . Journal of Peace Research . 33 ( 4 ) : 391 -- 402 . doi : 10.1177 / 0022343396033004002 . ^ Jump up to : Tures , John A. `` Operation Exporting Freedom : The Quest for Democratization via United States Military Operations '' ( PDF ) . Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations . PDF file . ^ Jump up to : Lowenthal , Abraham ( 1991 ) . The United States and Latin American Democracy : Learning from History . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . pp. 243 -- 65 . ^ Jump up to : Peceny , Mark ( 1999 ) . Democracy at the Point of Bayonets . University Park : Pennsylvania State University Press . p. 183 . ISBN 0 - 271 - 01883 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Hermann , Margaret G. ; Kegley , Charles ( 1998 ) . `` The U.S. Use of Military Intervention to Promote Democracy : Evaluating the Record '' . International Interactions. 24 ( 2 ) : 91 -- 114 . doi : 10.1080 / 03050629808434922 . Jump up ^ Lowenthal , Abraham F. ( March 1 , 1991 ) . Exporting Democracy : The United States and Latin America . The Johns Hopkins University Press . pp. 1 , 4 , 5 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 4132 - 1 . Jump up ^ Lafeber , Walter ( 1993 ) . Inevitable Revolutions : The United States in Central America . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 30964 - 9 . Jump up ^ Factors included limits on executive power , clear rules for the transition of power , universal adult suffrage , and competitive elections . Jump up ^ Pei , Samia Amin ( March 17 , 2004 ) . `` Why Nation - Building Fails in Mid-Course '' . International Herald Tribune . Jump up ^ Peceny , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Muravchik , Joshua ( 1991 ) . Exporting Democracy : Fulfilling America 's Destiny . Washington , DC : American Enterprise Institute Press . pp. 91 -- 118 . ISBN 0 - 8447 - 3734 - 8 . Jump up ^ Krasner , Stephen D. ( November 26 , 2003 ) . `` We Do n't Know How To Build Democracy '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Przeworski , Adam ; Przeworski , Adam ; Limongi Neto , Fernando Papaterra ; Alvarez , Michael M. ( 1996 ) . `` What Makes Democracy Endure '' ( -- ) . Journal of Democracy . 7 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 55 . doi : 10.1353 / jod. 1996.0016 . Jump up ^ Peceny , p. 193 Jump up ^ Peceny , p. 2 Jump up ^ Review : Shifter , Michael ; Peceny , Mark ( Winter 2001 ) . `` Democracy at the Point of Bayonets '' . Latin American Politics and Society . 43 ( 4 ) : 150 . doi : 10.2307 / 3177036 . Archived from the original on 2005 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Global Indicators Database '' . Pewglobal.org. April 22 , 2010 . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/08/18/6-trends-in-international-public-opinion-from-our-global-indicators-database/ Jump up ^ Stuster , J. Dana ( 2013 - 08 - 20 ) . `` Mapped : The 7 Governments the U.S. Has Overthrown '' . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Special Report : Secret History of the CIA in Iran '' . The New York Times . 2000 . Jump up ^ Curtis , Glenn E. ; Hooglund , Eric , eds. ( 2008 ) . Iran : A Country Study ( PDF ) ( Fifth ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Library of Congress , Federal Research Division . p. 276 . ISBN 9780844411873 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline : A Modern History of Iran '' . PBS NewsHour . February 11 , 2010 . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stephen Schlesinger ( 3 June 2011 ) . Ghosts of Guatemala 's Past . The New York Times . Retrieved 5 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Navarro , Mireya ( February 26 , 1999 ) . `` Guatemalan Army Waged ' Genocide , ' New Report Finds '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Maggie ( June 30 , 2016 ) . `` The Secrets in Guatemala 's Bones '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Allan ( 2008 ) . The Geography of Genocide . University Press of America . p. 171 . ISBN 0761840974 . Jump up ^ Blakeley , Ruth ( 2009 ) . State Terrorism and Neoliberalism : The North in the South . Routledge . p. 94 . ISBN 0415686172 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Geoffrey B. ( 2018 ) . The Killing Season : A History of the Indonesian Massacres , 1965 - 66 . Princeton University Press . pp. 22 -- 23 , 177 . ISBN 9781400888863 . Jump up ^ Beech , Hannah ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` U.S. Stood by as Indonesia Killed a Half - Million People , Papers Show '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Bradley ( 2010 ) . Economists with Guns : Authoritarian Development and U.S. -- Indonesian Relations , 1960 - 1968 . Stanford University Press . p. 193 . ISBN 0804771820 . Washington did everything in its power to encourage and facilitate the army - led massacre of alleged PKI members , and U.S. officials worried only that the killing of the party 's unarmed supporters might not go far enough , permitting Sukarno to return to power and frustrate the ( Johnson ) Administration 's emerging plans for a post-Sukarno Indonesia . ^ Jump up to : Kai Thaler ( December 2 , 2015 ) . 50 years ago today , American diplomats endorsed mass killings in Indonesia . Here 's what that means for today . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Margaret Scott ( November 2 , 2015 ) The Indonesian Massacre : What Did the US Know ? The New York Review of Books . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Geoffrey B. ( 2018 ) . The Killing Season : A History of the Indonesian Massacres , 1965 - 66 . Princeton University Press . p. 203 . ISBN 9781400888863 . a US Embassy official in Jakarta , Robert Martens , had supplied the Indonesian Army with lists containing the names of thousands of PKI officials in the months after the alleged coup attempt . According to the journalist Kathy Kadane , `` As many as 5,000 names were furnished over a period of months to the Army there , and the Americans later checked off the names of those who had been killed or captured . '' Despite Martens later denials of any such intent , these actions almost certainly aided in the death or detention of many innocent people . They also sent a powerful message that the US government agreed with and supported the army 's campaign against the PKI , even as that campaign took its terrible toll in human lives . Jump up ^ Bellamy , Alex J. ( 2012 ) . Massacres and Morality : Mass Atrocities in an Age of Civilian Immunity . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 928842 - 9 . p. 210 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Aarons ( 2007 ) . `` Justice Betrayed : Post-1945 Responses to Genocide . '' In David A. Blumenthal and Timothy L.H. McCormack ( eds ) . The Legacy of Nuremberg : Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance ? ( International Humanitarian Law ) . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . ISBN 9004156917 pp. 80 -- 81 Jump up ^ Valentino , Benjamin A. ( 2005 ) . Final Solutions : Mass Killing and Genocide in the 20th Century . Cornell University Press . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 0801472732 . Jump up ^ U.S. Seeks to Keep Lid on Far East Purge Role . The Associated Press via The Los Angeles Times , July 28 , 2001 . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Thomas Blanton ( ed ) . CIA Stalling State Department Histories : State Historians Conclude U.S. Passed Names Of Communists To Indonesian Army , Which Killed At Least 105,000 In 1965 -- 66 . National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 52. , July 27 , 2001 . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Perry , Juliet ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` Tribunal finds Indonesia guilty of 1965 genocide ; US , UK complicit '' . CNN . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ CIA Admits Involvement in Chile . ABC News . September 20 Jump up ^ John Dinges . The Condor Years : How Pinochet And His Allies Brought Terrorism To Three Continents . The New Press , 2005 . p. 20 . ISBN 1565849779 Jump up ^ Levin , Dov H. ( June 2016 ) . `` When the Great Power Gets a Vote : The Effects of Great Power Electoral Interventions on Election Results '' . International Studies Quarterly . 60 ( 2 ) : 189 -- 202 . See the full list of interventions in the appendix . Archived January 18 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Agrawal , Nina ( 2016 - 12 - 21 ) . `` The U.S. is no stranger to interfering in the elections of other countries '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Joe Renouard , Human Rights in American Foreign Policy : From the 1960s to the Soviet Collapse ( U of Pennsylvania Press , 2016 ) . 324 pp . ^ Jump up to : Crabb , Cecil V. ; Pat Holt ( 1992 ) . Invitation to Struggle : Congress , the President and Foreign Policy ( 2nd ed . ) . Michigan : Congressional Quarterly . pp. 187 -- 211 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87187 - 622 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Forsythe , David ( 1988 ) . Human Rights and U.S. Foreign Policy : Congress Reconsidered . Gainesville : University Press of Florida . pp. 1 -- 23 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8130 - 0885 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi Arabia : President Obama must not shirk responsibility to tackle human rights during visit '' . Amnesty International . March 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Daniel Goldhagen ( 2009 ) . Worse Than War . PublicAffairs . ISBN 1 - 58648 - 769 - 8 p. 537 `` During the 1970s and 1980s , the number of American client states practicing mass - murderous politics exceeded those of the Soviets . '' Jump up ^ Coatsworth , John Henry ( 2012 ) . `` The Cold War in Central America , 1975 -- 1991 '' . In Leffler , Melvyn P. ; Westad , Odd Arne . The Cambridge History of the Cold War ( Volume 3 ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 230 . ISBN 978 - 1107602311 . Jump up ^ W. John Green ( June 1 , 2015 ) . A History of Political Murder in Latin America : Killing the Messengers of Change Archived March 10 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... SUNY Press . p. 147 . ISBN 1438456638 Jump up ^ McVeigh , Karen ( December 6 , 2011 ) . `` Gay rights must be criterion for U.S. aid allocations , instructs Obama '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved January 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Adomanis , Mark ( December 19 , 2013 ) . `` Barack Obama Is Right To Promote Gay Rights In Russia , Now He Should Be Consistent '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bershidsky , Leonid ( December 19 , 2013 ) . `` Putin Plays Games to Salvage Olympics '' . Bloomberg.com . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pascale Bonnefoy ( 30 June 2014 ) . Chilean Court Rules U.S. Had Role in Murders . The New York Times . Retrieved 4 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Memorandum for the Secretary of State '' . Georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov. 15 September 2005 . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Eric Lichtblau ( October 26 , 2014 ) . In Cold War , U.S. Spy Agencies Used 1,000 Nazis . The New York Times . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Nazis Next Door : Eric Lichtblau on How the CIA & FBI Secretly Sheltered Nazi War Criminals . Democracy Now ! October 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Peter Kornbluh ( September 11 , 2013 ) . The Pinochet File : A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability . The New Press . ISBN 1595589120 p. xviii ^ Jump up to : Walter L. Hixson ( 2009 ) . The Myth of American Diplomacy : National Identity and U.S. Foreign Policy . Yale University Press . p. 223 . ISBN 0300151314 Jump up ^ What Guilt Does the U.S. Bear in Guatemala ? The New York Times , May 19 , 2013 . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Duncan Campbell ( December 5 , 2003 ) . Kissinger approved Argentinian ' dirty war ' . The Guardian . Retrieved August 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hissène Habré , Ex-President of Chad , Is Convicted of War Crimes . The New York Times . May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ From U.S. Ally to Convicted War Criminal : Inside Chad 's Hissène Habré 's Close Ties to Reagan Admin . Democracy Now ! May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Looking Away from Genocide . The New Yorker . November 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Blakeley , Ruth ( 2009 ) . State Terrorism and Neoliberalism : The North in the South . Routledge . p. 22 & 23 . ISBN 0415686172 . Jump up ^ McSherry , J. Patrice ( 2011 ) . `` Chapter 5 : `` Industrial repression '' and Operation Condor in Latin America `` . In Esparza , Marcia ; Henry R. Huttenbach ; Daniel Feierstein . State Violence and Genocide in Latin America : The Cold War Years ( Critical Terrorism Studies ) . Routledge . p. 107 . ISBN 0415664578 . Operation Condor also had the covert support of the US government . Washington provided Condor with military intelligence and training , financial assistance , advanced computers , sophisticated tracking technology , and access to the continental telecommunications system housed in the Panama Canal Zone . Jump up ^ Greg Grandin ( 2011 ) . The Last Colonial Massacre : Latin America in the Cold War . University of Chicago Press . p. 75 . ISBN 9780226306902 Jump up ^ U.S. - led airstrikes in Syria kill civilians , rights groups say . CNN . July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Scahill and the staff of The Intercept ( 2016 ) . The Assassination Complex : Inside the Government 's Secret Drone Warfare Program . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 9781501144134 Jump up ^ Grandin , Greg ( January 15 , 2017 ) . `` Why Did the US Drop 26,171 Bombs on the World Last Year ? '' . The Nation . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Agerholm , Harriet ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Map shows where President Barack Obama dropped his 20,000 bombs '' . The Independent . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Benjamin , Medea ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` America dropped 26,171 bombs in 2016 . What a bloody end to Obama 's reign '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Warren Strobel , Jonathan Landay ( 5 August 2018 ) . `` Exclusive : As Saudis bombed Yemen , U.S. worried about legal blowback '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ Emmons , Alex ( 14 November 2017 ) . `` Chris Murphy Accuses the U.S. of Complicity in War Crimes from the Floor of the Senate '' . The Intercept . Archived from the original on 15 November 2017 . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PBS Report from Yemen : As Millions Face Starvation , American - Made Bombs Are Killing Civilians '' . Democracy Now ! . July 19 , 2018 . Retrieved August 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goodenough , Patrick . `` And The Country Posing The Greatest Threat to Peace as 2013 Ends is ... '' . CNS News . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` US the biggest threat to world peace in 2013 -- poll '' . Rt.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Editorial , Post ( 2014 - 01 - 05 ) . `` US is the greatest threat to world peace : poll New York Post '' . Nypost.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ The United States and Right - Wing Dictatorships , 1965 -- 1989 . David F. Schmitz. 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Do the sums , then compare U.S. and Communist crimes from the Cold War Telegraph , 11 December 2005 , Niall Ferguson Jump up ^ Give peace a rating May 31 , 2007 , from The Economist print edition Jump up ^ Japan ranked as world 's 5th most peaceful nation : report Japan Today , May 31 , 2007 Jump up ^ Weart , Spencer R. ( 1998 ) . Never at War . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 07017 - 9 . pp. 221 -- 24 , 314 . Jump up ^ Death By Government By R.J. Rummel New Brunswick , N.J. : Transaction Publishers , 1994 . Online links : ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) Jump up ^ No Lessons Learned from the Holocaust ? Archived October 30 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , Barbara Harff , 2003 . Jump up ^ Caliendo , S.M. ( 1999 ) . `` All the News That 's Fit to Print ? New York Times Coverage of Human - Rights Violations '' . The Harvard International Journal of Press Politics . 4 : 48 -- 69 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Caliendo , Stephen. ; Gibney , Mark . ( 2006 ) . `` American Print Media Coverage of Human Rights Violations '' . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Report on the Guatemala Review Intelligence Oversight Board . June 28 , 1996 . Jump up ^ `` Democracy '' . State.gov . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Clinton , Bill ( January 28 , 2000 ) . `` 1994 State Of The Union Address '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2006 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2008 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Shane , Scott ; Lehren , Andrew W. ( 2010 - 11 - 28 ) . `` Leaked Cables Offer Raw Look at U.S. Diplomacy '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 26 . The cables show that nearly a decade after the attacks of Sept. 11 , 2001 , the dark shadow of terrorism still dominates the United States ' relations with the world ... Jump up ^ `` Bureau of Democracy , Human Rights , and Labor '' . State.gov . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Advancing Freedom and Democracy '' . State.gov . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Supporting Human Rights and Democracy : The U.S. Record '' . State.gov . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Human Rights Reports '' . State.gov . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` International Human Rights Week '' . December 15 , 2006 . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2006 . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ `` Ambassadorial Roundtable Series '' . March 14 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2007 . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Bailey , Thomas . A Diplomatic History of the American People ( 10th ed . Prentice Hall , 1980 ) Blum , William . Killing Hope : U.S. Military and C.I.A. Interventions since World War II ( Common Courage Press , 2003 ) Borgwardt , Elizabeth . `` A New Deal for the World '' ( Harvard UP , 2005 ) Chomsky , Noam . Hegemony or Survival : America 's Quest for Global Dominance ( Metropolitan Books , 2003 ) Cohen , Warren I . The Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations : Volume 4 , America in the Age of Soviet Power , 1945 -- 1991 ( Cambridge UP , 1995 ) Dueck , Colin . Hard Line : The Republican Party and U.S. Foreign Policy since World War II ( 2010 ) . Fawcett , Louise , ed . International Relations of the Middle East ( 3rd ed . Oxford U.P. 2013 ) Freedman , Lawrence . A Choice of Enemies : America Confronts the Middle East ( PublicAffairs , 2009 ) Gries , Peter Hays . The Politics of American Foreign Policy : How Ideology Divides Liberals and Conservatives over Foreign Affairs ( Stanford University Press , 2014 ) Hastedt , Glenn P. Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy ( Facts on File , 2004 ) Hermann , Margaret G. ; Kegley , Charles ( 1998 ) . `` The U.S. Use of Military Intervention to Promote Democracy : Evaluating the Record '' . International Interactions. 24 ( 2 ) : 91 -- 114 . doi : 10.1080 / 03050629808434922 . Herring , George C. From Colony to Superpower : U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2008 ) Hixson , Walter L. The Myth of American Diplomacy : National Identity and U.S. Foreign Policy . Yale University Press , 2009 . ISBN 0300151314 Hook , Steven W. and John Spanier . American Foreign Policy Since WWII ( 19th ed. 2012 ) Ikenberry , G. John , ed . American Foreign Policy : Theoretical Essays ( 6th ed . Wadsworth , 2010 ) , 640pp ; essays by scholars Iriye , Akira . The Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations : Volume 3 , The Globalizing of America , 1913 -- 1945 ( Cambridge UP , 1995 ) Jentleson , Bruce W. American Foreign Policy : The Dynamics of Choice in the 21st Century ( 4th ed . W.W. Norton , 2010 ) Jentleson , Bruce W. and Thomas G. Paterson , eds . Encyclopedia of U.S. Foreign Relations ( 4 vol 1997 ) , long historical articles by scholars LaFeber , Walter . The Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations : The American Search for Opportunity , 1865 -- 1913 , vol. 2 ( Cambridge UP , 1995 ) Lowenthal , Abraham F. ( March 1 , 1991 ) . Exporting Democracy : The United States and Latin America . The Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 4132 - 1 . McCormick , James M. et al . The Domestic Sources of American Foreign Policy : Insights and Evidence ( 2012 ) McDougall , Walter . `` Promised Land , Crusader State '' ( 2004 ) Mead , Walter Russell , and Richard C. Leone . Special Providence : American Foreign Policy and How It Changed the World ( 2002 ) Meernik , James ( 1996 ) . `` United States Military Intervention and the Promotion of Democracy '' . Journal of Peace Research . 33 ( 4 ) : 391 -- 402 . doi : 10.1177 / 0022343396033004002 . JSTOR 424565 . Nichols , Christopher McKnight . `` Promise and Peril : America at the Dawn of a Global Age '' ( 2011 ) Paterson , Thomas G. and others . American Foreign Relations ( 6th ed. 2 vol , Wadsworth , 2004 ) , a detailed history Perkins , Bradford . The Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations : Volume 1 , The Creation of a Republican Empire , 1776 -- 1865 ( Cambridge UP , 1995 ) Sergent , Daniel J. A Superpower Transformed : The Remaking of American Foreign Relations in the 1970s ( 2015 ) Schulzinger , Robert . A Companion to American Foreign Relations ( Wiley Blackwell Companions to American History ) ( 2006 ) . 26 essays by scholars ; emphasis on historiography Smith , Tony ; Richard C. Leone ( 1995 ) . America 's Mission : The United States and the Worldwide Struggle for Democracy in the Twentieth Century . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 04466 - X . Watry , David M. Diplomacy at the Brink : Eisenhower , Churchill , and Eden in the Cold War . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 2014 . Wittkopf , Eugene R. et al. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what are the 5 goals of us foreign policy | [
"The officially stated goals of the foreign policy of the United States, including all the Bureaus and Offices in the United States Department of State,[1] as mentioned in the Foreign Policy Agenda of the Department of State, are \"to build and sustain a more democratic, secure, and prosperous world for the benefit of the American people and the international community.\"[2] In addition, the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs states as some of its jurisdictional goals: \"export controls, including nonproliferation of nuclear technology and nuclear hardware; measures to foster commercial interaction with foreign nations and to safeguard American business abroad; international commodity agreements; international education; and protection of American citizens abroad and expatriation.\"[3] U.S. foreign policy and foreign aid have been the subject of much debate, praise and criticism, both domestically and abroad.\n",
"The officially stated goals of the foreign policy of the United States, including all the Bureaus and Offices in the United States Department of State,[1] as mentioned in the Foreign Policy Agenda of the Department of State, are \"to build and sustain a more democratic, secure, and prosperous world for the benefit of the American people and the international community.\"[2] In addition, the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs states as some of its jurisdictional goals: \"export controls, including nonproliferation of nuclear technology and nuclear hardware; measures to foster commercial interaction with foreign nations and to safeguard American business abroad; international commodity agreements; international education; and protection of American citizens abroad and expatriation.\"[3] U.S. foreign policy and foreign aid have been the subject of much debate, praise and criticism, both domestically and abroad.\n",
"The officially stated goals of the foreign policy of the United States, including all the Bureaus and Offices in the United States Department of State,[1] as mentioned in the Foreign Policy Agenda of the Department of State, are \"to build and sustain a more democratic, secure, and prosperous world for the benefit of the American people and the international community.\"[2] In addition, the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs states as some of its jurisdictional goals: \"export controls, including nonproliferation of nuclear technology and nuclear hardware; measures to foster commercial interaction with foreign nations and to safeguard American business abroad; international commodity agreements; international education; and protection of American citizens abroad and expatriation.\"[3] U.S. foreign policy and foreign aid have been the subject of much debate, praise and criticism, both domestically and abroad.\n",
"The officially stated goals of the foreign policy of the United States, including all the Bureaus and Offices in the United States Department of State,[1] as mentioned in the Foreign Policy Agenda of the Department of State, are \"to build and sustain a more democratic, secure, and prosperous world for the benefit of the American people and the international community.\"[2] In addition, the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs states as some of its jurisdictional goals: \"export controls, including nonproliferation of nuclear technology and nuclear hardware; measures to foster commercial interaction with foreign nations and to safeguard American business abroad; international commodity agreements; international education; and protection of American citizens abroad and expatriation.\"[3] U.S. foreign policy and foreign aid have been the subject of much debate, praise and criticism, both domestically and abroad.\n",
"The officially stated goals of the foreign policy of the United States, including all the Bureaus and Offices in the United States Department of State,[1] as mentioned in the Foreign Policy Agenda of the Department of State, are \"to build and sustain a more democratic, secure, and prosperous world for the benefit of the American people and the international community.\"[2] In addition, the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs states as some of its jurisdictional goals: \"export controls, including nonproliferation of nuclear technology and nuclear hardware; measures to foster commercial interaction with foreign nations and to safeguard American business abroad; international commodity agreements; international education; and protection of American citizens abroad and expatriation.\"[3] U.S. foreign policy and foreign aid have been the subject of much debate, praise and criticism, both domestically and abroad.\n"
] | [
"export controls, including nonproliferation of nuclear technology and nuclear hardware",
"measures to foster commercial interaction with foreign nations and to safeguard American business abroad",
"international commodity agreements",
"international education",
"protection of American citizens abroad and expatriation"
] |
4516806418847857510 | Legal status of tattooing in the United States | Legal status of Tattooing in the United states - wikipedia Legal status of Tattooing in the United states In the United States , there is no federal law regulating the practice of tattooing . However , all 50 states and the District of Columbia have statutory laws requiring a person receiving a tattoo be 18 years or older . This is partially based on the legal principle that a minor can not enter into a legal contract or otherwise render informed consent for a procedure . Most states permit a person under the age of 18 to receive a tattoo with permission of a parent or guardian , but some states outright prohibit tattooing under a certain age regardless of permission , with the exception of medical necessity ( such as markings placed for radiation therapy ) . In all jurisdictions , individual tattooists may also choose to place additional restrictions based on their own moral feelings , such as refusing any clients under a specific age even with parental consent despite it being legal , or limiting the type and / or location of where they are willing to tattoo ( such as refusing any work around intimate parts of the body ) . They may additionally refuse to perform specific artwork , including if they merely find it inappropriate or offensive , or refuse to work on a client that they suspect may be intoxicated . Artists sometimes claim their personal business restrictions are a matter of law even when it is not true , so as to avoid arguments with clients . Legal Restrictions on Tattooing & Body Modification by State State Minimum Age ( with parent / guardian consent ) Form of Parent / Guardian Consent Notes & Exceptions Intoxicated / Impaired Individuals Area of Law / Type of Penalty Licensing & Regulation Relevant Statute ( s ) and Rules Alabama none specified informed written consent , signed in presence of the artist / service provider or their agent Ear piercing exempt from Alabama body art laws & rules . can not be tattooed , branded , or pierced Violations of Alabama Tattoo & Body Piercing laws are a class c misdemeanor , punishable by a fine of up to $100 and / or up to 90 days imprisonment for each violation . Alabama 's Department of Public Health licenses Tattoo , body piercing , & body art facilities , and sets standards for their operation . Individual tattoo artists , piercers , etc. require a permit . Ala . Code § 22 - 1 - 17A State Board of Health rules on Body Art Practices and Facilities . Alaska 18 ( piercing excepted ) parent / guardian must both give written consent and be present during the procedure Minors may be pierced with parental consent no restriction Alaska Stat. § 08.13. 217 Arizona none specified parent / guardian must be physically present Minors can have their ears pierced with the written or verbal consent of a parent / guardian , can have procedures prescribed by a health care provider . no restriction Violations are a class 6 felony . There are no health regulations for tattoo shops in Arizona . Tattoos . Ariz . Rev. Stat. § 13 - 3721 Arkansas 16 parent / guardian must both give written consent and be physically present none specified can not be tattooed , branded , or pierced . Ark . Stat . Ann . § § 20 - 27 - 1501 et seq . California 18 ( piercing excepted ) parent / guardian must be present during procedure Minors may have their ears pierced with parental consent . They may be pierced elsewhere with parental consent , but not on their genitals or nipples . Permanent cosmetics are permitted on nipples , when done by a cosmetic technician and with parental consent . no restriction Body Art . Cal . Health & Safety Code § 119300 to 119328 Cal . Penal Code 653 Colorado 18 Express written consent of parent or guardian parent / guardian must be present during procedure Persons who are `` noticeably impaired '' can not have body art procedures Body Artists . Colo . Rev. Stat. § 25 - 4 - 2101 to 2103 Connecticut none specified permission of parent or guardian Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent Tattooing may only be performed by physicians , or by registered nurses & technicians working under the supervision of a physician . no restrictions Conn . Gen. Stat . § 19a - 92a , Conn . Gen. Stat . § 19a - 92g District of Columbia 18 ( ear piercing excepted ) written consent ( for ear piercing ) minors may have their ears pierced with written parental consent no restrictions Body Artists . DC Code § 47 - 2853.76 d Delaware 18 notarized written consent to the specific procedure none specified can not be tattooed , branded , or body pierced Del . Code Ann . Title 11 , Ch 5 § 1114 ( a ) Del . Code Ann . Title 16 , Ch 2 § 122 ( 3 ) ( w ) Florida 16 Must be accompanied by parent or guardian who can show proof of guardianship , both parent and minor must present photo ID , and a consent form must be notarized . for medical or dental purposes by a licensed physician or dentist no restriction Fla . Stat . § 381.00787 Fla . Stat. § 381.0775 et seq . Fla . Stat . § 381.075 Georgia 18 ( body piercing excepted ) For body piercing : prior written consent of parent / guardian Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent Minors may be body pierced with written parental consent Physicians and Osteopaths or technicians working under their direct supervision can give minors tattoos or produce scars for `` medical or cosmetic purposes . '' No one can be tattooed within an inch of their eye socket . no restrictions Ga . Code § 31 - 40 - 1 to 31 - 40 - 10 Ga . Code § 16 - 12 - 5 Ga . Code § 16 - 5 - 71.1 Hawaii none specified written consent of parent / guardian Hawaii Rev. Stat. § 321 - 13 Hawaii Rev. Stat. § 321 - 379 Idaho 14 Written informed consent of parent / guardian , executed in the presence of the person performing the procedure , or their agent / employee . Minors can have their ears pierced without parental consent . Piercing for medical procedures exempt . no restrictions Idaho Code § 18 - 1523 ( 2004 ) Illinois 18 ( body piercings excepted ) Written consent of parent / guardian ( for body piercings ) Minors can not be present in places where tattooing or body piercing is done except in the presence of a parent / guardian . Minors can have their ears pierced without parent / guardian consent . no restrictions Ill . Stat. 720 § 5 / 12 - 10.1 Ill . Stat. 410 § 54 / 1 t0 54 / 999 Indiana none specified Parent / guardian must both be present during the procedure and provide written permission . Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent . no restrictions Ind . Code Ann . § 35 - 42 - 2 - 7 Ind . Code Ann . § 16 - 19 - 3 - 4.1 Iowa 18 n / a - minors can not be tattooed Body piercing is not regulated by state law in Iowa , however county or city laws may regulate it . no restrictions Iowa Code § 135.37 Iowa Code § 135.37 Kansas 16 Parent / guardian must give written consent , written consent must be notarized , and the parent / guardian must be present during the procedure . Minors may have their ears pierced no restrictions Kan . Stat . Ann . § 65 - 1953 Kan . Stat . Ann . § 65 - 1940 to 65 - 1954 Kentucky 16 Parent / guardian must give written , notarized consent . none ( ear piercing also requires written , notarized consent ) . Ky. Rev. Stat . § 211.760 Ky. Rev. Stat . § 194A. 050 ; 211.760 Louisiana 16 Parent or guardian must consent , and their presence during the procedure is required for tattoos , but not for body piercings . no restrictions La . Rev. Stat . Ann . § 14 : 93.2 La . Rev. Stat . Ann . § 40 : 2831 et seq . Maine 18 ( piercings excepted ) For body piercings : prior legal consent of parent / guardian . Maine law does not require parent / guardian consent for ear piercing no restrictions Me . Rev. Stat . Ann . Title 32 § 4201 - 4329 Maryland none specified written consent , which must be retained for 3 years . Piercing of the ear lobe is exempt no restriction Health Department Regulations A license is not required , but any person performing tattooing or piercing must comply with all the relevant health code regulations COMAR 10.06. 01.02 and 10.06. 01.06 Massachusetts 18 ( except body piercing other than genitalia ) Minors can not receive tattoo , branding , or scarification at all . For piercing of areas other than the genitalia , a parent may provide identification and sign the consent document . Physicians performing for treatment reasons and ear piercing are exempt from regulation . no restriction County Health Department regulates body art , but all follow a model regulation set by the state . Artists must have a permit , and establishments are subject to following specific health department regulations Model Regulations for Body Art Establishments Michigan none specified Written , informed consent of parent / guardian . Must be executed ( signed ) in the presences of the person performing the procedure , or their employee . can not be tattooed , branded , or body pierced . Mich . Comp . Laws § 333.13101 to 333.13112 Minnesota 18 ( piercings excepted ) For piercings : presence of parent / guardian and a consent form are both required . Minors can not be tattooed . They can be body pierced , but not in the nipples or genitals . Branding , scarification , suspension , subdermal implantation , microdermal , and tongue bifurcation are also prohibited for minors . can not have any body art procedures . Minnesota Statutes 146B. 07 Mississippi 18 n / a - minors can not be tattooed piercing also prohibited except for the outer perimeter or lobe of the ear . no restriction Miss. Code Ann . § 73 - 61 Missouri none specified For both piercings and tattoos , parent / guardian must sign written consent in the presence of the person performing the procedure , or their employee . can not be tattooed , branded or body pierced . violations are a misdemeanor , punishable with a fine of up to $500 ( more for repeat offenses ) The state director of the division of professional registration licenses all body artists , and sets rules & regulations for the operation of body art establishments . Mo . Rev. Stat . § 324.520 Montana none specified Parent or guardian must give `` explicit , in - person '' consent . Montana administrative rules also require that the parent / guardian be present throughout the procedure . can not be tattooed or body pierced . A person who tattoos or body pierces a minor without parent / guardian consent is guilty of Unlawful transactions with children , punishable by a fine of up to $500 or six months in county jail , or both . Other violations of Montana body art laws are a misdemeanor , with punishments ranging from a fine of $50 -- 100 for a first offense to $300 and / or 90 days in county jail for third and subsequent offense . Montana 's Department of Health and Safety licenses and regulates body art establishments . Local health boards may establish their own licensing and regulatory schemes in lieu of the state department 's . Mont . Code Ann . § 45 - 5 - 623 Mont . Code Ann . § 50 - 48 - 101 to 110 Mont . Code Ann . § 50 - 48 - 201 to 209 Nebraska none specified written consent , must be present during procedure Piercing does not include the external parts of the ear No restrictions Nebraska Revised Statute 38 - 1008 , 38 - 1009 , 38 - 1010 , 38 - 1011 , 38 - 1060 , 38 - 10,165 Nevada n / a n / a Nevada state law does not regulate tattoos , piercings , or other body art . Regional health districts may regulate the practice . The southern Nevada Health District , for example , does not allow minors below the age of 14 to be tattooed , and requires a parent or guardian to provide written consent and be present during the procedure for 14 - to 18 - year - olds . The southern Nevada district also bans tattoos on those who are under the influence of drugs or alcohol . n / a n / a New Hampshire 18 ( piercings excepted ) For piercings : parent / guardian must both sign written consent and be present during the procedure . Minors can not be tattooed or branded . They may be pierced with parent / guardian consent . Minors may have their ears pierced without parent / guardian consent . no restrictions N.H. Rev. Stat . Ann . § 314 New Jersey none specified written permission of parent / guardian is required for tattooing and body piercing . Parent / guardian must be present and sign written consent for ear piercings as well as for body piercing . Minors can not have genital piercings even with parent / guardian consent . no restrictions no restrictions no restrictions N.J. Stat . Ann . § 2C : 40 - 21 N.J.A.C. 8 : 27 - 1 et seq . N.J. Stat . Ann . § 26 - 1A - 7 New Mexico none specified Written consent and presence during the procedure . Medical procedures by physicians and ear piercing are exempt no restrictions Administrative Regulations set by the Board of Barbers and Cosmetologists All body artists are required to be licensed through the state , and are subject to regulations from the Board Body Art Safe Practices Act . N.M. Stat . Ann . § 61 - 17B et seq. , N.M. Administrative Code 16.36 et seq . New York 18 ( piercings excepted ) Minors can not be tattooed with parent / guardian consent . For piercings : parent / guardian must give written consent , signed in presence of the body artist or body art establishment owner . Written parental consent is not required for ear piercings . no restrictions New York Public Health Law , Article 4 - A N.Y. Public Health Law § 460 - 466 N.Y. Penal Law § 260.21 North Carolina 18 ( piercings excepted ) Minors can not be tattooed , even with parent / guardian consent . `` Prior consent '' of parent / guardian is required for body piercings . Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent . no restrictions N.C. Gen. Stat . § 130A - 283 N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14 - 400 North Dakota none specified Parent / guardian must be present during the procedure and give written consent . can not get tattoos or other body art N.D. Code § 23 - 01 - 35 N.D. Code § 12.1 - 31 - 13 Ohio none specified Parent / guardian must both sign a consent form and `` appear in person at the business at the time the procedure is performed . '' none - parent / guardian consent and presence is also required for ear piercings . no restrictions Ohio Rev. Code Ann . § 3730.01 to 3730.99 Oklahoma 18 ( piercings excepted ) Minors can not be tattooed , even with parent / guardian consent . For piercings : parent / guardian must both give written consent and be present during the procedure . Ear piercing is not governed / restricted by Oklahoma law . Scleral tattooing is illegal . can not be tattooed . Okla . Stat . Title 21 § 842.1 , 842.2 , 842.3 Oregon 18 ( piercings excepted ) For piercings : parent / guardian must give written consent and present proof of identity . Minors can only be tattooed with the authorization of a physician . Scarification and dermal implants are prohibited Persons with sunburns or skin diseases or disorders can not be tattooed or pierced . Minors can not be pierced on the genitals or nipples , even with parent / guardian consent . Piercing on testes , deep shaft ( corpus cavernosa ) , uvula , eyelids and sub-clavicle are all prohibited . can not be tattooed or pierced . Violations of Oregon body art laws are a misdemeanor . Violations of Health Licensing Office rules are fined ( various amounts ) . Both body artists and body art establishments are licensed by the Oregon Health Licensing Office . With the assistance of a Board of Body Art practitioners , the Health Licensing Office also sets detailed rules and regulations for body art . Or . Rev. Stat. § 690.350 et seq Or . Rev. Stat. § 690.401 to 410 Or . Rev. Stat . § 679.500 Health Licensing Office Rules , especially Divisions 900 , 905 , 915 & 920 Pennsylvania none specified parent / guardian must both give consent and be present during the procedure . no restrictions Pa . Cons . Stat . Title 18 § 6311 Rhode Island 18 ( piercings excepted ) Minors can not be tattooed . For piercings : parent / guardian must both give consent and be present for the procedure . no restrictions Tattooing a minor is a criminal offense ( misdemeanor ) , maximum fine $300 Tattooing and body art are regulated by the department of health , artists must be registered . RI Gen L § 23 - 1 - 39 RI Gen L § 11 - 9 - 15 South Carolina 18 ( piercings excepted ) Minors can not be tattooed . For piercings : parent / guardian must either give written , notarized consent or be present during the procedure . Head , face , and neck tattoos are illegal . can not be tattooed or body pierced Under the Health Code , persons violating restrictions on tattooing and body piercing are guilty of a misdemeanor . Upon conviction , they may be fined up to $2500 or imprisoned for a year , or both . Tattoo and body piercing facilities are regulated by the Department of Health and Environmental Control . Tattoo facilities are licensed , body piercing facilities require a permit , and artists must be registered S.C. Code § 44 - 32 - 10 to 44 - 32 - 120 S.C. Code § 44 - 34 - 10 to 44 - 34 - 110 South Dakota none specified Parent / guardian must sign a consent form . can not be tattooed or pierced Tattooing a minor is a class 2 misdemeanor . Tattooing and Body Piercing are governed by Department of Health rules . Municipalities may set stricter regulations , and have the authority to license body artists . S.D. Codified Laws Ann . § 26 - 10 - 19 S.D. Laws § 9 - 34 - 17 Tennessee 18 ( piercings excepted ) For tattoos that cover an existing tattoo ( see Notes & Exceptions ) : Parent / Guardian must be present during the procedure . For piercings : Parent / Guardian must give written consent , be present during the procedure . Minors over the age of sixteen may be tattooed to cover up an existing tattoo , with parent / guardian consent . Minors who lie about their age to be tattooed are guilty of a `` delinquent act , '' are required to pay a fine of $50 -- $250 and serve at least 20 hours of community service . Tattooing a minor is a class a misdemeanor , breach of body piercing law is a class b misdemeanor . Tattoo artists and body piercers are licensed by the state department of health , tattoo shops require a certificate from the local health department . Tenn . Code § § 62 - 38 - 201 - 310 Texas 18 ( piercings excepted ) For body piercings and for covering existing tattoos ( see Notes & Exceptions ) : Parent / guardian must be present during procedure , sign an affidavit Ear piercing is exempt from body piercing statutes Minors may , with parent / guardian consent , be tattooed to cover up an existing tattoo that has offensive , gang - related , or drug - related content , or `` other words , symbols , or markings that the person 's parent or guardian considers would be in the best interest of the person to cover '' Tongue splitting prohibited . Cannot be tattooed or pierced . Misrepresenting one 's age to get a tattoo , or to get a piercing without parental consent , is a class B misdemeanor Violations of Texas tattooing & body piercing statute are a Class A misdemeanor , with each day of violation counting as a separate offense . Health Commissioner can impose a fine of up to $5000 on artists & shops for each violation Tattoo artists and body piercers must be registered with the Texas Department of Health Tattoo and body piercing shops must be licensed Texas Health and Safety Code Ann . § 146 Utah none specified Parent / guardian must be present during the procedure , give written permission , and provide proof of identity . Parental consent not required by law for ear piercing Tattooing or body piercing a minor is a class b misdemeanor , shops can be fined up to $1000 for each violation . Utah Code Ann . § 76 - 10 - 2201 Vermont none specified Tattooists and body piercers must be registered . Vt . Stat . Ann . Title 26 § 4101 to 4109 Virginia none specified Parent / Guardian must be present during the procedure . Virginia law does not limit minors ' ability to have their ears pierced . Tattooing or body piercing a minor is a class 1 misdemeanor Tattoo artists and body piercers , as well as the operators of tattoo and body piercing establishments , are licensed by the state . Civic / local governments are empowered to regulate tattoo and body piercing establishments . Va . Code § 54.1 - 700 et seq . Va . Code § 15.2 - 912 Va . Code § 18.2 - 371.3 . Washington 18 ( piercings excepted ) can not have tattoos , body piercings , or other body art . Wash . Code § 26.28. 085 Wash . Code § 18.300 Wash . Code § 246 - 145 - 001 to 060 Wash . Code § 70.54 West Virginia none specified parent / guardian must give written consent All persons receiving a tattoo must attest they are not under the influence of drugs or alcohol . Tattoo shop owners and body piercing studios must register with local board of health , and must be registered as a business with the state W. Va . Code § 16 - 37 W. Va . Code § 16 - 38 Wisconsin 18 n / a ( tattooing not permitted under 18 ) Physicians in the course of professional practice are exempt no restriction Tattooing a minor or even offering to do so is subject to a fine of up to $200 Artists must be satisfy training requirements and obtain a license from the health department . Establishments are subject to inspection and licensing Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations 948.70 and 252.235 Wyoming none specified Verbal consent , presence during procedure . Procedures performed under the supervision of a licensed physician , and piercing of the ear , do not count as body art for this law . no restriction Misdemeanor criminal offense , punishable by fine and prison time Wyoming Statute § 14 - 3 - 107 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Alabama Code - Section 22 - 17A - 2 '' . findlaw . Retrieved 5 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` RULES OF STATE BOARD OF HEALTH BUREAU OF ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES DIVISION OF FOOD , MILK , AND LODGING Chapter 420 - 3 - 23 BODY ART PRACTICE AND FACILITIES '' ( PDF ) . http://www.adph.org/ . Retrieved 5 July 2015 . External link in website = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Alabama Code - Chapter 17A : REGULATION OF TATTOOING , BRANDING , AND BODY PIERCING '' . findlaw . Retrieved 5 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Code - Section 22 - 17A - 8 : PENALTIES '' . findlaw . Retrieved 5 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Code - Section 22 - 17A - 7 : POWERS AND DUTIES OF DEPARTMENT '' . findlaw.com . Retrieved 5 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` TATOOING AND BODY PIERCING : STATE LAWS , STATUTES AND REGULATIONS '' . http://www.ncsl.org/ . National Council of State Legislatures . Archived from the original on 6 July 2015 . Retrieved 5 July 2015 . External link in website = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Alaska Stat. § 08.13. 217 . : Alaska Statutes - Section 08.13. 217. : Tattooing and permanent cosmetic coloring or body piercing on a minor '' . Findlaw . Jump up ^ `` Alaska Statutes - Chapter 08.13. : BARBERS AND HAIRDRESSERS '' . Findlaw . ^ Jump up to : Arizona Revised Statutes § 13 - 3721 . Tattoos , brands , scarifications and piercings ; minors ; anesthesia ; exception ; defense ; violation ; classification ; definitions . Jump up ^ Health regulations sought for Arizona tattoo shops , Tucson Citizen , Jul 05 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` LexisNexis ® Custom Solution : Arkansas Code Research Tool '' . lexisnexis.com . ^ Jump up to : `` § 20 - 27 - 1502 - Unlawful to perform body art on a person under eighteen years of age . : : 2010 Arkansas Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` CAL . PEN . CODE § 653 : California Code - Section 653 '' . Findlaw . ^ Jump up to : `` CAL . HSC . CODE § 119302 : California Code - Section 119302 '' . Findlaw . ^ Jump up to : `` California Law - HEALTH AND SAFETY CODE ( HSC Sections 119300 . - 119328 . ) '' . regstoday.com . ^ Jump up to : http://www.nchd.org/Downloads/Body%20Art/Body%20Art%20Regulations%20final%203-26(2)-10.pdf ^ Jump up to : `` Section 19a - 92g - Body piercing . : : 2012 Connecticut General Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` & § 47 -- 2853.76 e Prohibitions and penalties . : : 2014 District of Columbia Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` Title 11 '' . delaware.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` Statutes & Constitution '' . state.fl.us . ^ Jump up to : `` § 16 - 5 - 71 - Tattooing : : 2010 Georgia Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` § 16 - 5 - 71.1 - Piercing of the body : : 2010 Georgia Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` § 16 - 12 - 5 - Tattooing : : 2010 Georgia Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` HI Rev Stat § 321 - 379 : : Enforcement ; penalties . : : 2011 Hawaii Revised Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` Statutes '' . idaho.gov . ^ Jump up to : http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs4.asp?ActID=1876&ChapterID=53&SeqStart=32700000&SeqEnd=33400000 ^ Jump up to : `` Ind . Code § 35 - 42 - 2 - 7 : Indiana Code - Section 35 - 42 - 2 - 7 : Tattooing or body piercing a minor '' . Findlaw . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 27 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` ISDH : Tattoo Information '' . in.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` Iowa Code 135.37 '' . iowa.gov . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 06 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statute - Kansas State Legislature '' . kslegislature.org . Jump up ^ `` Statute - Kansas State Legislature '' . kslegislature.org . Jump up ^ `` 211.760 Tattooing and body piercing of humans by nonmedical personnel for remuneration -- Registration -- Administrative regulations -- Compliance checks -- Hearings. : : 2014 Kentucky Revised Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` 902 KAR 45 : 070 . Body piercing and ear piercing '' . state.ky.us . Jump up ^ `` LA Rev Stat § 14 : 93.2 : : RS 14 : 93.2 -- Tattooing and body piercing of minors ; prohibition : : 2011 Louisiana Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` Title 32 , § 4203 : Minors '' . mainelegislature.org . Jump up ^ `` Title 32 , § 4323 : Body piercing of minors '' . mainelegislature.org . Jump up ^ `` Title 32 , § 4321 : Definitions '' . mainelegislature.org . ^ Jump up to : `` COMAR 10.06. 01.06 '' . dsd.state.md.us . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . Disclose the risks of the procedure , obtain the client 's written consent for the performance of the procedure or , in the case of a minor , the consent of the parent or guardian , and retain the consent on file for a period of 3 years and make it available to the health officer , if requested ; Jump up ^ `` COMAR 10.06. 01.02 Definitions '' . dsd.state.md.us . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . ( 29 ) Skin - Penetrating Body Adornment Procedure ^ Jump up to : dph / environment . `` Body Art ( Body Piercing , Tattooing and Branding / Scarification ) '' ( PDF ) . Health and Human Services . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mich . Comp . Laws § 333.13102 : : 368 - 1978 - 12 - 131 : : 368 - 1978 - 12 : : Act 368 of 1978 : : Chapter 333 -- HEALTH : : 2006 Michigan Compiled Laws : : Michigan Compiled Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/tattooing-and-body-piercing.aspx ^ Jump up to : `` 146B. 07 - 2014 Minnesota Statutes '' . mn.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` Section 324.520 Definitions -- tattooing , branding , body piercing , prohibited , when , penalty . : : 2014 Missouri Revised Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` Section 324.522 Licensing required , when -- rulemaking authority . : : 2014 Missouri Revised Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` 45 - 5 - 623 . Unlawful transactions with children '' . mt.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` 37.112. 158 : RESTRICTIONS AND PROHIBITIONS - Administrative Rules of the State of Montana '' . mtrules.org . Jump up ^ `` 50 - 48 - 108 . Penalties -- misdemeanor '' . mt.gov . Jump up ^ `` 50 - 48 - 103 . Rulemaking authority '' . mt.gov . Jump up ^ `` 50 - 48 - 203 . Licensure and regulation by local boards of health '' . mt.gov . Jump up ^ `` Table of Contents , Title 50 , Chapter 48 , MCA '' . mt.gov . Jump up ^ `` Table of Contents , Title 50 , Chapter 48 , MCA '' . mt.gov . Jump up ^ `` Nebraska Revised Statute 38 - 10,165 '' . nebraskalegislature.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Nebraska Revised Statute 38 - 1010 '' . nebraskalegislature.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Southern Nevada Health District Regulations Governing the Sanitation of Tattoo and Permanent Makeup Establishments '' . southernnevadahealthdistrict.org . ^ Jump up to : http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/XXX/314-A/314-A-8.htm Jump up ^ http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/XXX/314-A/314-A-4.htm ^ Jump up to : `` Section 2C : 40 - 21 - Tattooing of a minor ; parental permission , required : : 2013 New Jersey Revised Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 06 - 10 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Mexico Administrative Code 16.36. 5 '' . New Mexico Administrative Code . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . the signature of the client and , if the client is a minor , written proof of parental or legal guardian presence and consent ; ^ Jump up to : `` ARTICLE 17B Body Art Safe Practices Act '' . public.nmcompcomm.us . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Section 260.21 of New York State Penal Law - Unlawfully Dealing with a Child in the Second Degree '' . ny.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` Article 4 - A Regulation of Body Piercing and Tattooing '' . ny.gov . Jump up ^ `` Body Art - Tattooing and Body Piercing '' . ny.gov . ^ Jump up to : http://www.ncga.state.nc.us/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/PDF/ByArticle/Chapter_14/Article_52.pdf Jump up ^ `` GS_130A - 283 '' . state.nc.us . Jump up ^ http://www.ncga.state.nc.us/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/PDF/BySection/Chapter_14/GS_14-400.pdf ^ Jump up to : http://www.legis.nd.gov/cencode/t12-1c31.pdf?20150627113430 Jump up ^ http://www.legis.nd.gov/information/acdata/pdf/33-41-01.pdf?20150627114138 Jump up ^ http://www.legis.nd.gov/cencode/t23c01.pdf?20150627113445 ^ Jump up to : `` Lawriter - ORC '' . ohio.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` § 21 - 842.1 . Performing or offering to perform body piercing or tattooing on child under 18 years -- Definitions. : : 2014 Oklahoma Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` Oregon Secretary of State Archives Division '' . state.or.us . ^ Jump up to : `` Oregon Secretary of State Archives Division '' . state.or.us . ^ Jump up to : `` Oregon Secretary of State Archives Division '' . state.or.us . Jump up ^ `` Oregon Secretary of State Archives Division '' . state.or.us . Jump up ^ `` Section 690.992 - Criminal penalties . : : 2013 Oregon Revised Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` Oregon Secretary of State Archives Division '' . state.or.us . Jump up ^ `` Section 690.360 - Prohibited acts ; exceptions . : : 2013 Oregon Revised Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` Oregon Secretary of State Archives Division '' . state.or.us . ^ Jump up to : `` 6311 - Tattooing and body piercing . : : 2010 Pennsylvania Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` § 11 - 9 - 15 Tattooing of minors . : : CHAPTER 11 - 9 Children : : Title 11 Criminal Offenses : : 2010 Rhode Island General Laws : : Rhode Island General Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` Section 23 - 1 - 39 - Tattooing and / or body piercing . : : 2014 Rhode Island General Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` Section 44 - 34 - 100 - Unlawful acts ; penalties . : : 2012 South Carolina Code of Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` SECTION 44 - 32 - 120 . Minors or persons impaired by drugs , alcohol , or otherwise incapable of consenting ; unhealthy skin surfaces ; penalty . : : 2014 South Carolina Code of Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` CHAPTER 32 - BODY PIERCING : : 2014 South Carolina Code of Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` Section 44 - 34 - 20 - Establishment of sterilization , sanitation , and safety standards ; licensing ; engaging in other retail business . : : 2012 South Carolina Code of Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` SECTION 44 - 32 - 20 . Sterilization , sanitation and safety standards ; certificate of completion of blood - borne pathogens and body piercing infection control course ; permits . : : 2014 South Carolina Code of Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 34 - TATTOOING : : 2012 South Carolina Code of Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` § 26 - 10 - 19 Tattooing minor without parental consent as misdemeanor. : : 2014 South Dakota Codified Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` Rules Display '' . sd.gov . Jump up ^ `` Rules Display '' . sd.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` § 9 - 34 - 17 Tattooing and body piercing . : : 2014 South Dakota Codified Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` Rules Display '' . sd.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` § 62 - 38 - 211 - Tattoos for persons under 18 years of age -- Reporting tattooing of minors -- Tattoos to cover up existing tattoos for minors 16 years of age or older -- False statements of age or exhibiting false identification by minors for purpose of obtaining tattoos. : : 2014 Tennessee Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` § 62 - 38 - 305 - Minimum age for procedure -- Exception authorized with consent -- Recordkeeping. : : 2014 Tennessee Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` § 62 - 38 - 310 - Penalty. : : 2014 Tennessee Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ http://law.justia.com/codes/tennessee/2014/title-62/chapter-38/part-2/section-62-38-204/ Jump up ^ `` § 62 - 38 - 302 - License required -- Sanitation and sterilization compliance required . : : 2014 Tennessee Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 38 - Tattoos and Body Piercing : : 2010 Tennessee Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` TEX HS . CODE ANN . § 146.012 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.012 : TATTOOS PROHIBITED FOR CERTAIN PERSONS '' . Findlaw . ^ Jump up to : `` TEX HS . CODE ANN . § 146.0125 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.0125 : BODY PIERCING PROHIBITED WITHOUT PARENTAL CONSENT ; EXCEPTION '' . Findlaw . Jump up ^ `` TEX HS . CODE ANN . § 146.0025 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.0025 : EXEMPTIONS FROM LICENSING REQUIREMENTS ; EAR PIERCING ESTABLISHMENTS EXEMPT '' . Findlaw . Jump up ^ `` TEX HS . CODE ANN . § 146.0126 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.0126 : TONGUE SPLITTING PROHIBITED '' . Findlaw . Jump up ^ `` TEX HS . CODE ANN . § 146.0124 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.0124 : BODY PIERCING PROHIBITED FOR CERTAIN PERSONS '' . Findlaw . Jump up ^ `` TEX HS . CODE ANN . § 146.018 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.018 : OFFENSE ; CRIMINAL PENALTY '' . Findlaw . Jump up ^ `` TEX HS . CODE ANN . § 146.019 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.019 : ADMINISTRATIVE PENALTY '' . Findlaw . Jump up ^ `` TEX HS . CODE ANN . § 146.0021 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.0021 : EMPLOYMENT OF TATTOOISTS AND BODY PIERCERS ; REGISTRATION REQUIRED '' . Findlaw . Jump up ^ `` TEX HS . CODE ANN . § 146.002 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.002 : LICENSE REQUIRED '' . Findlaw . Jump up ^ `` Texas Statutes - Chapter 146 : TATTOO AND CERTAIN BODY PIERCING STUDIOS '' . Findlaw . ^ Jump up to : `` Utah State Legislature '' . utah.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` Vermont Laws '' . vermont.gov . Jump up ^ `` Professions and Occupations '' . vermont.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` § 18.2 - 371.3 . Tattooing or body piercing of minors '' . virginia.gov . Jump up ^ `` § 54.1 - 703 . License required '' . virginia.gov . Jump up ^ `` § 54.1 - 704.1 . License required for barbershop , cosmetology salon , nail care salon , waxing salon , tattoo parlor , body - piercing salon , and esthetics spa '' . virginia.gov . Jump up ^ `` § 15.2 - 912 . Regulation of tattoo parlors and body - piercing salons ; definition ; exception '' . virginia.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` RCW 26.28. 085 : Applying tattoo to a minor -- Penalty '' . wa.gov . Jump up ^ `` WAC 246 - 145 - 015 : Restrictions '' . wa.gov . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 18.300 RCW : BODY ART , BODY PIERCING , AND TATTOOING '' . wa.gov . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 246 - 145 WAC : BODY ART , BODY PIERCING , ELECTROLOGY AND TATTOOING STANDARDS FOR STERILIZATION PROCEDURES AND INFECTION CONTROL '' . wa.gov . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 70.54 RCW : MISCELLANEOUS HEALTH AND SAFETY PROVISIONS '' . wa.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` § 16 - 38 - 3 . Operation standards . : : 2014 West Virginia Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` § 16 - 38 - 7 . Violations and penalties . : : 2014 West Virginia Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` § 16 - 38 - 6 . Registration requirements ; inspections by local or regional boards of health ; permit fees . : : 2014 West Virginia Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` § 16 - 37 - 3 . Registration requirements ; inspections by local boards of health ; posting of permit ; power of local board of health to order studio to close . : : 2014 West Virginia Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` ARTICLE 38 . TATTOO STUDIO BUSINESS. : : 2014 West Virginia Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` Wisconsin Legislature : 948.70 '' . Wisconsin Legislative Documents. 2015 - 06 - 27 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Wisconsin Legislature : 252.23 '' . Wisconsin Legislative Documents. 2015 - 06 - 27 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 06 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` TITLE 14 - CHILDREN , CHAPTER 3 - PROTECTION , ARTICLE 1 - PROHIBITED ACTS '' . legisweb.state.wy.us . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . Tattoos and Tattooing Topics History Medical issues Religious perspectives Removal Categories Medical Permanent makeup Temporary Process Artist Ink Machine Art style Black - and - gray Burmese Flash Japanese ( Irezumi ) Maori ( Tā moko ) Marquesan Old school Samoan ( Malu / Peʻa ) Cambodian / Lao / Vietnamese ( Yantra ) Location on body Body suit Cornea Genital Lower - back Scalp Sclera Sleeve Legal status in ... the European Union South Korea the United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legal_status_of_tattooing_in_the_United_States&oldid=856244050 '' Categories : Tattooing and law United States law Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 21 : 24 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | whats the legal age to get a tattoo in america | [
"In the United States, there is no federal law regulating the practice of tattooing. However, all 50 states and the District of Columbia have statutory laws requiring a person receiving a tattoo be 18 years or older. This is partially based on the legal principle that a minor cannot enter into a legal contract or otherwise render informed consent for a procedure. Most states permit a person under the age of 18 to receive a tattoo with permission of a parent or guardian, but some states outright prohibit tattooing under a certain age regardless of permission, with the exception of medical necessity (such as markings placed for radiation therapy).\n"
] | [
"18 years or older"
] |
3425118187127104109 | Psychoanalysis | Psychoanalysis - Wikipedia Psychoanalysis Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series of articles on Psychoanalysis Concepts ( hide ) Psychosexual development Psychosocial development ( Erikson ) Unconscious Preconscious Consciousness Psychic apparatus Id , ego and super-ego Libido Drive Transference Countertransference Ego defenses Resistance Projection Denial Dreamwork Important figures ( show ) Alfred Adler Michael Balint Wilfred Bion Josef Breuer Nancy Chodorow Max Eitingon Erik Erikson Ronald Fairbairn Paul Federn Otto Fenichel Sándor Ferenczi Anna Freud Sigmund Freud Erich Fromm Harry Guntrip Karen Horney Edith Jacobson Ernest Jones Carl Jung Abram Kardiner Heinz Kohut Melanie Klein Jacques Lacan Ronald Laing Margaret Mahler Jacques - Alain Miller Sandor Rado Otto Rank Wilhelm Reich Joan Riviere Isidor Sadger Ernst Simmel Sabina Spielrein James Strachey Harry Stack Sullivan Susan Sutherland Isaacs Donald Winnicott Important works ( show ) The Interpretation of Dreams ( 1899 ) The Psychopathology of Everyday Life ( 1901 ) Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality ( 1905 ) Beyond the Pleasure Principle ( 1920 ) The Ego and the Id ( 1923 ) Schools of thought ( show ) Self psychology Lacanian Jungian Object relations Interpersonal Reichian Relational Ego psychology Training ( show ) Boston Graduate School of Psychoanalysis British Psychoanalytic Council British Psychoanalytical Society Columbia University Center for Psychoanalytic Training and Research International Psychoanalytical Association World Association of Psychoanalysis Psychology portal ICD - 9 - CM 94.31 MeSH D011572 ( edit on Wikidata ) Psychoanalysis is a set of theories and therapeutic techniques related to the study of the unconscious mind , which together form a method of treatment for mental - health disorders . The discipline was established in the early 1890s by Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud and stemmed partly from the clinical work of Josef Breuer and others . Freud first used the term psychoanalysis ( in French ) in 1896 . Die Traumdeutung ( The Interpretation of Dreams ) , which Freud saw as his `` most significant work '' , appeared in November 1899 . Psychoanalysis was later developed in different directions , mostly by students of Freud such as Alfred Adler and Carl Gustav Jung , and by neo-Freudians such as Erich Fromm , Karen Horney and Harry Stack Sullivan . Freud retained the term psychoanalysis for his own school of thought . The basic tenets of psychoanalysis include : a person 's development is determined by often forgotten events in early childhood , rather than by inherited traits alone ; human behaviour and cognition are largely determined by irrational drives that are rooted in the unconscious ; attempts to bring those drives into awareness triggers resistance in the form of defense mechanisms , particularly repression ; conflicts between conscious and unconscious material can result in mental disturbances such as neurosis , neurotic traits , anxiety and depression ; unconscious material can be found in dreams and unintentional acts , including mannerisms and slips of the tongue ; liberation from the effects of the unconscious is achieved by bringing this material into the conscious mind through therapeutic intervention ; the `` centerpiece of the psychoanalytic process '' is the transference , whereby patients relive their infantile conflicts by projecting onto the analyst feelings of love , dependence and anger . During psychoanalytic sessions , which typically last 50 minutes and ideally take place 4 -- 5 times a week , the patient ( the `` analysand '' ) may lie on a couch , with the analyst often sitting just behind and out of sight . The patient expresses his or her thoughts , including free associations , fantasies and dreams , from which the analyst infers the unconscious conflicts causing the patient 's symptoms and character problems . Through the analysis of these conflicts , which includes interpreting the transference and countertransference ( the analyst 's feelings for the patient ) , the analyst confronts the patient 's pathological defenses to help the patient gain insight . Psychoanalysis is a controversial discipline and its validity as a science is contested . Nonetheless , it remains a strong influence within psychiatry , more so in some quarters than others . Psychoanalytic concepts are also widely used outside the therapeutic arena , in areas such as psychoanalytic literary criticism , as well as in the analysis and deconstruction of film , fairy tales and other cultural phenomena . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1890s 1.2 1900 -- 1940s 1.3 1940s -- present 2 Theories 2.1 Topographic theory 2.2 Structural theory 2.3 Ego psychology 2.3. 1 Modern conflict theory 2.3. 2 Object relations theory 2.3. 3 Self psychology 2.3. 4 Jacques Lacan and Lacanian psychoanalysis 2.3. 5 Interpersonal psychoanalysis 2.3. 6 Culturalist psychoanalysis 2.3. 7 Feminist psychoanalysis 2.3. 8 Adaptive paradigm of psychoanalysis and psychotherapy 2.3. 9 Relational psychoanalysis 2.3. 10 Interpersonal - relational psychoanalysis 2.3. 11 Intersubjective psychoanalysis 2.3. 12 Modern psychoanalysis 3 Psychopathology ( mental disturbances ) 3.1 Adult patients 3.2 Childhood origins 4 Treatment 4.1 Techniques 4.1. 1 Variations in technique 4.2 Group therapy and play therapy 4.3 Cultural variations 4.4 Cost and length of treatment 5 Training and research 5.1 United States 5.2 United Kingdom 5.3 Research 6 Evaluation of effectiveness 7 Criticism 7.1 As a field of science 7.2 Freudian theory 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Literature 11.1 Introductions 11.2 Book series 11.3 Analyses , discussions and critiques 11.4 Responses to critiques 12 External links History ( edit ) 1890s ( edit ) The idea of psychoanalysis ( German : Psychoanalyse ) first started to receive serious attention under Sigmund Freud , who formulated his own theory of psychoanalysis in Vienna in the 1890s . Freud was a neurologist trying to find an effective treatment for patients with neurotic or hysterical symptoms . Freud realised that there were mental processes that were not conscious , whilst he was employed as a neurological consultant at the Children 's Hospital , where he noticed that many aphasic children had no apparent organic cause for their symptoms . He then wrote a monograph about this subject . In 1885 , Freud obtained a grant to study with Jean - Martin Charcot , a famed neurologist , at the Salpêtrière in Paris , where Freud followed the clinical presentations of Charcot , particularly in the areas of hysteria , paralyses and the anaesthesias . Charcot had introduced hypnotism as an experimental research tool and developed the photographic representation of clinical symptoms . Freud 's first theory to explain hysterical symptoms was presented in Studies on Hysteria ( 1895 ) , co-authored with his mentor the distinguished physician Josef Breuer , which was generally seen as the birth of psychoanalysis . The work was based on Breuer 's treatment of Bertha Pappenheim , referred to in case studies by the pseudonym `` Anna O . '' , treatment which Pappenheim herself had dubbed the `` talking cure '' . Breuer wrote that many factors that could result in such symptoms , including various types of emotional trauma , and he also credited work by others such as Pierre Janet ; while Freud contended that at the root of hysterical symptoms were repressed memories of distressing occurrences , almost always having direct or indirect sexual associations . Around the same time Freud attempted to develop a neuro - physiological theory of unconscious mental mechanisms , which he soon gave up . It remained unpublished in his lifetime . The first occurrence of the term `` psychoanalysis '' ( written psychoanalyse ) was in Freud 's essay `` L'hérédité et l'étiologie des névroses '' which was written and published in French in 1896 . In 1896 Freud also published his so - called seduction theory which proposed that the preconditions for hysterical symptoms are sexual excitations in infancy , and he claimed to have uncovered repressed memories of incidents of sexual abuse for all his current patients . However , by 1898 he had privately acknowledged to his friend and colleague Wilhelm Fliess that he no longer believed in his theory , though he did not state this publicly until 1906 . Though in 1896 he had reported that his patients `` had no feeling of remembering the ( infantile sexual ) scenes '' , and assured him `` emphatically of their unbelief '' , in later accounts he claimed that they had told him that they had been sexually abused in infancy . This became the received historical account until challenged by several Freud scholars in the latter part of the 20th century who argued that he had imposed his preconceived notions on his patients . However , building on his claims that the patients reported infantile sexual abuse experiences , Freud subsequently contended that his clinical findings in the mid-1890s provided evidence of the occurrence of unconscious fantasies , supposedly to cover up memories of infantile masturbation . Only much later did he claim the same findings as evidence for Oedipal desires . 1900 -- 1940s ( edit ) International Psychoanalytic Congress . Photograph , 1911 . Freud and Jung in the center By 1900 , Freud had theorised that dreams had symbolic significance , and generally were specific to the dreamer . Freud formulated his second psychological theory -- which hypothesises that the unconscious has or is a `` primary process '' consisting of symbolic and condensed thoughts , and a `` secondary process '' of logical , conscious thoughts . This theory was published in his 1900 book , The Interpretation of Dreams . Chapter VII was a re-working of the earlier `` Project '' and Freud outlined his `` Topographic Theory '' . In this theory , which was mostly later supplanted by the Structural Theory , unacceptable sexual wishes were repressed into the `` System Unconscious '' , unconscious due to society 's condemnation of premarital sexual activity , and this repression created anxiety . This `` topographic theory '' is still popular in much of Europe , although it has fallen out of favour in much of North America . In 1905 , Freud published Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality in which he laid out his discovery of so - called psychosexual phases : oral ( ages 0 -- 2 ) , anal ( 2 -- 4 ) , phallic - oedipal ( today called 1st genital ) ( 3 -- 6 ) , latency ( 6 - puberty ) , and mature genital ( puberty - onward ) . His early formulation included the idea that because of societal restrictions , sexual wishes were repressed into an unconscious state , and that the energy of these unconscious wishes could be turned into anxiety or physical symptoms . Therefore , the early treatment techniques , including hypnotism and abreaction , were designed to make the unconscious conscious in order to relieve the pressure and the apparently resulting symptoms . This method would later on be left aside by Freud , giving free association a bigger role . In On Narcissism ( 1915 ) Freud turned his attention to the subject of narcissism . Still using an energic system , Freud characterized the difference between energy directed at the self versus energy directed at others , called cathexis . By 1917 , in `` Mourning and Melancholia '' , he suggested that certain depressions were caused by turning guilt - ridden anger on the self . In 1919 in `` A Child is Being Beaten '' he began to address the problems of self - destructive behavior ( moral masochism ) and frank sexual masochism . Based on his experience with depressed and self - destructive patients , and pondering the carnage of World War I , Freud became dissatisfied with considering only oral and sexual motivations for behavior . By 1920 , Freud addressed the power of identification ( with the leader and with other members ) in groups as a motivation for behavior ( Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego ) . In that same year ( 1920 ) Freud suggested his `` dual drive '' theory of sexuality and aggression in Beyond the Pleasure Principle , to try to begin to explain human destructiveness . Also , it was the first appearance of his `` structural theory '' consisting three new concepts id , ego , and superego . Three years later , he summarised the ideas of id , ego , and superego in a book entitled , The Ego and the Id . In the book , he revised the whole theory of mental functioning , now considering that repression was only one of many defense mechanisms , and that it occurred to reduce anxiety . Hence , Freud characterised repression as both a cause and a result of anxiety . In 1926 , in Inhibitions , Symptoms and Anxiety , Freud characterised how intrapsychic conflict among drive and superego ( wishes and guilt ) caused anxiety , and how that anxiety could lead to an inhibition of mental functions , such as intellect and speech . Inhibitions , Symptoms and Anxiety was written in response to Otto Rank , who , in 1924 , published Das Trauma der Geburt ( translated into English in 1929 as The Trauma of Birth ) , analysing how art , myth , religion , philosophy and therapy were illuminated by separation anxiety in the `` phase before the development of the Oedipus complex '' ( p. 216 ) Freud 's theories , however , characterized no such phase . According to Freud , the Oedipus complex , was at the centre of neurosis , and was the foundational source of all art , myth , religion , philosophy , therapy -- indeed of all human culture and civilization . It was the first time that anyone in the inner circle had characterised something other than the Oedipus complex as contributing to intrapsychic development , a notion that was rejected by Freud and his followers at the time . By 1936 the `` Principle of Multiple Function '' was clarified by Robert Waelder . He widened the formulation that psychological symptoms were caused by and relieved conflict simultaneously . Moreover , symptoms ( such as phobias and compulsions ) each represented elements of some drive wish ( sexual and / or aggressive ) , superego , anxiety , reality , and defenses . Also in 1936 , Anna Freud , Sigmund 's famous daughter , published her seminal book , The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense , outlining numerous ways the mind could shut upsetting things out of consciousness . 1940s -- present ( edit ) When Hitler 's power grew , the Freud family and many of their colleagues fled to London . Within a year Sigmund Freud died . In the United States , also following the death of Freud , a new group of psychoanalysts began to explore the function of the ego . Led by Heinz Hartmann , Kris , Rappaport and Lowenstein , the group built upon understandings of the synthetic function of the ego as a mediator in psychic functioning . Hartmann in particular distinguished between autonomous ego functions ( such as memory and intellect which could be secondarily affected by conflict ) and synthetic functions which were a result of compromise formation . These `` Ego Psychologists '' of the 1950s paved a way to focus analytic work by attending to the defenses ( mediated by the ego ) before exploring the deeper roots to the unconscious conflicts . In addition there was burgeoning interest in child psychoanalysis . Although criticized since its inception , psychoanalysis has been used as a research tool into childhood development , and is still used to treat certain mental disturbances . In the 1960s , Freud 's early thoughts on the childhood development of female sexuality were challenged ; this challenge led to the development of a variety of understandings of female sexual development , many of which modified the timing and normality of several of Freud 's theories ( which had been gleaned from the treatment of women with mental disturbances ) . Several researchers followed Karen Horney 's studies of societal pressures that influence the development of women . In the first decade of the 21st century , there were approximately 35 training institutes for psychoanalysis in the United States accredited by the American Psychoanalytic Association ( APsaA ) , which is a component organization of the International Psychoanalytical Association ( IPA ) , and there are over 3000 graduated psychoanalysts practicing in the United States . The IPA accredits psychoanalytic training centers through such `` component organisations '' throughout the rest of the world , including countries such as Serbia , France , Germany , Austria , Italy , Switzerland , and many others , as well as about six institutes directly in the U.S. Theories ( edit ) The predominant psychoanalytic theories can be organised into several theoretical schools . Although these theoretical schools differ , most of them emphasize the influence of unconscious elements on the conscious . There has also been considerable work done on consolidating elements of conflicting theories ( cf . the work of Theodore Dorpat , B. Killingmo , and S. Akhtar ) . As in all fields of medicine , there are some persistent conflicts regarding specific causes of certain syndromes , and disputes regarding the ideal treatment techniques . In the 21st century , psychoanalytic ideas are embedded in Western culture , especially in fields such as childcare , education , literary criticism , cultural studies , mental health , and particularly psychotherapy . Though there is a mainstream of evolved analytic ideas , there are groups who follow the precepts of one or more of the later theoreticians . Psychoanalytic ideas also play roles in some types of literary analysis such as Archetypal literary criticism . Topographic theory ( edit ) Topographic theory was named and first described by Sigmund Freud in The Interpretation of Dreams ( 1900 ) . The theory hypothesizes that the mental apparatus can be divided into the systems Conscious , Preconscious , and Unconscious . These systems are not anatomical structures of the brain but , rather , mental processes . Although Freud retained this theory throughout his life he largely replaced it with the Structural theory . The Topographic theory remains as one of the meta - psychological points of view for describing how the mind functions in classical psychoanalytic theory . Structural theory ( edit ) Structural theory divides the psyche into the id , the ego , and the super-ego . The id is present at birth as the repository of basic instincts , which Freud called `` Triebe '' ( `` drives '' ) : unorganized and unconscious , it operates merely on the ' pleasure principle ' , without realism or foresight . The ego develops slowly and gradually , being concerned with mediating between the urging of the id and the realities of the external world ; it thus operates on the ' reality principle ' . The super-ego is held to be the part of the ego in which self - observation , self - criticism and other reflective and judgmental faculties develop . The ego and the super-ego are both partly conscious and partly unconscious . Ego psychology ( edit ) Ego psychology was initially suggested by Freud in Inhibitions , Symptoms and Anxiety ( 1926 ) . The theory was refined by Hartmann , Loewenstein , and Kris in a series of papers and books from 1939 through the late 1960s . Leo Bellak was a later contributor . This series of constructs , paralleling some of the later developments of cognitive theory , includes the notions of autonomous ego functions : mental functions not dependent , at least in origin , on intrapsychic conflict . Such functions include : sensory perception , motor control , symbolic thought , logical thought , speech , abstraction , integration ( synthesis ) , orientation , concentration , judgment about danger , reality testing , adaptive ability , executive decision - making , hygiene , and self - preservation . Freud noted that inhibition is one method that the mind may utilize to interfere with any of these functions in order to avoid painful emotions . Hartmann ( 1950s ) pointed out that there may be delays or deficits in such functions . Frosch ( 1964 ) described differences in those people who demonstrated damage to their relationship to reality , but who seemed able to test it . Deficits in the capacity to organize thought are sometimes referred to as blocking or loose associations ( Bleuler ) , and are characteristic of schizophrenia . Deficits in abstraction ability and self - preservation also suggest psychosis in adults . Deficits in orientation and sensorium are often indicative of a medical illness affecting the brain ( and therefore , autonomous ego functions ) . Deficits in certain ego functions are routinely found in severely sexually or physically abused children , where powerful effects generated throughout childhood seem to have eroded some functional development . According to ego psychology , ego strengths , later described by Kernberg ( 1975 ) , include the capacities to control oral , sexual , and destructive impulses ; to tolerate painful affects without falling apart ; and to prevent the eruption into consciousness of bizarre symbolic fantasy . Synthetic functions , in contrast to autonomous functions , arise from the development of the ego and serve the purpose of managing conflict processes . Defenses are synthetic functions that protect the conscious mind from awareness of forbidden impulses and thoughts . One purpose of ego psychology has been to emphasize that some mental functions can be considered to be basic , rather than derivatives of wishes , affects , or defenses . However , autonomous ego functions can be secondarily affected because of unconscious conflict . For example , a patient may have an hysterical amnesia ( memory being an autonomous function ) because of intrapsychic conflict ( wishing not to remember because it is too painful ) . Taken together , the above theories present a group of metapsychological assumptions . Therefore , the inclusive group of the different classical theories provides a cross-sectional view of human mentation . There are six `` points of view '' , five described by Freud and a sixth added by Hartmann . Unconscious processes can therefore be evaluated from each of these six points of view . The `` points of view '' are : 1 . Topographic 2 . Dynamic ( the theory of conflict ) 3 . Economic ( the theory of energy flow ) 4 . Structural 5 . Genetic ( propositions concerning origin and development of psychological functions ) and 6 . Adaptational ( psychological phenomena as it relates to the external world ) . Modern conflict theory ( edit ) Modern conflict theory , a variation of ego psychology , is a revised version of structural theory , most notably different by altering concepts related to where repressed thoughts were stored ( Freud , 1923 , 1926 ) . Modern conflict theory addresses emotional symptoms and character traits as complex solutions to mental conflict . It dispenses with the concepts of a fixed id , ego and superego , and instead posits conscious and unconscious conflict among wishes ( dependent , controlling , sexual , and aggressive ) , guilt and shame , emotions ( especially anxiety and depressive affect ) , and defensive operations that shut off from consciousness some aspect of the others . Moreover , healthy functioning ( adaptive ) is also determined , to a great extent , by resolutions of conflict . A major objective of modern conflict - theory psychoanalysis is to change the balance of conflict in a patient by making aspects of the less adaptive solutions ( also called `` compromise formations '' ) conscious so that they can be rethought , and more adaptive solutions found . Current theoreticians following Brenner 's many suggestions ( see especially Brenner 's 1982 book , The Mind in Conflict ) include Sandor Abend , MD ( Abend , Porder , & Willick , ( 1983 ) , Borderline Patients : Clinical Perspectives ) , Jacob Arlow ( Arlow and Brenner ( 1964 ) , Psychoanalytic Concepts and the Structural Theory ) , and Jerome Blackman ( 2003 ) , 101 Defenses : How the Mind Shields Itself . Object relations theory ( edit ) Object relations theory attempts to explain the ups and downs of human relationships through a study of how internal representations of the self and others are organized . The clinical symptoms that suggest object relations problems ( typically developmental delays throughout life ) include disturbances in an individual 's capacity to feel warmth , empathy , trust , sense of security , identity stability , consistent emotional closeness , and stability in relationships with significant others . ( It is not suggested that one should trust everyone , for example . ) Concepts regarding internal representations ( also sometimes termed , `` introspects '' , `` self and object representations '' , or `` internalization of self and other '' ) although often attributed to Melanie Klein , were actually first mentioned by Sigmund Freud in his early concepts of drive theory ( Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality , 1905 ) . Freud 's 1917 paper `` Mourning and Melancholia '' , for example , hypothesized that unresolved grief was caused by the survivor 's internalized image of the deceased becoming fused with that of the survivor , and then the survivor shifting unacceptable anger toward the deceased onto the now complex self - image . Vamik Volkan , in `` Linking Objects and Linking Phenomena '' , expanded on Freud 's thoughts on this , describing the syndromes of `` Established pathological mourning '' vs. `` reactive depression '' based on similar dynamics . Melanie Klein 's hypotheses regarding internalization during the first year of life , leading to paranoid and depressive positions , were later challenged by René Spitz ( e.g. , The First Year of Life , 1965 ) , who divided the first year of life into a coenesthetic phase of the first six months , and then a diacritic phase for the second six months . Margaret Mahler ( Mahler , Fine , and Bergman , The Psychological Birth of the Human Infant , 1975 ) and her group , first in New York , then in Philadelphia , described distinct phases and subphases of child development leading to `` separation - individuation '' during the first three years of life , stressing the importance of constancy of parental figures , in the face of the child 's destructive aggression , to the child 's internalizations , stability of affect management , and ability to develop healthy autonomy . John Frosch , Otto Kernberg , Salman Akhtar and Sheldon Bach have developed the theory of self and object constancy as it affects adult psychiatric problems such as psychosis and borderline states . Peter Blos described ( in a book called On Adolescence , 1960 ) how similar separation - individuation struggles occur during adolescence , of course with a different outcome from the first three years of life : the teen usually , eventually , leaves the parents ' house ( this varies with the culture ) . During adolescence , Erik Erikson ( 1950 -- 1960s ) described the `` identity crisis '' , that involves identity - diffusion anxiety . In order for an adult to be able to experience `` Warm - ETHICS '' ( warmth , empathy , trust , holding environment ( Winnicott ) , identity , closeness , and stability ) in relationships ( see Blackman , 101 Defenses : How the Mind Shields Itself , 2001 ) , the teenager must resolve the problems with identity and redevelop self and object constancy . Self psychology ( edit ) Self psychology emphasizes the development of a stable and integrated sense of self through empathic contacts with other humans , primary significant others conceived of as `` selfobjects '' . Selfobjects meet the developing self 's needs for mirroring , idealization , and twinship , and thereby strengthen the developing self . The process of treatment proceeds through `` transmuting internalizations '' in which the patient gradually internalizes the selfobject functions provided by the therapist . Self psychology was proposed originally by Heinz Kohut , and has been further developed by Arnold Goldberg , Frank Lachmann , Paul and Anna Ornstein , Marian Tolpin , and others . Jacques Lacan and Lacanian psychoanalysis ( edit ) Lacanian psychoanalysis , which integrates psychoanalysis with structural linguistics and Hegelian philosophy , is especially popular in France and parts of Latin America . Lacanian psychoanalysis is a departure from the traditional British and American psychoanalysis , which is predominantly Ego psychology . Jacques Lacan frequently used the phrase `` retourner à Freud '' ( `` return to Freud '' ) in his seminars and writings , as he claimed that his theories were an extension of Freud 's own , contrary to those of Anna Freud , the Ego Psychology , object relations and `` self '' theories and also claims the necessity of reading Freud 's complete works , not only a part of them . Lacan 's concepts concern the `` mirror stage '' , the `` Real '' , the `` Imaginary '' , and the `` Symbolic '' , and the claim that `` the unconscious is structured as a language '' . Though a major influence on psychoanalysis in France and parts of Latin America , Lacan and his ideas have taken longer to be translated into English and he has thus had a lesser impact on psychoanalysis and psychotherapy in the English - speaking world . In the UK and the US , his ideas are most widely used to analyze texts in literary theory . Due to his increasingly critical stance towards the deviation from Freud 's thought , often singling out particular texts and readings from his colleagues , Lacan was excluded from acting as a training analyst in the IPA , thus leading him to create his own school in order to maintain an institutional structure for the many candidates who desired to continue their analysis with him . Interpersonal psychoanalysis ( edit ) Interpersonal psychoanalysis accents the nuances of interpersonal interactions , particularly how individuals protect themselves from anxiety by establishing collusive interactions with others , and the relevance of actual experiences with other persons developmentally ( e.g. family and peers ) as well as in the present . This is contrasted with the primacy of intrapsychic forces , as in classical psychoanalysis . Interpersonal theory was first introduced by Harry Stack Sullivan , MD , and developed further by Frieda Fromm - Reichmann , Clara Thompson , Erich Fromm , and others who contributed to the founding of the William Alanson White Institute and Interpersonal Psychoanalysis in general . Culturalist psychoanalysis ( edit ) Main article : Culturalist psychoanalysts Some psychoanalysts have been labeled culturalist , because of the prominence they attributed culture in the genesis of behavior . Among others , Erich Fromm , Karen Horney , Harry Stack Sullivan , have been called culturalist psychoanalysts . They were famously in conflict with orthodox psychoanalysts . Feminist psychoanalysis ( edit ) Feminist theories of psychoanalysis emerged towards the second half of the 20th century , in an effort to articulate the feminine , the maternal and sexual difference and development from the point of view of female subjects . For Freud , male is subject and female is object . For Freud , Winnicott and the object relations theories , the mother is structured as the object of the infant 's rejection ( Freud ) and destruction ( Winnicott ) . For Lacan , the `` woman '' can either accept the phallic symbolic as an object or incarnate a lack in the symbolic dimension that informs the structure of the human subject . Feminist psychoanalysis is mainly post-Freudian and post-Lacanian with theorists like Toril Moi , Joan Copjec , Juliet Mitchell , Teresa Brennan and Griselda Pollock that rethinks Art and Mythology following French feminist psychoanalysis , the gaze and sexual difference in , of and from the feminine . French theorists like Luce Irigaray challenges the phallogocentrism . Bracha Ettinger offers a `` matrixial '' subject 's dimension that brings into account the prenatal stage ( matrixial connectivity ) and suggests a feminine - maternal Eros , matrixial gaze and Primal mother - phantasies . Jessica Benjamin addresses the question of the feminine and love . Feminist psychoanalysis informs and includes gender , queer and post-feminist theories . Adaptive paradigm of psychoanalysis and psychotherapy ( edit ) Main article : Robert Langs The `` adaptive paradigm of psychotherapy '' develops out of the work of Robert Langs . The adaptive paradigm interprets psychic conflict primarily in terms of conscious and unconscious adaptation to reality . Langs ' recent work in some measure returns to the earlier Freud , in that Langs prefers a modified version of the topographic model of the mind ( conscious , preconscious , and unconscious ) over the structural model ( id , ego , and super-ego ) , including the former 's emphasis on trauma ( though Langs looks to death - related traumas rather than sexual traumas ) . At the same time , Langs ' model of the mind differs from Freud 's in that it understands the mind in terms of evolutionary biological principles . Relational psychoanalysis ( edit ) Relational psychoanalysis combines interpersonal psychoanalysis with object - relations theory and with inter-subjective theory as critical for mental health . It was introduced by Stephen Mitchell . Relational psychoanalysis stresses how the individual 's personality is shaped by both real and imagined relationships with others , and how these relationship patterns are re-enacted in the interactions between analyst and patient . In New York , key proponents of relational psychoanalysis include Lew Aron , Jessica Benjamin , and Adrienne Harris . Fonagy and Target , in London , have propounded their view of the necessity of helping certain detached , isolated patients , develop the capacity for `` mentalization '' associated with thinking about relationships and themselves . Arietta Slade , Susan Coates , and Daniel Schechter in New York have additionally contributed to the application of relational psychoanalysis to treatment of the adult patient - as - parent , the clinical study of mentalization in parent - infant relationships , and the intergenerational transmission of attachment and trauma . Interpersonal - relational psychoanalysis ( edit ) The term interpersonal - relational psychoanalysis is often used as a professional identification . Psychoanalysts under this broader umbrella debate about what precisely are the differences between the two schools , without any current clear consensus . Intersubjective psychoanalysis ( edit ) The term `` intersubjectivity '' was introduced in psychoanalysis by George E. Atwood and Robert Stolorow ( 1984 ) . Intersubjective approaches emphasize how both personality development and the therapeutic process are influenced by the interrelationship between the patient 's subjective perspective and that of others . The authors of the interpersonal - relational and intersubjective approaches : Otto Rank , Heinz Kohut , Stephen A. Mitchell , Jessica Benjamin , Bernard Brandchaft , J. Fosshage , Donna M. Orange , Arnold `` Arnie '' Mindell , Thomas Ogden , Owen Renik , Irwin Z . Hoffman , Harold Searles , Colwyn Trevarthen , Edgar A. Levenson , Jay Greenberg , Edward R. Ritvo , Beatrice Beebe , Frank M. Lachmann , Herbert Rosenfeld and Daniel Stern . Modern psychoanalysis ( edit ) `` Modern psychoanalysis '' is a term coined by Hyman Spotnitz and his colleagues to describe a body of theoretical and clinical approaches that aim to extend Freud 's theories so as to make them applicable to the full spectrum of emotional disorders and broaden the potential for treatment to pathologies thought to be untreatable by classical methods . Interventions based on this approach are primarily intended to provide an emotional - maturational communication to the patient , rather than to promote intellectual insight . These interventions , beyond insight directed aims , are used to resolve resistances that are presented in the clinical setting . This school of psychoanalysis has fostered training opportunities for students in the United States and from countries worldwide . Its journal Modern Psychoanalysis has been published since 1976 . Psychopathology ( mental disturbances ) ( edit ) Adult patients ( edit ) The various psychoses involve deficits in the autonomous ego functions ( see above ) of integration ( organization ) of thought , in abstraction ability , in relationship to reality and in reality testing . In depressions with psychotic features , the self - preservation function may also be damaged ( sometimes by overwhelming depressive affect ) . Because of the integrative deficits ( often causing what general psychiatrists call `` loose associations '' , `` blocking '' , `` flight of ideas '' , `` verbigeration '' , and `` thought withdrawal '' ) , the development of self and object representations is also impaired . Clinically , therefore , psychotic individuals manifest limitations in warmth , empathy , trust , identity , closeness and / or stability in relationships ( due to problems with self - object fusion anxiety ) as well . In patients whose autonomous ego functions are more intact , but who still show problems with object relations , the diagnosis often falls into the category known as `` borderline '' . Borderline patients also show deficits , often in controlling impulses , affects , or fantasies -- but their ability to test reality remains more or less intact . Adults who do not experience guilt and shame , and who indulge in criminal behavior , are usually diagnosed as psychopaths , or , using DSM - IV - TR , antisocial personality disorder . Panic , phobias , conversions , obsessions , compulsions and depressions ( analysts call these `` neurotic symptoms '' ) are not usually caused by deficits in functions . Instead , they are caused by intrapsychic conflicts . The conflicts are generally among sexual and hostile - aggressive wishes , guilt and shame , and reality factors . The conflicts may be conscious or unconscious , but create anxiety , depressive affect , and anger . Finally , the various elements are managed by defensive operations -- essentially shut - off brain mechanisms that make people unaware of that element of conflict . `` Repression '' is the term given to the mechanism that shuts thoughts out of consciousness . `` Isolation of affect '' is the term used for the mechanism that shuts sensations out of consciousness . Neurotic symptoms may occur with or without deficits in ego functions , object relations , and ego strengths . Therefore , it is not uncommon to encounter obsessive - compulsive schizophrenics , panic patients who also suffer with borderline personality disorder , etc . This section above is partial to ego psychoanalytic theory `` autonomous ego functions '' . As the `` autonomous ego functions '' theory is only a theory , it may yet be proven incorrect . Childhood origins ( edit ) Freudian theories believe that adult problems can be traced to unresolved conflicts from certain phases of childhood and adolescence , caused by fantasy , stemming from their own drives . Freud , based on the data gathered from his patients early in his career , suspected that neurotic disturbances occurred when children were sexually abused in childhood ( the so - called seduction theory ) . Later , Freud came to believe that , although child abuse occurs , neurotic symptoms were not associated with this . He believed that neurotic people often had unconscious conflicts that involved incestuous fantasies deriving from different stages of development . He found the stage from about three to six years of age ( preschool years , today called the `` first genital stage '' ) to be filled with fantasies of having romantic relationships with both parents . Arguments were quickly generated in early 20th - century Vienna about whether adult seduction of children , i.e. child sexual abuse , was the basis of neurotic illness . There still is no complete agreement , although nowadays professionals recognize the negative effects of child sexual abuse on mental health . Many psychoanalysts who work with children have studied the actual effects of child abuse , which include ego and object relations deficits and severe neurotic conflicts . Much research has been done on these types of trauma in childhood , and the adult sequelae of those . In studying the childhood factors that start neurotic symptom development , Freud found a constellation of factors that , for literary reasons , he termed the Oedipus complex ( based on the play by Sophocles , Oedipus Rex , where the protagonist unwittingly kills his father Laius and marries his mother Jocasta ) . The validity of the Oedipus complex is now widely disputed and rejected . The shorthand term , `` oedipal '' -- later explicated by Joseph J. Sandler in `` On the Concept Superego '' ( 1960 ) and modified by Charles Brenner in `` The Mind in Conflict '' ( 1982 ) -- refers to the powerful attachments that children make to their parents in the preschool years . These attachments involve fantasies of sexual relationships with either ( or both ) parent , and , therefore , competitive fantasies toward either ( or both ) parents . Humberto Nagera ( 1975 ) has been particularly helpful in clarifying many of the complexities of the child through these years . `` Positive '' and `` negative '' oedipal conflicts have been attached to the heterosexual and homosexual aspects , respectively . Both seem to occur in development of most children . Eventually , the developing child 's concessions to reality ( that they will neither marry one parent nor eliminate the other ) lead to identifications with parental values . These identifications generally create a new set of mental operations regarding values and guilt , subsumed under the term `` superego '' . Besides superego development , children `` resolve '' their preschool oedipal conflicts through channeling wishes into something their parents approve of ( `` sublimation '' ) and the development , during the school - age years ( `` latency '' ) of age - appropriate obsessive - compulsive defensive maneuvers ( rules , repetitive games ) . Treatment ( edit ) Using the various analytic and psychological techniques to assess mental problems , some believe that there are particular constellations of problems that are especially suited for analytic treatment ( see below ) whereas other problems might respond better to medicines and other interpersonal interventions . To be treated with psychoanalysis , whatever the presenting problem , the person requesting help must demonstrate a desire to start an analysis . The person wishing to start an analysis must have some capacity for speech and communication . As well , they need to be able to have or develop trust and insight within the psychoanalytic session . Potential patients must undergo a preliminary stage of treatment to assess their amenability to psychoanalysis at that time , and also to enable the analyst to form a working psychological model , which the analyst will use to direct the treatment . Psychoanalysts mainly work with neurosis and hysteria in particular ; however , adapted forms of psychoanalysis are used in working with schizophrenia and other forms of psychosis or mental disorder . Finally , if a prospective patient is severely suicidal a longer preliminary stage may be employed , sometimes with sessions which have a twenty - minute break in the middle . There are numerous modifications in technique under the heading of psychoanalysis due to the individualistic nature of personality in both analyst and patient . The most common problems treatable with psychoanalysis include : phobias , conversions , compulsions , obsessions , anxiety attacks , depressions , sexual dysfunctions , a wide variety of relationship problems ( such as dating and marital strife ) , and a wide variety of character problems ( for example , painful shyness , meanness , obnoxiousness , workaholism , hyperseductiveness , hyperemotionality , hyperfastidiousness ) . The fact that many of such patients also demonstrate deficits above makes diagnosis and treatment selection difficult . Analytical organizations such as the IPA , APsaA and the European Federation for Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy have established procedures and models for the indication and practice of psychoanalytical therapy for trainees in analysis . The match between the analyst and the patient can be viewed as another contributing factor for the indication and contraindication for psychoanalytic treatment . The analyst decides whether the patient is suitable for psychoanalysis . This decision made by the analyst , besides made on the usual indications and pathology , is also based to a certain degree by the `` fit '' between analyst and patient . A person 's suitability for analysis at any particular time is based on their desire to know something about where their illness has come from . Someone who is not suitable for analysis expresses no desire to know more about the root causes of their illness . An evaluation may include one or more other analysts ' independent opinions and will include discussion of the patient 's financial situation and insurances . Techniques ( edit ) The basic method of psychoanalysis is interpretation of the patient 's unconscious conflicts that are interfering with current - day functioning -- conflicts that are causing painful symptoms such as phobias , anxiety , depression , and compulsions . Strachey ( 1936 ) stressed that figuring out ways the patient distorted perceptions about the analyst led to understanding what may have been forgotten ( also see Freud 's paper `` Repeating , Remembering , and Working Through '' ) . In particular , unconscious hostile feelings toward the analyst could be found in symbolic , negative reactions to what Robert Langs later called the `` frame '' of the therapy -- the setup that included times of the sessions , payment of fees , and necessity of talking . In patients who made mistakes , forgot , or showed other peculiarities regarding time , fees , and talking , the analyst can usually find various unconscious `` resistances '' to the flow of thoughts ( sometimes called free association ) . When the patient reclines on a couch with the analyst out of view , the patient tends to remember more , experiences more resistance and transference , and is able to reorganize thoughts after the development of insight -- through the interpretive work of the analyst . Although fantasy life can be understood through the examination of dreams , masturbation fantasies ( cf . Marcus , I. and Francis , J. ( 1975 ) , Masturbation from Infancy to Senescence ) are also important . The analyst is interested in how the patient reacts to and avoids such fantasies ( cf . Paul Gray ( 1994 ) , The Ego and the Analysis of Defense ) . Various memories of early life are generally distorted -- Freud called them `` screen memories '' -- and in any case , very early experiences ( before age two ) -- can not be remembered ( See the child studies of Eleanor Galenson on `` evocative memory '' ) . Variations in technique ( edit ) There is what is known among psychoanalysts as `` classical technique '' , although Freud throughout his writings deviated from this considerably , depending on the problems of any given patient . Classical technique was summarized by Allan Compton , MD , as comprising instructions ( telling the patient to try to say what 's on their mind , including interferences ) ; exploration ( asking questions ) ; and clarification ( rephrasing and summarizing what the patient has been describing ) . As well , the analyst can also use confrontation to bringing an aspect of functioning , usually a defense , to the patient 's attention . The analyst then uses a variety of interpretation methods , such as dynamic interpretation ( explaining how being too nice guards against guilt , e.g. -- defense vs. affect ) ; genetic interpretation ( explaining how a past event is influencing the present ) ; resistance interpretation ( showing the patient how they are avoiding their problems ) ; transference interpretation ( showing the patient ways old conflicts arise in current relationships , including that with the analyst ) ; or dream interpretation ( obtaining the patient 's thoughts about their dreams and connecting this with their current problems ) . Analysts can also use reconstruction to estimate what may have happened in the past that created some current issue . These techniques are primarily based on conflict theory ( see above ) . As object relations theory evolved , supplemented by the work of Bowlby , Ainsworth , and Beebe , techniques with patients who had more severe problems with basic trust ( Erikson , 1950 ) and a history of maternal deprivation ( see the works of Augusta Alpert ) led to new techniques with adults . These have sometimes been called interpersonal , intersubjective ( cf . Stolorow ) , relational , or corrective object relations techniques . These techniques include expressing an empathic attunement to the patient or warmth ; exposing a bit of the analyst 's personal life or attitudes to the patient ; allowing the patient autonomy in the form of disagreement with the analyst ( cf . I.H. Paul , Letters to Simon . ) ; and explaining the motivations of others which the patient misperceives . Ego psychological concepts of deficit in functioning led to refinements in supportive therapy . These techniques are particularly applicable to psychotic and near - psychotic ( cf. , Eric Marcus , `` Psychosis and Near - psychosis '' ) patients . These supportive therapy techniques include discussions of reality ; encouragement to stay alive ( including hospitalization ) ; psychotropic medicines to relieve overwhelming depressive affect or overwhelming fantasies ( hallucinations and delusions ) ; and advice about the meanings of things ( to counter abstraction failures ) . The notion of the `` silent analyst '' has been criticized . Actually , the analyst listens using Arlow 's approach as set out in `` The Genesis of Interpretation '' , using active intervention to interpret resistances , defenses creating pathology , and fantasies . Silence is not a technique of psychoanalysis ( also see the studies and opinion papers of Owen Renik , MD ) . `` Analytic neutrality '' is a concept that does not mean the analyst is silent . It refers to the analyst 's position of not taking sides in the internal struggles of the patient . For example , if a patient feels guilty , the analyst might explore what the patient has been doing or thinking that causes the guilt , but not reassure the patient not to feel guilty . The analyst might also explore the identifications with parents and others that led to the guilt . Interpersonal - Relational psychoanalysts emphasize the notion that it is impossible to be neutral . Sullivan introduced the term `` participant - observer '' to indicate the analyst inevitably interacts with the analysand , and suggested the detailed inquiry as an alternative to interpretation . The detailed inquiry involves noting where the analysand is leaving out important elements of an account and noting when the story is obfuscated , and asking careful questions to open up the dialogue . Group therapy and play therapy ( edit ) Although single - client sessions remain the norm , psychoanalytic theory has been used to develop other types of psychological treatment . Psychoanalytic group therapy was pioneered by Trigant Burrow , Joseph Pratt , Paul F. Schilder , Samuel R. Slavson , Harry Stack Sullivan , and Wolfe . Child - centered counseling for parents was instituted early in analytic history by Freud , and was later further developed by Irwin Marcus , Edith Schulhofer , and Gilbert Kliman . Psychoanalytically based couples therapy has been promulgated and explicated by Fred Sander , MD . Techniques and tools developed in the first decade of the 21st century have made psychoanalysis available to patients who were not treatable by earlier techniques . This meant that the analytic situation was modified so that it would be more suitable and more likely to be helpful for these patients . M.N. Eagle ( 2007 ) believes that psychoanalysis can not be a self - contained discipline but instead must be open to influence from and integration with findings and theory from other disciplines . Psychoanalytic constructs have been adapted for use with children with treatments such as play therapy , art therapy , and storytelling . Throughout her career , from the 1920s through the 1970s , Anna Freud adapted psychoanalysis for children through play . This is still used today for children , especially those who are preadolescent ( see Leon Hoffman , New York Psychoanalytic Institute Center for Children ) . Using toys and games , children are able to demonstrate , symbolically , their fears , fantasies , and defenses ; although not identical , this technique , in children , is analogous to the aim of free association in adults . Psychoanalytic play therapy allows the child and analyst to understand children 's conflicts , particularly defenses such as disobedience and withdrawal , that have been guarding against various unpleasant feelings and hostile wishes . In art therapy , the counselor may have a child draw a portrait and then tell a story about the portrait . The counselor watches for recurring themes -- regardless of whether it is with art or toys . Cultural variations ( edit ) Psychoanalysis can be adapted to different cultures , as long as the therapist or counselor understands the client 's culture . For example , Tori and Blimes found that defense mechanisms were valid in a normative sample of 2,624 Thais . The use of certain defense mechanisms was related to cultural values . For example , Thais value calmness and collectiveness ( because of Buddhist beliefs ) , so they were low on regressive emotionality . Psychoanalysis also applies because Freud used techniques that allowed him to get the subjective perceptions of his patients . He takes an objective approach by not facing his clients during his talk therapy sessions . He met with his patients wherever they were , such as when he used free association -- where clients would say whatever came to mind without self - censorship . His treatments had little to no structure for most cultures , especially Asian cultures . Therefore , it is more likely that Freudian constructs will be used in structured therapy ( Thompson , et al. , 2004 ) . In addition , Corey postulates that it will be necessary for a therapist to help clients develop a cultural identity as well as an ego identity . Cost and length of treatment ( edit ) The cost to the patient of psychoanalytic treatment ranges widely from place to place and between practitioners . Low - fee analysis is often available in a psychoanalytic training clinic and graduate schools . Otherwise , the fee set by each analyst varies with the analyst 's training and experience . Since , in most locations in the United States , unlike in Ontario and Germany , classical analysis ( which usually requires sessions three to five times per week ) is not covered by health insurance , many analysts may negotiate their fees with patients whom they feel they can help , but who have financial difficulties . The modifications of analysis , which include psychodynamic therapy , brief therapies , and certain types of group therapy ( cf . Slavson , S.R. , A Textbook in Analytic Group Therapy ) , are carried out on a less frequent basis -- usually once , twice , or three times a week -- and usually the patient sits facing the therapist . As a result of the defense mechanisms and the lack of access to the unfathomable elements of the unconscious , psychoanalysis can be an expansive process that involves 2 to 5 sessions per week for several years . This type of therapy relies on the belief that reducing the symptoms will not actually help with the root causes or irrational drives . The analyst typically is a ' blank screen ' , disclosing very little about themselves in order that the client can use the space in the relationship to work on their unconscious without interference from outside . The psychoanalyst uses various methods to help the patient to become more self - aware and to develop insights into their behavior and into the meanings of symptoms . First and foremost , the psychoanalyst attempts to develop a confidential atmosphere in which the patient can feel safe reporting his feelings , thoughts and fantasies . Analysands ( as people in analysis are called ) are asked to report whatever comes to mind without fear of reprisal . Freud called this the `` fundamental rule '' . Analysands are asked to talk about their lives , including their early life , current life and hopes and aspirations for the future . They are encouraged to report their fantasies , `` flash thoughts '' and dreams . In fact , Freud believed that dreams were , `` the royal road to the unconscious '' ; he devoted an entire volume to the interpretation of dreams . Also , psychoanalysts encourage their patients to recline on a couch . Typically , the psychoanalyst sits , out of sight , behind the patient . The psychoanalyst 's task , in collaboration with the analysand , is to help deepen the analysand 's understanding of those factors , outside of his awareness , that drive his behaviors . In the safe environment of the psychoanalytic setting , the analysand becomes attached to the analyst and pretty soon he begins to experience the same conflicts with his analyst that he experiences with key figures in his life such as his parents , his boss , his significant other , etc . It 's the psychoanalyst 's role to point out these conflicts and to interpret them . The transferring of these internal conflicts onto the analyst is called , `` transference '' . Many studies have also been done on briefer `` dynamic '' treatments ; these are more expedient to measure , and shed light on the therapeutic process to some extent . Brief Relational Therapy ( BRT ) , Brief Psychodynamic Therapy ( BPT ) , and Time - Limited Dynamic Therapy ( TLDP ) limit treatment to 20 -- 30 sessions . On average , classical analysis may last 5.7 years , but for phobias and depressions uncomplicated by ego deficits or object relations deficits , analysis may run for a shorter period of time . Longer analyses are indicated for those with more serious disturbances in object relations , more symptoms , and more ingrained character pathology . Training and research ( edit ) United States ( edit ) Psychoanalytic training in the United States involves a personal psychoanalysis for the trainee , approximately 600 hours of class instruction , with a standard curriculum , over a four or five year period . Typically , this psychoanalysis must be conducted by a Supervising and Training Analyst . Most institutes ( but not all ) within the American Psychoanalytic Association , require that Supervising and Training Analysts become certified by the American Board of Psychoanalysts . Certification entails a blind review in which the psychoanalysts work is vetted by psychoanalysts outside of their local community . After earning certification , these psychoanalysts undergo another hurdle in which they are specially vetted by senior members of their own institute . Supervising and Training analysts are held to the highest clinical and ethical standards . Moreover , they are required to have extensive experience conducting psychoanalyses . Similarly , class instruction for psychoanalytic candidates is rigorous . Typically classes meet several hours a week , or for a full day or two every other weekend during the academic year ; this varies with the institute . Candidates generally have an hour of supervision each week , with a Supervising and Training Analyst , on each psychoanalytic case . The minimum number of cases varies between institutes , often two to four cases . Male and female cases are required . Supervision must go on for at least a few years on one or more cases . Supervision is done in the supervisor 's office , where the trainee presents material from the psychoanalytic work that week . In supervision , the patient 's unconscious conflicts are explored , also , transference - countertransference constellations are examined . Also , clinical technique is taught . Many psychoanalytic training centers in the United States have been accredited by special committees of the APsaA or the IPA . Because of theoretical differences , there are independent institutes , usually founded by psychologists , who until 1987 were not permitted access to psychoanalytic training institutes of the APsaA . Currently there are between 75 and 100 independent institutes in the United States . As well , other institutes are affiliated to other organizations such as the American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry , and the National Association for the Advancement of Psychoanalysis . At most psychoanalytic institutes in the United States , qualifications for entry include a terminal degree in a mental health field , such as Ph. D. , Psy. D. , M.S.W. , or M.D. A few institutes restrict applicants to those already holding an M.D. or Ph. D. , and most institutes in Southern California confer a Ph. D. or Psy. D. in psychoanalysis upon graduation , which involves completion of the necessary requirements for the state boards that confer that doctoral degree. The first training institute in America to educate non-medical psychoanalysts was The National Psychological Association for Psychoanalysis. , ( 1978 ) in New York City . It was founded by the analyst Theodor Reik . The Contemporary Freudian ( originally the New York Freudian Society ) an offshoot of the National Psychological Association has a branch in Washington , DC . It is a component society / institute or the IPA . Some psychoanalytic training has been set up as a post-doctoral fellowship in university settings , such as at Duke University , Yale University , New York University , Adelphi University and Columbia University . Other psychoanalytic institutes may not be directly associated with universities , but the faculty at those institutes usually hold contemporaneous faculty positions with psychology Ph. D. programs and / or with medical school psychiatry residency programs . The IPA is the world 's primary accrediting and regulatory body for psychoanalysis . Their mission is to assure the continued vigor and development of psychoanalysis for the benefit of psychoanalytic patients . It works in partnership with its 70 constituent organizations in 33 countries to support 11,500 members . In the US , there are 77 psychoanalytical organizations , institutes associations in the United States , which are spread across the states of America . APSaA has 38 affiliated societies which have 10 or more active members who practice in a given geographical area . The aims of APSaA and other psychoanalytical organizations are : provide ongoing educational opportunities for its members , stimulate the development and research of psychoanalysis , provide training and organize conferences . There are eight affiliated study groups in the USA ( two of them are in Latin America ) . A study group is the first level of integration of a psychoanalytical body within the IPA , followed by a provisional society and finally a member society . The Division of Psychoanalysis ( 39 ) of the American Psychological Association ( APA ) was established in the early 1980s by several psychologists . Until the establishment of the Division of Psychoanalysis , psychologists who had trained in independent institutes had no national organization . The Division of Psychoanalysis now has approximately 4,000 members and approximately 30 local chapters in the United States . The Division of Psychoanalysis holds two annual meetings or conferences and offers continuing education in theory , research and clinical technique , as do their affiliated local chapters . The European Psychoanalytical Federation ( EPF ) is the organization which consolidates all European psychoanalytic societies . This organization is affiliated with the IPA . In 2002 there were approximately 3,900 individual members in 22 countries , speaking 18 different languages . There are also 25 psychoanalytic societies . The American Association of Psychoanalysis in Clinical Social Work ( AAPCSW ) was established by Crayton Rowe in 1980 as a division of the Federation of Clinical Societies of Social Work and became an independent entity in 1990 . Until 2007 it was known as the National Membership Committee on Psychoanalysis . The organization was founded because although social workers represented the larger number of people who were training to be psychoanalysts , they were underrepresented as supervisors and teachers at the institutes they attended . AAPCSW now has over 1000 members and has over 20 chapters . It holds a bi-annual national conference and numerous annual local conferences . Experiences of psychoanalysts and psychoanalytic psychotherapists and research into infant and child development have led to new insights . Theories have been further developed and the results of empirical research are now more integrated in the psychoanalytic theory . United Kingdom ( edit ) The London Psychoanalytical Society was founded by Ernest Jones on 30 October 1913 . With the expansion of psychoanalysis in the United Kingdom the Society was renamed the British Psychoanalytical Society in 1919 . Soon after , the Institute of Psychoanalysis was established to administer the Society 's activities . These include : the training of psychoanalysts , the development of the theory and practice of psychoanalysis , the provision of treatment through The London Clinic of Psychoanalysis , the publication of books in The New Library of Psychoanalysis and Psychoanalytic Ideas . The Institute of Psychoanalysis also publishes The International Journal of Psychoanalysis , maintains a library , furthers research , and holds public lectures . The society has a Code of Ethics and an Ethical Committee . The society , the institute and the clinic are all located at Byron House . The society is a component of the IPA , a body with members on all five continents that safeguards professional and ethical practice . The society is a member of the British Psychoanalytic Council ( BPC ) ; the BPC publishes a register of British psychoanalysts and psychoanalytical psychotherapists . All members of the British Psychoanalytical Society are required to undertake continuing professional development . Members of the Society have included Michael Balint , Wilfred Bion , John Bowlby , Anna Freud , Melanie Klein , Joseph J. Sandler , and Donald Winnicott . The Institute of Psychoanalysis is the foremost publisher of psychoanalytic literature . The 24 - volume Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud was conceived , translated , and produced under the direction of the British Psychoanalytical Society . The Society , in conjunction with Random House , will soon publish a new , revised and expanded Standard Edition . With the New Library of Psychoanalysis the Institute continues to publish the books of leading theorists and practitioners . The International Journal of Psychoanalysis is published by the Institute of Psychoanalysis . Now in its 84th year , it has one of the largest circulations of any psychoanalytic journal . Research ( edit ) Over a hundred years of case reports and studies in the journal Modern Psychoanalysis , the Psychoanalytic Quarterly , the International Journal of Psychoanalysis and the Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association have analyzed the efficacy of analysis in cases of neurosis and character or personality problems . Psychoanalysis modified by object relations techniques has been shown to be effective in many cases of ingrained problems of intimacy and relationship ( cf . the many books of Otto Kernberg ) . As a therapeutic treatment , psychoanalytic techniques may be useful in a one - session consultation . Psychoanalytic treatment , in other situations , may run from about a year to many years , depending on the severity and complexity of the pathology . Psychoanalytic theory has , from its inception , been the subject of criticism and controversy . Freud remarked on this early in his career , when other physicians in Vienna ostracized him for his findings that hysterical conversion symptoms were not limited to women . Challenges to analytic theory began with Otto Rank and Alfred Adler ( turn of the 20th century ) , continued with behaviorists ( e.g. Wolpe ) into the 1940s and ' 50s , and have persisted ( e.g. Miller ) . Criticisms come from those who object to the notion that there are mechanisms , thoughts or feelings in the mind that could be unconscious . Criticisms also have been leveled against the idea of `` infantile sexuality '' ( the recognition that children between ages two and six imagine things about procreation ) . Criticisms of theory have led to variations in analytic theories , such as the work of Ronald Fairbairn , Michael Balint , and John Bowlby . In the past 30 years or so , the criticisms have centered on the issue of empirical verification , in spite of many empirical , prospective research studies that have been empirically validated ( e.g. , See the studies of Barbara Milrod , at Cornell University Medical School , et al. ) . In the scientific literature there are some research supporting some of Freud 's ideas , e.g. unconsciousness , repression etc . Psychoanalysis has been used as a research tool into childhood development ( cf . the journal The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child ) , and has developed into a flexible , effective treatment for certain mental disturbances . In the 1960s , Freud 's early ( 1905 ) thoughts on the childhood development of female sexuality were challenged ; this challenge led to major research in the 1970s and 80s , and then to a reformulation of female sexual development that corrected some of Freud 's concepts . Also see the various works of Eleanor Galenson , Nancy Chodorow , Karen Horney , Françoise Dolto , Melanie Klein , Selma Fraiberg , and others . Most recently , psychoanalytic researchers who have integrated attachment theory into their work , including Alicia Lieberman , Susan Coates , and Daniel Schechter have explored the role of parental traumatization in the development of young children 's mental representations of self and others . There are different forms of psychoanalysis and psychotherapies in which psychoanalytic thinking is practiced . Besides classical psychoanalysis there is for example psychoanalytic psychotherapy , a therapeutic approach which widens `` the accessibility of psychoanalytic theory and clinical practices that had evolved over 100 plus years to a larger number of individuals . '' Other examples of well known therapies which also use insights of psychoanalysis are mentalization - based treatment ( MBT ) , and transference focused psychotherapy ( TFP ) . There is also a continuing influence of psychoanalytic thinking in mental health care . Evaluation of effectiveness ( edit ) The effectiveness of strict psychoanalysis is difficult to gauge ; therapy as Freud intended it relies too much on the interpretation of the therapist which can not be proven . The effectiveness of more modern , developed techniques can be gauged . Meta - analyses in 2012 and 2013 come to the conclusion that there is support or evidence for the efficacy of psychoanalytic therapy , thus further research is needed . Other meta - analyses published in the recent years showed psychoanalysis and psychodynamic therapy to be effective , with outcomes comparable or greater than other kinds of psychotherapy or antidepressant drugs , but these arguments have also been subjected to various criticisms . In 2011 , the American Psychological Association made 103 comparisons between psychodynamic treatment and a non-dynamic competitor and found that 6 were superior , 5 were inferior , 28 had no difference and 63 were adequate . The study found that this could be used as a basis `` to make psychodynamic psychotherapy an ' empirically validated ' treatment . '' Meta - analyses of Short Term Psychodynamic Psychotherapy ( STPP ) have found effect sizes ranging from . 34 --. 71 compared to no treatment and was found to be slightly better than other therapies in follow up . Other reviews have found an effect size of . 78 --. 91 for somatic disorders compared to no treatment and . 69 for treating depression . A 2012 meta - analysis by the Harvard Review of Psychiatry of Intensive Short - Term Dynamic Psychotherapy ( ISTDP ) found effect sizes ranging from . 84 for interpersonal problems to 1.51 for depression . Overall ISTDP had an effect size of 1.18 compared to no treatment . A system review of Long Term Psychodynamic Psychotherapy in 2009 found an overall effect size of . 33 . Others have found effect sizes of . 44 --. 68 . According to a 2004 French review conducted by INSERM , psychoanalysis was presumed or proven effective at treating panic disorder , post-traumatic stress and personality disorders . The world 's largest randomized controlled trial on therapy with anorexia nervosa outpatients , the ANTOP - Study , published 2013 in The Lancet , found evidence that modified psychodynamic therapy is effective in increasing body mass index after a 10 - month treatment and that the effect is persistent until at least a year after concluding the treatment . Relative to other treatments assigned , it was found to be as effective in increasing body mass index as cognitive behavioral therapy and as a standard treatment protocol ( which consisted of referral to a list of psychotherapists with experience in treating eating - disorders in addition to close monitoring and treatment by a family doctor ) . Furthermore , considering the outcome to be the recovery rate one year after the treatment , measured by the proportion of patients who no longer met the diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa , modified psychodynamic therapy was found to be more effective than the standard treatment protocol and as effective as cognitive behavioral therapy . A 2001 systematic review of the medical literature by the Cochrane Collaboration concluded that no data exist demonstrating that psychodynamic psychotherapy is effective in treating schizophrenia and severe mental illness , and cautioned that medication should always be used alongside any type of talk therapy in schizophrenia cases . A French review from 2004 found the same . The Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team advises against the use of psychodynamic therapy in cases of schizophrenia , arguing that more trials are necessary to verify its effectiveness . Criticism ( edit ) As a field of science ( edit ) The strongest reason for considering Freud a pseudo-scientist is that he claimed to have tested -- and thus to have provided the most cogent grounds for accepting -- theories which are either untestable or even if testable had not been tested . It is spurious claims to have tested an untestable or untested theory which are the most pertinent grounds for deeming Freud and his followers pseudoscientists ... -- Frank Cioffi Both Freud and psychoanalysis have been criticized in very extreme terms . Exchanges between critics and defenders of psychoanalysis have often been so heated that they have come to be characterized as the Freud Wars . Early critics of psychoanalysis believed that its theories were based too little on quantitative and experimental research , and too much on the clinical case study method . Some have accused Freud of fabrication , most famously in the case of Anna O. Frank Cioffi , author of Freud and the Question of Pseudoscience , cites false claims of a sound scientific verification of the theory and its elements as the strongest basis for classifying the work of Freud and his school as pseudoscience . Others have speculated that patients suffered from now easily identifiable conditions unrelated to psychoanalysis ; for instance , Anna O. is thought to have suffered from an organic impairment such as tuberculous meningitis or temporal lobe epilepsy and not hysteria ( see modern interpretations ) . Karl Popper argued that psychoanalysis is a pseudoscience because its claims are not testable and can not be refuted ; that is , they are not falsifiable . Imre Lakatos later noted : `` Freudians have been nonplussed by Popper 's basic challenge concerning scientific honesty . Indeed , they have refused to specify experimental conditions under which they would give up their basic assumptions . '' Cognitive scientists , in particular , have also weighed in . Martin Seligman , a prominent academic in positive psychology wrote , `` Thirty years ago , the cognitive revolution in psychology overthrew both Freud and the behaviorists , at least in academia ... ( T ) hinking ... is not just a ( result ) of emotion or behavior ... ( E ) motion is always generated by cognition , not the other way around . '' Linguist Noam Chomsky has criticized psychoanalysis for lacking a scientific basis . Steven Pinker considers Freudian theory unscientific for understanding the mind . Evolutionary biologist Steven Jay Gould considered psychoanalysis as influenced by pseudoscientific theories such as recapitulation theory . Psychologists Hans Eysenck and John F. Kihlstrom have also criticized the field as pseudoscience . Adolf Grünbaum argues that psychoanalytic based theories are falsifiable , but that the causal claims of psychoanalysis are unsupported by the available clinical evidence . Richard Feynman wrote off psychoanalysts as mere `` witch doctors '' : If you look at all of the complicated ideas that they have developed in an infinitesimal amount of time , if you compare to any other of the sciences how long it takes to get one idea after the other , if you consider all the structures and inventions and complicated things , the ids and the egos , the tensions and the forces , and the pushes and the pulls , I tell you they ca n't all be there . It 's too much for one brain or a few brains to have cooked up in such a short time . E. Fuller Torrey , in Witchdoctors and Psychiatrists ( 1986 ) , agreed that psychoanalytic theories have no more scientific basis than the theories of traditional native healers , `` witchdoctors '' or modern `` cult '' alternatives such as est . Psychologist Alice Miller charged psychoanalysis with being similar to the poisonous pedagogies , which she described in her book For Your Own Good . She scrutinized and rejected the validity of Freud 's drive theory , including the Oedipus complex , which , according to her and Jeffrey Masson , blames the child for the abusive sexual behavior of adults . Psychologist Joel Kupfersmid investigated the validity of the Oedipus complex , examining its nature and origins . He concluded that there is little evidence to support the existence of the Oedipus complex . Michel Foucault and Gilles Deleuze claimed that the institution of psychoanalysis has become a center of power and that its confessional techniques resemble the Christian tradition . Jacques Lacan criticized the emphasis of some American and British psychoanalytical traditions on what he has viewed as the suggestion of imaginary `` causes '' for symptoms , and recommended the return to Freud . Together with Deleuze , Félix Guattari criticised the Oedipal structure . Luce Irigaray criticised psychoanalysis , employing Jacques Derrida 's concept of phallogocentrism to describe the exclusion of the woman from Freudian and Lacanian psychoanalytical theories . Deleuze and Guattari , in their 1972 work Anti-Œdipus , take the cases of Gérard Mendel , Bela Grunberger and Janine Chasseguet - Smirgel , prominent members of the most respected associations ( IPa ) , to suggest that , traditionally , psychoanalysis enthusiastically embraces a police state . Psychoanalysis continues to be practiced by psychiatrists , social workers , and other mental health professionals ; however , its practice is less common today than in years past . `` I think most people would agree that psychoanalysis as a form of treatment is on its last legs '' , says Bradley Peterson , a psychoanalyst , child psychiatrist and the director of the Institute for the Developing Mind at Children 's Hospital Los Angeles . The theoretical foundations of psychoanalysis lie in the same philosophical currents that lead to interpretive phenomenology rather than in those that lead to scientific positivism , making the theory largely incompatible with positivist approaches to the study of the mind . A French 2004 report from INSERM said that psychoanalytic therapy is less effective than other psychotherapies ( including cognitive behavioral therapy ) for certain diseases . It used a meta - analysis of numerous other studies to find whether the treatment was `` proven '' or `` presumed '' to be effective on different diseases . Numerous studies have shown that its efficacy is related to the quality of the therapist , rather than the psychoanalytic school or technique or training . Freudian theory ( edit ) Many aspects of Freudian theory are indeed out of date , and they should be : Freud died in 1939 , and he has been slow to undertake further revisions . His critics , however , are equally behind the times , attacking Freudian views of the 1920s as if they continue to have some currency in their original form . Psychodynamic theory and therapy have evolved considerably since 1939 when Freud 's bearded countenance was last sighted in earnest . Contemporary psychoanalysts and psychodynamic therapists no longer write much about ids and egos , nor do they conceive of treatment for psychological disorders as an archaeological expedition in search of lost memories . -- Drew Westen An increasing amount of empirical research from academic psychologists and psychiatrists has begun to address this criticism . A survey of scientific research suggested that while personality traits corresponding to Freud 's oral , anal , Oedipal , and genital phases can be observed , they do not necessarily manifest as stages in the development of children . These studies also have not confirmed that such traits in adults result from childhood experiences ( Fisher & Greenberg , 1977 , 399 ) . However , these stages should not be viewed as crucial to modern psychoanalysis . What is crucial to modern psychoanalytic theory and practice is the power of the unconscious and the transference phenomenon . The idea of `` unconscious '' is contested because human behavior can be observed while human mental activity has to be inferred . However , the unconscious is now a popular topic of study in the fields of experimental and social psychology ( e.g. , implicit attitude measures , fMRI , and PET scans , and other indirect tests ) . The idea of unconscious , and the transference phenomenon , have been widely researched and , it is claimed , validated in the fields of cognitive psychology and social psychology ( Westen & Gabbard 2002 ) , though a Freudian interpretation of unconscious mental activity is not held by the majority of cognitive psychologists . Recent developments in neuroscience have resulted in one side arguing that it has provided a biological basis for unconscious emotional processing in line with psychoanalytic theory i.e. , neuropsychoanalysis ( Westen & Gabbard 2002 ) , while the other side argues that such findings make psychoanalytic theory obsolete and irrelevant . Shlomo Kalo explains that the scientific materialism that flourished in the 19th century severely harmed religion and rejected whatever called spiritual . The institution of the confession priest in particular was badly damaged . The empty void that this institution left behind was swiftly occupied by the newborn psychoanalysis . In his writings Kalo claims that psychoanalysis basic approach is erroneous . It represents the mainline wrong assumptions that happiness is unreachable and that the natural desire of a human being is to exploit his fellow men for his own pleasure and benefit . Freud 's psychoanalysis was criticized by his wife , Martha . René Laforgue reported Martha Freud saying , `` I must admit that if I did not realize how seriously my husband takes his treatments , I should think that psychoanalysis is a form of pornography . '' To Martha there was something vulgar about psychoanalysis , and she dissociated herself from it . According to Marie Bonaparte , Martha was upset with her husband 's work and his treatment of sexuality . Jacques Derrida incorporated aspects of psychoanalytic theory into his theory of deconstruction in order to question what he called the ' metaphysics of presence ' . Derrida also turns some of these ideas against Freud , to reveal tensions and contradictions in his work . For example , although Freud defines religion and metaphysics as displacements of the identification with the father in the resolution of the Oedipal complex , Derrida insists in The Postcard : From Socrates to Freud and Beyond that the prominence of the father in Freud 's own analysis is itself indebted to the prominence given to the father in Western metaphysics and theology since Plato . See also ( edit ) Psychotherapy Chicago Institute for Psychoanalysis Neutrality Ontological hermeneutics Psychoanalytic sociology Psychoanalysis and music Training analysis Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Alfred Adler developed the school of thought known as individual psychology , while Carl Jung established analytical psychology . Jump up ^ Kaplan and Sadock 's Synopsis of Psychiatry , 2007 : `` Psychoanalysis has existed before the turn of the 20th century and , in that span of years , has established itself as one of the fundamental disciplines within psychiatry . The science of psychoanalysis is the bedrock of psychodynamic understanding and forms the fundamental theoretical frame of reference for a variety of forms of therapeutic intervention , embracing not only psychoanalysis itself but also various forms of psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy and related forms of therapy using psychodynamic concepts . '' Jump up ^ Robert Michels , 2009 : `` Psychoanalysis continues to be an important paradigm organizing the way many psychiatrists think about patients and treatment . However , its limitations are more widely recognized and it is assumed that many important advances in the future will come from other areas , particularly biologic psychiatry . As yet unresolved is the appropriate role of psychoanalytic thinking in organizing the treatment of patients and the training of psychiatrists after that biologic revolution has born fruit . Will treatments aimed at biologic defects or abnormalities become technical steps in a program organized in a psychoanalytic framework ? Will psychoanalysis serve to explain and guide supportive intervention for individuals whose lives are deformed by biologic defect and therapeutic interventions , much as it now does for patients with chronic physical illness , with the psychoanalyst on the psychiatric dialysis program ? Or will we look back on the role of psychoanalysis in the treatment of the seriously mentally ill as the last and most scientifically enlightened phase of the humanistic tradition in psychiatry , a tradition that became extinct when advances in biology allowed us to cure those we had so long only comforted ? '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Merton M. Gill , American Mental Health Foundation : `` What is psychoanalysis ? Of course , one is supposed to answer that it is many things -- a theory , a research method , a therapy , a body of knowledge . In what might be considered an unfortunately abbreviated description , Freud said that anyone who recognizes transference and resistance is a psychoanalyst , even if he comes to conclusions other than his own ... I prefer to think of the analytic situation more broadly , as one in which someone seeking help tries to speak as freely as he can to someone who listens as carefully as he can with the aim of articulating what is going on between them and why . David Rapaport ( 1967a ) once defined the analytic situation as carrying the method of interpersonal relationship to its last consequences . '' Gill , Merton M. `` Psychoanalysis , Part 1 : Proposals for the Future '' , American Mental Health Foundation , archived 10 June 2009 Jump up ^ Jane Milton , Caroline Polmear , Julia Fabricius . A Short Introduction to Psychoanalysis . SAGE , 2011 , 27 . `` All psychoanalytic theories include the idea that unconscious thoughts and feelings are central in mental functioning . '' Jump up ^ Gay , Peter . Freud : A Life for Our Time . New York : W.W. Norton , 1988 , 3 -- 4 , 103 . Jump up ^ Birnbach , Martin . Neo-Freudian Social Philosophy , Stanford University Press , 1961 , 3 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Juliet . Psychoanalysis and Feminism : A Radical Reassessment of Freudian Psychoanalysis . Penguin Books , 2000 , 341 . Jump up ^ For points 1 -- 6 , see Fromm , Erich . The Revision of Psychoanalysis , New York : Open Road , 1992 , 12 -- 13 . For point 7 , Chessick , Richard D . The Future of Psychoanalysis , New York : State University of New York Press , 2007 , 125 . Jump up ^ For session length , Thompson , M. Guy . The Ethic of Honesty : The Fundamental Rule of Psychoanalysis , Rodopi , 2004 , 75 . 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How Freud 's Fate pushed Psychoanalysis over the Edge , Lanham MD : Jason Aronson Jump up ^ Rapaport , Gill ( 1959 ) , `` The Points of View and Assumptions of Metapsychology '' , IJP Jump up ^ Brenner ( 2006 ) , `` Psychoanalysis : Mind and Meaning '' , Psychoanalytic Quarterly Press , New York Jump up ^ http://www.english.upenn.edu/~cavitch/PDF-library/Freud_MourningAndMelancholia.pdf Jump up ^ Lacan , Jacques , The Function and Field of Speech and Language in Psychoanalysis . Trans . Bruce Fink . New York -- London : W.W. Norton , 2006 . Jump up ^ Evans , Dylan `` From Lacan to Darwin '' , in The Literary Animal ; Evolution and the Nature of Narrative , eds . Jonathan Gottschall and David Sloan Wilson , Evanston : Northwestern University Press , 2005 . Jump up ^ Lacan , J. , Television / A Challenge to the Psychoanalytic Establishment ^ Jump up to : J. Guimón ( 2003 ) Relational mental health : beyond evidence - based interventions , 68 . Jump up ^ Deleuze and Guattari ( 1972 ) . 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Jump up ^ Gerber AJ , Kocsis JH , Milrod BL , Roose SP , Barber JP , Thase ME , Perkins P , Leon AC : A quality - based review of randomized controlled trials of psychodynamic psychotherapy '' Am J Psychiatry 2011 Jan ; 168 ( 1 ) 19 - 28 . Epub 2010 Sep 15 . Jump up ^ Anderson Edward M. ; Lambert Michael J. ( 1995 ) . `` Short - term dynamically oriented psychotherapy : A review and meta - analysis '' . Clinical Psychology Review . 15 ( 6 ) : 503 -- 514 . doi : 10.1016 / 0272 - 7358 ( 95 ) 00027 - m . Jump up ^ Abbass Allan ; Kisely Stephen ; Kroenke Kurt ( 2009 ) . `` Short - Term Psychodynamic Psychotherapy for Somatic Disorders . Systematic Review and Meta - Analysis of Clinical Trials '' . Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 78 ( 5 ) : 2009 . doi : 10.1159 / 000228247 . PMID 19602915 . Jump up ^ Abass Allen A. ; et al. ( 2010 ) . `` The efficacy of short - term psychodynamic psychotherapy for depression : A meta - analysis '' . 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Jump up ^ Brunner , José ( 2001 ) , Freud and the politics of psychoanalysis , Transaction , p. xxi , ISBN 0 - 7658 - 0672 - X Jump up ^ `` washingtonpost.com : Dispatches from the Freud Wars : Psychoanalysis and Its Passions '' . Jump up ^ Borch - Jacobsen 1996 Jump up ^ Frank Cioffi ( November 9 , 2005 ) . `` Was Freud a Pseudoscientist ? '' . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Webster , Richard ( 1996 ) . Why Freud was wrong . Sin , science and psychoanalysis . London : Harper Collins . Jump up ^ Popper KR , `` Science : Conjectures and Refutations '' , reprinted in Grim P ( 1990 ) Philosophy of Science and the Occult , Albany , 104 -- 110 . See also Conjectures and Refutations . Jump up ^ Lakatos , Imre ; John Worrall and Gregory Currie , eds. ( 1978 ) . The Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes . Philosophical Papers , Volume 1 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 146 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Seligman , Martin , Authentic Happiness ( The Free Press , Simon & Schuster , 2002 ) , p. 64 . Jump up ^ `` The Professorial Provocateur , Noam Chomsky interviewed by Deborah Solomon '' . Jump up ^ Pinker , Steven ( 1997 ) . How The Mind Works . Jump up ^ Eysneck , Hans ( 1985 ) . Decline and Fall of the Freudian Empire Jump up ^ Is Freud Still Alive ? No , Not Really . John F. Kihlstrom Jump up ^ Feynman , Richard ( 2007 ) ( 1998 ) . The Meaning of It All : Thoughts of a Citizen - Scientist . London : Penguin . pp. 114 -- 5 . Feynman was also speaking here of psychiatrists . Jump up ^ Fuller Torrey E ( 1986 ) , Witchdoctors and Psychiatrists , p. 76 Jump up ^ Miller , Alice ( 1984 ) . Thou shalt not be aware : society 's betrayal of the child . NY : Meridan Printing . Jump up ^ Weeks , Jeffrey ( 1989 ) , Sexuality and its Discontents : Meanings , Myths , and Modern Sexualities , New York : Routledge , p. 176 , ISBN 0 - 415 - 04503 - 7 Jump up ^ Lacan J ( 1977 ) , Ecrits . A Selection and The Seminars , Alan Sheridan , London : Tavistock Jump up ^ Deleuze G , Guattari F ( 1984 ) , Anti-Oedipus , London : Athlone , ISBN 0 - 485 - 30018 - 4 Jump up ^ Irigaray L ( 1974 ) , Speculum , Paris : Minuit , ISBN 2 - 7073 - 0024 - 1 Jump up ^ Deleuze , Guattari ( 1972 ) Anti-Œdipus , section 2.4 The disjunctive synthesis of recording 89 . Jump up ^ `` French Psychoflap '' . Science . 307 ( 5713 ) : 1197a -- 1197a. 25 February 2005 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 307.5713. 1197a . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Casey . `` Tell It About Your Mother '' . The New York Times Magazine ( June 28 , 2015 ) . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fuller , Torrey E ( 1986 ) , Witchdoctors and Psychiatrists , 76 . Jump up ^ Popper , KR , `` Science : Conjectures and Refutations '' , reprinted in Grim P ( 1990 ) . Philosophy of Science and the Occult , Albany , 104 -- 110 . See also Conjectures and Refutations Jump up ^ Horvath A ( 2001 ) , `` The Alliance '' , Psychotherapy : Theory , research , practice , training , 38 ( 4 ) : 365 -- 372 , doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 3204.38. 4.365 Jump up ^ Drew Westen , `` The Scientific Legacy of Sigmund Freud Toward a Psychodynamically Informed Psychological Science '' . November 1998 Vol. 124 , No. 3 , 333 - 371 Jump up ^ Kalo , Shlomo Powerlessness as a Parable , 1997 , D.A.T. Publ. , 16 and backcover text Jump up ^ Behling , Katja ( 2005 ) , Martha Freud , Polity Press , pp. 164 -- 165 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7456 - 3338 - 1 Jump up ^ Derrida , Jacques , and Alan Bass . The Postcard : From Socrates to Freud and Beyond . Chicago & London : Univ. of Chicago , 1987 . Literature ( edit ) Introductions ( edit ) Brenner , Charles ( 1954 ) . An Elementary Textbook of Psychoanalysis . Elliott , Anthony ( 2002 ) . Psychoanalytic Theory : An Introduction , Second Edition , Duke University Press . An introduction that explains psychoanalytic theory with interpretations of major theorists . Fine , Reuben ( 1990 ) . The History of Psychoanalysis . New Expanded Edition . Northvale : Jason Aronson . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 0452 - 9 Samuel , Lawrence R. Shrink : A Cultural History of Psychoanalysis in America ( University of Nebraska Press , 2013 ) 253 pp . Psychoanalysis Historical : Sigmund Freud 's 1926 Encyclopædia Britannica article Reference works International dictionary of psychoanalysis : ( enhanced American version ) , ed. by Alain de Mijolla , 3 vls. , Detroit ( etc . ) : Thomson / Gale , 2005 Jean Laplanche and J.B. Pontalis : `` The Language of Psycho - Analysis '' , W.W. Norton & Company , 1974 , ISBN 0 - 393 - 01105 - 4 Freud , Sigmund ( 1940 ) . An Outline of Psychoanalysis . ePenguin. ; General ISBN 978 - 0393001518 Marshall Edelson ( 1984 ) . Hypothesis and Evidence in Psychoanalysis . Chicago University Press , Chicago . ISBN 0 - 226 - 18432 - 3 Horacio Etchegoyen , The Fundamentals of Psychoanalytic Technique , Karnac Books ed. , New Ed , 2005 , ISBN 1 - 85575 - 455 - X Ernest Gellner , The Psychoanalytic Movement : The Cunning of Unreason , . A critical view of Freudian theory . ISBN 0 - 8101 - 1370 - 8 André Green : `` Psychoanalysis : A Paradigm For Clinical Thinking '' , Free Association Books , 2005 , ISBN 1 - 85343 - 773 - 5 Luce Irigaray , `` Key Writings '' . Continuum , 2004 , ISBN 0 - 8264 - 6940 - X Edith Jacobson : `` Depression ; Comparative Studies of Normal , Neurotic , and Psychotic Conditions '' , Publisher : International Universities Press , 1976 , ISBN 0 - 8236 - 1195 - 7 Otto Kernberg : Severe Personality Disorders : Psychotherapeutic Strategies , Yale University Press ; edition 1993 , ISBN 0 - 300 - 05349 - 5 Heinz Kohut : `` Analysis of the Self : Systematic Approach to Treatment of Narcissistic Personality Disorders '' , International Universities Press , 2000 , ISBN 0 - 8236 - 8002 - 9 Filip Kovacevic : `` Liberating Oedipus ? Psychoanalysis as Critical Theory '' , Lexington Books , 2007 . ISBN 0 - 7391 - 1148 - 5 Julia Kristeva , `` The Kristeva Reader '' , edited by Toril Moi , Columbia University Press , 1986 . ISBN 0 - 231 - 06325 - 3 Donald Meltzer The Kleinian Development ( New edition ) , Karnac Books ; Reprint edition 1998 , ISBN 1 - 85575 - 194 - 1 Donald Meltzer : `` Dream - Life : A Re-Examination of the Psycho - Analytical Theory and Technique '' Publisher : Karnac Books , 1983 , ISBN 0 - 902965 - 17 - 4 Mitchell , S.A. , & Black , M.J. ( 1995 ) . Freud and beyond : a history of modern psychoanalytic thought . Basic Books , New York . xviii - xx . Griselda Pollock , `` Beyond Oedipus . Feminist Thought , Psychoanalysis , and Mythical Figurations of the Feminine . '' In : Laughing with Medusa . Edited by Vanda Zajko and Miriam Leonard . Oxford University Press , 2006 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 927438 - X Sabina Spielrein : `` Destruction as cause of becoming '' , 1993 , OCLC 44450080 Robert Stoller : `` Presentations of Gender '' , Yale University Press , 1992 , ISBN 0 - 300 - 05474 - 2 Robert Stolorow , George Atwood , & Donna Orange : Worlds of Experience : Interweaving Philosophical and Clinical Dimensions in Psychoanalysis . New York : Basic Books , 2002 René Spitz : `` The First Year of Life : Psychoanalytic Study of Normal and Deviant Development of Object Relations '' , International Universities Press , 2006 , ISBN 0 - 8236 - 8056 - 8 Veikko Tähkä : Mind and Its Treatment : A Psychoanalytic Approach . Madison ( Conn . ) : International Universities Press , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 8236 - 3367 - 5 Book series ( edit ) Contemporary Psychoanalytic Studies , Rodopi , Amsterdam / New York . Analyses , discussions and critiques ( edit ) Aziz , Robert ( 2007 ) . The Syndetic Paradigm : The Untrodden Path Beyond Freud and Jung . Albany : State University of New York Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 6982 - 8 . Borch - Jacobsen , Mikkel ( 1991 ) . Lacan : The Absolute Master , Stanford : Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 1556 - 4 Borch - Jacobsen , Mikkel ( 1996 ) . Remembering Anna O : A century of mystification London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 91777 - 8 Brockmeier Jens ( 1997 ) . `` Autobiography , narrative and the Freudian conception of life history '' . Philosophy , Psychiatry , & Psychology . 4 : 175 -- 200 . Burnham , John , ed . After Freud Left : A Century of Psychoanalysis in America ( University of Chicago Press , 2012 ) 274 pp . Cioffi , Frank . ( 1998 ) . Freud and the Question of Pseudoscience , Open Court Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 8126 - 9385 - X Crews , Frederick ( 1995 ) . The Memory Wars : Freud 's Legacy in Dispute , New York : New York Review of Books . ISBN 1 - 86207 - 010 - 5 Crews , Frederick , ed. ( 1998 ) . Unauthorized Freud : Doubters Confront a Legend , New York : Viking . ISBN 0 - 14 - 028017 - 0 Dufresne , Todd ( 2000 ) . Tales From the Freudian Crypt : The Death Drive in Text and Context , Stanford : Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 3885 - 8 Dufresne , Todd ( 2007 ) . Against Freud : Critics Talk Back , Stanford : Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 5548 - 5 Erwin , Edward , A Final Accounting : Philosophical and Empirical Issues in Freudian Psychology ISBN 0 - 262 - 05050 - 1 Esterson , Allen . Seductive Mirage : An Exploration of the Work of Sigmund Freud . Chicago : Open Court , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 8126 - 9230 - 6 Fisher , Seymour , Greenberg Roger P. ( 1977 ) . The Scientific Credibility of Freud 's Theories and Therapy . New York : Basic Books . Fisher , Seymour , Greenberg Roger P. ( 1996 ) . Freud Scientifically Reappraised : Testing the Theories and Therapy . New York : John Wiley . Gellner , Ernest , The Psychoanalytic Movement : The Cunning of Unreason . A critical view of Freudian theory , ISBN 0 - 8101 - 1370 - 8 Grünbaum Adolf ( 1979 ) . `` Is Freudian Psychoanalytic Theory Pseudo-Scientific by Karl Popper 's Criterion of Demarcation ? '' . American Philosophical Quarterly . 16 : 131 -- 141 . Grünbaum , Adolf ( 1985 ) . The Foundations of Psychoanalysis : A Philosophical Critique ISBN 0 - 520 - 05017 - 7 Macmillan , Malcolm , Freud Evaluated : The Completed Arc ISBN 0 - 262 - 63171 - 7 Morley S , Eccleston C , Williams A ( 1999 ) . `` Systematic review and meta - analysis of randomized controlled trials of cognitive behaviour therapy and behaviour therapy for chronic pain in adults , excluding headache '' . Pain . 80 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 1 -- 13 . doi : 10.1016 / s0304 - 3959 ( 98 ) 00255 - 3 . Roustang , Francois ( 1982 ) . Dire Mastery : Discipleship From Freud to Lacan , Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 88048 - 259 - 1 Webster , Richard . ( 1995 ) . Why Freud Was Wrong , New York : Basic Books , Harper Collins . ISBN 0 - 465 - 09128 - 8 Wollheim , Richard , editor . ( 1974 ) . Freud : A Collection of Critical Essays . New York : Anchor Books . ISBN 0 - 385 - 07970 - 2 Responses to critiques ( edit ) Köhler , Thomas 1996 : Anti-Freud - Literatur von ihren Anfängen bis heute . Zur wissenschaftlichen Fundierung von Psychoanalyse - Kritik . Stuttgart : W. Kohlhammer . ISBN 3 - 17 - 014207 - 0 Ollinheimo , Ari -- Vuorinen , Risto ( 1999 ) : Metapsychology and the Suggestion Argument : A Reply to Grünbaum 's Critique of Psychoanalysis . Commentationes Scientiarum Socialium , 53 . Helsinki : Finnish Academy of Science and Letters . ISBN 951 - 653 - 297 - 7 Robinson , Paul ( 1993 ) . Freud and his Critics . Berkeley & Los Angeles : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 08029 - 7 External links ( edit ) Library resources about Psychoanalysis Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Look up psychoanalysis in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Psychoanalysis . International Psychoanalytical Association ( IPA ) -- world 's primary regulatory body for psychoanalysis , founded by Sigmund Freud Psychoanalysis -- Division 39 -- American Psychological Association Psychotherapy ( list ) Schools Psychodynamic Psychoanalysis Adlerian therapy Analytical therapy Cognitive and behavioral Behavior therapy Cognitive behavioral therapy Cognitive therapy Compassion focused therapy Dialectical behavior therapy Rational emotive behavior therapy Combined with Applied behavior analysis Clinical behavior analysis or CBA Functional analytic psychotherapy Acceptance and commitment therapy Humanistic Person - centered therapy Emotionally focused therapy Existential therapy Focusing Gestalt therapy Logotherapy Other Art therapy Dance therapy Feminist therapy Interpretive therapy Multimodal therapy Music therapy Narrative therapy Play therapy Reality therapy Systemic therapy Transactional analysis List Integrative Eclectic psychotherapy Integrative psychotherapy Transtheoretical model Approaches Brief psychotherapy Counseling Online counseling Residential treatment Self - help Support groups Research Clinical formulation Clinical pluralism Common factors theory Practitioner -- scholar model Society for Psychotherapy Research Techniques Behaviour therapy Aversion therapy Applied behavior analysis ( ABA ) ( formerly Behavior modification ) Desensitization Homework Other individual therapy Autogenic training Biofeedback Exposure therapy Free association Hypnotherapy Group psychotherapy Family therapy Psychodrama Sensitivity training Relationship counseling People Philippe Pinel ( 1745 -- 1826 ) Josef Breuer ( 1842 -- 1925 ) Sigmund Freud ( 1856 -- 1939 ) Pierre Janet ( 1859 -- 1947 ) Alfred Adler ( 1870 -- 1937 ) Sándor Ferenczi ( 1873 -- 1933 ) Carl Jung ( 1875 -- 1961 ) Ludwig Binswanger ( 1881 -- 1966 ) Melanie Klein ( 1882 -- 1960 ) Otto Rank ( 1884 -- 1939 ) Karen Horney ( 1885 -- 1952 ) Harry Stack Sullivan ( 1892 -- 1949 ) Fritz Perls ( 1893 -- 1970 ) Donald Winnicott ( 1896 -- 1971 ) Wilhelm Reich ( 1897 -- 1957 ) Milton H. Erickson ( 1901 -- 1980 ) Jacques Lacan ( 1901 -- 1981 ) Erik Erikson ( 1902 -- 1994 ) Carl Rogers ( 1902 -- 1987 ) Viktor Frankl ( 1905 -- 1997 ) George Kelly ( 1905 -- 1967 ) Rollo May ( 1909 -- 1994 ) Virginia Axline ( 1911 -- 1988 ) Carl Whitaker ( 1912 -- 1995 ) Albert Ellis ( 1913 -- 2007 ) James Bugental ( 1915 -- 2008 ) Joseph Wolpe ( 1915 -- 1997 ) Virginia Satir ( 1916 -- 1988 ) Aaron T. Beck ( b . 1921 ) Salvador Minuchin ( 1921 - 2017 ) Hans Herrman Strupp ( 1921 -- 2006 ) Paul Watzlawick ( 1921 -- 2007 ) Haim Ginott ( 1922 -- 1973 ) Arthur Janov ( 1924 -- 2017 ) Eugene Gendlin ( 1926 - 2017 ) R.D. Laing ( 1927 -- 1989 ) Jean Baker Miller ( 1927 -- 2006 ) Irvin D. Yalom ( b . 1931 ) Arnold Lazarus ( 1932 -- 2013 ) Lorna Smith Benjamin ( b . 1934 ) Marsha M. Linehan ( b . 1943 ) Vittorio Guidano ( 1944 -- 1999 ) Les Greenberg ( b . 1945 ) William R. Miller ( b . 1947 ) Michael White ( 1948 -- 2008 ) Jeffrey Young ( b . 1950 ) LCCN : sh85108411 GND : 4047689 - 3 BNF : cb11932657k ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Psychoanalysis&oldid=812055563 '' Categories : Psychoanalysis Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles containing German - language text Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from October 2013 All articles that are too technical Wikipedia articles that are too technical from October 2013 All articles needing expert attention Articles needing expert attention from October 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from October 2013 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Ligure Magyar Македонски مصرى مازِرونی Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ភាសា ខ្មែរ Tok Pisin Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 November 2017 , at 18 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who studies were the basis for psychology and psychiatry | [
"Psychoanalysis is a set of theories and therapeutic techniques[1] related to the study of the unconscious mind,[2] which together form a method of treatment for mental-health disorders. The discipline was established in the early 1890s by Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud and stemmed partly from the clinical work of Josef Breuer and others."
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"Sigmund Freud"
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8648501318765126657 | List of Premier League players with 100 or more goals | List of Premier League players with 100 or more goals - wikipedia List of Premier League players with 100 or more goals This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 20 May 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search See also : List of footballers in England and Scotland by number of league goals Alan Shearer was the first player to score 200 Premier League goals , and only player to score 100 goals for two clubs . Wayne Rooney is the second Premier League player to score 200 goals or more , behind only Shearer and the only active player as of 2018 to do so . Frank Lampard is the Premier League 's highest scoring midfielder of all time . Thierry Henry scored 175 Premier League goals , the most by a foreign player . He has also scored the most goals for a single club . Ryan Giggs is the only player to have scored in each of the first 21 Premier League seasons . Didier Drogba is the only African player to score 100 Premier League goals . Since the Premier League 's formation at the start of the 1992 -- 93 season , 28 players have managed to accrue 100 or more goals in the competition . During the 1995 -- 96 season , Alan Shearer became the first player to score 100 Premier League goals , and holds the record for the fewest games taken to reach 100 , doing so in 124 appearances . He also holds the record for most goals scored in the Premier League . After Shearer , Harry Kane is the second - fastest to 100 goals , doing so in 141 games . Players ( edit ) As of 13 May 2018 . Sources : List of Premier League players with 100 or more goals Rank Player Premier League club ( s ) Goals Played Ratio Shearer , Alan Alan Shearer Blackburn Rovers , Newcastle United 260 441 0.59 Rooney , Wayne Wayne Rooney Everton , Manchester United 208 491 0.42 Cole , Andy Andy Cole Newcastle United , Manchester United , Blackburn Rovers , Fulham , Manchester City , Portsmouth 187 414 0.45 Lampard , Frank Frank Lampard West Ham United , Chelsea , Manchester City 177 609 0.29 Henry , Thierry Thierry Henry Arsenal 175 258 0.68 6 Fowler , Robbie Robbie Fowler Liverpool , Leeds United , Manchester City 163 379 0.43 7 Defoe , Jermain Jermain Defoe West Ham United , Portsmouth , Tottenham Hotspur , Sunderland , Bournemouth 162 491 0.33 8 Owen , Michael Michael Owen Liverpool , Newcastle United , Manchester United , Stoke City 150 326 0.46 9 Ferdinand , Les Les Ferdinand Queens Park Rangers , Newcastle United , Tottenham Hotspur , West Ham United , Leicester City , Bolton Wanderers 149 351 0.42 10 Sheringham , Teddy Teddy Sheringham Nottingham Forest , Tottenham Hotspur , Manchester United , Portsmouth , West Ham United 146 418 0.35 11 van Persie , Robin Robin van Persie Arsenal , Manchester United 144 280 0.51 12 Agüero , Sergio Sergio Agüero Manchester City 143 206 0.69 13 Hasselbaink , Jimmy Floyd Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink Leeds United , Chelsea , Middlesbrough , Charlton Athletic 127 288 0.44 14 Keane , Robbie Robbie Keane Coventry City , Leeds United , Tottenham Hotspur , Liverpool , West Ham United , Aston Villa 126 349 0.36 15 Anelka , Nicolas Nicolas Anelka Arsenal , Liverpool , Manchester City , Bolton Wanderers , Chelsea , West Bromwich Albion 125 364 0.34 16 Yorke , Dwight Dwight Yorke Aston Villa , Manchester United , Blackburn Rovers , Birmingham City , Sunderland 123 375 0.33 17 Gerrard , Steven Steven Gerrard Liverpool 120 504 0.24 18 Wright , Ian Ian Wright Arsenal , West Ham United 113 213 0.53 19 Dublin , Dion Dion Dublin Manchester United , Coventry City , Aston Villa 111 312 0.36 20 Heskey , Emile Emile Heskey Leicester City , Liverpool , Birmingham City , Wigan Athletic , Aston Villa 110 516 0.21 21 Giggs , Ryan Ryan Giggs Manchester United 109 632 0.17 22 Kane , Harry Harry Kane Tottenham Hotspur 108 153 0.71 23 Crouch , Peter Peter Crouch Aston Villa , Southampton , Liverpool , Portsmouth , Tottenham Hotspur , Stoke City 108 462 0.23 23 Scholes , Paul Paul Scholes Manchester United 107 499 0.21 25 Bent , Darren Darren Bent Ipswich Town , Charlton Athletic , Tottenham Hotspur , Sunderland , Aston Villa , Fulham 106 276 0.38 26 Drogba , Didier Didier Drogba Chelsea 104 254 0.41 27 Lukaku , Romelu Romelu Lukaku West Bromwich Albion , Everton , Manchester United 101 220 0.46 28 Le Tissier , Matt Matt Le Tissier Southampton 100 270 0.37 Italics show players still playing professional football ; Bold shows players still playing in the Premier League . See also ( edit ) English football first tier top scorers List of top Premier League goal scorers by season List of Premier League players with 500 or more appearances References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bent poised to join 100 club '' . PremierLeague.com . Premier League . 30 January 2012 . Archived from the original on 20 October 2013 . Retrieved 2 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bent delighted to join 100 goals club '' . PremierLeague.com . Premier League . 2 February 2012 . Retrieved 2 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Dan Kilpatrick ( 4 February 2018 ) . `` Tottenham striker Harry Kane scores 100th Premier League goal '' . ESPN . ^ Jump up to : `` Premier League Player Stats : Goals '' . PremierLeague.com . Premier League . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Premier League Players -- Overview and Stats '' . PremierLeague.com . Premier League . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Premier League Seasons 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Clubs 2018 -- 19 Arsenal Brighton & Hove Albion Bournemouth Burnley Cardiff City Chelsea Crystal Palace Everton Fulham Huddersfield Town Leicester City Liverpool Manchester City Manchester United Newcastle United Southampton Tottenham Hotspur Watford West Ham United Wolverhampton Wanderers Former Aston Villa Barnsley Birmingham City Blackburn Rovers Blackpool Bolton Wanderers Bradford City Charlton Athletic Coventry City Derby County Hull City Ipswich Town Leeds United Middlesbrough Norwich City Nottingham Forest Oldham Athletic Portsmouth Queens Park Rangers Reading Sheffield United Sheffield Wednesday Stoke City Sunderland Swansea City Swindon Town West Bromwich Albion Wigan Athletic Wimbledon ( defunct ) Competition Teams winners Players foreign foreign scorers winners Managers Stadia Founding Broadcasting foundation Broadcasters Referees Statistics and awards Records All - time table Hat - tricks Highest scores Golden Boot Golden Glove Manager of the Season Player of the Season Goal of the Season Playmaker of the Season Manager of the Month Player of the Month Goal of the Month Players with 500 + appearances Players with 100 + goals Top scorers by season Goalkeepers with 100 + clean sheets 10 Seasons Awards 20 Seasons Awards Finances Richest clubs : Deloitte list Forbes ' list Team owners Transfer records Game 39 Premier League -- Football League gulf Associated competitions Asia Trophy FA Community Shield FA Cup EFL Cup UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Premier League 2 U18 Premier League Premier League International Cup Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Premier_League_players_with_100_or_more_goals&oldid=842125485 '' Categories : Lists of Premier League players Association football records and statistics Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Use dmy dates from March 2012 Articles with hCards Talk About Wikipedia Bosanski Dansk Español Italiano Shqip Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 20 May 2018 , at 11 : 35 . About Wikipedia | how many premier league goals has drogba scored | [
"\nList of Premier League players with 100 or more goals\n\nRank\nPlayer\nPremier League club(s)\nGoals\nPlayed\nRatio\n\n\n1\n Shearer, AlanAlan Shearer\nBlackburn Rovers, Newcastle United\n260\n441\n0.59\n\n\n2\n Rooney, WayneWayne Rooney\nEverton, Manchester United\n208\n491\n0.42\n\n\n3\n Cole, AndyAndy Cole\nNewcastle United, Manchester United, Blackburn Rovers, Fulham, Manchester City, Portsmouth\n187\n414\n0.45\n\n\n4\n Lampard, FrankFrank Lampard\nWest Ham United, Chelsea, Manchester City\n177\n609\n0.29\n\n\n5\n Henry, ThierryThierry Henry\nArsenal\n175\n258\n0.68\n\n\n6\n Fowler, RobbieRobbie Fowler\nLiverpool, Leeds United, Manchester City\n163\n379\n0.43\n\n\n7\n Defoe, JermainJermain Defoe\nWest Ham United, Portsmouth, Tottenham Hotspur, Sunderland, Bournemouth\n162\n491\n0.33\n\n\n8\n Owen, MichaelMichael Owen\nLiverpool, Newcastle United, Manchester United, Stoke City\n150\n326\n0.46\n\n\n9\n Ferdinand, LesLes Ferdinand\nQueens Park Rangers, Newcastle United, Tottenham Hotspur, West Ham United, Leicester City, Bolton Wanderers\n149\n351\n0.42\n\n\n10\n Sheringham, TeddyTeddy Sheringham\nNottingham Forest, Tottenham Hotspur, Manchester United, Portsmouth, West Ham United\n146\n418\n0.35\n\n\n11\n van Persie, RobinRobin van Persie\nArsenal, Manchester United\n144\n280\n0.51\n\n\n12\n Agüero, SergioSergio Agüero\nManchester City\n143\n206\n0.69\n\n\n13\n Hasselbaink, Jimmy FloydJimmy Floyd Hasselbaink\nLeeds United, Chelsea, Middlesbrough, Charlton Athletic\n127\n288\n0.44\n\n\n14\n Keane, RobbieRobbie Keane\nCoventry City, Leeds United, Tottenham Hotspur, Liverpool, West Ham United, Aston Villa\n126\n349\n0.36\n\n\n15\n Anelka, NicolasNicolas Anelka\nArsenal, Liverpool, Manchester City, Bolton Wanderers, Chelsea, West Bromwich Albion\n125\n364\n0.34\n\n\n16\n Yorke, DwightDwight Yorke\nAston Villa, Manchester United, Blackburn Rovers, Birmingham City, Sunderland\n123\n375\n0.33\n\n\n17\n Gerrard, StevenSteven Gerrard\nLiverpool\n120\n504\n0.24\n\n\n18\n Wright, IanIan Wright\nArsenal, West Ham United\n113\n213\n0.53\n\n\n19\n Dublin, DionDion Dublin\nManchester United, Coventry City, Aston Villa\n111\n312\n0.36\n\n\n20\n Heskey, EmileEmile Heskey\nLeicester City, Liverpool, Birmingham City, Wigan Athletic, Aston Villa\n110\n516\n0.21\n\n\n21\n Giggs, RyanRyan Giggs\nManchester United\n109\n632\n0.17\n\n\n22\n Kane, HarryHarry Kane\nTottenham Hotspur\n108\n153\n0.71\n\n\n23\n Crouch, PeterPeter Crouch\nAston Villa, Southampton, Liverpool, Portsmouth, Tottenham Hotspur, Stoke City\n108\n462\n0.23\n\n\n23\n Scholes, PaulPaul Scholes\nManchester United\n107\n499\n0.21\n\n\n25\n Bent, DarrenDarren Bent\nIpswich Town, Charlton Athletic, Tottenham Hotspur, Sunderland, Aston Villa, Fulham\n106\n276\n0.38\n\n\n26\n Drogba, DidierDidier Drogba\nChelsea\n104\n254\n0.41\n\n\n27\n Lukaku, RomeluRomelu Lukaku\nWest Bromwich Albion, Everton, Manchester United\n101\n220\n0.46\n\n\n28\n Le Tissier, MattMatt Le Tissier\nSouthampton\n100\n270\n0.37\n\n\nItalics show players still playing professional football; Bold shows players still playing in the Premier League.[4]\n\n"
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"104"
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-2996384461998755841 | White-tailed deer | White - tailed deer - Wikipedia White - tailed deer White - tailed deer Male white - tailed deer ( buck or stag ) Female white - tailed deer ( doe ) Conservation status Least Concern ( IUCN 3.1 ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Order : Artiodactyla Family : Cervidae Subfamily : Capreolinae Genus : Odocoileus Species : O. virginianus Binomial name Odocoileus virginianus ( Zimmermann , 1780 ) Subspecies 38 , see text White - tailed deer range map Synonyms Dama virginiana Zimmermann , 1780 Dama virginianus Zimmermann , 1780 The white - tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) , also known as the whitetail or Virginia deer , is a medium - sized deer native to the United States , Canada , Mexico , Central America , and South America as far south as Peru and Bolivia . It has also been introduced to New Zealand , Cuba , Jamaica , Hispaniola , Puerto Rico , the Bahamas , the Lesser Antilles , and some countries in Europe , such as Finland , the Czech Republic , Romania and Serbia . In the Americas , it is the most widely distributed wild ungulate . In North America , the species is widely distributed east of the Rocky Mountains , but elsewhere , it is mostly replaced by the black - tailed or mule deer ( Odocoileus hemionus ) . In western North America , it is found in aspen parklands and deciduous river bottomlands within the central and northern Great Plains , and in mixed deciduous riparian corridors , river valley bottomlands , and lower foothills of the northern Rocky Mountain regions from South Dakota and Wyoming to northeastern British Columbia , including the Montana Valley and Foothill grasslands . The conversion of land adjacent to the northern Rockies into agriculture use and partial clear - cutting of coniferous trees ( resulting in widespread deciduous vegetation ) has been favorable to the white - tailed deer and has pushed its distribution to as far north as Fort St. John , British Columbia . Populations of deer around the Great Lakes have also expanded their range northwards , due to conversion of land to agricultural uses favoring more deciduous vegetation , and local caribou and moose populations . The westernmost population of the species , known as the Columbian white - tailed deer , once was widespread in the mixed forests along the Willamette and Cowlitz River valleys of western Oregon and southwestern Washington , but today its numbers have been considerably reduced , and it is classified as near - threatened . Contents 1 Taxonomy 1.1 Subspecies 1.1. 1 North America 1.1. 2 South America 2 Description 2.1 Size and weight 2.2 Antlers 3 Ecology 3.1 Diet 3.2 Predators 3.3 Forest alteration 3.4 Methods for controlling deer populations 4 Behavior 4.1 Reproduction 4.2 Communication 4.3 Marking 5 Human interactions 5.1 Hunting 5.2 Farming 5.3 As pets 5.4 Deer -- vehicle collisions 5.5 Diseases 5.6 Cultural significance 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Taxonomy ( edit ) Fawn waving its white tail Some taxonomists have attempted to separate white - tailed deer into a host of subspecies , based largely in morphological differences . Genetic studies , however , suggest fewer subspecies within the animal 's range , as compared to the 30 to 40 subspecies that some scientists described in the last century . The Florida Key deer , O. v. clavium , and the Columbian white - tailed deer , O. v. leucurus , are both listed as endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act . In the United States , the Virginia white - tail , O. v. virginianus , is among the most widespread subspecies . The white - tailed deer species has tremendous genetic variation and is adaptable to several environments . Several local deer populations , especially in the southern states , are descended from white - tailed deer transplanted from various localities east of the Continental Divide . Some of these deer populations may have been from as far north as the Great Lakes region to as far west as Texas , yet are also quite at home in the Appalachian and Piedmont regions of the south . These deer , over time , have intermixed with the local indigenous deer ( O. v. virginianus and / or O. v. macrourus ) populations . Male whitetail in Kansas Seneca white deer Central and South America have a complex number of white - tailed deer subspecies that range from Guatemala to as far south as Peru . This list of subspecies of deer is more exhaustive than the list of North American subspecies , and the number of subspecies is also questionable . However , the white - tailed deer populations in these areas are difficult to study , due to overhunting in many parts and a lack of protection . Some areas no longer carry deer , so assessing the genetic difference of these animals is difficult . Subspecies ( edit ) O. v. truei , female , Costa Rica Play media Three O. v. borealis , New Hampshire Some subspecies names , ordered alphabetically : North America ( edit ) O. v. acapulcensis -- Acapulco white - tailed deer ( southern Mexico ) O. v. borealis -- northern white - tailed deer ( the largest and darkest of the white - tailed deer ) O. v. carminis -- Carmen Mountains white - tailed deer ( Texas - Mexico border ) O. v. clavium -- Key deer or Florida Keys white - tailed deer ( the smallest North American subspecies , found in the lower Florida Keys ; an example of insular dwarfism ) O. v. chiriquensis -- Chiriqui white - tailed deer ( Panama ) O. v. couesi -- Coues ' white - tailed deer , Arizona white - tailed deer , or fantail deer O. v. dakotensis -- Dakota white - tailed deer or northern plains white - tailed deer ( most northerly distribution , rivals the northern white - tailed deer in size ) O. v. hiltonensis -- Hilton Head Island white - tailed deer O. v. idahoensis -- white - tailed deer ( western Canada , Idaho , eastern Washington ) O. v. leucurus -- Columbian white - tailed deer ( Oregon and western coastal area ) O. v. macrourus -- Kansas white - tailed deer O. v. mcilhennyi -- Avery Island white - tailed deer O. v. mexicanus -- Mexican white - tailed deer ( central Mexico ) O. v. miquihuanensis -- Miquihuan white - tailed deer ( central Mexico ) O. v. nelsoni -- Chiapas white - tailed deer ( southern Mexico and Guatemala ) O. v. nigribarbis -- Blackbeard Island white - tailed deer O. v. oaxacensis -- Oaxaca white - tailed deer ( southern Mexico ) O. v. ochrourus -- northwestern white - tailed deer or northern Rocky Mountains white - tailed deer O. v. osceola -- Florida coastal white - tailed deer O. v. rothschildi -- Coiba Island white - tailed deer O. v. seminolus -- Florida white - tailed deer O. v. sinaloae -- Sinaloa white - tailed deer ( midwestern Mexico ) O. v. taurinsulae -- Bulls Island white - tailed deer ( Bulls Island , South Carolina ) O. v. texanus -- Texas white - tailed deer O. v. thomasi -- Mexican lowland white - tailed deer O. v. toltecus -- rain forest white - tailed deer ( southern Mexico ) O. v. truei -- Central American white - tailed deer ( Costa Rica , Nicaragua and adjacent states ) O. v. venatorius -- Hunting Island white - tailed deer ( Hunting Island , South Carolina ) O. v. veraecrucis -- northern Veracruz white - tailed deer O. v. virginianus -- Virginia white - tailed deer or southern white - tailed deer O. v. yucatanensis -- Yucatán white - tailed deer South America ( edit ) O. v. cariacou -- ( French Guiana and northern Brazil ) O. v. curassavicus -- ( Curaçao ) O. v. goudotii -- ( Colombia ( Andes ) and western Venezuela ) O. v. gymnotis -- South American white - tailed deer ( northern half of Venezuela , including Venezuela 's Llanos region ) O. v. margaritae -- ( Margarita Island ) O. v. nemoralis -- ( Central America , round the Gulf of Mexico to Surinam in South America ; further restricted from Honduras to Panama ) O. v. peruvianus -- South American white - tailed deer or Andean white - tailed deer ( most southerly distribution in Peru and possibly Bolivia ) O. v. tropicalis -- Peru and Ecuador ( possibly Colombia ) O. v. ustus -- Ecuador ( possibly southern Colombia and northern Peru ) Range map of subspecies North America Central and South America White - tailed deer buck seen in Missoula , Montana Description ( edit ) Female with tail in alarm posture The deer 's coat is a reddish - brown in the spring and summer and turns to a grey - brown throughout the fall and winter . The deer can be recognized by the characteristic white underside to its tail . It raises its tail when it is alarmed to warn the predator that it has been detected . A population of white - tailed deer in New York is entirely white ( except for areas like their noses and toes ) -- not albino -- in color . The former Seneca Army Depot in Romulus , New York , has the largest known concentration of white deer . Strong conservation efforts have allowed white deer to thrive within the confines of the depot . White - tailed deer 's horizontally slit pupils allow for good night vision and color vision during the day . Size and weight ( edit ) Close up of female 's head The white - tailed deer is highly variable in size , generally following Bergmann 's rule that the average size is larger farther away from the Equator . North American male deer ( also known as a buck ) usually weigh 45 kg ( 100 lb ) , but in rare cases , bucks in excess of 125 kg ( 275 lb ) have been recorded . Mature bucks over 180 kg ( 400 lb ) have been recorded in the northernmost reaches of their native range , specifically , Minnesota and Ontario . In 1926 , Carl J. Lenander , Jr. , took a white - tailed buck near Tofte , MN , that weighed 183 kg ( 403 lb ) after it was field - dressed ( internal organs and blood removed ) and was estimated at 232 kg ( 511 lb ) when alive . The female ( doe ) in North America usually weighs from 40 to 90 kg ( 88 to 198 lb ) . White - tailed deer from the tropics and the Florida Keys are markedly smaller - bodied than temperate populations , averaging 35 to 50 kg ( 77 to 110 lb ) , with an occasional adult female as small as 25 kg ( 55 lb ) . White - tailed deer from the Andes are larger than other tropical deer of this species , and have thick , slightly woolly looking fur . Length ranges from 95 to 220 cm ( 37 to 87 in ) , including a tail of 10 to 37 cm ( 3.9 to 14.6 in ) , and the shoulder height is 53 to 120 cm ( 21 to 47 in ) . Including all races , the average summer weight of adult males is 68 kg ( 150 lb ) and is 45.3 kg ( 100 lb ) in adult females . Deer have dichromatic ( two - color ) vision with blue and yellow primaries ; humans normally have trichromatic vision . Thus , deer poorly distinguish the oranges and reds that stand out so well to humans . This makes it very convenient to use deer - hunter orange as a safety color on caps and clothing to avoid accidental shootings during hunting seasons . Antlers ( edit ) Male white - tailed deer Males regrow their antlers every year . About one in 10,000 females also has antlers , although this is usually associated with freemartinism . Bucks without branching antlers are often termed `` spikehorn '' , `` spiked bucks '' , `` spike bucks '' , or simply `` spikes / spikers '' . The spikes can be quite long or very short . Length and branching of antlers are determined by nutrition , age , and genetics . Rack growth tends to be very important from late spring until about a month before velvet sheds . Healthy deer in some areas that are well - fed can have eight - point branching antlers as yearlings ( 1.5 years old ) . The number of points , the length , or thickness of the antlers is a general indication of age , but can not be relied upon for positive aging . A better indication of age is the length of the snout and the color of the coat , with older deer tending to have longer snouts and grayer coats . Some say spiked - antler deer should be culled from the population to produce larger branching antler genetics ( antler size does not indicate overall health ) , and some bucks ' antlers never will be wall trophies . Good antler - growth nutritional needs ( calcium ) and good genetics combine to produce wall trophies in some of their range . Spiked bucks are different from `` button bucks '' or `` nubbin ' bucks '' , that are male fawns and are generally about six to nine months of age during their first winter . They have skin - covered nobs on their heads . They can have bony protrusions up to a half inch in length , but that is very rare , and they are not the same as spikes . White - tailed bucks with antlers still in velvet , August 2011 Antlers begin to grow in late spring , covered with a highly vascularised tissue known as velvet . Bucks either have a typical or atypical antler arrangement . Typical antlers are symmetrical and the points grow straight up off the main beam . Atypical antlers are asymmetrical and the points may project at any angle from the main beam . These descriptions are not the only limitations for typical and atypical antler arrangement . The Boone and Crockett or Pope and Young scoring systems also define relative degrees of typicality and atypicality by procedures to measure what proportion of the antlers is asymmetrical . Therefore , bucks with only slight asymmetry are scored as `` typical '' . A buck 's inside spread can be from 3 to 25 in ( 8 -- 64 cm ) . Bucks shed their antlers when all females have been bred , from late December to February . Ecology ( edit ) White - tailed deer are generalists and can adapt to a wide variety of habitats . The largest deer occur in the temperate regions of Canada and United States . The northern white - tailed deer ( O. v. borealis ) , Dakota white - tailed deer ( O. v. dacotensis ) , and northwest white - tailed deer ( O. v. ochrourus ) are some of the largest animals , with large antlers . The smallest deer occur in the Florida Keys and in partially wooded lowlands in the neotropics . Although most often thought of as forest animals depending on relatively small openings and edges , white - tailed deer can equally adapt themselves to life in more open prairie , savanna woodlands , and sage communities as in the Southwestern United States and northern Mexico . These savanna - adapted deer have relatively large antlers in proportion to their body size and large tails . Also , a noticeable difference exists in size between male and female deer of the savannas . The Texas white - tailed deer ( O. v. texanus ) , of the prairies and oak savannas of Texas and parts of Mexico , are the largest savanna - adapted deer in the Southwest , with impressive antlers that might rival deer found in Canada and the northern United States . Populations of Arizona ( O. v. couesi ) and Carmen Mountains ( O. v. carminis ) white - tailed deer inhabit montane mixed oak and pine woodland communities . The Arizona and Carmen Mountains deer are smaller , but may also have impressive antlers , considering their size . The white - tailed deer of the Llanos region of Colombia and Venezuela ( O. v. apurensis and O. v. gymnotis ) have antler dimensions similar to the Arizona white - tailed deer . White - tailed deer during late winter In western regions of the United States and Canada , the white - tailed deer range overlaps with those of the mule deer . White - tail incursions in the Trans - Pecos region of Texas have resulted in some hybrids . In the extreme north of the range , their habitat is also used by moose in some areas . White - tailed deer may occur in areas that are also exploited by elk ( wapiti ) such as in mixed deciduous river valley bottomlands and formerly in the mixed deciduous forest of eastern United States . In places such as Glacier National Park in Montana and several national parks in the Columbian Mountains ( Mount Revelstoke National Park ) and Canadian Rocky Mountains , as well as in the Yukon Territory ( Yoho National Park and Kootenay National Park ) , white - tailed deer are shy and more reclusive than the coexisting mule deer , elk , and moose . Central American white - tailed deer prefer tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests , seasonal mixed deciduous forests , savanna , and adjacent wetland habitats over dense tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests . South American subspecies of white - tailed deer live in two types of environments . The first type , similar to the Central American deer , consists of savannas , dry deciduous forests , and riparian corridors that cover much of Venezuela and eastern Colombia . The other type is the higher elevation mountain grassland / mixed forest ecozones in the Andes Mountains , from Venezuela to Peru . The Andean white - tailed deer seem to retain gray coats due to the colder weather at high altitudes , whereas the lowland savanna forms retain the reddish brown coats . South American white - tailed deer , like those in Central America , also generally avoid dense moist broadleaf forests . Since the second half of the 19th century , white - tailed deer have been introduced to Europe . A population in the Brdy area remains stable today . In 1935 , white - tailed deer were introduced to Finland . The introduction was successful , and the deer have recently begun spreading through northern Scandinavia and southern Karelia , competing with , and sometimes displacing , native species . The current population of some 30,000 deer originated from four animals provided by Finnish Americans from Minnesota . Diet ( edit ) White - tailed deer eat large amounts of food , commonly eating legumes and foraging on other plants , including shoots , leaves , cacti ( in deserts ) , prairie forbs , and grasses . They also eat acorns , fruit , and corn . Their special stomachs allow them to eat some things humans can not , such as mushrooms and poison ivy . Their diets vary by season according to availability of food sources . They also eat hay , grass , white clover , and other foods they can find in a farm yard . Though almost entirely herbivorous , white - tailed deer have been known to opportunistically feed on nesting songbirds , field mice , and birds trapped in mist nets , if the need arises . A grown deer can eat around 2,000 lb ( 910 kg ) of vegetable matter annually . A foraging area around 20 deer per square mile can start to destroy the forest environment . The white - tailed deer is a ruminant , which means it has a four - chambered stomach . Each chamber has a different and specific function that allows the deer to eat a variety of different foods , digesting it at a later time in a safe area of cover . The stomach hosts a complex set of microbes that change as the deer 's diet changes through the seasons . If the microbes necessary for digestion of a particular food ( e.g. , hay ) are absent , it will not be digested . Predators ( edit ) Several natural predators of white - tailed deer occur . Wolves , cougars , American alligators , jaguars ( in the tropics ) , and humans are the most effective natural predators of white - tailed deer . These predators frequently pick out easily caught young or infirm deer ( which is believed to improve the genetic stock of a population ) , but can and do take healthy adults of any size . Bobcats , Canada lynx , bears , wolverines , and packs of coyotes usually prey mainly on fawns . Bears may sometimes attack adult deer , while lynxes , coyotes , and wolverines are most likely to take adult deer when the ungulates are weakened by harsh winter weather . Many scavengers rely on deer as carrion , including New World vultures , raptors , foxes , and corvids . Few wild predators can afford to be picky and any will readily consume deer as carrion . Records exist of American crows attempting to prey on white - tailed deer fawns by pecking around their face and eyes , though no accounts of success are given . Occasionally , both golden and bald eagles may capture deer fawns with their talons . In one case , a golden eagle was filmed in Illinois unsuccessfully trying to prey on a large mature white - tailed deer . White - tailed deer typically respond to the presence of potential predators by breathing very heavily ( also called blowing ) and fleeing . When they blow , the sound alerts other deer in the area . As they run , the flash of their white tails warns other deer . This especially serves to warn fawns when their mother is alarmed . Most natural predators of white - tailed deer hunt by ambush , although canids may engage in an extended chase , hoping to exhaust the prey . Felids typically try to suffocate the deer by biting the throat . Cougars and jaguars will initially knock the deer off balance with their powerful forelegs , whereas the smaller bobcats and lynxes will jump astride the deer to deliver a killing bite . In the case of canids and wolverines , the predators bite at the limbs and flanks , hobbling the deer , until they can reach vital organs and kill it through loss of blood . Bears , which usually target fawns , often simply knock down the prey and then start eating it while it is still alive . Alligators snatch deer as they try to drink from or cross bodies of water , grabbing them with their powerful jaws and dragging them into the water to drown . Most primary natural predators of white - tailed deer have been basically extirpated in eastern North America , with a very small number of reintroduced red wolves , which are nearly extinct , around North Carolina and a small remnant population of Florida panthers , a subspecies of the cougar . Gray wolves , the leading cause of deer mortality where they overlap , co-occur with whitetails in northern Minnesota , Wisconsin , Michigan , and parts of Canada . This almost certainly plays a factor in the overpopulation issues with this species . Coyotes , widespread and with a rapidly expanding population , are often the only major nonhuman predator of the species , besides an occasional domestic dog . In some areas , American black bears are also significant predators . In northcentral Pennsylvania , black bears were found to be nearly as common predators of fawns as coyotes . Bobcats , still fairly widespread , usually only exploit deer as prey when smaller prey is scarce . Discussions have occurred regarding the possible reintroduction of gray wolves and cougars to sections of the eastern United States , largely because of the apparent controlling effect they have through deer predation on local ecosystems , as has been illustrated in the reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone National Park and their controlling effect on previously overpopulated elk . However , due to the heavy urban development in much of the East and fear for livestock and human lives , such ideas have ultimately been rejected by local communities and / or by government services and have not been carried through . In areas where they are heavily hunted by humans , deer run almost immediately from people and are quite wary even where not heavily hunted . In most areas where hunting may occur deer seem to develop an acute sense of time and a fondness for metro parks and golf courses . This rather odd occurrence is best noted in Michigan , where in the lower peninsula around late August early September they begin to move out of less developed areas in favor of living near human settlements . The deer of Virginia can run faster than their predators and have been recorded at speeds of 75 km ( 47 mi ) per hour ; this ranks them amongst the fastest of all cervids , alongside the Eurasian roe deer . They can also jump 2.7 m ( 8.9 ft ) high and up to 10 m ( 33 ft ) in length . When shot at , the white - tailed deer will run at high speeds with its tail down . If frightened , the deer will hop in a zig - zag with its tail straight up . If the deer feels extremely threatened , however , it may charge the person or predator causing the threat , using its antlers or , if none are present , its head to fight off the threat . Forest alteration ( edit ) In certain parts of the eastern United States , high deer densities have caused large reductions in plant biomass , including the density and heights of certain forest wildflowers , tree seedlings , and shrubs . Although they can be seen as a nuisance species , white tail deer also play an important role in biodiversity . At the same time , increases in browse - tolerant grasses and sedges and unpalatable ferns have often accompanied intensive deer herbivory . Changes to the structure of forest understories have , in turn , altered the composition and abundance of forest bird communities in some areas . Deer activity has also been shown to increase herbaceous plant diversity , particularly in disturbed areas , by reducing competitively dominant plants ; and to increase the growth rates of important canopy trees , perhaps by increased nutrient inputs into the soil . In northeastern hardwood forests , high - density deer populations affect plant succession , particularly following clear - cuts and patch cuts . In succession without deer , annual herbs and woody plants are followed by commercially valuable , shade - tolerant oak and maple . The shade - tolerant trees prevent the invasion of less commercial cherry and American beech , which are stronger nutrient competitors , but not as shade tolerant . Although deer eat shade - tolerant plants and acorns , this is not the only way deer can shift the balance in favor of nutrient competitors . Deer consuming earlier - succession plants allows in enough light for nutrient competitors to invade . Since slow - growing oaks need several decades to develop root systems sufficient to compete with faster - growing species , removal of the canopy prior to that point amplifies the effect of deer on succession . High - density deer populations possibly could browse eastern hemlock seedlings out of existence in northern hardwood forests ; however , this scenario seems unlikely , given that deer browsing is not considered the critical factor preventing hemlock re-establishment at large scales . Ecologists have also expressed concern over the facilitative effect high deer populations have on invasions of exotic plant species . In a study of eastern hemlock forests , browsing by white - tailed deer caused populations of three exotic plants to rise faster than they do in the areas which are absent of deer . Seedlings of the three invading species rose exponentially with deer density , while the most common native species fell exponentially with deer density , because deer were preferentially eating the native species . The effects of deer on the invasive and native plants were magnified in cases of canopy disturbance . Methods for controlling deer populations ( edit ) Several methods have been developed in attempts to curb the population of white - tailed deer , and these can be separated into lethal and nonlethal strategies . Most common in the U.S is the use of extended hunting as population control . In Maryland and many other states , a state agency sets regulations on bag limits and hunting in the area depending on the deer population levels assessed . Hunting seasons may fluctuate in duration , or restrictions may be set to affect how many deer or what type of deer can be hunted in certain regions . For the 2015 -- 2016 white - tailed deer - hunting season , some areas only allow for the hunting of antlerless white - tailed deer . These would include young bucks and females , encouraging the culling of does which would otherwise contribute to increasing populations via offspring production . More refined than public hunting is a method referred to as sharpshooting by the Deer Task Force in the city of Bloomington , Indiana . Sharpshooting can be an option when the area inhabited by the deer is unfit for public hunting . This strategy may work in areas close to human populations , since it is done by professional marksmen , and requires a submitted plan of action to the city with details on the time and location of the event , as well as number of deer to be culled . Another controversial method involves trapping the deer in a net or other trap , and then administering a chemical euthanizing agent or extermination by firearm . A main issue in questioning the humaneness of this method is the stress that the deer endure while trapped and awaiting extermination . Nonlethal methods include contraceptive injections , sterilization , and translocation of deer . While lethal methods have municipal support as being the most effective in the short term , some opponents to this view suggest no significant impacts of deer extermination on the populations occur . Opponents of contraceptive methods point out that fertility control proves ineffective over time as populations in open - field systems move about . Concerns are voiced that the contraceptives have not been adequately researched for the effect they could have on humans who consume the treated venison . Fertility control also does nothing to affect the current population and the effects their grazing may be having on the forest plant make - up . Translocation has been considered overly costly for the little benefit it provides . Deer experience high stress and are at high risk of dying in the process , putting into question its humaneness . Another concern in using this method is the possible spread of chronic wasting disease found in the deer family and the lack of research on its effect on human populations . Behavior ( edit ) These bucks were pursuing a pair of does across the Loxahatchee River in Florida -- the does lost them by entering a mangrove thicket too dense for the bucks ' antlers . Males compete for the opportunity of breeding females . Sparring among males determines a dominance hierarchy . Bucks attempt to copulate with as many females as possible , losing physical condition , since they rarely eat or rest during the rut . The general geographical trend is for the rut to be shorter in duration at increased latitude . Many factors determine how intense the `` rutting season '' will be ; air temperature is a major one . Any time the temperature rises above 40 ° F ( 4 ° C ) , the males do much less traveling looking for females , else they will be subject to overheating or dehydrating . Another factor for the strength in rutting activity is competition . If numerous males are in a particular area , then they compete more for the females . If fewer males or more females are present , then the selection process will not need to be as competitive . Reproduction ( edit ) Main article : Rut ( mammalian reproduction ) § White - tailed deer Fawn lying on grass Females enter estrus , colloquially called the rut , in the autumn , normally in late October or early November , triggered mainly by the declining photoperiod . Sexual maturation of females depends on population density , as well as availability of food . Young females often flee from an area heavily populated with males . Some does may be as young as six months when they reach sexual maturity , but the average age of maturity is 18 months . Copulation consists of a brief copulatory jump . Females give birth to one to three spotted young , known as fawns , in mid - to late spring , generally in May or June . Fawns lose their spots during the first summer and weigh from 44 to 77 lb ( 20 to 35 kg ) by the first winter . Male fawns tend to be slightly larger and heavier than females . For the first four weeks , fawns are hidden in vegetation by their mothers , who nurse them four to five times a day . This strategy keeps scent levels low to avoid predators . After about a month , the fawns are then able to follow their mothers on foraging trips . They are usually weaned after 8 -- 10 weeks , but cases have been seen where mothers have continued to allow nursing long after the fawns have lost their spots ( for several months , or until the end of fall ) as seen by rehabilitators and other studies . Males leave their mothers after a year and females leave after two . Bucks are generally sexually mature at 1.5 years old and begin to breed even in populations stacked with older bucks . Communication ( edit ) Two white - tailed deer nuzzling in Cayuga Heights , New York White - tailed deer have many forms of communication involving sounds , scent , body language , and marking . In addition to the aforementioned blowing in the presence of danger , all white - tailed deer are capable of producing audible noises unique to each animal . Fawns release a high - pitched squeal , known as a bleat , to call out to their mothers . This bleat deepens as the fawn grows until it becomes the grunt of the mature deer , a guttural sound that attracts the attention of any other deer in the area . A doe makes maternal grunts when searching for her bedded fawns . Bucks also grunt , at a pitch lower than that of the doe ; this grunt deepens as the buck matures . In addition to grunting , both does and bucks also snort , a sound that often signals an imminent threat . Mature bucks also produce a grunt - snort - wheeze pattern , unique to each animal , that asserts its dominance , aggression , and hostility . Another way white - tailed deer communicate is through the use of their white tail . When spooked , it will raise its tail to warn the other deer in the immediate area . Marking ( edit ) White - tailed deer possess many glands that allow them to produce scents , some of which are so potent they can be detected by the human nose . Four major glands are the preorbital , forehead , tarsal , and metatarsal glands . Secretions from the preorbital glands ( in front of the eye ) were thought to be rubbed on tree branches , but research suggests this is not so . Scent from the forehead or sudoriferous glands ( found on the head , between the antlers and eyes ) is used to deposit scent on branches that overhang `` scrapes '' ( areas scraped by the deer 's front hooves prior to rub - urination ) . The tarsal glands are found on the upper inside of the hock ( middle joint ) on each hind leg . Scent is deposited from these glands when deer walk through and rub against vegetation . These scrapes are used by bucks as a sort of `` sign - post '' by which bucks know which other bucks are in the area , and to let does know a buck is regularly passing through the area -- for breeding purposes . The scent from the metatarsal glands , found on the outside of each hind leg , between the ankle and hooves , may be used as an alarm scent . The scent from the interdigital glands , which are located between the hooves of each foot , emit a yellow waxy substance with an offensive odor . Deer can be seen stomping their hooves if they sense danger through sight , sound , or smell ; this action leaves an excessive amount of odor for the purpose of warning other deer of possible danger . Throughout the year , deer rub - urinate , a process during which a deer squats while urinating so urine will run down the insides of the deer 's legs , over the tarsal glands , and onto the hair covering these glands . Bucks rub - urinate more frequently during the breeding season . Secretions from the tarsal gland mix with the urine and bacteria to produce a strong - smelling odor . During the breeding season , does release hormones and pheromones that tell bucks a doe is in heat and able to breed . Bucks also rub trees and shrubs with their antlers and heads during the breeding season , possibly transferring scent from the forehead glands to the tree , leaving a scent other deer can detect . Sign - post marking ( scrapes and rubs ) is a very obvious way white - tailed deer communicate . Although bucks do most of the marking , does visit these locations often . To make a rub , a buck uses his antlers to strip the bark off small - diameter trees , helping to mark his territory and polish his antlers . To mark areas they regularly pass through , bucks make scrapes . Often occurring in patterns known as scrape lines , scrapes are areas where a buck has used his front hooves to expose bare earth . They often rub - urinate into these scrapes , which are often found under twigs that have been marked with scent from the forehead glands . Human interactions ( edit ) Rescued fawn being kept as a pet in a farm near Cumaral , Colombia Three white - tailed deer spotted in Buena Vista , Virginia By the early 20th century , commercial exploitation and unregulated hunting had severely depressed deer populations in much of their range . For example , by about 1930 , the U.S. population was thought to number about 300,000 . After an outcry by hunters and other conservation ecologists , commercial exploitation of deer became illegal and conservation programs along with regulated hunting were introduced . In 2005 , estimates put the deer population in the United States at around 30 million . Conservation practices have proved so successful , in parts of their range , the white - tailed deer populations currently far exceed their cultural carrying capacity and the animal may be considered a nuisance . A reduction in natural predators ( which normally cull young , sick , or infirm specimens ) has undoubtedly contributed to locally abundant populations . At high population densities , farmers can suffer economic damage by deer feeding on cash crops , especially in corn and orchards . It has become nearly impossible to grow some crops in some areas unless very burdensome deer - deterring measures are taken . Deer are excellent fence - jumpers , and their fear of motion and sounds meant to scare them away is soon dulled . Timber harvesting and forest clearance have historically resulted in increased deer population densities , which in turn have slowed the rate of reforestation following logging in some areas . High densities of deer can have severe impacts on native plants and animals in parks and natural areas ; however , deer browsing can also promote plant and animal diversity in some areas . Deer can also cause substantial damage to landscape plants in suburban areas , leading to limited hunting or trapping to relocate or sterilize them . In parts of the Eastern US with high deer populations and fragmented woodlands , deer often wander into suburban and urban habitats that are less than ideal for the species . Hunting ( edit ) White - tailed deer have long been hunted as game , for pure sport and for their commodities . In some areas where their populations are very high , they are considered a pest , and hunting is used as a method to control it . Farming ( edit ) Main article : Deer farm In New Zealand , America , and Canada , white - tailed deer are kept as livestock , and are extensively as well as intensively farmed for their meat , antlers , and pelts . As pets ( edit ) Many keep white - tailed deer as pets . They are very smart , affectionate , curious and playful . However , on multiple occasions , during mating season , bucks kept as pets were very aggressive and resulted in severe injuries in their owners . Some areas ban the keeping of white - tailed deer in captivity , while others advocate the trapping and keeping of wild deer as an alternative to hunting due to high populations . However , this is illegal across many U.S. states , as it is considered dangerous ; a white - tailed deer 's large antlers can impale and kill if that is what the deer intends . Any deer found being held captive will be killed by law enforcement officers in order to prevent the spread of any diseases the deer may have obtained . Deer -- vehicle collisions ( edit ) Main article : Deer -- vehicle collisions Car that suffered major damage after striking a white - tailed deer in Wisconsin Motor vehicle collisions with deer are a serious problem in many parts of the animal 's range , especially at night and during rutting season , causing injuries and fatalities among both deer and humans . Vehicular damage can be substantial in some cases . In the United States , such collisions increased from 200,000 in 1980 to 500,000 in 1991 . By 2009 , the insurance industry estimated 2.4 million deer -- vehicle collisions had occurred over the past two years , estimating damage cost to be over 7 billion dollars and 300 human deaths . Despite the alarming high rate of these accidents , the effect on deer density is still quite low . Vehicle collisions of deer were monitored for two years in Virginia , and the collective annual mortality did not surpass 20 % of the estimated deer population . Many techniques have been investigated to prevent road - side mortality . Fences or road under - or over - passes have been shown to decrease deer - vehicle collisions , but are expensive and difficult to implement on a large scale . Roadside habitat modifications could also successfully decrease the number of collisions along roadways . An essential procedure in understanding factors resulting in accidents is to quantify risks , which involves the driver 's behavior in terms of safe speed and ability to observe the deer . They suggest reducing speed limits during the winter months when deer density is exceptionally high would likely reduce deer - vehicle collisions , but this may be an impractical solution . Diseases ( edit ) Another issue that exists with high deer density is the spreading of infectious diseases . Increased deer populations lead to increased transmission of tick - borne diseases , which pose a threat to human health , to livestock , and to other deer . Deer are the primary host and vector for the adult black - legged tick , which transmits the Lyme disease bacterium to humans . Lyme disease is the most common vector - borne disease in the country and is found in twelve states in Eastern America . In 2009 , it affected more than 38,000 people . Furthermore , the incidence of Lyme disease seems to reflect deer density in the eastern United States , which suggests a strong correlation . White - tailed deer also serve as intermediate hosts for many diseases that infect humans through ticks , such as Rocky Mountain spotted fever . Newer evidence suggests the white footed mouse is the most significant vector . https://phys.org/news/2018-04-reveals-high-infection-white-footed-mice.html Cultural significance ( edit ) Odocoileus virginianus skull , part of an exhibition on the cultural artifacts of the Cora people of Western Mexico . In the U.S. , the species is the state animal of Arkansas , Illinois , Michigan , Mississippi , Nebraska , New Hampshire , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and South Carolina , the wildlife symbol of Wisconsin , and game animal of Oklahoma . The profile of a white - tailed deer buck caps the coat of arms of Vermont and can be seen in the flag of Vermont and in stained glass at the Vermont State House . It is the national animal of Honduras and Costa Rica and the provincial animal of Canadian Saskatchewan and Finnish Pirkanmaa . Texas is home to the most white - tailed deer of any U.S. state or Canadian province , with an estimated population of over four million . Notably high populations of white - tailed deer occur in the Edwards Plateau of Central Texas . Michigan , Minnesota , Iowa , Mississippi , Missouri , New Jersey , Illinois , Wisconsin , Maryland , New York , North Dakota , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and Indiana also boast high deer densities . In 1884 , one of the first hunts of white - tailed deer in Europe was conducted in Opočno and Dobříš ( Brdy Mountains area ) , in what is now the Czech Republic . See also ( edit ) Animals portal Pennsylvania portal Deer hunting Artiodactyla ( list ) James Jordan Buck Hole in the Horn Buck References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gallina , S. & Lopez Arevalo , H. ( 2008 ) . `` Odocoileus virginianus '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2008 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved April 8 , 2009 . Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of least concern . Jump up ^ `` IUCN Red List maps '' . Explore and discover Red List species ranges and observations . Jump up ^ http://jamaicachm.org.jm/PDF/August2007.pdf Jump up ^ `` White - tailed Deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) '' . www.arthurgrosset.com . Jump up ^ White - tailed deer , Mammals Species of the World . 3rd . ed . Jump up ^ Cervidae , Deer 's Life Jump up ^ `` Living with Wildlife . Deer '' . Jump up ^ Bildstein , Keith L. ( May 1983 ) . `` Why White - Tailed Deer Flag Their Tails '' . The American Naturalist. 121 ( 5 ) : 709 -- 715 . doi : 10.1086 / 284096 . JSTOR 2460873 . Jump up ^ `` The Outdoor Life Book of World Records '' . Outdoor Life . Retrieved February 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` White - tailed deer and red brocket deer of Costa Rican Fauna '' . 1-costaricalink.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` ADW : Odocoileus virginianus : Information '' . Animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu . February 13 , 2011 . Retrieved February 20 , 2011 . 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Halls ( ed . ) , Ecology and Management of the White - Tailed Deer , pp. 525 -- 546 . Stackpole Company , Harrisburg , PA . Jump up ^ Erhardová - Kotrlá , B. ( 1971 ) . The occurrence of Fascioloides magna ( Bassi , 1875 ) in Czechoslovakia . Academia , Prague , 155 pp . Jump up ^ `` Biolib - Czech Republic , Odocoileus virginianus ; '' . Biolib.cz . Retrieved February 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` WHITE TAILED DEER FOOD HABITS AND PREFERENCES IN THE CROSS TIMBERS AND PRAIRIES REGION OF TEXAS '' . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pietz , Pamela J ; Granfors , Diane A ( 2000 ) . `` White - tailed Deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) Predation on Grassland Songbird Nestlings '' . The American Midland Naturalist . The American Midland Naturalist. 144 ( 2 ) : 419 -- 422 . doi : 10.1674 / 0003 - 0031 ( 2000 ) 144 ( 0419 : WTDOVP ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . Retrieved February 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mance III , Dave ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Hearts and minds '' . The Chronicle . Barton , Vermont . pp. 23A . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Richard . Heart and Blood , Living With Deer In America , Chap. 1 Jump up ^ Kilham , Lawrence ( 1990 ) . The American Crow and Common Raven Texas A&M University Press . ISBN 0890964661 Jump up ^ Ferguson - Lees , J. ; Christie , D. ( 2001 ) . Raptors of the World . London : Christopher Helm . ISBN 0 - 7136 - 8026 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Eagle attacks White - tailed Deer at Nachusa Grasslands ! '' . Ilbirds.com . Retrieved September 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-388-01-0001.pdf ^ Jump up to : Mathews , N.E. ; Porter , W.F. ( 1988 ) . `` Black bear predation on white - tailed deer neonates in the central Adirondacks '' . Canadian Journal of Zoology. 66 ( 5 ) : 1241 -- 1242 . doi : 10.1139 / z88 - 179 . ^ Jump up to : Ozoga , J.J. ; Clute , R.K. ( 1988 ) . `` Mortality rates of marked and unmarked fawns '' . Journal of Wildlife Management . 52 ( 3 ) : 549 -- 551 . doi : 10.2307 / 3801608 . Jump up ^ `` Conservationreport.com '' . Conservationreport.com . Retrieved September 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mulhollem , Jeff ( December 17 , 2001 ) . `` Penn State Study Shows Bears Are Major Predators Of Fawns '' . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Labisky , Ronald F. ; Boulay , Margaret C. ( 1998 ) . `` Behaviors of Bobcats Preying on White - tailed Deer in the Everglades '' . The American Midland Naturalist. 139 ( 2 ) : 275 -- 281 . doi : 10.1674 / 0003 - 0031 ( 1998 ) 139 ( 0275 : bobpow ) 2.0.co ; 2 . Jump up ^ `` Wolves of Yellowstone - Yellowstone National Park ( U.S. National Park Service ) '' . Nps.gov . Retrieved September 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Reintroduction of Wolves '' . Apnmag.com . Retrieved September 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Northeast Region , U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service - Gray Wolf '' . Fws.gov . Retrieved September 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Big Cat Tales - NYS Dept. of Environmental Conservation '' . Dec.ny.gov . Retrieved September 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Animaux.org/Cerf de Virginie '' . Animaux.org . Retrieved September 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Augustine , DJ ; Frelich , LE ( 1998 ) . `` Effects of White - Tailed Deer on Populations of an Understory Forb in Fragmented Deciduous Forests '' . Conservation Biology . 12 ( 5 ) : 995 -- 1004 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1523 - 1739.1998. 97248. x . Jump up ^ Cote , S.D. ; Rooney , T.P. ; Tremblay , J. ; Dussault , C. ; Waller , D.M. ( 2004 ) . `` Ecological impacts of deer overabundance '' . Annual Review of Ecology , Evolution , and Systematics. 35 : 113 -- 47 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. ecolsys. 35.021103. 105725 . Jump up ^ Rooney , T.P. ( 2009 ) . `` High white - tailed deer densities benefit graminoids and contribute to biotic homogenization of forest ground - layer vegetation '' . Plant Ecology. 202 : 103 -- 111 . doi : 10.1007 / s11258 - 008 - 9489 - 8 . Jump up ^ McShea , W.J. ; Rappole , J.H. ( 2000 ) . `` Managing the abundance and diversity of breeding bird populations through manipulation of deer populations '' . Conservation Biology . 14 ( 4 ) : 1161 -- 1170 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1523 - 1739.2000. 99210. x . Jump up ^ Royo , Alejandro A. ; Collins , Rachel ; Adams , Mary Beth ; Kirschbaum , Chad ; Carson , Walter P. ( 2010 ) . `` Pervasive interactions between ungulate browsers and disturbance regimes promote temperate forest herbaceous diversity '' . Ecology. 91 ( 1 ) : 93 -- 105 . doi : 10.1890 / 08 - 1680.1 . PMID 20380200 . Jump up ^ Lucas , Richard W. ; Salguero - Gómez , Roberto ; Cobb , David B. ; Waring , Bonnie G. ; Anderson , Frank ; McShea , William J. ; Casper , Brenda B. ( 2013 ) . `` White - tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) positively affect the growth of mature northern red oak ( Quercus rubra ) trees '' . Ecosphere. 4 ( 7 ) : art84 . doi : 10.1890 / ES13 - 00036.1 . Jump up ^ McShea , W.J. ( 1997 ) . The Science of Overabundance : Deer Ecology and Population Management . Washington , DC : Smithsonian Institution Press . pp. 201 -- 223 , 249 -- 279 . ISBN 1 - 58834 - 062 - 7 . Jump up ^ Mladenoff , D.J. ; Stearns , F. ( 1993 ) . `` Easter hemlock regeneration and deer browsing in the northern great lakes region : a re-examination and model simulation '' . Conservation Biology . 7 ( 4 ) : 889 -- 900 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1523 - 1739.1993. 740889. x . Jump up ^ Eschtruth , E.C. ; J.J. Battles ( 2008 ) . `` Acceleration of exotic plant invasion in a forested ecosystem by a generalist herbivore '' . Conservation Biology . 23 ( 2 ) : 388 -- 399 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1523 - 1739.2008. 01122. x . ^ Jump up to : Kammin , Laura . `` Population Control '' . Living with White Tailed Deer in Illinois . University of Illinois Extension . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 -- 2016 White Tailed Deer Seasons and Bag Limits '' . Maryland Guide to Hunting & Trapping . Maryland Department of Natural Resources . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The City of Bloomington . `` Deer : Lethal Approaches '' . The City of Bloomington . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The City of Bloomington . `` Deer : Lethal Approaches '' . The City of Bloomington . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The City of Bloomington . `` Commonly Discussed Management Options '' . The City of Bloomington . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Humane Society of the United States . `` Wildlife Fertility Control '' . Controlling Deer Populations Humanely . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kammin , Laura . `` Other Control Methods '' . Living with White Tailed Deer in Illinois . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ State of Connecticut . `` White - Tailed Deer '' . Department of Energy and Environmental Protection . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ditchkoff , S.S. ; Lochmiller , Robert L. ; Masters , Ronald E. ; Hoofer , Steven R. ; Van Den Bussche , Ronald A. ( 2001 ) . `` Major - Histocompatibility - Complex - Associated Variation In Secondary Sexual Traits Of White - Tailed Deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) : Evidence For Good - Genes Advertisement '' . Evolution. 55 ( 3 ) : 616 -- 625 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 0014 - 3820.2001. tb00794. x . PMID 11327168 . Jump up ^ `` When is Rut Season for Deer ? Most Hunters Have It Wrong - OutdoorStack '' . OutdoorStack . July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Forest Foods Deer Eat , '' Department of Natural Resources website `` . Department of Natural Resources -- State of Michigan . 2008 . Retrieved February 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mass Audubon '' . Mass Audubon ( Protecting the Nature of Massachusetts ) . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Warren , R.J. ; et al. ( 1978 ) . `` Reproductive behaviour of captive white - tailed deer '' . Animal Behaviour. 26 : 179 -- 183 . doi : 10.1016 / 0003 - 3472 ( 78 ) 90017 - 9 . Jump up ^ David M. Shackleton ; Royal British Columbia Museum ( 1999 ) . Hoofed Mammals of British Columbia . UBC Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 0728 - 9 . Jump up ^ http://www.georgiawildlife.com/DeerFacts ^ Jump up to : Atkeson , Thomas D. ; Marchinton , R. Larry ; Miller , Karl V. ( 1988 ) . `` Vocalizations of White - tailed Deer '' . American Midland Naturalist. 120 ( 1 ) : 194 -- 200 . doi : 10.2307 / 2425899 . Jump up ^ Alexy , Karen J. ; Gassett , Jonathan W. ; Osborn , David A. ; Miller , Karl V. ( 2001 ) . `` White - Tailed Deer Rubs and Scrapes : Spatial , Temporal and Physical Characteristics and Social Role '' . Wildlife Society Bulletin . 29 ( 3 ) : 873 -- 878 . ^ Jump up to : Kile , Terry L. ; Marchinton , R. Larry ( 1977 ) . `` White - Tailed Deer Rubs and Scrapes : Spatial , Temporal and Physical Characteristics and Social Role '' . American Midland Naturalist. 97 ( 2 ) : 257 -- 266 . doi : 10.2307 / 2425092 . Jump up ^ Richard E. McCabe and Thomas R. McCabe ( 1984 ) . Of Slings and Arrows : An Historical Retrospective . In Lowell K. Halls ( ed . ) , White - tailed Deer Ecology and Management ( Washington : Wildlife Management Institute ) . Jump up ^ Joel M. Lerner , `` Right plants ( and fences ) can keep deer at bay '' , The Columbus Dispatch , July 21 , 2009 . Accessed December 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mark Johnson , Deer eating away at forests nationwide , The Associated Press , January 18 , 2005 . Accessed December 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sinclair , A.R.E. ( 1997 ) . Carrying capacity and the overabundance of deer : a framework for management . Jump up ^ Mcshea , W.J. , Underwood , H.B. , Rappole , J.H. ( 1997 ) . The Science Of Overabundance : Deer Ecology and Population Management . WA : Smithsonian Institution Press . pp. 380 -- 394 . Jump up ^ Mattfeld , George F. ( 1984 ) . Northeastern hardwood and spruce - fir forests . In : Halls , Lowell K. , ed . White - tailed deer : ecology and management . Harrisburg , PA : Stackpole Books : 305 -- 330 . Jump up ^ Whitney , G.G. ( 1990 ) . `` The history and status of the hemlock - northern hardwood forests of the Allegheny Plateau '' . Journal of Ecology. 78 ( 2 ) : 443 -- 458 . doi : 10.2307 / 2261123 . JSTOR 2261123 . Jump up ^ Côté , SD ; Rooney , TP ; Tremblay , JP ; Dussault , C ; Waller , DM ( 2004 ) . `` Ecological impacts of deer overabundance '' . Annual Review of Ecology , Evolution , and Systematics. 35 : 113 -- 147 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. ecolsys. 35.021103. 105725 . Jump up ^ Greenwald , KR ; Petit , LJ ; Waite , TA ( 2008 ) . `` Indirect effects of a keystone herbivore elevate local animal diversity '' . The Journal of Wildlife Management . 72 ( 6 ) : 1318 -- 1321 . doi : 10.2193 / 2007 - 491 . Jump up ^ Gameland and fisheries . `` Keeping deer wild in virginia '' . Virginia.gov . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Warning to Motorists : Fall Is Peak Season for Deer - Vehicle Collisions , Insurance Information Institute , October 1 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : Côté , Steeve D. ; Rooney , Thomas P. ; Tremblay , Jean - Pierre ; Dussault , Christian ; Waller , Donald M. ( 2004 ) . `` Ecological Impacts of Deer Overabundance '' . Annual Review of Ecology , Evolution , and Systematics. 35 ( 1 ) : 113 -- 147 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. ecolsys. 35.021103. 105725 . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McShea , WJ ( 2012 ) . `` Ecology and management of white - tailed deer in a changing world '' . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences . 1249 : 45 -- 56 . Bibcode : 2012NYASA1249 ... 45M . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 6632.2011. 06376. x . PMID 22268688 . ^ Jump up to : Meisingset , Erling L ; Loe , Leif E ; Brekkum , Øystein ; Mysterud , Atle ( 2014 ) . `` Targeting mitigation efforts : The role of speed limit and road edge clearance for deer -- vehicle collisions '' . The Journal of Wildlife Management . 78 ( 4 ) : 679 -- 688 . doi : 10.1002 / jwmg. 712 . ^ Jump up to : Found , Rob ; Boyce , Mark S ( 2011 ) . `` Predicting deer -- vehicle collisions in an urban area '' . Linkinghub.elsevier.com. 92 ( 10 ) : 2486 -- 2493 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jenvman. 2011.05. 010 . Jump up ^ Tackling Ticks That Spread Lyme Disease , Agricultural Research magazine , March 1998 Jump up ^ https://www.caryinstitute.org/science-program/research-projects/lyme-disease Further reading ( edit ) Fulbright , Timothy Edward ; J Alfonso Ortega - S ( 2006 ) . White - tailed deer habitat : ecology and management on rangelands . Texas A&M University Press . ISBN 1 - 58544 - 499 - 5 . Geist , Valerius ( 1998 ) . Deer of the World : Their Evolution , Behavior , and Ecology , Stackpole Books , ISBN 0 - 8117 - 0496 - 3 Michels , T.R. ( 2007 ) . The Whitetail Addicts Manual , Creative Publishing , ISBN 978 - 1 - 58923 - 344 - 7 Zwaschka , Michael ( 1999 ) . White Tailed Deer . Edge Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7368 - 8490 - 7 . Fulbright , Timothy Edward ; J Alfonso Ortega - S ( 2006 ) . White - tailed deer habitat : ecology and management on rangelands . Texas A&M University Press . ISBN 1 - 58544 - 499 - 5 . Geist , Valerius ( 1998 ) . Deer of the World : Their Evolution , Behavior , and Ecology , Stackpole Books , ISBN 0 - 8117 - 0496 - 3 Michels , T.R. ( 2007 ) . The Whitetail Addicts Manual , Creative Publishing , ISBN 978 - 1 - 58923 - 344 - 7 Zwaschka , Michael ( 1999 ) . White Tailed Deer . Edge Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7368 - 8490 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to White - tailed deer . Wikispecies has information related to White - tailed deer `` Odocoileus virginianus '' . Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved March 18 , 2006 . White - tailed Deer , Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History Video of White - tailed / Coues Deer , Arizona Game & Fish Natureworks , New Hampshire Public TV White - tailed deer , Hinterlands Who 's Who Smithsonian Wild : Odocoileus virginianus `` Virginian Deer '' . Collier 's New Encyclopedia . 1921 . Extant Artiodactyla species Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Infraclass : Eutheria Superorder : Laurasiatheria Suborder Ruminantia Antilocapridae Antilocapra Pronghorn ( A. americana ) Giraffidae Okapia Okapi ( O. johnstoni ) Giraffa Northern giraffe ( G. camelopardalis ) Southern giraffe ( G. giraffa ) Reticulated giraffe ( G. reticulata ) Masai giraffe ( G. tippelskirchi ) Moschidae Moschus Anhui musk deer ( M. anhuiensis ) Dwarf musk deer ( M. berezovskii ) Alpine musk deer ( M. chrysogaster ) Kashmir musk deer ( M. cupreus ) Black musk deer ( M. fuscus ) Himalayan musk deer ( M. leucogaster ) Siberian musk deer ( M. moschiferus ) Tragulidae Hyemoschus Water chevrotain ( H. aquaticus ) Moschiola Indian spotted chevrotain ( M. indica ) Yellow - striped chevrotain ( M. kathygre ) Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain ( M. meminna ) Tragulus Java mouse - deer ( T. javanicus ) Lesser mouse - deer ( T. kanchil ) Greater mouse - deer ( T. napu ) Philippine mouse - deer ( T. nigricans ) Vietnam mouse - deer ( T. versicolor ) Williamson 's mouse - deer ( T. williamsoni ) Cervidae Large family listed below Bovidae Large family listed below Family Cervidae Cervinae Muntiacus Indian muntjac ( M. muntjak ) Reeves 's muntjac ( M. reevesi ) Hairy - fronted muntjac ( M. crinifrons ) Fea 's muntjac ( M. feae ) Bornean yellow muntjac ( M. atherodes ) Roosevelt 's muntjac ( M. rooseveltorum ) Gongshan muntjac ( M. gongshanensis ) Giant muntjac ( M. vuquangensis ) Truong Son muntjac ( M. truongsonensis ) Leaf muntjac ( M. putaoensis ) Sumatran muntjac ( M. montanus ) Pu Hoat muntjac ( M. puhoatensis ) Elaphodus Tufted deer ( E. cephalophus ) Dama Fallow deer ( D. dama ) Persian fallow deer ( D. mesopotamica ) Axis Chital ( A. axis ) Rucervus Barasingha ( R. duvaucelii ) Panolia Eld 's deer ( P. eldii ) Elaphurus Père David 's deer ( E. davidianus ) Hyelaphus Hog deer ( H. porcinus ) Calamian deer ( H. calamianensis ) Bawean deer ( H. kuhlii ) Rusa Sambar deer ( R. unicolor ) Rusa deer ( R. timorensis ) Philippine sambar ( R. mariannus ) Philippine spotted deer ( R. alfredi ) Cervus Red deer ( C. elaphus ) Elk ( C. canadensis ) Thorold 's deer ( C. albirostris ) Sika deer ( C. nippon ) Capreolinae Alces Moose ( A. alces ) Hydropotes Water deer ( H. inermis ) Capreolus Roe deer ( C. capreolus ) Siberian roe deer ( C. pygargus ) Rangifer Reindeer ( R. tarandus ) Hippocamelus Taruca ( H. antisensis ) South Andean deer ( H. bisulcus ) Mazama Red brocket ( M. americana ) Small red brocket ( M. bororo ) Merida brocket ( M. bricenii ) Dwarf brocket ( M. chunyi ) Gray brocket ( M. gouazoubira ) Pygmy brocket ( M. nana ) Amazonian brown brocket ( M. nemorivaga ) Yucatan brown brocket ( M. pandora ) Little red brocket ( M. rufina ) Central American red brocket ( M. temama ) Ozotoceros Pampas deer ( O. bezoarticus ) Blastocerus Marsh deer ( B. dichotomus ) Pudu Northern pudú ( P. mephistophiles ) Southern pudú ( P. pudu ) Odocoileus White - tailed deer ( O. virginianus ) Mule deer ( O. hemionus ) Family Bovidae Cephalophinae Cephalophus Abbott 's duiker ( C. spadix ) Aders 's duiker ( C. adersi ) Bay duiker ( C. dorsalis ) Black duiker ( C. niger ) Black - fronted duiker ( C. nigrifrons ) Brooke 's duiker ( C. brookei ) Harvey 's duiker ( C. harveyi ) Jentink 's duiker ( C. jentinki ) Ogilby 's duiker ( C. ogilbyi ) Peters 's duiker ( C. callipygus ) Red - flanked duiker ( C. rufilatus ) Red forest duiker ( C. natalensis ) Ruwenzori duiker ( C. rubidis ) Weyns 's duiker ( C. weynsi ) White - bellied duiker ( C. leucogaster ) White - legged duiker ( C. crusalbum ) Yellow - backed duiker ( C. Sylvicultor ) Zebra duiker ( C. zebra ) Philantomba Blue duiker ( P. monticola ) Maxwell 's duiker ( P. maxwellii ) Walter 's duiker ( P. walteri ) Sylvicapra Common duiker ( S. grimmia ) Hippotraginae Hippotragus Roan antelope ( H. equinus ) Sable antelope ( H. niger ) Oryx East African oryx ( O. beisa ) Scimitar oryx ( O. dammah ) Gemsbok ( O. gazella ) Arabian oryx ( O. leucoryx ) Addax Addax ( A. nasomaculatus ) Reduncinae Kobus Upemba lechwe ( K. anselli ) Waterbuck ( K. ellipsiprymnus ) Kob ( K. kob ) Lechwe ( K. leche ) Nile lechwe ( K. megaceros ) Puku ( K. vardonii ) Redunca Southern reedbuck ( R. arundinum ) Mountain reedbuck ( R. fulvorufula ) Bohor reedbuck ( R. redunca ) Aepycerotinae Aepyceros Impala ( A. melampus ) Peleinae Pelea Grey rhebok ( P. capreolus ) Alcelaphinae Beatragus Hirola ( B. hunteri ) Damaliscus Topi ( D. korrigum ) Common tsessebe ( D. lunatus ) Bontebok ( D. pygargus ) Bangweulu tsessebe ( D. superstes ) Alcelaphus Hartebeest ( A. buselaphus ) Red hartebeest ( A. caama ) Lichtenstein 's hartebeest ( A. lichtensteinii ) Connochaetes Black wildebeest ( C. gnou ) Blue wildebeest ( C. taurinus ) Pantholopinae Pantholops Tibetan antelope ( P. hodgsonii ) Caprinae Large subfamily listed below Bovinae Large subfamily listed below Antilopinae Large subfamily listed below Family Bovidae ( subfamily Caprinae ) Ammotragus Barbary sheep ( A. lervia ) Budorcas Takin ( B. taxicolor ) Capra Wild goat ( C. aegagrus ) Domestic goat ( C. aegagrus hircus ) West Caucasian tur ( C. caucasia ) East Caucasian tur ( C. cylindricornis ) Markhor ( C. falconeri ) Alpine ibex ( C. ibex ) Nubian ibex ( C. nubiana ) Spanish ibex ( C. pyrenaica ) Siberian ibex ( C. sibirica ) Walia ibex ( C. walie ) Capricornis Japanese serow ( C. crispus ) Taiwan serow ( C. swinhoei ) Sumatran serow ( C. sumatraensis ) Mainland serow ( C. milneedwardsii ) Red serow ( C. rubidusi ) Himalayan serow ( C. thar ) Hemitragus Nilgiri tahr ( H. hylocrius ) Arabian tahr ( H. jayakari ) Himalayan tahr ( H. jemlahicus ) Naemorhedus Red goral ( N. baileyi ) Long - tailed goral ( N. caudatus ) Himalayan goral ( N. goral ) Chinese goral ( N. griseus ) Oreamnos Mountain goat ( O. americanus ) Ovibos Muskox ( O. moschatus ) Ovis Argali ( O. ammon ) Domestic sheep ( O. aries ) Bighorn sheep ( O. canadensis ) Dall sheep ( O. dalli ) Mouflon ( O. musimon ) Snow sheep ( O. nivicola ) Urial ( O. orientalis ) Pseudois Bharal ( P. nayaur ) Dwarf blue sheep ( P. schaeferi ) Rupicapra Pyrenean chamois ( R. pyrenaica ) Chamois ( R. rupicapra ) Family Bovidae ( subfamily Bovinae ) Boselaphini Tetracerus Four - horned antelope ( T. quadricornis ) Boselaphus Nilgai ( B. tragocamelus ) Bovini Bubalus Water buffalo ( B. bubalis ) Wild Water Buffalo ( B. arnee ) Lowland anoa ( B. depressicornis ) Mountain anoa ( B. quarlesi ) Tamaraw ( B. mindorensis ) Bos Banteng ( B. javanicus ) Gaur ( B. gaurus ) Gayal ( B. frontalis ) Domestic yak ( B. grunniens ) Wild yak ( B. mutus ) Cattle ( B. taurus ) Kouprey ( B. sauveli ) Pseudonovibos Kting voar ( P. spiralis ) Pseudoryx Saola ( P. nghetinhensis ) Syncerus African buffalo ( S. caffer ) Bison American bison ( B. bison ) European bison ( B. bonasus ) Tragelaphini Tragelaphus ( including kudus ) Sitatunga ( T. spekeii ) Nyala ( T. angasii ) Kéwel ( T. scriptus ) Cape bushbuck ( T. sylvaticus ) Mountain nyala ( T. buxtoni ) Lesser kudu ( T. imberbis ) Greater kudu ( T. strepsiceros ) Bongo ( T. eurycerus ) Taurotragus Common eland ( T. oryx ) Giant eland ( T. derbianus ) Family Bovidae ( subfamily Antilopinae ) Antilopini Ammodorcas Dibatag ( A. clarkei ) Antidorcas Springbok ( A. marsupialis ) Antilope Blackbuck ( A. cervicapra ) Eudorcas Mongalla gazelle ( E. albonotata ) Red - fronted gazelle ( E. rufifrons ) Thomson 's gazelle ( E. thomsonii ) Heuglin 's gazelle ( E. tilonura ) Gazella Mountain gazelle ( G. gazella ) Neumann 's gazelle ( G. erlangeri ) Speke 's gazelle ( G. spekei ) Dorcas gazelle ( G. dorcas ) Chinkara ( G. bennettii ) Cuvier 's gazelle ( G. cuvieri ) Rhim gazelle ( G. leptoceros ) Goitered gazelle ( G. subgutturosa ) Litocranius Gerenuk ( L. walleri ) Nanger Dama gazelle ( N. dama ) Grant 's gazelle ( N. granti ) Soemmerring 's gazelle ( N. soemmerringii ) Procapra Mongolian gazelle ( P. gutturosa ) Goa ( P. picticaudata ) Przewalski 's gazelle ( P. przewalskii ) Saigini Pantholops Tibetan antelope ( P. hodgsonii ) Saiga Saiga antelope ( S. tatarica ) Neotragini Dorcatragus Beira ( D. megalotis ) Madoqua Günther 's dik - dik ( M. guentheri ) Kirk 's dik - dik ( M. kirkii ) Silver dik - dik ( M. piacentinii ) Salt 's dik - dik ( M. saltiana ) Neotragus Bates 's pygmy antelope ( N. batesi ) Suni ( N. moschatus ) Royal antelope ( N. pygmaeus ) Oreotragus Klipspringer ( O. oreotragus ) Ourebia Oribi ( O. ourebi ) Raphicerus Steenbok ( R. campestris ) Cape grysbok ( R. melanotis ) Sharpe 's grysbok ( R. sharpei ) Suborder Suina Suidae Babyrousa Buru babirusa ( B. babyrussa ) North Sulawesi babirusa ( B. celebensis ) Togian babirusa ( B. togeanensis ) Hylochoerus Giant forest hog ( H. meinertzhageni ) Phacochoerus Desert warthog ( P. aethiopicus ) Common warthog ( P. africanus ) Porcula Pygmy hog ( P. salvania ) Potamochoerus Bushpig ( P. larvatus ) Red river hog ( P. porcus ) Sus ( Pigs ) Palawan bearded pig ( S. ahoenobarbus ) Bornean bearded pig ( S. barbatus ) Indo - chinese warty pig ( S. bucculentus ) Visayan warty pig ( S. cebifrons ) Celebes warty pig ( S. celebensis ) Flores warty pig ( S. heureni ) Oliver 's warty pig ( S. oliveri ) Philippine warty pig ( S. philippensis ) Wild boar ( S. scrofa ) Timor warty pig ( S. timoriensis ) Javan warty pig ( S. verrucosus ) Tayassuidae Tayassu White - lipped peccary ( T. pecari ) Catagonus Chacoan peccary ( C. wagneri ) Pecari Collared peccary ( P. tajacu ) Giant peccary ( P. maximus ) Suborder Tylopoda Camelidae Lama Llama ( L. glama ) Guanaco ( L. guanicoe ) Vicugna Vicuña ( V. vicugna ) Alpaca ( V. pacos ) Camelus Dromedary ( C. dromedarius ) Bactrian camel ( C. bactrianus ) Wild Bactrian camel ( C. ferus ) Whippomorpha ( unranked clade ) Hippopotamidae Hippopotamus Hippopotamus ( H. amphibius ) Choeropsis Pygmy hippopotamus ( C. liberiensis ) Game animals and shooting in North America Game birds Bobwhite quail Chukar Hungarian partridge Prairie chicken Mourning dove Ring - necked pheasant Ptarmigan Ruffed grouse Sharp - tailed grouse Snipe ( common snipe ) Spruce grouse Turkey Woodcock Waterfowl Black duck Canada goose Canvasback Gadwall Greater scaup Lesser scaup Mallard Northern pintail Redhead Ross 's goose Snow goose Wood duck Big game Bighorn sheep Black bear Razorback Brown bear Bison ( buffalo ) Caribou Cougar ( mountain lion ) Elk Moose White - tailed deer Gray wolf Mountain goat Mule deer Pronghorn Muskox Dall sheep Polar bear Other quarry American alligator Bobcat Coyote Fox squirrel Gray fox Gray squirrel Opossum Rabbit Red fox Snowshoe hare See also Bear hunting Big game hunting Bison hunting Deer hunting Waterfowl hunting Whaling Fishing Wolf hunting Upland hunting Taxon identifiers Wikidata : Q215887 Wikispecies : Odocoileus virginianus ADW : Odocoileus_virginianus ARKive : odocoileus - virginianus BioLib : 20897 EoL : 328652 EPPO : ODOCVI Fauna Europaea : 305271 Fossilworks : 49288 GBIF : 2440965 iNaturalist : 42223 IRMNG : 10199010 ITIS : 180699 IUCN : 42394 MSW : 14200278 NBN : NHMSYS0021109741 NCBI : 9874 NZOR : 32113934 - e132 - 4010 - bbcd - 14a0bd2dce89 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White-tailed_deer&oldid=854762056 '' Categories : IUCN Red List least concern species Deer Mammals of North America Ungulates of Central America Mammals of Europe Mammals of New Zealand Mammals of Cuba Mammals of the Dominican Republic Mammals of Haiti Mammals of Puerto Rico Mammals of the Caribbean Mammals of Costa Rica Mammals of Guyana Mammals of Guatemala Symbols of Georgia ( U.S. state ) Symbols of Michigan Symbols of Mississippi Mammals of Brazil Mammals of Peru Mammals of Bolivia Mammals of Belize Mammals of Colombia Mammals of Ecuador Mammals of El Salvador Mammals of French Guiana Mammals of Honduras Mammals of Mexico Mammals of Nicaragua Mammals of Panama Mammals of Venezuela Mammals of Canada Mammals of the United States Urban animals Mammals described in 1780 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from March 2018 Use American English from April 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles with ' species ' microformats Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2010 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Collier 's Encyclopedia Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मराठी Nāhuatl Nederlands Norsk پنجابی Papiamentu Polski Português Runa Simi Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Tsetsêhestâhese Türkçe Удмурт Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 中文 38 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 16 : 08 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the average weight of a deer | [
"The white-tailed deer is highly variable in size, generally following Bergmann's rule that the average size is larger farther away from the Equator. North American male deer (also known as a buck) usually weigh 45 kg (100 lb), but in rare cases, bucks in excess of 125 kg (275 lb) have been recorded. Mature bucks over 180 kg (400 lb) have been recorded in the northernmost reaches of their native range, specifically, Minnesota and Ontario. In 1926, Carl J. Lenander, Jr., took a white-tailed buck near Tofte, MN, that weighed 183 kg (403 lb) after it was field-dressed (internal organs and blood removed) and was estimated at 232 kg (511 lb) when alive.[9] The female (doe) in North America usually weighs from 40 to 90 kg (88 to 198 lb). White-tailed deer from the tropics and the Florida Keys are markedly smaller-bodied than temperate populations, averaging 35 to 50 kg (77 to 110 lb), with an occasional adult female as small as 25 kg (55 lb).[10] White-tailed deer from the Andes are larger than other tropical deer of this species, and have thick, slightly woolly looking fur. Length ranges from 95 to 220 cm (37 to 87 in), including a tail of 10 to 37 cm (3.9 to 14.6 in), and the shoulder height is 53 to 120 cm (21 to 47 in).[11][12] Including all races, the average summer weight of adult males is 68 kg (150 lb) and is 45.3 kg (100 lb) in adult females.[13]\n",
"The white-tailed deer is highly variable in size, generally following Bergmann's rule that the average size is larger farther away from the Equator. North American male deer (also known as a buck) usually weigh 45 kg (100 lb), but in rare cases, bucks in excess of 125 kg (275 lb) have been recorded. Mature bucks over 180 kg (400 lb) have been recorded in the northernmost reaches of their native range, specifically, Minnesota and Ontario. In 1926, Carl J. Lenander, Jr., took a white-tailed buck near Tofte, MN, that weighed 183 kg (403 lb) after it was field-dressed (internal organs and blood removed) and was estimated at 232 kg (511 lb) when alive.[9] The female (doe) in North America usually weighs from 40 to 90 kg (88 to 198 lb). White-tailed deer from the tropics and the Florida Keys are markedly smaller-bodied than temperate populations, averaging 35 to 50 kg (77 to 110 lb), with an occasional adult female as small as 25 kg (55 lb).[10] White-tailed deer from the Andes are larger than other tropical deer of this species, and have thick, slightly woolly looking fur. Length ranges from 95 to 220 cm (37 to 87 in), including a tail of 10 to 37 cm (3.9 to 14.6 in), and the shoulder height is 53 to 120 cm (21 to 47 in).[11][12] Including all races, the average summer weight of adult males is 68 kg (150 lb) and is 45.3 kg (100 lb) in adult females.[13]\n"
] | [
"male deer (also known as a buck) usually weigh 45 kg (100 lb)",
"female (doe) in North America usually weighs from 40 to 90 kg (88 to 198 lb)"
] |
1353824802936421804 | Beauty and the Beast (1991 soundtrack) | Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 soundtrack ) - wikipedia Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 soundtrack ) Jump to : navigation , search For the 2017 live - action soundtrack see Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 soundtrack ) . Beauty and the Beast : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Various Artists Released October 29 , 1991 ( 1991 Original release ) December 18 , 2001 ( 2001 Special Edition reissue ) September 14 , 2010 ( 2010 re-release ) Recorded 1990 -- 1991 Genre Soundtrack , film score Length 50 : 12 ( 1991 Original Release ) 1 : 04 : 43 ( 2001 Special Edition Reissue ) 53 : 26 ( 2010 Re-release ) Label Walt Disney Producer Howard Ashman Alan Menken Walter Afanasieff Robert Buchanan Walt Disney Animation Studios chronology The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Little Mermaid 1989 Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Aladdin 1992 2001 Special Edition Front jacket 2001 Special Edition . Front of the booklet of the 2001 Special Edition . Singles from Beauty and the Beast : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack `` Beauty and the Beast '' Released : November 25 , 1991 Beauty and the Beast : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the official soundtrack album to the 1991 Disney animated feature film , Beauty and the Beast . Originally released on October 29 , 1991 , by Walt Disney Records , the album 's first half -- tracks 2 to 9 -- generally contains the film 's musical number s , all of which were written by composer Alan Menken and lyricist Howard Ashman , while its latter half -- tracks 10 to 14 -- features its musical score , composed solely by Menken . While the majority of the album 's content remains within the musical theatre genre , its songs have also been influenced by French , classical , pop and Broadway music . Credited to Various Artists , Beauty and the Beast : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack features performances by the film 's main cast -- Paige O'Hara , Richard White , Jesse Corti , Jerry Orbach , Angela Lansbury and Robby Benson -- in order of appearance . Additionally , the album features recording artists Celine Dion and Peabo Bryson , who perform a pop rendition of the film 's title and theme song , `` Beauty and the Beast '' , which simultaneously serves as the soundtrack 's only single . Following a difficult period during where Walt Disney Feature Animation struggled to release successful animated feature films , the studio , inspired by their most recent animated success The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) , decided to adapt the fairy tale `` Beauty and the Beast '' into an animated musical film after a non-musical adaptation had been attempted that failed to impress Disney CEO Jeffrey Katzenberg . Katzenberg ordered that production on the film be started over from scratch , hiring songwriting team Howard Ashman and Alan Menken , who had just recently completed scoring The Little Mermaid , to write the film 's songs . Dion and Bryson were hired to record a pop version of -- and draw media attention to -- the film 's title song . Ashman , who was initially hesitant to join the project , died of AIDS before the film 's completion and the album 's release . Much like Beauty and the Beast , the soundtrack was a massive critical success , receiving universal praise and recognition from both film and music critics . The music featured on the album won several awards , including the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score , the Academy Award for Best Original Score and the Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television . Its title track and only single , `` Beauty and the Beast '' , achieved similar success , winning the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song , Academy Award for Best Original Song and Grammy Awards for both Best Song Written for Visual Media and Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals . The soundtrack was also nominated for a Grammy Award for Album of the Year . In 2001 , the soundtrack was re-released as a Special Edition to coincide with the IMAX re-issue of the film and the two - disc Platinum Edition . The new release featured the film version of `` Transformation '' , which had been replaced with an early unused version in some early pressings , the newly animated song `` Human Again '' , the original instrumental intended for the `` Transformation '' scene , ( titled `` Death of the Beast ( Early Version ) '' here ) and demos for `` Be Our Guest '' and the title track . In October 2010 , the soundtrack was re-released again as a Diamond Edition soundtrack , to coincide with the successful Blu - ray and DVD Diamond Edition release of the film , the 1991 version of the soundtrack was released and included Jordin Sparks ' cover of `` Beauty and the Beast '' as a bonus track . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Ashman 's health 2 Content and composition 2.1 Recording 2.2 Single 3 Reception 3.1 Critical response 4 Track listing 4.1 Notes 5 Unreleased songs and score 6 See also 7 References Background ( edit ) During the 1970s and 1980s , Walt Disney Feature Animation struggled to release animated feature films that achieved the levels of success of some of the studio 's earlier productions did . In 1989 , Walt Disney Pictures released The Little Mermaid . An animated musical that features songs written by lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken , The Little Mermaid was both a tremendous critical and commercial success . Hoping to release a film that achieved similar success , the studio decided to adapt the fairy tale `` Beauty and the Beast '' by Jeanne - Marie Le Prince de Beaumont into an animated film . Prior to getting professionally involved with Disney , Ashman and Menken had collaborated on a musical adaptation of Little Shop of Horrors and its subsequent musical film adaptation . Following the studio 's attempt to adapt the fairy tale into a non-musical animated film under the direction of Richard Purdum , Disney CEO Jeffrey Katzenberg , dissatisfied by the direction in which the film was headed , ordered that it be scrapped and restarted from scratch , this time in the form of a musical . In addition to hiring a screenwriter , Katzenberg recruited Ashman and Menken to write the film 's songs . Ashman 's health ( edit ) Ashman was initially reluctant to agree to work on Beauty and the Beast because he had just recently been diagnosed with AIDS . Additionally , he had already begun writing songs for Aladdin ( 1992 ) . Ashman 's health began deteriorating soon after he completed The Little Mermaid . However , he wanted his illness to remain secret and decided to tell few about it . Too weak to travel , Ashman requested that he be allowed to work on the film 's songs from his home , causing Menken and the filmmakers to frequently travel from the film 's studio in Burbank , California to his home in New York in order to collaborate with him . Ashman wrote the majority of the song 's lyrics from his deathbed . It was later revealed that he viewed the Beast 's curse as an allegory for AIDS , and that the mob song ' Kill The Beast ' was inspired by public sentiment at the time against AIDS and the gay community . Content and composition ( edit ) Lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken intended for the songs in Beauty and the Beast to serve as plot devices and assist in the telling of its story . According to Menken , the film 's songs grew out of the fact that the film was written to `` almost ... exist as a stage musical . '' Stylistically , Ashman and Menken drew creative influence from several musical styles and genres , including French , classical and Broadway music , using them as reference and inspiration when composing the film 's songs . Menken also revealed that the film 's songs and score tend to convey a wide variety of emotions , ranging from poignancy to humor and joy . While composing the orchestral score that accompanies the film 's prologue , Menken was inspired by the French suite The Carnival of the Animals by Camille Saint - Saëns , referring to it as his own version of Saint - Saëns ' composition . Menken believes that all properly structured musicals should feature an `` I Want '' song because they are essentially `` about a character having a big dream , then ( there 's ) some obstacle to that quest . '' `` Belle '' , the film 's opening number , is an `` orchestra - driven '' , `` snare - tapping '' song . Accompanied by a full orchestra , it is considered Beauty and the Beast 's `` I Want '' song . Musically , Menken based `` Belle '' on the narrative style of a traditional operetta , describing it as `` something to portray Belle in a world that is so protected and safe . '' Menken described the film 's following musical number , `` Gaston '' , as a hilarious `` drinking song sung by basically a group of Neanderthal level guys in praise of a complete lug - head '' , referring to Ashman 's choice of song lyrics as humorous and `` tongue in cheek '' . When it came time to write the film 's large - scale `` scintillating '' musical number `` Be Our Guest '' , Menken originally composed and provided Ashman with a simple melody that was initially intended for temporary use only , simply for the purpose of allowing his co-writer to start developing the song 's lyrics . He labeled the rough composition `` the dummy '' . However , Menken eventually gave up on his attempt to improve upon the song 's simple melody , and it ultimately became the version to which Ashman wrote his lyrics . Menken described `` Be Our Guest '' as a song that is both `` simple and tuneful '' that `` let ( s ) the lyric shine . '' Originally , Ashman and Menken had written a rather lengthy , large - scale musical number for the film called `` Human Again '' . However , when it was deemed `` too ambitious '' , they swiftly wrote and replaced it with a smaller - scale musical number entitled `` Something There '' . According to Menken , the film 's theme and title song , `` Beauty and the Beast '' , was `` a very hard song to come by '' despite its relative simplicity . He revealed that the writing process for `` Beauty and the Beast '' was the longest period of time that he had ever devoted to one particular song . Written to resemble a lullaby , Ashman and Menken conceived `` Beauty and the Beast '' as `` a song that could have a life outside the movie . '' The film 's final musical number , `` The Mob Song '' , was written as what Menken described as `` a macho adventure underscore '' . Recording ( edit ) Single ( edit ) When the film was released , it garnered three separate Academy Award nominations for Best Original Song for `` Belle '' , `` Be Our Guest '' and `` Beauty and the Beast '' . Producer Don Hahn expressed concern that this would cause confusion among audiences and voters , and potentially result in an unfavorable tie . In order to prevent this from happening , the studio fought in favor of the film 's title song and decided to release a pop rendition of `` Beauty and the Beast '' as a commercial single in an attempt to persuade voters to vote for it . When `` Beauty and the Beast '' was written , it was composed with the potential of having `` half a life outside the movie . '' Menken revealed that this was the first time one of his compositions had been rearranged and `` turned into ear candy '' . Menken recruited musician Robbie Buchanan to arrange `` Beauty and the Beast '' into the form of a pop duet while Walter Afanasieff was responsible for producing the track . Afanasieff also assisted Buchanan in the arranging of the song . Menken was ultimately pleased with Afanasieff 's production , explaining , `` Walter Afanasieff ... took it and really molded it into something very different than I ever intended and I grew to love it . In a way , Walter made it his own , and I love that . '' Because Disney could not afford to hire a `` big singer '' , they drafted Canadian singer Celine Dion , who was relatively new to the music industry at the time , to record `` Beauty and the Beast '' . However , the studio feared that she would not draw much media attention because of her relative obscurity in the United States , so they hired American singer Peabo Bryson , who was a more well - known recording artist at the time , to perform alongside her . The newly arranged song was released as the album 's lead single on November 25 , 1991 . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic Filmtracks Sputnikmusic 4.5 / 5 Similar to the overwhelmingly positive critical response that the film received , Beauty and the Beast : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was met with universal acclaim from both music and film critics , garnering nearly unanimous praise for both its songs and score . Tavia Hobart of AllMusic awarded the soundtrack a nearly perfect overall score of 4.5 / 5 stars , describing Ashman and Menken 's compositions as `` positively delightful . '' However , she felt that the album 's orchestral score was not as good as The Little Mermaid . Filmtracks was very enthusiastic about the album , praising each of its songs and labeling them `` remarkably upbeat '' . The reviewer also praised Ashman and Menken for avoiding `` stupid comedic performances to appeal to children . '' Unlike AllMusic 's opinion , the reviewer felt that the score was `` a vast improvement '' over The Little Mermaid 's . Sputnikmusik 's Irving Tan awarded the album a `` superb '' overall rating of 4.5 / 5 . Praising the film 's entire collection of songs in a detailed review , Tan accredited the overall appeal of the soundtrack with much the film 's success . When Beauty and the Beast was released in November 1991 , several film and entertainment critics awarded specific praise to its music , both songs and score . Entertainment Weekly 's Lisa Schwarzbaum wrote , `` The songs unleash a chemical reaction of happiness . '' Just as the film made history by becoming the first animated film to receive a Best Picture Oscar nomination , so too the soundtrack made history by becoming the first animated film soundtrack to receive an Album of the Year Grammy nomination ( to date , no other animated film soundtrack has been nominated in this category ) . The pop version of the title track `` Beauty and the Beast '' also received Grammy nominations for Record of the Year and Song of the Year . In total , the soundtrack won 3 Grammys for Best Pop Duo / Group Performance ( Celine Dion & Peabo Bryson , Best Pop Instrumental Performance ( Richard Kauffman ) , and Best Song Written for a Motion Picture ( Alan Menken ) . Track listing ( edit ) In the movie track eight comes after track nine . All music composed by Alan Menken with lyrics by Howard Ashman . All scores composed and produced by Menken . All songs produced by Menken and Ashman except track 15 produced by Walter Afanasieff . No . Title Recording artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` Prologue '' ( Score ) David Ogden Stiers ( speaking ) 2 : 26 2 . `` Belle '' ( ) Jesse Corti , Paige O'Hara , Richard White , Chorus 5 : 09 3 . `` Belle '' ( Reprise ) O'Hara 1 : 05 4 . `` Gaston '' Corti , White , Chorus 3 : 40 5 . `` Gaston '' ( Reprise ) Corti , White , Chorus 2 : 04 6 . `` Be Our Guest '' ( ) Angela Lansbury , Jerry Orbach , Chorus 3 : 44 7 . `` Something There '' Lansbury , Stiers , Orbach , O'Hara , Robby Benson 2 : 19 8 . `` The Mob Song '' Lansbury ( speaking ) Stiers ( speaking ) Orbach ( speaking ) Kimmy Robertson ( speaking ) O'Hara ( speaking ) Rex Everhart ( speaking ) White Benson ( speaking ) Chorus 3 : 30 9 . `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( ) Lansbury 2 : 46 10 . `` To the Fair '' ( Score ) 1 : 58 11 . `` West Wing '' ( Score ) 3 : 42 12 . `` The Beast Lets Belle Go '' ( Score ) 2 : 22 13 . `` Battle on the Tower '' ( Score ) 5 : 29 14 . `` Transformation '' ( Score ) 5 : 47 15 . `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( Duet ) ( ) Céline Dion & Peabo Bryson 5 : 30 Total length : 50 : 12 ( show ) 2010 Bonus Track No . Title Recording artist ( s ) Length 16 . `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( ) Jordin Sparks 3 : 14 Total length : 53 : 26 ( show ) 2001 Special Edition No . Title Recording artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` Prologue '' ( Score ) 2 : 26 2 . `` Belle '' Corti , O'Hara , White , Chorus 5 : 09 3 . `` Belle '' ( Reprise ) O'Hara 1 : 05 4 . `` Gaston '' Corti , White , Chorus 3 : 40 5 . `` Gaston '' ( Reprise ) Corti , White , Chorus 2 : 04 6 . `` Be Our Guest '' Lansbury , Orbach , Chorus 3 : 44 7 . `` Something There '' Lansbury , Stiers , Orbach , O'Hara , Benson 2 : 19 8 . `` Human Again '' ( Previously Unreleased ) ( ) Lansbury , Stiers , Orbach , O'Hara , Benson , Jo Anne Worley , Chorus 4 : 54 9 . `` The Mob Song '' Lansbury ( speaking ) Stiers ( speaking ) Orbach ( speaking ) Robertson ( speaking ) O'Hara ( speaking ) Everhart ( speaking ) White Benson ( speaking ) Chorus 3 : 30 10 . `` Beauty and the Beast '' Lansbury 2 : 46 11 . `` To the Fair '' ( Score ) 1 : 58 12 . `` West Wing '' ( Score ) 3 : 42 13 . `` The Beast Lets Belle Go '' ( Score ) 2 : 22 14 . `` Battle on the Tower '' ( Score ) 5 : 29 15 . `` Transformation '' ( Score ) 5 : 47 16 . `` Be Our Guest '' ( Demo ) ( Previously Unreleased ) Ashman 3 : 29 17 . `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( Work Tape & Demo ) ( Previously Unreleased ) Menken & Ashman 3 : 58 18 . `` Beauty and the Beast '' Dion & Bryson 5 : 30 19 . `` Death of the Beast '' ( Score ) ( Early Version ) ( ) 1 : 29 Total length : 1 : 04 : 43 Notes ( edit ) A ^ Nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song . B ^ Won an Academy Award for Best Original Song . C ^ Produced by Robert Buchanan . D ^ New song integrated into the film for the 2001 Special Edition IMAX re-issue and 2001 DVD release . E ^ Integrated into the film 's end credits for the 2001 Special Edition IMAX re-issue and 2001 DVD release . On initial pressings of the original release of the soundtrack , this cue replaced the version used in the film up until the moment when the transformation begins . Eventually the album was re-pressed with the film version of the cue and has been presented in its proper film version on the 2001 and 2010 reissues . Unreleased songs and score ( edit ) Prologue ( without narration ) ( This cue was included on the `` Music Behind the Magic '' CD set , but was n't included on any of the commercial albums ) ( 2 : 32 ) Belle ( Instrumental ) ( 5 : 04 ) Gaston Stops Belle ( 0 : 56 ) The Spooky Forest / Wolf Attack ( This cue was partially released on the `` Music Behind the Magic '' CD set , but was n't included on any of the commercial albums ) ( 2 : 38 ) A Guest in the Castle ( 3 : 04 ) Gaston Proposes to Belle ( 1 : 33 ) Belle Reprise ( Instrumental ) ( 1 : 00 ) Belle Goes in Search of Maurice / Take Me Instead ( 3 : 50 ) Belle 's New Home ( This cue was partially released on the tape cassette and original CD releases , but does n't appear on the Special Edition album ) ( 1 : 49 ) Gaston ( Instrumental ) ( 3 : 36 ) Gaston Reprise ( Instrumental ) ( 1 : 52 ) Belle Meets the Servants ( 1 : 23 ) An Invitation to Dinner / Nothing But a Monster ( 3 : 03 ) The Wandering Guest ( 0 : 41 ) Music ? ! / Be Our Guest ( Instrumental ) ( 3 : 43 ) Tour of the Castle ( 2 : 14 ) Helping the Beast ( 0 : 25 ) Belle Tends to the Beast 's Wounds / Gaston 's Plot / Maurice Goes For Belle ( 2 : 00 ) Something Special for Belle ( 2 : 03 ) Breakfast with the Beast / `` There 's Something There '' ( Instrumental ) ( 2 : 40 ) Cleaning the Castle ( 0 : 35 ) `` Human Again '' ( Instrumental ) ( 4 : 40 ) Grooming the Beast ( 1 : 00 ) Beauty and the Beast ( Instrumental ) ( 2 : 42 ) Belle Leaves / Finding Maurice / A Stow - a-way ( 1 : 39 ) Gaston 's Plan ( 1 : 45 ) `` The Mob Song '' ( Instrumental ) ( 3 : 26 ) Battle on the Tower ( Full Version ) ( 5 : 27 ) Transformation ( Film Version ) ( 5 : 46 ) Transformation ( Sans Disney Chorus ) ( 5 : 46 ) Total time of unreleased score material excluding song instrumentals : Approx. 33 minutes Total time of unreleased score material including song instrumentals : Approx. 1 hour See also ( edit ) The Music Behind the Magic Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 soundtrack ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sunderland , Mitchell . `` Beauty and the Plague '' . Vice . Vice . Retrieved 18 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Murray , Rebecca . `` Exclusive Interview with Alan Menken on ' Tangled ' '' . About.com . About.com . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Greenberger , Robert ( October 2 , 2010 ) . `` Alan Menken Revisits ' beauty & The Beast ' '' . Comic Mix . Comic Mix . Retrieved 18 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Beauty and the Beast Composer Alan Menken '' . Static Multimedia . Static Multimedia . October 4 , 2010 . Archived from the original on 21 September 2013 . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Blauvelt , Christian ( November 24 , 2010 ) . `` Alan Menken discusses ' Tangled ' and the past , present , and future of the animated musical '' . Entertainment Weekly . Entertainment Weekly Inc . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Tan , Irving ( April 10 , 2011 ) . `` Disney Soundtracks - Beauty and the Beast '' . Sputnikmusic . IndieClick Music Network . Retrieved 18 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Carlos ( December 10 , 2010 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast '' . Celine Dion . Sony Music Entertainment Canada Inc . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kois , Dan ( November 24 , 2010 ) . `` Tangled Looks and Feels Great , So Why Is Disney Selling It Short ? '' . The Village Voice . Village Voice , LLC . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Dickey , Timothy . `` Alan Menken Beauty and the Beast , film score '' . AllMusic . All Media Network , LLC . Retrieved 18 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Rees , Jasper ( May 16 , 2010 ) . `` theartsdesk Q&A : Composer Alan Menken '' . The Arts Desk . The Arts Desk Ltd . Retrieved 18 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Young , John ( February 22 , 2012 ) . `` Oscars 1992 : Producer Don Hahn on how ' Beauty and the Beast ' changed animation '' . Entertainment Weekly . Entertainment Weekly Inc . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lammers , Tim ( October 5 , 2010 ) . `` Menken Still Enchanted By Beauty Of ' Beast ' '' . Internet Broadcasting . Internet Broadcasting . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Alan Menken , Howard Ashman -- Beauty And The Beast ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) ( Special Edition ) '' . Discogs . Discogs . Retrieved 18 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Robbie Buchanan '' . Allmusic . All Media Network , LLC . Retrieved 18 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Schwartz and Alan Menken Interview -- ENCHANTED '' . Collider . Collider.com . November 21 , 2007 . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Hogan , Ed . `` Walter Afanasieff '' . Allmusic . All Media Network , LLC . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Walter Afanasieff '' . Pop Tower . Pop Tower . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Motion Pictures '' . Walter Afanasieff . Walter Afanasieff . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Hobart , Tavia . `` Beauty and the Beast - Disney , Alan Menken '' . Allmusic . All Media Network , LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Schwarzbaum , Lisa ( January 12 , 2012 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast 3D ( 2012 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Entertainment Weekly Inc . Retrieved 18 September 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Films Animation Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Belle 's Tales of Friendship ( 1999 ) Live - action Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Adaptations Musical ( 1994 ) The Fire Rose ( novel ) 1995 Live on Stage ( 1991 ) Sing Me a Story with Belle ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Be Our Guest Restaurant ( 2012 ) Video games Beauty & The Beast : Belle 's Quest ( 1993 ) Beauty & The Beast : Roar of the Beast ( 1993 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; Super NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Print Kit ( 1994 ) Disney 's Beauty & The Beast : A Boardgame Adventure ( 1999 ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Magical Ballroom ( 2000 ) Music 1991 film soundtrack `` Belle '' `` Gaston '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Something There '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` The Mob Song '' 1994 musical soundtrack `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` Human Again '' `` A Change in Me '' 2017 film soundtrack `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Related The Music Behind the Magic Characters Belle Beast Gaston Gabrielle - Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve 's Beauty and the Beast Film La Belle et la Bête ( 1946 ) The Scarlet Flower ( 1952 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1962 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1976 ) Panna a netvor ( 1978 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1987 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) soundtrack Beauty and the Beast ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Beauty and the Beast ( or Blood of Beasts , 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2009 ) Beastly ( 2011 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2014 ) Little Miss Perfect ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) soundtrack Television Series Beauty and the Beast , ( 1987 ) Exile ( 2003 ) Beauty & the Beast ( 2012 ) episodes Brahmarakshas ( 2016 ) Episodes `` Reptar on Ice '' ( 1992 ) `` Skin Deep '' ( 2012 ) `` Her Handsome Hero '' ( 2016 ) Literature The Scarlet Flower ( 1858 ) Beauty : A Retelling of the Story of Beauty and the Beast ( 1978 ) Lord of Scoundrels ( 1995 ) Rose Daughter ( 1997 ) The Quantum Rose ( 2000 ) Beastly ( 2007 ) Fashion Beast ( 2012 ) Stage Zémire et Azor ( opera ) Beauty and the Beast Live on Stage ( stage ) Beauty and the Beast ( musical ) Songs `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1983 ) `` Election Day '' ( 1985 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1991 ) Other Disney Characters Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( video game ) Beauty and the Beast ( Disney franchise ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beauty_and_the_Beast_(1991_soundtrack)&oldid=797047488 '' Categories : 1991 soundtracks Albums with cover art by Drew Struzan Disney animation soundtracks Walt Disney Records soundtracks Soundtracks produced by Alan Menken Hidden categories : Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Track listings with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 Italiano Norsk Português Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2017 , at 16 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote the music and lyrics for beauty and the beast | [
"Beauty and the Beast: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the official soundtrack album to the 1991 Disney animated feature film, Beauty and the Beast. Originally released on October 29, 1991, by Walt Disney Records, the album's first half – tracks 2 to 9 – generally contains the film's musical numbers, all of which were written by composer Alan Menken and lyricist Howard Ashman, while its latter half – tracks 10 to 14 – features its musical score, composed solely by Menken. While the majority of the album's content remains within the musical theatre genre, its songs have also been influenced by French, classical, pop and Broadway music. Credited to Various Artists, Beauty and the Beast: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack features performances by the film's main cast – Paige O'Hara, Richard White, Jesse Corti, Jerry Orbach, Angela Lansbury and Robby Benson – in order of appearance. Additionally, the album features recording artists Celine Dion and Peabo Bryson, who perform a pop rendition of the film's title and theme song, \"Beauty and the Beast\", which simultaneously serves as the soundtrack's only single.",
"Beauty and the Beast: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the official soundtrack album to the 1991 Disney animated feature film, Beauty and the Beast. Originally released on October 29, 1991, by Walt Disney Records, the album's first half – tracks 2 to 9 – generally contains the film's musical numbers, all of which were written by composer Alan Menken and lyricist Howard Ashman, while its latter half – tracks 10 to 14 – features its musical score, composed solely by Menken. While the majority of the album's content remains within the musical theatre genre, its songs have also been influenced by French, classical, pop and Broadway music. Credited to Various Artists, Beauty and the Beast: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack features performances by the film's main cast – Paige O'Hara, Richard White, Jesse Corti, Jerry Orbach, Angela Lansbury and Robby Benson – in order of appearance. Additionally, the album features recording artists Celine Dion and Peabo Bryson, who perform a pop rendition of the film's title and theme song, \"Beauty and the Beast\", which simultaneously serves as the soundtrack's only single."
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"Alan Menken",
"Howard Ashman"
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2692366406839891283 | Genetic diversity | Genetic diversity - wikipedia Genetic diversity Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on Evolutionary biology Diagrammatic representation of the divergence of modern taxonomic groups from their common ancestor Key topics ( show ) Introduction to evolution Common descent Evidence of common descent Processes and outcomes ( show ) Population genetics Variation Diversity Mutation Natural selection Adaptation Polymorphism Genetic drift Gene flow Speciation Adaptive radiation Co-operation Coevolution Divergence Convergence Parallel evolution Extinction Natural history ( show ) Origin of life History of life Timeline of evolution Human evolution Phylogeny Biodiversity Biogeography Classification Evolutionary taxonomy Cladistics Transitional fossil Extinction event History of evolutionary theory ( show ) Overview Renaissance Before Darwin Darwin Origin of Species Before synthesis Modern synthesis Molecular evolution Evo - devo Current research History of paleontology ( timeline ) Fields and applications ( show ) Applications of evolution Biosocial criminology Ecological genetics Evolutionary aesthetics Evolutionary anthropology Evolutionary computation Evolutionary ecology Evolutionary economics Evolutionary epistemology Evolutionary ethics Evolutionary game theory Evolutionary linguistics Evolutionary medicine Evolutionary neuroscience Evolutionary physiology Evolutionary psychology Experimental evolution Phylogenetics Paleontology Selective breeding Sociobiology Systematics Universal Darwinism Social implications ( show ) Evolution as fact and theory Social effects Creation -- evolution controversy Objections to evolution Level of support Evolutionary biology portal Book Related topics Genetic diversity is the total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species . It is distinguished from genetic variability , which describes the tendency of genetic characteristics to vary . Genetic diversity serves as a way for populations to adapt to changing environments . With more variation , it is more likely that some individuals in a population will possess variations of alleles that are suited for the environment . Those individuals are more likely to survive to produce offspring bearing that allele . The population will continue for more generations because of the success of these individuals . The academic field of population genetics includes several hypotheses and theories regarding genetic diversity . The neutral theory of evolution proposes that diversity is the result of the accumulation of neutral substitutions . Diversifying selection is the hypothesis that two subpopulations of a species live in different environments that select for different alleles at a particular locus . This may occur , for instance , if a species has a large range relative to the mobility of individuals within it . Frequency - dependent selection is the hypothesis that as alleles become more common , they become more vulnerable . This occurs in host -- pathogen interactions , where a high frequency of a defensive allele among the host means that it is more likely that a pathogen will spread if it is able to overcome that allele . Contents ( hide ) 1 Importance 2 Survival and adaptation 3 Agricultural relevance 4 Livestock biodiversity 5 Coping with low genetic diversity 6 Measures 7 Other measures of diversity 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Importance ( edit ) A 2007 study conducted by the National Science Foundation found that genetic diversity and biodiversity ( in terms of species diversity ) are dependent upon each other -- that diversity within a species is necessary to maintain diversity among species , and vice versa . According to the lead researcher in the study , Dr. Richard Lankau , `` If any one type is removed from the system , the cycle can break down , and the community becomes dominated by a single species . '' Genotypic and phenotypic diversity have been found in all species at the protein , DNA , and organismal levels ; in nature , this diversity is nonrandom , heavily structured , and correlated with environmental variation and stress . The interdependence between genetic and species diversity is delicate . Changes in species diversity lead to changes in the environment , leading to adaptation of the remaining species . Changes in genetic diversity , such as in loss of species , leads to a loss of biological diversity . Loss of genetic diversity in domestic animal populations has also been studied and attributed to the extension of markets and economic globalization . The importance of genetic diversity is two-fold . First , increased genetic diversity is directly attributed to the adaptive ability of a species , and second , a populations fitness is closely related to its heterozygosity - a common measure of genetic diversity . The best way to illustrate the importance of genetic diversity is to highlight what happens when there is a lack of genetic diversity . Commonly associated with a loss of genetic diversity , is inbreeding , which causes a decrease in the reproductive fitness of a population because of a decrease in its heterozygosity from repeated matings through closely related individuals or selfing . Inbreeding may lead to inbreeding depression when heterozygosity is minimized to the point where deleterious alleles that reduce fitness become more prevalent . Inbreeding depression is a trend in many plants and animals with small populations sizes and increases their risk of extinction . Survival and adaptation ( edit ) Genetic diversity plays an important role in the survival and adaptability of a species . When a population 's habitat changes , the population may have to adapt to survive ; the ability of the population to adapt to the changing environment will determine their ability to cope with an environmental challenge . Variation in the populations gene pool allows natural selection to act upon traits that allow the population to adapt to changing environments . The more genetic diversity a population has , the more likelihood the population will be able to adapt . Genetic diversity is essential for a species to evolve . With very little genetic diversity within the species , healthy reproduction becomes increasingly difficult , and offspring are more likely to have problems resulting from inbreeding . The vulnerability of a population to certain types of diseases can also increase with reduction in genetic diversity . Concerns about genetic diversity are especially important with large mammals due to their small population size and high levels of human - caused population effects . Agricultural relevance ( edit ) When humans initially started farming , they used selective breeding to pass on desirable traits of the crops while omitting the undesirable ones . Selective breeding leads to monocultures : entire farms of nearly genetically identical plants . Little to no genetic diversity makes crops extremely susceptible to widespread disease ; bacteria morph and change constantly and when a disease - causing bacterium changes to attack a specific genetic variation , it can easily wipe out vast quantities of the species . If the genetic variation that the bacterium is best at attacking happens to be that which humans have selectively bred to use for harvest , the entire crop will be wiped out . A very similar occurrence is the cause of the infamous Potato Famine in Ireland . Since new potato plants do not come as a result of reproduction , but rather from pieces of the parent plant , no genetic diversity is developed , and the entire crop is essentially a clone of one potato , it is especially susceptible to an epidemic . In the 1840s , much of Ireland 's population depended on potatoes for food . They planted namely the `` lumper '' variety of potato , which was susceptible to a rot - causing oomycete called Phytophthora infestans . This oomycete destroyed the vast majority of the potato crop , and left one million people to starve to death . Genetic diversity in agriculture does not only relate to disease , but also herbivores . Similarly , to the above example , monoculture agriculture selects for traits that are uniform throughout the plot . If this genotype is susceptible to certain herbivores , this could result in the loss of a large portion of the crop . One way farmers get around this is through inter-cropping . By planting rows of unrelated , or genetically distinct crops as barriers between herbivores and their preferred host plant , the farmer effectively reduces the ability of the herbivore to spread throughout the entire plot . Livestock biodiversity ( edit ) The genetic diversity of livestock species allows animal production to be practiced in a range of environments and with a range of different objectives . It provides the raw material for selective breeding programmes and allows livestock populations to adapt as environmental conditions change . Livestock biodiversity can be lost as a result of breed extinctions and other forms of genetic erosion . As of June 2014 , among the 8 774 breeds recorded in the Domestic Animal Diversity Information System ( DAD - IS ) , operated by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ( FAO ) , 17 percent were classified as being at risk of extinction and 7 percent already extinct . There is now a Global Plan of Action for Animal Genetic Resources that was developed under the auspices of the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture in 2007 , that provides a framework and guidelines for the management of animal genetic resources . Awareness of the importance of maintaining animal genetic resources has increased over time . FAO has published two reports on the state of the world 's animal genetic resources for food and agriculture , which cover detailed analyses of our global livestock diversity and ability to manage and conserve them . Coping with low genetic diversity ( edit ) Photomontage of planktonic organisms . A Tanzanian cheetah . The natural world has several ways of preserving or increasing genetic diversity . Among oceanic plankton , viruses aid in the genetic shifting process . Ocean viruses , which infect the plankton , carry genes of other organisms in addition to their own . When a virus containing the genes of one cell infects another , the genetic makeup of the latter changes . This constant shift of genetic makeup helps to maintain a healthy population of plankton despite complex and unpredictable environmental changes . Cheetahs are a threatened species . Low genetic diversity and resulting poor sperm quality has made breeding and survivorship difficult for cheetahs . Moreover , only about 5 % of cheetahs survive to adulthood . However , it has been recently discovered that female cheetahs can mate with more than one male per litter of cubs . They undergo induced ovulation , which means that a new egg is produced every time a female mates . By mating with multiple males , the mother increases the genetic diversity within a single litter of cubs . Measures ( edit ) Genetic diversity of a population can be assessed by some simple measures . Gene diversity is the proportion of polymorphic loci across the genome . Heterozygosity is the fraction of individuals in a population that are heterozygous for a particular locus . Alleles per locus is also used to demonstrate variability . Nucleotide diversity is the extent of nucleotide polymorphisms within a population , and is commonly measured through molecular markers such as micro - and minisatellite sequences , mitochondrial DNA , and single - nucleotide polymorphisms ( SNPs ) . Other measures of diversity ( edit ) Alternatively , other types of diversity may be assessed for organisms : species diversity ecological diversity morphological diversity degeneracy There are broad correlations between different types of diversity . For example , there is a close link between vertebrate taxonomic and ecological diversity . See also ( edit ) Evolutionary biology portal Center of diversity Genetic variability Genetic variation Human genetic variation Human Variome Project International HapMap Project References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` National Biological Information Infrastructure '' . Introduction to Genetic Diversity . U.S. Geological Survey . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2011 . Retrieved March 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Study : Loss Of Genetic Diversity Threatens Species Diversity Jump up ^ Nevo , Eviatar ( May 2001 ) . `` Evolution of Genome - Phenome Diversity under Environmental Stress '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 98 ( 11 ) : 6233 -- 6240 . JSTOR 3055788 . PMC 33451 . PMID 11371642 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 101109298 . Jump up ^ Groom , M.J. , Meffe , G.K. and Carroll , C.R. ( 2006 ) Principles of Conservation Biology ( 3rd ed . ) . Sunderland , MA : Sinauer Associates . Website with additional information : http://www.sinauer.com/groom/ Jump up ^ Tisdell , C. ( 2003 ) . `` Socioeconomic causes of loss of animal genetic diversity : analysis and assessment '' . Ecological Economics . 45 ( 3 ) : 365 -- 376 . doi : 10.1016 / S0921 - 8009 ( 03 ) 00091 - 0 . Jump up ^ Reed , David H. , and Richard Frankham . `` Correlation between fitness and genetic diversity . '' Conservation biology 17.1 ( 2003 ) : 230 - 237 . Jump up ^ Frankham , Richard , David A. Briscoe , and Jonathan D. Ballou . Introduction to conservation genetics . Cambridge university press , 2002 . Jump up ^ Charlesworth , D. , and B. Charlesworth . `` Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences . '' Annual review of ecology and systematics 18.1 ( 1987 ) : 237 - 268 . Jump up ^ Newman , Dara , and Diana Pilson . `` Increased probability of extinction due to decreased genetic effective population size : experimental populations of Clarkia pulchella . '' Evolution ( 1997 ) : 354 - 362 . Jump up ^ Saccheri , Ilik , et al. `` Inbreeding and extinction in a butterfly metapopulation . '' Nature 392.6675 ( 1998 ) : 491 . Jump up ^ Byers , D.L. , and D.M. Waller . `` Do plant populations purge their genetic load ? Effects of population size and mating history on inbreeding depression . '' Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 30.1 ( 1999 ) : 479 - 513 . Jump up ^ Ellstrand , Norman C. , and Diane R. Elam . `` Population genetic consequences of small population size : implications for plant conservation . '' Annual review of Ecology and Systematics 24.1 ( 1993 ) : 217 - 242 . Jump up ^ Frankham , Richard ( November 2005 ) . `` Genetics and Extinction '' . Biological Conservation. 126 ( 2 ) : 131 -- 140 . doi : 10.1016 / j. biocon. 2005.05. 002 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 24 . The rate of evolutionary change ( R ) is determined primarily by the quantitative genetic variation Jump up ^ Pullin , Andrew S. ( 2002 ) . Conservation biology ( 1st publ . ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521644822 . Jump up ^ `` Genetic Diversity . '' National Biological Information Infrastructure . NBII. 16 Mar. 2008 www.nbii.gov Jump up ^ Paetkau , David ; Waits , Lisette P. ; Clarkson , Peter L. ; Craighead , Lance ; Vyse , Ernie ; Ward , Ryk ; Strobeck , Curtis ( 2008 ) . `` Variation in Genetic Diversity across the Range of North American Brown Bears '' . Conservation Biology . 12 ( 2 ) : 418 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1523 - 1739.1998. 96457. x . Jump up ^ `` Introduction to Genetic Diversity . '' Cheetah Conservation Fund . 2002 . 19 Mar. 2008 www.cheetah.org Jump up ^ `` Monoculture and the Irish Potato Famine : cases of missing genetic variation '' . University of California Museum of Paleontology , Berkeley , California . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Matson , Pamela A. , et al. `` Agricultural intensification and ecosystem properties . '' Science 277.5325 ( 1997 ) : 504 - 509 . Jump up ^ Andow , David A. `` Vegetational diversity and arthropod population response . '' Annual review of entomology 36.1 ( 1991 ) : 561 - 586 . Jump up ^ Vandermeer , John H. The ecology of intercropping . Cambridge University Press , 1992 . Jump up ^ Risch , Stephen . `` The population dynamics of several herbivorous beetles in a tropical agroecosystem : the effect of intercropping corn , beans and squash in Costa Rica . '' Journal of Applied Ecology ( 1980 ) : 593 - 611 . Jump up ^ TONHASCA , ATHAYDE , and David N. Byrne . `` The effects of crop diversification on herbivorous insects : a meta ‐ analysis approach . '' Ecological Entomology 19.3 ( 1994 ) : 239 - 244 . Jump up ^ FAO. 2015 . The Second Report on the State of the World 's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture . Rome . Jump up ^ FAO. ( 2015 ) . The Second Report on the State of the World 's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture . Rome . Jump up ^ `` Scientists Discover Interplay Between Genes and Viruses in Tiny Ocean Plankton '' . National Science Foundation . March 23 , 2006 . Retrieved December 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Stephens , Tim . `` Currents . '' University of California , Santa Cruz . 10 Aug. 1998 . University of California . 19 Mar. 2008 www.ucsc.edu Jump up ^ Fildes , Jonathan ( May 29 , 2007 ) . `` Cheating cheetahs caught by DNA '' . BBC News . Retrieved December 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kawabe , K. ; Worawut , R. ; Taura , S. ; Shimogiri , T. ; Nishida , T. ; Okamoto , S. ( 2014 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Genetic Diversity of mtDNA D - loop Polymorphisms in Laotian Native Fowl Populations '' . Asian - Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences . 27 ( 1 ) : 19 -- 23 . ISSN 1011 - 2367 . PMC 4093284 . PMID 25049921 . doi : 10.5713 / ajas. 2013.13443 . Jump up ^ Sahney , S. ; Benton , M.J. & Ferry , P.A. ( 2010 ) . `` Links between global taxonomic diversity , ecological diversity and the expansion of vertebrates on land '' . Biology Letters. 6 ( 4 ) : 544 -- 547 . PMC 2936204 . PMID 20106856 . doi : 10.1098 / rsbl. 2009.1024 . External links ( edit ) Implementing the Global Plan of Action on Animal Genetic Resources Domestic Animal Diversity Information System Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture ( hide ) Genetics Introduction Outline History Index Key components Chromosome DNA RNA Nucleotide Genome Fields Classical Conservation Ecological Immunogenetics Molecular Population Quantitative Archaeogenetics of the Americas the British Isles Europe Italy the Near East South Asia Related topics Behavioural genetics Epigenetics Geneticist Genomics Genetic code Medical genetics Molecular evolution Reverse genetics Genetic engineering Genetic diversity Heredity Genetic monitoring Genetic genealogy List of genetics research organizations Genetics NDL : 01193213 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Genetic_diversity&oldid=807400810 '' Categories : Biodiversity Population genetics Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Dansk Eesti Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 18 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the total number of genetic characteristics of a specific biological population is called | [
"Genetic diversity is the total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species. It is distinguished from genetic variability, which describes the tendency of genetic characteristics to vary."
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"Genetic diversity"
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-9078680060240683904 | Creature from the Black Lagoon | Creature from the Black Lagoon - wikipedia Creature from the Black Lagoon This article is about the film . For the eponymous character , see Gill - man . For the pinball machine , see Creature from the Black Lagoon ( pinball ) . For the manga , see Black Lagoon . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( February 2018 ) Creature from the Black Lagoon Theatrical release poster by Reynold Brown Directed by Jack Arnold Produced by William Alland Screenplay by Harry Essex Arthur A. Ross Story by Maurice Zimm Starring Richard Carlson Julia Adams Richard Denning Antonio Moreno Music by Henry Mancini Hans J. Salter Herman Stein Cinematography William E. Snyder Edited by Ted J. Kent Production company Universal Pictures Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date February 12 , 1954 ( 1954 - 02 - 12 ) ( premiere ) March 5 , 1954 ( 1954 - 03 - 05 ) ( et al. , regional openings ) Running time 79 minutes Country United States Language English Budget unknown Box office $1,300,000 Creature from the Black Lagoon is a 1954 American black - and - white 3D monster horror film from Universal - International , produced by William Alland , directed by Jack Arnold , that stars Richard Carlson , Julia Adams , Richard Denning , Antonio Moreno and Whit Bissell . The Creature was played by Ben Chapman on land and by Ricou Browning underwater . The film premiered in Detroit on February 12 and was released on a regional basis , opening on various dates . Creature from the Black Lagoon was filmed in 3D and originally projected by the polarized light method . The audience wore viewers with gray polarizing filters , similar to the viewers most commonly used today . Because the brief 1950s 3D film fad had peaked in mid-1953 and was fading fast in early 1954 , many audiences actually saw the film `` flat '' , in 2D . Typically , the film was shown in 3D in large downtown theaters and flat in smaller neighborhood theaters . In 1975 Creature from the Black Lagoon was re-released to theaters in the inferior red - and - blue - glasses anaglyph 3D format , which was also used for a 1980 home video release on Beta and VHS videocassettes . For marketing reasons , a comedic short TV special was aired prior to the film 's release titled Abbott and Costello Meet the Creature from the Black Lagoon . Ben Chapman reprised his role as the Gill - Man for the program . Creature from the Black Lagoon generated two sequels : Revenge of the Creature ( 1955 ) , which was also filmed and released in 3D in hopes of reviving the format , and The Creature Walks Among Us ( 1956 ) , filmed in 2D . The creature , also known as the Gill - man , is usually counted among the classic Universal Monsters . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Critical reception 5 Home media 6 In other media 6.1 Novelization 7 Reboots and remakes 7.1 Successful sequels 7.2 Cancelled remakes 7.3 Reboot 7.4 Legacy 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Notes 9.2 Citations 9.3 Bibliography 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Autographed Julie Adams still featuring the Creature menacing Kay . A geology expedition in the Amazon uncovers fossilized evidence ( a skeletal hand with webbed fingers ) from the Devonian period that provides a direct link between land and sea animals . Expedition leader Dr. Carl Maia ( Antonio Moreno ) orders his two assistants to stay in camp while he visits the marine biology institute . Maia reunites with his friend and former student , ichthyologist Dr. David Reed ( Richard Carlson ) . Dr. Reed works at an aquarium in California , but more recently he has been a guest at Maia 's institute in Brazil to study lungfish . Reed persuades his boss , the financially minded Dr. Mark Williams ( Richard Denning ) , to fund a return expedition to the Amazon to look for the remainder of the skeleton . Soon after Dr. Maia leaves camp , a piscine amphibious humanoid , a living member of the same species from which the fossil originated , becomes curious about the expedition 's camp . When its sudden appearance frightens the assistants , they panic and attack , and in response the enraged creature kills them both . The group goes aboard the tramp steamer Rita , captained by crusty Lucas ( Nestor Paiva ) . The expedition consists of David , Carl , Mark , as well as Reed 's girlfriend and colleague , Kay Lawrence ( Julie Adams ) , and another scientist , Dr. Edwin Thompson ( Whit Bissell ) . When they arrive at the camp , they discover Maia 's assistants have been killed while he was away . Lucas suggests it was likely done by a jaguar , but the others are unsure . A further excavation of the area where Carl found the fossil turns up nothing . Mark is ready to give up the search , but David suggests that perhaps thousands of years ago the part of the embankment containing the rest of the skeleton fell into the water and was washed downriver , broken up by the current . Carl says the tributary empties into a lagoon . Lucas calls it the `` Black Lagoon '' , a paradise from which no one has ever returned . The scientists decide to risk it , unaware that the amphibious `` Gill - man '' that killed Carl 's assistants has been watching them . Taking notice of the beautiful Kay , the creature follows the Rita all the way downriver to the Black Lagoon . Once the expedition arrives , David and Mark go diving to collect rock samples from the lagoon floor . After they return , Kay goes swimming and is stalked underwater by the Gill - man , who then gets briefly caught in one of the ship 's drag lines . Although it escapes , the creature leaves a claw behind in the net , revealing its existence . Subsequent encounters with the Gill - man claim the lives of Lucas 's crew members , before the creature is captured and locked in a cage aboard the Rita . It escapes during the night , attacking Thompson , who was guarding it . Kay smashes the creature with a lantern , driving it off , but Thompson is severely injured . Following this incident , David decides they should return to civilization . Mark , obsessed with capturing ( or killing ) the creature , objects . As the Rita tries to leave , they find the lagoon 's entrance blocked by fallen logs , courtesy of the Gill - man . While the others attempt to remove the logs , Mark is mauled to death while trying to capture the creature single - handedly , underwater . It then abducts Kay and takes her to its cavern lair . David , Lucas and Carl give chase , and Kay is rescued . The creature is riddled with bullets before retreating to the lagoon , where its body sinks into the watery depths . Cast ( edit ) Ricou Browning played the `` Gill Man '' in the underwater scenes of Creature from the Black Lagoon ( 1954 ) , Revenge of the Creature ( 1955 ) , and The Creature Walks Among Us ( 1956 ) . Richard Carlson as Dr. David Reed Julie Adams as Kay Lawrence Richard Denning as Dr. Mark Williams Antonio Moreno as Dr. Carl Maia Nestor Paiva as Captain Lucas Whit Bissell as Dr. Edwin Thompson Bernie Gozier as Zee Henry A. Escalante as Chico Perry Lopez as Tomas Rodd Redwing as Luis Sydney Mason as Dr. Matos Ben Chapman as Gill - man ( land ) Ricou Browning as Gill - man ( underwater ) Production ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2017 ) Ginger Stanley did underwater stunts in the first two films . Producer William Alland was attending a 1941 dinner party during the filming of Citizen Kane ( in which he played the reporter Thompson ) when Mexican cinematographer Gabriel Figueroa told him about the myth of a race of half - fish , half - human creatures in the Amazon River . Alland wrote story notes titled `` The Sea Monster '' 10 years later . His inspiration was Beauty and the Beast . In December 1952 , Maurice Zimm expanded this into a treatment , which Harry Essex and Arthur Ross rewrote as The Black Lagoon . Following the success of the 3D film House of Wax in 1953 , Jack Arnold was hired to direct the film in the same format . The designer of the approved Gill - man was Disney animator Milicent Patrick , though her role was deliberately downplayed by make - up artist Bud Westmore , who for half a century would receive sole credit for the creature 's conception . Jack Kevan , who worked on The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) and made prosthetics for amputees during World War II , created the bodysuit , while Chris Mueller Jr. sculpted the head . Ben Chapman portrayed the Gill - man for the majority of the scenes shot at Universal City , California . Many of the on - top of the water scenes were filmed at Rice Creek near Palatka , Florida . The costume made it impossible for Chapman to sit for the 14 hours of each day that he wore it , and it overheated easily , so he stayed in the back lot 's lake , often requesting to be hosed down . He also could not see very well while wearing the headpiece , which caused him to scrape Julie Adams ' head against the wall when carrying her in the grotto scenes . Ricou Browning played the Gill - Man in the underwater shots , which were filmed by the second unit in Wakulla Springs , Florida . Critical reception ( edit ) Creature from the Black Lagoon received positive reviews from critics upon its release and is now considered a classic . Leonard Maltin awarded the film three out of a possible four stars , writing , `` Archetypal ' 50s monster movie has been copied so often that some of the edge is gone , but ... is still entertaining , with juicy atmosphere and luminous underwater photography sequences . '' Film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports an approval rating of 84 % , based on 32 reviews , with an overall rating average of 6.9 / 10 . The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2001 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills -- Nominated 2003 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains : Gill - man -- Nominated Villain Home media ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1980 , Universal released Creature from the Black Lagoon on video cassette in an anaglyph 3D version , using the Deep Vision anaglyph 3D release as its source . Subsequent releases on VHS , Beta and DVD were the 2D version . On October 2 , 2012 , Universal Studios Home Entertainment released the film on Blu - ray as a 2D / Blu - ray 3D dual format disc as part of the `` Universal Classic Monsters : The Essential Collection '' box set . On June 4 , 2013 , the Creature from the Black Lagoon Blu - ray disc was released as a stand - alone title . In other media ( edit ) Novelization ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Creature from the Black Lagoon was novelized in 1954 by John Russell Fearn under the pseudonym of `` Vargo Statten '' , then later , in 1977 , in mass market paperback under the pseudonym of `` Carl Dreadstone '' . This was part of a short - lived series of books based on the classic Universal horror films . The 1977 book was introduced by Ramsey Campbell , but was written by Walter Harris . The 1977 novel offers a completely different Gill - man , who in this version of the story is gigantic , almost as big as the Rita herself , weighing in at 30 tons . It is both coldblooded and warmblooded , is a hermaphrodite , and also possesses a long whip - like tail . The gigantic creature is dubbed `` AA '' , for `` Advanced Amphibian '' , by the expedition team members . After slaying most of the team members , destroying a Sikorsky helicopter , and kidnapping Kay more than once , the creature is killed by the crew of a United States Navy torpedo boat . The 1977 novel also differs greatly with respect to the human characters . Only David Reed and Kay Lawrence remain the same . Mark Williams is a German named `` Bruno Gebhardt '' and dies not as a result from drowning , but by the monster falling on him . Lucas is named `` Jose Goncalves Fonseca de Souza '' and is a mostly sympathetic character , until his suggestion of throwing the wounded and unconscious Reed to the monster makes an enraged Gebhardt / Williams throw `` him '' to the beast instead . Dr. Thompson and Dr. Maia both die grisly deaths , whereas in the movie they survive ; Maia is eaten by the monster , and Thompson is impaled on a long tree branch flung at him by the creature like a spear ( in an apparent nod to a deleted scene from Revenge of the Creature wherein the Gill - man killed a guard in this fashion ) . Reboots and remakes ( edit ) Main article : Cultural impact of Creature from the Black Lagoon Successful sequels ( edit ) Creature from the Black Lagoon spawned two sequels : Revenge of the Creature ( 1955 ) , which was also filmed and released in 3D in hopes of reviving the format , and The Creature Walks Among Us ( 1956 ) , filmed in 2D . A comedic short TV special was aired prior to the film 's release titled Abbott and Costello Meet the Creature from the Black Lagoon . Cancelled remakes ( edit ) This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( August 2016 ) In 1982 , John Landis wanted Jack Arnold to direct a remake of the film , and Nigel Kneale was commissioned to write the screenplay . Kneale completed the script , which involved a pair of creatures , one destructive and the other calm and sensitive , being persecuted by the United States Navy . A decision to make the film in 3D led to the remake being canceled by producers at Universal , both for budgetary concerns and to avoid a clash with Jaws 3 - D. In 1992 , John Carpenter was developing the remake at Universal . He originally hired Bill Phillips to write the script while Rick Baker was hired to create the 3D model of the Creature , but the project never got green - lit . Herschel Weingrod and Timothy Harris wrote a new script , and Universal offered Peter Jackson the director 's position in 1995 , but he chose to work on King Kong instead . In February 1996 , Ivan Reitman was planning to direct the remake , but the outing never materialized . With the financial success of The Mummy remake in May 1999 , development of the Creature from the Black Lagoon remake was revived . In December 2001 , Gary Ross signed on to write and produce the remake with his father , Arthur A. Ross , one of the original 's writers . He told The Hollywood Reporter , `` The story my father wrote embodies the clash between primitive men and civilized men , and that obviously makes it a fertile area for re-examination . '' In August 2002 , Guillermo del Toro , a fan of the original , was attached as director . He had hoped to do a story focused more on the Creature 's perspective and letting him have romantic success , which he would later turn into the 2017 film The Shape of Water , but Universal heads rejected this concept . Because of these creative clashes and his commitments to numerous other projects , Universal was forced to go without del Toro and hired Tedi Sarafian ( credited on Terminator 3 : Rise of the Machines ) to write a script in March 2003 . In October 2005 , Breck Eisner signed on as director . `` As a kid , I remember loving Jack Arnold 's original version of this film '' , he explained . `` What I really want to do is update an iconic image from the ' 50s and bring in more of the sci - fi sensibility of Alien or John Carpenter 's The Thing ( 1982 ) . '' Ross said in March 2007 the Gill - man 's origin would be reinvented , with him being the result of a pharmaceutical corporation polluting the Amazon . `` It 's about the rainforest being exploited for profit '' , he said . However , the production was delayed by the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike ; as a result , Eisner made The Crazies ( 2010 ) the number one on his priority list instead . His new goal was to finish filming The Crazies and then begin filming Creature from the Black Lagoon in Manaus , Brazil and on the Amazon River in Peru . Eisner was inspired to shoot on location by the film Fitzcarraldo , and the boat set had been built . Eisner continued to rewrite the script , which was to be a summer blockbuster full of `` action and excitement , but ( still ) scary '' . Eisner spent six months designing the new incarnation of the Gill - man with Mark McCreery ( Jurassic Park , and Davy Jones ' designer ) . The director said the design was `` very faithful to the original , but updated '' and that the Gill - man would still be sympathetic . In 2009 , it was reported that Carl Erik Rinsch might direct a 2010 remake that would be produced by Marc Abraham , Eric Newman and Gary Ross ; however , a project featuring this ensemble had been abandoned by 2011 . In March 2012 , Universal announced that a remake was in production , and would simply be titled The Black Lagoon rather than Creature from the Black Lagoon , in order to distinguish the two versions . In October 2012 , the studio hired Dave Kajganich to write the film . The film was expected to hit theaters by May 2014 , but was ultimately cancelled . Reboot ( edit ) Main article : Universal Monsters § Dark Universe Universal Pictures is developing a shared universe of rebooted modern - day versions of their classic Universal Monsters , with various films in different stages of development . The series begins with The Mummy ( 2017 ) and will continue with Bride of Frankenstein ( 2019 ) . The Creature from the Black Lagoon has a story written by Jeff Pinkner and a script written by Will Beall . In June 2017 , Kurtzman revealed that the Gill - man will be from the Amazon . But on November 8 , 2017 , Alex Kurtzman and Chris Morgan moved on to other projects , leaving the future of the Dark Universe in doubt . On January 15 , 2018 , it was reported by Omega Underground that the production team for the Bride of Frankenstein has reassembled and are now eyeing Gal Gadot for the lead role , so there is still hope for the Dark Universe and the other Universal reboots . Legacy ( edit ) The 2017 film The Shape of Water was partly inspired by Guillermo del Toro 's childhood memories of Creature from the Black Lagoon ; he wished to see Gill - man and the film 's co-star Julie Adams succeed in their romance . See also ( edit ) 1950s portal Florida portal Film in the United States portal Horror fiction portal References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Furmanek , Bob and Greg Kintz . `` An in - depth look at ' Creature from the Black Lagoon ' . '' 3dfilmarchive.com , 2012 . Retrieved : November 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Portrait of Ginger Stanley sitting on a diving board - Weeki Wachee Springs , Florida . '' State Archives of Florida . Retrieved : March 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Vieira 2003 , pp. 141 -- 143 . Jump up ^ Ferrari 2003 , p. 287 . Jump up ^ Maltin , Leonard . Leonard Maltin 's 2014 Movie Guide . Penguin Press . p. 298 . ISBN 9780451418104 . Jump up ^ `` Creature from the Black Lagoon ( 1954 ) - Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 22 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Murray 2005 , pp. 154 -- 156 . Jump up ^ Archerd , Army `` Olympics to cross finish line in style . '' Variety , July 19 , 1992 . ^ Jump up to : Archerd , Army . `` Hiller relieved that noms were n't leaked . '' Variety , February 12 , 1996 . Jump up ^ `` Recreating the Eighth Wonder . '' King Kong ( 3 - disc Deluxe Extended Edition DVD ) , 2006 . Jump up ^ Fleming . Michael . `` Kornberg reups at U . '' Variety , May 20 , 1999 . Jump up ^ Linder , Brian ( December 13 , 2001 ) . `` Back to the Black Lagoon '' . IGN . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Linder , Brian ( August 7 , 2002 ) . `` Del Toro to Uni 's Creature Redo '' . IGN . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2008 . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Del Toro Talks Black Lagoon Influence On `` Shape '' - Dark Horizons `` . darkhorizons.com . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Linder , Brian ( March 11 , 2003 ) . `` T3 Scribe Penning Creature '' . IGN . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Gabriel . `` U 's ' Creature ' meets maker . '' Variety , October 19 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Cieply , Michael . `` On screens soon , abused Earth gets its revenge . '' The New York Times , March 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rotten , Ryan . `` Exclusive : Eisner on Creature from the Black Lagoon Remake . '' Shock Till You Drop , May 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( December 14 , 2009 ) . `` Creature to Feature Rinsch ? '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Creature from the Black Lagoon ' Taps New Director for Revival . '' bloody-disgusting.com . Retrieved : March 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys . `` ' Creature From the Black Lagoon ' nabs a writer ( Exclusive ) . '' The Hollywood Reporter , October 12 , 2012 . Retrieved : March 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Where The Creature From The Black Lagoon Monster Comes From In Universal 's Dark Universe '' . Cinema Blend . June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Couch , Aaron ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` Universal 's `` Monsterverse '' in Peril as Top Producers Exit ( Exclusive ) `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Condon 's ' Bride of Frankenstein ' Assembles A Production Team - When Will It Shoot ? - Omega Underground '' . omegaunderground.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Iconic Horror Movie Scene That Inspired ' The Shape of Water ' -- Bloody Disgusting '' . bloody-disgusting.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Bibliography ( edit ) Ferrari , Andrea . Il Cinema Dei Mostri . Milan , Italy : Mondadori , 2003 . ISBN 88 - 435 - 9915 - 1 . Murray , Andy . Into the Unknown : The Fantastic Life of Nigel Kneale . Stockport , Cheshire , UK : Critical Vision , 2005 . ISBN 1 - 900486 - 50 - 4 . Vieira , Mark A. Hollywood Horror : From Gothic to Cosmic . New York : Harry N. Abrams , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 4535 - 5 . Warren , Bill . Keep Watching the Skies : American Science Fiction Films of the Fifties , 21st Century Edition . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company , 2009 , ( First edition 1982 ) . ISBN 0 - 89950 - 032 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Creature from the Black Lagoon . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Creature from the Black Lagoon Creature from the Black Lagoon on IMDb Creature from the Black Lagoon at the TCM Movie Database Creature from the Black Lagoon at AllMovie Creature from the Black Lagoon at Rotten Tomatoes The Reel Gill - man -- Official site of Ben Chapman , who played the Gill - man Gill - man Films Creature from the Black Lagoon ( 1954 ) Revenge of the Creature ( 1955 ) The Creature Walks Among Us ( 1956 ) Parodies Mad Monster Party ? ( 1967 ) Mad Mad Mad Monsters ( 1972 ) Saturday the 14th ( 1981 ) The Monster Squad ( 1987 ) Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 ) Other Legacy Creature from the Black Lagoon : The Musical Creature from the Black Lagoon ( pinball ) Monster Bash ( pinball ) Related The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) Films directed by Jack Arnold With These Hands ( 1950 ) Girls in the Night ( 1953 ) It Came from Outer Space ( 1953 ) The Glass Web ( 1953 ) Creature from the Black Lagoon ( 1954 ) The Man from Bitter Ridge ( 1955 ) Revenge of the Creature ( 1955 ) Tarantula ( 1955 ) Red Sundown ( 1956 ) Outside the Law ( 1956 ) The Incredible Shrinking Man ( 1957 ) The Tattered Dress ( 1957 ) Man in the Shadow ( 1957 ) The Lady Takes a Flyer ( 1958 ) High School Confidential ( 1958 ) The Space Children ( 1958 ) Monster on the Campus ( 1958 ) No Name on the Bullet ( 1959 ) The Mouse That Roared ( 1959 ) Bachelor in Paradise ( 1961 ) A Global Affair ( 1964 ) The Lively Set ( 1964 ) Hello Down There ( 1969 ) Black Eye ( 1974 ) Boss Nigger ( 1975 ) The Swiss Conspiracy ( 1976 ) The Wackiest Wagon Train in the West ( 1976 ) Marilyn : The Untold Story ( 1980 ) Universal Monsters Films Dracula Dracula ( English ) / ( Spanish ) ( 1931 ) Dracula 's Daughter ( 1936 ) Son of Dracula ( 1943 ) Remakes Dracula ( 1979 ) Dracula Untold ( 2014 ) Frankenstein Frankenstein ( 1931 ) Bride of Frankenstein ( 1935 ; character ) Son of Frankenstein ( 1939 ) The Ghost of Frankenstein ( 1942 ) Edgar Allan Poe Murders in the Rue Morgue ( 1932 ) The Black Cat ( 1934 ) The Raven ( 1935 ) The Black Cat ( 1941 ) The Mystery of Marie Roget ( 1942 ) Mummy ( Imhotep Kharis ) The Mummy ( 1932 ) The Mummy 's Hand ( 1940 ) The Mummy 's Tomb ( 1942 ) The Mummy 's Ghost The Mummy 's Curse ( 1944 ) Dark Universe The Mummy ( 2017 ) The Mummy The Mummy ( 1999 ) Returns ( 2001 ) Tomb of the Dragon Emperor ( 2008 ) Invisible Man The Invisible Man ( 1933 ) Returns The Invisible Woman ( 1940 ) Invisible Agent ( 1942 ) The Invisible Man 's Revenge ( 1944 ) Werewolves ( The Wolf Man ) Werewolf of London ( 1935 ) The Wolf Man ( 1941 ) She - Wolf of London ( 1946 ) The Wolfman ( 2010 ) Crossovers Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man ( 1943 ) House of Frankenstein ( 1944 ) House of Dracula ( 1945 ) Van Helsing ( 2004 ) Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein ( 1948 ) Killer , Boris Karloff ( 1949 ) Invisible Man ( 1951 ) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1953 ) Mummy ( 1955 ) Ape Woman Captive Wild Woman ( 1943 ) Jungle Woman ( 1944 ) The Jungle Captive ( 1945 ) Inner Sanctum Mysteries Calling Dr. Death ( 1943 ) Weird Woman Dead Man 's Eyes ( 1944 ) The Frozen Ghost Strange Confession Pillow of Death ( 1945 ) Gill - man Creature from the Black Lagoon ( 1954 ) Revenge of the Creature ( 1955 ) The Creature Walks Among Us ( 1956 ) Other films The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1923 ) The Cat and the Canary ( 1927 ) The Man Who Laughs ( 1928 ) The Last Warning The Last Performance ( 1929 ) The Cat Creeps La Voluntad del muerto ( 1930 ) The Old Dark House ( 1932 ) Secret of the Blue Room ( 1933 ) The Mystery of Edwin Drood ( 1935 ) The Invisible Ray ( 1936 ) Night Key ( 1937 ) The Phantom Creeps ( 1939 ) Phantom of the Opera The Phantom of the Opera ( 1925 ) Phantom of the Opera ( 1943 ) Tower of London ( 1939 ) Black Friday ( 1940 ) Man Made Monster Horror Island ( 1941 ) The Mad Doctor of Market Street The Strange Case of Doctor Rx Night Monster ( 1942 ) The Mad Ghoul ( 1943 ) The Climax ( 1944 ) The Spider Woman Strikes Back The Cat Creeps ( 1946 ) The Creeper House of Horrors ( 1946 ) The Brute Man ( 1946 ) The Strange Door ( 1951 ) The Black Castle ( 1952 ) It Came from Outer Space ( 1953 ) Tarantula Cult of the Cobra This Island Earth ( 1955 ) Curucu , Beast of the Amazon The Mole People ( 1956 ) The Incredible Shrinking Man The Deadly Mantis The Land Unknown The Monolith Monsters ( 1957 ) The Thing That Could n't Die Monster on the Campus ( 1958 ) Curse of the Undead ( 1959 ) The Leech Woman ( 1960 ) GND : 7546933 - 9 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Creature_from_the_Black_Lagoon&oldid=844530420 '' Categories : 1954 films English - language films 1950s 3D films 1950s monster movies 1950s science fiction horror films American films American monster movies American black - and - white films American science fiction horror films Brazil in fiction Films scored by Henry Mancini Films directed by Jack Arnold Films set in Brazil Films set in South America Films shot in Jacksonville , Florida Horror adventure films History of Silver Springs , Florida Universal Monsters film series Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2011 Articles needing additional references from October 2016 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from February 2018 All articles needing rewrite All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Articles to be expanded from December 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles needing additional references from December 2017 Articles needing additional references from March 2016 Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from August 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Lëtzebuergesch Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 June 2018 , at 14 : 32 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where was the creature from the black lagoon filmed at | [
"Ben Chapman portrayed the Gill-man for the majority of the scenes shot at Universal City, California. Many of the on-top of the water scenes were filmed at Rice Creek near Palatka, Florida. The costume made it impossible for Chapman to sit for the 14 hours of each day that he wore it, and it overheated easily, so he stayed in the back lot's lake, often requesting to be hosed down. He also could not see very well while wearing the headpiece, which caused him to scrape Julie Adams' head against the wall when carrying her in the grotto scenes. Ricou Browning played the Gill-Man in the underwater shots, which were filmed by the second unit in Wakulla Springs, Florida.[3]",
"Ben Chapman portrayed the Gill-man for the majority of the scenes shot at Universal City, California. Many of the on-top of the water scenes were filmed at Rice Creek near Palatka, Florida. The costume made it impossible for Chapman to sit for the 14 hours of each day that he wore it, and it overheated easily, so he stayed in the back lot's lake, often requesting to be hosed down. He also could not see very well while wearing the headpiece, which caused him to scrape Julie Adams' head against the wall when carrying her in the grotto scenes. Ricou Browning played the Gill-Man in the underwater shots, which were filmed by the second unit in Wakulla Springs, Florida.[3]",
"Ben Chapman portrayed the Gill-man for the majority of the scenes shot at Universal City, California. Many of the on-top of the water scenes were filmed at Rice Creek near Palatka, Florida. The costume made it impossible for Chapman to sit for the 14 hours of each day that he wore it, and it overheated easily, so he stayed in the back lot's lake, often requesting to be hosed down. He also could not see very well while wearing the headpiece, which caused him to scrape Julie Adams' head against the wall when carrying her in the grotto scenes. Ricou Browning played the Gill-Man in the underwater shots, which were filmed by the second unit in Wakulla Springs, Florida.[3]"
] | [
"Universal City, California",
"Rice Creek near Palatka, Florida",
"Wakulla Springs, Florida"
] |
7155361743177808156 | Pantheon, Rome | Pantheon , Rome - wikipedia Pantheon , Rome For other uses , see Pantheon . Not to be confused with Parthenon . Pantheon Location Region IX Circus Flaminius Built in 113 -- 125 AD ( current building ) Built by / for Trajan , Hadrian Type of structure Roman temple Related Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa , Hadrian , Apollodorus of Damascus Pantheon The Pantheon ( / ˈpænθiən / or US : / ˈpænθiɒn / ; Latin : Pantheum , from Greek Πάνθειον Pantheion , `` ( temple ) of all the gods '' ) is a former Roman temple , now a church , in Rome , Italy , on the site of an earlier temple commissioned by Marcus Agrippa during the reign of Augustus ( 27 BC -- 14 AD ) . The present building was completed by the emperor Hadrian and probably dedicated about 126 AD . He retained Agrippa 's original inscription , which has caused confusion over its date of construction as the original Pantheon burned down , so it is not certain when the present one was built . The building is circular with a portico of large granite Corinthian columns ( eight in the first rank and two groups of four behind ) under a pediment . A rectangular vestibule links the porch to the rotunda , which is under a coffered concrete dome , with a central opening ( oculus ) to the sky . Almost two thousand years after it was built , the Pantheon 's dome is still the world 's largest unreinforced concrete dome . The height to the oculus and the diameter of the interior circle are the same , 142 feet ( 43 m ) . It is one of the best - preserved of all Ancient Roman buildings , in large part because it has been in continuous use throughout its history , and since the 7th century , the Pantheon has been used as a church dedicated to `` St. Mary and the Martyrs '' ( Latin : Sancta Maria ad Martyres ) but informally known as `` Santa Maria Rotonda '' . The square in front of the Pantheon is called Piazza della Rotonda . The Pantheon is a state property , managed by Italy 's Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities and Tourism through the Polo Museale del Lazio ; in 2013 it was visited by over 6 million people . The Pantheon 's large circular domed cella , with a conventional temple portico front , was unique in Roman architecture . Nevertheless , it became a standard exemplar when classical styles were revived , and has been copied many times by later architects . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Ancient 2.2 Medieval 2.3 Renaissance 2.4 Modern 3 Cardinal deaconry 3.1 Cardinal - protectors 4 Structure 4.1 Portico 4.2 Rotunda 4.3 Interior 5 Christian modifications 6 Gallery 7 Works modeled on , or inspired by , the Pantheon 8 See also 9 Notes 10 Footnotes 11 References 12 External links Etymology ( edit ) The name `` Pantheon '' is from the Ancient Greek `` Pantheion '' ( Πάνθειον ) meaning `` of , relating to , or common to all the gods '' : ( pan - / `` παν - '' meaning `` all '' + theion / `` θεῖον '' = meaning `` of or sacred to a god '' ) . Cassius Dio , a Roman senator who wrote in Greek , speculated that the name comes either from the statues of so many gods placed around this building , or from the resemblance of the dome to the heavens . His uncertainty strongly suggests that `` Pantheon '' ( or Pantheum ) was merely a nickname , not the formal name of the building . In fact , the concept of a pantheon dedicated to all the gods is questionable . The only definite pantheon recorded earlier than Agrippa 's was at Antioch in Syria , though it is only mentioned by a sixth - century source . Ziegler tried to collect evidence of panthea , but his list consists of simple dedications `` to all the gods '' or `` to the Twelve Gods , '' which are not necessarily true panthea in the sense of a temple housing a cult that literally worships all the gods . Godfrey and Hemsoll point out that ancient authors never refer to Hadrian 's Pantheon with the word aedes , as they do with other temples , and the Severan inscription carved on the architrave uses simply `` Pantheum , '' not `` Aedes Panthei '' ( temple of all the gods ) . It seems highly significant that Dio does not quote the simplest explanation for the name -- that the Pantheon was dedicated to all the gods . In fact , Livy wrote that it had been decreed that temple buildings ( or perhaps temple cellae ) should only be dedicated to single divinities , so that it would be clear who would be offended if , for example , the building were struck by lightning , and because it was only appropriate to offer sacrifice to a specific deity ( 27.25. 7 - 10 ) . Godfrey and Hemsoll maintain that the word Pantheon `` need not denote a particular group of gods , or , indeed , even all the gods , since it could well have had other meanings ... . Certainly the word pantheus or pantheos , could be applicable to individual deities ... . Bearing in mind also that the Greek word θεῖος ( theios ) need not mean `` of a god '' but could mean `` superhuman , '' or even `` excellent . '' Since the French Revolution , when the church of Sainte - Geneviève in Paris was deconsecrated and turned into the secular monument called the Panthéon of Paris , the generic term pantheon has sometimes been applied to other buildings in which illustrious dead are honoured or buried . History ( edit ) The Pantheon and the Fontana del Pantheon . Ancient ( edit ) In the aftermath of the Battle of Actium ( 31 BC ) , Marcus Agrippa started an impressive building program : the Pantheon was a part of the complex created by him on his own property in the Campus Martius in 29 -- 19 BC , which included three buildings aligned from south to north : the Baths of Agrippa , the Basilica of Neptune , and the Pantheon . It seems likely that the Pantheon and the Basilica of Neptune were Agrippa 's sacra privata , not aedes publicae ( public temples ) . This less solemn designation would help explain how the building could have so easily lost its original name and purpose ( Ziolkowski contends that it was originally the Temple of Mars in Campo ) in such a relatively short period of time . It had long been thought that the current building was built by Agrippa , with later alterations undertaken , and this was in part because of the Latin inscription on the front of the temple which reads : The Pantheon dome . The concrete for the coffered dome was poured in moulds , probably mounted on temporary scaffolding . The oculus is the main source of natural light . M AGRIPPA L F COS TERTIVM FECIT or in full , `` M ( arcus ) Agrippa L ( ucii ) f ( ilius ) co ( n ) s ( ul ) tertium fecit , '' meaning `` Marcus Agrippa , son of Lucius , made ( this building ) when consul for the third time . '' However , archaeological excavations have shown that the Pantheon of Agrippa had been completely destroyed except for the façade . Lise Hetland argues that the present construction began in 114 , under Trajan , four years after it was destroyed by fire for the second time ( Oros . 7.12 ) . She reexamined Herbert Bloch 's 1959 paper , which is responsible for the commonly maintained Hadrianic date , and maintains that he should not have excluded all of the Trajanic - era bricks from his brick - stamp study . Her argument is particularly interesting in light of Heilmeyer 's argument that , based on stylistic evidence , Apollodorus of Damascus , Trajan 's architect , was the obvious architect . The form of Agrippa 's Pantheon is debated . As a result of excavations in the late 19th century , archaeologist Rodolfo Lanciani concluded that Agrippa 's Pantheon was oriented so that it faced South , in contrast with the current layout that faces North , and that it had a shortened T - shaped plan with the entrance at the base of the `` T '' . This description was widely accepted until the late 20th century . While more recent archaeological diggings have suggested that Agrippa 's building might have had a circular form with a triangular porch , and it might have also faced North , much like the later rebuildings , Ziolkowski complains that their conclusions were based entirely on surmise ; according to him , they did not find any new datable material , yet they attributed everything they found to the Agrippan phase , failing to account for the fact that Domitian , known for his enthusiasm for building and known to have restored the Pantheon after 80 AD , might well have been responsible for everything they found . Ziolkowski argues that Lanciani 's initial assessment is still supported by all of the finds to date , including theirs ; furthermore he expresses skepticism because the building they describe , `` a single building composed of a huge pronaos and a circular cella of the same diameter , linked by a relatively narrow and very short passage ( much thinner than the current intermediate block ) , has no known parallels in classical architecture and would go against everything we know of Roman design principles in general and of Augustan architecture in particular . '' The only passages referring to the decoration of the Agrippan Pantheon written by an eyewitness are in Pliny 's Natural History . From him we know that `` the capitals , too , of the pillars , which were placed by M. Agrippa in the Pantheon , are made of Syracusan bronze '' , that `` the Pantheon of Agrippa has been decorated by Diogenes of Athens , and the Caryatides , by him , which form the columns of that temple , are looked upon as masterpieces of excellence : the same , too , with the statues that are placed upon the roof , '' and that one of Cleopatra 's pearls was cut in half so that each half `` might serve as pendants for the ears of Venus , in the Pantheon at Rome '' . The Augustan Pantheon was destroyed along with other buildings in a huge fire in the year 80 AD . Domitian rebuilt the Pantheon , which was burnt again in 110 AD . The degree to which the decorative scheme should be credited to Hadrian 's architects is uncertain . Finished by Hadrian but not claimed as one of his works , it used the text of the original inscription on the new façade ( a common practice in Hadrian 's rebuilding projects all over Rome ; the only building on which Hadrian put his own name was the Temple to the Deified Trajan ) . How the building was actually used is not known . The Historia Augusta says that Hadrian dedicated the Pantheon ( among other buildings ) in the name of the original builder ( Hadr . 19.10 ) , but the current inscription could not be a copy of the original ; it provides no information as to who Agrippa 's foundation was dedicated to , and , in Ziolkowski 's opinion , it was highly unlikely that in 25 BC Agrippa would have presented himself as `` consul tertium . '' On coins , the same words , `` M. Agrippa L.f cos . tertium , '' were the ones used to refer to him after his death ; consul tertium serving as `` a sort of posthumous cognomen ex virtute , a remembrance of the fact that , of all the men of his generation apart from Augustus himself , he was the only one to hold the consulship thrice . '' Whatever the cause of the alteration of the inscription might have been , the new inscription reflects the fact that there was a change in the building 's purpose . Cassius Dio , a Graeco - Roman senator , consul and author of a comprehensive History of Rome , writing approximately 75 years after the Pantheon 's reconstruction , mistakenly attributed the domed building to Agrippa rather than Hadrian . Dio appears to be the only near - contemporaneous writer to mention the Pantheon . Even by the year 200 , there was uncertainty about the origin of the building and its purpose : Agrippa finished the construction of the building called the Pantheon . It has this name , perhaps because it received among the images which decorated it the statues of many gods , including Mars and Venus ; but my own opinion of the name is that , because of its vaulted roof , it resembles the heavens . -- Cassius Dio History of Rome 53.27. 2 In 202 , the building was repaired by the joint emperors Septimius Severus and his son Caracalla ( fully Marcus Aurelius Antoninus ) , for which there is another , smaller inscription on the architrave of the façade , under the aforementioned larger text . This now - barely legible inscription reads : IMP CAES L SEPTIMIVS SEVERVS PIVS PERTINAX ARABICVS ADIABENICVS PARTHICVS MAXIMVS PONTIF MAX TRIB POTEST X IMP XI COS III P P PROCOS ET IMP CAES M AVRELIVS ANTONINVS PIVS FELIX AVG TRIB POTEST V COS PROCOS PANTHEVM VETVSTATE CORRVPTVM CVM OMNI CVLTV RESTITVERVNT In English , this means : Emp ( eror ) Caes ( ar ) L ( ucius ) Septimius Severus Pius Pertinax , victorious in Arabia , victor of Adiabene , the great victor in Parthia , Pontif ( ex ) Max ( imus ) , 10 times tribune , 11 times emperor , three times consul , P ( ater ) P ( atriae ) , proconsul , and Emp ( eror ) Caes ( ar ) M ( arcus ) Aurelius Antoninus Pius Felix Aug ( ustus ) , five times tribune , consul , proconsul , have carefully restored the Pantheon ruined by age . Medieval ( edit ) An 1836 view of the Pantheon by Jakob Alt , showing twin bell towers , often misattributed to Bernini . In 609 , the Byzantine emperor Phocas gave the building to Pope Boniface IV , who converted it into a Christian church and consecrated it to St. Mary and the Martyrs on 13 May 609 : `` Another Pope , Boniface , asked the same ( Emperor Phocas , in Constantinople ) to order that in the old temple called the Pantheon , after the pagan filth was removed , a church should be made , to the holy virgin Mary and all the martyrs , so that the commemoration of the saints would take place henceforth where not gods but demons were formerly worshipped . '' Twenty - eight cartloads of holy relics of martyrs were said to have been removed from the catacombs and placed in a porphyry basin beneath the high altar . The building 's consecration as a church saved it from the abandonment , destruction , and the worst of the spoliation that befell the majority of ancient Rome 's buildings during the early medieval period . However , Paul the Deacon records the spoliation of the building by the Emperor Constans II , who visited Rome in July 663 : Remaining at Rome twelve days he pulled down everything that in ancient times had been made of metal for the ornament of the city , to such an extent that he even stripped off the roof of the church ( of the blessed Mary ) , which at one time was called the Pantheon , and had been founded in honour of all the gods and was now by the consent of the former rulers the place of all the martyrs ; and he took away from there the bronze tiles and sent them with all the other ornaments to Constantinople . Much fine external marble has been removed over the centuries - for example , capitals from some of the pilasters are in the British Museum . Two columns were swallowed up in the medieval buildings that abutted the Pantheon on the east and were lost . In the early 17th century , Urban VIII Barberini tore away the bronze ceiling of the portico , and replaced the medieval campanile with the famous twin towers ( often wrongly attributed to Bernini ) called `` the ass 's ears , '' which were not removed until the late 19th century . The only other loss has been the external sculptures , which adorned the pediment above Agrippa 's inscription . The marble interior has largely survived , although with extensive restoration . Renaissance ( edit ) Floor plan of the Pantheon from Georg Dehio / Gustav von Bezold : Kirchliche Baukunst des Abendlandes . Stuttgart : Verlag der Cotta'schen Buchhandlung 1887 -- 1901 . The interior of the Pantheon in the 18th century , painted by Giovanni Paolo Panini . Since the Renaissance the Pantheon has been the site of several important burials . Among those buried there are the painters Raphael and Annibale Carracci , the composer Arcangelo Corelli , and the architect Baldassare Peruzzi . In the 15th century , the Pantheon was adorned with paintings : the best - known is the Annunciation by Melozzo da Forlì . Filippo Brunelleschi , among other architects , looked to the Pantheon as inspiration for their works . Pope Urban VIII ( 1623 to 1644 ) ordered the bronze ceiling of the Pantheon 's portico melted down . Most of the bronze was used to make bombards for the fortification of Castel Sant'Angelo , with the remaining amount used by the Apostolic Camera for various other works . It is also said that the bronze was used by Bernini in creating his famous baldachin above the high altar of St. Peter 's Basilica , but , according to at least one expert , the Pope 's accounts state that about 90 % of the bronze was used for the cannon , and that the bronze for the baldachin came from Venice . Concerning this , an anonymous contemporary Roman satirist quipped in a pasquinade ( a publicly posted poem ) that quod non fecerunt barbari fecerunt Barberini ( `` What the barbarians did not do the Barberinis ( Urban VIII 's family name ) did '' ) . In 1747 , the broad frieze below the dome with its false windows was `` restored , '' but bore little resemblance to the original . In the early decades of the 20th century , a piece of the original , as could be reconstructed from Renaissance drawings and paintings , was recreated in one of the panels . Modern ( edit ) The interior of the Pantheon in 2011 Two kings of Italy are buried in the Pantheon : Vittorio Emanuele II and Umberto I , as well as Umberto 's Queen , Margherita . The Pantheon is in use as a Catholic church . Masses are celebrated there on Sundays and holy days of obligation . Weddings are also held there from time to time . Cardinal deaconry ( edit ) On 23 July 1725 , the Pantheon was established as Cardinal - deaconry of S. Maria ad Martyres , i.e. a titular church for a cardinal - deacon . On 26 May 1929 , this deaconry was suppressed to establish the Cardinal Deaconry of S. Apollinare alle Terme Neroniane - Alessandrine . Cardinal - protectors ( edit ) This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2016 ) Structure ( edit ) Portico ( edit ) Pantheon , Rome a rainy day The northwest side view . The building was originally approached by a flight of steps . Later construction raised the level of the ground leading to the portico , eliminating these steps . The pediment was decorated with relief sculpture , probably of gilded bronze . Holes marking the location of clamps that held the sculpture suggest that its design was likely an eagle within a wreath ; ribbons extended from the wreath into the corners of the pediment . Mark Wilson Jones has attempted to explain the design adjustments carried out in relating the porch to the dome , arguing that the Pantheon 's porch was originally designed for monolithic granite columns with shafts 50 Roman feet tall ( weighing about 100 tons ) and capitals 10 Roman feet tall in the Corinthian style . The taller porch would have hidden the second pediment visible on the intermediate block . Instead , after the intended columns failed to arrive , the builders made many awkward adjustments in order to use shafts 40 Roman feet tall and capitals eight Roman feet tall . This substitution was probably a result of logistical difficulties at some stage in the construction . Alternatively , it has also been argued that the scale of the portico related to the urban design of the space in front of the temple . The grey granite columns that were actually used in the Pantheon 's pronaos were quarried in Egypt at Mons Claudianus in the eastern mountains . Each was 39 feet ( 11.9 m ) tall , 5 feet ( 1.5 m ) in diameter , and 60 tons in weight . These were dragged more than 100 km ( 62 miles ) from the quarry to the river on wooden sledges . They were floated by barge down the Nile River when the water level was high during the spring floods , and then transferred to vessels to cross the Mediterranean Sea to the Roman port of Ostia . There , they were transferred back onto barges and pulled up the Tiber River to Rome . After being unloaded near the Mausoleum of Augustus , the site of the Pantheon was still about 700 metres away . Thus , it was necessary to either drag them or to move them on rollers to the construction site . In the walls at the back of the Pantheon 's portico are niches , perhaps intended for statues of Julius Caesar , Augustus Caesar , and Agrippa , or for the Capitoline Triad , or another set of gods . The large bronze doors to the cella , once plated with gold , are not the original ones of the Pantheon . The current doors -- manufactured too small for the door frames -- have been there since about the 15th century . Rotunda ( edit ) Cross-section of the Pantheon showing how a 43.3 m diameter sphere fits under its dome . The 4,535 metric tons ( 4,999 short tons ) weight of the Roman concrete dome is concentrated on a ring of voussoirs 9.1 metres ( 30 ft ) in diameter that form the oculus , while the downward thrust of the dome is carried by eight barrel vaults in the 6.4 metres ( 21 ft ) thick drum wall into eight piers . The thickness of the dome varies from 6.4 metres ( 21 ft ) at the base of the dome to 1.2 metres ( 3.9 ft ) around the oculus . The materials used in the concrete of the dome also varies . At its thickest point , the aggregate is travertine , then terracotta tiles , then at the very top , tufa and pumice , both porous light stones . At the very top , where the dome would be at its weakest and vulnerable to collapse , the oculus actually lightens the load . Beam in the dome of the Pantheon No tensile test results are available on the concrete used in the Pantheon ; however , Cowan discussed tests on ancient concrete from Roman ruins in Libya , which gave a compressive strength of 20 MPa ( 2,900 psi ) . An empirical relationship gives a tensile strength of 1.47 MPa ( 213 psi ) for this specimen . Finite element analysis of the structure by Mark and Hutchison found a maximum tensile stress of only 128 kPa ( 18.5 psi ) at the point where the dome joins the raised outer wall . The stresses in the dome were found to be substantially reduced by the use of successively less dense aggregate stones , such as small pots or pieces of pumice , in higher layers of the dome . Mark and Hutchison estimated that , if normal weight concrete had been used throughout , the stresses in the arch would have been some 80 % greater . Hidden chambers engineered within the rotunda form a sophisticated structural system . This reduced the weight of the roof , as did the elimination of the apex by means of the oculus . The top of the rotunda wall features a series of brick relieving arches , visible on the outside and built into the mass of the brickwork . The Pantheon is full of such devices -- for example , there are relieving arches over the recesses inside -- but all these arches were hidden by marble facing on the interior and possibly by stone revetment or stucco on the exterior . The height to the oculus and the diameter of the interior circle are the same , 43.3 metres ( 142 ft ) , so the whole interior would fit exactly within a cube ( also , the interior could house a sphere 43.3 metres ( 142 ft ) in diameter ) . These dimensions make more sense when expressed in ancient Roman units of measurement : The dome spans 150 Roman feet ; the oculus is 30 Roman feet in diameter ; the doorway is 40 Roman feet high . The Pantheon still holds the record for the world 's largest unreinforced concrete dome . It is also substantially larger than earlier domes . Though often drawn as a free - standing building , there was a building at its rear into which it abutted . While this building helped buttress the rotunda , there was no interior passage from one to the other . Interior ( edit ) External video The Pantheon , Rome , ( 8 : 31 ) Smarthistory The interior of the dome was possibly intended to symbolize the arched vault of the heavens . The oculus at the dome 's apex and the entry door are the only natural sources of light in the interior . Throughout the day , the light from the oculus moves around this space in a reverse sundial effect . The oculus also serves as a cooling and ventilation method . During storms , a drainage system below the floor handles the rain that falls through the oculus . The dome features sunken panels ( coffers ) , in five rings of 28 . This evenly spaced layout was difficult to achieve and , it is presumed , had symbolic meaning , either numerical , geometric , or lunar . In antiquity , the coffers may have contained bronze stars , rosettes , or other ornaments . Circles and squares form the unifying theme of the interior design . The checkerboard floor pattern contrasts with the concentric circles of square coffers in the dome . Each zone of the interior , from floor to ceiling , is subdivided according to a different scheme . As a result , the interior decorative zones do not line up . The overall effect is immediate viewer orientation according to the major axis of the building , even though the cylindrical space topped by a hemispherical dome is inherently ambiguous . This discordance has not always been appreciated , and the attic level was redone according to Neoclassical taste in the 18th century . Christian modifications ( edit ) Church of St. Mary and the Martyrs Chiesa Santa Maria dei Martiri Sancta Maria ad Martyres Basic information Location Rome , Italy Geographic coordinates 41 ° 53 ′ 55 '' N 12 ° 28 ′ 36 '' E / 41.8986 ° N 12.4768 ° E / 41.8986 ; 12.4768 Coordinates : 41 ° 53 ′ 55 '' N 12 ° 28 ′ 36 '' E / 41.8986 ° N 12.4768 ° E / 41.8986 ; 12.4768 Affiliation Roman Catholic Year consecrated 13 May 609 Ecclesiastical or organizational status Minor basilica , Rectory church Leadership Msgr . Daniele Micheletti Website Official website Architectural description Architectural style Roman Completed 126 Specifications Direction of façade North Length 84 metres ( 276 ft ) Width 58 metres ( 190 ft ) Height ( max ) 58 metres ( 190 ft ) The tomb of Raphael . The present high altars and the apses were commissioned by Pope Clement XI ( 1700 -- 1721 ) and designed by Alessandro Specchi . Enshrined on the apse above the high altar is a 7th - century Byzantine icon of the Virgin and Child , given by Phocas to Pope Boniface IV on the occasion of the dedication of the Pantheon for Christian worship on 13 May 609 . The choir was added in 1840 , and was designed by Luigi Poletti . The first niche to the right of the entrance holds a Madonna of the Girdle and St Nicholas of Bari ( 1686 ) painted by an unknown artist . The first chapel on the right , the Chapel of the Annunciation , has a fresco of the Annunciation attributed to Melozzo da Forlì . On the left side is a canvas by Clement Maioli of St Lawrence and St Agnes ( 1645 -- 1650 ) . On the right wall is the Incredulity of St Thomas ( 1633 ) by Pietro Paolo Bonzi . The second niche has a 15th - century fresco of the Tuscan school , depicting the Coronation of the Virgin . In the second chapel is the tomb of King Victor Emmanuel II ( died 1878 ) . It was originally dedicated to the Holy Spirit . A competition was held to decide which architect should design it . Giuseppe Sacconi participated , but lost -- he would later design the tomb of Umberto I in the opposite chapel . Manfredo Manfredi won the competition , and started work in 1885 . The tomb consists of a large bronze plaque surmounted by a Roman eagle and the arms of the house of Savoy . The golden lamp above the tomb burns in honor of Victor Emmanuel III , who died in exile in 1947 . The third niche has a sculpture by Il Lorenzone of St Anne and the Blessed Virgin . In the third chapel is a 15th - century painting of the Umbrian school , The Madonna of Mercy between St Francis and St John the Baptist . It is also known as the Madonna of the Railing , because it originally hung in the niche on the left - hand side of the portico , where it was protected by a railing . It was moved to the Chapel of the Annunciation , and then to its present position sometime after 1837 . The bronze epigram commemorated Pope Clement XI 's restoration of the sanctuary . On the right wall is the canvas Emperor Phocas presenting the Pantheon to Pope Boniface IV ( 1750 ) by an unknown . There are three memorial plaques in the floor , one conmmemorating a Gismonda written in the vernacular . The final niche on the right side has a statue of St. Anastasio ( 1725 ) by Bernardino Cametti . On the first niche to the left of the entrance is an Assumption ( 1638 ) by Andrea Camassei . The first chapel on the left , is the Chapel of St Joseph in the Holy Land , and is the chapel of the Confraternity of the Virtuosi at the Pantheon . This refers to the confraternity of artists and musicians that was formed here by a 16th - century Canon of the church , Desiderio da Segni , to ensure that worship was maintained in the chapel . The first members were , among others , Antonio da Sangallo the younger , Jacopo Meneghino , Giovanni Mangone , Zuccari , Domenico Beccafumi , and Flaminio Vacca . The confraternity continued to draw members from the elite of Rome 's artists and architects , and among later members we find Bernini , Cortona , Algardi , and many others . The institution still exists , and is now called the Academia Ponteficia di Belle Arti ( The Pontifical Academy of Fine Arts ) , based in the palace of the Cancelleria . The altar in the chapel is covered with false marble . On the altar is a statue of St Joseph and the Holy Child by Vincenzo de Rossi . To the sides are paintings ( 1661 ) by Francesco Cozza , one of the Virtuosi : Adoration of the Shepherds on left side and Adoration of the Magi on right . The stucco relief on the left , Dream of St Joseph , is by Paolo Benaglia , and the one on the right , Rest during the flight from Egypt , is by Carlo Monaldi . On the vault are several 17th - century canvases , from left to right : Cumean Sibyl by Ludovico Gimignani ; Moses by Francesco Rosa ; Eternal Father by Giovanni Peruzzini ; David by Luigi Garzi ; and Eritrean Sibyl by Giovanni Andrea Carlone . The second niche has a statue of St Agnes , by Vincenzo Felici . The bust on the left is a portrait of Baldassare Peruzzi , derived from a plaster portrait by Giovanni Duprè . The tomb of King Umberto I and his wife Margherita di Savoia is in the next chapel . The chapel was originally dedicated to St Michael the Archangel , and then to St. Thomas the Apostle . The present design is by Giuseppe Sacconi , completed after his death by his pupil Guido Cirilli . The tomb consists of a slab of alabaster mounted in gilded bronze . The frieze has allegorical representations of Generosity , by Eugenio Maccagnani , and Munificence , by Arnaldo Zocchi . The royal tombs are maintained by the National Institute of Honour Guards to the Royal Tombs , founded in 1878 . They also organize picket guards at the tombs . The altar with the royal arms is by Cirilli . The third niche holds the mortal remains -- his Ossa et cineres , `` Bones and ashes '' , as the inscription on the sarcophagus says -- of the great artist Raphael . His fiancée , Maria Bibbiena is buried to the right of his sarcophagus ; she died before they could marry . The sarcophagus was given by Pope Gregory XVI , and its inscription reads ILLE HIC EST RAPHAEL TIMUIT QUO SOSPITE VINCI / RERUM MAGNA PARENS ET MORIENTE MORI , meaning `` Here lies Raphael , by whom the mother of all things ( Nature ) feared to be overcome while he was living , and while he was dying , herself to die '' . The epigraph was written by Pietro Bembo . The present arrangement is from 1811 , designed by Antonio Munoz . The bust of Raphael ( 1833 ) is by Giuseppe Fabris . The two plaques commemorate Maria Bibbiena and Annibale Carracci . Behind the tomb is the statue known as the Madonna del Sasso ( Madonna of the Rock ) so named because she rests one foot on a boulder . It was commissioned by Raphael and made by Lorenzetto in 1524 . In the Chapel of the Crucifixion , the Roman brick wall is visible in the niches . The wooden crucifix on the altar is from the 15th century . On the left wall is a Descent of the Holy Ghost ( 1790 ) by Pietro Labruzi . On the right side is the low relief Cardinal Consalvi presents to Pope Pius VII the five provinces restored to the Holy See ( 1824 ) made by the Danish sculptor Bertel Thorvaldsen . The bust is a portrait of Cardinal Agostino Rivarola . The final niche on this side has a statue of St. Evasius ( Sant'Evasio ) ( 1727 ) by Francesco Moderati . Gallery ( edit ) The dome photographed with a fisheye lens in 2016 South east view of the Pantheon from Piazza della Minerva , 2006 . View of the Pantheon in Rome The dome of the Pantheon seen from the hill of Janiculum The Pantheon by night Pantheon 2013 Dome by Night Works modeled on , or inspired by , the Pantheon ( edit ) The Rotunda designed by Thomas Jefferson at the University of Virginia . As the best - preserved example of an Ancient Roman monumental building , the Pantheon has been enormously influential in Western architecture from at least the Renaissance on ; starting with Brunelleschi 's 42 - metre dome of Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence , completed in 1436 . Among the most notable versions are the church of Santa Maria Assunta in Ariccia by Gian Lorenzo Bernini ( 1664 ) , which followed his work restoring the Roman original , Belle Isle House ( 1774 ) in England and Thomas Jefferson 's library at the University of Virginia , The Rotunda ( 1817 -- 26 ) . Others include the Rotunda of Mosta in Malta ( 1833 ) . Other notable replicas , such as The Rotunda ( New York ) ( 1818 ) , do not survive . The style of the Pantheon can be detected in many buildings of the 19th and 20th centuries ; numerous government and public buildings , city halls , university buildings , and public libraries echo its portico - and - dome structure . The Auditorium of Southeast University , Nanjing , China See also ( edit ) Romanian Athenaeum Panthéon , Paris Pantheon , Moscow ( never built ) Manchester Central Library Volkshalle higher ( never built ) The Rotunda ( University of Virginia ) USA Auditorium of Southeast University , Southeast University , China General : History of Roman and Byzantine domes List of Roman domes Roman engineering List of the oldest buildings in the world Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Although the spelling Pantheon is standard in English , only Pantheum is found in classical Latin ; see , for example , Pliny , Natural History 36.38 : `` Agrippae Pantheum decoravit Diogenes Atheniensis '' . See also Oxford Latin Dictionary , s.v. `` Pantheum '' ; Oxford English Dictionary , s.v. `` Pantheon '' : `` post-classical Latin pantheon a temple consecrated to all the gods ( 6th cent. ; compare classical Latin pantheum '' . Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Pantheon '' . Oxford English Dictionary . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press . December 2008 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 1976 , pp. 12 -- 13 Jump up ^ Moore , David ( 1999 ) . `` The Pantheon '' . romanconcrete.com . Retrieved September 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rasch 1985 , p. 119 ^ Jump up to : MacDonald 1976 , p. 18 Jump up ^ Summerson ( 1980 ) , 38 -- 39 , 38 quoted Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary Jump up ^ Cassius Dio , Roman Histories 53.27 , referenced in MacDonald 1976 , p. 76 Jump up ^ Ziolkowski , Adam ( 1994 ) . `` Was Agrippa 's Pantheon the Temple of Mars ' In Campo ' ? '' . Papers of the British School at Rome . 62 : 271 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Edmund ( 2004 ) . `` From the Pantheon of the Gods to the Pantheon of Rome '' . In Richard Wrigley and Matthew Craske , eds . Pantheons ; Transformations of a Monumental Idea . Aldershot : Ashgate . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 0808 - 0 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Ziegler , Konrat ( 1949 ) . `` Pantheion '' . Pauly 's Real - Encyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft : neue Bearbeitung ( vol . XVIII ed . ) . Stuttgart . pp. 697 -- 747 . ^ Jump up to : Godfrey , Paul ; Hemsoll , David ( 1986 ) . `` The Pantheon : Temple or Rotunda ? '' . In Martin Henig and Anthony King , eds . Pagan Gods and Shrines of the Roman Empire ( Monograph No 8 ed . ) . Oxford University Committee for Archaeology . p. 199 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Ziolkowski , Adam ( 1994 ) . `` Was Agrippa 's Pantheon the Temple of Mars ' In Campo ' ? '' . Papers of the British School at Rome . 62 : 265 . Jump up ^ Godfrey , Paul ; Hemsoll , David ( 1986 ) . `` The Pantheon : Temple or Rotunda ? '' . In Martin Henig and Anthony King , eds . Pagan Gods and Shrines of the Roman Empire ( Monograph No 8 ed . ) . Oxford University Committee for Archaeology . p. 198 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Dio , Cassius . `` Roman History '' . p. 53.23. 3 . Jump up ^ Ziolkowski , Adam ( 1999 ) . Lexicon topographicum urbis Romae 4 . Rome : Quasar . pp. 55 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Ziolkowski , Adam ( 1994 ) . `` Was Agrippa 's Pantheon the Temple of Mars ' In Campo ' ? '' . Papers of the British School at Rome . 62 . Jump up ^ Ziolkowski , Adam ( 1994 ) . `` Was Agrippa 's Pantheon the Temple of Mars ' In Campo ' ? '' . Papers of the British School at Rome . 62 : 275 . Jump up ^ Thomas 1997 , p. 165 Jump up ^ `` Pantheon '' . Romereborn.virginia.edu . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Hetland , Lise ( November 9 -- 12 , 2006 ) . Graßhoff , G ; Heinzelmann , M ; Wäfler , M , eds . `` Zur Datierung des Pantheon '' . The Pantheon in Rome : Contributions Contributions to the Conference . Bern . Jump up ^ Ziolkowski , Adam ( November 9 -- 12 , 2006 ) . Graßhoff , G ; Heinzelmann , M ; Wäfler , M , eds . `` What did Agrippa 's Pantheon Look like ? New Answers to an Old Question '' . The Pantheon in Rome : Contributions to the Conference . Bern : 31 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Pliny , The Elder . `` The Natural History '' . p. 34.7 . Jump up ^ Pliny , The Elder . `` The Natural History '' . p. 36.4 . Jump up ^ Pliny , The Elder . `` The Natural History '' . p. 9.58 . Jump up ^ Kleiner 2007 , p. 182 Jump up ^ Ramage & Ramage 2009 , p. 236 Jump up ^ Ziolkowski , Adam ( November 9 -- 12 , 2006 ) . Graßhoff , G ; Heinzelmann , M ; Wäfler , M , eds . `` What did Agrippa 's Pantheon Look like ? New Answers to an Old Question '' . The Pantheon in Rome : Contributions to the Conference . Bern : 39 . Jump up ^ Ziolkowski , Adam ( 2007 ) . Leone ; Palombi ; Walker , eds . Res Bene Gestae : Ricerche di storia urbana su Roma antica in onore di Eva Margreta Steinby . Rome : Quasar . Jump up ^ Luigi Piale ; Mariano Vasi ( 1851 ) . New Guide of Rome and the Environs According to Vasi and Nibby : Containing a Description of the Monuments , Galleries , Churches ( etc . ) Carefully Revised and Enlarged , with an Account of the Latest Antiquarian Researches . L. Piale . p. 272 . Jump up ^ Giuseppe Melchiorri ( 1834 ) . Paolo Badalì , ed . `` Nuova guida metodica di Roma e suoi contorni - Parte Terza ( '' New methodic guide to Rome and its suburbs - Third Part `` ) '' . Archivio viaggiatori italiani a roma e nel lazio - Istituto Nazionale Di Studi Romani ( in Italian ) . Tuscia University . Archived from the original on 3 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Emmanuel Rodocanachi ( 1920 ) . Les monuments antiques de Rome encore existants : les ponts , les murs , les voies , les aqueducs , les enceintes de Rome , les palais , les temples , les arcs ( in French ) . Libr . Hachette . p. 192 . Jump up ^ John the Deacon , Monumenta Germaniae Historia ( 1848 ) 7.8. 20 , quoted in MacDonald 1976 , p. 139 Jump up ^ http://oce.catholic.com/index.php?title=Popes_Boniface_III-VII Jump up ^ British Museum Highlights Archived 2015 - 10 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Mormando , Franco ( 2011 ) . Bernini : His Life and His Rome . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 53851 - 6 . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ DuTemple , Leslie A. ( 2003 ) . The Pantheon . Minneapolis : Lerner Publns . p. 64 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8225 - 0376 - 7 . Retrieved May 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Marder 1991 , p. 275 Jump up ^ Another view of the interior by Panini ( 1735 ) , Liechtenstein Museum , Vienna Archived 2011 - 09 - 28 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Pantheon , The ruins and excavations of ancient Rome '' . Rodolpho Lanciani . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 1976 , pp. 63 , 141 -- 2 ; Claridge 1998 , p. 203 Jump up ^ Wilson - Jones 2003 , The Enigma of the Pantheon : The Exterior , pp. 199 -- 210 Jump up ^ Wilson - Jones 2003 , The Enigma of the Pantheon : The Exterior , pp. 199 -- 206 Jump up ^ MacDonald , William L. ( 1965 ) . The Architecture of the Roman Empire , vol. 1 : An Introductory Study . Yale University Press . pp. pp. 111 -- 113 . ISBN 9780300028195 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ Parker , Freda . `` The Pantheon -- Rome -- 126 AD '' . Monolithic . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Wilson - Jones 2003 , The Enigma of the Pantheon : The Exterior , pp. 206 -- 212 Jump up ^ Wilson - Jones 2003 , The Enigma of the Pantheon : The Exterior , pp. 206 -- 207 Jump up ^ Claridge 1998 , p. 204 ^ Jump up to : Cowan 1977 , p. 56 Jump up ^ Wilson - Jones 2003 , p. 187 , Principles of ROman Architecture Jump up ^ Mark & Hutchinson 1986 Jump up ^ Moore , David , `` The Pantheon '' , http://www.romanconcrete.com/docs/chapt01/chapt01.htm , 1999 Jump up ^ MacDonald 1976 , p. 33 `` There are openings in it ( the rotunda ) here and there , at various levels , that give on to some of the many different chambers that honeycomb the rotunda structure , a honeycombing that is an integral part of a sophisticated engineering solution ... '' Jump up ^ Moore , David ( February 1993 ) . `` The Riddle of Ancient Roman Concrete '' . S Dept. of the Interior , Bureau of Reclamation , Upper Colorado Region . www.romanconcrete.com . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Roth 1992 , p. 36 Jump up ^ Claridge 1998 , pp. 204 -- 5 Jump up ^ Lancaster 2005 , pp. 44 -- 46 Jump up ^ MacDonald 1976 , p. 34 , Wilson - Jones 2000 , p. 191 Jump up ^ Wilson - Jones 2003 , The Enigma of the Pantheon : The Interior , pp. 182 -- 184 Jump up ^ Lancaster 2005 , p. 46 Jump up ^ Wilson - Jones 2003 , The Enigma of the Pantheon : The Interior , pp. 182 -- 183 . Jump up ^ Wilson - Jones 2003 , The Enigma of the Pantheon : The Interior , pp. 184 -- 197 ^ Jump up to : Marder 1980 , p. 35 Jump up ^ MacDonald 1976 , pp. 94 -- 132 Jump up ^ Ross 2000 ^ Jump up to : Summerson ( 1980 ) , 38 -- 39 Jump up ^ Schiavone , Michael J. ( 2009 ) . Dictionary of Maltese Biographies Vol. 2 G -- Z . Pietà : Pubblikazzjonijiet Indipendenza . pp. 989 -- 990 . ISBN 9789993291329 . Jump up ^ Gotham : A History of New York City to 1898 . Oxford University Press . 1998 . p. 468 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Library resources about Pantheon Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries References ( edit ) Claridge , Amanda ( 1998 ) . Rome . Oxford Archaeological Guides . Oxford Oxfordshire : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 288003 - 9 . Cowan , Henry ( 1977 ) . The Master Builders : : A History of Structural and Environmental Design From Ancient Egypt to the Nineteenth Century . New York : John Wiley and Sons . ISBN 0 - 471 - 02740 - 5 . Favro , Diane ( 2005 ) . `` Making Rome a World City '' . The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Augustus . Cambridge University Press . pp. 234 -- 263 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 00393 - 3 . Hetland , L.M. ( 2007 ) . Dating the Pantheon . Journal of Roman Archaeology. 20 . pp. 95 -- 112 . ISSN 1047 - 7594 . King , Ross ( 2000 ) . Brunelleschi 's Dome . London : Chatto & Windus . ISBN 0 - 7011 - 6903 - 6 . Kleiner , Fred S. ( 2007 ) . A History of Roman Art . Belmont : Wadsworth Publishing . ISBN 0 - 534 - 63846 - 5 . Lancaster , Lynne C. ( 2005 ) . Concrete Vaulted Construction in Imperial Rome : Innovations in Context . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 84202 - 6 . Loewenstein , Karl ( 1973 ) . The Governance of Rome . The Hague , Netherlands : Martinus Nijhof . ISBN 978 - 90 - 247 - 1458 - 2 . MacDonald , William L. ( 1976 ) . The Pantheon : Design , Meaning , and Progeny . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 01019 - 1 . Marder , Tod A. ( 1980 ) . Specchi 's High Altar for the Pantheon and the Statues by Cametti and Moderati . The Burlington Magazine . 122 . The Burlington Magazine Publications , Ltd . pp. 30 -- 40 . JSTOR 879867 . Marder , Tod A. ( 1991 ) . Alexander VII , Bernini , and the Urban Setting of the Pantheon in the Seventeenth Century . The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 50 . Society of Architectural Historians . pp. 273 -- 292 . doi : 10.2307 / 990615 . JSTOR 990615 . Mark , R. ; Hutchinson , P. ( 1986 ) . On the structure of the Pantheon . Art Bulletin . 68 . College Art Association . pp. 24 -- 34 . doi : 10.2307 / 3050861 . JSTOR 3050861 . Ramage , Nancy H. ; Ramage , Andrew ( 2009 ) . Roman art : Romulus to Constantine ( 5th ed . ) . Upper Saddle River , N.J. : Pearson Prentice Hall . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 600097 - 6 . Rasch , Jürgen ( 1985 ) . Die Kuppel in der römischen Architektur . Entwicklung , Formgebung , Konstruktion , Architectura . Architectura. 15 . pp. 117 -- 139 . Roth , Leland M. ( 1992 ) . Understanding Architecture : Its Elements , History , And Meaning . Boulder : Westview Press . ISBN 0 - 06 - 438493 - 4 . Summerson , John ( 1980 ) , The Classical Language of Architecture , 1980 edition , Thames and Hudson World of Art series , ISBN 0 - 500 - 20177 - 3 Thomas , Edmund ( 1997 ) . The Architectural History of the Pantheon from Agrippa to Septimius Severus via Hadrian . Hephaistos. 15 . pp. 163 -- 186 . Wilson - Jones , Mark ( 2003 ) . Principles of Roman Architecture . New Haven : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 10202 - X . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pantheon ( Roma ) . Official webpage from Vicariate of Rome website Pantheon Live Webcam , Live streaming Video of the Pantheon Pantheon Rome , Virtual Panorama and photo gallery Pantheon , article in Platner 's Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome Pantheon Rome vs Pantheon Paris Tomás García Salgado , `` The geometry of the Pantheon 's vault '' Pantheon at Great Buildings / Architecture Week website Art & History Pantheon Summer solstice at the Pantheon Pantheon at Structurae Video Introduction to the Pantheon Panoramic Virtual Tour inside the Pantheon 21 best pictures of the Italian Church Pantheon High - resolution 360 ° Panoramas and Images of Pantheon Art Atlas hide Basilicas in Rome Major Archbasilica of St. John Lateran St. Peter 's Basilica Basilica of Saint Mary Major Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls Minor S. Lorenzo fuori le mura S. Agnese fuori le mura S. Agostino S. Anastasia al Palatino S. Andrea delle Fratte S. Andrea della Valle S. Antonio da Padova in Via Merulana S. Apollinare alle Terme Ss . Apostoli S. Balbina S. Bartolomeo all'Isola Ss . Bonifacio e Alessio S. Camillo de Lellis S. Carlo al Corso S. Cecilia in Trastevere Ss . Celso e Giuliano S. Clemente Ss . Cosma e Damiano S. Crisogono S. Croce in Via Flaminia S. Croce in Gerusalemme S. Eugenio S. Eustachio S. Francesca Romana S. Giovanni a Porta Latina S. Giovanni dei Fiorentini Ss . Giovanni e Paolo S. Lorenzo in Damaso S. Lorenzo in Lucina S. Maria Ausiliatrice S. Marco S. Maria degli Angeli S. Maria in Cosmedin S. Maria in Domnica S. Maria in Aracoeli S. Maria del Popolo S. Maria sopra Minerva S. Maria in Trastevere S. Maria in Via S. Maria in Via Lata S. Maria della Vittoria S. Martino ai Monti Ss . Nereo e Achilleo S. Nicola in Carcere S. Pancrazio Pantheon S. Pietro in Vincoli S. Prassede S. Pudenziana Ss . Quattro Coronati S. Saba S. Sabina Sacro Cuore di Maria Sacro Cuore di Cristo Re Sacro Cuore di Gesù a Castro Pretorio S. Sebastiano fuori le mura S. Silvestro in Capite S. Sisto Vecchio S. Sofia a Via Boccea S. Stefano Rotondo S. Teresa S. Vitale Catholicism portal Landmarks of Rome Bridges Pons Cestius Pons Fabricius Ponte Milvio Ponte Sant'Angelo Ponte Sisto Basilicas and churches St. Peter 's Basilica Sistine Chapel Archbasilica of St. John Lateran Basilica of San Clemente al Laterano Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore Basilica of Santa Maria in Ara Coeli Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls Catacombs Church of the Gesù San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane Santa Croce in Gerusalemme Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri Santa Maria in Cosmedin Santa Maria in Trastevere Santa Prassede Santa Sabina Sant'Ivo alla Sapienza Santa Maria della Vittoria Santa Maria del Popolo San Pietro in Vincoli Architecture and art Villas Villa of Livia Villa of the Quintilii Villa of the sette bassi Temples Pantheon Temple of Castor and Pollux Temple of Hercules Victor Temple of Portunus Temple of Saturn Temple of Vesta Architecture Altare della Patria Ara Pacis Aurelian Walls Baths of Caracalla Castel Sant'Angelo Circus Maximus Colosseum Column of Marcus Aurelius Comitium Imperial fora Largo di Torre Argentina Mausoleum of Augustus Obelisks Palazzo Barberini Palazzo Farnese Piazza Navona Pyramid of Cestius Roman Forum Servian Wall Spanish Steps Theatre of Marcellus Theatre of Pompey Tiber Island Torre dei Capocci Torre delle Milizie Trajan 's Column Trajan 's Market Art Apollo Belvedere Augustus of Prima Porta La Bocca della Verità Laocoön and His Sons Ecstasy of Saint Teresa Sistine Chapel ceiling Fountains Fontana dell'Acqua Felice Fontana dell'Acqua Paola Trevi Fountain Seven Hills Aventine Caelian Capitoline Esquiline Palatine Quirinal Viminal Parks and gardens Villa Ada Villa Borghese gardens Villa Doria Pamphili Villa Medici Villa Torlonia Parco degli Acquedotti Piazzas and public spaces Campo de ' Fiori Piazza Colonna Piazza d'Aracoeli Piazza del Popolo Piazza della Minerva Piazza della Repubblica Piazza Farnese Piazza Navona Piazza di Spagna Piazza Venezia Streets Appian Way Clivus Capitolinus Via del Corso Via della Conciliazione Via dei Fori Imperiali Via Sacra Via Veneto Museums Vatican Museums Galleria Borghese Doria Pamphilj Gallery Museum of Roman Civilization Capitoline Museums National Roman Museum National Museum of Oriental Art Palaces Palazzo Farnese Palazzo Colonna Palazzo Chigi Palazzo Barberini Palazzo Riario Palazzo Pamphilj Quirinal Palace Metropolitan City of Rome Capital Castello Orsini - Odescalchi Hadrian 's Villa Villa Aldobrandini Villa d'Este Villa Farnese Events and traditions Festa della Repubblica Rome Quadriennale Rome Film Festival Related Vatican City St. Peter 's Square GND : 4115786 - 2 LCCN : n91022876 ULAN : 500311261 VIAF : 135655543 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pantheon,_Rome&oldid=845429694 '' Categories : 128 2nd - century religious buildings 7th - century churches Basilica churches in Rome Temples in the Campus Martius Ancient Roman buildings and structures in Rome Concrete shell structures Augustan building projects Hadrianic building projects Church buildings with domes Round churches Conversion of non-Christian places of worship into churches Tourist attractions in Rome Roman Catholic churches in Rome Rome R. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what was the pantheon in rome used for | [
"The Pantheon (/ˈpænθiən/ or US: /ˈpænθiɒn/;[1] Latin: Pantheum,[nb 1] from Greek Πάνθειον Pantheion, \"[temple] of all the gods\") is a former Roman temple, now a church, in Rome, Italy, on the site of an earlier temple commissioned by Marcus Agrippa during the reign of Augustus (27 BC – 14 AD). The present building was completed by the emperor Hadrian and probably dedicated about 126 AD. He retained Agrippa's original inscription, which has caused confusion over its date of construction as the original Pantheon burned down, so it is not certain when the present one was built.[2]"
] | [
"temple, now a church"
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-922965505149822051 | I've Got the Music in Me | I 've Got the Music in Me - Wikipedia I 've Got the Music in Me Jump to : navigation , search For the album by Thelma Houston , see I 've Got the Music in Me ( album ) `` I 've Got the Music in Me '' Single by The Kiki Dee Band from the album I 've Got the Music in Me B - side `` Simple Melody '' Released 26 July 1974 Format 7 '' single Label The Rocket Record Company Songwriter ( s ) Bias Boshell Producer ( s ) Gus Dudgeon The Kiki Dee Band singles chronology `` Hard Luck Story '' ( 1974 ) `` I 've Got the Music in Me '' ( 1974 ) `` How Glad I Am '' ( 1975 ) `` Hard Luck Story '' ( 1974 ) `` I 've Got the Music in Me '' ( 1974 ) `` How Glad I Am '' ( 1975 ) `` I 've Got the Music in Me '' is a song by The Kiki Dee Band , released in 1974 . It was written in 1973 by Bias Boshell , Kiki Dee Band 's keyboardist . The song entered the UK Singles Chart on 7 September 1974 , reached number 19 and stayed in the chart for eight weeks . On the Billboard pop chart in the United States , `` I 've Got the Music in Me '' peaked at number 12 on October 19 , 1974 . It is also the title of a Kiki Dee Band album released in 1974 and re-mastered and re-issued with bonus tracks in 2008 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chart history 1.1 Weekly charts 1.2 Year - end charts 2 Cover versions 3 References 4 External links Chart history ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1974 ) Peak position Australia KMR 52 Canada RPM Top Singles 20 Canada RPM Adult Contemporary 9 UK ( OCC ) 19 US Billboard Hot 100 12 US Cash Box Top 100 18 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1974 ) Rank Canada RPM Top Singles 166 US ( Joel Whitburn 's Pop Annual ) 119 Cover versions ( edit ) Cascade ( `` Musiikkisielu '' ) ( 1975 ) Lainie Kazan ( 1975 ) The Love Machine ( 1975 ) Barbi Benton ( 1975 ) Marcia Hines ( 1976 ) , ( 1978 ) and ( 1999 ) Thelma Houston ( 1976 ) New Seekers ( 1976 ) Heart ( 1977 and 1978 , recorded in 1975 ) Zdzisława Sośnicka ( `` Moja Muzyka - To Ja '' ) ( 1977 ) Tina Turner & Cher ( 1977 , on the TV show `` The Sonny & Cher Show '' ) Ronnie Milsap ( 1978 ) Sheena Easton ( 1979 ) Toni Tennille ( 1980 , live on her talk show ' The Toni Tennille Show ' ) Ronnie Milsap ( 1979 ) Aretha Franklin ( 1977 , as a medley with `` Mumbles '' , from the album `` Sweet Passion '' ) Patrick Lemoine Lori Wells Yvonne K. ( 1983 ) 2 Bigg Featuring Marilyn ( 1993 ) 400Hz ( 1995 ) Jump5 ( 2004 ) Diana DeGarmo ( 2004 ) Boogie Pimps ( 2006 ) Céline Dion ( 2008 ) Peyton ( 2008 ) Eleisha Miller ( 2009 , quarterfinal performance in season four of America 's Got Talent ) Jordin Sparks ( 2009 , features in The American Idol Experience attraction at Disney 's Hollywood Studios at the Walt Disney World Resort ) Jennifer Lopez ( 2012 ) Kat Robichaud ( 2013 ) ( sang this song in the Blind Audition of The Voice ( U.S. season 5 ) ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . pp. 146 -- 147 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Lonergan , David ( 2005 ) . Hit Records , 1950 - 1975 . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow Press . p. 106 . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 5129 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca. 1974 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca. 1974 - 11 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles , December 7 , 1974 Jump up ^ Bac-lac.gc.ca Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1999 ) . Pop Annual . Menomonee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research Inc . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 142 - X . Jump up ^ `` Toni Tennille performs I 've Got the Music In Me Kiki Dee '' . YouTube . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics `` I 've Got the Music in Me '' at Discogs ( list of releases ) Kiki Dee Info ( hide ) Kiki Dee Studio albums Loving and Free ( 1973 ) Perfect Timing ( 1981 ) Songs `` ( You Do n't Know ) How Glad I Am '' `` Amoureuse '' `` I 've Got the Music in Me '' `` Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' `` True Love '' This 1970s pop song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27ve_Got_the_Music_in_Me&oldid=829933137 '' Categories : 1974 songs 1974 singles Kiki Dee songs Song recordings produced by Gus Dudgeon The Rocket Record Company singles Songs about music 1970s pop song stubs Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 11 March 2018 , at 18 : 15 . About Wikipedia | who sings the song i've got the music in me | [
"\"I've Got the Music in Me\" is a song by The Kiki Dee Band, released in 1974. It was written in 1973 by Bias Boshell, Kiki Dee Band's keyboardist."
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"The Kiki Dee Band"
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4667217453828958425 | List of governors of Bengal | List of governors of Bengal - wikipedia List of governors of Bengal This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . From 1690 , a governor represented the British East India Company in Bengal , which had been granted the right to establish a trading post by the Nawabs of Bengal . Robert Clive : Governor of Bengal during 1757 -- 1760 and again during 1765 -- 1767 and established Dual Government in Bengal from 1765 to 1772 . ( True founder of British Political dominion in India ) . Vanisttart ( 1760 -- 1765 ) : The Battle of Buxar ( 1764 ) . Cartier ( 1769 -- 1772 ) : Bengal Famine ( 1770 ) Contents 1 Chief agents , 1681 -- 1684 2 Presidents , 1684 -- 1694 3 Chief Agents , 1694 -- 1700 4 Presidents , 1700 -- 1758 5 Governors ( 1758 -- 1774 ) , Governor General of Bengal ( 1773 -- 1833 ) , Governor General of India ( 1833 -- 1858 ) 6 Lieutenant - Governors , 1854 -- 1912 7 Governors , 1912 -- 1947 8 Independence , post 1947 9 References 10 External links Chief agents , 1681 -- 1684 ( edit ) Name Took office Left office William Hedges 1681 1684 John Beard 1684 1684 Presidents , 1684 -- 1694 ( edit ) Name Took office Left office William Gyfford 1684 1685 Job Charnock 1685 1693 Francis Ellis 1693 1693 Charles Eyre 1693 1694 Chief Agents , 1694 -- 1700 ( edit ) Name Took office Left office Charles Eyre 1694 1698 John Beard 1698 1699 Charles Eyre 1699 1700 Presidents , 1700 -- 1758 ( edit ) Name Took office Left office Charles Eyre 1700 1701 John Beard 1701 1705 Edward Littleton 1705 1705 ' Ruled by a council ' 1705 1710 Anthony Weltden 1710 1711 John Russell 1711 1713 Robert Hedges 1713 1718 Samuel Flake 1718 1723 John Deane 1723 1726 Henry Frankland 1726 1728 Edward Stephenson 1728 1728 John Deane 1728 1732 John Stackhouse 1732 1739 Thomas Broddyll 1739 1746 John Forster 1746 1748 William Barwell 1748 1749 Adam Dawson 1749 1752 William Fytche 1752 1752 Roger Drake 1752 1756 Under the leadership of Robert Clive , British troops and their local allies defeated the nawab on 23 June 1757 at the Battle of Plassey . The nawab was assassinated in Murshidabad , and the British installed their own replacement . Clive became governor . Governors ( 1758 -- 1774 ) , governor General of Bengal ( 1773 -- 1833 ) , governor General of India ( 1833 -- 1858 ) ( edit ) Name Took office Left office Robert Clive 1758 1760 Henry Vansittart 1760 1765 Robert Clive , 1st Baron Clive 1765 1767 Harry Verelst 1767 1769 John Cartier 1769 1772 Warren Hastings 1773 1785 Sir John Macpherson , 1st Baronet 1785 1786 Charles Cornwallis , 2nd Earl Cornwallis 1786 1793 Sir John Shore 1793 1798 Richard Wellesley , 1st Marquess Wellesley 1798 1805 Charles Cornwallis , 1st Marquess Cornwallis 1805 1805 Sir George Barlow , 1st Baronet 1805 1807 Gilbert Elliot - Murray - Kynynmound , The Lord Minto 1807 1813 Francis Rawdon - Hastings , The Earl of Moira 1813 1823 John Adam 1823 1823 William Amherst , 1st Earl Amherst 1823 1828 William Butterworth Bayley 1828 1828 William Bentinck 1828 1835 Sir Charles Metcalfe , Bt 1835 1836 George Eden , 1st Earl of Auckland 1836 1842 Edward Law , 1st Earl of Ellenborough 1842 1844 William Wilberforce Bird 1842 1844 Henry Hardinge , 1st Viscount Hardinge 1844 1848 James Broun - Ramsay , 1st Marquess of Dalhousie 1848 1856 Under the Charter Act 1853 the Governor General of India was relieved of his concurrent duties as Governor of Bengal and empowered to appoint a lieutenant - governor from 1854 . Lieutenant - governors , 1854 -- 1912 ( edit ) Name Took office Left office Frederick James Halliday 1854 1859 John Peter Grant 1859 1862 Cecil Beadon 1862 1866 William Grey 1867 1870 George Campbell 1870 1874 Richard Temple 1874 1877 Ashley Eden 1877 1882 Augustus Thompson 1882 1887 Steuart Colvin Bayley 1887 1890 Charles Alfred Elliott 1890 1893 Anthony MacDonnell 1893 1895 Alexander Mackenzie 1895 1897 Charles Stevens 1897 1898 John Woodburn 1898 1902 James Bourdillon 1902 1903 Andrews Henderson Leith Frazer 1903 1906 Lancelot Hare 1906 1906 Francis Slacke 1906 1908 Edward Norman Baker 1908 1911 William Duke 1911 1912 In 1911 , the British reunited east and west Bengal to form a single province under a governor . Governors , 1912 -- 1947 ( edit ) Name Took office Left office Thomas Gibson - Carmichael , 1st Baron Carmichael 1912 1917 Lawrence Dundas , Earl of Ronaldshay 1917 1922 Victor Bulwer - Lytton , 2nd Earl of Lytton 1922 1927 Sir Stanley Jackson 1927 1932 Sir John Anderson 1932 1937 Michael Knatchbull , 5th Baron Brabourne 1937 1938 Sir John Arthur Herbert 1939 1943 Richard Casey 1944 1946 Sir Frederick Burrows 1946 1947 Independence , post 1947 ( edit ) In 1947 , the British Raj came to an end , and the new countries of India and Pakistan were created . Bengal was partitioned into two in anticipation of this in 1946 , and following independence West Bengal joined India , and East Bengal ( renamed as East Pakistan in 1956 ) joined Pakistan only to secede later in 1972 as Bangladesh . For a continuation of governors of West Bengal , please see List of Governors of West Bengal , and for East Bengal , please see East Bengal , East Pakistan , and finally , List of Presidents of Bangladesh . References ( edit ) http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_BrProvinces.htm External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Governors of Bengal . Administrators of provinces in British India Governors Agra ( 1834 -- 1836 ) Andaman and Nicobar Islands ( 1945 -- 1947 ) Assam ( 1921 -- 1947 ) Bengal ( 1700 -- 1774 , 1912 -- 1947 ) Bihar ( 1936 -- 1947 ) Bihar and Orissa ( 1920 -- 1936 ) Bombay ( 1694 -- 1947 ) Burma ( 1923 -- 1937 ) Central Provinces and Berar ( 1920 -- 1947 ) Madras ( 1698 -- 1947 ) North - West Frontier ( 1932 -- 1948 ) Orissa ( 1936 -- 1947 ) Punjab ( 1921 -- 1947 ) Sind ( 1936 -- 1947 ) United Provinces of British India ( 1921 -- 1937 ) United Provinces ( 1937 -- 1947 ) Lt. Governors Bengal , Bihar and Orissa ( 1854 -- 1912 ) Assam ( 1905 -- 1912 ) Bihar and Orissa ( 1912 -- 1920 ) Burma ( 1897 -- 1923 ) North - Western Provinces ( 1836 -- 1877 ) North - Western Provinces ( 1877 -- 1902 ) Punjab ( 1859 -- 1921 ) United Provinces of Agra and Oudh ( 1902 -- 1921 ) Chief Commissioners Ajmer - Merwara ( 1871 -- 1947 ) Andaman and Nicobar Islands ( 1872 -- 1945 ) Assam ( 1874 -- 1905 , 1912 -- 1921 ) Balochistan ( 1877 -- 1947 ) Burma ( 1886 -- 1897 ) Central Provinces ( 1861 -- 1920 ) Coorg ( 1869 -- 1947 ) Delhi ( 1912 -- 1947 ) Lower Burma ( 1867 -- 1886 ) North - West Frontier ( 1901 -- 1932 ) Oudh ( 1856 -- 1877 ) Oudh ( 1877 -- 1902 ) Panth - Piploda ( 1942 -- 1947 ) Punjab ( 1853 -- 1859 ) Commissioners Assam ( 1828 -- 1874 ) Sind ( 1843 -- 1936 ) Superintendents Andaman and Nicobar Islands ( 1858 -- 1872 ) Office retained following Indian independence Governors , Civil Commissioners and Administrators of British dependencies Overseas territories Governor of Anguilla Governor of Bermuda Commissioner for the British Antarctic Territory Commissioner for the British Indian Ocean Territory Governor of the Virgin Islands Governor of the Cayman Islands Governor of the Falkland Islands Governor of Gibraltar Governor of Montserrat Governor of Pitcairn Administrator of the Pitcairn Islands Commissioner for South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Governor of Saint Helena Governor of Ascension Administrator of Ascension Governor of Tristan da Cunha Administrator of Tristan da Cunha Governor of the Turks and Caicos Islands Crown dependencies Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man Lieutenant Governor of Jersey Former ( Africa ) Governor of British Mauritius Governor of British Cameroons Governor of Cape Colony Governor of the Gambia Governor of Gold Coast Lieutenant Governor of Griqualand West Governor of Kenya Governor of Lagos Colony Governor - General of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland Governor of Northern Rhodesia Governor of Nyasaland Governor of Southern Rhodesia Governor of Natal Governor of Nigeria Governor of Senegal Governor of the Seychelles Governor of Sierra Leone Governor - General of the Union of South Africa High Commissioner for Southern Africa Governor of British Somaliland Governors of Tanganyika Governor of Uganda Resident in Zanzibar Former ( Americas ) Governor of the Bahamas Governor of Barbados Lieutenant Governor of Grenada Lieutenant - Governor of Berbice Governor of British Guiana Governor of British Honduras Governor of Cuba Governor of Dominica Lieutenant - Governor of Demerara - Essequibo Governor of Grenada Governor of Jamaica Governor of the Leeward Islands Governor of St. Lucia Governor of St. Vincent Governor of Trinidad and Tobago Lieutenant governors of Tobago Governor of Trinidad Governor of Newfoundland Governor General of Canada Governor of British Columbia Governor of New Brunswick Governor of Nova Scotia Governor of Prince Edward Island Lieutenant Governor of Quebec Governor of Saint Christopher , Nevis and Anguilla Governor - in - Chief of the Windward Islands Governor - General of the West Indies Federation Colonial Governors of Connecticut Colonial governors of Delaware Colonial Governors of Florida Colonial Governors of Georgia Colonial Governors of Maryland Colonial Governors of Massachusetts Colonial Governors of New Hampshire Colonial Governors of New Jersey Colonial Governor of New York Governor of North Carolina Colonial Governors of Pennsylvania Colonial Governors of Rhode Island Colonial Governors of South Carolina Colonial Governors of Virginia Former ( Asia ) Governor of Aden Governor of Burma Governor of Ceylon High Commissioner for the Federated Malay States Senior British representatives in the constituent protected states Senior British representatives in the neighbouring Malayan protected states General Adviser to the Government of Johore Adviser to the Sultan of Kedah Adviser to the Government of Kelantan Adviser to the Government of Perlis Adviser , Trengganu Governor of Hong Kong Viceroy and Governor - General of India Heads of the provinces of British India Governor of Aden Governor of Bengal Governor of Bombay Governor of Madras Governor of Sind Senior British representatives in neighbouring protected states Resident of Gwalior High Commissioner for Iraq Governor of Labuan High Commissioner for Malaya Governor of the Malayan Union Governor of North Borneo Resident Minister in Nepal High Commissioners for Palestine and Transjordan Governor of Penang Governor of Sarawak Governor of Singapore Former ( Australasia ) Governor - General of Australia Government Resident of Central Australia Governor of New South Wales Government Resident of North Australia Governor of Queensland Governor of South Australia Governor of Tasmania Governor of Victoria Governor of Western Australia Lieutenant Governor of the Swan River Colony Governor - General of New Zealand Governor - General of Papua New Guinea Consul in Tonga Former ( Europe ) Governor of Cyprus Lieutenant Governor of Heligoland High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands Governor of the Isle of Wight Governor of Malta Governor of Minorca Governor of Northern Ireland Former ( Oceania ) Governor of Fiji Governor of the Solomon Islands High Commissioner for the Western Pacific Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_governors_of_Bengal&oldid=848217414 '' Categories : Bengal Governors of Bengal Lists of governors Hidden categories : Incomplete lists from August 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা ਪੰਜਾਬੀ اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 30 June 2018 , at 14 : 19 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the first governor general of bengal | [
"\n\n\nName\n\nTook office\n\nLeft office\n\n\nRobert Clive\n\n1758\n\n1760\n\n\nHenry Vansittart\n\n1760\n\n1765\n\n\nRobert Clive, 1st Baron Clive\n\n1765\n\n1767\n\n\nHarry Verelst\n\n1767\n\n1769\n\n\nJohn Cartier\n\n1769\n\n1772\n\n\nWarren Hastings\n\n1773\n\n1785\n\n\nSir John Macpherson, 1st Baronet\n\n1785\n\n1786\n\n\nCharles Cornwallis, 2nd Earl Cornwallis\n\n1786\n\n1793\n\n\nSir John Shore\n\n1793\n\n1798\n\n\nRichard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley\n\n1798\n\n1805\n\n\nCharles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis\n\n1805\n\n1805\n\n\nSir George Barlow, 1st Baronet\n\n1805\n\n1807\n\n\nGilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, The Lord Minto\n\n1807\n\n1813\n\n\nFrancis Rawdon-Hastings, The Earl of Moira\n\n1813\n\n1823\n\n\nJohn Adam\n\n1823\n\n1823\n\n\nWilliam Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst\n\n1823\n\n1828\n\n\n\nWilliam Butterworth Bayley\n\n1828\n\n1828\n\n\nWilliam Bentinck\n\n1828\n\n1835\n\n\nSir Charles Metcalfe, Bt\n\n1835\n\n1836\n\n\nGeorge Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland\n\n1836\n\n1842\n\n\nEdward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough\n\n1842\n\n1844\n\n\n\nWilliam Wilberforce Bird\n\n1842\n\n1844\n\n\nHenry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge\n\n1844\n\n1848\n\n\nJames Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie\n\n1848\n\n1856\n"
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"Robert Clive"
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-1315267956640834516 | Georgia Military College | Georgia Military college - wikipedia Georgia Military college Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Georgia Military College Type Public independent junior college Established 1879 President Lieutenant General ( Ret . ) William B. Caldwell , IV Administrative staff 150 Undergraduates 8,260 Postgraduates 0 Location Milledgeville , Georgia , United States Campus Urban , 25 acres ( 0.1 km2 ) Athletics Bulldogs Colors Red and black Website www.gmc.cc.ga.us Georgia Military College ( GMC ) is divided into the junior college , a military junior college program , high school , and middle school in Milledgeville , Georgia , United States . It was originally known as Middle Georgia Military and Agricultural College , until 1900 . GMC 's main facility is the recently restored old Georgia state capitol building ( circa 1807 ) . The main campus in Milledgeville serves approximately 254 full - time , resident ROTC Cadets and 1300 commuter students . GMC 's seven campuses , five extension campuses , and online campus serve nearly 14,000 students across Georgia . GMC is one of five military junior colleges that participate in the U.S. Army 's Early Commissioning Program . Students who graduate from GMC 's two - year , military science - oriented curriculum receive an officer 's commission in the U.S. Army . Although GMC is a state - funded institution , it is not part of the University System of Georgia or the Technical College System of Georgia . The junior college was established in 1879 , and later added a preparatory school for students in sixth grade through twelfth grade . GMC 's military preparatory school for Cadets is in Baldwin County and has approximately 279 middle school students and 277 high - school Junior ROTC ( JROTC ) students . The preparatory school 's dual enrollment program enables qualified sophomores , juniors , and seniors to attend classes at the junior college and the high school simultaneously , while earning credit for both their high school diploma and their college degree . Contents ( hide ) 1 Campuses 2 Corps of Cadets 3 High school and middle school 4 History 5 Athletics 6 Notable alumni 7 References 8 External links Campuses ( edit ) In addition to the main campus in Milledgeville , GMC Junior College other campus locations and extension offices are located in Atlanta ( Fairburn ) , Augusta , Columbus , Madison , Sandersville , Valdosta , Warner Robins , Fayetteville , Dublin , Eastman , and Stone Mountain . The other campus locations serve as junior colleges to their local communities . Georgia Military College Columbus Campus is the only liberal arts junior college in Columbus . The Columbus campus opened at Fort Benning in 1997 , and moved to Cross Country Office Park in 2004 . Since January of 2013 , Georgia Military College Columbus has been enjoying its beautiful , newly built campus at 7300 Blackmon Road . GMC Columbus ' completely wireless campus features the latest educational technology , including Promethean Interactive Whiteboards and remote printing . GMC also operates a growing online campus . This allows GMC to offer degrees to people who that work and do n't have the time to come to campus , who are stationed overseas , or just enjoy going to school online . The online campus allows GMC to serve not just local but also global communities . Corps of Cadets ( edit ) Georgia 's second capitol building , 1937 , now part of Georgia Military College GMC 's Early Commissioning Program ( ECP ) is designed to enable students to become a Second Lieutenant in the US Army after the first two years in college . GMC offers funding specifically to help pay costs for Corps of Cadet members on the Milledgeville campus . The State Service Scholarship Program provides 39 full scholarships to qualified Georgia residents with an interest in military service as well as a quality college education . The program is funded through the Georgia General Assembly . Scholarship recipients are required to become members of either the Army or Air National Guard , and must be nominated by a member of the Georgia General Assembly . These scholarships cover tuition , fees , rooms , board , books and supplies . Scholarship winners must join the Corps of Cadets and participate in Army ROTC . Army ROTC scholarships are also available for qualified cadets interested in the Early Commissioning Program ( ECP ) . These scholarships are funded through ROTC and cover tuition , fees , and books , plus a monthly stipend . There are various options for ROTC scholarship based on the student 's desire for active duty or reserve component duty . After completing studies at GMC , a transfer scholarship is available for those GMC graduates desiring to complete their four - year degree at Georgia 's senior military college , the University of North Georgia ( UNG ) ( formerly North Georgia College and State University , NGC&SU ) in Dahlonega . Georgia is the only U.S. state with both a senior military college ( UNG ) and a military junior college ( GMC ) . Combined , GMC and UNG currently have almost 900 cadets pursuing a commission in the U.S. Army . One of the ways in which a student can become an ECP cadet is to attend the Cadet Initial Entry Training at Fort Knox , Kentucky . The course is 29 days long and the Cadet will be paid by the U.S. Army for completing the course . Between the Cadet 's freshmen and sophomore years , the Cadet will attend the Advanced Camp at Fort Knox , Kentucky . Following AC , the Cadet may be able to attend additional training with Army units all over the world and in the United States . After completing required training , the Cadet is commissioned as a U.S. Army officer at the end of his / her sophomore year . The ECP program allows Cadets to become Commissioned 2nd Lieutenants two years earlier than normal ROTC Cadets and even West Point Cadets . These Commissioned Army Officers can then serve in the Army Reserve or Army National Guard . After completing their four - year degrees , they will be promoted as a 1st Lieutenant in the US Army . They will go to the Army Basic Officer Leaders Course as a 1st LT while other ROTC and USMA grads are only a 2nd LT . That is not always the case however . GMC opened its modern barracks ( dorm ) facility in January 2007 for the 254 students that comprise the Corps of Cadets . A new academic building and dining hall have recently been completed . High school and middle school ( edit ) Because it is part of JROTC , GMC 's high school has mandatory 50 - minute LET ( Leadership , Education , Training ) classes throughout the day . The school day is followed by a 50 - minute period of marching on Davenport field three times a week . After - school extracurricular activities include marching band , football , baseball , basketball , softball , rifle team , drill team , dance line , cheerleading , color guard , cross country , soccer , tennis , track , and raiders . The school 's middle school is modeled after the high school , having drill at the end of the day led by cadets . History ( edit ) 1890 graduation class Georgia Military College was created in 1879 by act of the Georgia General Assembly `` to educate young men and women from the Middle Georgia area in an environment which fosters the qualities of good citizenship . '' It was the apparent intention of the General Assembly to establish the school as a unit of the slowly forming University System of Georgia . State property in Milledgeville , including the former state capital building which had been damaged by General William T. Sherman 's `` March to the Sea '' , was loaned to the University of Georgia by the Act of 1879 , and the Board of Trustees of the University of Georgia was given veto powers by this Act over the acts of the local Board of Trustees of the new institution . The school was originally called Middle Georgia Military and Agricultural College and was ceded state government lands surrounding the Old Capitol Building , the seat of government for the state of Georgia from 1807 - 1868 . The Old Capitol Building , then as now , is the main college facility and sits on the highest point in Milledgeville . Former Confederate general Daniel Harvey Hill served as president from 1885 until August 1889 , when he resigned due to failing health . ( He died in Charlotte , NC on September 24 , 1889 . ) The 1890 graduating class was the first to include female students . The college 's intended purpose was to enable graduates to enter higher classes at the University of Georgia , to give training in agriculture and mining , and , finally , to train teachers . The name of the school was changed to Georgia Military College in 1900 . Legislative acts of 1920 and 1922 severed the relationship with the University of Georgia and gave the local board total power over the operations of the school . In 1922 the method of electing members of the Board of Trustees and filling vacancies on the board was changed . This act provided for a seven - member board to be elected from and by the citizens of Milledgeville , with trustees ' terms staggered to provide continuity . In 1930 the official addition of a junior college division to the college - preparatory secondary school finally justified its name . In 1950 the Defense Department designated the institution a `` military junior college . '' Today it is one of only six remaining US military junior colleges so designated . Athletics ( edit ) Georgia Military College competes in soccer , tennis , golf , cross country , softball , and football . The football program has firmly established itself as one of the finest junior college programs in the country . Since 1991 , GMC has developed 36 All - Americans , won the Junior College National Championship in 2001 , played for the national championship in 2002 , played in eight junior college bowl games , and sent over 250 young men to continue their education and athletic careers at four - year institutions across the country . The football team finished the 2005 season ranked second in the nation . On the golf course , the Bulldogs took home the 2004 NJCAA DIII National Championship Trophy , with Brendon O'Connel taking the individual title . Alumnus Macoumba Kandji scored the game - winning goal in the 2010 MLS Cup , lifting the Colorado Rapids soccer team over FC Dallas . Notable alumni ( edit ) Lorenzo Bromell , former NFL player George Busbee , Governor of Georgia , 1975 - 1983 Oliver Hardy , comedian from Laurel and Hardy ; was a pupil for some years William Usery , former United States Secretary of Labor Carl Vinson , father of two - ocean navy Daniel Wilcox , former NFL player Peppi Zellner , former NFL player BG John F. King , Deputy Commanding General of Army National Guard References ( edit ) Military of the United States portal Jump up ^ `` Georgia Military College - A Liberal Arts Junior College '' . gmc411.com . Jump up ^ OWEN , MIKE . `` Columbus Council : Developer plans new Georgia Military College campus in north Columbus . '' Ledger - Enquirer ( Columbus , GA ) 14 Mar. 2012 , : NewsBank . Web . 12 Nov. 2012 Jump up ^ `` Georgia Military College - A Liberal Arts Junior College '' . gmconlinecampus.net . Jump up ^ Bridges , Hal . Lee 's Maverick General : Daniel Harvey Hill . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press , 1991 , pp. 277 - 279 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 6096 - 2 . First published 1961 by McGraw - Hill . Jump up ^ Owen , Richard , and James Owen . Generals at Rest : The Grave Sites of the 425 Official Confederate Generals . Shippensburg , PA : White Mane Publishing Co. , 1997 , p. 176 ISBN 1 - 57249 - 045 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Georgia Military College . Official website `` Middle Georgia Military & Agricultural College '' , Union Recorder , August 21 , 1900 from the Milledgeville Historic Newspapers Archive in the Digital Library of Georgia `` Tocqueville in Milledgeville '' - Segment from C - SPAN 's Alexis de Tocqueville Tour , broadcast from and featuring discussion of Georgia Military College Association of Military Colleges and Schools of the United States Senior military colleges Public The Citadel Texas A&M University University of North Georgia Virginia Military Institute Virginia Tech Private Norwich University Virginia Women 's Institute for Leadership Military junior colleges Public Georgia Military College Marion Military Institute New Mexico Military Institute Private Valley Forge Military Academy and College Preparatory schools Admiral Farragut Academy American Military Academy Army and Navy Academy Benedictine College Preparatory Camden Military Academy Carson Long Military Academy Culver Academies Fishburne Military School Florida Preparatory Academy Fork Union Military Academy Hargrave Military Academy Howe Military Academy Lyman Ward Military Academy Marine Military Academy Massanutten Military Academy Missouri Military Academy New York Military Academy North Valley Military Institute Oak Ridge Military Academy Randolph - Macon Academy Riverside Military Academy Saint Thomas Academy St. Catherine 's Academy St. John 's Military School St. John 's Northwestern Military Academy Texas Military Institute Robert Land Academy ( Canada ) GHSA Class A Region 7 Aquinas Fighting Irish First Presbyterian Vikings Georgia Academy for Blind Georgia Military College Bulldogs Glascock County Panthers Hancock Central Bulldogs Lake Oconee Academy Lincoln County Red Devils Mount de Sales Academy Stratford Academy Taliaferro County Tattnall Square Academy Trojans Twiggs County Cobras Warren County Screaming Devils Wilkinson County Warriors College sports teams in Georgia NCAA Division I Georgia Georgia Southern Georgia State Georgia Tech Kennesaw State Mercer Savannah State NCAA Division II Albany State Armstrong State Augusta Clark Atlanta Clayton State Columbus State Emmanuel Fort Valley State Georgia College Georgia Southwestern Morehouse North Georgia Paine Shorter Valdosta State West Georgia Young Harris NCAA Division III Agnes Scott Berry Covenant Emory LaGrange Oglethorpe Piedmont Wesleyan NAIA Divisions I and II Brenau Brewton -- Parker Coastal Georgia Dalton State Georgia Gwinnett Life Middle Georgia Point Reinhardt Savannah Art and Design Savannah Art & Design -- Atlanta Thomas Truett McConnell NJCAA Division I Abraham Baldwon Albany Tech Atlanta Metropolitan Chattahoochee Tech Darton State East Georgia Georgia Highlands Georgia Military Georgia Perimeter Gordon State Middle Georgia South Georgia Tech Waycross NCCAA Divisions I and II Carver Emmanuel Point Shorter Toccoa Falls Coordinates : 33 ° 04 ′ 45 '' N 83 ° 13 ′ 23 '' W / 33.07920 ° N 83.22296 ° W / 33.07920 ; - 83.22296 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georgia_Military_College&oldid=796669781 '' Categories : Military education and training in the United States Junior colleges in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Universities and colleges in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Educational institutions established in 1879 Military high schools in the United States Military junior colleges Universities and colleges accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Education in Baldwin County , Georgia Schools in Baldwin County , Georgia 1879 establishments in Georgia ( U.S. state ) NJCAA athletics Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2014 All articles needing additional references Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 August 2017 , at 11 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the main campus of gmc located | [
"GMC's main facility is the recently restored old Georgia state capitol building (circa 1807). The main campus in Milledgeville serves approximately 254 full-time, resident ROTC Cadets and 1300 commuter students. GMC's seven campuses, five extension campuses, and online campus serve nearly 14,000 students across Georgia."
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"Milledgeville"
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2508459603531053596 | Energy in the United Arab Emirates | Energy in the United Arab Emirates - wikipedia Energy in the United Arab Emirates Jump to : navigation , search Energy in the United Arab Emirates describes energy and electricity production , consumption and import in the United Arab Emirates ( UAE ) . UAE has 7 % of global proved oil reserves , about 100 billion barrels . Primary energy use in 2009 in UAE was 693 TWh and 151 TWh per million persons . The UAE is currently transitioning from an electricity generation system nearly 100 % powered by gas power plants ( 2010 ) to 100 % powered by nuclear , solar and other renewables in order to substantially reduce its carbon emissions . It is also rolling out electric vehicle charging infrastructure . Location Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Oil production 3 Gas production 4 Solar 5 Nuclear 6 Climate change 7 References Overview ( edit ) Energy in the United Arab Emirates Capita Prim . energy Production Export Electricity CO-emission Million TWh TWh TWh TWh Mt 4.32 510 1,907 1,273 49.0 103 2007 4.37 601 2,074 1,267 70.5 131 2008 4.48 680 2,100 1,196 75.8 147 2009 4.60 693 1,963 1,084 79.5 147 7.51 723 2,050 1,129 83.0 154 2012 7.89 769 2,211 1,246 83.8 166 2012R 9.21 785 2,260 1,252 93 , 7 171 2013 9.35 809 2,345 1,316 98 , 6 168 Change 2004 - 10 73.8 % 41.8 % 7.5 % 11.3 % 69.5 % 49.4 % Mtoe = 11.63 TWh , Prim . energy includes energy losses 2012R = CO2 calculation criteria changed , numbers updated Oil production ( edit ) Main article : Oil reserves in the United Arab Emirates In June 2010 UAE had 6th top global proved oil reserves about 100 billion barrels , behind Saudi Arabia , Venezuela , Iran , Iraq and Kuwait . The crude oil production of UAE was more than 4 and less than 5 million barrels daily . UAE was 4th top crude oil net exporter ( 108 Mt in 2008 ) and 10th top crude oil producers ( 120 Mt in 2009 ) . Gas production ( edit ) UAE has 7th top global proved natural gas reserves , above 6 trillion cubic metres . The global gas production in 2009 was 3 trillion cubic meters . Solar ( edit ) Main article : Solar power in the United Arab Emirates The UAE has massive solar generation potential , and its energy policy has shifted substantially due to the declining price of solar . The Dubai Clean Energy Strategy aims to provide 7 per cent of Dubai 's energy from clean energy sources by 2020 . It will increase this target to 25 per cent by 2030 and 75 per cent by 2050 . Nuclear ( edit ) Main article : Nuclear power in the United Arab Emirates Despite being a large oil exporter , the UAE is installing nuclear power plants to meet its energy needs . It has signed an agreement with the U.S. on nuclear cooperation , and is also a signatory to the nuclear non-proliferation treaty . Climate change ( edit ) United Arab Emirates was 6th top carbon dioxide emitter per capita in the world in 2009 : 40.31 tonnes per capita . Top countries were ( tonnes / capita ) : Gibraltar 152 , U.S. Virgin Islands 114 , Qatar 80 , Netherlands Antilles 51 and Bahrain 43 . All emissions from building and cement production are local but some people may argue that some United Arab Emirates produced fuels and / or goods are consumed abroad . The UAE has begun acting aggressively to reduce its carbon emissions . Dubai Electricity and Water Authority ( DEWA ) plans a 250 MW pumped - storage hydroelectricity at Hatta using 880 million gallons of water 300 meter above a lower dam . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : 2011 report on oil and gas companies , Promoting revenue Transparency Transparency International 2011 p. 113 - 114 , 116 Jump up ^ IEA Key energy statistics 2011 Page : Country specific indicator numbers from page 48 Jump up ^ IEA Key World Energy Statistics 2015 , 2014 ( 2012R as in November 2015 + 2012 as in March 2014 is comparable to previous years statistical calculation criteria , 2013 , Archived 2014 - 09 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . 2012 , Archived 2013 - 03 - 09 at the Wayback Machine . 2011 , Archived 2011 - 10 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . 2010 , Archived 2010 - 10 - 11 at the Wayback Machine . 2009 , 2006 Archived 2009 - 10 - 12 at the Wayback Machine . IEA October , crude oil p. 11 , coal p. 13 gas p. 15 Jump up ^ IEA Key statistics 2010 Jump up ^ http://www.thenational.ae/business/energy/dubai-ruler-wants-solar-panels-on-every-roof-by-2030 Jump up ^ `` Nuclear Power in the United Arab Emirates '' . Country Briefings . World Nuclear Association ( WNA ) . January 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` US - UAE 123 Agreement '' . Retrieved 5 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UAE NPT Signatory '' . Retrieved 5 May 2010 . Jump up ^ World carbon dioxide emissions data by country : China speeds ahead of the rest Guardian 31 January 2011 Jump up ^ Which nations are most responsible for climate change ? Guardian 21 April 2011 Jump up ^ `` Dubai to build Persian Gulf 's first hydroelectric plant , 880 million gallon ' battery ' '' . Electrek. 23 December 2016 . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . United Arab Emirates portal Energy portal Middle East Bahrain Cyprus Egypt Iran Iraq Iraqi Kurdistan Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Energy policy of the Middle East Bahrain Cyprus Egypt Iran Iraq Iraqi Kurdistan Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC ) Algeria Angola Ecuador Equatorial Guinea Gabon Iran Iraq Kuwait Libya Nigeria Qatar Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Venezuela List of Secretaries General OPEC Fund for International Development OPEC Reference Basket Energy in the OPEC countries and primary energy 2008 ( TWh ) Iran 2,350 Saudi Arabia 1,879 Nigeria 1,293 Venezuela 745 United Arab Emirates 680 Algeria 431 Iraq 395 Kuwait 306 Qatar 281 Libya 212 Angola 128 Ecuador 120 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates&oldid=801666249 '' Categories : Energy in the United Arab Emirates Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 02 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does electricity come from in the uae | [
"The UAE is currently transitioning from an electricity generation system nearly 100% powered by gas power plants (2010) to 100% powered by nuclear, solar and other renewables in order to substantially reduce its carbon emissions. It is also rolling out electric vehicle charging infrastructure."
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"transitioning from an electricity generation system nearly 100% powered by gas power plants (2010) to 100% powered by nuclear, solar and other renewables"
] |
347541593127200883 | South Carolina in the American Civil War | South Carolina in the American Civil war - Wikipedia South Carolina in the American Civil war Jump to : navigation , search State of South Carolina Nickname ( s ) : `` Palmetto Republic '' Flag Coat of arms Map of the United States with South Carolina highlighted . Capital Columbia Largest City Charleston Admission to confederacy April 3 , 1861 ( 6th ) Population 703,708 total 301,302 free 402,406 slave Forces supplied 23 % of white population total 12,992 killed Major garrisons / armories Fort Sumter , Charleston Harbor Governor Francis Pickens ( 1860 -- 1862 ) Milledge Bonham Andrew Magrath Senators Robert Woodward Barnwell James Lawrence Orr Representatives List Restored to the Union July 9 , 1868 Part of a series on the History of South Carolina Timeline Colonial period 1651 -- 1774 American Revolution 1775 -- 1788 Antebellum period 1812 -- 1860 Civil War era 1861 -- 1865 Reconstruction 1865 -- 1877 State of South Carolina South Carolina portal Confederate States in the American Civil War Alabama Georgia Louisiana Texas Mississippi South Carolina Florida Virginia Arkansas North Carolina Tennessee Dual governments Missouri Kentucky Territory Arizona Territory Allied tribes Cherokee Chickasaw Choctow Creek Seminole South Carolina was the first state to secede from the Union in December 1860 , and was one of the founding member states of the Confederacy in February 1861 . The bombardment of the beleaguered U.S. garrison at Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor on April 12 , 1861 is generally recognized as the first military engagement of the war . South Carolina was a source of troops for the Confederate army , and as the war progressed , also for the Union , as thousands of ex-slaves flocked to join the Union . The state also provided uniforms , textiles , food , and war material , as well as trained soldiers and leaders from The Citadel and other military schools . In contrast to most other Confederate states , South Carolina had a well - developed rail network linking all of its major cities without a break of gauge . Relatively free from Union occupation until the very end of the war , South Carolina hosted a number of prisoner of war camps . South Carolina also was the only Confederate state not to harbor pockets of anti-secessionist fervor strong enough to send large amounts of white men to fight for the Union , as every other state in the Confederacy did . Among the leading generals from the Palmetto State were Wade Hampton III , one of the Confederacy 's foremost cavalry commanders , Maxcy Gregg , killed in action at Fredericksburg , Joseph B. Kershaw , whose South Carolina infantry brigade saw some of the hardest fighting of the Army of Northern Virginia and James Longstreet , the senior Lieutenant General in the army , and Stephen D. Lee , the youngest Lieutenant General . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Secession 3 American Civil War 3.1 Fort Sumter 3.2 Fort Wagner 3.3 The war ends 4 Battles in South Carolina 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Background ( edit ) The white population of the state had strongly supported the institution of slavery since the 18th century . Political leaders such as Democrats John Calhoun and Preston Brooks had inflamed regional and national passions in support of the institution , and many pro-slavery voices had cried for secession . On the outbreak of war , South Carolina had the highest percentage of slaves of any U.S. state at 57 % of its population enslaved ; 46 % of its white families owned at least one slave . For decades , South Carolinian political leaders had promoted regional passions with threats of nullification and secession in the name of southern states ' rights and protection of the interests of the slave power . Alfred P. Aldrich , a South Carolinian politician from Barnwell , stated that declaring secession would be necessary if a Republican candidate were to win the 1860 U.S. presidential election , stating that it was the only way for the state to preserve slavery and diminish the influence of the anti-slavery Republican Party , which , were its goals of abolition realized , would result in the `` destruction of the South '' : If the Republican party with its platform of principles , the main feature of which is the abolition of slavery and , therefore , the destruction of the South , carries the country at the next Presidential election , shall we remain in the Union , or form a separate Confederacy ? This is the great , grave issue . It is not who shall be President , it is not which party shall rule -- it is a question of political and social existence . -- Alfred P. Aldrich , In a January 1860 speech , South Carolinian congressman Laurence Massillon Keitt , summed up this view in an oratory condemning the Republican Party for its anti-slavery views , claiming that slavery was not morally wrong , but rather , justified : The anti-slavery party contends that slavery is wrong in itself , and the Government is a consolidated national democracy . We of the South contend that slavery is right ... -- Laurence Massillon Keitt , Speech to the House , ( January 1860 ) . Later that year , in December , Keitt would state that South Carolina 's declaring of secession was the direct result of slavery : Our people have come to this on the question of slavery . -- Laurence Massillon Keitt , South Carolina secession debates , ( December 1860 ) . Secession ( edit ) On November 9 , 1860 the South Carolina General Assembly passed a `` Resolution to Call the Election of Abraham Lincoln as U.S. President a Hostile Act '' and stated its intention to declare secession from the United States . In December 1860 , amid the secession crisis , former South Carolinian congressman John McQueen wrote to a group of civic leaders in Richmond , Virginia , regarding the reasons as to why South Carolina was contemplating secession from the Union . In the letter , McQueen claimed that U.S. president - elect Abraham Lincoln supported equality and civil rights for African Americans as well as the abolition of slavery , and thus South Carolina , being opposed to such measures , was compelled to secede : I have never doubted what Virginia would do when the alternatives present themselves to her intelligent and gallant people , to choose between an association with her sisters and the dominion of a people , who have chosen their leader upon the single idea that the African is equal to the Anglo - Saxon , and with the purpose of placing our slaves on equality with ourselves and our friends of every condition ! and if we of South Carolina have aided in your deliverance from tyranny and degradation , as you suppose , it will only the more assure us that we have performed our duty to ourselves and our sisters in taking the first decided step to preserve an inheritance left us by an ancestry whose spirit would forbid its being tarnished by assassins . We , of South Carolina , hope soon to great you in a Southern Confederacy , where white men shall rule our destinies , and from which we may transmit to our posterity the rights , privileges and honor left us by our ancestors . -- John McQueen , Correspondence to T.T. Cropper and J.R. Crenshaw , ( December 24 , 1860 ) South Carolinian religious leader James Henley Thornwell also espoused a similar view to McQueen 's , stating that slavery was justified under the Christian religion , and thus , those who viewed slavery as being immoral were opposed to Christianity : The parties in the conflict are not merely abolitionists and slaveholders . They are atheists , socialists , communists , red republicans , Jacobins on the one side , and friends of order and regulated freedom on the other . In one word , the world is the battleground -- Christianity and Atheism the combatants ; and the progress of humanity at stake . -- James Henley Thornwell , Other religious institutions in South Carolina also expressed support for slavery . The Southern Presbyterian of S.C. declared that : Anti-slavery is essentially infidel . It wars upon the Bible , on the Church of Christ , on the truth of God , on the souls of men . -- Southern Presbyterian of S.C. , On November 10 , 1860 the S.C. General Assembly called for a `` Convention of the People of South Carolina '' to consider secession . Delegates were to be elected on December 6 . The secession convention convened in Columbia on December 17 and voted unanimously , 169 - 0 , to declare secession from the United States . The convention then adjourned to Charleston to draft an ordinance of secession . When the ordinance was adopted on December 20 , 1860 , South Carolina became the first slave state in the south to declare that it had seceded from the United States . James Buchanan , the United States president , declared the ordinance illegal but did not act to stop it . A committee of the convention also drafted a Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina which was adopted on December 24 . The secession declaration stated the primary reasoning behind South Carolina 's declaring of secession from the Union , which was described as : ... increasing hostility on the part of the non-slaveholding States to the Institution of Slavery ... -- Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina , ( December 24 , 1860 ) . The declaration also claims that secession was declared as a result of the refusal of free states to enforce the Fugitive Slave Acts . Although the declaration does argue that secession is justified on the grounds of U.S. `` encroachments upon the reserved rights of the States , '' the grievances that the declaration goes on to list are mainly concerned with the property of rights of slave holders . Broadly speaking , the declaration argues that the U.S. Constitution was framed to establish each State `` as an equal '' in the Union , with `` separate control over its own institutions '' , such as `` the right of property in slaves . '' We affirm that these ends for which this Government was instituted have been defeated , and the Government itself has been made destructive of them by the action of the non-slaveholding States . Those States have assumed the right of deciding upon the propriety of our domestic institutions ; and have denied the rights of property established in fifteen of the States and recognized by the Constitution ; they have denounced as sinful the institution of Slavery ; they have permitted the open establishment among them of societies , whose avowed object is to disturb the peace and to eloign the property of the citizens of other States . They have encouraged and assisted thousands of our slaves to leave their homes ; and those who remain , have been incited by emissaries , books and pictures to servile insurrection . -- Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina , A repeated concern is runaway slaves . The declaration argues that parts of the U.S. Constitution were specifically written to ensure the return of slaves who had escaped to other states , and quotes the 4th Article : `` No person held to service or labor in one State , under the laws thereof , escaping into another , shall , in consequence of any law or regulation therein , be discharged from such service or labor , but shall be delivered up , on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due . '' The declaration goes on to state that this stipulation of the Constitution was so important to the original signers , `` that without it that compact ( the Constitution ) would not have been made . '' Laws from the `` General Government '' upheld this stipulation `` for many years , '' the declaration says , but `` an increasing hostility on the part of the non-slaveholding States to the Institution of Slavery has led to a disregard of their obligations . '' Because the constitutional agreement had been `` deliberately broken and disregarded by the non-slaveholding States , '' the consequence was that `` South Carolina is released from her obligation '' to be part of the Union . A further concern was Lincoln 's recent election to the presidency , whom they claimed desired to see slavery on `` the course of ultimate extinction '' : A geographical line has been drawn across the Union , and all the States north of that line have united in the election of a man to the high office of President of the United States whose opinions and purposes are hostile to slavery . He is to be entrusted with the administration of the Common Government , because he has declared that that `` Government can not endure permanently half slave , half free , '' and that the public mind must rest in the belief that Slavery is in the course of ultimate extinction . The South Carolinian secession declaration of December 1860 also channeled some elements from the U.S. Declaration of Independence from July 1776 . However , the South Carolinian version omitted the phrases that `` all men are created equal '' , `` that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights '' , and mentions of the `` consent of the governed '' . Professor and historian Harry V. Jaffa noted these omissions as significant in his 2000 book , A New Birth of Freedom : Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War : South Carolina cites , loosely , but with substantial accuracy , some of the language of the original Declaration . That Declaration does say that it is the right of the people to abolish any form of government that becomes destructive of the ends for which it was established . But South Carolina does not repeat the preceding language in the earlier document : ' We hold these truths to be self - evident , that all men are created equal ' ... -- Harry Jaffa , A New Birth of Freedom : Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War , ( 2000 ) Jaffa states that South Carolina omitted references to human equality and consent of the governed , as due to their racist and pro-slavery views , secessionist South Carolinians did not believe in those ideals : ( G ) overnments are legitimate only insofar as their `` just powers '' are derived `` from the consent of the governed . '' All of the foregoing is omitted from South Carolina 's declaration , for obvious reasons . In no sense could it have been said that the slaves in South Carolina were governed by powers derived from their consent . Nor could it be said that South Carolina was separating itself from the government of the Union because that government had become destructive of the ends for which it was established . South Carolina in 1860 had an entirely different idea of what the ends of government ought to be from that of 1776 or 1787 . That difference can be summed up in the difference between holding slavery to be an evil , if possibly a necessary evil , and holding it to be a positive good . -- Harry Jaffa , A New Birth of Freedom : Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War , ( 2000 ) , emphasis added . On December 25 , the day following South Carolina 's declaration of secession , a South Carolinian convention delivered an `` Address to the Slaveholding States '' : We prefer , however , our system of industry , by which labor and capital are identified in interest , and capital , therefore , protects labor -- by which our population doubles every twenty years -- by which starvation is unknown , and abundance crowns the land -- by which order is preserved by unpaid police , and the most fertile regions of the world , where the white man can not labor , are brought into usefulness by the labor of the African , and the whole world is blessed by our own productions ... We ask you to join us , in forming a Confederacy of Slaveholding States . -- Convention of South Carolina , Address of the people of South Carolina to the people of the Slaveholding States , ( December 25 , 1860 ) `` Slavery , not states ' rights , birthed the Civil War , '' argues sociologist James W. Loewen . Writing of South Carolina 's Declaration of Secession , Loewen writes that South Carolina was further upset that New York no longer allowed `` slavery transit . '' In the past , if Charleston gentry wanted to spend August in the Hamptons , they could bring their cook along . No longer -- and South Carolina 's delegates were outraged . In addition , they objected that New England states let black men vote and tolerated abolitionist societies . According to South Carolina , states should not have the right to let their citizens assemble and speak freely when what they said threatened slavery . Other seceding states echoed South Carolina . `` Our position is thoroughly identified with the institution of slavery -- the greatest material interest of the world , '' proclaimed Mississippi in its own secession declaration , passed Jan. 9 , 1861 . `` Its labor supplies the product which constitutes by far the largest and most important portions of the commerce of the earth ... A blow at slavery is a blow at commerce and civilization . '' -- James W. Loewen , The Washington Post , ( 2011 ) The state adopted the palmetto flag as its banner , a slightly modified version of which is used as its current state flag . South Carolina after secession was frequently called the `` Palmetto Republic '' . After South Carolina declared its secession , former congressman James L. Petigru famously remarked , `` South Carolina is too small for a republic and too large for an insane asylum . '' Soon afterwards , South Carolina began preparing for a presumed U.S. military response while working to convince other southern states to secede as well and join in a confederacy of southern states . On February 4 , 1861 , in Montgomery , Alabama , a convention consisting of delegates from South Carolina , Florida , Alabama , Mississippi , Georgia , and Louisiana met to form a new constitution and government modeled on that of the United States . On February 8 , 1861 , South Carolina officially joined the Confederacy . According to one South Carolinian newspaper editor : The South is now in the formation of a Slave Republic ... -- L.W. Spratt , The Philosophy of Secession : A Southern View , ( February 13 , 1861 ) . South Carolina 's declaring of secession was supported by the state 's religious figures , who claimed that it was consistent with the tenets of their religion : The triumphs of Christianity rest this very hour upon slavery ; and slavery depends on the triumphs of the South ... This war is the servant of slavery . -- John T. Wightman , The Glory of God , the Defence of the South , ( 1861 ) . American Civil war ( edit ) 1862 U.S. Coast Survey map of the Coast of South Carolina from Charleston to Hilton Head Fort Sumter ( edit ) Fort Sumter , 1861 , flying the Confederate flag after the fort 's capture from the U.S. by the Confederacy . Six days after secession , on the day after Christmas , Major Robert Anderson , commander of the U.S. troops in Charleston , withdrew his men to the island fortress of Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor . South Carolina militia swarmed over the abandoned mainland batteries and trained their guns on the island . Sumter was the key position for preventing a naval attack upon Charleston , so secessionists were determined not to allow U.S. forces to remain there indefinitely . More importantly , South Carolina 's claim of independence would look empty if U.S. forces controlled its largest harbor . On January 9 , 1861 , the U.S. ship Star of the West approached to resupply the fort . Cadets from The Citadel , The Military College of South Carolina fired upon the Star of the West , striking the ship three times and causing it to retreat back to New York . Mississippi declared its secession several weeks after South Carolina , and five other states of the lower South soon followed . Both the outgoing Buchanan administration and President - elect Lincoln denied that any state had a right to secede . On February 4 , a congress of the seven seceding states met in Montgomery , Alabama , and approved a new constitution for the Confederate States of America . South Carolina entered the Confederacy on February 8 , 1861 , fewer than six weeks after declaring itself the independent State of South Carolina . Upper Southern slave states such as Virginia and North Carolina , which had initially voted against secession , called a peace conference , to little effect . Meanwhile , Virginian orator Roger Pryor barreled into Charleston and proclaimed that the only way to get his state to join the Confederacy was for South Carolina to instigate war with the United States . The obvious place to start was right in the midst of Charleston Harbor . On April 10 , the Mercury reprinted stories from New York papers that told of a naval expedition that had been sent southward toward Charleston . Lincoln advised the governor of South Carolina that the ships were sent to resupply the fort , not to reinforce it . The Carolinians could no longer wait if they hoped to take the fort before the U.S. Navy arrived . About 6,000 men were stationed around the rim of the harbor , ready to take on the 60 men in Fort Sumter . At 4 : 30 a.m. on April 12 , after two days of intense negotiations , and with Union ships approaching the harbor , the firing began . Students from The Citadel were among those firing the first shots of the war , though Edmund Ruffin is usually credited with firing the first shot . Thirty - four hours later , Anderson 's men raised the white flag and were allowed to leave the fort with colors flying and drums beating , saluting the U.S. flag with a 50 - gun salute before taking it down . During this salute , one of the guns exploded , killing a young soldier -- the only casualty of the bombardment and the first casualty of the war . In December 1861 , South Carolina received $100,000 from Georgia after a disastrous fire in Charleston . Fort Wagner ( edit ) Fort Wagner was the scene of two battles . The First Battle of Fort Wagner , occurred on July 11 , 1863 . Only 12 Confederate soldiers were killed , as opposed to the Union 's 339 losses . 54th Massachusetts Regiment charging towards Fort Wagner The Second Battle of Fort Wagner , a week later , is better known . This was the Union attack on July 18 , 1863 , led by the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry , one of the first major American military units made up of black soldiers . Colonel Robert Gould Shaw led the 54th Massachusetts on foot while they charged , and was killed in the assault . Although a tactical defeat , the publicity of the battle of Fort Wagner led to further action for black troops in the Civil War , and it spurred additional recruitment that gave the Union Army a further numerical advantage in troops over the South . The Union besieged the fort after the unsuccessful assault . By August 25 , Union entrenchments were close enough to attempt an assault on the Advanced Rifle Pits , 240 yards in front of the Battery , but this attempt was defeated . A second attempt , by the 24th Mass . Inf. , on August 26 was successful . After enduring almost 60 days of heavy shelling , the Confederates abandoned it on the night of September 6 -- 7 , 1863 . withdrawing all operable cannons and the garrison . The war ends ( edit ) The Confederacy was at a disadvantage in number , weaponry , and supplies . Union ships sailed south and blocked off one port after another . As early as November , Union troops occupied the Sea Islands in the Beaufort area , establishing an important base for the men and ships who would obstruct the ports at Charleston and Savannah . When the plantation owners , many of which had already gone off with the Confederate army elsewhere , fled the area , the Sea Island slaves became the first `` freedmen '' of the war , and the Sea Islands became the laboratory for Union plans to educate the African Americans for their eventual role as full American citizens Despite South Carolina 's important role in the start of the war , and a long unsuccessful attempt to take Charleston from 1863 onward , few military engagements occurred within the state 's borders until 1865 , when Sherman 's Army , having already completed its March to the Sea in Savannah , marched to Columbia and leveled most of the town , as well as a number of towns along the way and afterward . South Carolina lost 12,922 men to the war , 23 % of its male white population of fighting age , and the highest percentage of any state in the nation . Sherman 's 1865 march through the Carolinas resulted in the burning of Columbia and numerous other towns . The destruction his troops wrought upon South Carolina was even worse than in Georgia , because many of his men bore a particular grudge against the state and its citizens , who they blamed for starting the war . One of Sherman 's men declared , `` Here is where treason began and , by God , here is where it shall end ! '' Poverty would mark the state for generations to come . In January 1865 , the Charleston Courier newspaper condemned suggestions that the Confederacy abandon slavery were it to help in gaining independence , stating that such suggestions were `` folly '' : To talk of maintaining our independence while we abolish slavery is simply to talk folly . -- Courier , ( January 24 , 1865 ) On February 21 , 1865 , with the Confederate forces finally evacuated from Charleston , the black 54th Massachusetts Regiment marched through the city . At a ceremony at which the U.S. flag was once again raised over Fort Sumter , former fort commander Robert Anderson was joined on the platform by two men : African American Union hero Robert Smalls and the son of Denmark Vesey . Battles in South Carolina ( edit ) Battle of Fort Sumter Battle of Port Royal Battle of Secessionville Battle of Simmon 's Bluff First Battle of Charleston Harbor Second Battle of Charleston Harbor Second Battle of Fort Sumter First Battle of Fort Wagner Battle of Grimball 's Landing Second Battle of Fort Wagner ( Morris Island ) Battle of Honey Hill Battle of Tulifinny Battle of Rivers ' Bridge Battle of Anderson County Battle of Brattonsville Battle of Broxton 's Bridge Battle of Cheraw Battle of Gamble 's Hotel ( The Columns ) Battle of Aiken See also ( edit ) Charleston , South Carolina in the American Civil War Confederate States of America - animated map of state secession and confederacy List of South Carolina Confederate Civil War units List of South Carolina Union Civil War units Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War Origins of the American Civil War Slavery during the American Civil War Port Royal Experiment Edisto Island during the Civil War References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Channing , Steven . Crisis of Fear . pp. 141 -- 142 . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Keitt , Lawrence M. ( January 25 , 1860 ) . Congressman from South Carolina , in a speech to the House . Taken from a photocopy of the Congressional Globe , supplied by Steve Miller . The anti-slavery party contends that slavery is wrong in itself , and the Government is a consolidated national democracy . We of the South contend that slavery is right , and that this is a confederate Republic of sovereign States . Jump up ^ `` The Charleston Courier '' . Charleston , South Carolina . December 22 , 1860 . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Resolution to Call the Election of Abraham Lincoln as U.S. President a Hostile Act and to Communicate to Other Southern States South Carolina 's Desire to Secede from the Union . '' 9 November 1860 . Resolutions of the General Assembly , 1779 -- 1879 . S165018 . South Carolina Department of Archives and History , Columbia , South Carolina . Jump up ^ McQueen , John ( December 24 , 1860 ) . `` Correspondence to T.T. Cropper and J.R. Crenshaw '' . Washington , D.C. Archived from the original on March 25 , 2015 . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Rhea , Gordon ( January 25 , 2011 ) . `` Why Non-Slaveholding Southerners Fought '' . Civil War Trust . Civil War Trust . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2011 . Retrieved March 21 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Cauthen , Charles Edward ; Power , J. Tracy . South Carolina goes to war , 1860 -- 1865 . Columbia , SC : University of South Carolina Press , 2005 . Originally published : Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina Press , 1950 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57003 - 560 - 9 . p. 60 . Jump up ^ `` Results from the 1860 Census '' . 1860 United States Census . 1860 . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2004 . Retrieved June 4 , 2004 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Hall , Andy ( December 22 , 2013 ) . `` Not Surprising , Part Deux '' . Dead Confederates : A Civil War Era Blog . The states with the largest proportions of slaves and slave - holders seceded earliest . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union , ' 24 December 1860 '' . Teaching American History in South Carolina Project . 2009 . Retrieved November 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Immediate_Causes_Which_Induce_and_Justify_the_Secession_of_South_Carolina_from_the_Federal_Union ^ Jump up to : Jaffa , Harry V. ( 2000 ) . A New Birth of Freedom : Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . p. 231 . ISBN 9780847699520 . Jump up ^ State of South Carolina ( December 25 , 1860 ) . `` Address of the people of South Carolina to the people of the Slaveholding States of the United States '' . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Loewen , James ( 2011 ) . `` Five Myths About Why the South Seceded '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Edgar , Walter . South Carolina : A History , Columbia , SC : University of South Carolina Press : 1998 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57003 - 255 - 4 . p. 619 Jump up ^ Cauthen , Charles Edward ; Power , J. Tracy . South Carolina goes to war , 1860 -- 1865 . Columbia , SC : University of South Carolina Press , 2005 . Originally published : Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina Press , 1950 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57003 - 560 - 9 . p. 79 . Jump up ^ Burger , Ken ( February 13 , 2010 ) . `` Too large to be an asylum '' . The Post and Courier . Charleston , South Carolina : Evening Post Publishing Co . Retrieved April 22 , 2010 . Paragraph 4 Jump up ^ Lee , Jr. , Charles Robert . The Confederate Constitutions . Chapel Hill , NC : The University of North Carolina Press , 1963 , 60 . Jump up ^ Spratt , L.W. ( February 13 , 1861 ) . `` THE PHILOSOPHY OF SECESSION : A SOUTHERN VIEW '' . South Carolina . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Presented in a Letter addressed to the Hon . Mr. Perkins of Louisiana , in criticism on the Provisional Constitution adopted by the Southern Congress at Montgomery , Alabama , BY THE HON . L.W. SPRATT , Editor of the Charleston Mercury , 13th February , 1861 . Jump up ^ Wightman , John T. ( 1861 ) . `` The Glory of God , the Defence of the South '' . Yorkville , South Carolina . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : The 54th and Fort Wagner Jump up ^ Wittenburg , Eric J. , The Battle of Tom 's Brook North & South - The Official Magazine of the Civil War Society , Volume 10 , Number 1 , Page 30 . Jump up ^ McPherson , James M . This Mighty Scourge : Perspectives on the Civil War . Oxford University Press , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Courier '' . Charleston . January 24 , 1865 . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Burger , Ken ( February 13 , 2010 ) . `` Too large to be an asylum '' . The Post and Courier . Charleston , South Carolina : Evening Post Publishing Co . Retrieved April 22 , 2010 ... Cauthen , Charles Edward ; Power , J. Tracy . South Carolina goes to war , 1860 -- 1865 . Columbia , SC : University of South Carolina Press , 2005 . Originally published : Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina Press , 1950 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57003 - 560 - 9 . Edgar , Walter . South Carolina : A History , Columbia , SC : University of South Carolina Press : 1998 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57003 - 255 - 4 . Rogers Jr . George C. and C. James Taylor . A South Carolina Chronology , 1497 - 1992 2nd Ed . ( 1994 ) Wallace , David Duncan . South Carolina : A Short History , 1520 - 1948 ( 1951 ) standard scholarly history WPA . South Carolina : A Guide to the Palmetto State ( 1941 ) Wright , Louis B. South Carolina : A Bicentennial History ' ( 1976 ) External links ( edit ) Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union National Park Service map of Civil War sites in South Carolina Preceded by Mississippi List of C.S. states by date of admission to the Confederacy Ratified Constitution on April 3 , 1861 ( 6th ) Succeeded by Florida ( hide ) South Carolina in the American Civil War 1861 Battle of Fort Sumter Battle of Port Royal 1862 First Battle of Pocotaligo Battle of Secessionville Battle of Simmon 's Bluff Second Battle of Pocotaligo 1863 First Battle of Charleston Harbor First Battle of Fort Wagner Battle of Grimball 's Landing Second Battle of Fort Wagner Second Battle of Charleston Harbor Second Battle of Fort Sumter Atttack on USS New Ironsides 1864 Sinking of USS Housatonic by Hunley Battle of Honey Hill Battle of Tulifinny 1865 Battle of Rivers ' Bridge Grimball 's Causeway / Surrender of Charleston Capture of Columbia Units Confederate Units Places Charleston Columbia Links to related articles ( hide ) American Civil War Origins Origins Issues Timeline leading to the War Antebellum era Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 Dred Scott v. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the president when south carolina seceded | [
"On November 10, 1860 the S.C. General Assembly called for a \"Convention of the People of South Carolina\" to consider secession. Delegates were to be elected on December 6.[7] The secession convention convened in Columbia on December 17 and voted unanimously, 169-0, to declare secession from the United States. The convention then adjourned to Charleston to draft an ordinance of secession. When the ordinance was adopted on December 20, 1860, South Carolina became the first slave state in the south to declare that it had seceded from the United States.[8][9] James Buchanan, the United States president, declared the ordinance illegal but did not act to stop it."
] | [
"James Buchanan"
] |
-5837463893904097638 | Big Little Lies (miniseries) | Big Little Lies ( miniseries ) - Wikipedia Big Little Lies ( miniseries ) Jump to : navigation , search Big Little Lies Opening title card , showing the Bixby Creek Bridge Genre Drama Mystery Created by David E. Kelley Based on Big Little Lies by Liane Moriarty Written by David E. Kelley Directed by Jean - Marc Vallée Starring Reese Witherspoon Nicole Kidman Shailene Woodley Alexander Skarsgård Adam Scott Zoë Kravitz James Tupper Jeffrey Nordling Laura Dern Opening theme `` Cold Little Heart '' by Michael Kiwanuka Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 7 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) David E. Kelley Jean - Marc Vallée Reese Witherspoon Bruna Papandrea Nicole Kidman Per Saari Gregg Fienberg Nathan Ross Producer ( s ) Barbara A. Hall Liane Moriarty Location ( s ) Monterey , California Cinematography Yves Bélanger Editor ( s ) David Berman Maxime Lahaie Sylvain Lebel Jim Vega Camera setup Single - camera Running time 52 -- 58 minutes Production company ( s ) Pacific Standard Blossom Films David E. Kelley Productions Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution HBO Enterprises Release Original network HBO Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release February 19 ( 2017 - 02 - 19 ) -- April 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 02 ) External links www.hbo.com/big-little-lies/ Big Little Lies is an American dramatic miniseries on HBO created and written by David E. Kelley , based on the novel by Liane Moriarty . All seven episodes are directed by Jean - Marc Vallée . The series began filming in January 2016 and premiered on February 19 , 2017 , concluding on April 2 , 2017 . The series garnered critical acclaim and received 16 Emmy Award nominations with 8 wins , including Outstanding Limited Series . Director Jean - Marc Vallée , and actors Nicole Kidman , Alexander Skarsgård and Laura Dern won awards in their individual categories ; while writer David E. Kelley and actresses Reese Witherspoon and Shailene Woodley received nominations for their work . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 2 Episodes 3 Broadcast 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Accolades 5 Possible second season 6 Media 6.1 Soundtrack 6.2 Blu - ray and DVD 7 References 8 External links Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Reese Witherspoon as Madeline Martha Mackenzie Nicole Kidman as Celeste Wright Shailene Woodley as Jane Chapman Alexander Skarsgård as Perry Wright , Celeste 's husband Adam Scott as Ed Mackenzie , Madeline 's husband Zoë Kravitz as Bonnie Carlson , Nathan 's second wife James Tupper as Nathan Carlson , Madeline 's ex-husband Jeffrey Nordling as Gordon Klein , Renata 's husband Laura Dern as Renata Klein Recurring ( edit ) Iain Armitage as Ziggy Chapman , Jane 's son Sarah Baker as Thea Cunningham Sarah Burns as Gabrielle P.J. Byrne as Principal Nippal Santiago Cabrera as Joseph Darby Camp as Chloe Mackenzie , Madeline 's younger daughter Hong Chau as Jackie Kelen Coleman as Harper Stimson Cameron Crovetti as Josh Wright , Celeste 's son Nicholas Crovetti as Max Wright , Celeste 's son Merrin Dungey as Detective Adrienne Quinlan Ivy George as Amabella Klein , Renata 's daughter Virginia Kull as Ms. Barnes Chloe Coleman as Skye Carlson , Bonnie 's daughter Kathryn Newton as Abigail Carlson , Madeline 's elder daughter Molly Hagan as Dr. Moriarty Larry Sullivan as Oren David Monahan as Bernard Kathreen Khavari as Samantha Joseph Cross as Tom , Madeline and Celeste 's favorite cafe owner Robin Weigert as Dr. Amanda Reisman , Perry and Celeste 's therapist Larry Bates as Stu Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Somebody 's Dead '' Jean - Marc Vallée David E. Kelley February 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 19 ) 1.13 At a public school in Monterey , a murder suddenly occurs on trivia night , but neither the victim nor the murderer are revealed . Backtracking to the first day of school , the families of five first - graders are introduced . Madeline Martha Mackenzie is a strong - willed , wealthy , and feared alpha female in town with a first - grade daughter and teenage daughter from an earlier marriage . Her friend , retired lawyer Celeste Wright , is the mother of twin sons who are also beginning at that same school . New to town is Jane Chapman -- a young single mother raising her son , Ziggy . Renata Klein 's daughter Amabella accuses Ziggy of attempting to choke her , which he denies . Madeline and Celeste befriend Jane . Secrets are revealed , including that Madeline is struggling to cope with her ex-husband Nathan 's marriage to a yoga instructor named Bonnie and also trying to build a relationship with her older daughter . Celeste appears to have a very happy life with her husband Perry , but he starts to show signs of being violent . Jane 's motives for moving to Monterey are unknown . `` Serious Mothering '' Jean - Marc Vallée David E. Kelley February 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 24 ) ( online ) February 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 26 ) ( HBO ) 0.56 Perry lashes out at Celeste when he discovers he missed orientation at the school , but Celeste lets it slide . Jane goes around looking for work with little success . Madeline goes on the warpath with Renata when it is revealed she did n't invite Ziggy to Amabella 's birthday party . Ed questions Madeline 's devotion to him when she continues to complain about seeing Nathan with Bonnie all the time . Madeline is further disturbed when Bonnie takes her oldest daughter Abby to Planned Parenthood . Nathan tries to come to a peaceful resolution with Ed about their parenting of Abby , but Ed senses Nathan trying to intimidate him and stands firm against him . Madeline 's youngest daughter Chloe and Bonnie 's daughter Skye try to mend the wounds between Ziggy and Amabella , but it leads to an incident of unwanted affection , and the parents of the four children are all called into the principal 's office , leading Jane to have a flashback of an unwanted episode . `` Living the Dream '' Jean - Marc Vallée David E. Kelley March 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 05 ) 1.04 Perry chokes Celeste when he believes she deliberately left him out of a family gathering , after which Celeste threatens to leave him . Renata 's party for Amabella is a huge success , but she is ultimately upset when Madeline had invited Amabella 's closest friends and Ziggy to Disney on Ice on the same day . At therapy , Perry claims his outbursts are out of fear that Celeste does not love him , which Celeste tries to deny . When Abby 's academic performance starts to decline , her guidance counselor believes it is being caused by stress at home , so Abby decides to stay with Nathan much to Madeline 's dismay . Jane gets Ziggy involved with more extracurricular activities and helps him put together a family tree for school with Madeline 's help . Jane lashes out at Ziggy when he insists on putting his father 's name on the tree , and Jane confides to Madeline that Ziggy was the result of rape by a man named Saxon Banks whom she has not seen since . `` Push Comes to Shove '' Jean - Marc Vallée David E. Kelley March 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 12 ) 1.04 Abigail moves in with Nathan and Bonnie . Celeste legally represents Joseph and Madeline in a meeting with the Mayor regarding their production of the controversial Avenue Q. Celeste successfully convinces the Mayor to allow the play to go ahead , and in the process realizes that she desires to return to work . She asks her therapist how best to broach this subject with Perry , but Dr. Reisman is more concerned with why Celeste is afraid to do so . At home , the increasingly insecure Perry tells Celeste he does not want her to attend any future meetings . When she refuses , he grabs her by the throat , but quickly relinquishes when one of their children enters the room . Joseph and Madeline kiss , and it is revealed they had an affair a year ago . Madeline locates a man named Saxon Baker whom she believes to be the alias of Saxon Banks . She shares this information with Jane and Celeste , and they plan to travel to San Luis Obispo together to confront him . Jane comments that she would kill Saxon Banks if she could , but quickly dismisses the remark as a joke when Madeline becomes concerned . Ms. Barnes notices that Amabella is quiet and suspects she is still being hurt by a classmate . Despite Amabella 's assertions that she and Ziggy are friends , Ms. Barnes requests that Jane take Ziggy to a child psychologist for evaluation . The psychologist believes that Ziggy is innocent , and that he may actually be being bullied himself . A follow - up appointment is scheduled . 5 `` Once Bitten '' Jean - Marc Vallée David E. Kelley March 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 19 ) 1.17 Nathan spots Jane at the gun range and tells Madeline . Although Jane reassures Madeline that she carries a gun solely for its psychological benefits , Madeline begins to regret tracking down Saxon Baker . Renata discovers a bite mark on Amabella 's arm , but Amabella refuses to disclose who bit her . Renata assumes it is Ziggy and a meeting is held between Jane and the school principal . Jane becomes concerned that the school community will learn Ziggy is the product of rape and be further prejudiced against him . Madeline reads on Abigail 's Facebook page that she is undertaking a `` secret project '' but is frustrated when Nathan knows nothing about it . Joseph approaches Madeline at lunch and insists she take a drive with him to talk . He wants to continue their relationship and is convinced Madeline still has feelings for him , but she maintains that their affair is over . During the drive they are involved in a car crash . Madeline is uninjured , while Joseph suffers a concussion and collapsed lung . The incident raises suspicion from community members , including Ed , and Joseph 's wife , Tori , as to why Madeline and Joseph were driving together . Perry is angered when Celeste does not ask the twins to tidy their toys . She responds by telling him to clean up the mess himself , triggering further violence from Perry , followed by aggressive sex and him breaking down in tears . Later , Dr. Reisman confronts Celeste with her belief that she is being abused and , although initially reluctant to accept this , Celeste eventually reveals that she has previously feared for her life and considered leaving Perry many times . The therapist urges Celeste to reflect on the future implications of Perry 's behavior for their children . Jane secretly travels to San Luis Obispo to confront Saxon Baker , taking her gun with her . 6 `` Burning Love '' Jean - Marc Vallée David E. Kelley March 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 26 ) 1.39 Jane reveals to Madeline that she went to confront Saxon Baker , but discovered he was not the Saxon Banks that had raped her . Madeline attempts to convince Jane to give up the search . Ms. Barnes tells Jane a petition has begun to have Ziggy suspended . Jane confronts Renata , assuming she is the culprit , and , in the heat of the altercation , gouges her eye . She later apologizes , having come to the realization that they have both been acting to protect their children . Renata forgives Jane and reveals her plan to schedule playdates with each of Amabella 's classmates to find out which one is hurting her . Celeste 's therapist advises her to prepare to leave Perry by renting an apartment and disclosing the abuse to friends , who could serve as witnesses in a potential custody battle . Later , Perry tries to initiate sex with Celeste . When rejected , he grabs her by the hair and she defensively hits him in the groin with a tennis racquet , fracturing his penis . Returning from the hospital , he tells Celeste she is `` lucky '' he did n't kill her . The following day she begins looking for an apartment . At the opening night of Avenue Q , Tori confronts Madeline with suspicions that she had an affair with Joseph , whom she believes is still in love with Madeline . At home , Madeline and Ed have another argument about her lack of passion toward him , which culminates in her alluding to having made a `` terrible mistake '' . However , before she can elaborate , Ed urges her not to say anymore . Nathan discovers that Abigail 's `` secret project '' is auctioning her virginity to raise money for Amnesty International . When Madeline is informed , she furiously confronts Abigail , disclosing her affair in the process . 7 `` You Get What You Need '' Jean - Marc Vallée David E. Kelley April 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 02 ) 1.86 Most of the episode takes place on the day of the trivia night . Following another beating , Celeste decides to leave Perry the day after the trivia night . Ziggy confesses to Jane that it was Max who choked Amabella and that he has also been violent towards Skye . Madeline talks to Joseph about his wife knowing about their affair ; their meeting ends in an argument . After confiding to Madeline over coffee , Jane tells Celeste that her son is the bully . Celeste goes home and asks Max to be truthful with her . When preparing to leave for the trivia night , Perry sees a text message on Celeste 's phone from the landlady of her secret apartment . He confronts her about it on the way to the party . Once at the venue , he tries to bar her from leaving the car , but she manages to escape when Renata and her husband come to greet them . At the party , Celeste tries to avoid Perry , and tells Renata that Max is the bully . Meanwhile , Madeline has gotten drunk and runs away during Ed 's performance . Jane goes after her and finds her on top of concrete stairs at the back of the venue . Madeline is crying and tells Jane that she cheated on Ed . Renata also goes after them and apologizes to Jane for having blamed Ziggy . Celeste joins the women , followed by Perry . Bonnie , who noticed Perry and Celeste arguing earlier , follows them and watches the group from afar . Jane realizes that Perry is the man who raped her . He pleads with Celeste to come back home with him , and when she declines , he attacks her , with Madeline , Jane and Renata struggling to control him . Bonnie rushes in and pushes Perry down the stairs , killing him . In the police interviews , the women all confirm there was a fight with Perry , but claim he fell accidentally . While one of the detectives is suspicious , the police can not prove anything as the women 's stories match each other . In the last scene , the five women and their children are shown enjoying a day on the beach while being watched by the detective through binoculars . Broadcast ( edit ) Internationally , the series premiered on February 20 , 2017 , in Australia on Showcase , and on March 13 , 2017 , in the UK and Ireland on Sky Atlantic . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Big Little Lies has received critical acclaim from television critics . As of October 2017 , review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 92 % approval rating from a total of 94 reviews , with an average rating of 7.99 / 10 and an average episode score of 97 % . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Bitingly funny and highly addictive , Big Little Lies is a twisty , thrilling , enlightening ride led by a first - rate cast . '' Metacritic reported a score of 75 out of 100 , based on 42 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Accolades ( edit ) Award Nominee ( s ) Result Ref 69th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Casting for a Limited Series , Movie or Special David Rubin Won Outstanding Cinematography for a Limited Series or Movie Yves Bélanger Nominated Outstanding Contemporary Costumes for a Series , Limited Series or Movie Alix Friedberg , Risa Garcia and Patricia McLaughlin Won Outstanding Directing for a Limited Series , Movie or Dramatic Special Jean - Marc Vallée Won Outstanding Hairstyling for a Limited Series or Movie Michelle Ceglia , Nickole C. Jones , Lona Vigi , Frances Mathias and Jocelyn Mulhern Nominated Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or Movie Nicole Kidman Won Reese Witherspoon Nominated Outstanding Limited Series Big Little Lies Won Outstanding Makeup for a Limited Series or Movie ( Non-Prosthetic ) Steve Artmont , Nicole Artmont , Angela Levin , Molly R Stern and Claudia Humburg Nominated Outstanding Music Supervision Susan Jacobs Won Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Limited Series or Movie Veronique Barbe , David Berman , Justin LaChance , Maxime Lahaie , Sylvain Lebel and Jim Vega Nominated Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Limited Series or Movie Gavin Fernandes , Louis Gignac and Brendan Beebe Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or Movie Alexander Skarsgård Won Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie Laura Dern Won Shailene Woodley Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Limited Series , Movie or Dramatic Special David E. Kelley Nominated 33rd TCA Awards Individual Achievement in Drama Nicole Kidman Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Movies , Miniseries and Specials Big Little Lies Won Program of the Year Big Little Lies Nominated Possible second season ( edit ) In July 2017 , HBO revealed that a second season was possible , and that Moriarty had been asked to write a story for a second season . In November 2017 , TVLine reported that production is planned to begin on the second season in the second quarter of 2018 , but HBO has not officially confirmed a second season yet . Jean - Marc Vallée , the director of the miniseries , came out strongly against the second season at first : `` There 's no reason to make a season two . That was meant to be a one - time deal , and it 's finishing in a way where it 's for the audience to imagine what can happen . If we do a season two , we 'll break that beautiful thing and spoil it '' . But after the show garnered accolades , he changed his mind : `` It 'd be great to reunite the team and to do it . Are we going to be able to do it , altogether ? I wish '' . Media ( edit ) Soundtrack ( edit ) A soundtrack for the series was released on Google Play and iTunes on March 31 , 2017 . Blu - ray and DVD ( edit ) The miniseries was released on Blu - ray and DVD on August 1 , 2017 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Big Little Lies ' Limited Series Starring Nicole Kidman & Reese Witherspoon Picked Up By HBO '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` Jean - Marc Vallée To Direct All 7 Episodes Of HBO 's ' Big Little Lies ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Little Lies ' , starring Nicole Kidman and Reese Witherspoon , is filming in Monterey , CA this week '' . On Location Movies . January 25 , 2016 . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Big Little Lies ' Gets Premiere Date On HBO '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( December 5 , 2015 ) . `` Shailene Woodley Joins HBO 's Reese Witherspoon , Nicole Kidman Drama '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` True Blood 's Alexander Skarsgard Joins HBO Limited Series Big Little Lies as Nicole Kidman 's Husband '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Iannucci , Rebecca ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` Big Little Lies : Adam Scott , Laura Dern Join HBO 's Upcoming Limited Series '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 11 , 2015 ) . `` Zoë Kravitz Joins HBO 's ' Big Little Lies ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` Alexander Skarsgard and James Tupper Join HBO 's ' Big Little Lies ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pint - Sized Theater Critic Iain Armitage to Appear Opposite Shailene Woodley in HBO 's BIG LITTLE LIES '' . Broadway World . January 8 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2016 . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Big Little Lies ' : Merrin Dungey , Larry Sullivan , David Monahan Join Cast Of HBO Limited Series '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` Alexander Skarsgard , James Tupper & More Join Nicole Kidman & Reese Witherspoon in HBO 's ' Big Little Lies ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' leads , ' Big Little Lies ' has OK premiere '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.26. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Walking Dead ' at lowest point since Season 2 , ' Feud ' has decent premiere for FX '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.12. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Into the Badlands ' returns lower , but also higher '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Big Little Lies ' hits season high , ' Into the Badlands ' improves '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' finale lowest since Season 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` Airdate : Big Little Lies '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big Little Lies review : someone 's going to end up dead -- but who ? '' . The Guardian . March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big Little Lies '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big Little Lies : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big Little Lies '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( August 5 , 2017 ) . `` TCA Awards : The Handmaid 's Tale , Atlanta , Big Little Lies , Carrie Coon Among Big Winners '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` Big Little Lies : HBO Boss Confirms Season 2 in Early Development '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Little Lies ' Eyes Spring 2018 Production Start for Season 2 '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Maria Elena ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` Big Little Lies Director Jean - Marc Vallée on Why the Finale Gala Was the Toughest Shoot of His Career '' . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( September 17 , 2017 ) . `` Big Little Lies Director Does About - Face on a Possible Season 2 : ' It 'd Be Great ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big Little Lies ( Music From the HBO Limited Series ) '' . Google . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Big Little Lies - Official HBO Press Release and Package Art for DVDs , Blu - rays '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Big Little Lies on IMDb HBO programming Former Series 1970s debuts Inside the NFL On Location Race for the Pennant Standing Room Only ( `` Vanities '' ) Tennis on HBO Time Was 1980s debuts 1st & Ten America Undercover ( `` Autopsy '' , `` Real Sex '' and `` Taxicab Confessions '' ) Babar Braingames Encyclopedia Encyclopedia Brown Fraggle Rock The Ghost of Faffner Hall The Hitchhiker The Kids in the Hall Maximum Security Not Necessarily the News One Night Stand Philip Marlowe , Private Eye The Ray Bradbury Theater The Storyteller Tales from the Crypt Video Jukebox 1990s debuts The Adventures of Tintin Arliss The Chris Rock Show The Country Mouse and the City Mouse Adventures Crashbox Def Comedy Jam Dennis Miller Live Dream On George and Martha Happily Ever After : Fairy Tales for Every Child HBO Comedy Half - Hour Hotel Room The Larry Sanders Show Lifestories : Families in Crisis A Little Curious The Little Lulu Show Mokku of the Oak Tree Mr. Show with Bob and David The Neverending Story Oz Perversions of Science Pippi Longstocking Rainbow Fish Reverb Sex and the City The Sopranos Spicy City Tenacious D Todd McFarlane 's Spawn Tracey Takes On ... 2000s debuts Animated Tales of the World Big Love Bored to Death Carnivàle Cathouse : The Series Classical Baby Costas Now Da Ali G Show Deadwood Def Poetry Jam Eastbound & Down The Electric Company Entourage Extras Flight of the Conchords G String Divas Harold and the Purple Crayon Hung I Spy In Treatment Joe Buck Live John from Cincinnati K Street Kindergarten KO Nation The Life & Times of Tim Little Britain USA Lucky Louie The Mind of the Married Man The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency On the Record with Bob Costas Pinky Dinky Doo Pornucopia Project Greenlight Rome Six Feet Under Stuart Little : The Animated Series Summer Heights High Tales from the Neverending Story Tell Me You Love Me True Blood Tourgasm Unscripted The Wire 2010s debuts After the Thrones Angry Boys Any Given Wednesday with Bill Simmons Boardwalk Empire The Brink Doll & Em Enlightened Family Tree Funny or Die Presents Getting On Girls Hello Ladies How to Make It in America Ja'mie : Private School Girl Jonah from Tonga The Leftovers Life 's Too Short Looking Luck Masterclass The Newsroom The Ricky Gervais Show Togetherness Treme Vice Principals Vinyl Miniseries All the Rivers Run Angels in America Assume the Position with Mr. Wuhl Band of Brothers Big Little Lies The Casual Vacancy The Corner Elizabeth I Empire Falls From the Earth to the Moon Foo Fighters : Sonic Highways Generation Kill House of Saddam The Jinx : The Life and Deaths of Robert Durst John Adams Laurel Avenue Mildred Pierce The Night Of Olive Kitteridge The Pacific Parade 's End Show Me a Hero Tanner ' 88 Current and upcoming Current All Def Comedy ( since 2016 ) Animals . 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Kelley Series Doogie Howser , M.D. ( 1989 -- 93 ) Picket Fences ( 1992 -- 96 ) Chicago Hope ( 1994 -- 2000 ) The Practice ( 1997 -- 2004 ) Ally McBeal ( 1997 -- 2002 ) Ally ( 1999 ) Snoops ( 1999 ) Boston Public ( 2000 -- 2004 ) Girls Club ( 2002 ) The Brotherhood of Poland , New Hampshire ( 2003 ) Boston Legal ( 2004 -- 2008 ) The Law Firm ( 2005 ) The Wedding Bells ( 2007 ) Harry 's Law ( 2011 -- 12 ) Monday Mornings ( 2013 ) The Crazy Ones ( 2013 -- 14 ) Goliath ( 2016 -- present ) Big Little Lies ( 2017 ) Mr. Mercedes ( 2017 -- present ) Pilots Wonder Woman ( 2011 ) Jean - Marc Vallée Films directed Black List ( 1995 ) Los Locos ( 1997 ) Loser Love ( 1999 ) C.R.A.Z.Y. 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Simpson : American Crime Story ( 2016 ) Big Little Lies ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Little_Lies_(miniseries)&oldid=811859358 '' Categories : 2010s American television miniseries 2010s American television series 2017 American television series debuts Adultery in television Domestic violence in television English - language television programs HBO network shows Monterey , California Nonlinear narrative television series Rape in fiction Television programs based on Australian novels Television series created by David E. Kelley Television shows set in California Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2017 Use American English from October 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 November 2017 , at 13 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many episodes were there of big little lies | [
"\n\nBig Little Lies\n\n\n\nOpening title card, showing the Bixby Creek Bridge\n\n\n\nGenre\n\n\n\nDrama\nMystery\n\n\n\n\n\nCreated by\nDavid E. Kelley\n\n\nBased on\nBig Little Lies\nby Liane Moriarty\n\n\nWritten by\nDavid E. Kelley\n\n\nDirected by\nJean-Marc Vallée\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nReese Witherspoon\nNicole Kidman\nShailene Woodley\nAlexander Skarsgård\nAdam Scott\nZoë Kravitz\nJames Tupper\nJeffrey Nordling\nLaura Dern\n\n\n\n\n\nOpening theme\n\"Cold Little Heart\" by Michael Kiwanuka\n\n\nCountry of origin\nUnited States\n\n\nOriginal language(s)\nEnglish\n\n\nNo. of seasons\n1\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n7 (list of episodes)\n\n\nProduction\n\n\nExecutive producer(s)\n\n\n\nDavid E. Kelley\nJean-Marc Vallée\nReese Witherspoon\nBruna Papandrea\nNicole Kidman\nPer Saari\nGregg Fienberg\nNathan Ross\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\n\n\n\nBarbara A. Hall\nLiane Moriarty\n\n\n\n\n\nLocation(s)\nMonterey, California\n\n\nCinematography\nYves Bélanger\n\n\nEditor(s)\n\n\n\nDavid Berman\nMaxime Lahaie\nSylvain Lebel\nJim Vega\n\n\n\n\n\nCamera setup\nSingle-camera\n\n\nRunning time\n52–58 minutes\n\n\nProduction company(s)\n\n\n\nPacific Standard\nBlossom Films\nDavid E. Kelley Productions\n\n\n\n\n\nDistributor\n\n\n\nWarner Bros. Television Distribution\nHBO Enterprises\n\n\n\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nHBO\n\n\nPicture format\n1080i (HDTV)\n\n\nOriginal release\nFebruary 19 (2017-02-19) – April 2, 2017 (2017-04-02)\n\n\nExternal links\n\n\nwww.hbo.com/big-little-lies/\n\n"
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-5543651960016886890 | Jordan | Jordan - wikipedia Jordan Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the country . For other uses , see Jordan ( disambiguation ) . The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan المملكة الأردنية الهاشمية ( Arabic ) Al - Mamlakah Al - Urdunnīyah Al - Hāshimīyah Flag Coat of arms Motto : `` God , Country , King '' `` الله ، الوطن ، الملك '' `` Allah , Al - Waṭan , Al - Malik '' Anthem : The Royal Anthem of Jordan السلام الملكي الأردني Al - Salam Al - Malaki Al - Urdunni Capital and largest city Amman 31 ° 57 ′ N 35 ° 56 ′ E / 31.950 ° N 35.933 ° E / 31.950 ; 35.933 Official languages Arabic Ethnic groups 98 % Arab 1 % Circassians 1 % Armenians Religion 95 % Islam 4 % Christianity 1 % Druze , Baha'i Demonym Jordanian Government Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy Monarch Abdullah II Prime Minister Hani Al - Mulki Legislature Parliament Upper house Senate Lower house House of Representatives Independence from the United Kingdom mandate Emirate 11 April 1921 Independence 25 May 1946 Constitution 11 January 1952 Area Total 89,341 km ( 34,495 sq mi ) ( 110th ) Water ( % ) 0.6 Population 2017 estimate 10,011,820 ( 90th ) 2015 census 9,531,712 Density 107 / km ( 277.1 / sq mi ) ( 100th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2016 estimate Total $86.193 billion ( 87th ) Per capita $11,124 ( 86th ) GDP ( nominal ) 2016 estimate Total $39.453 billion ( 92nd ) Per capita $5,092 ( 95th ) Gini ( 2011 ) 35.4 medium HDI ( 2014 ) 0.748 high 80th Currency Jordanian dinar ( JOD ) Time zone EET ( UTC + 2 ) Summer ( DST ) EEST ( UTC + 3 ) Drives on the right Calling code + 962 ISO 3166 code JO Internet TLD . jo . الاردن Website jordan.gov.jo This article contains Arabic text . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols . Jordan ( / ˈdʒɔːrdən / ; Arabic : الْأُرْدُنّ Al - ' Urdunn ( al. ʔur. dunn ) ) , officially The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan ( Arabic : المملكة الأردنية الهاشمية Al - Mamlakah Al - Urdunnīyah Al - Hāshimīyah ) , is a sovereign Arab state in western Asia , on the East Bank of the Jordan River . Jordan is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south , Iraq to the north - east , Syria to the north , Israel and Palestine to the west . The Dead Sea lies along its western borders and the country has a small shoreline on the Red Sea in its extreme south - west , but is otherwise landlocked . Jordan is strategically located at the crossroads of Asia , Africa and Europe . The capital , Amman , is Jordan 's most populous city as well as the country 's economic , political and cultural centre . What is now Jordan has been inhabited by humans since the Paleolithic period . Three stable kingdoms emerged there at the end of the Bronze Age : Ammon , Moab and Edom . Later rulers include the Nabataean Kingdom , the Roman Empire , and the Ottoman Empire . After the Great Arab Revolt against the Ottomans in 1916 during World War I , the Ottoman Empire was partitioned by Britain and France . The Emirate of Transjordan was established in 1921 by the Hashemite , then Emir , Abdullah I , and the emirate became a British protectorate . In 1946 , Jordan became an independent state officially known as The Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan , but was renamed in 1949 to The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan after the country captured the West Bank during the 1948 Arab -- Israeli War and annexed it until it was lost to Israel in 1967 . Jordan renounced its claim to the territory in 1988 , and became one of two Arab states to have signed a peace treaty with Israel in 1994 . Jordan is a founding member of the Arab League and the Organisation of Islamic Co-operation . The country is a constitutional monarchy , but the king holds wide executive and legislative powers . Jordan is a relatively - small , semi-arid , almost - landlocked country with an area of 89,342 km ( 34,495 sq mi ) and a population numbering 10 million , making it the 11th-most populous Arab country . Sunni Islam , practiced by around 95 % of the population , is the dominant religion in Jordan that coexists with an indigenous Christian minority . Jordan remains to be considered as among the safest of countries in the Middle East , even after the deteriorating situation of the region following the Arab spring in 2010s . Jordan prides itself on being an `` oasis of stability '' in a turbulent region . In the midst of surrounding turmoil , it has been greatly hospitable , accepting refugees from almost all surrounding conflicts as early as 1948 . An estimated 2.1 million Palestinian and 1.4 million Syrian refugees are present . The kingdom is also a refuge to thousands of Iraqi Christians fleeing persecution by ISIL . While Jordan continues to accept refugees , the recent large influx from Syria placed substantial strain on national resources and infrastructure . Jordan is classified as a country of `` high human development '' with an `` upper middle income '' economy . The Jordanian economy , one of the smallest economies in the region , is attractive to foreign investors based upon a skilled workforce . The country is a major tourist destination , also attracting medical tourism due to its well developed health sector . Nonetheless , a lack of natural resources , large flow of refugees and regional turmoil have hampered economic growth . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Ancient period 2.2 Classical period 2.3 Islamic era 2.4 Modern era 2.5 Post-independence 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 3.2 Ecology 4 Politics and government 4.1 Largest cities 4.2 Administrative divisions 4.3 Foreign relations 4.4 Military , crime and law enforcement 5 Economy 5.1 Industry 5.2 Tourism 5.3 Natural resources 5.4 Transportation 6 Science and technology 7 Demographics 7.1 Immigrants and refugees 7.2 Religion and languages 8 Culture 8.1 Arts , cinema , museums and music 8.2 Sports 8.3 Cuisine 9 Health and education 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Etymology ( edit ) Jordan is named after the Jordan River , where Jesus is said to have been baptised . The origin of the river 's name is debated , but the most common explanation is that it derives from the word `` yarad '' ( the descender , `` Yarden '' is the Hebrew name for the river ) , found in Hebrew , Aramaic , and other Semitic languages . Others regard the name as having an Indo - Aryan origin , combining the words `` yor '' ( year ) and `` don '' ( river ) , reflecting the river 's perennial nature . Another theory is that it is from the Arabic root word `` wrd '' ( to come to ) , as in people coming to a major source of water . The first recorded use of the name Jordan appears in Anastasi I , an ancient Egyptian papyrus that dates back to around 1000 BC . The lands of modern - day Jordan were historically called Transjordan , meaning `` beyond the Jordan River '' . The name was Arabized into Al - Urdunn during the 636 Muslim conquest of the Levant . During crusader rule in the beginning of the second millennium , it was called Oultrejordain . In 1921 , the Emirate of Transjordan was established and after it gained its independence in 1946 , it became The Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan . The name was changed in 1949 to The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan . Hashemite is the house name of the royal family . History ( edit ) Main article : History of Jordan Ancient period ( edit ) The ' Ain Ghazal Statues found in Amman , are some of the oldest human statues ever found , dating back to about 7250 BC . Jordan is rich in Paleolithic remains , holding evidence of inhabitance by Homo erectus , Neanderthal and modern humans . The oldest evidence of human habitation dates back around 250,000 years . The Kharanah area in eastern Jordan has evidence of human huts from about 20,000 years ago . Other Paleolithic sites include Pella and Al - Azraq . In the Neolithic period , several settlements began to develop , most notably an agricultural community called ' Ain Ghazal in what is now Amman , one of the largest known prehistoric settlements in the Near East . Plaster statues estimated to date back to around 7250 BC were uncovered there , and are among the oldest large human statues ever found . Villages of Bab edh - Dhra in the Dead Sea area , Tal Hujayrat Al - Ghuzlan in Aqaba and Tulaylet Ghassul in the Jordan Valley all date to the Chalcolithic period . The prehistoric period of Jordan ended at around 2000 BC when the Semitic nomads known as the Amorites entered the region . During the Bronze Age and Iron Age , present - day Jordan was home to several ancient kingdoms , whose populations spoke Semitic languages of the Canaanite group . Among them were Ammon , Edom and Moab , which are described as tribal kingdoms rather than states . They are mentioned in ancient texts such as the Old Testament . Archaeological finds have shown that Ammon was in the area of the modern city of Amman , Moab in the highlands east of the Dead Sea and Edom in the area around Wadi Araba . The Mesha Stele recorded the glory of Mesha , the Dibonite King of Moab , inscribed around 840 BC . These Transjordanian kingdoms were in continuous conflict with the neighbouring Hebrew kingdoms of Israel and Judah , centered west of the Jordan River , though the former was known to have at times controlled small parts east of the River . Frequent confrontations ensued and tensions between them increased . One record of this is the Mesha Stele erected by the Moabite king Mesha in around 840 BC on which he lauds himself for the building projects that he initiated in Moab and commemorates his glory and victory against the Israelites . The stele constitutes one of the most important direct accounts of Biblical history . Subsequently , the Assyrian Empire reduced these kingdoms to vassals . When the region was later under the influence of the Babylonians , the Old Testament mentions that these kingdoms aided them in the 597 BC sack of Jerusalem . These kingdoms are believed to have existed throughout fluctuations in regional rule and influence . They were under the control of several distant empires , including the Akkadian Empire ( 2335 -- 2193 BC ) , Ancient Egypt ( 1500 -- 1300 BC ) , the Hittite Empire ( 1400 -- 1300 BC ) , the Middle Assyrian Empire ( 1365 -- 1020 BC ) , the Neo-Assyrian Empire ( 911 -- 605 BC ) , the Neo-Babylonian Empire ( 604 -- 539 BC ) , the Achaemenid Empire ( 539 -- 332 BC ) and the Hellenistic Empire of Macedonia . However , by the time of Roman rule in the Levant around 63 BC , the people of Ammon , Edom and Moab had lost their distinct identities , and were assimilated into Roman culture . Classical period ( edit ) Main article : Transjordan ( region ) Alexander the Great 's conquest of the Achaemenid Empire in 332 BC introduced Hellenistic culture to the Middle East . After Alexander 's death in 323 BC , his empire split among his generals and in the end , much of the land of modern - day Jordan was disputed between the Ptolemies based in Egypt and the Seleucids based in Syria . In the south and east , the Nabataeans had an independent kingdom . The Nabataeans were nomadic Arabs who derived wealth from their capital Petra , whose proximity to major trade routes led to it becoming a regional trading hub . Campaigns by different Greek generals aspiring to annex the Nabataean Kingdom were unsuccessful . Al - Khazneh ( the treasury ) in the ancient city of Petra , carved into the rock in 312 BC by the Arab Nabataeans . The Ptolemies were eventually displaced from the region by the Seleucid Empire . The conflict between these two groups enabled the Nabataeans to extend their kingdom northwards well beyond Petra in Edom . The Nabataeans are known for their great ability in constructing efficient water collecting methods in the barren desert and their talent in carving structures into solid rocks -- notably the Khazneh ( treasury ) . These nomads spoke Arabic and wrote in Nabataean alphabets , which were developed from Aramaic script during the 2nd century BC , and are regarded by scholars to have evolved into the Arabic alphabet around the 4th century AD . The Greeks founded new cities in Jordan including Philadelphia ( Amman ) , Gerasa ( Jerash ) , Gedara ( Umm Qays ) , Pella ( Tabaqat Fahl ) and Arbila ( Irbid ) . Later under Roman rule , these cities joined other Hellenistic cities in Palestine and Syria to form the Decapolis League , a loose confederation linked by economic and cultural interests : Scythopolis , Hippos , Capitolias , Canatha and Damascus were among its members . The most remarkable Hellenistic site in Jordan is Qasr Al - Abd at Iraq Al - Amir , just west of modern - day Amman . Roman legions under Pompey conquered much of the Levant in 63 BC , inaugurating a period of Roman rule that lasted for centuries . In 106 AD , Emperor Trajan annexed the nearby Nabataean Kingdom without any opposition , and rebuilt the King 's Highway which became known as the Via Traiana Nova road . During Roman rule the Nabataeans continued to flourish and replaced their local gods with Christianity . Roman remains in Amman include : the Temple of Hercules at the Amman Citadel and the Roman theater . Jerash contains a well - preserved Roman city that had 15,000 inhabitants at its zenith . Jerash was visited by Emperor Hadrian during his journey to Palestine . In 324 AD , the Roman Empire split , and the Eastern Roman Empire ( later known as the Byzantine Empire ) continued to control or influence the region until 636 AD . Christianity had become legal within the empire in 313 AD and the official state religion in 390 AD , after Emperor Constantine converted to Christianity . Ayla city ( modern day Aqaba ) in southern Jordan also came under Byzantine Empire rule . The Aqaba Church was built around 300 AD , and is considered to be the world 's first purpose built Christian church . The Byzantines built 16 churches just south of Amman in Umm ar - Rasas . Administratively the area of Jordan fell under the Diocese of the East , and was divided between the provinces of Palaestina Secunda in the north - west and Arabia Petraea in the south and east . Palaestina Salutaris in the south was split off from Arabia Petraea in the late 4th century . The Sassanian Empire in the east became the Byzantines ' rivals , and frequent confrontations sometimes led to the Sassanids controlling some parts of the region , including Transjordan . Islamic Era ( edit ) Main article : Jund Al - Urdunn Muslims under the Rashidun Caliphate from what is now Saudi Arabia , invaded the region from the south . The Arab Christian Ghassanids , clients of the Byzantines , were defeated despite imperial support . While the Muslim forces lost to the Byzantines in their first direct engagement during the Battle of Mu'tah in 629 , in what is now the Karak Governorate , the Byzantines lost control of the Levant when they were defeated by the Rashidun army in 636 at the Battle of Yarmouk just north of modern - day Jordan . The region was Arabized , and the Arabic language became widespread . Transjordan was an essential territory for the conquest of nearby Damascus . The first , or Rashidun , caliphate was followed by that of the Ummayad ( 661 -- 750 ) . Under Umayyads rule , several desert castles were constructed , such as : Qasr Al - Mshatta , Qasr Al - Hallabat , Qasr Al - Kharanah , Qasr Tuba , Qasr Amra , and a large administrative palace in Amman . The Abbasid campaign to take over the Umayyad empire began in the region of Transjordan . After the decline of the Abbasid Caliphate , the area was ruled by the Fatimid Caliphate , then by the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem ( 1115 -- 1189 ) . Ajloun Castle in Ajloun built by the Ayyubid Muslim leader Saladin in the 12th century AD used for defence against the Crusades . The Crusaders constructed about nine Crusader castles as part of the lordship of Oultrejordain , including those of Montreal , Al - Karak and Wu'ayra ( in Petra ) . In the 12th century , the Crusaders were defeated by Saladin , the founder of the Ayyubids dynasty ( 1189 -- 1260 ) . The Ayyubids built a new castle at Ajloun and rebuilt the former Roman fort of Qasr Azraq . Several of these castles were used and expanded by the Mamluks ( 1260 -- 1516 ) , who divided Jordan between the provinces of Karak and Damascus . During the next century Transjordan experienced Mongol attacks , but the Mongols were ultimately repelled by the Mamluks after the Battle of Ain Jalut ( 1260 ) . In 1516 , Ottoman forces conquered Mamluk territory . Agricultural villages in Jordan witnessed a period of relative prosperity in the 16th century , but were later abandoned . For the next centuries , Ottoman rule in the region , at times , was virtually absent and reduced to annual tax collection visits . This led to a short - lived occupation by the Wahhabi forces ( 1803 -- 1812 ) , an ultra-orthodox Islamic movement that emerged in Najd in modern - day Saudi Arabia . Ibrahim Pasha , son of the governor of the Egypt Eyalet under the request of the Ottoman sultan , rooted out the Wahhabis between 1811 and 1818 . In 1833 Ibrahim Pasha turned on the Ottomans and established his rule over the Levant . His oppressive policies led to the unsuccessful peasants ' revolt in Palestine in 1834 . The cities of Al - Salt and Al - Karak were destroyed by Ibrahim Pasha 's forces for harbouring a peasants ' revolt leader . Egyptian rule was later forcibly ended , with Ottoman rule restored . Russian persecution of Sunni Muslim Circassians and Chechens led to their immigration into the region in 1867 , where today they form a small part of the country 's ethnic fabric . Overall population however declined due to oppression and neglect . Urban settlements with small populations included : Al - Salt , Irbid , Jerash and Al - Karak . The under - development of urban life in Jordan was exacerbated by the settlements being sometimes raided . Ottoman oppression provoked the region 's both non-Bedouin and Bedouin tribes to revolt , Bedouin tribes like : Adwan , Bani Hassan , Bani Sakhr and the Howeitat . The most notable revolts were the Shoubak Revolt ( 1905 ) and the Karak Revolt ( 1910 ) , which were brutally suppressed . Jordan 's location lies on a pilgrimage route taken by Muslims going to Mecca , which helped the population economically when the Ottomans constructed the Hejaz Railway linking Mecca with Istanbul in 1908 . Before the construction of the railway , the Ottomans built fortresses along the Hajj route to secure pilgrims ' caravans . Modern Era ( edit ) Main articles : Great Arab Revolt and Emirate of Transjordan Soldiers of the Hashemite - led Arab Army holding the flag of the Great Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire in 1916 . Four centuries of stagnation during Ottoman rule came to an end during World War I by the 1916 Arab Revolt ; driven by long - term Arab resentment towards the Ottoman authorities , and growing Arab nationalism . The revolt was launched by Sharif Hussein of Mecca , a member of the Hashemite clan of Hejaz who claim descent from Muhammad . Locally , the revolt garnered the support of the Transjordanian tribes , including Bedouins , Circassians and Christians . The Allies of World War I , including Britain and France , offered support . The Great Arab Revolt started on 5 June 1916 from Medina and pushed northwards until the fighting reached Transjordan in the Battle of Aqaba on 6 July 1917 . By 1918 , the revolt -- with the Allies ' support -- successfully gained control of most of the territories of the Hejaz and the Levant , including Damascus . However , it failed to gain international recognition as an independent state , due mainly to the secret 1916 Sykes -- Picot Agreement and the 1917 Balfour Declaration . This was seen by the Hashemites and the Arabs as a betrayal of their previous agreements with the British , including the 1915 McMahon -- Hussein Correspondence , in which the British stated their willingness to recognise the independence of a unified Arab state stretching from Aleppo to Aden under the rule of the Hashemites . The region was divided into French and British spheres of influence . Abdullah I , the second son of Sharif Hussein arrived from Hejaz by train in Ma'an in southern Jordan on 11 November 1920 , where he was greeted by Transjordanian leaders . Abdullah established the Emirate of Transjordan on 11 April 1921 , which then became a British protectorate . The first visit of the High Commissioner for Palestine to Al - Salt city in Transjordan , 20 August 1920 . In September 1922 , the Council of the League of Nations recognised Transjordan as a state under the British Mandate for Palestine and the Transjordan memorandum , and excluded the territories east of the Jordan River from the provisions of the mandate dealing with Jewish settlement . Transjordan remained a British mandate until 1946 , but it had been granted a greater level of autonomy than the region west of the Jordan River . The first organised army in Jordan was established on 22 October 1920 , and was named the `` Arab Legion '' . The Legion grew from 150 men in 1920 to 8,000 in 1946 . Multiple difficulties emerged upon the assumption of power in the region by the Hashemite leadership . In Transjordan , small local rebellions at Kura in 1921 and 1923 were suppressed by Emir Abdullah with the help of British forces . Wahhabis from Najd regained strength and repeatedly raided the southern parts of his territory in ( 1922 -- 1924 ) , seriously threatening the Emir 's position . The Emir was unable to repel those raids without the aid of the local Bedouin tribes and the British , who maintained a military base with a small RAF detachment close to Amman . Post-independence ( edit ) Main article : Timeline of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan King Abdullah I declaring the end of the British Mandate and the independence of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan , 25 May 1946 . The Treaty of London , signed by the British Government and the Emir of Transjordan on 22 March 1946 , recognised the independence of Transjordan upon ratification by both countries ' parliaments . On 25 May 1946 , the Emirate of Transjordan became The Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan , as the ruling Emir was re-designated as King by the parliament of Transjordan on the day it ratified the Treaty of London . The name was changed to The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in 1949 . Jordan became a member of the United Nations on 14 December 1955 . On 15 May 1948 , as part of the 1948 Arab -- Israeli War , Jordan invaded Palestine together with other Arab states . Following the war , Jordan controlled the West Bank and on 24 April 1950 Jordan formally annexed these territories . In response , some Arab countries demanded Jordan 's expulsion from the Arab League . On 12 June 1950 , the Arab League declared that the annexation was a temporary , practical measure and that Jordan was holding the territory as a `` trustee '' pending a future settlement . King Abdullah was assassinated at the Al - Aqsa Mosque in 1951 by a Palestinian militant , amid rumours he intended to sign a peace treaty with Israel . Abdullah was succeeded by his son Talal , who would soon abdicate due to illness in favour of his eldest son Hussein . Talal established the country 's modern constitution in 1952 . Hussein ascended to the throne in 1953 at the age of 17 . Jordan witnessed great political uncertainty in the following period . The 1950s were a period of political upheaval , as Nasserism and Pan-Arabism swept the Arab World . On 1 March 1956 , King Hussein Arabized the command of the Army by dismissing a number of senior British officers , an act made to remove remaining foreign influence in the country . In 1958 , Jordan and neighbouring Hashemite Iraq formed the Arab Federation as a response to the formation of the rival United Arab Republic between Nasser 's Egypt and Syria . The union lasted only six months , being dissolved after Iraqi King Faisal II ( Hussein 's cousin ) was deposed by a bloody military coup on 14 July 1958 . King Hussein after checking an abandoned Israeli tank in the aftermath of the Battle of Karameh , 21 March 1968 . Jordan signed a military pact with Egypt just before Israel launched a preemptive strike on Egypt to begin the Six - Day War in June 1967 , where Jordan and Syria joined the war . The Arab states were defeated and Jordan lost control of the West Bank to Israel . The War of Attrition with Israel followed , which included the 1968 Battle of Karameh where the combined forces of the Jordanian Armed Forces and the Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ) repelled an Israeli attack on the Karameh camp on the Jordanian border with the West Bank . Despite the fact that the Palestinians had limited involvement against the Israeli forces , the events at Karameh gained wide recognition and acclaim in the Arab world . As a result , the time period following the battle witnessed an upsurge of support for Palestinian paramilitary elements ( the fedayeen ) within Jordan from other Arab countries . The fedayeen activities soon became a threat to Jordan 's rule of law . In September 1970 , the Jordanian army targeted the fedayeen and the resultant fighting led to the expulsion of Palestinian fighters from various PLO groups into Lebanon , in a civil war that became known as Black September . In 1973 , Egypt and Syria waged the Yom Kippur War on Israel , and fighting occurred along the 1967 Jordan River cease - fire line . Jordan sent a brigade to Syria to attack Israeli units on Syrian territory but did not engage Israeli forces from Jordanian territory . At the Rabat summit conference in 1974 , Jordan agreed , along with the rest of the Arab League , that the PLO was the `` sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people '' . Subsequently , Jordan renounced its claims to the West Bank in 1988 . At the 1991 Madrid Conference , Jordan agreed to negotiate a peace treaty sponsored by the US and the Soviet Union . The Israel - Jordan Treaty of Peace was signed on 26 October 1994 . In 1997 , Israeli agents entered Jordan using Canadian passports and poisoned Khaled Meshal , a senior Hamas leader . Israel provided an antidote to the poison and released dozens of political prisoners , including Sheikh Ahmed Yassin after King Hussein threatened to annul the peace treaty . A Jordanian Bedouin forces officer in Petra 2004 . On 7 February 1999 , Abdullah II ascended the throne upon the death of his father Hussein . Abdullah embarked on aggressive economic liberalisation when he assumed the throne , and his reforms led to an economic boom which continued until 2008 . Abdullah II has been credited with increasing foreign investment , improving public - private partnerships and providing the foundation for Aqaba 's free - trade zone and Jordan 's flourishing information and communication technology ( ICT ) sector . He also set up five other special economic zones . However , during the following years Jordan 's economy experienced hardship as it dealt with the effects of the Great Recession and spillover from the Arab Spring . Al - Qaeda under Abu Musab al - Zarqawi 's leadership launched coordinated explosions in three hotel lobbies in Amman on 9 November 2005 , resulting in 60 deaths and 115 injured . The bombings , which targeted civilians , caused widespread outrage among Jordanians . The attack is considered to be a rare event in the country , and Jordan 's internal security was dramatically improved afterwards . No major terrorist attacks have occurred since then . Abdullah and Jordan are viewed with contempt by Islamic extremists for the country 's peace treaty with Israel and its relationship with the West . The Arab Spring were large - scale protests that erupted in the Arab World in 2011 , demanding economic and political reforms . Many of these protests tore down regimes in some Arab nations , leading to instability that ended with violent civil wars . In Jordan , in response to domestic unrest , Abdullah replaced his prime minister and introduced a number of reforms including : reforming the Constitution , and laws governing public freedoms and elections . Proportional representation was re-introduced to the Jordanian parliament in the 2016 general election , a move which he said would eventually lead to establishing parliamentary governments . Jordan was left largely unscathed from the violence that swept the region despite an influx of 1.4 million Syrian refugees into the natural resources - lacking country and the emergence of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ( ISIL ) . Geography ( edit ) Main article : Geography of Jordan Wadi Rum 's resemblance to the surface of Mars has made it a popular filming and tourist attraction , including scenes in The Martian ( 2015 ) . Jordan sits strategically at the crossroads of the continents of Asia , Africa and Europe , in the Levant area of the Fertile Crescent , a cradle of civilization . It is 89,341 square kilometres ( 34,495 sq mi ) large , and 400 kilometres ( 250 mi ) long between its northernmost and southernmost points ; Umm Qais and Aqaba respectively . The kingdom lies between 29 ° and 34 ° N , and 34 ° and 40 ° E. The east is an arid plateau irrigated by oases and seasonal water streams . Major cities are overwhelmingly located on the north - western part of the kingdom due to its fertile soils and relatively abundant rainfall . These include Irbid , Jerash and Zarqa in the northwest , the capital Amman and Al - Salt in the central west , and Madaba , Al - Karak and Aqaba in the southwest . Major towns in the eastern part of the country are the oasis towns of Azraq and Ruwaished . In the west , a highland area of arable land and Mediterranean evergreen forestry drops suddenly into the Jordan Rift Valley . The rift valley contains the Jordan River and the Dead Sea , which separates Jordan from Israel and the Palestinian Territories . Jordan has a 26 kilometres ( 16 mi ) shoreline on the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea , but is otherwise landlocked . The Yarmouk River , an eastern tributary of the Jordan , forms part of the boundary between Jordan and Syria ( including the occupied Golan Heights ) to the north . The other boundaries are formed by several international and local agreements and do not follow well - defined natural features . The highest point is Jabal Umm al Dami , at 1,854 m ( 6,083 ft ) above sea level , while the lowest is the Dead Sea − 420 m ( − 1,378 ft ) , the lowest land point on earth . The Dead Sea located along Jordan 's western border with Palestine and Israel , is the saltiest waterbody and the lowest point on earth . Jordan has a diverse range of habitats , ecosystems and biota due to its varied landscapes and environments . The Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature was set up in 1966 to protect and manage Jordan 's natural resources . Nature reserves in Jordan include the Dana Biosphere Reserve , the Azraq Wetland Reserve , the Shaumari Wildlife Reserve and the Mujib Nature Reserve . Climate ( edit ) Main article : Climate of Jordan The climate in Jordan varies greatly . Generally , the further inland from the Mediterranean , greater contrasts in temperature occur and the less rainfall there is . The country 's average elevation is 812 m ( 2,664 ft ) ( SL ) . The highlands above the Jordan Valley , mountains of the Dead Sea and Wadi Araba and as far south as Ras Al - Naqab are dominated by a Mediterranean climate , while the eastern and northeastern areas of the country are arid desert . Although the desert parts of the kingdom reach high temperatures , the heat is usually moderated by low humidity and a daytime breeze , while the nights are cool . Summers , lasting from May to September , are hot and dry , with temperatures averaging around 32 ° C ( 90 ° F ) and sometimes exceeding 40 ° C ( 104 ° F ) between July and August . The winter , lasting from November to March , is relatively cool , with temperatures averaging around 13 ° C ( 55 ° F ) . Winter also sees frequent showers and occasional snowfall in some western elevated areas . Ecology ( edit ) Main articles : Wildlife of Jordan , List of mammals of Jordan , and List of birds of Jordan A forest in Ajloun , northern Jordan . Over 2,000 plant species have been recorded in Jordan . Many of the flowering plants bloom in the spring after the winter rains and the type of vegetation depends largely on the levels of precipitation . The mountainous regions in the northwest are clothed in forests , while further south and east the vegetation becomes more scrubby and transitions to steppe - type vegetation . Forests cover 1.5 million dunums ( 1,500 km ) , less than 2 % of Jordan , making Jordan among the world 's least forested countries , the international average being 15 % . Plant species include , Aleppo pine , Sarcopoterium , Salvia dominica , black iris , Tamarix , Anabasis , Artemisia , Acacia , Mediterranean cypress and Phoenecian juniper . The mountainous regions in the northwest are clothed in natural forests of pine , deciduous oak , evergreen oak , pistachio and wild olive . Mammal and reptile species include , the long - eared hedgehog , Nubian ibex , wild boar , fallow deer , Arabian wolf , desert monitor , honey badger , glass snake , caracal , golden jackal and the roe deer , among others . Bird include the hooded crow , Eurasian jay , lappet - faced vulture , barbary falcon , hoopoe , pharaoh eagle - owl , common cuckoo , Tristram 's starling , Palestine sunbird , Sinai rosefinch , lesser kestrel , house crow and the white - spectacled bulbul . Politics and government ( edit ) Main article : Politics of Jordan Jordan is a unitary state under a constitutional monarchy . Jordan 's constitution , adopted in 1952 and amended a number of times since , is the legal framework that governs the monarch , government , bicameral legislature and judiciary . The king retains wide executive and legislative powers from the government and parliament . The king exercises his powers through the government that he appoints for a four - year term , which is responsible before the parliament that is made up of two chambers : the Senate and the House of Representatives . The judiciary is independent according to the constitution . The current King of Jordan is Abdullah II who assumed the throne in 1999 . The king is the head of state and commander - in - chief of the army . He can declare war and peace , ratify laws and treaties , convene and close legislative sessions , call and postpone elections , dismiss the government and dissolve the parliament . The appointed government can also be dismissed through a majority vote of no confidence by the elected House of Representatives . After a bill is proposed by the government , it must be approved by the House of Representatives then the Senate , and becomes law after being ratified by the king . A royal veto on legislation can be overridden by a two - thirds vote in both houses . The parliament also has the right of interpellation . The 65 members of the upper Senate are directly appointed by the king , the constitution mandates that they be veteran politicians , judges and generals who previously served in the government or in the House of Representatives . The 130 members of the lower House of Representatives are elected through party - list proportional representation in 23 constituencies for a 4 - year term . Minimum quotas exist in the House of Representatives for women ( 15 seats , though they won 20 seats in the 2016 election ) , Christians ( 9 seats ) and Circassians and Chechens ( 3 seats ) . Courts are divided into three categories : civil , religious , and special . The civil courts deal with civil and criminal matters , including cases brought against the government . The civil courts include Magistrate Courts , Courts of First Instance , Courts of Appeal , High Administrative Courts which hear cases relating to administrative matters , and the Constitutional Court which was set up in 2012 in order to hear cases regarding the constitutionality of laws . Although Islam is the state religion , the constitution preserves religious and personal freedoms . Religious law only extends to matters of personal status such as divorce and inheritance in religious courts , and is partially based on Islamic Sharia law . The special court deals with cases forwarded by the civil one . The capital city of Jordan is Amman , located in north - central Jordan . Jordan is divided into 12 governorates ( muhafazah ) ( informally grouped into three regions : northern , central , southern ) . These are subdivided into a total of 52 nawahi , which are further divided into neighbourhoods in urban areas or into towns in rural ones . The current monarch , Abdullah II , ascended to the throne in February 1999 after the death of his father Hussein . Abdullah re-affirmed Jordan 's commitment to the peace treaty with Israel and its relations with the United States . He refocused the government 's agenda on economic reform , during his first year . King Abdullah 's eldest son , Prince Hussein , is the current Crown Prince of Jordan . The current prime minister is Hani Al - Mulki who received his position on 29 May 2016 . Abdullah had announced his intentions of turning Jordan into a parliamentary system , where the largest bloc in parliament forms a government . However , the underdevelopment of political parties in the country have hampered such moves . Jordan has around 50 political parties representing nationalist , leftist , Islamist , and liberal ideologies . Political parties contested a fifth of the seats in the 2016 elections , the remainder belonging to independent politicians . According to Freedom House , Jordan is ranked as the 3rd freest Arab country , and as `` partly free '' in the Freedom in the World 2017 report . The 2010 Arab Democracy Index from the Arab Reform Initiative ranked Jordan first in the state of democratic reforms out of 15 Arab countries . Jordan ranked first among the Arab states and 78th globally in the Human Freedom Index in 2015 , and ranked 55th out of 175 countries in the Corruption Perceptions Index ( CPI ) issued by Transparency International in 2014 , where 175th is most corrupt . In the 2016 Press Freedom Index maintained by Reporters Without Borders , Jordan ranked 135th out of 180 countries worldwide , and 5th of 19 countries in the Middle East and North Africa region . Jordan 's score was 44 on a scale from 0 ( most free ) to 105 ( least free ) . The report added `` the Arab Spring and the Syrian conflict have led the authorities to tighten their grip on the media and , in particular , the Internet , despite an outcry from civil society '' . Jordanian media consists of public and private institutions . Popular Jordanian newspapers include Al Ghad and the Jordan Times . The two most - watched local TV stations are Ro'ya TV and Jordan TV . Internet penetration in Jordan reached 76 % in 2015 . Largest cities ( edit ) Largest cities or towns in Jordan ( 1 ) Rank Name Governorate Pop . Amman Zarqa Amman Amman Governorate 1,349,260 Irbid Russeifa Zarqa Zarqa Governorate 502,900 Irbid Irbid Governorate 313,800 Russeifa Zarqa Governorate 289,800 5 Al Quwaysimah Amman Governorate 176,400 6 Wadi as - Ser Amman Governorate 158,900 7 Tilā ' al - ' Alī Amman Governorate 147,400 8 Ajloun Ajloun Governorate 125,000 9 Aqaba Aqaba Governorate 111,600 10 Khuraybat as - Sūq Amman Governorate 110,600 Administrative divisions ( edit ) The first level subdivision in Jordan is the muhafazah or governorate . The governorates are divided into liwa or districts , which are often further subdivided into qda or sub-districts . Control for each administrative unit is in a `` chief town '' ( administrative centre ) known as a nahia . Map Governorate Capital Population Syria Iraq Israel Saudi Arabia Palestine Irbid Jerash Ajloun Mafraq Zarqa Amman Balqa Madaba Karak Tafilah Ma'an Aqaba Northern region Irbid Irbid 1,770,158 Ajloun Ajloun 176,080 Jerash Jerash 237,059 Mafraq Mafraq 549,948 Central region 5 Balqa Al - Salt 491,709 6 Madaba Madaba 189,192 7 Amman Amman 4,007,256 8 Zarqa Zarqa 1,364,878 Southern region 9 Karak Al - Karak 316,629 10 Tafila Tafila 96,291 11 Ma'an Ma'an 144,083 12 Aqaba Aqaba 188,160 Foreign relations ( edit ) Main article : Foreign relations of Jordan King Abdullah II shows his son , Crown Prince Hussein , a photo given to them by the then United States secretary of state John Kerry . The kingdom has followed a pro-Western foreign policy and maintained close relations with the United States and the United Kingdom . During the first Gulf War ( 1990 ) , these relations were damaged by Jordan 's neutrality and its maintenance of relations with Iraq . Later , Jordan restored its relations with Western countries through its participation in the enforcement of UN sanctions against Iraq and in the Southwest Asia peace process . After King Hussein 's death in 1999 , relations between Jordan and the Persian Gulf countries greatly improved . Jordan is a key ally of the USA and UK and , together with Egypt , is one of only two Arab nations to have signed peace treaties with Israel , Jordan 's direct neighbour . Jordan views an independent Palestinian state with the 1967 borders , as part of the two - state solution and of supreme national interest . The ruling Hashemite dynasty has had custodianship over holy sites in Jerusalem since 1924 , a position re-inforced in the Israel -- Jordan peace treaty . Turmoil in Jerusalem 's Al - Aqsa mosque between Israelis and Palestinians created tensions between Jordan and Israel concerning the former 's role in protecting the Muslim and Christian sites in Jerusalem . Jordan is a founding member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and of the Arab League . It enjoys `` advanced status '' with the European Union and is part of the European Neighbourhood Policy ( ENP ) , which aims to increase links between the EU and its neighbours . Jordan and Morocco tried to join the Gulf Cooperation Council ( GCC ) in 2011 , but the Gulf countries offered a five - year development aid programme instead . Military , crime and law enforcement ( edit ) Main articles : Jordanian Armed Forces and Law enforcement in Jordan The first organised army in Jordan was established on 22 October 1920 , and was named the `` Arab Legion '' . Jordan 's capture of the West Bank during the 1948 Arab - Israeli War proved that the Arab Legion , known today as the Jordan Armed Forces , was the most effective among the Arab troops involved in the war . The Royal Jordanian Army , which boasts around 110,000 personnel , is considered to be among the most professional in the region , due to being particularly well - trained and organised . The Jordanian military enjoys strong support and aid from the United States , the United Kingdom and France . This is due to Jordan 's critical position in the Middle East . The development of Special Operations Forces has been particularly significant , enhancing the capability of the military to react rapidly to threats to homeland security , as well as training special forces from the region and beyond . Jordan provides extensive training to the security forces of several Arab countries . There are about 50,000 Jordanian troops working with the United Nations in peacekeeping missions across the world . Jordan ranks third internationally in participation in U.N. peacekeeping missions , with one of the highest levels of peacekeeping troop contributions of all U.N. member states . Jordan has dispatched several field hospitals to conflict zones and areas affected by natural disasters across the region . An Amman City Centre Police patrol . In 2014 , Jordan joined an aerial bombardment campaign by an international coalition led by the United States against the Islamic State as part of its intervention in the Syrian Civil War . In 2015 , Jordan participated in the Saudi Arabian - led military intervention in Yemen against the Shia Houthis and forces loyal to former President Ali Abdullah Saleh , who was deposed in the 2011 uprising . Jordan 's law enforcement is under the purview of the Public Security Directorate ( which includes approximately 50,000 persons ) and the General Directorate of Gendarmerie , both of which are subordinate to the country 's Ministry of Interior . The first police force in the Jordanian state was organised after the fall of the Ottoman Empire on 11 April 1921 . Until 1956 police duties were carried out by the Arab Legion and the Transjordan Frontier Force . After that year the Public Safety Directorate was established . The number of female police officers is increasing . In the 1970s , it was the first Arab country to include females in its police force . Jordan 's law enforcement was ranked 37th in the world and 3rd in the Middle East , in terms of police services ' performance , by the 2016 World Internal Security and Police Index . Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economy of Jordan A proportional representation of Jordan 's exports . Jordan is classified by the World Bank as an `` upper - middle income '' country . However , approximately 14.4 % of the population lives below the national poverty line on a longterm basis ( as of 2010 ) , while almost a third fell below the national poverty line during some time of the year -- known as transient poverty . The economy , which boasts a GDP of $38.210 billion ( as of 2015 ) , grew at an average rate of 4.3 % per annum between 2005 and 2010 , and around 2.5 % 2010 onwards . GDP per capita rose by 351 % in the 1970s , declined 30 % in the 1980s , and rose 36 % in the 1990s . The Jordanian economy is one of the smallest economies in the region , and the country 's populace suffers from relatively high rates of unemployment and poverty . Jordan 's economy is relatively well diversified . Trade and finance combined account for nearly one - third of GDP ; transportation and communication , public utilities , and construction account for one - fifth , and mining and manufacturing constitute nearly another fifth . Despite plans to expand the private sector , the state remains the dominant force in Jordan 's economy . Net official development assistance to Jordan in 2009 totalled USD 761 million ; according to the government , approximately two - thirds of this was allocated as grants , of which half was direct budget support . The official currency is the Jordanian dinar , which is pegged to the IMF 's special drawing rights ( SDRs ) , equivalent to an exchange rate of 1 US $ ≡ 0.709 dinar , or approximately 1 dinar ≡ 1.41044 dollars . In 2000 , Jordan joined the World Trade Organization and signed the Jordan -- United States Free Trade Agreement , thus becoming the first Arab country to establish a free trade agreement with the United States . Jordan also has free trade agreements with Turkey and Canada . Jordan enjoys advanced status with the EU , which has facilitated greater access to export to European markets . Due to slow domestic growth , high energy and food subsidies and a bloated public - sector workforce , Jordan usually runs annual budget deficits . These are partially offset by international aid . View of a part of the capital Amman . The Great Recession and the turmoil caused by the Arab Spring have depressed Jordan 's GDP growth , damaging trade , industry , construction and tourism . Tourist arrivals have dropped sharply since 2011 . Since 2011 , the natural gas pipeline in Sinai supplying Jordan from Egypt was attacked 32 times by Islamic State affiliates . Jordan incurred billions of dollars in losses because it had to substitute more expensive heavy - fuel oils to generate electricity . In November 2012 , the government cut subsidies on fuel , increasing its price . The decision , which was later revoked , caused large scale protests to break out across the country . Jordan 's total foreign debt in 2012 was $22 billion , representing 72 % of its GDP . In 2016 , the debt reached $35.1 billion representing 90.6 % of its GDP . This substantial increase is attributed to effects of regional instability causing : decrease in tourist activity ; decreased foreign investments ; increased military expenditure ; attacks on Egyptian pipeline ; the collapse of trade with Iraq and Syria ; expenses from hosting Syrian refugees and accumulated interests from loans . According to the World Bank , Syrian refugees have cost Jordan more than $2.5 billion a year , amounting to 6 % of the GDP and 25 % of the government 's annual revenue . Foreign aid covers only a small part of these costs , 63 % of the total costs are covered by Jordan . An austerity programme was adopted by the government which aims to reduce Jordan 's debt - to - GDP ratio to 77 percent by 2021 . The proportion of well - educated and skilled workers in Jordan is among the highest in the region in sectors such as ICT and industry , due to a relatively modern educational system . This has attracted large foreign investments to Jordan and has enabled the country to export its workforce to Persian Gulf countries . Flows of remittances to Jordan grew rapidly , particularly during the end of the 1970s and 1980s , and remains an important source of external funding . Remittances from Jordanian expatriates were $3.8 billion in 2015 , a notable rise in the amount of transfers compared to 2014 where remittances reached over $3.66 billion listing Jordan as fourth largest recipient in the region . Industry ( edit ) The Aqaba Flagpole in the southernmost city of Aqaba , Jordan 's only coastal city and outlet . Jordan 's well developed industrial sector , which includes mining , manufacturing , construction , and power , accounted for approximately 26 % of the GDP in 2004 ( including manufacturing , 16.2 % ; construction , 4.6 % ; and mining , 3.1 % ) . More than 21 % of Jordan 's labor force was employed in industry in 2002 . In 2014 , industry accounted for 6 % of the GDP . The main industrial products are potash , phosphates , cement , clothes , and fertilisers . The most promising segment of this sector is construction . Petra Engineering Industries Company , which is considered to be one of the main pillars of Jordanian industry , has gained international recognition with its air - conditioning units reaching NASA . Jordan is now considered to be a leading pharmaceuticals manufacturer in the MENA region led by Jordanian pharmaceutical company Hikma . Jordan 's military industry thrived after the King Abdullah Design and Development Bureau ( KADDB ) defence company was established by King Abdullah II in 1999 , to provide an indigenous capability for the supply of scientific and technical services to the Jordanian Armed Forces , and to become a global hub in security research and development . It manufactures all types of military products , many of which are presented at the bi-annually held international military exhibition SOFEX . In 2015 , KADDB exported $72 million worth of industries to over 42 countries . Tourism ( edit ) Main article : Tourism in Jordan Al - Maghtas ruins on the Jordanian side of the Jordan River , long accepted by many Christian denominations to have been the location of the Baptism of Jesus and the ministry of John the Baptist . The tourism sector is considered a cornerstone of the economy , being a large source of employment , hard currency and economic growth . In 2010 , there were 8 million visitors to Jordan . The majority of tourists coming to Jordan are from European and Arab countries . The tourism sector in Jordan has been severely affected by regional turbulence . The most recent blow to the tourism sector was caused by the Arab Spring , which scared off tourists from the entire region . Jordan experienced a 70 % decrease in the number of tourists from 2010 to 2016 . According to the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities , Jordan is home to around 100,000 archaeological and tourist sites . Some very well preserved historical cities include Petra and Jerash , the former being Jordan 's most popular tourist attraction and an icon of the kingdom . Jordan is part of the Holy Land and has several biblical attractions that attract pilgrimage activities . Biblical sites include : Al - Maghtas -- a traditional location for the Baptism of Jesus , Mount Nebo , Umm ar - Rasas , Madaba and Machaerus . Islamic sites include shrines of the prophet Muhammad 's companions such as ' Abd Allah ibn Rawahah , Zayd ibn Harithah and Muadh ibn Jabal . Ajlun Castle built by Muslim Ayyubid leader Saladin in the 12th century AD during his wars with the Crusaders , is also a popular tourist attraction . Dana Biosphere Reserve in south - central Jordan is a popular tourist attraction . Modern entertainment and recreation in urban areas , mostly in Amman , also attract tourists . Recently , the nightlife in Amman , Aqaba and Irbid has started to emerge and the number of bars , discos and nightclubs is on the rise . However , most nightclubs have a restriction on unescorted males . Alcohol is widely available in tourist restaurants , liquor stores and even some supermarkets . Valleys like Wadi Mujib and hiking trails in different parts of the country attract adventurers . Moreover , seaside recreation is present on the shores of Aqaba and the Dead Sea through several international resorts . Jordan has been a medical tourism destination in the Middle East since the 1970s . A study conducted by Jordan 's Private Hospitals Association found that 250,000 patients from 102 countries received treatment in Jordan in 2010 , compared to 190,000 in 2007 , bringing over $1 billion in revenue . Jordan is the region 's top medical tourism destination , as rated by the World Bank , and fifth in the world overall . The majority of patients come from Yemen , Libya and Syria due to the ongoing civil wars in those countries . Jordanian doctors and medical staff have gained experience in dealing with war patients through years of receiving such cases from various conflict zones in the region . Jordan also is a hub for natural treatment methods in both Ma'in Hot Springs and the Dead Sea . The Dead Sea is often described as a ' natural spa ' . It contains 10 times more salt than the average ocean , which makes it impossible to sink in . The high salt concentration of the Dead Sea has been proved as being therapeutic for many skin diseases . The uniqueness of this lake attracts several Jordanian and foreign vacationers , which boosted investments in the hotel sector in the area . Natural resources ( edit ) See also : Energy in Jordan A phosphate train at Ram station . Jordan is the world 's second poorest country in terms of water resources per capita , and scarce water resources were aggravated by the influx of Syrian refugees . Water from Disi aquifer and ten major dams historically played a large role in providing Jordan 's need for fresh water . The Jawa Dam in northeastern Jordan is the world 's oldest dam . The Dead Sea is receding at an alarming rate . Multiple canals and pipelines were proposed to reduce its recession , which had begun causing many problems . The Red Sea -- Dead Sea Water Conveyance project , carried out by Jordan , will provide water to neighbouring countries , while the brine will be carried to the Dead Sea to help stabilise its levels . The first phase of the project is scheduled to begin in 2018 and to be completed in 2021 . Phosphate mines in the south have made Jordan one of the largest producers and exporters of this mineral in the world . Despite the fact that reserves of crude oil are non-commercial , Jordan has the 5th largest oil - shale reserves in the world , which could be commercially exploited in the central and northwestern regions of the country . Official figures estimate the kingdom 's oil shale reserves at more than 70 billion tonnes . Attarat Power Plant , which started construction in late 2017 , is a $2.2 billion oil shale - dependent power plant that will be completed in 2020 with a total capacity of 470 megawatts . The project is part of the kingdom 's visionary plan that aims to diversify its energy resources by 2025 . The extraction of shale oil had been delayed by a couple of years due to : the advanced level of technology that is required for extraction ; and the relatively higher cost . Jordan aims to benefit from its large uranium reserves with two nuclear plants , 1000 MW each , scheduled for completion in 2025 . Natural gas was discovered in Jordan in 1987 . The estimated size of the reserve discovered was about 230 billion cubic feet , a modest quantity compared with its other Arab neighbours . The Risha field , in the eastern desert beside the Iraqi border , produces nearly 35 million cubic feet of gas a day , which is sent to a nearby power plant to produce a minimal amount of Jordan 's electricity needs . Jordan receives 330 days of sunshine per year , and wind speeds reach over 7 m / s in the mountainous areas . King Abdullah inaugurated several large - scale projects like the 117 MW Tafila Wind Farm and the 53 MW Shams Ma'an Power Plant in the 2010s . In May 2017 , it was announced that more than 200 MW of solar energy projects had been completed , which contributed to 5 % of Jordan 's electrical consumption . The government plans to increase this percentage to 20 % by 2020 , which amounts to a total of around 1800 MW . A report by pv magazine described Jordan as the `` Middle East 's solar powerhouse '' . Transportation ( edit ) Main article : Transport in Jordan Jordan is ranked as having the 35th best infrastructure in the world , one of the highest rankings in the developing world , according to the 2010 World Economic Forum 's Index of Economic Competitiveness . This high infrastructural development is necessitated by its role as a transit country for goods and services to Palestine and Iraq . Palestinians use Jordan as a transit country due to the Israeli restrictions and Iraqis use Jordan due to the instability in Iraq . Queen Alia International Airport near Amman was chosen as the best airport in the Middle East for 2014 and 2015 by ASQ and the third best airport of its size worldwide in 2016 . According to data from the Jordanian Ministry of Public Works and Housing , as of 2011 , the Jordanian road network consisted of 2,878 km ( 1,788 mi ) of main roads ; 2,592 km ( 1,611 mi ) of rural roads and 1,733 km ( 1,077 mi ) of side roads . The Hejaz Railway built during the Ottoman Empire which extended from Damascus to Mecca will act as a base for future railway expansion plans . Currently , the railway has little civilian activity ; it is primarily used for transporting goods . A national railway project is currently undergoing studies and seeking funding sources . Jordan has three commercial airports , all receiving and dispatching international flights . Two are in Amman and the third is in Aqaba , King Hussein International Airport . Amman Civil Airport serves several regional routes and charter flights while Queen Alia International Airport is the major international airport in Jordan and is the hub for Royal Jordanian , the flag carrier . Queen Alia International Airport expansion was completed in 2013 with new terminals costing $700 million , to handle over 16 million passengers annually . It is now considered a state - of - the - art airport and was awarded ' the best airport by region : Middle East ' for 2014 and 2015 by Airport Service Quality ( ASQ ) survey , the world 's leading airport passenger satisfaction benchmark programme . The Port of Aqaba is the only port in Jordan . In 2006 , the port was ranked as being the `` Best Container Terminal '' in the Middle East by Lloyd 's List . The port was chosen due to it being a transit cargo port for other neighbouring countries , its location between four countries and three continents , being an exclusive gateway for the local market and for the improvements it has recently witnessed . Science and technology ( edit ) Main article : Science and technology in Jordan Partial view of the 117 MW Tafila Wind Farm in southern Jordan is the first and largest onshore wind farm in the Middle East . Science and technology is the country 's fastest developing economic sector . This growth is occurring across multiple industries , including information and communications technology ( ICT ) and nuclear technology . Jordan contributes 75 % of the Arabic content on the Internet . In 2014 , the ICT sector accounted for more than 84,000 jobs and contributed to 12 % of the GDP . More than 400 companies are active in telecom , information technology and video game development . There are 600 companies operating in active technologies and 300 start - up companies . Nuclear science and technology is also expanding . The Jordan Research and Training Reactor , which was inaugurated in 2016 , is a 5 MW training reactor located at the Jordan University of Science and Technology in Ar Ramtha . The facility is the first nuclear reactor in the country and will provide Jordan with radioactive isotopes for medical usage and provide training to students to produce a skilled workforce for the country 's planned commercial nuclear reactors . Jordan signed a contract with Russian company Rosatom in 2014 for the construction of two $5 billion nuclear reactors which are currently at the planning stage and are expected to start delivering electricity in 2025 . Jordan was also selected as the location for the Synchrotron - Light for Experimental Science and Applications in the Middle East ( SESAME ) facility , supported by UNESCO and CERN . This particle accelerator , which was inaugurated in 2017 , will allow collaboration between scientists from various rival Middle Eastern countries . The facility is the only synchrotron radiation facility in the Middle East , and one of only 60 in the world . Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of Jordan Historical populations Year Pop . ± % p.a. 1500s 35,000 -- 1920 200,000 + 0.42 % 1922 225,000 + 6.07 % 1948 400,000 + 2.24 % 1952 586,200 + 10.03 % 1961 900,800 + 4.89 % 1979 2,133,000 + 4.91 % 4,139,500 + 4.52 % 5,100,000 + 2.11 % 2015 9,531,712 + 5.85 % Source : Department of Statistics The 2015 census showed Jordan 's population to be 9,531,712 ( Female : 47 % ; Males : 53 % ) . Around 2.9 million ( 30 % ) were non-citizens , a figure including refugees , and illegal immigrants . There were 1,977,534 households in Jordan in 2015 , with an average of 4.8 persons per household ( compared to 6.7 persons per household for the census of 1979 ) . The capital and largest city of Jordan is Amman , which is one of the world 's oldest continuously inhabited cities and one of the most liberal in the Arab world . The population of Amman was 65,754 in 1946 , but came to be over 4 million in 2015 . Arabs make up about 98 % of the population . The rest 2 % is attributed to other ethnic groups such as Circassians , and Armenians and other minorities . About 84.1 % of the population live in urban towns and cities . Immigrants and refugees ( edit ) Jordan is a home to 2,175,491 Palestinian refugees as of Dec - 2016 ; most of them , but not all , were granted Jordanian citizenship . The first wave of Palestinian refugees arrived during the 1948 Arab Israeli war and peaked in the 1967 Six Day War and the 1990 Gulf War . In the past , Jordan had given many Palestinian refugees citizenship , however recently Jordanian citizenship is given only in rare cases . 370,000 of these Palestinians live in UNRWA refugee camps . Following the capture of the West Bank by Israel in 1967 , Jordan revoked the citizenship of thousands of Palestinians to thwart any attempt to permanently resettle from the West Bank to Jordan . West Bank Palestinians with family in Jordan or Jordanian citizenship were issued yellow cards guaranteeing them all the rights of Jordanian citizenship if requested . An aerial view of a portion of the Zaatari refugee camp which contains a population of 80,000 Syrian refugees . Up to 1,000,000 Iraqis came to Jordan following the Iraq War in 2003 , and most of them have returned . In 2015 , their number in Jordan was 130,911 . Many Iraqi Christians ( Assyrians / Chaldeans ) however settled temporarily or permanently in Jordan . Immigrants also include 15,000 Lebanese who arrived following the 2006 Lebanon War . Since 2010 , over 1.4 million Syrian refugees have fled to Jordan to escape the violence in Syria . The kingdom has continued to demonstrate hospitality , despite the substantial strain the flux of Syrian refugees places on the country . The effects are largely affecting Jordanian communities , as the vast majority of Syrian refugees do not live in camps . The refugee crisis effects include competition for job opportunities , water resources and other state provided services , along with the strain on the national infrastructure . In 2007 , there were up to 150,000 Assyrian Christians ; most are Eastern Aramaic speaking refugees from Iraq . Kurds number some 30,000 , and like the Assyrians , many are refugees from Iraq , Iran and Turkey . Descendants of Armenians that sought refuge in the Levant during the 1915 Armenian Genocide number approximately 5,000 persons , mainly residing in Amman . A small number of ethnic Mandeans also reside in Jordan , again mainly refugees from Iraq . Around 12,000 Iraqi Christians have sought refuge in Jordan after the Islamic State took the city of Mosul in 2014 . Several thousand Libyans , Yemenis and Sudanese have also sought asylum in Jordan to escape instability and violence in their respective countries . The 2015 Jordanian census recorded that there were 1,265,000 Syrians , 636,270 Egyptians , 634,182 Palestinians , 130,911 Iraqis , 31,163 Yemenis , 22,700 Libyans and 197,385 from other nationalities residing in the country . There are around 1.2 million illegal , and 500,000 legal , migrant workers in the kingdom . Thousands of foreign women , mostly from the Middle East and Eastern Europe , work in nightclubs , hotels and bars across the kingdom . American and European expatriate communities are concentrated in the capital , as the city is home to many international organizations and diplomatic missions . Religion and languages ( edit ) Main article : Religion in Jordan Sunni Islam is the dominant religion in Jordan . Muslims make up about 95 % of the country 's population ; in turn , 93 % of those self - identify as Sunnis . There are also a small number of Ahmadi Muslims , and some Shiites . Many Shia are Iraqi and Lebanese refugees . Muslims who convert to another religion as well as missionaries from other religions face societal and legal discrimination . Marsa Zayed mosque in Aqaba . An eastern Orthodox church during a snowstorm in Amman . Jordan contains some of the oldest Christian communities in the world , dating as early as the 1st century AD after the crucifixion of Jesus Christ . Christians today make up about 3.68 % of the population , down from 20 % in 1930 , though their absolute number has grown . This is due to high immigration rates of Muslims into Jordan , higher emigration rates of Christians to the west and higher birth rates for Muslims . Jordanian Christians number around 250,000 , all of whom are Arabic - speaking , according to a 2014 estimate by the Orthodox Church . The study excluded minority Christian groups and the thousands of western , Iraqi and Syrian Christians residing in Jordan . Christians are exceptionally well integrated in the Jordanian society and enjoy a high level of freedom , though they are not free to evangelize Muslims . Christians traditionally occupy two cabinet posts , and are reserved 9 seats out of the 130 in the parliament . The highest political position reached by a Christian is deputy prime minister , held by Marwan al - Muasher in 2005 . Christians are also influential in media . Smaller religious minorities include Druze and Bahá'ís . Most Jordanian Druze live in the eastern oasis town of Azraq , some villages on the Syrian border , and the city of Zarqa , while most Jordanian Bahá'ís live in the village of Adassiyeh bordering the Jordan Valley . The official language is Modern Standard Arabic , a literary language taught in the schools . Most Jordanians natively speak one of the non-standard Arabic dialects known as Jordanian Arabic . Jordanian Sign Language is the language of the deaf community . English , though without official status , is widely spoken throughout the country and is the de facto language of commerce and banking , as well as a co-official status in the education sector ; almost all university - level classes are held in English and almost all public schools teach English along with Standard Arabic . Chechen , Circassian , Armenian , Tagalog , and Russian are popular among their communities . French is offered as an elective in many schools , mainly in the private sector . German is an increasingly popular language ; it has been introduced at a larger scale since the establishment of the German - Jordanian University in 2005 . Culture ( edit ) Main article : Culture of Jordan Arts , cinema , museums and music ( edit ) Main articles : Jordanian art , Cinema of Jordan , and Music of Jordan Jordanian military marching band playing bagpipes in Jerash . Many institutions in Jordan aim to increase cultural awareness of Jordanian Art and to represent Jordan 's artistic movements in fields such as paintings , sculpture , graffiti and photography . The art scene has been developing in the past few years and Jordan has been a haven for artists from surrounding countries . In January 2016 , for the first time ever , a Jordanian film called Theeb was nominated for the Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film . The largest museum in Jordan is The Jordan Museum . It contains much of the valuable archaeological findings in the country , including some of the Dead Sea Scrolls , the Neolithic limestone statues of ' Ain Ghazal and a copy of the Mesha Stele . Most museums in Jordan are located in Amman including The Children 's Museum Jordan , The Martyr 's Memorial and Museum and the Royal Automobile Museum . Museums outside Amman include the Aqaba Archaeological Museum . The Jordan National Gallery of Fine Arts is a major contemporary art museum located in Amman . Music in Jordan is now developing with a lot of new bands and artists , who are now popular in the Middle East . Artists such as Omar Al - Abdallat , Toni Qattan , Diana Karazon and Hani Metwasi have increased the popularity of Jordanian music . The Jerash Festival is an annual music event that features popular Arab singers . Pianist and composer Zade Dirani has gained wide international popularity . There is also an increasing growth of alternative Arabic rock bands , who are dominating the scene in the Arab World , including : El Morabba3 , Autostrad , JadaL , Akher Zapheer and Aziz Maraka . Sports ( edit ) Main article : Sport in Jordan Football is the most popular sport in Jordan . The national football team has improved in recent years , though it has yet to qualify for the World Cup . In 2013 , Jordan spurned the chance to play at the 2014 World Cup when they lost to Uruguay during inter-confederation play - offs . This was the highest that Jordan had advanced in the World Cup qualifying rounds since 1986 . The women 's football team is also gaining reputation , and in March 2016 ranked 58th in the world . Jordan hosted the 2016 FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup , the first women 's sports tournament in the Middle East . Less common sports are gaining popularity . Rugby is increasing in popularity , a Rugby Union is recognised by the Jordan Olympic Committee which supervises three national teams . Although cycling is not widespread in Jordan , the sport is developing rapidly as a lifestyle and a new way to travel especially among the youth . In 2014 , a NGO Make Life Skate Life completed construction of the 7Hills Skatepark , the first skatepark in the country located in Downtown Amman . Jordan 's national basketball team is participating in various international and Middle Eastern tournaments . Local basketball teams include : Al - Orthodoxi Club , Al - Riyadi , Zain , Al - Hussein and Al - Jazeera . Cuisine ( edit ) Main article : Jordanian cuisine Mansaf , the traditional dish of Jordan . Inspired from Bedouin culture , it is a symbol of Jordanian hospitality . As the 8th largest producer of olives in the world , olive oil is the main cooking oil in Jordan . A common appetiser is hummus , which is a puree of chick peas blended with tahini , lemon , and garlic . Ful medames is another well - known appetiser . A typical worker 's meal , it has since made its way to the tables of the upper class . A typical Jordanian meze often contains koubba maqliya , labaneh , baba ghanoush , tabbouleh , olives and pickles . Meze is generally accompanied by the Levantine alcoholic drink arak , which is made from grapes and aniseed and is similar to ouzo , rakı and pastis . Jordanian wine and beer are also sometimes used . The same dishes , served without alcoholic drinks , can also be termed `` muqabbilat '' ( starters ) in Arabic . The most distinctive Jordanian dish is mansaf , the national dish of Jordan . The dish is a symbol for Jordanian hospitality and is influenced by the Bedouin culture . Mansaf is eaten on different occasions such as funerals , weddings and on religious holidays . It consists of a plate of rice with meat that was boiled in thick yogurt , sprayed with nuts and sometimes herbs . As an old tradition , the dish is eaten using one 's hands , but the tradition is not always used . Simple fresh fruit is often served towards the end of a Jordanian meal , but there is also dessert , such as baklava , hareeseh , knafeh , halva and qatayef , a dish made specially for Ramadan . In Jordanian cuisine , drinking coffee and tea flavoured with na'na or meramiyyeh is almost a ritual . Health and education ( edit ) Main articles : Health in Jordan and Education in Jordan Jordanian school girls pictured reading in a public school . Jordan 's total youth female literacy rate ( 15 -- 24 years ) was 99.37 % in 2015 . Life expectancy in Jordan was around 74.8 years in 2017 . The leading cause of death is cardiovascular diseases , followed by cancer . Childhood immunization rates have increased steadily over the past 15 years ; by 2002 immunisations and vaccines reached more than 95 % of children under five . In 1950 , Water and sanitation was available to only 10 % of the population , while in 2015 reached 98 % of Jordanians . Jordan prides itself on its health services , some of the best in the region . Qualified medics , favourable investment climate and Jordan 's stability has contributed to the success of this sector . The country 's health care system is divided between public and private institutions . On 1 June 2007 , Jordan Hospital ( as the biggest private hospital ) was the first general specialty hospital to gain the international accreditation JCAHO . The King Hussein Cancer Center is a leading cancer treatment center . 66 % of Jordanians have medical insurance . The Jordanian educational system comprises 2 years of pre-school education , 10 years of compulsory basic education , and two years of secondary academic or vocational education , after which the students sit for the General Certificate of Secondary Education Exam ( Tawjihi ) exams . Scholars may attend either private or public schools . According to the UNESCO , the literacy rate in 2015 was 98.01 % and is considered to be the highest in the Middle East and the Arab world , and one of the highest in the world . UNESCO ranked Jordan 's educational system 18th out of 94 nations for providing gender equality in education . Jordan has the highest number of researchers in research and development per million people among all the 57 countries that are members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation ( OIC ) . In Jordan there are 8060 researchers per million people , while the world average is 2532 per million . Education is not free in Jordan . Jordan has 10 public universities , 19 private universities and 54 community colleges , of which 14 are public , 24 private and others affiliated with the Jordanian Armed Forces , the Civil Defense Department , the Ministry of Health and UNRWA . There are over 200,000 Jordanian students enrolled in universities each year . An additional 20,000 Jordanians pursue higher education abroad primarily in the United States and Europe . According to the Webometrics Ranking of World Universities , the top - ranking universities in the country are the University of Jordan ( UJ ) ( 1,220 th worldwide ) , Jordan University of Science & Technology ( JUST ) ( 1,729 th ) and Hashemite University ( 2,176 th ) . UJ and JUST occupy 8th and 10th between Arab universities . Jordan has 2,000 researchers per million people . See also ( edit ) Jordan portal Middle East portal Human rights in Jordan List of World Heritage Sites in Jordan Index of Jordan - related articles Outline of Jordan References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Temperman , Jeroen ( 2010 ) . State - Religion Relationships and Human Rights Law : Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Governance . Brill . p. 87 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 18148 - 2 . Retrieved 20 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Population clock '' . Department of Statistics . Archived from the original on 19 October 2017 . Retrieved 14 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jordan '' . International Monetary Fund . 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Jump up ^ `` Relations between Turkey and Jordan '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs . Republic of Turkey . Retrieved 16 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan obtains ' advanced status ' with EU '' . The Jordan Times . 27 October 2010 . Archived from the original on 20 February 2011 . Retrieved 16 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sharp , Jeremy M. ( 3 October 2012 ) . `` Jordan : Background and US Relations '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . pp. 7 -- 8 . Retrieved 20 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harsh blow to Jordanian economy '' . Financial Times . 28 June 2011 . Retrieved 20 March 2016 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` تفجير خط غاز للمرة الـ30 غرب العريش '' ( The bombing of gas pipeline for the 30th time west of El Arish ) ( in Arabic ) . Al Arabiya. 8 January 2016 . Retrieved 13 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jordan : Year in Review 2012 '' . Oxford Business Group . 20 December 2012 . Retrieved 20 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Malkawi , Khetam ( 6 February 2016 ) . `` Syrian refugees cost Kingdom $2.5 billion a year -- report '' . The Jordan Times . Retrieved 30 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gov 't readying for refugee donor conference '' . The Jordan Times . 5 October 2015 . Retrieved 12 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Omar Obeidat ( 21 June 2016 ) . `` ' IMF programme to yield budget surplus in 2019 ' '' . The Jordan Times . Retrieved 9 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Al - Assaf , G. and Al - Malki , A. , ( 2014 ) , Modelling the Macroeconomic Determinants of Workers ' Remittances : The Case of Jordan , International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues , Vol. 4 , issue 3 , p. 514 -- 526 . Jump up ^ Malkawi , Khetam ( 11 January 2016 ) . `` Jordan ranks fourth in the region in recipient remittances '' . The Jordan Times . Retrieved 11 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan 's industry and retail '' . Oxford Business Group . 1 January 2015 . Retrieved 9 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Remarks at Middle East Commercial Center Leadership Dinner '' . U.S. Department of State . 8 December 2014 . Retrieved 15 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Obeidat , Omar ( 16 May 2015 ) . `` Hikma Pharmaceuticals founder remembered as man who believed , invested in Jordan '' . The Jordan Times . Retrieved 6 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` KADDB to become main provider of army 's weapons , defence equipment '' . The Jordan Times . 28 April 2015 . Retrieved 16 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Pizzi , Michael ( 11 June 2015 ) . `` Surrounded by fire , Jordan 's tourists scared away '' . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 9 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan home to more than 100,000 archaeological , tourist sites '' . The Jordan Times . Petra. 4 March 2014 . Retrieved 9 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Stanely , Paul ( 3 October 2013 ) . `` Jordan 's Historical and Christian Sites Are Worth a Middle Eastern Journey '' . The Christian Post . Retrieved 9 April 2016 . 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Jump up ^ `` All set for building oil shale - fired power plant '' . The Jordan Times . 16 March 2017 . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The economy : The haves and the have - nots '' . The Economist. 13 July 2013 . Retrieved 16 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ghazal , Mohammad ( 23 May 2016 ) . `` Jordan in negotiations with potential partners in nuclear project '' . The Jordan Times . Retrieved 16 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Energy minister calls for raising Risheh gas field production '' . The Jordan Times . Petra. 11 August 2014 . Retrieved 20 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Balbo , Laurie ( 12 December 2011 ) . `` Jordan Jumps Forward on Energy Development '' . Green Prophet . Retrieved 20 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` King inaugurates JD400m solar energy projects '' . The Jordan Times . 16 May 2017 . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Ghazal , Mohammad ( 17 September 2014 ) . `` 1,800 megawatts of renewable energy projects to be connected to grid by end of 2018 '' . The Jordan Times . Retrieved 9 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Solar 's new fertile crescent '' . pv magazine . 6 January 2018 . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Global Competitiveness Report 2010 -- 2011 '' ( PDF ) . World Economic Forum . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Moving forward : Well - developed road and air networks compensate for a weak rail system '' . Oxford Business Group . 1 March 2012 . Retrieved 12 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Queen Alia airport launches second phase of expansion project '' . The Jordan Times . 20 January 2014 . Retrieved 16 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Ghazal , Mohammad ( 1 March 2016 ) . `` QAIA maintains ranking as best airport in Middle East '' . The Jordan Times . Retrieved 1 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Middle East Ports '' . Arabian Supply Chain. 31 October 2006 . Retrieved 31 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Masdar appoints IFC to oversee funding of Jordan 's largest solar power project '' . Petra News Agency . 18 January 2017 . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Doing Business in Jordan '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of Commerce . 1 January 2014 . Retrieved 14 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Al Emam , Dana ( 28 October 2015 ) . `` Korean soft loan to fund safety features of nuclear research reactor '' . The Jordan Times . Retrieved 15 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dennis Overbye ( 14 May 2017 ) . `` A Light for Science , and Cooperation , in the Middle East '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 census report '' ( PDF ) . Government of Jordan . Department of statistics . 1 January 2016 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 March 2016 . Retrieved 15 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ghazal , Mohammad ( 22 January 2016 ) . `` Population stands at around 9.5 million , including 2.9 million guests '' . The Jordan Times . Retrieved 22 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan Population 2017 ( Demographics , Maps , Graphs ) '' . worldpopulationreview.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jordan '' . UNRWA. 1 December 2015 . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Abu Toameh , Khaled ( 20 July 2009 ) . `` Amman revoking Palestinians ' citizenship '' . Jerusalem Post . Retrieved 13 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Leyne , Jon ( 24 January 2007 ) . `` Doors closing on fleeing Iraqis '' . BBC . Retrieved 16 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Pattison , Mark ( 29 September 2010 ) . `` Iraqi refugees in Jordan are ' guests ' with few privileges '' . Catholic Courier . Archived from the original on 23 July 2013 . Retrieved 20 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Hourani , Guita ( 2006 ) . `` The Impact of the Summer 2006 War on Migration in Lebanon : Emigration , Re-Migration , Evacuation , and Returning '' . Lebanese Emigration Research Center . p. 231 . Retrieved 16 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Ireland , Michael ( 29 May 2007 ) . `` Assyrian and Chaldean Christians Flee Iraq to Neighboring Jordan '' . Christian Headlines . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Al - Khatib , Mahmoud A. ; Al - Ali , Mohammed N. ( 2010 ) . `` Language and Cultural Shift Among the Kurds of Jordan '' . SKY Journal of Linguistics. 23 : 7 -- 36 . Jump up ^ `` مئة عام على مجزرة الأرمن : ما بقي للأحفاد '' ( One hundred years after the Armenian Genocide : what is left for the descendants ) ( in Arabic ) . 7iber. 23 April 2015 . Retrieved 16 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mandaean Human Rights Annual Report '' ( PDF ) , Mandaean Human Rights Group , p. 4 , 1 November 2009 , retrieved 16 July 2016 Jump up ^ Reznick , Alisa ( 4 November 2016 ) . `` Mosul 's Christian exiles have little hope of return '' . Aljazeera . Retrieved 5 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Malkawi , Khetam ( 28 August 2012 ) . `` Jordan faces challenge of meeting migrants ' health demands -- -- study '' . The Jordan Times . Archived from the original on 30 April 2015 . Retrieved 16 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Zaqqa , Nadim ( 2006 ) . Economic Development and Export of Human Capital -- a Contradiction ? . Kassel University Press . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 89958 - 205 - 5 . Retrieved 20 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Abimourched , Rola ( 26 November 2010 ) . `` The conditions of domestic workers in the Middle East '' . WoMen Dialogue . Archived from the original on 9 October 2014 . Retrieved 16 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 3 % of Nightclub women are Jordanian '' . Ammonnews. 19 January 2011 . Retrieved 16 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 1 : Religious Affiliation '' . The World 's Muslims : Unity and Diversity . Pew Research Center . 9 August 2012 . Retrieved 26 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Kurshid , Ahmad . `` Propagation of Islam '' . Al Islam . Retrieved 16 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Nicky , Adam ( 27 November 2012 ) . `` Shiites in Jordan maintained low profile while marking Ashura observance '' . The Media Line . The Jewish Journal . Retrieved 16 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan 2014 International Religious Freedom Report '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of State . 1 January 2014 . Retrieved 16 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Moujaes , Anthony ( 29 April 2015 ) . `` Four refugee families living in Jordan share their stories with Mid-East delegation '' . United Church of Christ . Archived from the original on 24 September 2016 . Retrieved 27 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kildani , Hanna ( 8 July 2015 ) . `` الأب د . حنا كلداني : نسبة الأردنيين المسيحيين المقيمين 3.68 % '' ( Father Hanna Kildani : the percentage of Christians residing in Jordan is 3.68 % ) ( in Arabic ) . Abouna.org . Retrieved 17 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleishman , Jeffrey ( 10 May 2009 ) . `` For Christian enclave in Jordan , tribal lands are sacred '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 10 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , Duane Alexander ( November 2011 ) . `` The Episcopal Church in Jordan : Identity , Liturgy , and Mission '' . Journal of Anglican Studies . 9 ( 2 ) : 134 -- 153 . Retrieved 16 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan '' . European Forum for Democracy and Solidarity . 16 January 2014 . Archived from the original on 30 September 2013 . Retrieved 12 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Al - Qassemi , Sultan Sooud ( 14 June 2009 ) . `` Shameful Plight of the Middle East 's Christians '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 26 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan 's Christian Arabs , A Small Minority , Play A Major Role '' . The New York Times . 7 January 1987 . Retrieved 9 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Castellino , Joshua ; Cavanaugh , Kathleen A. ( 25 April 2013 ) . Minority Rights in the Middle East . Oxford University Press . p. 135 . ISBN 9780199679492 . Retrieved 12 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : de Gruyter , Walter ( 2006 ) . Sociolinguistics : An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society . Ulrich Ammon . p. 1921 . ISBN 9783110184181 . Retrieved 15 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Shoup , John ( 2007 ) . Culture and Customs of Jordan . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 45 . ISBN 9780313336713 . Retrieved 12 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Luebbe , Sascha ( 12 February 2015 ) . `` German language becoming opportunity for professional development '' . The Jordan Times . Retrieved 7 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` الفن التشكيلي '' ( Fine Arts ) . Jordan Ministry of Culture ( in Arabic ) . Archived from the original on 15 July 2014 . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Rawashdeh , Saeb ( 24 February 2015 ) . `` Jordanian artists seeks to connect local , int'l art scenes '' . The Jordan Times . Retrieved 13 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Boarini , Silvia ( 24 May 2015 ) . `` Jordan a ' haven ' for regional artists '' . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Theeb ' becomes first Jordanian film to receive Oscar nod '' . The Jordan Times . Agencies. 14 January 2016 . Retrieved 18 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Scrolling through the millennia at the new Jordan Museum in Amman '' . The National . 13 March 2014 . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : French , Carole ( 2012 ) . Jordan . Bradt Travel Guides . pp. 122 , 35 , 81 . ISBN 9781841623986 . Retrieved 15 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The stars come out for Jordan 's Jerash Festival '' . Al Bawaba. 16 July 2016 . Retrieved 15 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pianist finds Positano enchanting '' . Chicago Tribune . 19 June 2010 . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Madeline ( 13 May 2015 ) . `` The promise of Amman 's independent music scene '' . Your Middle East . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Bannayan , Aline ( 5 March 2016 ) . `` Jordan remains in 82nd spot in FIFA World Rankings '' . The Jordan Times . Retrieved 13 March 2016 . Jump up ^ El - Shamayleh , Nisreen ( 23 June 2015 ) . `` Jordan taking giant strides in women 's football '' . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 13 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa world ranking for women '' . FIFA. 1 March 2016 . Retrieved 13 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Omari , Raed ( 1 January 2014 ) . `` Women 's football increasingly popular in Jordan '' . Al Arabiya . Retrieved 8 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Eastwood , Jack ( 4 November 2014 ) . `` Against all odds , Jordan 's rugby greats are set to storm the Dubai Sevens '' . Al Bawaba . Retrieved 9 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` مشروع `` بسكليتات المدينة الرياضية '' يجمع هواة الدراجات لممارسة الرياضة والترفيه '' ( `` Project '' Bisklitat Sports City `` brings together amateur cycling for exercise and recreation ) . Al - Ghad ( in Arabic ) . 30 September 2013 . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Mustefa , Zab ; Reznick , Alisa ( 12 February 2015 ) . `` Volunteers open Jordan 's first skate park '' . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Bannayan , Aline ( 14 September 2015 ) . `` Jordan counts down to Asian basketball tourney '' . The Jordan Times . Retrieved 15 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan among world 's top 10 producers of olive , olive oil '' . The Jordan Times . 21 March 2015 . Retrieved 18 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Albala , Ken ( 25 May 2012 ) . Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . pp. 269 , 273 . ISBN 9780313376276 . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` الحلويات في رمضان ... متعة ما بعد الإفطار '' ( Sweets in Ramadan ... what fun after breakfast ) ( in Arabic ) . Al - Ghad. 30 June 2015 . Retrieved 16 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Learning , UNESCO Institute for Lifelong ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) . `` Country Profile : Jordan '' . litbase.uil.unesco.org . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Malkawi , Khetam ( 14 March 2015 ) . `` Cancer second most common cause of death in Jordan '' . The Jordan Times . Retrieved 13 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jordan country profile '' ( PDF ) . US Library of Congress . Retrieved 17 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan : estimates on the use of water sources and sanitation facilities ( 1980 -- 2015 ) '' . World Health Organization . 1 June 2015 . Archived from the original on 30 September 2015 . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan profile -- Overview '' . BBC . 18 November 2012 . Retrieved 11 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Malkawi , Khetam ( 30 May 2015 ) . `` Sector leaders highlight potential for further growth in medical tourism '' . The Jordan Times . Retrieved 13 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Colditz , Graham ( 11 August 2015 ) . The SAGE Encyclopedia of Cancer and Society . SAGE Publications . p. 640 . ISBN 9781506316635 . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` المملكة الاردنية الهاشمية - وزارة التربية و التعليم Ministry of Education - Hashemit Kingdom of Jordan '' . www.moe.gov.jo . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Education system in Jordan scoring well '' . Global Arab Network . 21 October 2009 . Archived from the original on 29 July 2012 . Retrieved 15 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENT IN OIC COUNTRIES '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Alayan , Samira ; Rohde , Achim ; Dhouib , Sarhan ( 15 June 2015 ) . The Politics of Education Reform in the Middle East : Self and Other in Textbooks and Curricula . Berghahn Books . p. 61 . ISBN 9780857454614 . Retrieved 13 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan raises admission scores for private universities '' . AMEinfo.com . Archived from the original on 1 March 2010 . Retrieved 15 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Cantini , Daniele ( 27 January 2011 ) . Youth and Education in the Middle East : Assessing the Performance and Practice of Urban Environments . I.B. Tauris . p. 45 . ISBN 9780857729378 . Retrieved 16 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan '' . Ranking Web of Universities. 1 January 2018 . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 QS University Rankings -- Arab Region '' . 1 January 2016 . Archived from the original on 18 November 2014 . Retrieved 13 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Butler , D. ( 2006 ) . `` Islam and Science : The data gap '' . Nature . 444 ( 7115 ) : 26 -- 7 . Bibcode : 2006Natur. 444 ... 26B . doi : 10.1038 / 444026a . PMID 17080058 . Further reading ( edit ) El - Anis , Imad . Jordan and the United States : The Political Economy of Trade and Economic Reform in the Middle East ( I.B. Tauris , distributed by Palgrave Macmillan ; 2011 ) 320 pages ; case studies of trade in textiles , pharmaceuticals , and financial services . Goichon , Amélie - Marie . Jordanie réelle . Paris : Desclée de Brouwer ( 1967 -- 1972 ) . 2 vol. , ill . Robins , Philip . A History of Jordan ( 2004 ) . Ryan , Curt . Jordan in Transition : From Hussein to Abdullah ( 2002 ) . Salibi , Kamal S . The Modern History of Jordan ( 1998 ) . Teller , Matthew . The Rough Guide to Jordan ( 4th ed. , 2009 ) . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutJordanat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Government of Jordan `` Jordan '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Jordan profile from the BBC News Wikimedia Atlas of Jordan Google Street View locations Articles related to Jordan Jordan articles History Nabataeans Hashemites Ottoman Empire Arab Revolt Sykes -- Picot Agreement Emirate of Transjordan Ikhwan raids on Transjordan Arab -- Israeli conflict 1948 1967 1968 1973 Israel -- Jordan peace treaty Black September 2011 protests Geography Governorates Nahias Cities Extreme points Nature reserves Jordan River Dead Sea Red Sea Borders Politics The Royal Hashemite Court Cabinet Constitution Elections Foreign affairs Human rights Kings Law enforcement LGBT rights Parliament Military Political parties Prime Minister list Economy Agriculture Central Bank Defense industry Energy Globalization Oil shale Telecommunications Tourism Transport Water supply and sanitation Society Arabic language Demographics Education universities Ministry Health hospitals medical education Private Hospitals Association Public holidays Religion Islam Christianity Freedom of religion Culture Art Cinema Cuisine Media JRTV Ro'ya TV newspapers Music World Heritage Sites Sport People King Abdullah I King Talal King Hussein King Abdullah II Queen Rania Prince Hassan bin Talal Outline Index Portal Geographic locale Places adjacent to Jordan Israel Syria Iraq West Bank Jordan Saudi Arabia Israel Gulf of Aqaba Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia Middle East Bahrain Cyprus Egypt Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Northern Cyprus Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Cinema Conflicts Cuisine Dance Demography Etiquette History timeline Music Religion Irreligion Countries and dependencies of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Palestine Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and special administrative regions Australia Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands China Hong Kong Macau United Kingdom Akrotiri and Dhekelia British Indian Ocean Territory Countries and regions in the Arabian Plate Countries Bahrain Djibouti Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Regions Khuzestan Province Southeastern Anatolia Region Southern Denkalya Subregion Awdal South Sinai Governorate Countries bordering the Red Sea Djibouti Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Israel Jordan Saudi Arabia Somalia Sudan Yemen International membership and history Arab League Arab League Lists Portal Arab world Politics Charter Council Flag Geography Headquarters History Military Joint Defence Council Parliament Arab Union Membership Members Algeria Bahrain Comoros Djibouti Egypt Iraq Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Libya Mauritania Morocco Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Somalia Sudan Tunisia United Arab Emirates Yemen ( until 2017 ) Observers Armenia Brazil Eritrea India Turkey Venezuela Suspended Syria Candidates Chad South Sudan Diplomacy Arab Peace Initiative Arab League monitors in Syria Arab League -- European Union relations Foreign relations Life Demographics Economy GDP Economic and Social Council Institutions Sport Transport Pan-Arabism Union of Arab National Olympic Committees Arab Games Organisation of Islamic Cooperation ( OIC ) Members Afghanistan Albania Algeria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Benin Burkina Faso Brunei Cameroon Chad Comoros Djibouti Egypt Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea - Bissau Guyana Indonesia Iran Iraq Ivory Coast Jordan Kuwait Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Lebanon Libya Maldives Malaysia Mali Mauritania Morocco Mozambique Niger Nigeria Oman Pakistan Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Senegal Sierra Leone Somalia Sudan Suriname Tajikistan Turkey Tunisia Togo Turkmenistan Uganda Uzbekistan United Arab Emirates Yemen Suspended Syria Observers Countries and territories Bosnia and Herzegovina Central African Republic Northern Cyprus Russia Thailand Muslim communities Moro National Liberation Front International organizations Economic Cooperation Organization African Union Arab League Non-Aligned Movement United Nations As the `` Turkish Cypriot State '' . Largest cities or towns in Jordan ( 2 ) Rank Name Governorate Pop . Amman Zarqa Amman Amman Governorate 1,349,260 Irbid Russeifa Zarqa Zarqa Governorate 502,900 Irbid Irbid Governorate 313,800 Russeifa Zarqa Governorate 289,800 5 Al Quwaysimah Amman Governorate 176,400 6 Wadi as - Ser Amman Governorate 158,900 7 Tilā ' al - ' Alī Amman Governorate 147,400 8 Ajloun Ajloun Governorate 125,000 9 Aqaba Aqaba Governorate 111,600 10 Khuraybat as - Sūq Amman Governorate 110,600 VIAF : 156488025 LCCN : n79072819 GND : 4028750 - 6 SELIBR : 149447 HDS : 3414 NDL : 00574344 Coordinates : 31 ° 14 ′ N 36 ° 31 ′ E / 31.24 ° N 36.51 ° E / 31.24 ; 36.51 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jordan&oldid=829068254 '' Categories : Jordan 1946 establishments in Jordan Arabic - speaking countries and territories Countries in Asia Member states of the Arab League Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Member states of the United Nations Middle Eastern countries Near Eastern countries States and territories established in 1946 Hidden categories : CS1 Arabic - language sources ( ar ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from February 2017 Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Good articles Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Wikivoyage Acèh Адыгэбзэ Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bamanankan বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština ChiShona ChiTumbuka Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego Gĩkũyũ ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Hausa Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kalaallisut ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kernowek Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Коми Kongo Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Лезги لۊری شومالی Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Livvinkarjala La . lojban . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the country jordan located on a map | [
"Jordan (/ˈdʒɔːrdən/; Arabic: الْأُرْدُنّ Al-‘Urdunn [al.ʔur.dunn]), officially The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (Arabic: المملكة الأردنية الهاشمية Al-Mamlakah Al-Urdunnīyah Al-Hāshimīyah), is a sovereign Arab state in western Asia, on the East Bank of the Jordan River. Jordan is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south, Iraq to the north-east, Syria to the north, Israel and Palestine to the west. The Dead Sea lies along its western borders and the country has a small shoreline on the Red Sea in its extreme south-west, but is otherwise landlocked.[6] Jordan is strategically located at the crossroads of Asia, Africa and Europe.[7] The capital, Amman, is Jordan's most populous city as well as the country's economic, political and cultural centre.[8]"
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"bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south, Iraq to the north-east, Syria to the north, Israel and Palestine to the west"
] |
-3172533309697298092 | La Liga | La Liga - Wikipedia La Liga Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the top Spanish football league . For the Spanish association , see Liga de Fútbol Profesional . La Liga Organising body Liga de Fútbol Profesional Founded 1929 Country Spain Confederation UEFA Number of teams 20 ( from 1997 -- 98 ) Level on pyramid Relegation to Segunda División Domestic cup ( s ) Copa del Rey Supercopa de España International cup ( s ) UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Current champions Real Madrid ( 33rd title ) Most championships Real Madrid ( 33 titles ) Top goalscorer Lionel Messi ( 369 goals ) TV partners List of broadcasters Website www.laliga.es/en 2017 -- 18 La Liga The Primera División , commonly known as La Liga and as La Liga Santander for sponsorship reasons with Santander , is the top professional association football division of the Spanish football league system . Administrated by the Liga de Fútbol Profesional ( LFP ) , La Liga is contested by 20 teams , with the three lowest - placed teams relegated to the Segunda División and replaced by the top two teams in that division plus the winner of a play - off . A total of 62 teams have competed in La Liga since its inception . Nine teams have been crowned champions , with Real Madrid winning the title a record 33 times and Barcelona 24 times . After Athletic Bilbao claimed several titles in the league 's early years , Real Madrid dominated the championship from the 1950s through to the 1980s , when Athletic and neighbours Real Sociedad each won the league twice . From the 1990s onwards , Barcelona ( 14 titles ) and Real Madrid ( 9 titles ) were both prominent , though La Liga also saw other champions , including Atlético Madrid , Valencia , and Deportivo de La Coruña . In the 2010s , Atlético Madrid became increasingly strong , forming a trio alongside Real Madrid and Barcelona which occupied the podium places exclusively . According to UEFA 's league coefficient , La Liga has been the top league in Europe over the last five years and has led Europe for more years ( 13 ) than any other country . It has also produced the continent 's top - rated club more times ( 20 ) than any other league , more than double that of second - placed Serie A. Its clubs have won the most UEFA Champions League ( 17 ) , UEFA Europa League ( 10 ) , UEFA Super Cup ( 14 ) , and FIFA Club World Cup ( 6 ) titles , and its players have accumulated the highest number of ( FIFA ) Ballon d'Or awards ( 19 ) . La Liga is one of the most popular professional sports leagues in the world , with an average attendance of 26,741 for league matches in the 2014 -- 15 season . This is the sixth - highest of any domestic professional sports league in the world and the fourth - highest of any professional association football league in the world , behind the Bundesliga , the Premier League , and the Indian Super League . Contents ( hide ) 1 Competition format 1.1 Promotion and relegation 1.2 Ranking of clubs on equal points 1.3 Qualifying for European competitions 2 History 2.1 Foundation 2.2 The 1930s 2.3 The 1940s 2.4 Alfredo Di Stéfano , Puskás , Kubala and Suárez 2.5 The Madrid years 2.6 The 1980s 2.7 The 1990s 2.8 The 2000s 2.9 The 2010s 3 Teams 3.1 Stadiums and locations 4 La Liga clubs in Europe 5 Champions 5.1 Performance by club 6 All - time La Liga table 7 Players 7.1 Eligibility of non-EU players 7.2 Individual awards 7.3 Transfers 8 Player records 8.1 Top scorers 8.2 Most appearances 9 Sponsors 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Competition format ( edit ) The competition format follows the usual double round - robin format . During the course of a season , which lasts from August to May , each club plays every other club twice , once at home and once away , for a total of 38 matchdays . Teams receive three points for a win , one point for a draw , and no points for a loss . Teams are ranked by total points , with the highest - ranked club at the end of the season crowned champion . Promotion and relegation ( edit ) A system of promotion and relegation exists between the Primera División and the Segunda División . The three lowest placed teams in La Liga are relegated to the Segunda División , and the top two teams from the Segunda División promoted to La Liga , with an additional club promoted after a series of play - offs involving the third , fourth , fifth and sixth placed clubs . Below is a complete record of how many teams played in each season throughout the league 's history ; 1929 -- 1934 : 10 clubs 1934 -- 1941 : 12 clubs 1941 -- 1950 : 14 clubs 1950 -- 1971 : 16 clubs 1971 -- 1987 : 18 clubs 1987 -- 1995 : 20 clubs 1995 -- 1997 : 22 clubs 1997 -- present : 20 clubs Ranking of clubs on equal points ( edit ) If points are equal between two or more clubs , the rules are : If all clubs involved have played each other twice : If the tie is between two clubs , then the tie is broken using the goal difference for the two matches those clubs have played against each other ( without away goals rule ) If the tie is between more than two clubs , then the tie is broken using the games the clubs have played against each other : a ) head - to - head points b ) head - to - head goal difference c ) head - to - head goals scored If two legged games between all clubs involved have not been played , or the tie is not broken by the rules above , it is broken using : a ) total goal difference b ) total goals scored If the tie is still not broken , the winner will be determined by Fair Play scales . These are : yellow card , 1 point doubled yellow card / ejection , 2 points direct red card , 3 points suspension or disqualification of coach , executive or other club personnel ( outside referees ' decisions ) , 5 points misconduct of the supporters : mild 5 points , serious 6 points , very serious 7 points stadium closure , 10 points if the Competition Committee removes a penalty , the points are also removed If the tie is still not broken , it will be resolved with a tie - break match in a neutral stadium . Qualifying for European competitions ( edit ) Barcelona against Schalke 04 in the 2008 UEFA Champions League The top teams in La Liga qualify for the UEFA Champions League . The first , second , third and fourth placed teams directly enter the group stage of UEFA Champions League . Teams placed fifth and sixth play in the UEFA Europa League , along with the cup winners . If both teams in the cup final finish in the top six , an additional berth in the Europa League is given to the team that finishes in seventh . History ( edit ) Foundation ( edit ) In April 1927 , José María Acha , a director at Arenas Club de Getxo , first proposed the idea of a national league in Spain . After much debate about the size of the league and who would take part , the Real Federación Española de Fútbol eventually agreed on the ten teams who would form the first Primera División in 1929 . Real Madrid , Barcelona , Athletic Bilbao , Real Sociedad , Arenas Club de Getxo and Real Unión were all selected as previous winners of the Copa del Rey . Atlético Madrid , Espanyol and Europa qualified as Copa del Rey runners - up and Racing de Santander qualified through a knockout competition . Only three of the founding clubs , Real Madrid , Barcelona and Athletic Bilbao , have never been relegated from the Primera División . The 1930s ( edit ) Although Barcelona won the very first Liga in 1929 and Real Madrid won their first titles in 1932 and 1933 , it was Athletic Bilbao that set the early pace winning Primera División in 1930 , 1931 , 1934 and 1936 . They were also runners - up in 1932 and 1933 . In 1935 , Real Betis , then known as Betis Balompié , won their only title to date . Primera División was suspended during the Spanish Civil War . In 1937 , the teams in the Republican area of Spain , with the notable exception of the two Madrid clubs , competed in the Mediterranean League and Barcelona emerged as champions . Seventy years later , on 28 September 2007 , Barcelona requested the RFEF to recognise that title as a Liga title . This action was taken after RFEF was asked to recognise Levante FC 's Copa de la España Libre win as equivalent to Copa del Rey trophy . Nevertheless , the governing body of Spanish football has not made an outright decision yet . The 1940s ( edit ) When the Primera División resumed after the Spanish Civil War , it was Atlético Aviación ( nowadays Atlético Madrid ) , Valencia , and Sevilla that initially emerged as the strongest clubs . Atlético were only awarded a place during the 1939 -- 40 season as a replacement for Real Oviedo , whose ground had been damaged during the war . The club subsequently won their first Liga title and retained it in 1941 . While other clubs lost players to exile , execution , and as casualties of the war , the Atlético team was reinforced by a merger . The young , pre-war squad of Valencia had also remained intact and in the post-war years matured into champions , gaining three Liga titles in 1942 , 1944 , and 1947 . They were also runners - up in 1948 and 1949 . Sevilla also enjoyed a brief golden era , finishing as runners - up in 1940 and 1942 before winning their only title to date in 1946 . By the latter part of the decade , Barcelona began to emerge as a force when they were crowned champions in 1945 , 1948 and 1949 . Alfredo di Stéfano , Puskás , Kubala and Suárez ( edit ) Naturalised Argentine Alfredo Di Stéfano was part of a dominant Real Madrid side in the 1950s Although Atlético Madrid , previously known as Atlético Aviación , were champions in 1950 and 1951 under catenaccio mastermind Helenio Herrera , the 1950s saw the beginning of the Barcelona / Real Madrid dominance . During the 1930s , 1940s , and 1950s , there were strict limits imposed on foreign players . In most cases , clubs could only have three foreign players in their squads , meaning that at least eight local players had to play in every game . During the 1950s , however , these rules were circumvented by Real Madrid and Barcelona , who naturalized Alfredo Di Stéfano , Ferenc Puskás , and László Kubala . Inspired by Kubala , Barça won the title in 1952 and 1953 . Di Stéfano , Puskás , Raymond Kopa and Francisco Gento formed the nucleus of the Real Madrid team that dominated the second half of the 1950s . Madrid won the first division for the first time as Real Madrid in 1954 and retained its title in 1955 . They were winners again in 1957 and 1958 , with only Athletic Bilbao interrupting their sequence . During this period , Real Madrid also won an unprecedented five consecutive European Cups . Barcelona , with a team coached by Helenio Herrera and featuring Luis Suárez , won the title in 1959 and 1960 . The Madrid years ( edit ) Between 1961 and 1980 , Real Madrid dominated the Primera División , being crowned champions 14 times , although their only European Cup triumph during this era came in 1966 , a sharp contrast to their five successive victories in the competition starting with the first final in 1956 . This included a five - in - a-row sequence from 1961 to 1965 and two three - in - a-row sequences ( 1967 -- 1969 and 1978 -- 1980 ) . During this era , only Atlético Madrid offered Real Madrid any serious challenge , adding four more titles to their tally in 1966 , 1970 , 1973 , and 1977 . Of the other clubs , only Valencia in 1971 and the Johan Cruyff - inspired Barcelona of 1974 managed to break the dominance of Real Madrid . The 1980s ( edit ) The Madrid winning sequence was ended more significantly in 1981 when Real Sociedad won their first - ever title . They retained it in 1982 and their two in a row was followed by another by their fellow Basques Athletic Bilbao , who won back - to - back titles in 1983 and 1984 . Terry Venables led Barcelona to a solitary title in 1985 before Real Madrid won again another five in a row sequence ( 1986 -- 1990 ) with a team guided by Leo Beenhakker and including Hugo Sánchez and the legendary La Quinta del Buitre -- Emilio Butragueño , Manolo Sanchís , Martín Vázquez , Míchel and Miguel Pardeza . The 1990s ( edit ) Johan Cruyff returned to Barcelona as manager in 1988 , and assembled the legendary Dream Team . Cruyff introduced players like Pep Guardiola , José Mari Bakero , Txiki Begiristain , Andoni Goikoetxea , Ronald Koeman , Michael Laudrup , Romário and Hristo Stoichkov . This team won Primera División four times between 1991 and 1994 and won the European Cup in 1992 . Laudrup then moved to arch - rivals Real Madrid , and helped them end Barcelona 's run in 1995 . Atlético Madrid won their ninth Primera División title in 1996 before Real Madrid added another Liga trophy to their cabinet in 1997 . After the success of Cruyff , another Dutchman -- Ajax manager Louis van Gaal -- arrived at the Camp Nou , and with the talents of Luís Figo , Luis Enrique , and Rivaldo , Barcelona again won the title in 1998 and 1999 . The 2000s ( edit ) As Primera División entered a new century , the Big Two of Real Madrid and Barcelona found themselves facing new challengers . Between 1993 and 2004 , Deportivo La Coruña finished in the top three on ten occasions , a better record than either Real Madrid or Barcelona , and in 2000 , under Javier Irureta , they became the ninth team to be crowned champions . Real Madrid won two more Liga titles in 2001 and 2003 and also the UEFA Champions League in 2000 and 2002 , and won their 30th league title in 2007 after a three - year drought . They were challenged by a re-emerging Valencia in both competitions . Under the management of Héctor Cúper , Valencia finished as Champions League runners - up in 2000 and 2001 . His successor , Rafael Benítez , built on this and led the club to a Liga title in 2002 and winning the double with a league title and the UEFA Cup in 2004 . The 2004 -- 05 season saw a resurgent Barcelona , inspired by the brilliant Ronaldinho , win their first title of the new century , in addition to the Liga - Champions League double in 2005 -- 06 . With world - class players like Raúl , Ruud van Nistelrooy and Gonzalo Higuaín , Real Madrid won back - to - back La Liga titles in 2006 -- 07 and 2007 -- 08 season . Under Pep Guardiola 's Dream Team , powered by La Masia talents such as Lionel Messi , Xavi and Andrés Iniesta , Barcelona added three straight Liga titles ( 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 and 2010 -- 11 ) . The 2010s ( edit ) Match between Deportivo de La Coruña and FC Barcelona in 2016 -- 17 season . In the 2011 -- 12 season , Real Madrid won its 32nd title under the management of José Mourinho with a record - breaking points tally of 100 , a record 121 number of goals scored , most overall ( 32 ) and away ( 16 ) wins in a single season in La Liga history . Barcelona coach Tito Vilanova matched the 100 - point record a year later in 2012 -- 13 while battling terminal cancer . Atlético Madrid won the 2013 -- 14 title , their first in 18 years , and the first title in ten years that Real Madrid or Barcelona had not won . Barcelona won the 2014 -- 15 season as well as the 2015 -- 16 season resulting in 6 titles in 8 years . Real Madrid have brought back the La Liga title under the management of Zinedine Zidane for the 2016 -- 17 season . Teams ( edit ) Alavés Athletic Bilbao Atlético Madrid Barcelona Celta Vigo Deportivo Eibar Espanyol Getafe Girona Leganés Las Palmas Levante Málaga Betis Real Madrid Real Sociedad Sevilla Valencia Villarreal Location of teams in 2017 -- 18 La Liga A total of 20 teams contest the league in its current season , including the top 17 sides from the 2016 -- 17 season and three promoted from the 2016 -- 17 Segunda División . These are two clubs promoted directly from that division ( Levante and Girona ) , and the winner of the play - offs , Getafe . Stadiums and locations ( edit ) Team Location Stadium Capacity Alavés Vitoria - Gasteiz Mendizorrotza 7004198400000000000 ♠ 19,840 Athletic Bilbao Bilbao San Mamés 7004532890000000000 ♠ 53,289 Atlético Madrid Madrid Wanda Metropolitano 7004680000000000000 ♠ 68,000 Barcelona Barcelona Camp Nou 7004993540000000000 ♠ 99,354 Celta Vigo Vigo Balaídos 7004290000000000000 ♠ 29,000 Deportivo La Coruña A Coruña Abanca - Riazor 7004329120000000000 ♠ 32,912 Eibar Eibar Ipurua 7003708300000000000 ♠ 7,083 Espanyol Barcelona RCDE Stadium 7004405000000000000 ♠ 40,500 Getafe Getafe Coliseum Alfonso Pérez 7004170000000000000 ♠ 17,000 Girona Girona Montilivi 7004135000000000000 ♠ 13,500 Las Palmas Las Palmas Gran Canaria 7004331110000000000 ♠ 33,111 Leganés Leganés Butarque 7004109220000000000 ♠ 10,922 Levante Valencia Ciutat de València 7004263540000000000 ♠ 26,354 Málaga Málaga La Rosaleda 7004300440000000000 ♠ 30,044 Real Betis Seville Benito Villamarín 7004607200000000000 ♠ 60,720 Real Madrid Madrid Santiago Bernabéu 7004810440000000000 ♠ 81,044 Real Sociedad San Sebastián Anoeta 7004320000000000000 ♠ 32,000 Sevilla Seville Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán 7004427140000000000 ♠ 42,714 Valencia Valencia Mestalla 7004495000000000000 ♠ 49,500 Villarreal Villarreal Estadio de la Cerámica 7004248900000000000 ♠ 24,890 La Liga clubs in Europe ( edit ) Main article : Spanish football clubs in European competitions Real Madrid against Borussia Dortmund in the UEFA Champions League in 2013 The Primera División is currently first in the UEFA rankings of European leagues based on their performances in European competitions over a five - year period , ahead of Germany 's Bundesliga , England 's Premier League and Italy 's Serie A in fourth . Real Madrid , Barcelona and Valencia are in the top ten most successful clubs in European football in terms of total European trophies . These three clubs , along with Sevilla and Atlético Madrid , are five of the most successful teams in European competition history ; these five are the only Spanish clubs to have won five or more international trophies . Deportivo La Coruña are the sixth-most participating Spanish team in the Champions League -- after Real Madrid , Barcelona , Valencia , Atletico Madrid and Sevilla FC -- with five Champions League appearances in a row , including a semifinal appearance in 2003 -- 04 . In 2005 -- 06 , Barcelona won the Champions League and Sevilla won the UEFA Cup , making the La Liga the first league to do the European `` double '' since 1997 . On 25 August 2015 , La Liga became the first league to classify five teams for the UEFA Champions League group stage ( Atlético Madrid , Barcelona , Real Madrid , Sevilla and Valencia ) . Champions ( edit ) Main article : List of Spanish football champions Performance by club ( edit ) Teams Winners Runners - up Winning seasons Real Madrid 33 23 1931 -- 32 , 1932 -- 33 , 1953 -- 54 , 1954 -- 55 , 1956 -- 57 , 1957 -- 58 , 1960 -- 61 , 1961 -- 62 , 1962 -- 63 , 1963 -- 64 , 1964 -- 65 , 1966 -- 67 , 1967 -- 68 , 1968 -- 69 , 1971 -- 72 , 1974 -- 75 , 1975 -- 76 , 1977 -- 78 , 1978 -- 79 , 1979 -- 80 , 1985 -- 86 , 1986 -- 87 , 1987 -- 88 , 1988 -- 89 , 1989 -- 90 , 1994 -- 95 , 1996 -- 97 , 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2011 -- 12 , 2016 -- 17 Barcelona 24 25 1929 , 1944 -- 45 , 1947 -- 48 , 1948 -- 49 , 1951 -- 52 , 1952 -- 53 , 1958 -- 59 , 1959 -- 60 , 1973 -- 74 , 1984 -- 85 , 1990 -- 91 , 1991 -- 92 , 1992 -- 93 , 1993 -- 94 , 1997 -- 98 , 1998 -- 99 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 Atlético Madrid 10 8 1939 -- 40 , 1940 -- 41 , 1949 -- 50 , 1950 -- 51 , 1965 -- 66 , 1969 -- 70 , 1972 -- 73 , 1976 -- 77 , 1995 -- 96 , 2013 -- 14 Athletic Bilbao 8 7 1929 -- 30 , 1930 -- 31 , 1933 -- 34 , 1935 -- 36 , 1942 -- 43 , 1955 -- 56 , 1982 -- 83 , 1983 -- 84 Valencia 6 6 1941 -- 42 , 1943 -- 44 , 1946 -- 47 , 1970 -- 71 , 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 Real Sociedad 1980 -- 81 , 1981 -- 82 Deportivo La Coruña 5 1999 -- 00 Sevilla 1945 -- 46 Real Betis 0 1934 -- 35 All - time La Liga table ( edit ) The All - time La Liga table is an overall record of all match results , points , and goals of every team that has played in La Liga since its inception in 1929 . The table is accurate as of the end of the 2016 -- 17 season . Teams in bold are part of the 2017 -- 18 La Liga . Pos Team Pts GP GF GA 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Debut Since / Last App Best Real Madrid 86 4385 2762 1647 552 563 5947 3140 33 23 8 8 79 1929 1929 Barcelona 86 4262 2762 1581 560 621 5900 3114 24 25 12 12 6 83 1929 1929 Atlético Madrid 80 3442 2614 1241 598 775 4534 3309 10 8 16 9 7 6 56 1929 2002 -- 03 Valencia 82 3386 2664 1187 616 861 4398 3469 6 6 10 11 10 7 50 1931 -- 32 1987 -- 88 5 Athletic Bilbao 86 3368 2762 1209 633 920 4631 3700 8 7 10 5 8 10 49 1929 1929 6 Sevilla 73 2819 2408 990 531 887 3680 3373 5 12 6 32 1934 -- 35 2001 -- 02 7 Espanyol 82 2792 2626 948 608 1070 3609 3889 -- -- 5 5 16 1929 1994 -- 95 8 Real Sociedad 70 2573 2302 864 577 861 3228 3230 5 19 1929 2010 -- 11 9 Zaragoza 58 2109 1986 698 522 766 2683 2847 -- 5 18 1939 -- 40 2012 -- 13 10 Real Betis 51 1884 1728 606 440 682 2159 2492 -- 14 1932 -- 33 2015 -- 16 11 Deportivo La Coruña 45 1814 1530 563 392 575 2052 2188 5 -- 12 1941 -- 42 2014 -- 15 12 Celta Vigo 51 1789 1698 586 389 723 2278 2624 -- -- -- 5 11 1939 -- 40 2012 -- 13 13 Valladolid 42 1471 1466 463 384 619 1767 2180 -- -- -- 1948 -- 49 2013 -- 14 14 Racing Santander 44 1416 1428 453 336 639 1843 2368 -- -- 5 1929 2011 -- 12 15 Sporting Gijón 43 1389 1458 471 358 629 1753 2152 -- 7 1944 -- 45 2015 -- 16 16 Osasuna 37 1351 1318 426 327 565 1500 1834 -- -- -- 6 1935 -- 36 2016 -- 17 17 Málaga 36 1314 1255 390 330 535 1421 1763 -- -- -- -- 1949 -- 50 2008 -- 09 18 Oviedo 38 1174 1192 408 292 492 1642 1951 -- -- 11 1933 -- 34 2000 -- 01 19 Mallorca 27 1148 988 333 256 399 1182 1371 -- -- -- 5 1960 -- 61 2012 -- 13 20 Las Palmas 33 1020 1096 367 242 487 1347 1746 -- 5 1951 -- 52 2015 -- 16 21 Villarreal 17 970 646 266 172 208 892 789 -- 9 1998 -- 99 2013 -- 14 22 Granada 23 667 742 218 175 349 819 1157 -- -- -- -- -- 1941 -- 42 2016 -- 17 6 23 Rayo Vallecano 17 662 652 189 148 305 760 1088 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1977 -- 78 2015 -- 16 8 24 Elche 21 606 678 203 180 295 750 1022 -- -- -- -- 1959 -- 60 2014 -- 15 5 25 Getafe 12 553 456 147 112 197 520 633 -- -- -- -- -- 2004 -- 05 2015 -- 16 6 26 Hércules 20 538 628 184 149 295 716 1050 -- -- -- -- 5 1935 -- 36 2010 -- 11 5 27 Tenerife 13 510 494 155 128 211 619 744 -- -- -- -- -- 1961 -- 62 2009 -- 10 5 28 Murcia 18 445 586 145 143 298 607 992 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1940 -- 41 2007 -- 08 11 29 Alavés 12 421 380 125 81 174 458 623 -- -- -- -- -- 1930 -- 31 2016 -- 17 6 30 Levante 11 416 402 113 95 194 430 632 -- -- -- -- -- 1963 -- 64 2015 -- 16 6 31 Salamanca 12 375 423 123 102 198 422 581 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1974 -- 75 1998 -- 99 7 32 Sabadell 14 353 426 129 95 202 492 720 -- -- -- -- 1943 -- 44 1987 -- 88 33 Cádiz 12 343 448 104 127 217 393 662 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1977 -- 78 2005 -- 06 12 34 Logroñés 9 293 346 96 92 158 291 489 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1987 -- 88 1996 -- 97 7 35 Castellón 11 285 334 103 79 152 419 588 -- -- -- -- 1941 -- 42 1990 -- 91 36 Albacete 7 277 270 76 76 118 320 410 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1991 -- 92 2004 -- 05 7 37 Almería 6 242 228 62 56 110 244 366 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2007 -- 08 2014 -- 15 8 38 Córdoba 9 230 282 82 63 137 285 430 -- -- -- -- -- 1962 -- 63 2014 -- 15 5 39 Compostela 190 160 52 45 63 199 241 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1994 -- 95 1997 -- 98 10 40 Recreativo 5 188 186 50 46 90 202 296 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1978 -- 79 2008 -- 09 8 41 Burgos CF 6 168 204 59 50 95 216 310 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1971 -- 72 1979 -- 80 12 42 Pontevedra 6 150 180 53 44 83 165 221 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1963 -- 64 1969 -- 70 7 43 Numancia 148 152 37 37 78 155 253 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1999 -- 00 2008 -- 09 17 44 Eibar 132 114 35 27 52 139 167 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2014 -- 15 2014 -- 15 10 45 Arenas 7 107 130 43 21 66 227 308 -- -- -- -- 1929 1934 -- 35 46 Real Burgos 96 114 26 44 44 101 139 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1990 -- 91 1992 -- 93 9 47 Gimnàstic 91 116 34 16 66 181 295 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1947 -- 48 2006 -- 07 7 48 Extremadura 83 80 20 23 37 62 117 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1996 -- 97 1998 -- 99 17 49 Mérida 81 80 19 24 37 70 115 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1995 -- 96 1997 -- 98 19 50 Alcoyano 76 108 30 16 62 145 252 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1945 -- 46 1950 -- 51 10 51 Jaén 71 90 29 13 48 121 183 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1953 -- 54 1957 -- 58 14 52 Real Unión 56 72 21 14 37 153 184 -- -- -- -- -- 1929 1931 -- 32 6 53 AD Almería 52 68 17 18 33 71 116 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 10 54 Europa 42 54 18 6 30 97 131 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1929 1930 -- 31 8 55 Lleida 40 68 13 14 41 70 182 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1950 -- 51 1993 -- 94 16 56 Leganés 35 38 8 11 19 36 55 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2016 -- 17 2016 -- 17 17 57 Xerez 34 38 8 10 20 38 66 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2009 -- 10 2009 -- 10 20 58 Condal 22 30 7 8 15 37 57 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1956 -- 57 1956 -- 57 16 59 Atlético Tetuán 19 30 7 5 18 51 85 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1951 -- 52 1951 -- 52 16 60 Cultural Leonesa 14 30 5 21 34 65 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1955 -- 56 1955 -- 56 15 61 Girona -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2017 -- 18 2017 -- 18 -- League or status at 2017 -- 18 : 2017 -- 18 La Liga 2017 -- 18 Segunda División 2017 -- 18 Segunda División B 2017 -- 18 Tercera División 2017 -- 18 Divisiones Regionales To be determined Clubs that no longer exist Players ( edit ) Eligibility of non-EU players ( edit ) In La Liga , players can claim citizenship from the nation their ancestors came from . If a player does not have European ancestry , he can claim Spanish citizenship after playing in Spain for five years . Sometimes , this can lead to a triple - citizenship situation ; for example , Leo Franco , who was born in Argentina , is of Italian heritage yet can claim a Spanish passport , having played in La Liga for over five years . In addition , players from the ACP countries -- countries in Africa , the Caribbean , and the Pacific that are signatories to the Cotonou Agreement -- are not counted against non-EU quotas due to the Kolpak ruling . Individual awards ( edit ) Until the season 2008 -- 09 , no official awards for individuals in La Liga existed . Following the 2008 -- 09 season , the Liga de Fútbol Profesional ( LFP ) governing body sanctioned LFP Awards to player individuals . Additional awards relating to La Liga are distributed , some are sanctioned by the LFP or the Royal Spanish Football Federation ( RFEF ) and therefore not regarded as official . The most notable of these are four awarded by Spain 's biggest sports paper , Marca , namely the Pichichi Trophy , awarded to the top scorer of the season ; the Ricardo Zamora Trophy for the goalkeeper with the least `` goals - to - games '' ratio ; the Trofeo Alfredo di Stéfano , for the player judged to be the best overall player in the division ; and the Zarra Trophy , awarded to the Spanish domestic player with the highest goal total in La Liga . Since the 2013 -- 14 season , La Liga also awards the monthly Manager of the Month and Player of the Month awards . Transfers ( edit ) The first La Liga player to be involved in a transfer which broke the world record was Luis Suárez in 1961 , who moved from Barcelona to Internazionale for £ 152,000 . Twelve years later , Johan Cruyff was the first player to join a La Liga club for a record fee , £ 922,000 from Ajax to Barcelona . In 1982 , Barcelona again set the record by signing Diego Maradona from Boca Juniors for £ 5 million . Real Betis set the world record in 1998 when they signed Denílson from São Paulo for £ 21.5 million . Four of the last six world transfer records ( in euro ) have been set by Real Madrid , signing Luís Figo , Zinedine Zidane , Cristiano Ronaldo ( plus a deal for Kaká days before Ronaldo which fell just below a world record due to the way the fee was calculated ) and finally Gareth Bale , who was bought for £ 85.3 million ( € 103.4 million / $140 million ) from Tottenham Hotspur in 2013 . The Brazilian forward Neymar was the subject of an expensive and complicated transfer arrangement when he joined Barcelona from Santos in 2013 , and his outgoing transfer to Paris Saint - Germain in 2017 set a new world record fee at € 222m ( via his ' buyout clause ' ) . Barcelona soon invested a large chunk of this money in a replacement , Ousmane Dembélé , whose deal -- € 105m -- was the second most expensive ever before Philippe Coutinho 's transfer to Barcelona for € 142m . Player records ( edit ) Top scorers ( edit ) As of matches played 18 February 2018 Rank Nat Name Club Years Goals Apps Ratio Lionel Messi Barcelona 2004 -- 369 406 0.9 Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 2009 -- 297 284 Telmo Zarra Athletic Bilbao 1940 -- 1955 251 278 0.9 Hugo Sánchez Atlético Madrid , Real Madrid & Rayo Vallecano 1981 -- 1994 234 347 0.7 5 Raúl Real Madrid 1994 -- 2010 228 550 0.4 6 Alfredo Di Stéfano Real Madrid & Espanyol 1953 -- 1966 227 329 0.7 7 César Rodríguez Granada , Barcelona , Cultural Leonesa & Elche 1939 -- 1955 223 353 0.6 8 Quini Sporting Gijón & Barcelona 1970 -- 1987 219 448 0.5 9 Pahiño Celta , Real Madrid & Deportivo 1943 -- 1956 210 278 0.8 10 Edmundo Suárez Valencia & Alcoyano 1939 -- 1950 195 231 0.8 Most appearances ( edit ) See also : List of La Liga players As of 16 May 2016 Rank Nat Name Years Apps Goals Andoni Zubizarreta 1981 -- 1998 622 0 Raúl 1994 -- 2010 550 228 Eusebio Sacristán 1983 -- 2002 543 36 Francisco Buyo 1980 -- 1997 542 0 5 Manuel Sanchís 1983 -- 2001 523 32 6 Iker Casillas 1999 -- 2015 510 0 7 Xavi 1998 -- 2015 505 58 8 Miquel Soler 1983 -- 2003 504 12 9 Fernando Hierro 1987 -- 2003 497 104 10 José Mari Bakero 1980 -- 1997 483 139 Sponsors ( edit ) Banco Santander Nike , Inc El Corte Inglés TAG Heuer EA Sports Samsung Sportium STIHL Mazda Mahou Allianz Groupe Danone Marqués del Atrio Kalise Menorquina Solán de Cabras See also ( edit ) Association football portal Spain portal Football records in Spain List of football clubs in Spain List of foreign La Liga players List of La Liga broadcasters List of La Liga stadiums List of attendance figures at domestic professional sports leagues Sports broadcasting contracts in Spain Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Spanish : ( pɾiˈmeɾa ðiβiˈsjon ) ; `` First Division '' Jump up ^ / læ ˈliːɡə / , Spanish : ( la ˈliɣa ) ; `` The League '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` LaLiga and Santander strike title sponsorship deal '' . LaLiga. 21 July 2016 . Retrieved 21 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attendances in India , China and the USA catching up with the major European leagues '' . World Soccer . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ . worldfootball.net '' Attendance '' overall http://www.worldfootball.net/attendance/ '' Attendance '' overall Check url = value ( help ) . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 25 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` European football statistics '' . 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Reglamento General de la RFEF 2010 ( Artículo 201.2 ) ( page 138 ) '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . RFEF. 7 June 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 May 2011 . Retrieved 23 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Criterios de puntuación del juego limpio '' ( in Spanish ) . RFEF. 30 October 1998 . Archived from the original on 7 April 2010 . Retrieved 18 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Instalaciones '' ( in Spanish ) . Deportivo Alavés . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club - San Mamés ( 2013 ) '' . Athletic Club . Retrieved 10 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wanda Metropolitano '' . StadiumDB . Retrieved 20 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Camp Nou - FC Barcelona '' . FC Barcelona . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Celta de Vigo - CLUB '' . Real Club Celta de Vigo . Retrieved 8 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Riazor '' . Deportivo de La Coruña . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Capacity of Ipurua stands at 7,083 '' . SD Eibar. 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RCDE Stadium - Ficha Técnica '' . RCD Espanyol . Retrieved 9 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Datos Generales '' . Getafe CF . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Campanya abonats 17 / 18 '' ( in Catalan ) . Girona FC . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Estadio de Gran Canaria '' . UD Las Palmas . Archived from the original on 10 May 2016 . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Instalaciones - Leganés - web oficial '' ( in Spanish ) . CD Leganés . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Superdeporte . `` El Ciutat de Valencia estrena lavado de cara para Europa - Superdeporte '' . www.superdeporte.es . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` ESTADIO LA ROSALEDA '' . Málaga CF . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New features for Benito Villamarín Stadium '' . www.realbetisbalompie.es . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Santiago Bernabéu Stadium '' . Real Madrid C.F . Retrieved 7 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` El estadio - Real Sociedad de Fútbol '' . Real Sociedad . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sevilla Fútbol Club - La entidad '' . Sevilla FC . Retrieved 10 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Camp de Mestalla '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 / 12 UEFA Champions League statistics handbook - Clubs continued '' ( PDF ) . UEFA . Jump up ^ `` UEFA ranking of European leagues '' . Bert Kassies . November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA club competitions press kit (. PDF archive , page 23 ) '' ( PDF ) . UEFA Official Website . Retrieved 25 August 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Clasificación Histórica Liga BBVA '' . LFP. 21 June 2016 . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . Jump up ^ All Time Table of Spanish team in La Liga Rsssf.com Jump up ^ `` Gareth Bale : The history of the world transfer record '' . BBC Sport. 1 September 2013 . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup winner Denilson on trial at Bolton Wanderers '' . Daily Mail . 6 January 2009 . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Nash , Elizabeth ( 25 July 2000 ) . `` Figo defects to Real Madrid for record £ 36.2 m '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zidane al Real '' . Juventus F.C. ( in Italian ) . 9 July 2001 . Archived from the original on 6 August 2001 . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Ogden , Mark ( 11 June 2009 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo transfer : Real Madrid agree £ 80 million fee with Manchester United '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Jeremy ( 7 June 2009 ) . `` Real Madrid to confirm world record £ 56m signing of Kaka '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kaka completes Real Madrid switch '' . BBC . 9 June 2009 . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gareth Bale contract leak sparks panic at Real Madrid - and agent 's fury '' ( 21 January 2016 ) . The Telegraph . 21 January 2016 . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona : Neymar deal has damaged brand of La Liga club '' . BBC Sport. 10 March 2014 . Archived from the original on 22 January 2016 . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona reveal details of deal to sign Brazil star Neymar '' . Sky Sports . 24 January 2014 . Archived from the original on 11 December 2014 . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Neymar : Paris St - Germain sign Barcelona forward for world record 222m euros '' . BBC . The British Broadcasting Corporation . 3 August 2017 . Archived from the original on 3 August 2017 . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona signs Ousmane Dembele , its Neymar replacement in more ways than one '' . 25 August 2017 . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2018/01/08/watch-live-philippe-coutinho-unveiled-barcelona-142million-transfer/ External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to La Liga . 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"The competition format follows the usual double round-robin format. During the course of a season, which lasts from August to May, each club plays every other club twice, once at home and once away, for a total of 38 matchdays. Teams receive three points for a win, one point for a draw, and no points for a loss. Teams are ranked by total points, with the highest-ranked club at the end of the season crowned champion."
] | [
"38"
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7455143151210242843 | One Tree Hill (season 3) | One Tree Hill ( season 3 ) - wikipedia One Tree Hill ( season 3 ) Jump to : navigation , search One Tree Hill ( season 3 ) One Tree Hill Season 3 DVD cover Country of origin United States No. of episodes 22 Release Original network The WB Original release October 5 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 05 ) -- May 3 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 03 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 2 Next → Season 4 List of One Tree Hill episodes The third season of One Tree Hill , an American teen drama television series , began airing on October 5 , 2005 . The season concluded on May 3 , 2006 , after 22 episodes . It is the final season that aired on The WB television network . Season three dipped in ratings , averaging 2.8 million viewers weekly . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Regular 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest Cast 3 Episodes 4 Ratings 5 DVD release 6 References Overview ( edit ) This season focuses on the first half of senior year at Tree Hill High School . Starting three months after the second season finale , Haley returns to Tree Hill and tries to save her marriage with Nathan . Peyton gets to know her birth mother . Lucas and Brooke begin a relationship . Keith and Karen get engaged . Nathan patches things up with Lucas , while Mouth begins a complicated relationship with newcomer Rachel , who also spreads a lot of drama through the core characters . After a shooting at the school things between Lucas and Peyton heat up despite Peyton 's proposal to Jake . Cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of One Tree Hill characters Regular ( edit ) Chad Michael Murray as Lucas Scott ( 21 episodes ) James Lafferty as Nathan Scott ( 22 episodes ) Hilarie Burton as Peyton Sawyer ( 22 episodes ) Bethany Joy Galeotti as Haley James Scott ( 22 episodes ) Paul Johansson as Dan Scott ( 20 episodes ) Sophia Bush as Brooke Davis ( 22 episodes ) Barbara Alyn Woods as Deb Scott ( 13 episodes ) Lee Norris as Mouth McFadden ( 18 episodes ) Barry Corbin as Whitey Durham ( 12 episodes ) Craig Sheffer as Keith Scott ( 13 episodes ) Moira Kelly as Karen Roe ( 20 episodes ) Recurring ( edit ) Danneel Harris as Rachel Gatina ( 19 episodes ) Bevin Prince as Bevin Mirskey ( 16 episodes ) Tyler Hilton as Chris Keller ( 12 episodes ) Sheryl Lee as Ellie Harp ( 8 episodes ) Vaughn Wilson as Fergie Thompson ( 7 episodes ) Antwon Tanner as Antwon `` Skills '' Taylor ( 7 episodes ) Cullen Moss as Junk Moretti ( 6 episodes ) Kevin Kilner as Larry Sawyer ( 6 episodes ) Brett Claywell as Tim Smith ( 5 episodes ) Kelsey Chow as Gigi Silveri ( 5 episodes ) Shawn Shepard as Principal Turner ( 4 episodes ) Guest Cast ( edit ) Michael Trucco as Cooper Lee ( 3 episodes ) Bryan Greenberg as Jake Jagielski ( 3 episodes Colin Fickes as Jimmy Edwards ( 2 episodes ) Amber Wallace as Glenda Farrell ( 1 episode ) Allison Scagliotti as Abigail `` Abby '' Brown ( 1 episode ) Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of One Tree Hill episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 46 `` Like You Like an Arsonist '' Greg Prange Mark Schwahn October 5 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 05 ) 2T6151 3.46 In the third season premiere , we finally discover Dan 's fate after the fire . In addition to the situation with his father , Nathan also has to deal with Haley 's reappearance in Tree Hill and the future of their relationship . Peyton tries to find the truth about the mysterious woman claiming to be her mother . Lucas looks forward to Brooke 's return after a summer apart . This episode is named after a song by Paris , Texas . 47 `` From the Edge of the Deep Green Sea '' Kevin Dowling Mark Schwahn October 12 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 12 ) 2T6152 3.12 Brooke has an end of the summer party on the beach . Nathan is home from basketball camp . Lucas deals with Brooke 's rules for non-exclusive dating . Brooke ends up having a ball with many guys whereas Lucas spends the night alone and then tells Brooke that he is the one for her , which marks the beginning of his mission to become exclusive . Peyton deals with family issues , by confronting her mom about her drug problem , after Lucas witnesses her buying . Haley tries to tell Nathan how she feels , however he is not ready for a relationship yet and is still angry with her . This episode is named after a song by The Cure . 48 `` First Day on a Brand New Planet '' Billy Dickson Terrence Coli October 19 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 19 ) 2T6153 3.12 It 's the first day of senior year for the Tree Hill gang . Lucas tells Dan he saved his life . Peyton discovers Ellie 's secret . Nathan tells Haley he 's considering a divorce . Dan accuses several people of starting the dealership fire and tries to get Whitey replaced as Ravens coach . This episode is named after a song by the band Jesse James . 49 `` An Attempt to Tip the Scales '' Janice Cooke Stacy Rukeyser October 26 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 26 ) 2T6154 3.36 It 's Halloween in Tree Hill and everybody 's celebrating at TRIC , with special guest band Fall Out Boy . The masquerade ball gives Haley the chance to win Nathan back , while Lucas keeps trying to convince Brooke to be exclusive . Peyton decides to face her new mother and get to know her . Dan tries to use blackmail to become mayor but things do n't turn out the way he thought they would when Deb gets in his way . This episode is named after a song by Bright Eyes . 50 5 `` A Multitude of Casualties '' Thomas J. Wright R. Lee Fleming , Jr November 2 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 02 ) 2T6155 3.03 The Ravens begin basketball practice . New team captain Nathan clashes with Lucas over Haley , and a new cheerleader named Rachel Gatina sets her sights on Lucas . Dan 's mayoral bid takes a surprising turn when an unlikely opponent emerges in Karen . This episode is named after a song by The Hold Steady . 51 6 `` Locked Hearts & Hand Grenades '' Marita Grabiak James Stoteraux and Chad Fiveash November 9 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 09 ) 2T6156 3.42 Brooke starts a `` Fantasy Boy Draft '' , after the cheerleaders start fighting over the same guys . Haley and Peyton continue to argue about Nathan . Dan butts heads with Karen as the election draws nearer . Lucas tries to keep up with the fast pace of basketball . This episode is named after a song by Plan A Project . 52 7 `` Champagne for My Real Friends , Real Pain for My Sham Friends '' Paul Johansson Mark Schwahn November 16 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 16 ) 2T6157 3.52 The fantasy draft dates begin , Lucas finds himself with Rachel and a very familiar setting . Brooke is on a double date with a surprising person and a surprising couple . Skills goes to Bevin 's house for the night , but is n't quite interested in what she has in mind . Mouth and Peyton hang out . Karen and Deb take the campaigning for mayor to a new level , to bring down Dan . Nathan gets mad when Chris gets close to Haley . This episode is named after a song by Fall Out Boy . 53 8 `` The Worst Day Since Yesterday '' John Asher Mike Herro & David Strauss November 30 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 30 ) 2T6158 3.41 As the town readies for the Ravens ' first basketball game , Lucas worries that his head and heart are n't in it . Nathan accuses Lucas of being the Ravens ' weak link . Peyton and Haley mend fences to support Brooke in her time of need . When the mayoral race tightens , Dan resorts to a smear campaign . This episode is named after a song by Flogging Molly . 54 9 `` How a Resurrection Really Feels '' Greg Prange Mark Schwahn December 7 , 2005 ( 2005 - 12 - 07 ) 2T6159 3.33 It is revealed that Lucas knows who tried to kill Dan and he confronts the guilty party . Brooke , Peyton and Haley find themselves behind bars . Peyton is annoyed by the presence of her guilty conscience . Chris Keller convinces Nathan to be his wingman at a cash poker game . The residents of Tree Hill finally choose a mayor . This episode is named after a song by The Hold Steady . 55 10 `` Brave New World '' John Asher John A. Norris January 11 , 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 11 ) 2T6160 3.23 Lucas and Peyton take a road trip together to find Ellie . While out of town , Lucas reconnects with a friend from the past . Brooke , Haley and Mouth successfully launch the Clothes Over Bro 's website , only to find that demand far exceeds supply . Deb reveals to Nathan that she tried to kill Dan . Nathan and Haley finally get back together . This episode is named after a song by Iron Maiden from the album of the same name . 56 11 `` Return of the Future '' Bethany Rooney Terrence Coli January 18 , 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 18 ) 2T6161 2.67 The Ravens lose their second game in a row , Whitey decides to teach them a tough lesson . Peyton and Ellie look for support for their album and hope to attract Nada Surf to the project . Both Dan and Haley upset Nathan , while Brooke plans a romantic thank - you for Lucas . This episode is named after a song by Scooter . 57 12 `` I 've Got Dreams to Remember '' Stuart Gillard Mike Herro & David Strauss January 25 , 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 25 ) 2T6162 2.70 As the students meet with the school counselor to plan for the future , Nathan and Haley realize they want to attend colleges across the country from one another . Brooke discovers Rachel 's reasons for submitting her designs to Rogue Vogue . Meanwhile , Ellie and Peyton bond as they finish the benefit album . This episode is named after a song by Otis Redding . 58 13 `` The Wind That Blew My Heart Away '' David Jackson Stacy Rukeyser February 1 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 01 ) 2T6163 3.01 A violent rainstorm knocks out the power in Tree Hill , leading Haley to Nathan 's doorstep and Brooke out into the downpour for a dramatic confrontation with Lucas . Peyton finally confronts the truth about Ellie 's illness . Mouth is tempted by his new friend , Rachel . Before morning , secrets are revealed , relationships are tested and romance heats up . This episode is named after a song by Fruit Bats . 59 14 `` All Tomorrow 's Parties '' David Paymer Anna Lotto February 8 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 08 ) 2T6164 2.89 Brooke is forced to grow up in a hurry when her trip to a New York City fashion show prevents her from attending an annual cheerleading tournament . Nathan and Lucas are influenced by the father of a friend . Skills tells Bevin he ca n't swim to trick her into giving him a swimming lesson . Struggling with her birth mother 's cancer , Peyton joins Rachel for a night of blowing off steam . Haley and Nathan use their hotel room as the honeymoon suite they never had . This episode is named after a song by The Velvet Underground and Nico . 60 15 `` Just Watch the Fireworks '' Billy Dickson James Stoteraux & Chad Fiveash February 15 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 15 ) 2T6165 2.85 When someone unleashes the students ' time capsule on Tree Hill High , Lucas and Mouth must confront a person from their past . Brooke deals with the revelation that secrets are n't the only things she exposed in the time capsule . Dan tries to forgive Keith . Haley is forced to reconcile the man Nathan was before with the man he has become . Peyton 's Breast Cancer Benefit Concert at TRIC features performances by Haley and Jack 's Mannequin and the return of Fall Out Boy . This episode is named after a song by Jimmy Eat World . 61 16 `` With Tired Eyes , Tired Minds , Tired Souls , We Slept '' Greg Prange Mark Schwahn March 1 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 01 ) 2T6166 3.36 In the aftermath of the release of the time capsule , chaos breaks out , Jimmy Edwards holds students of Tree Hill High School hostage with a gun . While lives hang in the balance , Nathan and Lucas put themselves at risk to protect their friends and loved ones . Young lives are shattered and two will end . Dan takes revenge on a close relative . This episode is named after a song by Explosions in the Sky . 62 17 `` Who Will Survive , and What Will Be Left of Them '' John Asher Mark Schwahn March 29 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 29 ) 2T6167 2.82 The aftermath of the school shooting and the death of Jimmy Edwards force everyone in Tree Hill to examine their lives . Nathan reassesses his relationship with Haley , while Brooke and Rachel join forces to heal the student body . Dan must deal with the ramifications of killing Keith . Lucas and Peyton consider the implications of their kiss in the library . This episode is named after an album by Murder by Death . The title is also the tagline of the 1974 horror movie The Texas Chain Saw Massacre . 63 18 `` When It Is n't Like It Should Be '' Paul Johansson R. Lee Fleming , Jr . April 5 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 05 ) 2T6168 2.93 Rachel invites the gang for a weekend getaway at her family 's cabin . Craziness will ensue , including a game of `` I Never '' which will cause people to do things they normally would n't . A nasty little issue Mouth has been harboring toward Rachel will surface . Meanwhile , Karen confronts Dan about Keith 's death . This episode is named after a song by Saves the Day . 64 19 `` I Slept with Someone in Fall Out Boy and All I Got Was This Stupid Song Written About Me '' Moira Kelly William H. Brown April 12 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 12 ) 2T6169 2.76 Lucas attempts to play in the first game after Keith 's death , but he can not bring himself to do it . After seeing Lucas 's pain , Nathan asks Whitey to forfeit the game . Lucas finally tells Whitey , Nathan , and Karen about his heart condition ( HCM ) after Deb convinces him to be there for Karen after Keith 's death . Nathan and Haley prepare to renew their vows . Mouth tries to get closer to Rachel . Peyton gets an invitation to go to Chicago , from Pete . Brooke gets revenge on Rachael , by making posters of Rachael who got multiple surgeries to become attractive , because she was obese when she was 14 . This episode is named after a song by Fall Out Boy . 65 20 `` Everyday Is a Sunday Evening '' Billy Dickson Mark Schwahn April 19 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 19 ) 2T6170 2.67 Nathan deals with a player who is a rival both on and off the court . Dan is given a restraining order from Deb and Nathan . Brooke and Mouth look to get even with Rachel , who has tricked Cooper into thinking she is 26 and a model . Dan has a run - in with Cooper . Peyton makes a major decision and goes to see Jake and Jenny who are in Savannah . At the end of the episode Peyton asks Jake to marry her . This episode is named after an album by The Blackouts . 66 21 `` Over the Hills and Far Away '' Thomas J. Wright Mark Schwahn April 26 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 26 ) 2T6171 2.87 Haley argues with Brooke about her wedding dress . Brooke plans an engagement party for Nathan and Haley . Karen and Lucas get back in town . Peyton is surprised by her own feelings when she mumble she loves Lucas in her sleep and Jake overhears . This episode is named after a song by Led Zeppelin and another by Gary Moore which was covered by Nightwish . 67 22 `` The Show Must Go On '' Mark Schwahn Mark Schwahn May 3 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 03 ) 2T6172 3.06 Nathan worries about Haley as they prepare to renew their vows . Deb confesses to Dan about the fire . Peyton and Brooke 's friendship becomes strained when Peyton confesses she still loves Lucas . Nathan , Cooper and Rachel 's lives hang in the balance after a car accident . Someone might be pregnant . This episode is named after a song by Queen . Ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot Season premiere Season finale TV season Rank Viewers ( in millions ) 3rd Wednesday 8 / 7C October 5 , 2005 May 3 , 2006 2005 -- 2006 # 137 2.8 DVD release ( edit ) The DVD release of season three was released after the season has completed broadcast on television . It has been released in Regions 1 , 2 and 4 . As well as every episode from the season , the DVD release features bonus material such as audio commentaries on some episodes from the creator and cast , deleted scenes , gag reels and behind - the - scenes featurettes . The Complete Third Season Set details Special features 22 episodes 937 minutes ( Region 1 ) ; 968 minutes ( Region 2 ) ; 900 minutes ( Region 4 ) 6 - disc set 1.78 : 1 aspect ratio Languages : English ( Dolby Digital 2.0 Surround ) Subtitles : Spanish and French ( Region 1 ) English , Danish , Finnish , Portuguese , Norwegian , Swedish , English for the Hearing Impaired ( Regions 2 and 4 ) Audio commentaries : `` With Tired Eyes , Tired Minds , Tired Souls , We Slept '' - with creator / executive producer / writer Mark Schwahn , executive producer Joe Davola , actors Colin Fickes , Sophia Bush , Lee Norris and music supervisor Lindsey Wolfington `` The Show Must Go On '' - with creator / executive producer / writer / director Mark Schwahn , executive producer Joe Davola , actors Sophia Bush and Lee Norris Deleted scenes : Episodes : 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 9 , 10 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 20 & 22 `` Anatomy of an Episode : A Behind - the - Scenes Look at the Creation of `` With Tired Eyes , Tired Minds , Tired Souls , We Slept '' Gag reel Release dates United States United Kingdom Australia September 26 , 2006 October 23 , 2006 July 4 , 2007 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Hollywood Reporter : 2005 - 06 primetime wrap '' . Hollywood Reporter . May 26 , 2006 . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mark Schwahn ( writer ) & Gregory Prange ( director ) ( 2004 - 10 - 05 ) . `` Like You Like an Arsonist '' . One Tree Hill . Season 3 . Episode 1 . 42 minutes in . The WB . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ ( 5 ) ^ Jump up to : ( 6 ) Jump up ^ ( 7 ) Jump up ^ ( 8 ) Jump up ^ ( 9 ) Jump up ^ ( 10 ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 28 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ ( 11 ) Jump up ^ ( 12 ) Jump up ^ ( 13 ) Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick ( March 2 , 2006 ) . `` Super sweeps sesh '' . Variety.com . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2011 . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 14 ) Jump up ^ ( 15 ) Jump up ^ ( 16 ) Jump up ^ ( 17 ) Jump up ^ ( 18 ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 01 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` One Tree Hill - The Complete 3rd Season '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` One Tree Hill - The Complete Third Season ( 2006 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` One Tree Hill - Series 3 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` One Tree Hill ; Complete Season 3 : M15 ( DVD ) '' . Sanity . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 02 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 11 . ( hide ) One Tree Hill Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Characters Original Lucas Scott Nathan Scott Peyton Sawyer Haley James Scott Dan Scott Brooke Davis Whitey Durham Keith Scott Karen Roe Deb Lee Mouth McFadden Skills Taylor Rachel Gatina Secondary Jamie Scott Millicent Huxtable Julian Baker Clay Evans Quinn James Alex Dupre Chase Adams Chris Keller Recurring Jake Jagielski Tim Smith Bevin Mirskey Andy Hargrove Lindsey Strauss Victoria Davis Mia Catalano Quentin Fields Nanny Carrie Sam Walker Episodes `` Pilot '' `` With Tired Eyes , Tired Minds , Tired Souls , We Slept '' `` 4 Years , 6 Months , 2 Days '' `` Hundred '' `` Remember Me as a Time of Day '' `` Almost Everything I Wish I 'd Said the Last Time I Saw You '' `` Darkness on the Edge of Town '' `` This is My House , This is My Home '' `` Last Known Surroundings '' `` Danny Boy '' `` One Tree Hill '' Related Official soundtracks `` I Do n't Want to Be '' Tree Hill , North Carolina Clothes Over Bro 's Red Bedroom Records Created by : Mark Schwahn Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_Tree_Hill_(season_3)&oldid=801875244 '' Categories : One Tree Hill ( TV series ) episodes 2005 American television seasons 2006 American television seasons Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Dansk Español Français Italiano Русский Српски / srpski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017 , at 13 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | one tree hill season 3 nathan and haley back together | [
"\n\nNo.\noverall\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal air date\nProd.\ncode\nU.S. viewers\n(millions)\n\n\n46\n1\n\"Like You Like an Arsonist\"\nGreg Prange\nMark Schwahn\nOctober 5, 2005 (2005-10-05)\n2T6151\n3.46[3]\n\n\n\nIn the third season premiere, we finally discover Dan's fate after the fire. In addition to the situation with his father, Nathan also has to deal with Haley's reappearance in Tree Hill and the future of their relationship. Peyton tries to find the truth about the mysterious woman claiming to be her mother. Lucas looks forward to Brooke's return after a summer apart.[2]\n\nThis episode is named after a song by Paris, Texas.\n\n\n47\n2\n\"From the Edge of the Deep Green Sea\"\nKevin Dowling\nMark Schwahn\nOctober 12, 2005 (2005-10-12)\n2T6152\n3.12[4]\n\n\n\nBrooke has an end of the summer party on the beach. Nathan is home from basketball camp. Lucas deals with Brooke's rules for non-exclusive dating. Brooke ends up having a ball with many guys whereas Lucas spends the night alone and then tells Brooke that he is the one for her, which marks the beginning of his mission to become exclusive. Peyton deals with family issues, by confronting her mom about her drug problem, after Lucas witnesses her buying. Haley tries to tell Nathan how she feels, however he is not ready for a relationship yet and is still angry with her.\n\nThis episode is named after a song by The Cure.\n\n\n48\n3\n\"First Day on a Brand New Planet\"\nBilly Dickson\nTerrence Coli\nOctober 19, 2005 (2005-10-19)\n2T6153\n3.12[5]\n\n\n\nIt's the first day of senior year for the Tree Hill gang. Lucas tells Dan he saved his life. Peyton discovers Ellie's secret. Nathan tells Haley he's considering a divorce. Dan accuses several people of starting the dealership fire and tries to get Whitey replaced as Ravens coach.\n\nThis episode is named after a song by the band Jesse James.\n\n\n49\n4\n\"An Attempt to Tip the Scales\"\nJanice Cooke\nStacy Rukeyser\nOctober 26, 2005 (2005-10-26)\n2T6154\n3.36[6]\n\n\n\nIt's Halloween in Tree Hill and everybody's celebrating at TRIC, with special guest band Fall Out Boy. The masquerade ball gives Haley the chance to win Nathan back, while Lucas keeps trying to convince Brooke to be exclusive. Peyton decides to face her new mother and get to know her. Dan tries to use blackmail to become mayor but things don't turn out the way he thought they would when Deb gets in his way.\n\nThis episode is named after a song by Bright Eyes.\n\n\n50\n5\n\"A Multitude of Casualties\"\nThomas J. Wright\nR. Lee Fleming, Jr\nNovember 2, 2005 (2005-11-02)\n2T6155\n3.03[7]\n\n\n\nThe Ravens begin basketball practice. New team captain Nathan clashes with Lucas over Haley, and a new cheerleader named Rachel Gatina sets her sights on Lucas. Dan's mayoral bid takes a surprising turn when an unlikely opponent emerges in Karen.\n\nThis episode is named after a song by The Hold Steady.\n\n\n51\n6\n\"Locked Hearts & Hand Grenades\"\nMarita Grabiak\nJames Stoteraux and Chad Fiveash\nNovember 9, 2005 (2005-11-09)\n2T6156\n3.42[8]\n\n\n\nBrooke starts a \"Fantasy Boy Draft\", after the cheerleaders start fighting over the same guys. Haley and Peyton continue to argue about Nathan. Dan butts heads with Karen as the election draws nearer. Lucas tries to keep up with the fast pace of basketball.\n\nThis episode is named after a song by Plan A Project.\n\n\n52\n7\n\"Champagne for My Real Friends, Real Pain for My Sham Friends\"\nPaul Johansson\nMark Schwahn\nNovember 16, 2005 (2005-11-16)\n2T6157\n3.52[9]\n\n\n\nThe fantasy draft dates begin, Lucas finds himself with Rachel and a very familiar setting. Brooke is on a double date with a surprising person and a surprising couple. Skills goes to Bevin's house for the night, but isn't quite interested in what she has in mind. Mouth and Peyton hang out. Karen and Deb take the campaigning for mayor to a new level, to bring down Dan. Nathan gets mad when Chris gets close to Haley.\n\nThis episode is named after a song by Fall Out Boy.\n\n\n53\n8\n\"The Worst Day Since Yesterday\"\nJohn Asher\nMike Herro & David Strauss\nNovember 30, 2005 (2005-11-30)\n2T6158\n3.41[8]\n\n\n\nAs the town readies for the Ravens’ first basketball game, Lucas worries that his head and heart aren't in it. Nathan accuses Lucas of being the Ravens' weak link. Peyton and Haley mend fences to support Brooke in her time of need. When the mayoral race tightens, Dan resorts to a smear campaign.\n\nThis episode is named after a song by Flogging Molly.\n\n\n54\n9\n\"How a Resurrection Really Feels\"\nGreg Prange\nMark Schwahn\nDecember 7, 2005 (2005-12-07)\n2T6159\n3.33[10]\n\n\n\nIt is revealed that Lucas knows who tried to kill Dan and he confronts the guilty party. Brooke, Peyton and Haley find themselves behind bars. Peyton is annoyed by the presence of her guilty conscience. Chris Keller convinces Nathan to be his wingman at a cash poker game. The residents of Tree Hill finally choose a mayor.\n\nThis episode is named after a song by The Hold Steady.\n\n\n55\n10\n\"Brave New World\"\nJohn Asher\nJohn A. Norris\nJanuary 11, 2006 (2006-01-11)\n2T6160\n3.23[11]\n\n\n\nLucas and Peyton take a road trip together to find Ellie. While out of town, Lucas reconnects with a friend from the past. Brooke, Haley and Mouth successfully launch the Clothes Over Bro's website, only to find that demand far exceeds supply. Deb reveals to Nathan that she tried to kill Dan. Nathan and Haley finally get back together.\n\nThis episode is named after a song by Iron Maiden from the album of the same name.\n\n\n56\n11\n\"Return of the Future\"\nBethany Rooney\nTerrence Coli\nJanuary 18, 2006 (2006-01-18)\n2T6161\n2.67[12]\n\n\n\nThe Ravens lose their second game in a row, Whitey decides to teach them a tough lesson. Peyton and Ellie look for support for their album and hope to attract Nada Surf to the project. Both Dan and Haley upset Nathan, while Brooke plans a romantic thank-you for Lucas.\n\nThis episode is named after a song by Scooter.\n\n\n57\n12\n\"I've Got Dreams to Remember\"\nStuart Gillard\nMike Herro & David Strauss\nJanuary 25, 2006 (2006-01-25)\n2T6162\n2.70[13]\n\n\n\nAs the students meet with the school counselor to plan for the future, Nathan and Haley realize they want to attend colleges across the country from one another. Brooke discovers Rachel's reasons for submitting her designs to Rogue Vogue. Meanwhile, Ellie and Peyton bond as they finish the benefit album.\n\nThis episode is named after a song by Otis Redding.\n\n\n58\n13\n\"The Wind That Blew My Heart Away\"\nDavid Jackson\nStacy Rukeyser\nFebruary 1, 2006 (2006-02-01)\n2T6163\n3.01[14]\n\n\n\nA violent rainstorm knocks out the power in Tree Hill, leading Haley to Nathan's doorstep and Brooke out into the downpour for a dramatic confrontation with Lucas. Peyton finally confronts the truth about Ellie's illness. Mouth is tempted by his new friend, Rachel. Before morning, secrets are revealed, relationships are tested and romance heats up.\n\nThis episode is named after a song by Fruit Bats.\n\n\n59\n14\n\"All Tomorrow's Parties\"\nDavid Paymer\nAnna Lotto\nFebruary 8, 2006 (2006-02-08)\n2T6164\n2.89[15]\n\n\n\nBrooke is forced to grow up in a hurry when her trip to a New York City fashion show prevents her from attending an annual cheerleading tournament. Nathan and Lucas are influenced by the father of a friend. Skills tells Bevin he can't swim to trick her into giving him a swimming lesson. Struggling with her birth mother's cancer, Peyton joins Rachel for a night of blowing off steam. Haley and Nathan use their hotel room as the honeymoon suite they never had.\n\nThis episode is named after a song by The Velvet Underground and Nico.\n\n\n60\n15\n\"Just Watch the Fireworks\"\nBilly Dickson\nJames Stoteraux & Chad Fiveash\nFebruary 15, 2006 (2006-02-15)\n2T6165\n2.85[16]\n\n\n\nWhen someone unleashes the students' time capsule on Tree Hill High, Lucas and Mouth must confront a person from their past. Brooke deals with the revelation that secrets aren't the only things she exposed in the time capsule. Dan tries to forgive Keith. Haley is forced to reconcile the man Nathan was before with the man he has become. Peyton's Breast Cancer Benefit Concert at TRIC features performances by Haley and Jack's Mannequin and the return of Fall Out Boy.\n\nThis episode is named after a song by Jimmy Eat World.\n\n\n61\n16\n\"With Tired Eyes, Tired Minds, Tired Souls, We Slept\"\nGreg Prange\nMark Schwahn\nMarch 1, 2006 (2006-03-01)\n2T6166\n3.36[17]\n\n\n\nIn the aftermath of the release of the time capsule, chaos breaks out, Jimmy Edwards holds students of Tree Hill High School hostage with a gun. While lives hang in the balance, Nathan and Lucas put themselves at risk to protect their friends and loved ones. Young lives are shattered and two will end. Dan takes revenge on a close relative.\n\nThis episode is named after a song by Explosions in the Sky.\n\n\n62\n17\n\"Who Will Survive, and What Will Be Left of Them\"\nJohn Asher\nMark Schwahn\nMarch 29, 2006 (2006-03-29)\n2T6167\n2.82[18]\n\n\n\nThe aftermath of the school shooting and the death of Jimmy Edwards force everyone in Tree Hill to examine their lives. Nathan reassesses his relationship with Haley, while Brooke and Rachel join forces to heal the student body. Dan must deal with the ramifications of killing Keith. Lucas and Peyton consider the implications of their kiss in the library.\n\nThis episode is named after an album by Murder by Death. The title is also the tagline of the 1974 horror movie The Texas Chain Saw Massacre.\n\n\n63\n18\n\"When It Isn't Like It Should Be\"\nPaul Johansson\nR. Lee Fleming, Jr.\nApril 5, 2006 (2006-04-05)\n2T6168\n2.93[19]\n\n\n\nRachel invites the gang for a weekend getaway at her family's cabin. Craziness will ensue, including a game of \"I Never\" which will cause people to do things they normally wouldn't. A nasty little issue Mouth has been harboring toward Rachel will surface. Meanwhile, Karen confronts Dan about Keith's death.\n\nThis episode is named after a song by Saves the Day.\n\n\n64\n19\n\"I Slept with Someone in Fall Out Boy and All I Got Was This Stupid Song Written About Me\"\nMoira Kelly\nWilliam H. Brown\nApril 12, 2006 (2006-04-12)\n2T6169\n2.76[20]\n\n\n\nLucas attempts to play in the first game after Keith's death, but he cannot bring himself to do it. After seeing Lucas's pain, Nathan asks Whitey to forfeit the game. Lucas finally tells Whitey, Nathan, and Karen about his heart condition (HCM) after Deb convinces him to be there for Karen after Keith's death. Nathan and Haley prepare to renew their vows. Mouth tries to get closer to Rachel. Peyton gets an invitation to go to Chicago, from Pete. Brooke gets revenge on Rachael, by making posters of Rachael who got multiple surgeries to become attractive, because she was obese when she was 14.\n\nThis episode is named after a song by Fall Out Boy.\n\n\n65\n20\n\"Everyday Is a Sunday Evening\"\nBilly Dickson\nMark Schwahn\nApril 19, 2006 (2006-04-19)\n2T6170\n2.67[21]\n\n\n\nNathan deals with a player who is a rival both on and off the court. Dan is given a restraining order from Deb and Nathan. Brooke and Mouth look to get even with Rachel, who has tricked Cooper into thinking she is 26 and a model. Dan has a run-in with Cooper. Peyton makes a major decision and goes to see Jake and Jenny who are in Savannah. At the end of the episode Peyton asks Jake to marry her.\n\nThis episode is named after an album by The Blackouts.\n\n\n66\n21\n\"Over the Hills and Far Away\"\nThomas J. Wright\nMark Schwahn\nApril 26, 2006 (2006-04-26)\n2T6171\n2.87[22]\n\n\n\nHaley argues with Brooke about her wedding dress. Brooke plans an engagement party for Nathan and Haley. Karen and Lucas get back in town. Peyton is surprised by her own feelings when she mumble she loves Lucas in her sleep and Jake overhears.\n\nThis episode is named after a song by Led Zeppelin and another by Gary Moore which was covered by Nightwish.\n\n\n67\n22\n\"The Show Must Go On\"\nMark Schwahn\nMark Schwahn\nMay 3, 2006 (2006-05-03)\n2T6172\n3.06[23]\n\n\n\nNathan worries about Haley as they prepare to renew their vows. Deb confesses to Dan about the fire. Peyton and Brooke's friendship becomes strained when Peyton confesses she still loves Lucas. Nathan, Cooper and Rachel's lives hang in the balance after a car accident. Someone might be pregnant.\n\nThis episode is named after a song by Queen.\n\n"
] | [
"Brave New World"
] |
7036297237199272156 | X-ray | X-ray - wikipedia X-ray This article is about the nature , production , and uses of the radiation . For the method of imaging , see Radiography . For imaging in a medical context , see Radiology . For other meanings , see X-ray ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with X-wave or X-band . X-rays are part of the electromagnetic spectrum , with wavelengths shorter than visible light . Different applications use different parts of the X-ray spectrum . X-rays make up X-radiation , a form of electromagnetic radiation . Most X-rays have a wavelength ranging from 0.01 to 10 nanometers , corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 petahertz to 30 exahertz ( 3 × 10 Hz to 3 × 10 Hz ) and energies in the range 100 eV to 100 keV . X-ray wavelengths are shorter than those of UV rays and typically longer than those of gamma rays . In many languages , X-radiation is referred to with terms meaning Röntgen radiation , after the German scientist Wilhelm Röntgen , who usually is credited as its discoverer , and who named it X-radiation to signify an unknown type of radiation . Spelling of X-ray ( s ) in the English language includes the variants x-ray ( s ) , xray ( s ) , and X ray ( s ) . Contents 1 History 1.1 Discovery 1.2 Early research 1.3 Wilhelm Röntgen 1.4 Advances in radiology 1.5 Hazards discovered 1.6 20th century and beyond 2 Energy ranges 2.1 Soft and hard X-rays 2.2 Gamma rays 3 Properties 4 Interaction with matter 4.1 Photoelectric absorption 4.2 Compton scattering 4.3 Rayleigh scattering 5 Production 5.1 Production by electrons 5.2 Production by fast positive ions 5.3 Production in lightning and laboratory discharges 6 Detectors 7 Medical uses 7.1 Projectional radiographs 7.2 Computed tomography 7.3 Fluoroscopy 7.4 Radiotherapy 8 Adverse effects 9 Other uses 10 Visibility 11 Units of measure and exposure 12 See also 13 References 14 External links History ( edit ) Discovery ( edit ) Wilhelm Röntgen German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen is usually credited as the discoverer of X-rays in 1895 , because he was the first to systematically study them , though he is not the first to have observed their effects . He is also the one who gave them the name `` X-rays '' ( signifying an unknown quantity ) though many others referred to these as `` Röntgen rays '' ( and the associated X-ray radiograms as , `` Röntgenograms '' ) for several decades after their discovery and even to this day in some languages , including Röntgen 's native German . Hand mit Ringen ( Hand with Rings ) : print of Wilhelm Röntgen 's first `` medical '' X-ray , of his wife 's hand , taken on 22 December 1895 and presented to Ludwig Zehnder of the Physik Institut , University of Freiburg , on 1 January 1896 X-rays were found emanating from Crookes tubes , experimental discharge tubes invented around 1875 , by scientists investigating the cathode rays , which are energetic electron beams that were first created in the tubes . Crookes tubes created free electrons by ionization of the residual air in the tube by a high DC voltage of anywhere between a few kilovolts and 100 kV . This voltage accelerated the electrons coming from the cathode to a high enough velocity that they created X-rays when they struck the anode or the glass wall of the tube . Many of the early Crookes tubes undoubtedly radiated X-rays , because early researchers noticed effects that were attributable to them , as detailed below . Wilhelm Röntgen was the first to systematically study them , in 1895 . The discovery of X-rays stimulated a veritable sensation . Röntgen 's biographer Otto Glasser estimated that , in 1896 alone , as many as 49 essays and 1044 articles about the new rays were published . This was probably a conservative estimate , if one considers that nearly every paper around the world extensively reported about the new discovery , with a magazine such as Science dedicating as many as 23 articles to it in that year alone . Sensationalist reactions to the new discovery included publications linking the new kind of rays to occult and paranormal theories , such as telepathy . Early research ( edit ) Pulyui 's X-ray images The earliest experimenter thought to have ( unknowingly ) produced X-rays was actuary William Morgan . In 1785 he presented a paper to the Royal Society of London describing the effects of passing electrical currents through a partially evacuated glass tube , producing a glow created by X-rays . This work was further explored by Humphry Davy and his assistant Michael Faraday . In 1877 Ukrainian - born Ivan Pulyui , a lecturer in experimental physics at the University of Vienna , constructed various designs of vacuum discharge tube to investigate their properties . He continued his investigations when appointed professor at the Prague Polytechnic and in 1886 he found that sealed photographic plates became dark when exposed to the emanations from the tubes . Early in 1896 , just a few weeks after Röntgen published his first X-ray photograph , Pulyui published high - quality X-ray images in journals in Paris and London . Although Pulyui had studied with Röntgen at the University of Strasbourg in the years 1873 -- 75 , his biographer Gaida ( 1997 ) asserts that his subsequent research was conducted independently . Taking an X-ray image with early Crookes tube apparatus , late 1800s . The Crookes tube is visible in center . The standing man is viewing his hand with a fluoroscope screen . The seated man is taking a radiograph of his hand by placing it on a photographic plate . No precautions against radiation exposure are taken ; its hazards were not known at the time . X-rays were generated and detected by Fernando Sanford ( 1854 -- 1948 ) , the foundation Professor of Physics at Stanford University , in 1891 . From 1886 to 1888 he had studied in the Hermann Helmholtz laboratory in Berlin , where he became familiar with the cathode rays generated in vacuum tubes when a voltage was applied across separate electrodes , as previously studied by Heinrich Hertz and Philipp Lenard . His letter of January 6 , 1893 ( describing his discovery as `` electric photography '' ) to The Physical Review was duly published and an article entitled Without Lens or Light , Photographs Taken With Plate and Object in Darkness appeared in the San Francisco Examiner . Starting in 1888 , Philipp Lenard , a student of Heinrich Hertz , conducted experiments to see whether cathode rays could pass out of the Crookes tube into the air . He built a Crookes tube ( later called a `` Lenard tube '' ) with a `` window '' in the end made of thin aluminum , facing the cathode so the cathode rays would strike it . He found that something came through , that would expose photographic plates and cause fluorescence . He measured the penetrating power of these rays through various materials . It has been suggested that at least some of these `` Lenard rays '' were actually X-rays . Hermann von Helmholtz formulated mathematical equations for X-rays . He postulated a dispersion theory before Röntgen made his discovery and announcement . It was formed on the basis of the electromagnetic theory of light . However , he did not work with actual X-rays . In 1894 Nikola Tesla noticed damaged film in his lab that seemed to be associated with Crookes tube experiments and began investigating this radiant energy of `` invisible '' kinds . After Röntgen identified the X-ray Tesla began making X-ray images of his own using high voltages and tubes of his own design , as well as Crookes tubes . In November 1896 , the inventor Dr. Robert D'Unger proposed a X-Ray telephot , supposed able to make transmission of pictures by telegraph wire . Wilhelm Röntgen ( edit ) 1896 plaque published in `` Nouvelle Iconographie de la Salpetrière '' , a medical journal . In the left a hand deformity , in the right same hand seen using radiography . The authors designated the technique as Röntgen photography . On November 8 , 1895 , German physics professor Wilhelm Röntgen stumbled on X-rays while experimenting with Lenard and Crookes tubes and began studying them . He wrote an initial report `` On a new kind of ray : A preliminary communication '' and on December 28 , 1895 submitted it to Würzburg 's Physical - Medical Society journal . This was the first paper written on X-rays . Röntgen referred to the radiation as `` X '' , to indicate that it was an unknown type of radiation . The name stuck , although ( over Röntgen 's great objections ) many of his colleagues suggested calling them Röntgen rays . They are still referred to as such in many languages , including German , Hungarian , Danish , Polish , Swedish , Finnish , Estonian , Russian , Japanese , Dutch , Georgian and Norwegian . Röntgen received the first Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery . There are conflicting accounts of his discovery because Röntgen had his lab notes burned after his death , but this is a likely reconstruction by his biographers : Röntgen was investigating cathode rays from a Crookes tube which he had wrapped in black cardboard so that the visible light from the tube would not interfere , using a fluorescent screen painted with barium platinocyanide . He noticed a faint green glow from the screen , about 1 meter away . Röntgen realized some invisible rays coming from the tube were passing through the cardboard to make the screen glow . He found they could also pass through books and papers on his desk . Röntgen threw himself into investigating these unknown rays systematically . Two months after his initial discovery , he published his paper . Röntgen discovered their medical use when he made a picture of his wife 's hand on a photographic plate formed due to X-rays . The photograph of his wife 's hand was the first photograph of a human body part using X-rays . When she saw the picture , she said `` I have seen my death . '' Advances in Radiology ( edit ) A simplified diagram of a water - cooled X-ray tube There was immediate interest from researchers for the X-ray . A.A. Campbell - Swinton and Nikola Tesla were amongst the firsts to test the new discovery . In 1896 , Thomas Edison investigated materials ' ability to fluoresce when exposed to X-rays , and found that calcium tungstate was the most effective substance . Around March 1896 , the fluoroscope he developed became the standard for medical X-ray examinations . Nevertheless , Edison dropped X-ray research around 1903 , even before the death of Clarence Madison Dally , one of his glassblowers . Dally had a habit of testing X-ray tubes on his hands , and acquired a cancer in them so tenacious that both arms were amputated in a futile attempt to save his life . The first use of X-rays under clinical conditions was by John Hall - Edwards in Birmingham , England on 11 January 1896 , when he radiographed a needle stuck in the hand of an associate . On February 14 , 1896 Hall - Edwards was also the first to use X-rays in a surgical operation . In early 1896 , several weeks after Röntgen 's discovery , Ivan Romanovich Tarkhanov irradiated frogs and insects with X-rays , concluding that the rays `` not only photograph , but also affect the living function '' . The first medical X-ray made in the United States was obtained using a discharge tube of Pulyui 's design . In January 1896 , on reading of Röntgen 's discovery , Frank Austin of Dartmouth College tested all of the discharge tubes in the physics laboratory and found that only the Pulyui tube produced X-rays . This was a result of Pulyui 's inclusion of an oblique `` target '' of mica , used for holding samples of fluorescent material , within the tube . On 3 February 1896 Gilman Frost , professor of medicine at the college , and his brother Edwin Frost , professor of physics , exposed the wrist of Eddie McCarthy , whom Gilman had treated some weeks earlier for a fracture , to the X-rays and collected the resulting image of the broken bone on gelatin photographic plates obtained from Howard Langill , a local photographer also interested in Röntgen 's work . In 1901 , U.S. President William McKinley was shot twice in an assassination attempt . While one bullet only grazed his sternum , another had lodged somewhere deep inside his abdomen and could not be found . A worried McKinley aide sent word to inventor Thomas Edison to rush an X-ray machine to Buffalo to find the stray bullet . It arrived but was n't used . While the shooting itself had not been lethal , gangrene had developed along the path of the bullet , and McKinley died of septic shock due to bacterial infection six days later . Hazards discovered ( edit ) With the widespread experimentation with x ‐ rays after their discovery in 1895 by scientists , physicians , and inventors came many stories of burns , hair loss , and worse in technical journals of the time . In February 1896 , Professor John Daniel and Dr. William Lofland Dudley of Vanderbilt University reported hair loss after Dr. Dudley was X-rayed . A child who had been shot in the head was brought to the Vanderbilt laboratory in 1896 . Before trying to find the bullet an experiment was attempted , for which Dudley `` with his characteristic devotion to science '' volunteered . Daniel reported that 21 days after taking a picture of Dudley 's skull ( with an exposure time of one hour ) , he noticed a bald spot 2 inches ( 5.1 cm ) in diameter on the part of his head nearest the X-ray tube : `` A plate holder with the plates towards the side of the skull was fastened and a coin placed between the skull and the head . The tube was fastened at the other side at a distance of one - half inch from the hair . '' In August 1896 Dr. HD . Hawks , a graduate of Columbia College , suffered severe hand and chest burns from an x-ray demonstration . It was reported in Electrical Review and led to many other reports of problems associated with x-rays being sent in to the publication . Many experimenters including Elihu Thomson at Edison 's lab , William J. Morton , and Nikola Tesla also reported burns . Elihu Thomson deliberately exposed a finger to an x-ray tube over a period of time and suffered pain , swelling , and blistering . Other effects were sometimes blamed for the damage including ultraviolet rays and ( according to Tesla ) ozone . Many physicians claimed there were no effects from X-ray exposure at all . On August 3 , 1905 at San Francisco , California , Elizabeth Fleischman , American woman X-ray pioneer , died from complications as a result of her work with X-rays . 20th Century and beyond ( edit ) A patient being examined with a thoracic fluoroscope in 1940 , which displayed continuous moving images . This image was used to argue that radiation exposure during the X-ray procedure would be negligible . The many applications of X-rays immediately generated enormous interest . Workshops began making specialized versions of Crookes tubes for generating X-rays and these first - generation cold cathode or Crookes X-ray tubes were used until about 1920 . Crookes tubes were unreliable . They had to contain a small quantity of gas ( invariably air ) as a current will not flow in such a tube if they are fully evacuated . However , as time passed , the X-rays caused the glass to absorb the gas , causing the tube to generate `` harder '' X-rays until it soon stopped operating . Larger and more frequently used tubes were provided with devices for restoring the air , known as `` softeners '' . These often took the form of a small side tube which contained a small piece of mica , a mineral that traps relatively large quantities of air within its structure . A small electrical heater heated the mica , causing it to release a small amount of air , thus restoring the tube 's efficiency . However , the mica had a limited life , and the restoration process was difficult to control . In 1904 , John Ambrose Fleming invented the thermionic diode , the first kind of vacuum tube . This used a hot cathode that caused an electric current to flow in a vacuum . This idea was quickly applied to X-ray tubes , and hence heated - cathode X-ray tubes , called `` Coolidge tubes '' , completely replaced the troublesome cold cathode tubes by about 1920 . In about 1906 , the physicist Charles Barkla discovered that X-rays could be scattered by gases , and that each element had a characteristic X-ray spectrum . He won the 1917 Nobel Prize in Physics for this discovery . In 1912 , Max von Laue , Paul Knipping , and Walter Friedrich first observed the diffraction of X-rays by crystals . This discovery , along with the early work of Paul Peter Ewald , William Henry Bragg , and William Lawrence Bragg , gave birth to the field of X-ray crystallography . The Coolidge X-ray tube was invented during the following year by William D. Coolidge . It made possible the continuous emissions of X-rays . X-ray tubes similar to this are still in use in 2012 . Chandra 's image of the galaxy cluster Abell 2125 reveals a complex of several massive multimillion - degree - Celsius gas clouds in the process of merging . The use of X-rays for medical purposes ( which developed into the field of radiation therapy ) was pioneered by Major John Hall - Edwards in Birmingham , England . Then in 1908 , he had to have his left arm amputated because of the spread of X-ray dermatitis on his arm . In 1914 Marie Curie developed radiological cars to support soldiers injured in World War I . The cars would allow for rapid X-ray imaging of wounded soldiers so battlefield surgeons could quickly and more accurately operate . From the 1920s through to the 1950s , x-ray machines were developed to assist in the fitting of shoes and were sold to commercial shoe stores . Concerns regarding the impact of frequent or poorly controlled use were expressed in the 1950s , leading to the practise 's eventual end that decade . The X-ray microscope was developed during the 1950s . The Chandra X-ray Observatory , launched on July 23 , 1999 , has been allowing the exploration of the very violent processes in the universe which produce X-rays . Unlike visible light , which gives a relatively stable view of the universe , the X-ray universe is unstable . It features stars being torn apart by black holes , galactic collisions , and novae , and neutron stars that build up layers of plasma that then explode into space . An X-ray laser device was proposed as part of the Reagan Administration 's Strategic Defense Initiative in the 1980s , but the only test of the device ( a sort of laser `` blaster '' or death ray , powered by a thermonuclear explosion ) gave inconclusive results . For technical and political reasons , the overall project ( including the X-ray laser ) was de-funded ( though was later revived by the second Bush Administration as National Missile Defense using different technologies ) . Dog hip xray posterior view Phase - contrast x-ray image of spider Phase - contrast X-ray imaging refers to a variety of techniques that use phase information of a coherent x-ray beam to image soft tissues . It has become an important method for visualizing cellular and histological structures in a wide range of biological and medical studies . There are several technologies being used for x-ray phase - contrast imaging , all utilizing different principles to convert phase variations in the x-rays emerging from an object into intensity variations . These include propagation - based phase contrast , talbot interferometry , refraction - enhanced imaging , and x-ray interferometry . These methods provide higher contrast compared to normal absorption - contrast x-ray imaging , making it possible to see smaller details . A disadvantage is that these methods require more sophisticated equipment , such as synchrotron or microfocus x-ray sources , X-ray optics , and high resolution x-ray detectors . Energy ranges ( edit ) Soft and hard X-rays ( edit ) X-rays with high photon energies ( above 5 -- 10 keV , below 0.2 -- 0.1 nm wavelength ) are called hard X-rays , while those with lower energy ( and longer wavelength ) are called soft X-rays . Due to their penetrating ability , hard X-rays are widely used to image the inside of objects , e.g. , in medical radiography and airport security . The term X-ray is metonymically used to refer to a radiographic image produced using this method , in addition to the method itself . Since the wavelengths of hard X-rays are similar to the size of atoms , they are also useful for determining crystal structures by X-ray crystallography . By contrast , soft X-rays are easily absorbed in air ; the attenuation length of 600 eV ( ~ 2 nm ) X-rays in water is less than 1 micrometer . Gamma rays ( edit ) There is no consensus for a definition distinguishing between X-rays and gamma rays . One common practice is to distinguish between the two types of radiation based on their source : X-rays are emitted by electrons , while gamma rays are emitted by the atomic nucleus . This definition has several problems : other processes also can generate these high - energy photons , or sometimes the method of generation is not known . One common alternative is to distinguish X - and gamma radiation on the basis of wavelength ( or , equivalently , frequency or photon energy ) , with radiation shorter than some arbitrary wavelength , such as 10 m ( 0.1 Å ) , defined as gamma radiation . This criterion assigns a photon to an unambiguous category , but is only possible if wavelength is known . ( Some measurement techniques do not distinguish between detected wavelengths . ) However , these two definitions often coincide since the electromagnetic radiation emitted by X-ray tubes generally has a longer wavelength and lower photon energy than the radiation emitted by radioactive nuclei . Occasionally , one term or the other is used in specific contexts due to historical precedent , based on measurement ( detection ) technique , or based on their intended use rather than their wavelength or source . Thus , gamma - rays generated for medical and industrial uses , for example radiotherapy , in the ranges of 6 -- 20 MeV , can in this context also be referred to as X-rays . Properties ( edit ) Ionizing radiation hazard symbol X-ray photons carry enough energy to ionize atoms and disrupt molecular bonds . This makes it a type of ionizing radiation , and therefore harmful to living tissue . A very high radiation dose over a short period of time causes radiation sickness , while lower doses can give an increased risk of radiation - induced cancer . In medical imaging this increased cancer risk is generally greatly outweighed by the benefits of the examination . The ionizing capability of X-rays can be utilized in cancer treatment to kill malignant cells using radiation therapy . It is also used for material characterization using X-ray spectroscopy . Attenuation length of X-rays in water showing the oxygen absorption edge at 540 eV , the energy dependence of photoabsorption , as well as a leveling off at higher photon energies due to Compton scattering . The attenuation length is about four orders of magnitude longer for hard X-rays ( right half ) compared to soft X-rays ( left half ) . Hard X-rays can traverse relatively thick objects without being much absorbed or scattered . For this reason , X-rays are widely used to image the inside of visually opaque objects . The most often seen applications are in medical radiography and airport security scanners , but similar techniques are also important in industry ( e.g. industrial radiography and industrial CT scanning ) and research ( e.g. small animal CT ) . The penetration depth varies with several orders of magnitude over the X-ray spectrum . This allows the photon energy to be adjusted for the application so as to give sufficient transmission through the object and at the same time provide good contrast in the image . X-rays have much shorter wavelengths than visible light , which makes it possible to probe structures much smaller than can be seen using a normal microscope . This property is used in X-ray microscopy to acquire high resolution images , and also in X-ray crystallography to determine the positions of atoms in crystals . Interaction with matter ( edit ) X-rays interact with matter in three main ways , through photoabsorption , Compton scattering , and Rayleigh scattering . The strength of these interactions depends on the energy of the X-rays and the elemental composition of the material , but not much on chemical properties , since the X-ray photon energy is much higher than chemical binding energies . Photoabsorption or photoelectric absorption is the dominant interaction mechanism in the soft X-ray regime and for the lower hard X-ray energies . At higher energies , Compton scattering dominates . Photoelectric absorption ( edit ) The probability of a photoelectric absorption per unit mass is approximately proportional to Z / E , where Z is the atomic number and E is the energy of the incident photon . This rule is not valid close to inner shell electron binding energies where there are abrupt changes in interaction probability , so called absorption edges . However , the general trend of high absorption coefficients and thus short penetration depths for low photon energies and high atomic numbers is very strong . For soft tissue , photoabsorption dominates up to about 26 keV photon energy where Compton scattering takes over . For higher atomic number substances this limit is higher . The high amount of calcium ( Z = 20 ) in bones together with their high density is what makes them show up so clearly on medical radiographs . A photoabsorbed photon transfers all its energy to the electron with which it interacts , thus ionizing the atom to which the electron was bound and producing a photoelectron that is likely to ionize more atoms in its path . An outer electron will fill the vacant electron position and produce either a characteristic photon or an Auger electron . These effects can be used for elemental detection through X-ray spectroscopy or Auger electron spectroscopy . Compton scattering ( edit ) Compton scattering is the predominant interaction between X-rays and soft tissue in medical imaging . Compton scattering is an inelastic scattering of the X-ray photon by an outer shell electron . Part of the energy of the photon is transferred to the scattering electron , thereby ionizing the atom and increasing the wavelength of the X-ray . The scattered photon can go in any direction , but a direction similar to the original direction is more likely , especially for high - energy X-rays . The probability for different scattering angles are described by the Klein -- Nishina formula . The transferred energy can be directly obtained from the scattering angle from the conservation of energy and momentum . Rayleigh scattering ( edit ) Rayleigh scattering is the dominant elastic scattering mechanism in the X-ray regime . Inelastic forward scattering gives rise to the refractive index , which for X-rays is only slightly below 1 . Production ( edit ) Whenever charged particles ( electrons or ions ) of sufficient energy hit a material , X-rays are produced . Production by electrons ( edit ) Characteristic X-ray emission lines for some common anode materials . Anode material Atomic number Photon energy ( keV ) Wavelength ( nm ) 74 59.3 67.2 0.0209 0.0184 Mo 42 17.5 19.6 0.0709 0.0632 Cu 29 8.05 8.91 0.154 0.139 Ag 47 22.2 24.9 0.0559 0.0497 Ga 31 9.25 10.26 0.134 0.121 In 49 24.2 27.3 0.0512 0.455 Spectrum of the X-rays emitted by an X-ray tube with a rhodium target , operated at 60 kV . The smooth , continuous curve is due to bremsstrahlung , and the spikes are characteristic K lines for rhodium atoms . X-rays can be generated by an X-ray tube , a vacuum tube that uses a high voltage to accelerate the electrons released by a hot cathode to a high velocity . The high velocity electrons collide with a metal target , the anode , creating the X-rays . In medical X-ray tubes the target is usually tungsten or a more crack - resistant alloy of rhenium ( 5 % ) and tungsten ( 95 % ) , but sometimes molybdenum for more specialized applications , such as when softer X-rays are needed as in mammography . In crystallography , a copper target is most common , with cobalt often being used when fluorescence from iron content in the sample might otherwise present a problem . The maximum energy of the produced X-ray photon is limited by the energy of the incident electron , which is equal to the voltage on the tube times the electron charge , so an 80 kV tube can not create X-rays with an energy greater than 80 keV . When the electrons hit the target , X-rays are created by two different atomic processes : Characteristic X-ray emission ( X-ray fluorescence ) : If the electron has enough energy it can knock an orbital electron out of the inner electron shell of a metal atom , and as a result electrons from higher energy levels then fill up the vacancy and X-ray photons are emitted . This process produces an emission spectrum of X-rays at a few discrete frequencies , sometimes referred to as the spectral lines . The spectral lines generated depend on the target ( anode ) element used and thus are called characteristic lines . Usually these are transitions from upper shells into K shell ( called K lines ) , into L shell ( called L lines ) and so on . Bremsstrahlung : This is radiation given off by the electrons as they are scattered by the strong electric field near the high - Z ( proton number ) nuclei . These X-rays have a continuous spectrum . The intensity of the X-rays increases linearly with decreasing frequency , from zero at the energy of the incident electrons , the voltage on the X-ray tube . So the resulting output of a tube consists of a continuous bremsstrahlung spectrum falling off to zero at the tube voltage , plus several spikes at the characteristic lines . The voltages used in diagnostic X-ray tubes range from roughly 20 kV to 150 kV and thus the highest energies of the X-ray photons range from roughly 20 keV to 150 keV . Both of these X-ray production processes are inefficient , with a production efficiency of only about one percent , and thus most of the electric power consumed by the tube is released as waste heat . When producing a usable flux of X-rays , the X-ray tube must be designed to dissipate the excess heat . Short nanosecond bursts of X-rays peaking at 15 - keV in energy may be reliably produced by peeling pressure - sensitive adhesive tape from its backing in a moderate vacuum . This is likely to be the result of recombination of electrical charges produced by triboelectric charging . The intensity of X-ray triboluminescence is sufficient for it to be used as a source for X-ray imaging . A specialized source of X-rays which is becoming widely used in research is synchrotron radiation , which is generated by particle accelerators . Its unique features are X-ray outputs many orders of magnitude greater than those of X-ray tubes , wide X-ray spectra , excellent collimation , and linear polarization . Production by fast positive ions ( edit ) X-rays can also be produced by fast protons or other positive ions . The proton - induced X-ray emission or particle - induced X-ray emission is widely used as an analytical procedure . For high energies , the production cross section is proportional to Z Z , where Z refers to the atomic number of the ion , Z to that of the target atom . An overview of these cross sections is given in the same reference . Production in lightning and laboratory discharges ( edit ) X-rays are also produced in lightning accompanying terrestrial gamma - ray flashes . The underlying mechanism is the acceleration of electrons in lightning related electric fields and the subsequent production of photons through Bremsstrahlung . This produces photons with energies of some few keV and several tens of MeV . In laboratory discharges with a gap size of approximately 1 meter length and a peak voltage of 1 MV , X-rays with a characteristic energy of 160 keV are observed . A possible explanation is the encounter of two streamers and the production of high - energy run - away electrons ; however , microscopic simulations have shown that the duration of electric field enhancement between two streamers is too short to produce a significantly number of run - away electrons. Recently , it has been proposed that air perturbations in the vicinity of streamers can facilitate the production of run - away electrons and hence of X-rays from discharges . Detectors ( edit ) Main article : X-ray detector X-ray detectors vary in shape and function depending on their purpose . Imaging detectors such as those used for radiography were originally based on photographic plates and later photographic film , but are now mostly replaced by various digital detector types such as image plates and flat panel detectors . For radiation protection direct exposure hazard is often evaluated using ionization chambers , while dosimeters are used to measure the radiation dose a person has been exposed to . X-ray spectra can be measured either by energy dispersive or wavelength dispersive spectrometers . Medical uses ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) X-ray . A chest radiograph of a female , demonstrating a hiatus hernia Since Röntgen 's discovery that X-rays can identify bone structures , X-rays have been used for medical imaging . The first medical use was less than a month after his paper on the subject . Up to 2010 , 5 billion medical imaging examinations had been conducted worldwide . Radiation exposure from medical imaging in 2006 made up about 50 % of total ionizing radiation exposure in the United States . Projectional radiographs ( edit ) Main article : Projectional radiography Plain radiograph of the right knee Projectional radiography is the practice of producing two - dimensional images using x-ray radiation . Bones contain much calcium , which due to its relatively high atomic number absorbs x-rays efficiently . This reduces the amount of X-rays reaching the detector in the shadow of the bones , making them clearly visible on the radiograph . The lungs and trapped gas also show up clearly because of lower absorption compared to tissue , while differences between tissue types are harder to see . Projectional radiographs are useful in the detection of pathology of the skeletal system as well as for detecting some disease processes in soft tissue . Some notable examples are the very common chest X-ray , which can be used to identify lung diseases such as pneumonia , lung cancer , or pulmonary edema , and the abdominal x-ray , which can detect bowel ( or intestinal ) obstruction , free air ( from visceral perforations ) and free fluid ( in ascites ) . X-rays may also be used to detect pathology such as gallstones ( which are rarely radiopaque ) or kidney stones which are often ( but not always ) visible . Traditional plain X-rays are less useful in the imaging of soft tissues such as the brain or muscle . One area where projectional radiographs are used extensively is in evaluating how an orthopedic implant , such as a knee , hip or shoulder replacement , is situated in the body with respect to the surrounding bone . This can be assessed in two dimensions from plain radiographs , or it can be assessed in three dimensions if a technique called ' 2D to 3D registration ' is used . This technique purportedly negates projection errors associated with evaluating implant position from plain radiographs . Dental radiography is commonly used in the diagnoses of common oral problems , such as cavities . In medical diagnostic applications , the low energy ( soft ) X-rays are unwanted , since they are totally absorbed by the body , increasing the radiation dose without contributing to the image . Hence , a thin metal sheet , often of aluminium , called an X-ray filter , is usually placed over the window of the X-ray tube , absorbing the low energy part in the spectrum . This is called hardening the beam since it shifts the center of the spectrum towards higher energy ( or harder ) x-rays . To generate an image of the cardiovascular system , including the arteries and veins ( angiography ) an initial image is taken of the anatomical region of interest . A second image is then taken of the same region after an iodinated contrast agent has been injected into the blood vessels within this area . These two images are then digitally subtracted , leaving an image of only the iodinated contrast outlining the blood vessels . The radiologist or surgeon then compares the image obtained to normal anatomical images to determine whether there is any damage or blockage of the vessel . Computed tomography ( edit ) Head CT scan ( transverse plane ) slice - -- a modern application of medical radiography Computed tomography ( CT scanning ) is a medical imaging modality where tomographic images or slices of specific areas of the body are obtained from a large series of two - dimensional X-ray images taken in different directions . These cross-sectional images can be combined into a three - dimensional image of the inside of the body and used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in various medical disciplines . Fluoroscopy ( edit ) Fluoroscopy is an imaging technique commonly used by physicians or radiation therapists to obtain real - time moving images of the internal structures of a patient through the use of a fluoroscope . In its simplest form , a fluoroscope consists of an X-ray source and a fluorescent screen , between which a patient is placed . However , modern fluoroscopes couple the screen to an X-ray image intensifier and CCD video camera allowing the images to be recorded and played on a monitor . This method may use a contrast material . Examples include cardiac catheterization ( to examine for coronary artery blockages ) and barium swallow ( to examine for esophageal disorders and swallowing disorders ) . Radiotherapy ( edit ) The use of X-rays as a treatment is known as radiation therapy and is largely used for the management ( including palliation ) of cancer ; it requires higher radiation doses than those received for imaging alone . X-rays beams are used for treating skin cancers using lower energy x-ray beams while higher energy beams are used for treating cancers within the body such as brain , lung , prostate , and breast . Adverse effects ( edit ) Abdominal radiograph of a pregnant woman , a procedure that should be performed only after proper assessment of benefit versus risk Deformity of hand due to an X-ray burn . These burns are accidents . X-rays were not shielded when they were first discovered and used , and people received radiation burns . Diagnostic X-rays ( primarily from CT scans due to the large dose used ) increase the risk of developmental problems and cancer in those exposed . X-rays are classified as a carcinogen by both the World Health Organization 's International Agency for Research on Cancer and the U.S. government . It is estimated that 0.4 % of current cancers in the United States are due to computed tomography ( CT scans ) performed in the past and that this may increase to as high as 1.5 - 2 % with 2007 rates of CT usage . Experimental and epidemiological data currently do not support the proposition that there is a threshold dose of radiation below which there is no increased risk of cancer . However , this is under increasing doubt . It is estimated that the additional radiation will increase a person 's cumulative risk of getting cancer by age 75 by 0.6 -- 1.8 % . The amount of absorbed radiation depends upon the type of X-ray test and the body part involved . CT and fluoroscopy entail higher doses of radiation than do plain X-rays . To place the increased risk in perspective , a plain chest X-ray will expose a person to the same amount from background radiation that people are exposed to ( depending upon location ) every day over 10 days , while exposure from a dental X-ray is approximately equivalent to 1 day of environmental background radiation . Each such X-ray would add less than 1 per 1,000,000 to the lifetime cancer risk . An abdominal or chest CT would be the equivalent to 2 -- 3 years of background radiation to the whole body , or 4 -- 5 years to the abdomen or chest , increasing the lifetime cancer risk between 1 per 1,000 to 1 per 10,000 . This is compared to the roughly 40 % chance of a US citizen developing cancer during their lifetime . For instance , the effective dose to the torso from a CT scan of the chest is about 5 mSv , and the absorbed dose is about 14 mGy . A head CT scan ( 1.5 mSv , 64mGy ) that is performed once with and once without contrast agent , would be equivalent to 40 years of background radiation to the head . Accurate estimation of effective doses due to CT is difficult with the estimation uncertainty range of about ± 19 % to ± 32 % for adult head scans depending upon the method used . The risk of radiation is greater to a fetus , so in pregnant patients , the benefits of the investigation ( X-ray ) should be balanced with the potential hazards to the fetus . In the US , there are an estimated 62 million CT scans performed annually , including more than 4 million on children . Avoiding unnecessary X-rays ( especially CT scans ) reduces radiation dose and any associated cancer risk . Medical X-rays are a significant source of man - made radiation exposure . In 1987 , they accounted for 58 % of exposure from man - made sources in the United States . Since man - made sources accounted for only 18 % of the total radiation exposure , most of which came from natural sources ( 82 % ) , medical X-rays only accounted for 10 % of total American radiation exposure ; medical procedures as a whole ( including nuclear medicine ) accounted for 14 % of total radiation exposure . By 2006 , however , medical procedures in the United States were contributing much more ionizing radiation than was the case in the early 1980s . In 2006 , medical exposure constituted nearly half of the total radiation exposure of the U.S. population from all sources . The increase is traceable to the growth in the use of medical imaging procedures , in particular computed tomography ( CT ) , and to the growth in the use of nuclear medicine . Dosage due to dental X-rays varies significantly depending on the procedure and the technology ( film or digital ) . Depending on the procedure and the technology , a single dental X-ray of a human results in an exposure of 0.5 to 4 mrem . A full mouth series of X-rays may result in an exposure of up to 6 ( digital ) to 18 ( film ) mrem , for a yearly average of up to 40 mrem . Financial incentives have been shown to have a significant impact on X-ray use with doctors who are paid a separate fee for each X-ray providing more X-rays . Other uses ( edit ) Other notable uses of X-rays include Each dot , called a reflection , in this diffraction pattern forms from the constructive interference of scattered X-rays passing through a crystal . The data can be used to determine the crystalline structure . X-ray crystallography in which the pattern produced by the diffraction of X-rays through the closely spaced lattice of atoms in a crystal is recorded and then analysed to reveal the nature of that lattice . In the early 1990s , experiments were done in which layers a few atoms thick of two different materials were deposited in a Thue - Morse sequence . The resulting object was found to yield X-ray diffraction patterns . A related technique , fiber diffraction , was used by Rosalind Franklin to discover the double helical structure of DNA . X-ray astronomy , which is an observational branch of astronomy , which deals with the study of X-ray emission from celestial objects . X-ray microscopic analysis , which uses electromagnetic radiation in the soft X-ray band to produce images of very small objects . X-ray fluorescence , a technique in which X-rays are generated within a specimen and detected . The outgoing energy of the X-ray can be used to identify the composition of the sample . Industrial radiography uses X-rays for inspection of industrial parts , particularly welds . Using X-ray for inspection and quality control : the differences in the structures of the die and bond wires reveal the left chip to be counterfeit . Authentication and quality control , X-ray is used for authentication and quality control of packaged items . Industrial CT ( computed tomography ) is a process which uses X-ray equipment to produce three - dimensional representations of components both externally and internally . This is accomplished through computer processing of projection images of the scanned object in many directions . Paintings are often X-rayed to reveal underdrawings and pentimenti , alterations in the course of painting or by later restorers . Many pigments such as lead white show well in radiographs . X-ray spectromicroscopy has been used to analyse the reactions of pigments in paintings . For example , in analysing colour degradation in the paintings of van Gogh Airport security luggage scanners use X-rays for inspecting the interior of luggage for security threats before loading on aircraft . Border control truck scanners use X-rays for inspecting the interior of trucks . X-ray fine art photography of needlefish by Peter Dazeley X-ray art and fine art photography , artistic use of X-rays , for example the works by Stane Jagodič X-ray hair removal , a method popular in the 1920s but now banned by the FDA . Shoe - fitting fluoroscopes were popularized in the 1920s , banned in the US in the 1960s , banned in the UK in the 1970s , and even later in continental Europe . Roentgen stereophotogrammetry is used to track movement of bones based on the implantation of markers X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is a chemical analysis technique relying on the photoelectric effect , usually employed in surface science . Radiation implosion is the use of high energy X-rays generated from a fission explosion ( an A-bomb ) to compress nuclear fuel to the point of fusion ignition ( an H - bomb ) . Visibility ( edit ) While generally considered invisible to the human eye , in special circumstances X-rays can be visible . Brandes , in an experiment a short time after Röntgen 's landmark 1895 paper , reported after dark adaptation and placing his eye close to an X-ray tube , seeing a faint `` blue - gray '' glow which seemed to originate within the eye itself . Upon hearing this , Röntgen reviewed his record books and found he too had seen the effect . When placing an X-ray tube on the opposite side of a wooden door Röntgen had noted the same blue glow , seeming to emanate from the eye itself , but thought his observations to be spurious because he only saw the effect when he used one type of tube . Later he realized that the tube which had created the effect was the only one powerful enough to make the glow plainly visible and the experiment was thereafter readily repeatable . The knowledge that X-rays are actually faintly visible to the dark - adapted naked eye has largely been forgotten today ; this is probably due to the desire not to repeat what would now be seen as a recklessly dangerous and potentially harmful experiment with ionizing radiation . It is not known what exact mechanism in the eye produces the visibility : it could be due to conventional detection ( excitation of rhodopsin molecules in the retina ) , direct excitation of retinal nerve cells , or secondary detection via , for instance , X-ray induction of phosphorescence in the eyeball with conventional retinal detection of the secondarily produced visible light . Though X-rays are otherwise invisible , it is possible to see the ionization of the air molecules if the intensity of the X-ray beam is high enough . The beamline from the wiggler at the ID11 at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility is one example of such high intensity . Units of measure and exposure ( edit ) The measure of X-rays ionizing ability is called the exposure : The coulomb per kilogram ( C / kg ) is the SI unit of ionizing radiation exposure , and it is the amount of radiation required to create one coulomb of charge of each polarity in one kilogram of matter . The roentgen ( R ) is an obsolete traditional unit of exposure , which represented the amount of radiation required to create one electrostatic unit of charge of each polarity in one cubic centimeter of dry air . 1 roentgen = 2.58 × 10 C / kg . However , the effect of ionizing radiation on matter ( especially living tissue ) is more closely related to the amount of energy deposited into them rather than the charge generated . This measure of energy absorbed is called the absorbed dose : The gray ( Gy ) , which has units of ( joules / kilogram ) , is the SI unit of absorbed dose , and it is the amount of radiation required to deposit one joule of energy in one kilogram of any kind of matter . The rad is the ( obsolete ) corresponding traditional unit , equal to 10 millijoules of energy deposited per kilogram. 100 rad = 1 gray . The equivalent dose is the measure of the biological effect of radiation on human tissue . For X-rays it is equal to the absorbed dose . The Roentgen equivalent man ( rem ) is the traditional unit of equivalent dose . For X-rays it is equal to the rad , or , in other words , 10 millijoules of energy deposited per kilogram. 100 rem = 1 Sv . The sievert ( Sv ) is the SI unit of equivalent dose , and also of effective dose . For X-rays the `` equivalent dose '' is numerically equal to a Gray ( Gy ) . 1 Sv = 1 Gy . For the `` effective dose '' of X-rays , it is usually not equal to the Gray ( Gy ) . Radiation related quantities view ‧ talk ‧ edit Quantity Unit Symbol Derivation Year SI equivalence Activity ( A ) curie Ci 3.7 × 10 s 1953 3.7 × 10 Bq becquerel Bq s SI rutherford Rd 10 s 1946 1,000,000 Bq Exposure ( X ) röntgen esu / 0.001293 g of air 1928 2.58 × 10 C / kg Fluence ( Φ ) ( reciprocal area ) m 1962 SI Absorbed dose ( D ) erg erg ⋅ g 1950 1.0 × 10 Gy rad rad 100 erg ⋅ g 1953 0.010 Gy gray Gy J ⋅ kg SI Dose equivalent ( H ) röntgen equivalent man rem 100 erg ⋅ g 1971 0.010 Sv sievert Sv J ⋅ kg × W 1977 SI See also ( edit ) Medical portal Physics portal Abnormal reflection Backscatter X-ray Detective quantum efficiency High - energy X-rays N ray Neutron radiation NuSTAR Radiographer Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering ( RIXS ) Small - angle X-ray scattering ( SAXS ) X-ray absorption spectroscopy X-ray marker X-ray nanoprobe X-ray reflectivity X-ray vision X-ray welding Macintyre 's X-Ray Film -- 1896 documentary radiography film The X-Rays -- 1897 British short silent comedy film References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` X-Rays '' . 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GND : 4129728 - 3 NARA : 10645918 NDL : 00561905 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=X-ray&oldid=854423956 '' Categories : X-rays Electromagnetic spectrum IARC Group 1 carcinogens Ionizing radiation Medical physics Radiography Wilhelm Röntgen 1895 in science 1895 in Germany Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2016 Articles needing additional references from November 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 贛 語 ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Лакку Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Ligure Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Patois Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 99 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 07 : 22 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who invented the photographic effect that is known as x-rays | [
"X-rays make up X-radiation, a form of electromagnetic radiation. Most X-rays have a wavelength ranging from 0.01 to 10 nanometers, corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 petahertz to 30 exahertz (3×1016 Hz to 3×1019 Hz) and energies in the range 100 eV to 100 keV. X-ray wavelengths are shorter than those of UV rays and typically longer than those of gamma rays. In many languages, X-radiation is referred to with terms meaning Röntgen radiation, after the German scientist Wilhelm Röntgen,[1] who usually is credited as its discoverer, and who named it X-radiation to signify an unknown type of radiation.[2] Spelling of X-ray(s) in the English language includes the variants x-ray(s), xray(s), and X ray(s).[3]\n"
] | [
"Wilhelm Röntgen"
] |
-7064273984272878634 | Morning Has Broken | Morning Has Broken - wikipedia Morning Has Broken Jump to : navigation , search Morning Has Broken by same as for Bunessan Genre Christian hymn Text Eleanor Farjeon Language English Melody Bunessan ( hymn tune ) Performed 1931 ( 1931 ) `` Morning Has Broken '' is a popular and well - known Christian hymn first published in 1931 . It has words by English author Eleanor Farjeon and was inspired by the village of Alfriston in East Sussex , then set to a traditional Scottish Gaelic tune known as `` Bunessan '' ( it shares this tune with the 19th century Christmas Carol `` Child in the Manger '' ) . It is often sung in children 's services . English pop musician and folk singer Cat Stevens included a version on his 1971 album Teaser and the Firecat . The song became identified with Stevens due to the popularity of this recording . It reached number six on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 , number one on the U.S. easy listening chart in 1972 , and number four on the Canadian RPM Magazine charts . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Cat Stevens recording 3 Chart history 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 Other versions 5 In other media 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Origins ( edit ) The hymn originally appeared in the second edition of Songs of Praise ( published in 1931 ) , to the tune `` Bunessan , '' composed in the Scottish Islands . In Songs of Praise Discussed , the editor , Percy Dearmer , explains that as there was need for a hymn to give thanks for each day , English poet and children 's author Eleanor Farjeon had been `` asked to make a poem to fit the lovely Scottish tune . '' A slight variation on the original hymn , also written by Eleanor Farjeon , can be found in the form of a poem contributed to the anthology Children 's Bells , under Farjeon 's new title , `` A Morning Song ( For the First Day of Spring ) , '' published by Oxford University Press in 1957 . The song is noted in 9 / 4 time but with a 3 / 4 feel . `` Bunessan '' had been found in L. McBean 's Songs and Hymns of the Gael , published in 1900 . Before Farjeon 's words , the tune was used as a Christmas carol , which began `` Child in the manger , Infant of Mary , '' translated from the Scottish Gaelic lyrics written by Mary MacDonald . The English - language Roman Catholic hymnal also uses the tune for the James Quinn hymns , `` Christ Be Beside Me '' and `` This Day God Gives Me , '' both of which were adapted from the traditional Irish hymn St. Patrick 's Breastplate . Another Christian hymn , `` Baptized In Water , '' borrows the tune . Cat Stevens recording ( edit ) `` Morning Has Broken '' Single by Cat Stevens from the album Teaser and the Firecat Released 7 Jan 1972 Format 7 '' Recorded 1971 Genre Soft rock , gospel Length 3 : 20 Label Island Songwriter ( s ) Lyrics : Eleanor Farjeon Music : Bunessan ( traditional ) Additional music : Rick Wakeman Producer ( s ) Paul Samwell - Smith Cat Stevens singles chronology `` Peace Train '' ( 1971 ) `` Morning Has Broken '' ( 1972 ) `` Ca n't Keep It In '' ( 1972 ) `` Peace Train '' ( 1971 ) `` Morning Has Broken '' ( 1972 ) `` Ca n't Keep It In '' ( 1972 ) Writing credit for `` Morning Has Broken '' has occasionally been erroneously attributed to Cat Stevens , who popularised the song abroad . The familiar piano arrangement on Stevens ' recording was composed and performed by Rick Wakeman , a classically trained keyboardist best known for his tenure in the English progressive rock band Yes . When shaping `` Morning Has Broken '' for recording , Stevens had to start with a hymn which took around 45 seconds to sing in its basic form . Producer Paul Samwell - Smith told him he could never put something like that on an album , and that it needed to be at least three minutes , although an acoustic demo exists of Stevens playing an early version which lasts almost three minutes . Prior to the actual recording Stevens heard Wakeman play something in the recording booth . It was a rough sketch of what would later become `` Catherine Howard . '' Stevens told Wakeman that he liked it and wanted something similar as the opening section , the closing section and , if possible , a middle section as well . Wakeman told Stevens he could not as it was his piece destined for a solo album , but Stevens persuaded him to adapt his composition . The familiar piano intro and general structure of the piece may be attributed to Stevens or to Wakeman . In 2000 , Wakeman released an instrumental version of `` Morning Has Broken '' on an album of the same title . That same year he gave an interview on BBC Radio 5 Live in which he said he had agreed to perform on the Cat Stevens track for £ 10 and was `` shattered '' to be omitted from the credits , adding that he never received the money either . On his return to performance as Yusuf Islam , Stevens made a payment to Wakeman and apologized for the original non-payment , which arose from confusion and a misunderstanding on the record label 's part . On a documentary aired on British television Wakeman stated that he felt Stevens 's version of `` Morning Has Broken '' was a very beautiful piece of music that had brought people closer to religious truth . He expressed satisfaction in having contributed to this . The first , second , and fourth verses of the song are played in C major , while the instrumental introduction , third verse , and the instrumental ending are played in D major . Chart history ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 ) Peak position Australia KMR Canada RPM Top Singles Canada RPM Adult Contemporary 11 Ireland ( IRMA ) 6 Netherlands 5 Norway New Zealand UK ( OCC ) 9 US Billboard Hot 100 6 US Billboard Adult Contemporary US Cash Box Top 100 11 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 ) Rank Australia 28 Canada 22 UK 97 US Billboard Hot 100 44 Other versions ( edit ) Although some sources report that the song was released on Floyd Cramer 's 1961 album Last Date , discographies of the artist demonstrate that the song is not on that album . In fact , Cramer did not record the song until 1972 , when he used the arrangement that he attributed to Cat Stevens . The song has been recorded by numerous other artists , including Steven Curtis Chapman , Judy Collins , Michael Card , Floyd Cramer , Dana , Neil Diamond , Órla Fallon , Art Garfunkel , Ellen Greene , Esther Ofarim , Daliah Lavi , Joe Longthorne , Jojje Wadenius & Anni - Frid Lyngstad ( 2010 ) , the Mormon Tabernacle Choir , Nana Mouskouri , Aaron Neville , Kenny Rogers and the First Edition , Joseph McManners , Sister Janet Mead , Mary O'Hara , Demis Roussos , Third Day , Pam Tillis , Hayley Westenra , Roger Whittaker , 2nd Chapter of Acts , Libera ( choir ) , Richard Souther and Dana Winner . In November 2008 , the Teaser and the Firecat album was re-issued in a deluxe CD version which includes the original demo of `` Morning Has Broken . '' More recently , `` Morning Has Broken '' was used in a television advertisement for London 's Great Ormond Street Hospital . In other media ( edit ) Pushing Daisies , TV series , 2007 -- 2009 , Season 1 , Episode 7 , `` Smell of Success '' See also ( edit ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1972 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Morning Has Broken '' . Hymnary.org . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Child in the Manger '' . Hymntime.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1996 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits , 6th Ed . ( Billboard Publications ) , Jump up ^ Percy Dearmer , Songs of Praise Discussed , p. 16 Jump up ^ http://www.45cat.com/record/wip6121 Jump up ^ Moore , Roger ( 30 October 2014 ) . `` Radcliffe swaps magic wand for skull protrusions in ' Horns ' '' . TBO.com . Retrieved 1 November 2014 . When you set aside time for sex scenes , a cover of Cat Stevens ' `` Morning Has Broken '' treated as a hymn in church and drag out the post-climax ending , you 're overstaying your welcome . Jump up ^ `` Cat Stevens - Morning Has Broken ( Demo ) '' . YouTube . 2013 - 11 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 11 - 04 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Morning Has Broken '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Flavour of New Zealand , 15 May 1972 Jump up ^ http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/37679/cat-stevens/ Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/archive/charts/1972/adult-contemporary Billboard Adult Contemporary Chart Archive , May 13 , 1972 Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles , June 10 , 1972 Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com Jump up ^ `` Floyd Cramer '' . Rocky-52.net . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Reconnection / Georg Wadenius '' ( in Swedish ) . Svensk mediedatabas. 2010 . Retrieved 10 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Recorded on the album Angels Sing : Libera in America Jump up ^ `` Smell of Success '' . The CW . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( contains errors ) ( hide ) Cat Stevens / Yusuf Islam / Yusuf Studio pop albums As Cat Stevens Matthew and Son New Masters Mona Bone Jakon Tea for the Tillerman Teaser and the Firecat Catch Bull at Four Foreigner Buddha and the Chocolate Box Numbers Izitso Back to Earth As Yusuf An Other Cup Roadsinger Tell ' Em I 'm Gone Live albums Saturnight Majikat Spiritual albums The Life of the Last Prophet Prayers of the Last Prophet A Is for Allah I Look I See Footsteps in the Light Compilations Greatest Hits Footsteps in the Dark : Greatest Hits , Vol. 2 The Very Best of Cat Stevens Gold I Have No Cannons That Roar Singles `` I Love My Dog '' `` Matthew And Son '' `` I 'm Gonna Get Me A Gun '' `` A Bad Night '' `` Lady D'Arbanville '' `` Father And Son '' `` Wild World '' `` Moonshadow '' `` Peace Train '' `` Morning Has Broken '' `` Another Saturday Night '' `` Oh Very Young '' Other songs `` Blue Monday '' `` Boots and Sand '' `` Do n't Let Me Be Misunderstood '' `` The First Cut Is The Deepest '' `` I Think I See The Light '' `` Here Comes My Baby '' `` Banapple Gas '' `` ( I Never Wanted ) To Be A Star '' `` If You Want To Sing Out , Sing Out '' `` Into White '' `` Trouble '' `` Where Do The Children Play ? '' Categories Albums Compilation albums Live albums Songs Songs written by Cat Stevens Related topics Discography Harold and Maude ( soundtrack ) Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morning_Has_Broken&oldid=804029262 '' Categories : 1972 singles Anni - Frid Lyngstad songs Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Cat Stevens songs English Christian hymns Island Records singles Song recordings produced by Paul Samwell - Smith Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Deutsch فارسی Français Gàidhlig Nederlands Norsk Svenska Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 07 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played piano on cat stevens morning has broken | [
"Writing credit for \"Morning Has Broken\" has occasionally been erroneously attributed to Cat Stevens,[6] who popularised the song abroad. The familiar piano arrangement on Stevens' recording was composed and performed by Rick Wakeman, a classically trained keyboardist best known for his tenure in the English progressive rock band Yes."
] | [
"Rick Wakeman"
] |
3816224246006130680 | Lithium | Lithium - wikipedia Lithium Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the chemical element . For the use of lithium as a medication , see Lithium ( medication ) . For other uses , see Lithium ( disambiguation ) . It has been suggested that Lithium as an investment be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since June 2017 . Lithium , Li Lithium floating in oil General properties Pronunciation / ˈlɪθiəm / LI - thee - əm Appearance silvery - white Standard atomic weight ( A ) ( 7000693800000000000 ♠ 6.938 , 7000699700000000000 ♠ 6.997 ) conventional : 7000694000000000000 ♠ 6.94 Lithium in the periodic table Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury ( element ) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson ↑ Li ↓ Na helium ← lithium → beryllium Atomic number ( Z ) Group , period group 1 ( alkali metals ) , period 2 Block s - block Element category alkali metal Electron configuration ( He ) 2s Electrons per shell 2 , 1 Physical properties Phase ( at STP ) solid Melting point 453.65 K ( 180.50 ° C , 356.90 ° F ) Boiling point 1603 K ( 1330 ° C , 2426 ° F ) Density ( near r.t. ) 0.534 g / cm when liquid ( at m.p. ) 0.512 g / cm Critical point 3220 K , 67 MPa ( extrapolated ) Heat of fusion 3.00 kJ / mol Heat of vaporization 136 kJ / mol Molar heat capacity 24.860 J / ( mol K ) Vapor pressure P ( Pa ) 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T ( K ) 797 885 995 1144 1337 1610 Atomic properties Oxidation states + 1 ( a strongly basic oxide ) Electronegativity Pauling scale : 0.98 Ionization energies 1st : 520.2 kJ / mol 2nd : 7298.1 kJ / mol 3rd : 11815.0 kJ / mol Atomic radius empirical : 152 pm Covalent radius 128 ± 7 pm Van der Waals radius 182 pm Spectral lines Miscellanea Crystal structure body - centered cubic ( bcc ) Speed of sound thin rod 6000 m / s ( at 20 ° C ) Thermal expansion 46 μm / ( m K ) ( at 25 ° C ) Thermal conductivity 84.8 W / ( m K ) Electrical resistivity 92.8 nΩ m ( at 20 ° C ) Magnetic ordering paramagnetic Magnetic susceptibility + 14.2 10 cm / mol ( 298 K ) Young 's modulus 4.9 GPa Shear modulus 4.2 GPa Bulk modulus 11 GPa Mohs hardness 0.6 Brinell hardness 5 MPa CAS Number 7439 - 93 - 2 History Discovery Johan August Arfwedson ( 1817 ) First isolation William Thomas Brande ( 1821 ) Main isotopes of lithium Isotope Abundance Half - life ( t ) Decay mode Product Li 5 % stable Li 95 % stable Li content may be as low as 3.75 % in natural samples . Li would therefore have a content of up to 96.25 % . view talk references in Wikidata Lithium ( from Greek : λίθος lithos , `` stone '' ) is a chemical element with symbol Li and atomic number 3 . It is a soft , silvery - white alkali metal . Under standard conditions , it is the lightest metal and the lightest solid element . Like all alkali metals , lithium is highly reactive and flammable , and is stored in mineral oil . When cut open , it exhibits a metallic luster , but moist air corrodes it quickly to a dull silvery gray , then black tarnish . It never occurs freely in nature , but only in ( usually ionic ) compounds , such as pegmatitic minerals which were once the main source of lithium . Due to its solubility as an ion , it is present in ocean water and is commonly obtained from brines . Lithium metal is isolated electrolytically from a mixture of lithium chloride and potassium chloride . The nucleus of the lithium atom verges on instability , since the two stable lithium isotopes found in nature have among the lowest binding energies per nucleon of all stable nuclides . Because of its relative nuclear instability , lithium is less common in the solar system than 25 of the first 32 chemical elements even though its nuclei are very light : it is an exception to the trend that heavier nuclei are less common . For related reasons , lithium has important uses in nuclear physics . The transmutation of lithium atoms to helium in 1932 was the first fully man - made nuclear reaction , and lithium deuteride serves as a fusion fuel in staged thermonuclear weapons . Lithium and its compounds have several industrial applications , including heat - resistant glass and ceramics , lithium grease lubricants , flux additives for iron , steel and aluminium production , lithium batteries , and lithium - ion batteries . These uses consume more than three quarters of lithium production . Lithium is present in biological systems in trace amounts ; its functions are uncertain . Lithium salts have proven to be useful as a mood - stabilizing drug in the treatment of bipolar disorder in humans . Contents ( hide ) 1 Properties 1.1 Atomic and physical 1.2 Chemistry and compounds 1.3 Isotopes 2 Occurrence 2.1 Astronomical 2.2 Terrestrial 2.3 Biological 3 History 4 Production 4.1 Reserves 4.2 Pricing 4.3 Extraction 5 Uses 5.1 Ceramics and glass 5.2 Electrical and electronics 5.3 Lubricating greases 5.4 Metallurgy 5.5 Silicon nano - welding 5.6 Other chemical and industrial uses 5.6. 1 Pyrotechnics 5.6. 2 Air purification 5.6. 3 Optics 5.6. 4 Organic and polymer chemistry 5.6. 5 Military applications 5.7 Nuclear 5.8 Medicine 6 Biological role 7 Precautions 7.1 Regulation 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Properties ( edit ) Atomic and physical ( edit ) Lithium ingots with a thin layer of black nitride tarnish Like the other alkali metals , lithium has a single valence electron that is easily given up to form a cation . Because of this , lithium is a good conductor of heat and electricity as well as a highly reactive element , though it is the least reactive of the alkali metals . Lithium 's low reactivity is due to the proximity of its valence electron to its nucleus ( the remaining two electrons are in the 1s orbital , much lower in energy , and do not participate in chemical bonds ) . Lithium metal is soft enough to be cut with a knife . When cut , it possesses a silvery - white color that quickly changes to gray as it oxidizes to lithium oxide . While it has one of the lowest melting points among all metals ( 180 ° C ) , it has the highest melting and boiling points of the alkali metals . Lithium has a very low density ( 0.534 g / cm ) , comparable with pine wood . It is the least dense of all elements that are solids at room temperature ; the next lightest solid element ( potassium , at 0.862 g / cm ) is more than 60 % denser . Furthermore , apart from helium and hydrogen , it is less dense than any liquid element , being only two thirds as dense as liquid nitrogen ( 0.808 g / cm ) . Lithium can float on the lightest hydrocarbon oils and is one of only three metals that can float on water , the other two being sodium and potassium . Lithium floating in oil Lithium 's coefficient of thermal expansion is twice that of aluminium and almost four times that of iron . Lithium is superconductive below 400 μK at standard pressure and at higher temperatures ( more than 9 K ) at very high pressures ( > 20 GPa ) . At temperatures below 70 K , lithium , like sodium , undergoes diffusionless phase change transformations . At 4.2 K it has a rhombohedral crystal system ( with a nine - layer repeat spacing ) ; at higher temperatures it transforms to face - centered cubic and then body - centered cubic . At liquid - helium temperatures ( 4 K ) the rhombohedral structure is prevalent . Multiple allotropic forms have been identified for lithium at high pressures . Lithium has a mass specific heat capacity of 3.58 kilojoules per kilogram - kelvin , the highest of all solids . Because of this , lithium metal is often used in coolants for heat transfer applications . Chemistry and compounds ( edit ) Lithium reacts with water easily , but with noticeably less vigor than other alkali metals . The reaction forms hydrogen gas and lithium hydroxide in aqueous solution . Because of its reactivity with water , lithium is usually stored in a hydrocarbon sealant , often petroleum jelly . Though the heavier alkali metals can be stored in more dense substances , such as mineral oil , lithium is not dense enough to be fully submerged in these liquids . In moist air , lithium rapidly tarnishes to form a black coating of lithium hydroxide ( LiOH and LiOH H O ) , lithium nitride ( Li N ) and lithium carbonate ( Li CO , the result of a secondary reaction between LiOH and CO ) . Hexameric structure of the n - butyllithium fragment in a crystal When placed over a flame , lithium compounds give off a striking crimson color , but when it burns strongly the flame becomes a brilliant silver . Lithium will ignite and burn in oxygen when exposed to water or water vapors . Lithium is flammable , and it is potentially explosive when exposed to air and especially to water , though less so than the other alkali metals . The lithium - water reaction at normal temperatures is brisk but nonviolent because the hydrogen produced does not ignite on its own . As with all alkali metals , lithium fires are difficult to extinguish , requiring dry powder fire extinguishers ( Class D type ) . Lithium is one of the few metals that react with nitrogen under normal conditions . Lithium has a diagonal relationship with magnesium , an element of similar atomic and ionic radius . Chemical resemblances between the two metals include the formation of a nitride by reaction with N , the formation of an oxide ( Li 2O ) and peroxide ( Li 2O 2 ) when burnt in O , salts with similar solubilities , and thermal instability of the carbonates and nitrides . The metal reacts with hydrogen gas at high temperatures to produce lithium hydride ( LiH ) . Other known binary compounds include halides ( LiF , LiCl , LiBr , LiI ) , sulfide ( Li 2S ) , superoxide ( LiO 2 ) , and carbide ( Li 2 ) . Many other inorganic compounds are known in which lithium combines with anions to form salts : borates , amides , carbonate , nitrate , or borohydride ( LiBH 4 ) . Lithium aluminium hydride ( LiAlH 4 ) is commonly used as a reducing agent in organic synthesis . Multiple organolithium reagents are known in which there is a direct bond between carbon and lithium atoms , effectively creating a carbanion . These are extremely powerful bases and nucleophiles . In many of these organolithium compounds , the lithium ions tend to aggregate into high - symmetry clusters by themselves , which is relatively common for alkali cations . LiHe , a very weakly interacting van der Waals compound , has been detected at very low temperatures . Isotopes ( edit ) Main article : Isotopes of lithium Naturally occurring lithium is composed of two stable isotopes , Li and Li , the latter being the more abundant ( 92.5 % natural abundance ) . Both natural isotopes have anomalously low nuclear binding energy per nucleon ( compared to the neighboring elements on the periodic table , helium and beryllium ) ; lithium is the only low numbered element that can produce net energy through nuclear fission . The two lithium nuclei have lower binding energies per nucleon than any other stable nuclides other than deuterium and helium - 3 . As a result of this , though very light in atomic weight , lithium is less common in the Solar System than 25 of the first 32 chemical elements . Seven radioisotopes have been characterized , the most stable being Li with a half - life of 838 ms and Li with a half - life of 178 ms . All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half - lives that are shorter than 8.6 ms . The shortest - lived isotope of lithium is Li , which decays through proton emission and has a half - life of 7.6 × 10 s . Li is one of the primordial elements ( or , more properly , primordial nuclides ) produced in Big Bang nucleosynthesis . A small amount of both Li and Li are produced in stars , but are thought to be `` burned '' as fast as produced . Additional small amounts of lithium of both Li and Li may be generated from solar wind , cosmic rays hitting heavier atoms , and from early solar system Be and Be radioactive decay . While lithium is created in stars during stellar nucleosynthesis , it is further burned . Li can also be generated in carbon stars . Lithium isotopes fractionate substantially during a wide variety of natural processes , including mineral formation ( chemical precipitation ) , metabolism , and ion exchange . Lithium ions substitute for magnesium and iron in octahedral sites in clay minerals , where Li is preferred to Li , resulting in enrichment of the light isotope in processes of hyperfiltration and rock alteration . The exotic Li is known to exhibit a nuclear halo . The process known as laser isotope separation can be used to separate lithium isotopes , in particular Li from Li . Nuclear weapons manufacture and other nuclear physics applications are a major source of artificial lithium fractionation , with the light isotope Li being retained by industry and military stockpiles to such an extent that it has caused slight but measurable change in the Li to Li ratios in natural sources , such as rivers . This has led to unusual uncertainty in the standardized atomic weight of lithium , since this quantity depends on the natural abundance ratios of these naturally - occurring stable lithium isotopes , as they are available in commercial lithium mineral sources . Both stable isotopes of lithium can be laser cooled and were used to produce the first quantum degenerate Bose - Fermi mixture . Occurrence ( edit ) Lithium is about as common as chlorine in the Earth 's upper continental crust , on a per - atom basis . Astronomical ( edit ) Main article : Nucleosynthesis According to modern cosmological theory , lithium -- in both stable isotopes ( lithium - 6 and lithium - 7 ) -- was one of the 3 elements synthesized in the Big Bang . Though the amount of lithium generated in Big Bang nucleosynthesis is dependent upon the number of photons per baryon , for accepted values the lithium abundance can be calculated , and there is a `` cosmological lithium discrepancy '' in the Universe : older stars seem to have less lithium than they should , and some younger stars have much more . The lack of lithium in older stars is apparently caused by the `` mixing '' of lithium into the interior of stars , where it is destroyed , while lithium is produced in younger stars . Though it transmutes into two atoms of helium due to collision with a proton at temperatures above 2.4 million degrees Celsius ( most stars easily attain this temperature in their interiors ) , lithium is more abundant than current computations would predict in later - generation stars . Nova Centauri 2013 is the first in which evidence of lithium has been found . Though it was one of the three first elements to be synthesized in the Big Bang , lithium , together with beryllium and boron , is markedly less abundant than other elements . This is a result of the low temperature necessary to destroy lithium , and a lack of common processes to produce it . Lithium is also found in brown dwarf substellar objects and certain anomalous orange stars . Because lithium is present in cooler , less - massive brown dwarfs , but is destroyed in hotter red dwarf stars , its presence in the stars ' spectra can be used in the `` lithium test '' to differentiate the two , as both are smaller than the Sun . Certain orange stars can also contain a high concentration of lithium . Those orange stars found to have a higher than usual concentration of lithium ( such as Centaurus X-4 ) orbit massive objects -- neutron stars or black holes -- whose gravity evidently pulls heavier lithium to the surface of a hydrogen - helium star , causing more lithium to be observed . Terrestrial ( edit ) Lithium mine production ( 2016 ) , reserves and resources in tonnes according to USGS Country Production Reserves Resources Argentina 5,700 2,000,000 9,000,000 Australia 14,300 1,600,000 2,000,000 + Austria - - 100,000 + Bolivia - - 9,000,000 Brazil 200 48,000 200,000 Canada ( 2010 ) 480 180,000 2,000,000 Chile 12,000 7,500,000 7,500,000 + DR Congo - - 1,000,000 Mexico - - 200,000 People 's Republic of China 2,000 3,200,000 7,000,000 Portugal 200 60,000 N / A Russia - - 1,000,000 Serbia - - 1,000,000 United States 38,000 6,900,000 Zimbabwe 900 23,000 100,000 + World total 32,500 14,000,000 46,900,000 See also : Lithium minerals Although lithium is widely distributed on Earth , it does not naturally occur in elemental form due to its high reactivity . The total lithium content of seawater is very large and is estimated as 230 billion tonnes , where the element exists at a relatively constant concentration of 0.14 to 0.25 parts per million ( ppm ) , or 25 micromolar ; higher concentrations approaching 7 ppm are found near hydrothermal vents . Estimates for the Earth 's crustal content range from 20 to 70 ppm by weight . In keeping with its name , lithium forms a minor part of igneous rocks , with the largest concentrations in granites . Granitic pegmatites also provide the greatest abundance of lithium - containing minerals , with spodumene and petalite being the most commercially viable sources . Another significant mineral of lithium is lepidolite . A newer source for lithium is hectorite clay , the only active development of which is through the Western Lithium Corporation in the United States . At 20 mg lithium per kg of Earth 's crust , lithium is the 25th most abundant element . According to the Handbook of Lithium and Natural Calcium , `` Lithium is a comparatively rare element , although it is found in many rocks and some brines , but always in very low concentrations . There are a fairly large number of both lithium mineral and brine deposits but only comparatively few of them are of actual or potential commercial value . Many are very small , others are too low in grade . '' The US Geological Survey estimates that in 2010 , Chile had the largest reserves by far ( 7.5 million tonnes ) and the highest annual production ( 8,800 tonnes ) . One of the largest reserve bases of lithium is in the Salar de Uyuni area of Bolivia , which has 5.4 million tonnes . Other major suppliers include Australia , Argentina and China . As of 2015 Czech Geological Survey considered the entire Ore Mountains in the Czech Republic as lithium province . Five deposits are registered , one near Cínovec ( cs ) is considered as potentially economic deposit with 160 000 tonnes of lithium . In June 2010 , The New York Times reported that American geologists were conducting ground surveys on dry salt lakes in western Afghanistan believing that large deposits of lithium are located there . `` Pentagon officials said that their initial analysis at one location in Ghazni Province showed the potential for lithium deposits as large as those of Bolivia , which now has the world 's largest known lithium reserves . '' These estimates are `` based principally on old data , which was gathered mainly by the Soviets during their occupation of Afghanistan from 1979 -- 1989 '' . Stephen Peters , the head of the USGS 's Afghanistan Minerals Project , said that he was unaware of USGS involvement in any new surveying for minerals in Afghanistan in the past two years . ' We are not aware of any discoveries of lithium , ' he said . '' Lithia ( `` lithium brine '' ) is associated with tin mining areas in Cornwall , England and an evaluation project from 400 - metre deep test boreholes is under consideration . If successful the hot brines will also provide geothermal energy to power the lithium extraction and refining process . Biological ( edit ) Lithium is found in trace amount in numerous plants , plankton , and invertebrates , at concentrations of 69 to 5,760 parts per billion ( ppb ) . In vertebrates the concentration is slightly lower , and nearly all vertebrate tissue and body fluids contain lithium ranging from 21 to 763 ppb . Marine organisms tend to bioaccumulate lithium more than terrestrial organisms . Whether lithium has a physiological role in any of these organisms is unknown . History ( edit ) Johan August Arfwedson is credited with the discovery of lithium in 1817 Petalite ( LiAlSi O ) was discovered in 1800 by the Brazilian chemist and statesman José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva in a mine on the island of Utö , Sweden . However , it was not until 1817 that Johan August Arfwedson , then working in the laboratory of the chemist Jöns Jakob Berzelius , detected the presence of a new element while analyzing petalite ore . This element formed compounds similar to those of sodium and potassium , though its carbonate and hydroxide were less soluble in water and more alkaline . Berzelius gave the alkaline material the name `` lithion / lithina '' , from the Greek word λιθoς ( transliterated as lithos , meaning `` stone '' ) , to reflect its discovery in a solid mineral , as opposed to potassium , which had been discovered in plant ashes , and sodium , which was known partly for its high abundance in animal blood . He named the metal inside the material `` lithium '' . Arfwedson later showed that this same element was present in the minerals spodumene and lepidolite . In 1818 , Christian Gmelin was the first to observe that lithium salts give a bright red color to flame . However , both Arfwedson and Gmelin tried and failed to isolate the pure element from its salts . It was not isolated until 1821 , when William Thomas Brande obtained it by electrolysis of lithium oxide , a process that had previously been employed by the chemist Sir Humphry Davy to isolate the alkali metals potassium and sodium . Brande also described some pure salts of lithium , such as the chloride , and , estimating that lithia ( lithium oxide ) contained about 55 % metal , estimated the atomic weight of lithium to be around 9.8 g / mol ( modern value ~ 6.94 g / mol ) . In 1855 , larger quantities of lithium were produced through the electrolysis of lithium chloride by Robert Bunsen and Augustus Matthiessen . The discovery of this procedure led to commercial production of lithium in 1923 by the German company Metallgesellschaft AG , which performed an electrolysis of a liquid mixture of lithium chloride and potassium chloride . The production and use of lithium underwent several drastic changes in history . The first major application of lithium was in high - temperature lithium greases for aircraft engines and similar applications in World War II and shortly after . This use was supported by the fact that lithium - based soaps have a higher melting point than other alkali soaps , and are less corrosive than calcium based soaps . The small demand for lithium soaps and lubricating greases was supported by several small mining operations , mostly in the US . The demand for lithium increased dramatically during the Cold War with the production of nuclear fusion weapons . Both lithium - 6 and lithium - 7 produce tritium when irradiated by neutrons , and are thus useful for the production of tritium by itself , as well as a form of solid fusion fuel used inside hydrogen bombs in the form of lithium deuteride . The US became the prime producer of lithium between the late 1950s and the mid 1980s . At the end , the stockpile of lithium was roughly 42,000 tonnes of lithium hydroxide . The stockpiled lithium was depleted in lithium - 6 by 75 % , which was enough to affect the measured atomic weight of lithium in many standardized chemicals , and even the atomic weight of lithium in some `` natural sources '' of lithium ion which had been `` contaminated '' by lithium salts discharged from isotope separation facilities , which had found its way into ground water . Lithium was used to decrease the melting temperature of glass and to improve the melting behavior of aluminium oxide when using the Hall - Héroult process . These two uses dominated the market until the middle of the 1990s . After the end of the nuclear arms race , the demand for lithium decreased and the sale of Department of Energy stockpiles on the open market further reduced prices . In the mid 1990s , several companies started to extract lithium from brine which proved to be a less expensive than underground or open - pit mining . Most of the mines closed or shifted their focus to other materials because only the ore from zoned pegmatites could be mined for a competitive price . For example , the US mines near Kings Mountain , North Carolina closed before the beginning of the 21st century . The development of lithium ion batteries increased the demand for lithium and became the dominant use in 2007 . With the surge of lithium demand in batteries in the 2000s , new companies have expanded brine extraction efforts to meet the rising demand . Production ( edit ) Satellite images of the Salar del Hombre Muerto , Argentina ( left ) , and Uyuni , Bolivia ( right ) , salt flats that are rich in lithium . The lithium - rich brine is concentrated by pumping it into solar evaporation ponds ( visible in the left image ) . World production trend of lithium Lithium production has greatly increased since the end of World War II . The metal is separated from other elements in igneous minerals . The metal is produced through electrolysis from a mixture of fused 55 % lithium chloride and 45 % potassium chloride at about 450 ° C . As of 2015 , most of the world 's lithium production is in South America , where lithium - containing brine is extracted from underground pools and concentrated by solar evaporation . The standard extraction technique is to evaporate water from brine . Each batch takes from 18 to 24 months . In 1998 , the price of lithium was about 95 USD / kg ( or 43 USD / lb ) . Reserves ( edit ) Worldwide identified reserves in 2008 were estimated by the US Geological Survey ( USGS ) to be 13 million tonnes , though an accurate estimate of world lithium reserves is difficult . One reason for this is that most lithium classification schemes are developed for solid ore deposits , whereas brine is a fluid that is problematic to treat with the same classification scheme due to varying concentrations and pumping effects . The world has been estimated to contain about 15 million tonnes of lithium reserves , while 65 million tonnes of known resources are reasonable . A total of 75 % of everything can typically be found in the ten largest deposits of the world . Another study noted that 83 % of the geological resources of lithium are located in six brine , two pegmatite , and two sedimentary deposits . Deposits are found in South America throughout the Andes mountain chain . Chile is the leading producer , followed by Argentina . Both countries recover lithium from brine pools . According to USGS , Bolivia 's Uyuni Desert has 5.4 million tonnes of lithium . In the US , lithium is recovered from brine pools in Nevada . Half the world 's known reserves are located in Bolivia along the central eastern slope of the Andes . In 2009 , Bolivia negotiated with Japanese , French , and Korean firms to begin extraction . A deposit discovered in 2013 in Wyoming 's Rock Springs Uplift is estimated to contain 228,000 tons . Additional deposits in the same formation were estimated to be as much as 18 million tons . Opinions differ about potential growth . A 2008 study concluded that `` realistically achievable lithium carbonate production will be sufficient for only a small fraction of future PHEV and EV global market requirements '' , that `` demand from the portable electronics sector will absorb much of the planned production increases in the next decade '' , and that `` mass production of lithium carbonate is not environmentally sound , it will cause irreparable ecological damage to ecosystems that should be protected and that LiIon propulsion is incompatible with the notion of the ' Green Car ' '' . According to a 2011 study conducted at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the University of California , Berkeley , the currently estimated reserve base of lithium should not be a limiting factor for large - scale battery production for electric vehicles because an estimated 1 billion 40 kWh Li - based batteries could be built with current reserves - about 10 kg of lithium per car . Another 2011 study by researchers from the University of Michigan and Ford Motor Company found sufficient resources to support global demand until 2100 , including the lithium required for the potential widespread transportation use . The study estimated global reserves at 39 million tons , and total demand for lithium during the 90 - year period analyzed at 12 -- 20 million tons , depending on the scenarios regarding economic growth and recycling rates . On June 9 , 2014 , the Financialist stated that demand for lithium was growing at more than 12 % a year . According to Credit Suisse , this rate exceeds projected availability by 25 % . The publication compared the 2014 lithium situation with oil , whereby `` higher oil prices spurred investment in expensive deepwater and oil sands production techniques '' ; that is , the price of lithium will continue to rise until more expensive production methods that can boost total output receive the attention of investors . Pricing ( edit ) After the 2007 financial crisis , major suppliers such as Sociedad Química y Minera ( SQM ) dropped lithium carbonate pricing by 20 % . Prices rose in 2012 . A 2012 Business Week article outlined the oligopoly in the lithium space : `` SQM , controlled by billionaire Julio Ponce , is the second - largest , followed by Rockwood , which is backed by Henry Kravis 's KKR & Co. , and Philadelphia - based FMC '' . Global consumption may jump to 300,000 metric tons a year by 2020 from about 150,000 tons in 2012 , to match the demand for lithium batteries that has been growing at about 25 % a year , outpacing the 4 % to 5 % overall gain in lithium production . Extraction ( edit ) Lithium salts are extracted from water in mineral springs , brine pools , and brine deposits . Lithium is present in seawater , but commercially viable methods of extraction have yet to be developed . Another potential source of lithium is the leachates of geothermal wells , which are carried to the surface . Recovery of lithium has been demonstrated in the field ; the lithium is separated by simple filtration . The process and environmental costs are primarily those of the already - operating well ; net environmental impacts may thus be positive . Uses ( edit ) Estimates of global lithium uses in 2015 Ceramics and glass ( 32 % ) Batteries ( 35 % ) Lubricating greases ( 9 % ) Continuous casting ( 5 % ) Air treatment ( 5 % ) Polymers ( 4 % ) Primary aluminum production ( 1 % ) Pharmaceuticals ( < 1 % ) Other ( 9 % ) Ceramics and glass ( edit ) Lithium oxide is widely used as a flux for processing silica , reducing the melting point and viscosity of the material and leading to glazes with improved physical properties including low coefficients of thermal expansion . Worldwide , this is one of the largest use for lithium compounds . Glazes containing lithium oxides are used for ovenware . Lithium carbonate ( Li CO ) is generally used in this application because it converts to the oxide upon heating . Electrical and electronics ( edit ) Late in the 20th century , lithium became an important component of battery electrolytes and electrodes , because of its high electrode potential . Because of its low atomic mass , it has a high charge - and power - to - weight ratio . A typical lithium - ion battery can generate approximately 3 volts per cell , compared with 2.1 volts for lead - acid or 1.5 volts for zinc - carbon cells . Lithium - ion batteries , which are rechargeable and have a high energy density , should not be confused with lithium batteries , which are disposable ( primary ) batteries with lithium or its compounds as the anode . Other rechargeable batteries that use lithium include the lithium - ion polymer battery , lithium iron phosphate battery , and the nanowire battery . Lubricating greases ( edit ) Main article : Lithium grease The third most common use of lithium is in greases . Lithium hydroxide is a strong base and , when heated with a fat , produces a soap made of lithium stearate . Lithium soap has the ability to thicken oils , and it is used to manufacture all - purpose , high - temperature lubricating greases . Metallurgy ( edit ) Lithium ( e.g. as lithium carbonate ) is used as an additive to continuous casting mould flux slags where it increases fluidity , a use which accounts for 5 % of global lithium use ( 2011 ) . Lithium compounds are also used as additives ( fluxes ) to foundry sand for iron casting to reduce veining . Lithium ( as lithium fluoride ) is used as an additive to aluminium smelters ( Hall -- Héroult process ) , reducing melting temperature and increasing electrical resistance , a use which accounts for 3 % of production ( 2011 ) . When used as a flux for welding or soldering , metallic lithium promotes the fusing of metals during the process and eliminates the forming of oxides by absorbing impurities . Alloys of the metal with aluminium , cadmium , copper and manganese are used to make high - performance aircraft parts ( see also Lithium - aluminium alloys ) . Silicon nano - welding ( edit ) Lithium has been found effective in assisting the perfection of silicon nano - welds in electronic components for electric batteries and other devices . Other chemical and industrial uses ( edit ) Lithium use in flares and pyrotechnics is due to its rose - red flame . Pyrotechnics ( edit ) Lithium compounds are used as pyrotechnic colorants and oxidizers in red fireworks and flares . Air purification ( edit ) Lithium chloride and lithium bromide are hygroscopic and are used as desiccants for gas streams . Lithium hydroxide and lithium peroxide are the salts most used in confined areas , such as aboard spacecraft and submarines , for carbon dioxide removal and air purification . Lithium hydroxide absorbs carbon dioxide from the air by forming lithium carbonate , and is preferred over other alkaline hydroxides for its low weight . Lithium peroxide ( Li O ) in presence of moisture not only reacts with carbon dioxide to form lithium carbonate , but also releases oxygen . The reaction is as follows : 2 Li O + 2 CO → 2 Li CO + O . Some of the aforementioned compounds , as well as lithium perchlorate , are used in oxygen candles that supply submarines with oxygen . These can also include small amounts of boron , magnesium , aluminum , silicon , titanium , manganese , and iron . Optics ( edit ) Lithium fluoride , artificially grown as crystal , is clear and transparent and often used in specialist optics for IR , UV and VUV ( vacuum UV ) applications . It has one of the lowest refractive indexes and the furthest transmission range in the deep UV of most common materials . Finely divided lithium fluoride powder has been used for thermoluminescent radiation dosimetry ( TLD ) : when a sample of such is exposed to radiation , it accumulates crystal defects which , when heated , resolve via a release of bluish light whose intensity is proportional to the absorbed dose , thus allowing this to be quantified . Lithium fluoride is sometimes used in focal lenses of telescopes . The high non-linearity of lithium niobate also makes it useful in non-linear optics applications . It is used extensively in telecommunication products such as mobile phones and optical modulators , for such components as resonant crystals . Lithium applications are used in more than 60 % of mobile phones . Organic and polymer Chemistry ( edit ) Organolithium compounds are widely used in the production of polymer and fine - chemicals . In the polymer industry , which is the dominant consumer of these reagents , alkyl lithium compounds are catalysts / initiators. in anionic polymerization of unfunctionalized olefins . For the production of fine chemicals , organolithium compounds function as strong bases and as reagents for the formation of carbon - carbon bonds . Organolithium compounds are prepared from lithium metal and alkyl halides . Many other lithium compounds are used as reagents to prepare organic compounds . Some popular compounds include lithium aluminium hydride ( LiAlH ) , lithium triethylborohydride , n - Butyllithium and tert - butyllithium are commonly used as extremely strong bases called superbase . Military applications ( edit ) Metallic lithium and its complex hydrides , such as Li ( AlH ) , are used as high - energy additives to rocket propellants . Lithium aluminum hydride can also be used by itself as a solid fuel . The launch of a torpedo using lithium as fuel The Mark 50 torpedo stored chemical energy propulsion system ( SCEPS ) uses a small tank of sulfur hexafluoride gas , which is sprayed over a block of solid lithium . The reaction generates heat , creating steam to propel the torpedo in a closed Rankine cycle . Lithium hydride containing lithium - 6 is used in thermonuclear weapons , where it serves as fuel for the fusion stage of the bomb . Nuclear ( edit ) Lithium - 6 is valued as a source material for tritium production and as a neutron absorber in nuclear fusion . Natural lithium contains about 7.5 % lithium - 6 from which large amounts of lithium - 6 have been produced by isotope separation for use in nuclear weapons . Lithium - 7 gained interest for use in nuclear reactor coolants . Lithium deuteride was used as fuel in the Castle Bravo nuclear device . Lithium deuteride was the fusion fuel of choice in early versions of the hydrogen bomb . When bombarded by neutrons , both Li and Li produce tritium -- this reaction , which was not fully understood when hydrogen bombs were first tested , was responsible for the runaway yield of the Castle Bravo nuclear test . Tritium fuses with deuterium in a fusion reaction that is relatively easy to achieve . Although details remain secret , lithium - 6 deuteride apparently still plays a role in modern nuclear weapons as a fusion material . Lithium fluoride , when highly enriched in the lithium - 7 isotope , forms the basic constituent of the fluoride salt mixture LiF - BeF used in liquid fluoride nuclear reactors . Lithium fluoride is exceptionally chemically stable and LiF - BeF mixtures have low melting points . In addition , Li , Be , and F are among the few nuclides with low enough thermal neutron capture cross-sections not to poison the fission reactions inside a nuclear fission reactor . In conceptualized ( hypothetical ) nuclear fusion power plants , lithium will be used to produce tritium in magnetically confined reactors using deuterium and tritium as the fuel . Naturally occurring tritium is extremely rare , and must be synthetically produced by surrounding the reacting plasma with a ' blanket ' containing lithium where neutrons from the deuterium - tritium reaction in the plasma will fission the lithium to produce more tritium : Li + n → He + H . Lithium is also used as a source for alpha particles , or helium nuclei . When Li is bombarded by accelerated protons Be is formed , which undergoes fission to form two alpha particles . This feat , called `` splitting the atom '' at the time , was the first fully man - made nuclear reaction . It was produced by Cockroft and Walton in 1932 . In 2013 , the US Government Accountability Office said a shortage of lithium - 7 critical to the operation of 65 out of 100 American nuclear reactors `` places their ability to continue to provide electricity at some risk '' . The problem stems from the decline of US nuclear infrastructure . The equipment needed to separate lithium - 6 from lithium - 7 is mostly a cold war leftover . The US shut down most of this machinery in 1963 , when it had a huge surplus of separated lithium , mostly consumed during the twentieth century . The report said it would take five years and $10 million to $12 million to reestablish the ability to separate lithium - 6 from lithium - 7 . Reactors that use lithium - 7 heat water under high pressure and transfer heat through heat exchangers that are prone to corrosion . The reactors use lithium to counteract the corrosive effects of boric acid , which is added to the water to absorb excess neutrons . Medicine ( edit ) Main article : Lithium ( medication ) Lithium is useful in the treatment of bipolar disorder . Lithium salts may also be helpful for related diagnoses , such as schizoaffective disorder and cyclic major depression . The active part of these salts is the lithium ion Li . They may increase the risk of developing Ebstein 's cardiac anomaly in infants born to women who take lithium during the first trimester of pregnancy . Lithium has also been researched as a possible treatment for cluster headaches . Biological role ( edit ) Primary food sources of lithium are grains and vegetables , and , in some areas , drinking water also contains significant amounts . Human intake varies depending on location and diet . Lithium was first detected in human organs and fetal tissues in the late 19th century . In humans there are no defined lithium deficiency diseases , but low lithium intakes from water supplies were associated with increased rates of suicides , homicides and the arrest rates for drug use and other crimes . The biochemical mechanisms of action of lithium appear to be multifactorial and are intercorrelated with the functions of several enzymes , hormones and vitamins , as well as with growth and transforming factors . Evidence now appears to be sufficient to accept lithium as essential ; a provisional RDA of 1,000 μg / day is suggested for a 70 kg adult . Precautions ( edit ) NFPA 704 fire diamond Fire diamond hazard sign for lithium metal Lithium is corrosive and requires special handling to avoid skin contact . Breathing lithium dust or lithium compounds ( which are often alkaline ) initially irritate the nose and throat , while higher exposure can cause a buildup of fluid in the lungs , leading to pulmonary edema . The metal itself is a handling hazard because contact with moisture produces the caustic lithium hydroxide . Lithium is safely stored in non-reactive compounds such as naphtha . Regulation ( edit ) Some jurisdictions limit the sale of lithium batteries , which are the most readily available source of lithium for ordinary consumers . Lithium can be used to reduce pseudoephedrine and ephedrine to methamphetamine in the Birch reduction method , which employs solutions of alkali metals dissolved in anhydrous ammonia . Carriage and shipment of some kinds of lithium batteries may be prohibited aboard certain types of transportation ( particularly aircraft ) because of the ability of most types of lithium batteries to fully discharge very rapidly when short - circuited , leading to overheating and possible explosion in a process called thermal runaway . Most consumer lithium batteries have built - in thermal overload protection to prevent this type of incident , or are otherwise designed to limit short - circuit currents . Internal shorts from manufacturing defect or physical damage can lead to spontaneous thermal runaway . See also ( edit ) Dilithium List of countries by lithium production Lithium as an investment Lithium compounds Lithium ( medication ) Lithium soap Lithium - ion battery Lithium -- air battery Books View or order collections of articles Lithium Period 2 elements Alkali metals Chemical elements ( sorted alphabetically ) Chemical elements ( sorted by number ) Portals Access related topics Chemistry portal Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects Media from Commons Definitions from Wiktionary Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Apendixes . By USGS definitions , the reserve base `` may encompass those parts of the resources that have a reasonable potential for becoming economically available within planning horizons beyond those that assume proven technology and current economics . The reserve base includes those resources that are currently economic ( reserves ) , marginally economic ( marginal reserves ) , and some of those that are currently subeconomic ( subeconomic resources ) . '' Jump up ^ withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data Jump up ^ Beryllium and fluorine occur only as one isotope , Be and F respectively . These two , together with Li , as well as H , B , N , Bi , and the stable isotopes of C , and O , are the only nuclides with low enough thermal neutron capture cross sections aside from actinides to serve as major constituents of a molten salt breeder reactor fuel . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Meija , J. ; et al. 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Cite uses deprecated parameter trans_title = ( help ) From p. 45 : `` Herr August Arfwedson , ein junger sehr verdienstvoller Chemiker , der seit einem Jahre in meinem Laboratorie arbeitet , fand bei einer Analyse des Petalits von Uto 's Eisengrube , einen alkalischen Bestandtheil , ... Wir haben es Lithion genannt , um dadurch auf seine erste Entdeckung im Mineralreich anzuspielen , da die beiden anderen erst in der organischen Natur entdeckt wurden . Sein Radical wird dann Lithium genannt werden . '' ( Mr. August Arfwedson , a young , very meritorious chemist , who has worked in my laboratory for a year , found during an analysis of petalite from Uto 's iron mine , an alkaline component ... We 've named it lithion , in order to allude thereby to its first discovery in the mineral realm , since the two others were first discovered in organic nature . Its radical will then be named `` lithium '' . ) Jump up ^ `` Johan August Arfwedson '' . Periodic Table Live ! . 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The British Journal of Psychiatry . 133 ( 6 ) : 556 -- 558 . doi : 10.1192 / bjp. 133.6. 556 . ^ Jump up to : Schrauzer , G. N ( 2002 ) . `` Lithium : Occurrence , dietary intakes , nutritional essentiality '' . Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 21 ( 1 ) : 14 -- 21 . doi : 10.1080 / 07315724.2002. 10719188 . PMID 11838882 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Timothy M. ( 2015 ) . `` Lithium as a Nutrient '' ( PDF ) . Journal of American Physicians and Surgeons. 20 ( 4 ) : 104 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Technical data for Lithium . periodictable.com Jump up ^ Furr , A.K. ( 2000 ) . CRC handbook of laboratory safety . Boca Raton : CRC Press . pp. 244 -- 246 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8493 - 2523 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Illinois Attorney General -- Basic Understanding Of Meth '' . Illinoisattorneygeneral.gov . Retrieved 6 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Harmon , Aaron R. ( 2006 ) . `` Methamphetamine remediation research act of 2005 : Just what the doctor ordered for cleaning up methfields -- or sugar pill placebo ? '' ( PDF ) . North Carolina Journal of Law & Technology . 7 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 12 - 01 . Retrieved 5 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Bro , Per & Levy , Samuel C. ( 1994 ) . Battery hazards and accident prevention . New York : Plenum Press . pp. 15 -- 16 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 44758 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` TSA : Safe Travel with Batteries and Devices '' . Tsa.gov. 1 January 2008 . Archived from the original on 4 January 2012 . External links ( edit ) Lithium at The Periodic Table of Videos ( University of Nottingham ) International Lithium Alliance USGS : Lithium Statistics and Information Lithium Supply & Markets 2009 IM Conference 2009 Sustainable lithium supplies through 2020 in the face of sustainable market growth University of Southampton , Mountbatten Centre for International Studies , Nuclear History Working Paper No5 . ( hide ) Periodic table ( Large cells ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 He Li Be O Ne Na Mg Al Si Cl Ar Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te Xe 6 Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 7 Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Lanthanide Actinide Transition metal Post - transition metal Metalloid Polyatomic nonmetal Diatomic nonmetal Noble gas Unknown chemical properties Lithium compounds Inorganic LiAlCl LiAlH LiAlO LiBF LiBH LiBO LiB O Li B O LiBr Li CO Li C LiCl LiClO LiClO LiClO LiCoO LiF LiH LiI LiIO Li IrO Li MoO LiNH Li NH LiN Li N LiNO LiNO LiNbO LiOH LiO Li O Li O LiPF Li PtO Li Po Li RuO Li S Li SO Li SO Li SiO LiTaO Li TiO Organic 12 - hydroxystearate acetate aspartate citrate diisopropylamide orotate succinate stearate organolithiums Minerals Amblygonite Elbaite Eucryptite Jadarite Lepidolite Lithiophilite Petalite Pezzottaite Saliotite Spodumene Sugilite Tourmaline Zabuyelite Zinnwaldite LCCN : sh85077577 GND : 4036037 - 4 BNF : cb119338639 ( data ) NDL : 00569575 BNE : XX531331 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lithium&oldid=808768111 '' Categories : Lithium Alkali metals Chemical elements Reducing agents Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2016 Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 errors : deprecated parameters CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles to be merged from June 2017 All articles to be merged Articles containing Greek - language text Interlanguage link template link number All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Good articles Use dmy dates from May 2012 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiversity Afrikaans አማርኛ Aragonés Armãneashti Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština ChiShona Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 Gĩkũyũ ગુજરાતી 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Коми Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Livvinkarjala La . lojban . Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ पालि پنجابی Papiamentu ភាសា ខ្មែរ Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Ποντιακά Português Ripoarisch Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Scots Seeltersk Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Walon 文言 Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 01 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does most of the world's lithium come from | [
"As of 2015, most of the world's lithium production is in South America, where lithium-containing brine is extracted from underground pools and concentrated by solar evaporation. The standard extraction technique is to evaporate water from brine. Each batch takes from 18 to 24 months.[82]"
] | [
"South America"
] |
-1432205510645020796 | The Beatles' rooftop concert | The Beatles ' rooftop concert - wikipedia The Beatles ' rooftop concert The Beatles ' rooftop concert Aerial view Date 30 January 1969 Venue Apple Corps 3 Savile Row , London , UK 51 ° 30 ′ 37.48 '' N 0 ° 8 ′ 23.13 '' W / 51.5104111 ° N 0.1397583 ° W / 51.5104111 ; - 0.1397583 Participants John Lennon Paul McCartney George Harrison Ringo Starr Billy Preston Length 42 minutes Producer George Martin Engineers Glyn Johns Alan Parsons The Beatles ' rooftop concert was the final public performance of the English rock band the Beatles . On 30 January 1969 , the band , with keyboardist Billy Preston , surprised a central London office and fashion district with an impromptu concert from the roof of the headquarters of the band 's multimedia corporation Apple Corps at 3 Savile Row . In a 42 - minute set , the Beatles played nine takes of five songs before the Metropolitan Police asked them to reduce the volume . Footage from the performance was used in the 1970 documentary film Let It Be . Contents 1 History 2 Set list 3 Legacy 4 Personnel 5 Citations 6 Sources 7 External links History ( edit ) Although the concert was unannounced , the Beatles had planned on performing live during their Get Back sessions earlier in January . According to author Mark Lewisohn , it is uncertain who had the idea for a rooftop concert , but the suggestion was conceived just days before the actual event . George Harrison brought in keyboardist Billy Preston as an additional musician , in the hope that a talented outside observer would encourage the band to be tight and focused . In Preston 's recollection , the idea to perform on the Apple rooftop was John Lennon 's . Ringo Starr remembered : There was a plan to play live somewhere . We were wondering where we could go -- `` Oh , the Palladium or the Sahara '' . But we would have had to take all the stuff , so we decided , `` Let 's get up on the roof . '' In his autobiography Sound Man , recording engineer Glyn Johns claims the idea for the concert was his . The audio was recorded onto two eight - track recorders in the basement studio at Apple by engineer Alan Parsons . Film director Michael Lindsay - Hogg brought in a camera crew to capture several angles of the performance , including reactions from people on the street . When the Beatles first started playing , there was some confusion from spectators watching five storeys below , many of whom were on their lunch break . As the news of the event spread , crowds of onlookers began to congregate in the streets and on the roofs of local buildings . While most responded positively to the concert , the Metropolitan Police grew concerned about noise and traffic issues . Apple employees initially refused to let police inside , but reconsidered when threatened with arrest . As police ascended to the roof , the Beatles realised that the concert would eventually be shut down , but continued to play for several more minutes . Paul McCartney improvised the lyrics of his song `` Get Back '' to reflect the situation : `` You 've been playing on the roofs again , and you know your Momma does n't like it , she 's gon na have you arrested ! '' The concert came to an end with the conclusion of `` Get Back '' , with Lennon saying , `` I 'd like to say thank you on behalf of the group and ourselves and I hope we 've passed the audition . '' Set list ( edit ) The rooftop concert consisted of nine takes of five Beatles songs : `` Get Back '' ( three takes ) `` Do n't Let Me Down '' ( two takes ) `` I 've Got a Feeling '' ( two takes ) `` One After 909 '' ( one take ) `` Dig a Pony '' ( one take ) The first performance of `` I 've Got a Feeling '' and the recordings of `` One After 909 '' and `` Dig a Pony '' were later used for the album Let It Be . In 1996 , a `` rooftop '' version of `` Get Back '' , which was the last song of the Beatles ' final live performance , was included in Anthology 3 . An edit of the two takes of `` Do n't Let Me Down '' was included on Let It Be ... Naked . There was also a brief jam of `` I Want You ( She 's So Heavy ) '' while the cameramen changed film . Legacy ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 3 Savile Row , London , the location of the concert The Beatles ' rooftop concert marked the end of an era for many fans . The group did record one more album , Abbey Road , but by September 1969 the Beatles had unofficially disbanded . Several of the rooftop performances , particularly that of `` Dig a Pony '' , showed the Beatles once again in top form , if only temporarily . Fans believed the rooftop concert might have been a try - out for a return to live performances and touring . The Rutles ' `` Get Up and Go '' sequence in the film All You Need Is Cash mimics the footage of the rooftop concert , and uses similar camera angles . In January 2009 , tribute band the Bootleg Beatles attempted to stage a 40th anniversary concert in the same location , but were refused permission by Westminster City Council due to licensing problems . In The Simpsons fifth season episode `` Homer 's Barbershop Quartet '' , the Be Sharps ( Homer , Apu , Barney and Principal Skinner ) perform a rendition of one of their previous hits on a rooftop . George Harrison , who guest - starred in the episode , is shown saying dismissively `` It 's been done ! '' As the song ends and the credits begin , Homer repeats John Lennon 's phrase about passing the audition and everyone laughs , including Barney until he says , `` I do n't get it . '' In the 2007 film Across The Universe , a musical made up entirely of Beatles ' music , Sadie 's band performs a rooftop concert in New York City which mimics the original . It is interrupted and closed down by the New York Police Department . U2 also referenced the concert in their video for `` Where the Streets Have No Name '' , which featured a similar rooftop concert in Los Angeles . McCartney played a surprise mini-concert in midtown Manhattan on 15 July 2009 from the top of the marquee of the Ed Sullivan Theater , where he was recording a performance for Late Show with David Letterman . News of the event spread via Twitter and word of mouth , and nearby street corners were closed off to accommodate fans for the set , which duplicated the original Beatles gig . Personnel ( edit ) John Lennon -- vocals , guitar Paul McCartney -- vocals , bass guitar George Harrison -- vocals , guitar Ringo Starr -- drums Billy Preston -- electric piano Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 20 Things You Need To Know About The Beatles ' Rooftop Concert '' . mojo4music.com. 30 January 2014 . Retrieved 31 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1992 , pp. 306 -- 307 . ^ Jump up to : Lewisohn 1992 , p. 307 . Jump up ^ Babiuk 2002 , p. 240 . Jump up ^ The Beatles 2000 , p. 321 . Jump up ^ Johns , Glyn ( 2015 ) . Sound Man . Penguin Publishing Group . p. 129 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 751657 - 2 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Kevin ; Kehew , Brian ( 2006 ) . Recording the Beatles : The studio equipment and techniques used to create their classic albums . Curvebender . p. 518 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9785200 - 0 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Perone 2005 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Everett 1999 , p. 216 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beatles rooftop birthday : It 's 40 years since the fab four 's last ever concert '' . BBC . 30 January 2008 . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Perone 2005 , pp. 5 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Lifton , Dave . `` 44 YEARS AGO : THE BEATLES PERFORM LIVE FOR THE LAST TIME , ON A LONDON ROOFTOP '' . Ultimate Classic Rock . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Everett 1999 , p. 222 . Jump up ^ Everett 1999 , p. 219 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , p. 334 . Jump up ^ Beatles Bible Jump up ^ `` Paul McCartney : ' I Want to Live in Peace ' '' . Life Magazine . 7 November 1969 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , p. 331 . Jump up ^ Perone 2005 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` Ladies and Gentlemen : The Rutles ! '' . CD Review . 12 ( 1 -- 9 ) : 80 . Jump up ^ Banerjee , Subhajit ( 30 January 2009 ) . `` The Beatles rooftop concert : It was 40 years ago today '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Suebsaeng , Asawin ( 30 January 2012 ) . `` 8 Videos to Commemorate the Beatles ' Final Concert , 43 Years Later '' . Mother Jones . Retrieved 30 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 2009 ) . Roger Ebert 's Movie Yearbook 2010 . Andrews McMeel Publishing . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7407 - 9218 - 2 . Sources ( edit ) Babiuk , Andy ( 2002 ) . Beatles Gear : All the Fab Four 's Instruments , from Stage to Studio . San Francisco , CA : Backbeat Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87930 - 731 - 8 . The Beatles ( 2000 ) . The Beatles Anthology . Chronicle Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8118 - 3636 - 4 . Everett , Walter ( 1999 ) . The Beatles as Musicians : Revolver through the Anthology . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 512941 - 0 . MacDonald , Ian ( 2005 ) . Revolution in the Head : The Beatles ' Records and the Sixties ( 3rd ( 2007 ) ed . ) . Chicago Review Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55652 - 733 - 3 . Lewisohn , Mark ( 1992 ) . The Complete Beatles Chronicle : The Definitive Day - By - Day Guide To the Beatles ' Entire Career ( 2010 ed . ) . Chicago Review Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56976 - 534 - 0 . Perone , James E ( 2005 ) . Woodstock : An Encyclopedia of the Music and Art Fair -- American history through music . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33057 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Do n't Let Me Down from the rooftop Let It Be Let It Be ( film ) Let It Be ... Naked Songs Side one `` Two of Us '' `` Dig a Pony '' `` Across the Universe '' `` I Me Mine '' `` Dig It '' `` Let It Be '' `` Maggie Mae '' Side two `` I 've Got a Feeling '' `` One After 909 '' `` The Long and Winding Road '' `` For You Blue '' `` Get Back '' Non-album B - side `` Do n't Let Me Down '' `` You Know My Name ( Look Up the Number ) '' Outtakes `` All Things Must Pass '' `` Another Day '' `` The Back Seat of My Car '' `` Gimme Some Truth '' `` Hear Me Lord '' `` Let It Down '' `` Teddy Boy '' `` Watching Rainbows '' Related articles Rooftop concert Break - up of the Beatles Billy Preston Phil Spector Let It Be ( Laibach album ) Kum Back Let It Be ( musical ) Let It Be ... Naked The Beatles discography Please Please Me With the Beatles A Hard Day 's Night Beatles for Sale Help ! Rubber Soul Revolver Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Magical Mystery Tour The Beatles ( White Album ) Yellow Submarine Abbey Road Let It Be Past Masters The Beatles John Lennon Paul McCartney George Harrison Ringo Starr Stuart Sutcliffe Pete Best History The Quarrymen In Hamburg At The Cavern Club Decca audition Beatlemania in the United Kingdom North American releases In the United States More popular than Jesus In Bangor In India Break - up Murder of John Lennon Anthology Love ( Cirque du Soleil ) The Beatles : Rock Band Line - ups Religious views Timeline Live performances 1960 Johnny Gentle Tour Winter 1963 Helen Shapiro UK Tour 1963 Roy Orbison Tour 1964 world tour 1965 European tour 1965 US tour 1965 UK tour 1966 tour of Germany , Japan and the Philippines 1966 US tour Rooftop concert List of live performances Associated places 34 Montagu Square , Marylebone Abbey Road , London Abbey Road Studios The Bag O'Nails Beatlemania Hamburg Beatles Ashram Beatles - Platz Blue Angel The Casbah Coffee Club Candlestick Park The Cavern Club Kaiserkeller Kinfauns 3 Savile Row The Scotch of St. James Shea Stadium Stanley Street Star - Club Strawberry Field Tittenhurst Park The Top Ten Club Wigmore Street Yellow Submarine sculpture Associated companies Apple Corps Apple Records Harrisongs Lingasong Records Northern Songs Phillips ' Sound Recording Services Seltaeb Startling Music Influence Artists who have covered the Beatles Beatlemania Beatlesque British Invasion Cultural impact The Fest for Beatles Fans The Rutles Tributes Lists Awards and nominations Bootlegs Cover songs Discography Instruments Performers Post-breakup collaborations Recording sessions Songs Sgt . Pepper cover Related media Around the Beatles Beat Bugs The Beatles ( TV series ) The Beatles : The Authorised Biography The Beatles Anthology ( book ) The Beatles at Abbey Road The Beatles Channel The Beatles Illustrated Lyrics The Beeb 's Lost Beatles Tapes The Beatles Tapes from the David Wigg Interviews Everyday Chemistry In My Life Let It Be ( musical ) Rain : A Tribute to the Beatles Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( film ) The Twelfth Album Up Against It Other topics Apple Corps v Apple Computer Apple scruffs Beatle boots Beatles Day Fifth Beatle Lennon -- McCartney Jeff Lynne and the Beatles Paul is dead Recording technology Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Beatles%27_rooftop_concert&oldid=853205554 '' Categories : The Beatles 1969 in British music 1969 in London Concerts in the United Kingdom January 1969 events 20th century in the City of Westminster Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2013 Use British English from November 2016 Pages using infobox event with blank parameters All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from June 2017 Articles needing additional references from June 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Norsk Português Suomi Türkçe 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 August 2018 , at 03 : 57 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the beatles play their last concert | [
"The Beatles' rooftop concert was the final public performance of the English rock band the Beatles. On 30 January 1969, the band, with keyboardist Billy Preston, surprised a central London office and fashion district with an impromptu concert from the roof of the headquarters of the band's multimedia corporation Apple Corps at 3 Savile Row. In a 42-minute set, the Beatles played nine takes of five songs before the Metropolitan Police asked them to reduce the volume. Footage from the performance was used in the 1970 documentary film Let It Be.\n"
] | [
"On 30 January 1969"
] |
-8257145596923806951 | Freedom Summer | Freedom Summer - wikipedia Freedom Summer For the 2001 children 's book , see Freedom Summer ( book ) . For the 2014 documentary film , see Freedom Summer ( film ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Freedom Summer Part of the Civil Rights Movement Date June -- August 1964 Location Mississippi Caused by In 1962 , 5.3 % of African Americans are registered to vote in Mississippi Resulted in Formation of Council of Federated Organizations ( COFO ) Creation of Freedom Schools Formation of Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party ( MFDP ) Murders of Chaney , Goodman , and Schwerner Catalyst to the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 Parties to the civil conflict Local residents Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) NAACP Legal Defense Fund ( LDF ) National Lawyers Guild ( NLG ) Lawyer 's Constitutional Defense Committee ( LCDC ) Lawyers ' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law ( LCCR ) Governor of Mississippi United States Senator Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission ( MSSC ) White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan Lead figures Local residents Fannie Lou Hamer Amzie Moore Victoria Gray Adams Lawrence Guyot CORE member George Raymond Jr . SNCC members Bob Moses Hollis Watkins Unita Blackwell NAACP member Aaron Henry State of Mississippi Ross Barnett , governor Congressman James Eastland , senator MSSC member Rex Armistead Klan member Samuel Bowers hide Civil Rights Movement in Mississippi Biloxi wade - ins Ole Miss riot Assassination of Medgar Evers Freedom Summer Murders of Chaney , Goodman , and Schwerner March Against Fear Freedom Summer , or the Mississippi Summer Project , was a volunteer campaign in the United States launched in June 1964 to attempt to register as many African - American voters as possible in Mississippi . Blacks had been cut off from voting since the turn of the century due to barriers to voter registration and other laws . The project also set up dozens of Freedom Schools , Freedom Houses , and community centers in small towns throughout Mississippi to aid the local black population . The project was organized by the Council of Federated Organizations ( COFO ) , a coalition of the Mississippi branches of the four major civil rights organizations ( SNCC , CORE , NAACP and SCLC ) . Most of the impetus , leadership , and financing for the Summer Project came from the SNCC . Robert Parris Moses ( Bob Moses ) , SNCC field secretary and co-director of COFO , directed the summer project . Contents ( hide ) 1 1963 Freedom Vote 2 Planning begins February 1964 3 Violence 4 Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party 5 Freedom Schools 6 Freedom Libraries 7 Freedom Houses 8 Aftermath 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 Further reading 13 External links 1963 Freedom vote ( edit ) Freedom Summer was built on the years of earlier work by thousands of African Americans , connected through their churches , who lived in Mississippi . In 1963 , SNCC organized a mock `` Freedom Vote '' designed to demonstrate the will of Black Mississippians to vote , if not impeded by terror and intimidation . The Mississippi voting registration procedure at the time required Blacks to fill out a 21 - question registration form and to answer , to the satisfaction of the white registrars , a question on interpretation of any one of 285 sections of the state constitution . The registrars ruled subjectively on the applicant 's qualifications , and decided against most blacks , not allowing them to register . In 1963 , volunteers set up polling places in Black churches and business establishments across Mississippi . After registering on a simple registration form , voters would select candidates to run in the following year 's election . Candidates included Rev. Edwin King of Tougaloo College and Aaron Henry , from Clarksdale , Mississippi . Local civil rights workers and volunteers , along with students from northern universities , organized and implemented the mock election , in which tens of thousands voted . Planning begins February 1964 ( edit ) By 1964 , students and others had begun the process of integrating public accommodations , registering adults to vote , and above all strengthening a network of local leadership . Building on the efforts of 1963 ( including the Freedom Ballot and registration efforts in Greenwood ) , Moses prevailed over doubts among SNCC and COFO workers , and planning for Freedom Summer began in February 1964 . Speakers recruited for workers on college campuses across the country , drawing standing ovations for their dedication in braving the routine violence perpetrated by police , sheriffs , and others in Mississippi . SNCC recruiters interviewed dozens of potential volunteers , weeding out those with a `` John Brown complex '' and informing others that their job that summer would not be to `` save the Mississippi Negro '' but to work with local leadership to develop the grassroots movement . More than 1,000 out - of - state volunteers participated in Freedom Summer alongside thousands of black Mississippians . Volunteers were the brightest of their generation , came from the best universities from the biggest states , mostly from the North , usually were rich , 90 percent were white . Though SNCC 's committee agreed to recruit only one hundred white students for the project in December 1963 , white civil rights leaders such as Allard Lowenstein went on and recruited a much larger number of white volunteers , to bring more attention . Two one - week orientation sessions for the volunteers were held at Western College for Women in Oxford , Ohio ( now part of Miami University ) , from June 14 to June 27 , after Berea College backed out of hosting the sessions due to alumni pressure against it . Organizers focused on Mississippi because it had the lowest percentage of any state in the country of African Americans registered to vote , and they constituted more than one - third of the population . In 1962 only 6.7 % of eligible black voters were registered . Southern states had effectively disenfranchised most African Americans and many poor whites in the period from 1890 to 1910 by passing state constitutions , amendments and other laws that imposed burdens on voter registration : charging poll taxes , requiring literacy tests administered subjectively by white registrars , making residency requirements more difficult , as well as elaborate record keeping to document required items . They maintained this exclusion of blacks from politics well into the 1960s , which extended to excluding them from juries and imposing Jim Crow segregation laws for public facilities . Most of these methods survived US Supreme Court challenges and , if overruled , states had quickly developed new ways to exclude blacks , such as use of grandfather clauses and white primaries . In some cases , would - be voters were harassed economically , as well as by physical assault . Lynchings had been high at the turn of the century and continued for years . During the ten weeks of Freedom Summer , a number of other organizations provided support for the COFO Summer Project . More than 100 volunteer doctors , nurses , psychologists , medical students and other medical professionals from the Medical Committee for Human Rights ( MCHR ) provided emergency care for volunteers and local activists , taught health education classes , and advocated improvements in Mississippi 's segregated health system . Volunteer lawyers from the NAACP Legal Defense Fund Inc ( `` Ink Fund '' ) , National Lawyers Guild , Lawyer 's Constitutional Defense Committee ( LCDC ) an arm of the ACLU , and the Lawyers ' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law ( LCCR ) provided free legal services -- handling arrests , freedom of speech , voter registration and other matters . The Commission on Religion and Race ( CORR ) , an endeavor of the National Council of Churches ( NCC ) , brought Christian and Jewish clergy and divinity students to Mississippi to support the work of the Summer Project . In addition to offering traditional religious support to volunteers and activists , the ministers and rabbis engaged in voting rights protests at courthouses , recruited voter applicants and accompanied them to register , taught in Freedom Schools , and performed office and other support functions . Violence ( edit ) See also : Murders of Chaney , Goodman , and Schwerner A stained glass window honoring the three slain activists in Sage Chapel , Cornell University . Many of Mississippi 's white residents deeply resented the outsiders and any attempt to change the residents ' society . Locals routinely harassed volunteers . Newspapers called them `` unshaven and unwashed trash '' . The volunteers ' presence in local black communities drew drive - by shootings , Molotov cocktails thrown at host homes , and constant harassment . State and local governments , the Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission ( which was tax - supported and spied on citizens ) , police , White Citizens ' Council , and Ku Klux Klan used arrests , arson , beatings , evictions , firing , murder , spying , and other forms of intimidation and harassment to oppose the project and prevent blacks from registering to vote or achieving social equality . Over the course of the ten - week project : 1,062 people were arrested ( out - of - state volunteers and locals ) 80 Freedom Summer workers were beaten 37 churches were bombed or burned 30 Black homes or businesses were bombed or burned 4 civil rights workers were killed ( one in a head - on collision ) 4 people were critically wounded At least 3 Mississippi blacks were murdered because of their support for the Civil Rights Movement Volunteers were attacked almost as soon as the campaign started . On June 21 , 1964 , James Chaney ( a black Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) activist from Mississippi ) , Andrew Goodman ( a summer volunteer ) , and Michael Schwerner ( a CORE organizer ) - both Jews from New York City - were arrested by Cecil Price , a Neshoba County deputy sheriff and KKK member . The three were held in jail until after nightfall , then released . They drove away into an ambush on the road by Klansmen , who abducted and killed them . Goodman and Schwerner were shot at point - blank range . Chaney was chased , beaten mercilessly , and shot three times . After weeks of searching in which federal law enforcement participated , on August 4 , 1964 , their bodies were found to have been buried in an earthen dam . The men 's disappearance the night of their release from jail was reported on TV and on newspaper front pages , shocking the nation . It drew massive media attention to Freedom Summer and to Mississippi 's `` closed society . '' When the men went missing , SNCC and COFO workers began phoning the FBI requesting an investigation . The parents of the missing children were able to pressure on Washington that much , so they arranged the meetings with President Johnson and Attorney General Robert Kenedy . Finally , after some 36 hours , Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy authorized the FBI to get involved in the search . FBI agents began swarming around Philadelphia , Mississippi , where Chaney , Goodman , and Schwerner had been arrested after they had investigated the burning of a local black church that was a center for political organizing . For the next seven weeks , FBI agents and sailors from a nearby naval airbase searched for the bodies , wading into swamps and hacking through underbrush . FBI director J. Edgar Hoover went to Mississippi on July 10 to open the first FBI branch office there . Throughout the search , Mississippi newspapers and word - of - mouth perpetuated the common belief that the disappearance was `` a hoax '' designed to draw publicity . The search of rivers and swamps turned up the bodies of eight other blacks who appeared to have been murdered : a boy and seven men . Herbert Oarsby , a 14 - year - old youth , was found wearing a CORE T - shirt . Charles Eddie Moore was among 600 students expelled in April 1964 from Alcorn A&M for participating in civil rights protests . After he returned home , he was abducted and killed by KKK members in Franklin County , Mississippi on May 2 , 1964 with his friend Henry Hezekiah Dee . The other five men were never identified . When they had been disappeared , their families could not get local law enforcement to investigate . Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party ( edit ) Main article : Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party With participation in the regular Mississippi Democratic Party blocked by segregationists , COFO established the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party ( MFDP ) as a non-exclusionary rival to the regular party organization . It intended to gain recognition of the MFDP by the national Democratic Party as the legitimate party organization in Mississippi . Delegates were elected to go to the Democratic national convention to be held that year . Before the convention was held , Democratic President Lyndon B. Johnson gained passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . When the forces of white supremacy continued to block black voter registration , the Summer Project switched to building the MFDP . Though the MFDP challenge had wide support among many convention delegates , Lyndon B. Johnson feared losing Southern support in the coming campaign . He did not allow the MFDP to replace the regulars , but the continuing issue of political oppression in Mississippi was covered widely by the national press . Freedom Schools ( edit ) Main article : Freedom Schools In addition to voter registration and the MFDP , the Summer Project also established a network of 30 to 40 voluntary summer schools -- called `` Freedom Schools '' -- as an alternative to Mississippi 's totally segregated and underfunded schools for blacks . Over the course of the summer , more than 3,500 students attended Freedom Schools , which taught subjects that the public schools avoided , such as black history and constitutional rights . Freedom Schools were held in churches , on back porches , and under the trees of Mississippi . Students ranged from small children to elderly adults , with the average age around 15 . Most of the volunteer teachers were college students . Under the direction of Spelman College professor Staughton Lynd , the goal was to teach voter literacy , and political organization skills , as well as academic skills , and to help with confidence . The curriculum was directly linked to the formation of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party . As Edwin King , who ran for Lieutenant Governor on the MFDP ticket , stated , `` Our assumption was that the parents of the Freedom School children , when we met them at night , that the Freedom Democratic Party would be the PTA . '' The Freedom Schools operated on a basis of close interaction and mutual trust between teachers and students . The core curriculum focused on basic literacy and arithmetic , black history and current status , political processes , civil rights , and the freedom movement . The content varied from place to place and day to day according to the questions and interests of the students . The volunteer Freedom School teachers were as profoundly affected by their experience as were the students . Pam Parker , a teacher in the Holly Springs school , wrote of the experience : The atmosphere in the class is unbelievable . It is what every teacher dreams about -- real , honest enthusiasm and desire to learn anything and everything . The girls come to class of their own free will . They respond to everything that is said . They are excited about learning . They drain me of everything that I have to offer so that I go home at night completely exhausted but very happy in spirit ... Freedom libraries ( edit ) Approximately fifty Freedom Libraries were established throughout Mississippi . These libraries provided library services and literacy guidance for many African Americans , some who had never had access to libraries before . Freedom Libraries ranged in size from a few hundred volumes to more than 20,000 . The Freedom Libraries operated on small budgets and were usually run by volunteers . Some libraries were housed in newly constructed facilities while others were located in abandoned buildings . Freedom Houses ( edit ) The volunteers were housed by local black families who refused to be intimidated by segregationist threats of violence . However , project organizers were unable to place all the volunteers in private homes . To accommodate the overflow , the remaining volunteers were placed either in the project office or in Freedom Houses . Volunteers believed that it was important to free themselves from their race and class backgrounds , so the Freedom Houses would become places where cultural exchange would happen , so the Freedom Houses were free from segregation . Of course , the practice of group living was already well established among American college students , for example , and soon the houses became communal living centers . Freedom houses also played a significant role in the volunteers ' sexual activities during the summer . They considered themselves free from the restraints of racism and consequently free to truly love one another . As such , for many of them , interracial sex became the ultimate expression of SNCC ideology , which emphasized the notions of freedom and equality . At the beginning of the summer the Freedom Houses were places to accommodate the overflow of volunteers , but in the eyes of volunteers by the end of summer they had become structural and symbolical expressions of the link between personal and political change . One volunteer said : `` You never knew what was going to happen ( in the Freedom Houses ) from one minute to the next ... I slept on the cot ... on a kind of side porch ... and ... I 'd drag in some nights and there 'd ... be a wild party raging on the porch . So I 'd drag my cot off in search of a quiet corner ... ( only to find ) an intense philosophical discussion going on in one corner ... people making peanut butter sandwiches - always peanut butter ... in another ... ( And ) some soap opera ... romantic entanglement being played out in another ... It was real three - ring circus '' Aftermath ( edit ) Freedom Summer did not succeed in getting many voters registered , but it had a significant effect on the course of the Civil Rights Movement . It helped break down the decades of isolation and repression that had supported the Jim Crow system . Before Freedom Summer , the national news media had paid little attention to the persecution of black voters in the Deep South and the dangers endured by black civil rights workers . The events that summer had captured national attention ( as had the mass protests and demonstrations in previous years ) . Some black activists felt the media had reacted only because northern white students were killed and felt embittered . Many blacks also felt the white students were condescending and paternalistic to the local people and were ascending to an inappropriate dominance over the civil rights movement . Leading up to the November 1964 election , repression persisted in Mississippi , with nuisance arrests , beatings , and church burnings continuing . The discontent with the white students and the increasing need for armed defense against segregationists helped create demand for a black power direction in SNCC . Almost all the volunteers have recounted that the summer was one of the defining periods of their lives . They had trouble readjusting to life outside Mississippi . They came with a positive image of the government , but the events of the Freedom Summer upset this simplistic distinction between ' good guys ' and ' bad guys ' . They saw that those two ideas were linked together . They experienced such lawlessness that they became critical toward American society and federal agencies , like the FBI . Most of the volunteers became politicized in Mississippi . They left intent on carrying on the fight in the North . After that summer , many Christians faced a religious crisis . Personal transformation of volunteers led to social changes . It increased student activity in civil rights movements . These students also played a role later in the resurgence of leftist activism in the United States of America . Long - term volunteers staffed the COFO and SNCC offices throughout Mississippi . After the flood of summer workers in 1964 , their leadership decided that projects should continue the following summer , but under the direction of local leadership . This was challenged by Northern establishment members of the coalition , beginning with Americans for Democratic Action , who also disapproved of the MFDP . This encouraged the NAACP to withdraw from COFO , both because they did not want to anger liberal Democrats , and because they resented the organizational competition from SNCC . After the MFDP was denied voting status at the 1964 Democratic National Convention , Bob Moses was deeply disillusioned and bowed out of both MFDP and COFO . COFO collapsed in 1965 , leaving organizing priorities to be set by locals . Among many notable veterans of Freedom Summer was Heather Booth , Marshall Ganz , and Mario Savio . Julian Bond has led civil rights in a variety of positions , including as an elected official . After the summer , Heather Booth returned to Illinois , where she became a founder of the Chicago Women 's Liberation Union and later the Midwest Academy . Marshall Ganz returned to California , where he worked for many years on the staff of the United Farm Workers . He later taught organizing strategies . In 2008 he played a crucial role in organizing Barack Obama 's field staff for the campaign . Mario Savio returned to the University of California , Berkeley , where he became a leader of the Free Speech Movement . In Mississippi , controversy raged over the three murders . Mississippi state and local officials did not indict anyone . The FBI continued to investigate . Agents infiltrated the KKK and paid informers to reveal secrets of their `` klaverns '' . In the fall of 1964 , informants told the FBI about the murders of Chaney , Goodman , and Schwerner . On December 4 , the FBI arrested 19 men as suspects . All were freed on a technicality , starting a three - year battle to bring them to justice . In October 1967 , the men , including the Klan 's Imperial Wizard Samuel Bowers , who had allegedly ordered the murders , went on trial in the federal courthouse in Meridian . Seven were ultimately convicted of federal crimes related to the murders . All were sentenced to 3 -- 10 years , but none served more than six years . This marked the first time since Reconstruction that white men had been convicted of civil rights violations against blacks in Mississippi . Mt . Zion Church state history marker near Philadelphia , Mississippi Mississippi began to make some racial progress but white supremacy was resilient , especially in rural areas . In 1965 Congress passed the federal Voting Rights Act , which provided for federal oversight and enforcement to facilitate registration and voting in areas of historically low turnout . Mississippi 's legislature passed several laws to dilute the power of black votes . Only with Supreme Court rulings and more than a decade of cooling did black voting become a reality in Mississippi . The seeds planted during Freedom Summer bore fruit in the 1980s and 1990s , when Mississippi elected more black officials than any other state . Since redistricting in 2003 , Mississippi has had four congressional districts . Mississippi 's 2nd congressional district , covering a concentration of black population in the western part of the state , including the Mississippi Delta , is black majority . Renewed investigation of the 1964 murders of Chaney , Goodman , and Schwerner led to a trial by the state in 2005 . As a result of investigative reporting by Jerry Mitchell ( an award - winning reporter for the Jackson Clarion - Ledger ) , high school teacher Barry Bradford , and three of his students from Illinois ( Brittany Saltiel , Sarah Siegel , and Allison Nichols ) , Edgar Ray Killen , one of the leaders of the killings and a former Ku Klux Klan klavern recruiter , was indicted for murder . He was convicted of three counts of manslaughter . The Killen verdict was announced on June 21 , 2005 , the forty - first anniversary of the crime . Killen 's lawyers appealed the verdict , but his sentence of 3 times 20 years in prison was upheld on January 12 , 2007 , in a hearing by the Supreme Court of Mississippi . See also ( edit ) African - American -- Jewish relations Carpenters for Christmas References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Clayborne Carson , In Struggle ( Harvard University Press , 1981 ) , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Sargent , The Civil Rights Revolution : Events and Leaders , 1955 - 1968 , McFarland , 2004 , p 72 Jump up ^ `` Freedom Vote Flyer '' , Amistad Research Center , Tulane University Jump up ^ Kurlansky , Mark ( 2013 ) . Ready For a Brand New Beat : How `` Dancing in the Street '' Became the Anthem for a Changing America . New York : Penguin . p. 135 . ISBN 9781101616260 . Jump up ^ Watson , Bruce ( 2010 ) . Freedom Summer : The Savage Season of 1964 That Made Mississippi Burn and Made America a Democracy . New York : Penguin . p. 18 . ISBN 9781101190180 . Jump up ^ `` The SNCC Project : A Year by Year History 1960 - 1970 '' . Mapping American Social Movements . Jump up ^ Doug McAdam , Freedom Summer ( Oxford Univ . Press , 1988 ) , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Wang , Hansi Lo ( June 14 , 2014 ) . `` 50 Years Ago , Freedom Summer Began By Training For Battle '' . NPR . ^ Jump up to : `` Freedom Summer '' . CORE. 2006 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Voting Rights '' . Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement. 2003 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Mississippi : Subversion of the Right to Vote '' ( PDF ) . Civil Rights Movement Veterans . Jump up ^ McAdam , Doug ( 1988 ) . Freedom Summer . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ `` Lynching of Chaney , Schwerner & Goodman '' . Civil Rights Movement Veterans . Jump up ^ Don Whitehead ( 1970 ) . Attack On Terror : The FBI Against the Ku Klux Klan In Mississippi . Funk & Wagnalls . Jump up ^ `` Freedom Summer and Freedom Schools '' , ~ Education & Democracy Jump up ^ Mississippi Freedom School Curriculum ~ Education & Democracy Jump up ^ Mississippi Freedom Summer -- 1964 ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Cook , K.J. ( 2008 ) . `` Freedom libraries in the 1964 mississippi freedom summer project : A history '' . ProQuest Dissertations & Theses A&I ; ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global . Jump up ^ Letter written by Charles J. Benner to John Lewis , June 16 , 1964 Jump up ^ `` Oh Freedom Now by John Biewen '' American Radio Works , American Public Media Jump up ^ Veterans Roll Call ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ John Dittmer , Local People : The Struggle for Civil Rights in Mississippi ( University of Illinois Press , 1995 ) p. 339 - 344 Jump up ^ Mitchell , Jerry ( February 4 , 2014 ) . `` Congressional Honor Sought for Freedom Summer Martyrs '' . USA Today . Bibliography ( edit ) Clayborne Carson , In Struggle : SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s ( Harvard University Press , 1981 ) . ISBN 0 - 674 - 44726 - 3 Doug McAdam , Freedom Summer ( New York and Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1988 ) . ISBN 0 - 19 - 504367 - 7 Bruce Watson , Freedom Summer : The Savage Season That Made Mississippi Burn and Made America a Democracy ( New York , NY : Viking , 2010 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 02170 - 3 Further reading ( edit ) Hamer , Fannie Lou , The Speeches of Fannie Lou Hamer : To Tell it Like it is ' , Univ . Press of Mississippi , 2011 . ISBN 9781604738230 . Lyon , Danny ( 1992 ) . Memories of the Southern Civil Rights Movement . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 9780807843864 . Sally Belfrage , Freedom Summer ( University of Virginia Press , 1965 , reissued 1990 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 1299 - 8 Susie Erenrich , editor , Freedom Is a Constant Struggle : An Anthology of the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement ( Montgomery , AL : Black Belt Press , 1999 ) . ISBN 1 - 881320 - 58 - 8 Matt Herron , Mississippi Eyes : The Story and Photography of the Southern Documentary Project , Talking Fingers Publications , 2014 ISBN 978 - 1933945187 Adam Hochschild , Finding the Trapdoor : Essays , Portraits , Travels ( Syracuse University Press , 1997 ) , `` Summer of Violence , '' pp. 140 -- 150 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8156 - 0594 - 2 . Martinez , Elizabeth , ed. ( 2014 ) . Letters from Mississippi : Reports from Civil Rights Volunteers & Poetry of the 1964 Freedom Summer . Zephyr Press . ISBN 9781938890024 . William Sturkey and Jon Hale , eds. , To Write in the Light of Freedom : Newspapers of the 1964 Mississippi Freedom Schools ( Jackson , MS : University Press of Mississippi , 2015 ) Steven M. Gillon `` 10 Days That Unexpectedly Changed America '' ( Three Rivers Press , New York , 2006 ) External links ( edit ) SNCC Digital Gateway : Freedom Summer Digital documentary website created by the SNCC Legacy Project and Duke University , telling the story of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee & grassroots organizing from the inside - out Mississippi Freedom Summer ( Amistad Digital Resource ) `` Book Discussion on Freedom Summer '' . C - SPAN . 15 June 2010 . Retrieved 24 April 2015 . Bruce Watson recalls the `` Freedom Summer '' of 1964 when over 700 college students arrived in Mississippi to register African - American voters and create Freedom Schools to assist in the education of the populace . Their work was met with resistance exemplified through the disappearance of three volunteers , indiscriminate beatings , and the burnings of churches . Bruce Watson discussed his book at Lemuira Books in Jackson , Mississippi . Freedom Summer Digital Collection - Miami University of Ohio Freedom Summer National Conference - 2009 - Miami University of Ohio Freedom Summer 50th Miami University of Ohio , 2014 Mississippi Burning ( LBJ tapes and documents ) - University of Virginia Freedom Summer , Mississippi 1964 ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans Photos of Freedom Summer ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans Freedom On My Mind a documentary distributed by California Newsreel `` We had Sneakers , They Had Guns , '' . Webcast and event flier essay from the Library of Congress , American Folklife Center , May 5 , 2009 lecture . Illustrator and journalist Tracy Sugarman describes his experiences covering the voting registration efforts during the 1964 `` Freedom Summer . '' The talk is related to the publication of Sugarman 's book of the same title . Retrieved August 25 , 2009 . Mississippi & Freedom Summer - The Civil Rights Movements of the 1960s 1964 : Freedom Summer - University of Southern Mississippi SNCC History and Geography from the Mapping American Social Movements project at the University of Washington Civil Rights in Mississippi Digital Archive ( USM ) Oh Freedom Over Me - American RadioWorks Mississippi Digital Library Original photographs , documents oral history , letters from the Mississippi freedom movement Carpenters for Christmas Project to Rebuild Antioch Missionary Baptist Church , Tippah County , Mississippi , burned after a speech held there by Fannie Lou Hamer The 1964 MS Freedom School Curriculum ~ Education and Democracy Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission ( video ) Freedom Summer , Civil Rights Digital Library hide Civil rights movement Notable events ( timeline ) Prior to 1954 Lynching in the United States Murder of Harry and Harriette Moore 1954 -- 1959 Brown v. Board of Education Bolling v. Sharpe Briggs v. Elliott Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County Gebhart v. Belton White America , Inc . Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company Emmett Till Montgomery bus boycott Browder v. Gayle Tallahassee bus boycott Mansfield school desegregation 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom `` Give Us the Ballot '' Royal Ice Cream sit - in Little Rock Nine National Guard blockade Civil Rights Act of 1957 Kissing Case Biloxi wade - ins 1960 -- 1963 Greensboro sit - ins Nashville sit - ins Sit - in movement Civil Rights Act of 1960 Gomillion v. Lightfoot Boynton v. Virginia Rock Hill sit - ins Robert F. Kennedy 's Law Day Address Freedom Rides attacks Garner v. Louisiana Albany Movement University of Chicago sit - ins `` Second Emancipation Proclamation '' Meredith enrollment , Ole Miss riot `` Segregation now , segregation forever '' Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 1963 Birmingham campaign Letter from Birmingham Jail Children 's Crusade Birmingham riot 16th Street Baptist Church bombing John F. Kennedy 's Report to the American People on Civil Rights March on Washington `` I Have a Dream '' St. Augustine movement 1964 -- 1968 Twenty - fourth Amendment Bloody Tuesday Freedom Summer workers ' murders Civil Rights Act of 1964 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches `` How Long , Not Long '' Voting Rights Act of 1965 Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections March Against Fear White House Conference on Civil Rights Chicago Freedom Movement / Chicago open housing movement Memphis sanitation strike King assassination funeral riots Poor People 's Campaign Civil Rights Act of 1968 Green v. County School Board of New Kent County Activist groups Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights Atlanta Student Movement Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Committee on Appeal for Human Rights Council for United Civil Rights Leadership Dallas County Voters League Deacons for Defense and Justice Georgia Council on Human Relations Highlander Folk School Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights Montgomery Improvement Association Nashville Student Movement NAACP Youth Council Northern Student Movement National Council of Negro Women National Urban League Operation Breadbasket Regional Council of Negro Leadership Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Southern Regional Council Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) The Freedom Singers Wednesdays in Mississippi Women 's Political Council Activists Ralph Abernathy Victoria Gray Adams Zev Aelony Mathew Ahmann William G. Anderson Gwendolyn Armstrong Arnold Aronson Ella Baker Marion Barry Daisy Bates Harry Belafonte James Bevel Claude Black Gloria Blackwell Randolph Blackwell Unita Blackwell Ezell Blair Jr . Joanne Bland Julian Bond Joseph E. Boone William Holmes Borders Amelia Boynton Raylawni Branch Ruby Bridges Aurelia Browder H. Rap Brown Guy Carawan Stokely Carmichael Johnnie Carr James Chaney J.L. Chestnut Colia Lafayette Clark Ramsey Clark Septima Clark Xernona Clayton Eldridge Cleaver Kathleen Cleaver Charles E. Cobb Jr . Annie Lee Cooper Dorothy Cotton Claudette Colvin Vernon Dahmer Jonathan Daniels Joseph DeLaine Dave Dennis Annie Devine Patricia Stephens Due Joseph Ellwanger Charles Evers Medgar Evers Myrlie Evers - Williams Chuck Fager James Farmer Walter E. Fauntroy James Forman Marie Foster Golden Frinks Andrew Goodman Fred Gray Jack Greenberg Dick Gregory Lawrence Guyot Prathia Hall Fannie Lou Hamer William E. Harbour Vincent Harding Dorothy Height Lola Hendricks Aaron Henry Oliver Hill Donald L. Hollowell James Hood Myles Horton Zilphia Horton T.R.M. Howard Ruby Hurley Jesse Jackson Jimmie Lee Jackson Richie Jean Jackson T.J. Jemison Esau Jenkins Barbara Rose Johns Vernon Johns Frank Minis Johnson Clarence Jones J. Charles Jones Matthew Jones Vernon Jordan Tom Kahn Clyde Kennard A.D. King C.B. King Coretta Scott King Martin Luther King Jr . Martin Luther King Sr . Bernard Lafayette James Lawson Bernard Lee Sanford R. Leigh Jim Letherer Stanley Levison John Lewis Viola Liuzzo Z. Alexander Looby Joseph Lowery Clara Luper Malcolm X Mae Mallory Vivian Malone Thurgood Marshall Benjamin Mays Franklin McCain Charles McDew Ralph McGill Floyd McKissick Joseph McNeil James Meredith William Ming Jack Minnis Amzie Moore Douglas E. Moore Harriette Moore Harry T. Moore William Lewis Moore Irene Morgan Bob Moses William Moyer Elijah Muhammad Diane Nash Charles Neblett Edgar Nixon Jack O'Dell James Orange Rosa Parks James Peck Charles Person Homer Plessy Adam Clayton Powell Jr . Fay Bellamy Powell Al Raby Lincoln Ragsdale A. Philip Randolph George Raymond Jr . Bernice Johnson Reagon Cordell Reagon James Reeb Frederick D. Reese Gloria Richardson David Richmond Bernice Robinson Jo Ann Robinson Bayard Rustin Bernie Sanders Michael Schwerner Cleveland Sellers Charles Sherrod Alexander D. Shimkin Fred Shuttlesworth Modjeska Monteith Simkins Glenn E. Smiley A. Maceo Smith Kelly Miller Smith Mary Louise Smith Maxine Smith Ruby Doris Smith - Robinson Charles Kenzie Steele Hank Thomas Dorothy Tillman A.P. Tureaud Hartman Turnbow Albert Turner C.T. Vivian Wyatt Tee Walker Hollis Watkins Walter Francis White Roy Wilkins Hosea Williams Kale Williams Robert F. Williams Andrew Young Whitney Young Sammy Younge Jr . James Zwerg Influences Nonviolence Padayatra Sermon on the Mount Mahatma Gandhi Ahimsa Satyagraha The Kingdom of God Is Within You Frederick Douglass W.E.B. Du Bois Mary McLeod Bethune Related Jim Crow laws Plessy v. Ferguson Separate but equal Buchanan v. Warley Hocutt v. Wilson Sweatt v. Painter Heart of Atlanta Motel , Inc. v. United States Katzenbach v. McClung Loving v. Virginia Fifth Circuit Four Brown Chapel Holt Street Baptist Church Edmund Pettus Bridge March on Washington Movement African - American churches attacked Journey of Reconciliation Freedom Songs `` Kumbaya '' `` Keep Your Eyes on the Prize '' `` Oh , Freedom '' `` This Little Light of Mine '' `` We Shall Not Be Moved '' `` We Shall Overcome '' Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam `` Beyond Vietnam : A Time to Break Silence '' Watts riots Voter Education Project 1960s counterculture In popular culture King Memorial Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument Freedom Riders National Monument Civil Rights Memorial The New Jim Crow ( 2010 ) Noted historians Taylor Branch Clayborne Carson John Dittmer Michael Eric Dyson Chuck Fager Adam Fairclough David Garrow David Halberstam Vincent Harding Steven F. Lawson Doug McAdam Diane McWhorter Charles M. Payne Timothy Tyson Akinyele Umoja Movement photographers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freedom_Summer&oldid=844762089 '' Categories : 1964 in the United States History of voting rights in the United States History of African - American civil rights African - American history of Mississippi Civil rights movement 1964 in Mississippi Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee 1964 protests Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Ελληνικά Français 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 June 2018 , at 00 : 29 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | a 1964 project to register african-american voters in mississippi | [
"Freedom Summer, or the Mississippi Summer Project, was a volunteer campaign in the United States launched in June 1964 to attempt to register as many African-American voters as possible in Mississippi. Blacks had been cut off from voting since the turn of the century due to barriers to voter registration and other laws. The project also set up dozens of Freedom Schools, Freedom Houses, and community centers in small towns throughout Mississippi to aid the local black population."
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"Freedom Summer, or the Mississippi Summer Project"
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-5128528388792287035 | Stephen Curry | Stephen Curry - wikipedia Stephen Curry This article is about the basketball player . For other uses , see Stephen Curry ( disambiguation ) . Stephen Curry Curry in 2016 No. 30 -- Golden State Warriors Position Point guard League NBA ( 1988 - 03 - 14 ) March 14 , 1988 ( age 30 ) Akron , Ohio Nationality American Listed height 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) Listed weight 190 lb ( 86 kg ) Career information High school Charlotte Christian ( Charlotte , North Carolina ) College Davidson ( 2006 -- 2009 ) NBA draft 2009 / Round : 1 / Pick : 7th overall Selected by the Golden State Warriors Playing career 2009 -- present Career history 2009 -- present Golden State Warriors Career highlights and awards 3 × NBA champion ( 2015 , 2017 , 2018 ) 2 × NBA Most Valuable Player ( 2015 , 2016 ) 5 × NBA All - Star ( 2014 -- 2018 ) 2 × All - NBA First Team ( 2015 , 2016 ) 2 × All - NBA Second Team ( 2014 , 2017 ) All - NBA Third Team ( 2018 ) NBA scoring champion ( 2016 ) NBA steals leader ( 2016 ) 50 -- 40 -- 90 club ( 2016 ) NBA Three - Point Contest champion ( 2015 ) NBA Sportsmanship Award ( 2011 ) NBA All - Rookie First Team ( 2010 ) AP Athlete of the Year ( 2015 ) Consensus first - team All - American ( 2009 ) Consensus second - team All - American ( 2008 ) NCAA Division I scoring leader ( 2009 ) 2 × SoCon Player of the Year ( 2008 , 2009 ) Stats at NBA.com Stats at Basketball-Reference.com Medals ( hide ) Men 's basketball Representing United States FIBA World Cup 2010 Turkey National team 2014 Spain National team Wardell Stephen Curry II ( / ˈstɛfən / STEF - ən ; born March 14 , 1988 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Golden State Warriors of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . Many players and analysts have called him the greatest shooter in NBA history . In 2014 -- 15 , Curry won the NBA Most Valuable Player Award and led the Warriors to their first championship since 1975 . The following season , he became the first player in NBA history to be elected MVP by a unanimous vote and to lead the league in scoring while shooting above 50 -- 40 -- 90 . That same year , the Warriors broke the record for the most wins in an NBA season en route to reaching the 2016 NBA Finals , which they lost to the Cleveland Cavaliers . Curry helped the Warriors return to the NBA Finals in 2017 and 2018 , where they won back - to - back titles . Curry is the son of former NBA player Dell Curry and older brother of current NBA player Seth Curry . He played college basketball for Davidson . There , he was twice named Southern Conference Player of the Year and set the all - time scoring record for both Davidson and the Southern Conference . During his sophomore year , he also set the single - season NCAA record for three - pointers made . During the 2012 -- 13 season , Curry set the NBA record for three - pointers made in a regular season with 272 . He surpassed that record in 2015 with 286 , and again in 2016 with 402 . During the 2013 -- 14 season , he and teammate Klay Thompson were nicknamed the Splash Brothers en route to setting the NBA record for combined three - pointers in a season with 484 , a record they broke the following season ( 525 ) and again in the 2015 -- 16 season ( 678 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 College career 2.1 Freshman season 2.2 Sophomore season 2.3 Junior season 3 Professional career 3.1 Golden State Warriors ( 2009 -- present ) 3.1. 1 Early seasons ( 2009 -- 11 ) 3.1. 2 Injury - riddled year ( 2011 -- 12 ) 3.1. 3 Getting back on track ( 2012 -- 14 ) 3.1. 4 NBA Championship and MVP ( 2014 -- 15 ) 3.1. 5 Unanimous MVP ( 2015 -- 16 ) 3.1. 6 Second NBA Championship ( 2016 -- 17 ) 3.1. 7 Third NBA Championship ( 2017 -- 18 ) 4 National team career 5 Player profile 6 Personal life 6.1 Charity 6.2 Public image 6.3 Business interests 6.4 Golf 7 Career statistics 7.1 NBA statistics 7.2 College statistics 8 Awards and honors 8.1 NBA 8.2 College 8.2. 1 NCAA records 8.2. 2 Davidson College records 8.3 Other 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Early life Stephen Curry is the son of Sonya ( Adams ) and Dell Curry . He was born in Akron , Ohio while his father was a member of the Cleveland Cavaliers . He grew up in Charlotte , North Carolina , where his father spent most of his NBA career with the Charlotte Hornets . Dell often took Curry and his younger brother Seth to his games , where they would shoot with the Hornets during warm - ups . The family briefly relocated to Toronto , where Dell finished out his career as a member of the Raptors . During this time , Curry played for the Queensway Christian College boys ' basketball team , leading them to an undefeated season . He was also a member of Toronto 5 -- 0 , a club team that plays across Ontario , pitting him against fellow future NBA players Cory Joseph and Kelly Olynyk . Curry led the team to a 33 -- 4 record , en route to winning the provincial championship . Following Dell 's retirement , the family moved back to Charlotte and Curry enrolled at Charlotte Christian School , where he was named all - conference , all - state , and led his team to three conference titles and three state playoff appearances . Because of his father 's storied career at Virginia Tech , Curry wanted to play college basketball for the Hokies , but was only offered a walk - on spot due in part to his slender 160 - pound frame . He ultimately chose to attend Davidson College , who had aggressively recruited him from the tenth grade . US college sports recruiting information for high school athletes Name Hometown High school / college Height Weight Commit date Stephen Curry PG Charlotte , North Carolina Charlotte Christian 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) 163 lb ( 74 kg ) Sep 18 , 2005 Recruiting star ratings : Scout : Rivals : 247Sports : N / A Overall recruiting rankings : Scout : 36 ( PG ) Note : In many cases , Scout , Rivals , 247Sports , and ESPN may conflict in their listings of height and weight . In these cases , the average was taken . ESPN grades are on a 100 - point scale . Sources : `` 2006 Davidson Basketball Commitment List '' . Rivals.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . `` 2006 Davidson College Basketball Team Recruiting Prospects '' . Scout.com . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2013 . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . `` Scout.com Team Recruiting Rankings '' . Scout.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . `` 2006 Team Ranking '' . Rivals.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . College career Freshman season Before Curry even played in his first game for the Wildcats , head coach Bob McKillop praised him at a Davidson alumni event , `` Wait ' til you see Steph Curry . He is something special . '' In his first collegiate game , against Eastern Michigan , Curry finished with 15 points but committed 13 turnovers . In the next game , against Michigan , he scored 32 points , dished out 4 assists , and grabbed 9 rebounds . Curry finished the season leading the Southern Conference in scoring with 21.5 points per game . He was second in the nation among freshmen in scoring , behind only Kevin Durant of Texas . Curry 's scoring ability helped the Wildcats to a 29 -- 5 overall record and a Southern Conference regular season title . On March 2 , 2007 , in the Southern Conference tournament semi-finals against Furman , Curry made his 113th three - pointer of the year , breaking Keydren Clark 's NCAA freshman season record for 3 - point field goals . Curry eclipsed the school freshman scoring record with his 502nd point against Chattanooga on February 6 , 2007 . On March 15 , 2007 , Davidson marched into the NCAA tournament as a 13 seed set to play Maryland ; despite Curry 's game - high 30 points , Davidson lost 82 -- 70 . At the end of his freshman season , Curry was named Southern Conference Freshman of the Year , SoCon Tournament MVP , and selected to the SoCon All - tournament team , All - freshman team , and first team All - SoCon . He was also honorable mention in Sports Illustrated 's All - Mid-Major . After the season ended , he was selected for the USA team to appear at the 2007 FIBA U19 World Championships in which he averaged 9.4 points , 3.8 rebounds , and 2.2 assists in 19.4 minutes , helping team USA to a silver medal finish . Sophomore season Curry at the 2008 NCAA Tournament In his sophomore season in 2007 -- 08 , Curry had grown to his adult height of 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) and again led the Southern Conference in scoring , averaging 25.5 points per game while adding 4.7 rebounds per game and 2.8 assists per game . He led the Wildcats to a 26 -- 6 regular season record , and a 20 -- 0 conference record . As a result of Curry 's exceptional play , Davidson earned its third straight NCAA Tournament bid . On March 21 , 2008 , Davidson matched up with seventh - seeded Gonzaga . Gonzaga led by 11 points early in the second half but Curry went on to score 30 points in the half to push Davidson to their first NCAA Tournament win since 1969 , 82 -- 76 . Curry ended the game with 40 points while also going 8 - for - 10 from 3 - point range . On March 23 , Davidson played second seeded Georgetown in the second round of the NCAA Tournament . Georgetown , ranked eighth nationally , entered the game as a heavy favorite after an appearance in the Final Four in 2007 . Curry managed just five points in the first half of the game as Davidson trailed by as many as 17 points , but his 25 second - half points led Davidson to a 74 -- 70 comeback victory . On March 28 , 2008 , Curry led Davidson to another win , against third - seeded Wisconsin . Curry scored 33 points as Davidson won 73 -- 56 to advance to the Elite 8 . Curry joined Clyde Lovellette , Jerry Chambers , and Glenn Robinson as the only college players to score over 30 points in their first four career NCAA tournament games . Curry also tied Darrin Fitzgerald of Butler for the single - season record for most three - pointers with 158 . On March 30 , 2008 , he set the record , against the top - seeded Kansas Jayhawks , with his 159th three - pointer of the season . Curry scored 25 points in the game but Davidson lost 57 -- 59 , and the Jayhawks went on to win the championship . Curry finished the season averaging 25.9 points , 2.9 assists , and 2.1 steals per game . He was named to the Associated Press ' All - America Second Team on March 31 , 2008 . He also was named the Most Outstanding Player of the Midwest Region of the 2008 NCAA Tournament , becoming the first player from a team not making the Final Four to do so since Juwan Howard of Michigan in 1994 . Curry was nominated for an ESPY in the Breakthrough Player of the Year category . Junior season After Davidson 's loss against Kansas in the NCAA Regional Finals , Curry announced that he would return for his junior year . He stated that he wanted to develop as a point guard , his likely position in the NBA . On November 18 , 2008 , Curry scored a career - high 44 points in Davidson 's 82 -- 78 loss to Oklahoma . He extended a career - long streak by scoring at least 25 points for the seventh straight game . On November 21 , Curry registered a career - high 13 assists , to go along with 30 points , in Davidson 's 97 -- 70 win over Winthrop . On November 25 , against Loyola , Curry was held scoreless as Loyola constantly double - teamed him . It was Curry 's only scoreless collegiate game and just his second without double - digit points . He finished 0 - for - 3 from the field as Davidson won the game 78 -- 48 . In Davidson 's next game ( 11 days later ) , Curry matched his career - high of 44 in a 72 -- 67 win over North Carolina State . Curry surpassed the 2000 - point mark for his career on January 3 , 2009 , as he scored 21 points against Samford . On February 14 , 2009 , Curry rolled his ankle in the second half of a win over Furman . The injury caused Curry to miss the February 18 game against The Citadel , the first and only game he missed in his college career . On February 28 , 2009 , Curry became Davidson 's all - time leading scorer with 34 points in a 99 -- 56 win against Georgia Southern . That gave Curry 2,488 points for his career , surpassing previous school leader John Gerdy . Davidson won the 2008 -- 09 Southern Conference regular season championship for the south division , finishing 18 -- 2 in the conference . In the 2009 Southern Conference Tournament , Davidson played Appalachian State in the quarterfinals and won 84 -- 68 . Curry scored 43 points , which is the third most points in Southern Conference tournament history . In the semifinals , against the College of Charleston , Curry had 20 points but Davidson lost 52 -- 59 . Despite lobbying from Davidson head coach Bob McKillop and Charleston coach Bobby Cremins , the Wildcats failed to get an NCAA tournament bid . Instead , they received the sixth seed in the 2009 NIT . Davidson played the third seed , South Carolina , on the road in the first round . Curry scored 32 points as the Wildcats beat the Gamecocks 70 -- 63 . Davidson then fell 68 -- 80 to the Saint Mary 's Gaels in the second round . Curry registered 26 points , 9 rebounds , and 5 assists in what was his final game for the Wildcats . In his final season at Davidson , Curry averaged 28.6 points , 5.6 assists , and 2.5 steals . He was the NCAA scoring leader and was named a consensus first team All - American . Curry opted out of his senior year at Davidson , but he stated that he still planned to earn his degree . Professional career Golden State Warriors ( 2009 -- present ) Early seasons ( 2009 -- 11 ) Curry defends against Allen Iverson in 2009 . Curry was selected with the seventh overall pick in the 2009 NBA draft by the Golden State Warriors . His rookie contract was worth $12.7 million over four years . In his first career game , he scored 14 points and distributed 7 assists . With final season averages of 17.5 points , 5.9 assists , and 1.9 steals per game , he finished second in NBA Rookie of the Year voting to the Sacramento Kings ' Tyreke Evans , and was named to the NBA All - Rookie First Team . At the 2011 NBA All - Star Weekend , Curry won the Skills Challenge . He finished the season with averages of 18.6 points , 5.8 assists , and 1.5 steals per game and shot a franchise - and league - best 93.4 percent from the free throw line . He was also the recipient of the NBA Sportsmanship Award . Injury - riddled year ( 2011 -- 12 ) Curry taking a jump shot in March 2011 . Holding numerous three - point shooting records and having one of the quickest releases in the NBA , Curry is often considered one of the greatest shooters of all time . In May 2011 , Curry had surgery on his right ankle to repair torn ligaments that were caused by multiple sprains from the previous season . The ankle healed in time for the start of the 2011 -- 12 campaign , but he sprained it again during the preseason and on January 4 in a game against the San Antonio Spurs . On February 22 , he strained a tendon in his right foot in a game against the Phoenix Suns . In April , he had another surgery . In total , Curry appeared in only 26 regular season games and his scoring average dipped to 14.7 points per game . Getting back on track ( 2012 -- 14 ) Prior to the start of the 2012 -- 13 season , Curry agreed to a four - year , $44 million rookie scale contract extension with the Warriors . At the time , many basketball writers considered the move risky for Golden State because of Curry 's injury history . Over the course of the year , Curry and backcourt teammate Klay Thompson gained a reputation for their perimeter scoring , earning them the nickname `` The Splash Brothers '' . On February 27 , Curry scored a career - high 54 points in a game against the New York Knicks , setting a franchise record for three - pointers made in a game with 11 and falling just one shy of tying the NBA record . In the final game of the season , he set a new league record for three - pointers made in a single season . His final averages were 22.9 points and 6.9 assists per game . The Warriors finished the year with 47 wins , earning them the sixth seed in the Western Conference and a matchup with the Denver Nuggets in the first round of the playoffs . Golden State defeated the Nuggets in six games to advance to the second round , where Curry scored 44 points in a Game 1 loss to the Spurs . The Warriors eventually lost the series in six games . In December of the 2013 -- 14 season , Curry eclipsed Jason Richardson as the franchise 's leader in career three - pointers . In February , he made his first All - Star appearance , starting for the West . Behind averages of 24 points and 8.5 assists per game , he was selected to his first All - NBA Team . Seeded sixth for the second consecutive year , the Warriors drew the Los Angeles Clippers to begin the postseason . In Game 4 , Curry scored 33 points , including a then playoff career - high seven three - pointers , in a winning effort . Golden State went on to lose the series in seven games . NBA championship and MVP ( 2014 -- 15 ) Curry about to pass while being guarded by John Wall and Nenê of the Washington Wizards . Curry averaged 7.7 assists per game during the 2014 -- 15 NBA regular season , good enough for sixth best in the league . Prior to the start of the 2014 -- 15 season , the Warriors hired former NBA player and general manager Steve Kerr as their new head coach . Kerr implemented significant changes to Golden State 's schemes , including playing at a faster pace and giving Curry more freedom to shoot , helping the team evolve into a title contender . On February 4 , Curry scored a season - high 51 points in a win over the Dallas Mavericks . He was the leading vote - getter for the All - Star Game and won the Three - Point Contest on All - Star Saturday night . On April 9 , he broke his own league record for three - pointers made in a season during a game against the Portland Trail Blazers . The Warriors finished the year with 67 wins and Curry was voted the NBA Most Valuable Player after posting averages of 23.8 points , 7.7 assists and 2 steals per game . Over the course of the season , he sat out 17 fourth quarters due to Golden State 's wide margins of victory . In Game 5 of the Conference Semifinals against the Memphis Grizzlies , Curry became the first player in league history to register six three - pointers and six steals in a game . In Game 6 , he made a playoff career - high eight three - pointers en route to a series - clinching victory . In Game 3 of the Conference Finals against the Houston Rockets , he broke the NBA record for most three - pointers made in a single postseason . The Warriors went on to defeat the Rockets to earn a Finals matchup with the Cleveland Cavaliers , where Curry struggled to start the series , converting on only 22 percent of his field goals in Game 2 . In Game 5 , he scored 37 points , and in Game 6 , Golden State closed out the series to win their first championship in 40 years . For the Finals , Curry averaged 26 points and 6.3 assists per game . Unanimous MVP ( 2015 -- 16 ) Curry against the Washington Wizards in 2016 On October 27 , 2015 , Curry scored 40 points ( including a career - high 24 points in the first quarter ) in the Warriors ' season opening win over the New Orleans Pelicans , the most points scored by a reigning MVP in an opener since 1972 when Kareem Abdul - Jabbar scored 41 for the Milwaukee Bucks . In addition , Curry started his seventh straight season opener , joining Jeff Mullins , and Chris Mullin as the only Warriors ' players since 1962 to do so . Two games later on October 31 , also against the Pelicans , Curry scored 53 points on 17 - of - 27 shooting to lead the Warriors to a 134 -- 120 win . Curry became the first player since Michael Jordan in 1989 -- 90 to score 118 points in the first three games of a season . On November 24 , he scored 24 points in a win over the Los Angeles Lakers , as the Warriors set the record for best start in NBA history at 16 -- 0 . The Warriors improved to 24 -- 0 on December 11 with a double overtime win over the Boston Celtics , before finally having their streak broken the following day against the Milwaukee Bucks . On December 28 , Curry recorded his sixth career triple - double with 23 points , a career - high 14 rebounds and 10 assists in a 122 -- 103 win over the Sacramento Kings . During the game against the Kings , Curry was guarded by his brother Seth for the first time in their NBA careers . On January 22 , he recorded his second triple - double of the season and seventh of his career with 39 points , 12 assists and 10 rebounds in a 122 -- 110 win over the Indiana Pacers . He made eight three - pointers in the game to reach 200 for the season , becoming the first player in NBA history to make 200 three - pointers in four straight seasons . On February 3 , he made 11 three - pointers ( including seven in the first quarter ) and scored 51 points ( including a career - high 36 points in the first half ) to lead the Warriors past the Washington Wizards 134 -- 121 . His 51 points tied Gilbert Arenas and Michael Jordan for the Verizon Center record . During the 2016 NBA All - Star Weekend , Curry competed in his third straight All - Star game for the West , and competed in the Three - Point Shootout , where he lost in the final round to teammate Klay Thompson . At 48 -- 4 , the Warriors entered the All - Star break with the best record through 52 games in NBA history , one win better than the 1995 -- 96 Chicago Bulls and 1966 -- 67 Philadelphia 76ers . On February 25 , Curry made 10 three - pointers and scored 51 points to lead the Warriors past the Orlando Magic 130 -- 114 . Curry topped 50 points for the third time in 2015 -- 16 , the first player to do it that many times since LeBron James and Dwyane Wade did so in 2008 -- 09 . Curry also surpassed Kyle Korver 's mark of 127 straight games with a three - pointer . In the following game two days later , the Warriors defeated the Oklahoma City Thunder in overtime thanks to a Curry three - pointer with 0.6 seconds remaining . Curry finished with 46 points as his winning shot was his 12th three - pointer , tying the NBA single - game record ( with Kobe Bryant and Donyell Marshall ) . He also broke his own NBA record for threes in a season , leaving the new mark at 288 . On March 7 , in a win over the Orlando Magic , Curry scored 41 points and became the first player in NBA history to make 300 three - pointers in a season . On April 1 , Curry missed a three - pointer to tie the game against the Boston Celtics with 5.3 seconds left , as the Warriors suffered their first home defeat since January 27 , 2015 , losing 109 -- 106 to the Celtics to snap an NBA - record 54 - game winning streak in the regular season at Oracle Arena . On April 7 , Curry scored 27 points to help the Warriors become the second team in NBA history to win 70 games in a season with a 112 -- 101 win over the San Antonio Spurs . In the Warriors ' regular season finale on April 13 against the Memphis Grizzlies , Curry achieved another shooting milestone , becoming the first player to make 400 three - pointers in a season by knocking down 10 from long range on his way to 46 points and 402 total three - pointers . With a 125 -- 104 win over the Grizzlies , the Warriors became the first 73 - win team in NBA history , surpassing the 1995 -- 96 Chicago Bulls ' 72 -- 10 record to finish the 2015 -- 16 season with just nine losses . With the conclusion of the regular season , Curry became the seventh player in NBA history to join the 50 -- 40 -- 90 club , representing the shooting percentages from the field (. 504 ) , beyond the arc (. 454 ) , and the free - throw line (. 908 ) . As the No. 1 seed in the Western Conference , the Warriors faced the eighth - seeded Rockets in the first round of the playoffs . In a Game 1 win , Curry scored 24 first - half points before an ankle injury ruled him out for the rest of the game . He subsequently missed Games 2 and 3 of the series , which the Warriors split for a 2 -- 1 lead . Curry returned in Game 4 , but sprained his right knee on the final play of the second quarter . He did not play in the second half , but the Warriors won 121 -- 94 . He was diagnosed with a sprained right medial collateral ligament ( MCL ) and was ruled out for two weeks . Without Curry , the Warriors defeated the Rockets in Game 5 to move on to the second round , where they faced the Portland Trail Blazers . Curry missed the first three games of the series , as the Warriors led 2 -- 1 after Game 3 . Curry returned to action in Game 4 , coming off the bench to record 40 points , 9 rebounds and 8 assists in a 132 -- 125 overtime win . Seventeen of those points came in the extra period , an NBA record for points scored by an individual in overtime . A day after returning from injury , Curry was named the league 's first ever unanimous MVP , becoming the 11th player in NBA history to win the award in consecutive seasons and the first guard to do so since Steve Nash in 2004 -- 05 and 2005 -- 06 . Curry led the Warriors to a 4 -- 1 victory over the Trail Blazers , as they moved on to the Western Conference Finals to face the Oklahoma City Thunder . After going down 3 -- 1 , he helped the Warriors rally to win the series 4 -- 3 and advance to their second straight NBA Finals . In the Finals , Curry 's play relative to his regular season performance remained inconsistent , as it had been since he returned from injury against Portland . Still , he broke Danny Green 's record of 27 three - pointers made in a Finals . However , the Warriors , despite being up 3 -- 1 in the series , were defeated by the Cleveland Cavaliers in seven games and became the first team in NBA Finals history to lose a series after leading 3 -- 1 . In the Game 7 loss , Curry scored 17 points on 6 - of - 19 shooting . Second NBA championship ( 2016 -- 17 ) Curry shooting over Marcin Gortat in February 2017 After dropping their season opener at home to the San Antonio Spurs on October 25 , the Warriors levelled their record at 1 -- 1 with a 122 -- 114 win over the New Orleans Pelicans three days later . Curry hit four three - pointers against the Pelicans to reach 1,600 for his career , becoming the 19th player to do so , as well as the fastest to reach the mark . On November 4 , 2016 , Curry 's NBA - record streak of 157 straight games with at least one made three - pointer was snapped during the Warriors ' 117 -- 97 loss to the Los Angeles Lakers after he went 0 - of - 10 from three - point range . He had hit a three - pointer in every regular - season game since November 11 , 2014 . Three days later , he hit 13 three - pointers against New Orleans , setting an NBA record for most three - pointers made in a regular - season game . Curry shot 16 - of - 26 overall against the Pelicans for his first 40 - point game of the season , finishing with 46 in a 116 -- 106 win . On December 11 , Curry hit two three - pointers against the Minnesota Timberwolves to pass Steve Nash for 17th on the NBA 's career three - pointers list . With 14 points against the Dallas Mavericks on December 30 , Curry ( 11,903 ) passed Purvis Short ( 11,894 ) for seventh place on the Warriors ' all - time scoring list . In a loss to the Memphis Grizzlies on January 6 , 2017 , Curry had his second 40 - point game of the season and reached the 12,000 - point threshold , becoming the seventh player in Warriors history to score 12,000 career points . Three days later , Curry was named Western Conference Player of the Week for games played Monday , January 2 through Sunday , January 8 . It marked his eighth career Player of the Week honor , more than any other player in franchise history . On January 19 , Curry was named a starter on the Western Conference All - Star team for the 2017 NBA All - Star Game . On January 28 , he scored 25 of his 43 points in the third quarter of the Warriors ' 144 -- 98 win over the Los Angeles Clippers . He also had nine three - pointers against the Clippers . On February 1 , he hit 11 three - pointers and scored 39 points in a 126 -- 111 win over the Charlotte Hornets . The following day , he was named Co-Western Conference Player of the Month for January alongside teammate Kevin Durant and hit his 200th three - pointer of the season in the Warriors ' 133 -- 120 win over the Clippers , making him the first player in NBA history to have 200 or more three - pointers in five consecutive seasons . On March 5 , he scored 31 points and moved into the top 10 on the NBA 's career three - point list in a 112 -- 105 win over the New York Knicks . Curry hit five three - pointers , passing Chauncey Billups for 10th place , and added eight rebounds and six assists . On April 2 , Curry hit nine three - pointers and scored 42 points in a 139 -- 115 win over the Washington Wizards . Three days later , he had another 42 - point effort in a 120 -- 111 win over the Phoenix Suns , helping the Warriors clinch the best record in the Western Conference for the third straight season . On April 24 , Curry scored 37 points in Game 4 to help the Warriors sweep their first - round playoff series against the Portland Trail Blazers and advance to the conference semifinals . On May 8 , he scored 30 points in Game 4 to help the Warriors sweep their second - round playoff series against the Utah Jazz and advance to the Western Conference Finals . In Game 1 of the Western Conference Finals against the Spurs on May 14 , Curry scored 40 points and hit a tying 3 - pointer with 1 : 48 remaining to help the Warriors rally from a 25 - point deficit to win 113 -- 111 ; the Warriors overcame their largest halftime deficit ever in the postseason at 20 points . In a 120 -- 108 Game 3 win , Curry scored 21 points and became the franchise leader in postseason points , passing Rick Barry . They went up 3 -- 0 in the series , becoming the third team in NBA history to win their first 11 playoff games . His 36 points in Game 4 led to a 129 -- 115 victory that saw the Warriors advance to the NBA Finals for a third straight year while becoming the first team in league history to start the playoffs 12 -- 0 . In Game 2 of the 2017 NBA Finals against the Cleveland Cavaliers , Curry recorded his first career postseason triple - double with 32 points , 11 assists and 10 rebounds to help the Warriors go up 2 -- 0 in the series with a 132 -- 113 win . Curry helped the Warriors clinch the series and the championship in Game 5 with 34 points , 10 assists and six rebounds , as Golden State claimed its second title in three years . Third NBA championship ( 2017 -- 18 ) On July 1 , 2017 , Curry agreed to a five - year , $201 million extension with the Warriors , becoming the first NBA player to sign a supermax contract worth over $200 million . He officially signed the contract on July 25 . On October 21 , in the Warriors ' third game of the season , Curry was ejected after throwing his mouthpiece in the direction of a referee . The Warriors lost the game 111 -- 101 to the Memphis Grizzlies , and Curry received a $50,000 fine , the maximum amount the NBA can fine players for . On November 19 , he had 39 points and a season - high 11 rebounds in a 118 -- 111 win over the Brooklyn Nets . On December 1 , he scored 23 points and passed Jason Kidd for eighth place on the career three - pointers made list in a 133 -- 112 win over the Orlando Magic . On December 4 , in a 125 -- 115 win over the New Orleans Pelicans , Curry hit five three - pointers to become the fastest NBA player to achieve the milestone of 2,000 career three - pointers , achieving that mark in just 597 games , 227 less than the previous fastest player to achieve that mark , Ray Allen . In that same game , Curry twisted his right ankle , the same ankle that had previously been surgically repaired , and was forced to exit the game early . Though x-rays of the injury turned out negative , and an MRI found no structural damage , Curry was ruled out for at least two weeks . He returned to action on December 30 after missing 11 games , scoring 38 points with a season - high 10 3 - pointers in a 141 -- 128 win over the Memphis Grizzlies . Curry shot 13 for 17 and 10 of 13 from deep in 26 minutes for his ninth 30 - point game of the season . It also marked Curry 's ninth career game with 10 or more 3s , the most by any player in NBA history . On January 6 , in a 121 -- 105 win over the Los Angeles Clippers , Curry scored 45 points without playing the fourth quarter . On January 25 , he scored 25 points in a 126 -- 113 win over the Minnesota Timberwolves . Curry became the fifth player in Warriors history to score 14,000 points , ending the game with 14,023 and joining Wilt Chamberlain ( 17,783 ) , Rick Barry ( 16,447 ) , Paul Arizin ( 16,266 ) and Chris Mullin ( 16,235 ) on the franchise list . On January 27 , he scored 49 points -- with 13 of those over the final 1 : 42 -- and hit eight 3 - pointers , lifting the Warriors past the Boston Celtics 109 -- 105 . On February 1 , he was named Western Conference Player of the Month for January . On February 22 , he had a 44 - point effort with eight 3 - pointers in a 134 -- 127 win over the Los Angeles Clippers . It was his third 40 - point game of the season . On March 2 , in a 114 -- 109 win over the Atlanta Hawks , Curry made his 200th 3 - point field goal of the season , becoming the first player in NBA history with at least 200 3 - pointers in six seasons , having reached the mark in every season since 2012 -- 13 . Four days later , in a 114 -- 101 win over the Nets , Curry became the seventh player in Warriors history to make 5,000 career field goals , joining Chamberlain , Barry , Mullin , Arizin , Jeff Mullins and Nate Thurmond . On March 23 , against the Hawks , Curry suffered a Grade 2 medial collateral ligament ( MCL ) sprain to his left knee . He subsequently missed nearly six weeks , returning to action in Game 2 of the Warriors ' second - round playoff series against the Pelicans . He came off the bench to score 28 points in a 121 -- 116 win . In Game 3 of the Western Conference Finals , Curry scored 35 points with five 3 - pointers in a 126 -- 85 win over the Houston Rockets . The 41 - point victory was the largest in franchise history during the postseason . In Game 6 , Curry scored 29 points with five 3 - pointers , as the Warriors rallied from an early 17 - point deficit to stave off elimination with a 115 -- 86 victory over the Rockets . In Game 7 , Curry recorded 27 points , 10 assists and nine rebounds , as the Warriors earned a fourth straight trip to the NBA Finals by beating the Rockets 101 -- 92 . In Game 2 of the NBA Finals , Curry hit a Finals - record nine 3 - pointers and scored 33 points in a 122 -- 103 win over the Cavaliers . In Game 4 , Curry led all scorers with 37 points in a 108 -- 85 win that helped the Warriors clinch their second straight championship with a series sweep over the Cavaliers . Many felt that he should have won Finals MVP . In response , Curry stated , `` At the end of the day , I 'm not going to let a ( Finals ) MVP trophy define my career . Three titles ... Wherever that puts us in the conversation in the history of the NBA ... I 'm a three - time champ . '' Rohan Nadkarni of Sports Illustrated argued that `` the Golden State dynasty started with Stephen Curry . He , for numerous reasons stretching from his incredible talent to his previous ankle injuries , put the Warriors in place to win their third championship in four seasons . '' National team career Curry at the 2014 USA World Basketball Festival in August 2014 Curry 's first experience with the United States national team came at the 2007 FIBA Under - 19 World Championship , where he helped Team USA capture the silver medal . In 2010 , he was selected to the senior squad , playing limited minutes at the 2010 FIBA World Championship ( known later as FIBA Basketball World Cup ) as the United States won the gold medal in an undefeated tournament . In 2014 , he took on a larger role with the team , helping them to another undefeated tournament at the 2014 World Cup and scoring 10 points in the final game . On June 6 , 2016 , Curry withdrew from consideration for the 2016 Olympics in Brazil , citing ankle and knee ailments as the major reason behind the decision . Player Profile Standing at 6 feet 3 inches tall ( 1.91 m ) and weighing 190 pounds ( 86 kg ) , Curry plays almost exclusively at the point guard position and has career averages of 23.1 points , 6.8 assists , 4.4 rebounds , and 1.8 steals per game . He has been selected to four All - NBA Teams and voted league MVP twice . Curry is considered to be an important leader within the Warriors organization ; he is known for his humility and work ethic . Curry is said to have played a significant role in the recruitment of former MVP Kevin Durant to the Warriors . Curry is known for his elite shooting ability ; he is able to score in great volume from underneath the rim all the way to near half - court . He is considered by many to the greatest shooter in NBA history . Using an unorthodox jump shot , he is able to get the ball out of his hands in under half a second by releasing it on the way up , adding extra arc to his shot and making it difficult to block . In addition to his quick release , he puts extra pressure on defenses with his long range , leading the NBA in field goals made from beyond 28 feet in 2016 . As of April 2018 , he ranks fourth in NBA history in career three - point field goal percentage and holds four of the top five seasons in terms of total three - pointers made . He is also the fastest player in league history to make 2,000 career three - pointers , doing so in 227 fewer games than the previous record - holder . In an article for FiveThirtyEight , Benjamin Morris emphasized Curry 's importance in the NBA 's increasing use of the three - point shot , writing `` Curry is perhaps the figurehead in the NBA 's Three - Point Revolution . '' Some experts have commented that Curry 's elite scoring ability creates a `` gravity '' effect , forcing opposing defenders to double - team him even when he does not have the ball , which creates mismatches that his teammates are able to exploit . Curry is also known as a clutch scorer , often shooting at his best in high - pressure moments , and taking game - winning shots . Curry is an exceptional free throw shooter , with a career free throw percentage of over 90 % through the 2017 -- 18 season , the third highest in NBA history . He is currently the Warriors ' all - time free - throw leader , and has led the NBA in free throw percentage four times . Though capable of stealing the ball , having led the league in steals for the 2015 -- 16 season , Curry is not considered to be an elite defender , and his teammates frequently take the more difficult defensive assignments . Personal life President Barack Obama with Curry during a visit to the White House in 2015 to launch the President 's initiative on malaria On July 30 , 2011 , Curry married longtime girlfriend and Toronto native Ayesha Alexander in Charlotte . Together , they have two daughters and a son , Riley ( b . 2012 ) , Ryan ( b . 2015 ) , and Canon ( b . 2018 ) . They currently reside in Alamo , California . Curry 's younger brother , Seth , is also a professional basketball player , and his younger sister , Sydel , played volleyball at Elon University . Curry has been outspoken about his Christian faith . Curry spoke about his faith during his MVP speech by saying , `` People should know who I represent and why I am who I am , and that 's because of my Lord and Savior . '' He also said the reason that he pounds his chest and points up is that he has a `` heart for God '' and as a reminder that he plays for God . On some of his `` Curry One '' basketball shoes , there is a lace loop scripted `` 4 : 13 '' . It is a reference to the Bible verse Philippians 4 : 13 , which reads `` I can do all things through Christ who strengthens me '' . Curry has a tattoo of First Corinthians 13 : 8 in Hebrew on his wrist ( `` Love never fails ... '' ) . Curry is also an investor in Active Faith , a Christian sports apparel brand . During the 1992 All - Star Weekend , Curry 's father entrusted him to Biserka Petrović , mother of future Hall of Fame player Dražen Petrović , while Dell competed in the Three - Point Contest . Following the 2015 NBA Finals , Curry gave Biserka one of his Finals - worn jerseys , which will reportedly be added to the collection of the Dražen Petrović Memorial Center , a museum to the late player in the Croatian capital of Zagreb . Charity In 2012 , Curry started donating three insecticide - treated mosquito nets for every three - pointer he made to the United Nations Foundation 's Nothing But Nets campaign to combat malaria . He was first introduced to the malaria cause by Davidson teammate Bryant Barr when they were both in school . Curry visited the White House in 2015 and delivered a five - minute speech to dignitaries as part of President Barack Obama 's launch of his President 's Malaria Initiative strategy for 2015 -- 2020 . In 2015 , Curry wore sneakers that had Deah Shaddy Barakat 's name on them ( one of the victims of the 2015 Chapel Hill shooting ) . According to his sister Suzanne , Deah Barakat was known for his `` love for basketball and anything Steph Curry . '' Deah 's number for his intramural basketball team at North Carolina State University was Curry 's No. 30 and he posed for a photo that was similar to one that Curry did for GQ . Curry said that Barakat 's family `` did a great job of reaching out to me and making me aware of the details of his life and personality ( ... ) It was really kind of a cool deal to be able to use the platform yesterday to honor Deah and his family ( ... ) I 'm going to send them the shoes I wore yesterday . And hopefully they know that I 've been thinking about them . '' Also in 2015 , after winning the MVP award following his impressive season , Curry donated his prize vehicle -- a 2016 Kia Sorento -- to the East Oakland Youth Development Center , a local non-profit organization located in the backyard of Oracle Arena . Public image Curry is currently one of the most successful players in the NBA , and he has also become an international celebrity , on par with four - time MVP LeBron James . His flashy play and penchant for coming up big in the clutch have made him a fan favorite , and his smaller physique is said to have made his success seem more attainable for younger fans of the NBA . Curry 's jersey was the top seller in the NBA for the 2015 -- 16 and 2016 -- 17 NBA seasons . ESPN has ranked Curry among the most famous international athletes , while Forbes has ranked him among the world 's highest - paid celebrities for his endorsements . Business interests Curry is widely known for his partnership with Under Armour , where he is considered to be the `` face of their footwear line '' . Originally signed to Nike , Curry joined with Under Armour in the 2013 offseason . As Curry became MVP and one of the most popular athletes in the world , sales of his shoes have become a major factor for the brand , with stock prices rising and falling based on the success of the Curry shoe line . On September 20 , 2017 , it was announced that Curry had signed an exclusive autograph contract with Steiner Sports Memorabilia . The full product line will include : hand - signed official basketballs and jerseys , autographed photographs of epic moments , flashy framed signs and wall - art , game - used memorabilia , and limited - edition pieces . On April 23 , 2018 , Sony Pictures Entertainment announced a wide - ranging , multiyear multimedia deal with Curry 's newly - formed production company Unanimous Media ( named for Curry becoming the first NBA player in history to be elected Most Valuable Player by a unanimous vote ) , located on the Sony Pictures studio lot in Culver City . The film and TV deal included electronics , gaming and virtual reality and will focus on faith and family - friendly content . Golf Curry is an avid golfer ; he played golf in high school , and frequently plays golf with teammate Andre Iguodala . A 5 - handicap golfer , Curry participates in celebrity golf tournaments , and has played golf alongside Barack Obama . In August 2017 , Curry competed in the Ellie Mae Classic on an unrestricted sponsor exemption . Though he missed the first cut , he scored 4 - over-74 for both days he participated , surpassing most expectations for an amateur competing in the pro event . Career statistics NBA statistics Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field goal percentage FT % Free throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Bold Career high † Denotes seasons in which Curry won an NBA championship * Led the league Regular season Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2009 -- 10 Golden State 80 77 36.2 . 462 . 437 . 885 4.5 5.9 1.9 . 2 17.5 2010 -- 11 Golden State 74 74 33.6 . 480 . 442 . 934 * 3.9 5.8 1.5 . 3 18.6 2011 -- 12 Golden State 26 23 28.2 . 490 . 455 . 809 3.4 5.3 1.5 . 3 14.7 2012 -- 13 Golden State 78 78 38.2 . 451 . 453 . 900 4.0 6.9 1.6 . 2 22.9 2013 -- 14 Golden State 78 78 36.5 . 471 . 424 . 885 4.3 8.5 1.6 . 2 24.0 2014 -- 15 † Golden State 80 80 32.7 . 487 . 443 . 914 * 4.3 7.7 2.0 . 2 23.8 2015 -- 16 Golden State 79 79 34.2 . 504 . 454 . 908 * 5.4 6.7 2.1 * . 2 30.1 * 2016 -- 17 † Golden State 79 79 33.4 . 468 . 411 . 898 4.5 6.6 1.8 . 2 25.3 2017 -- 18 † Golden State 51 51 32.0 . 495 . 423 . 921 * 5.1 6.1 1.6 . 2 26.4 Career 625 619 34.4 . 477 . 436 . 903 4.4 6.8 1.8 . 2 23.1 All - Star 5 5 27.6 . 410 . 339 1.000 5.4 6.6 1.6 . 0 17.0 Playoffs Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2013 Golden State 12 12 41.4 . 434 . 396 . 921 3.8 8.1 1.7 . 2 23.4 2014 Golden State 7 7 42.3 . 440 . 386 . 881 3.6 8.4 1.7 . 1 23.0 2015 † Golden State 21 21 39.3 . 456 . 422 . 835 5.0 6.4 1.9 . 1 28.3 2016 Golden State 18 17 34.3 . 438 . 404 . 916 5.5 5.2 1.4 . 3 25.1 2017 † Golden State 17 17 35.3 . 484 . 419 . 904 6.2 6.7 2.0 . 2 28.1 2018 † Golden State 15 14 37.0 . 451 . 395 . 957 6.1 5.4 1.7 . 7 25.5 Career 90 88 37.7 . 452 . 408 . 893 5.2 6.4 1.7 . 3 26.1 College statistics Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2006 -- 07 Davidson 34 33 30.9 . 463 . 408 . 855 4.6 2.8 1.8 . 2 21.5 2007 -- 08 Davidson 36 36 33.1 . 483 . 439 . 894 4.6 2.9 2.0 . 4 25.9 2008 -- 09 Davidson 34 34 33.7 . 454 . 387 . 876 4.4 5.6 2.5 . 2 28.6 Career 104 103 32.6 . 467 . 412 . 876 4.5 3.7 2.1 . 3 25.3 Awards and honors Curry during his first MVP season in 2014 -- 15 . Main article : List of career achievements by Stephen Curry NBA 3 × NBA champion : 2015 , 2017 , 2018 2 × NBA Most Valuable Player : 2015 , 2016 5 × NBA All - Star : 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 5 × All - NBA selection : 2 × First team : 2015 , 2016 2 × Second team : 2014 , 2017 Third team : 2018 All - Rookie First Team : 2010 NBA scoring leader : 2016 5 × NBA three - point field goals leader : 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 4 × NBA free - throw percentage leader : 2011 , 2015 , 2016 , 2018 NBA steals leader : 2016 NBA Three - Point Contest champion : 2015 NBA Skills Challenge champion : 2011 NBA Sportsmanship Award : 2011 NBA Community Assist Award : 2014 NBA regular season record for made three - pointers ( 402 ) NBA record for most three - pointers made in a single playoffs ( 98 -- tied with Klay Thompson ) NBA regular season record for most three - pointers made in a game ( 13 ) NBA Finals record for most three - pointers made in a game ( 9 ) NBA record for most consecutive regular season games with a made three - pointer ( 157 ) NBA record for most consecutive playoff games with a made three - pointer ( 90 ) NBA record for most points scored in an overtime period ( 17 ) Warriors franchise leader in three - point field goals made College 2 × SoCon Player of the Year ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Consensus first - team All - American ( 2009 ) Consensus second - team All - American ( 2008 ) 2 × First - team All - SoCon ( 2008 -- 2009 ) 2 × SoCon Conference Tournament Most Outstanding Player ( 2007 -- 2008 ) 3 × SoCon first - team All - Tournament ( 2007 -- 2009 ) SoCon Freshman of the Year ( 2007 ) SoCon All - Freshmen Team ( 2007 ) NCAA records NCAA Division I scoring leader ( 2009 ) Single - season NCAA 3 - point field goals ( 162 , 2007 -- 08 ) Single - season NCAA freshman 3 - point field goals ( 122 , 2006 -- 07 ) Davidson College records All - time leading scorer in Davidson College history ( 2,635 ) All - time Davidson College leader in 3 - point field - goals made ( 414 ) All - time Davidson College leader in 30 - point games ( 30 ) All - time Davidson College leader in 40 - point games ( 6 ) Single - season Davidson College points ( 974 , 2008 -- 09 ) Single - season Davidson College steals ( 86 , 2008 -- 09 ) Single - season Davidson College freshman points ( 730 , 2006 -- 07 ) Other Jefferson Award for Outstanding Public Service in Professional Sports ( 2011 ) ESPY Award for Best Male Athlete and Best NBA Player ( 2015 ) BET Award for Sportsman of the Year ( 2015 ) AP Male Athlete of the Year ( 2015 ) 2016 ESPY Award Nominee for Best Record - Breaking Performance See also National Basketball Association portal List of NBA season leaders in three - point field goals List of National Basketball Association career 3 - point scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff 3 - point scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association annual free throw percentage leaders List of NCAA Division I men 's basketball season scoring leaders NBA regular season records List of second - generation National Basketball Association players Notes Jump up ^ In 2015 -- 16 , James Harden had the highest point total ( 2,376 ) but was second in scoring average ( 29.0 ) . References Jump up ^ `` Is Steph Curry The Best Shooter Ever ? Yes , Say Many of NBA 's All - Time Marksmen '' . Bleacherreport.com . June 1 , 2015 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Foltin , Lindsey ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` LeBron - Curry Finals inspires unique ' Akron Born ' promotion for local business '' . FoxSports.com . Fox Sports Interactive Media , LLC . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2016 . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . But not many realize that it 's also the birthplace of two - time NBA MVP Stephen Curry , who was born at Akron City Hospital in 1988 when his father , Dell Curry , was a member of the Cleveland Cavaliers . Jump up ^ Williams , Travis ( June 14 , 2015 ) . `` Curry rooted in storied New River Valley family tree '' . SportingNews.com . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dell Curry NBA Stats '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephan Curry , Golden State Warriors '' . Fellowship of Christian Athletes . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2014 . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry 's Grade 8 season at tiny Toronto school remembered '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Northern Touch : Steph Curry 's Toronto connection '' . Sportsnet.ca . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Curry 's path to NBA stardom forged in Toronto '' . Sportsnet.ca . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Canada 's quest for elite basketball status begins in Toronto '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wong , Alex ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` When Stephen Curry was Canadian : Warriors ' MVP dominated Toronto 's 8th - grade scene '' . SportingNews.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Posnanski , Joe ( March 28 , 2008 ) . `` Kansas will have to deal with Stephen Curry to get to Final Four '' . Kansas City Star . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Forde , Pat . `` How Stephen Curry went from ignored college recruit to possible NBA MVP '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Marlen ( March 21 , 2008 ) . `` Davidson duo key to Wildcats ' chances for rare tourney win '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` And Then There Were Two : Championship Set for Saturday -- SoConSports.com -- Official Web Site of The Southern Conference '' . Soconsports.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Davidson College Basketball : February 2007 '' . Davidsonbasketball.blogspot.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ HSBC Arena , Buffalo , New York ( March 15 , 2007 ) . `` No. 4 seed Maryland survives against upstart Davidson '' . Scores.espn.go.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : RBC Center , Raleigh , North Carolina ( March 23 , 2008 ) . `` No. 10 seed Davidson clinches Sweet 16 berth after upset of Hoyas '' . Scores.espn.go.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ RBC Center , Raleigh , North Carolina ( March 21 , 2008 ) . `` Curry 's reliable stroke good for 40 as Davidson advances to second round '' . Scores.espn.go.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Ford Field , Detroit , Michigan ( March 28 , 2008 ) . `` Curry 's sweet touch continues as Davidson eludes Wisconsin '' . Scores.espn.go.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Sophomore sensation Curry returning to Davidson '' . Sports.espn.go.com . March 31 , 2008 . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Curry shrugs off the glory in Davidson 's Elite run '' . Sports.espn.go.com . March 29 , 2008 . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ford Field , Detroit , Michigan ( March 30 , 2008 ) . `` Goliath slays Davidson , Curry as Kansas holds on '' . Scores.espn.go.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` ESPN -- For first time in six decades , no seniors on AP All - America team -- Men 's College Basketball '' . Sports.espn.go.com . March 31 , 2008 . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hui , Ray . `` Stephen Curry : First Most Outstanding Player From Losing Team Since Juwan Howard -- FanHouse -- AOL Sports Blog '' . Sports.aol.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Davidson College Athletics -- Stephen Curry Named Top 30 Candidate for Naismith Trophy '' . Davidsonwildcats.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Lloyd Noble Center , Norman , Oklahoma ( November 18 , 2008 ) . `` Curry 's career - high 44 points not enough as Griffin - led Oklahoma tops Davidson '' . Sports.espn.go.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Belk Arena , Davidson , North Carolina ( November 21 , 2008 ) . `` Curry , Lovedale have double - doubles as No. 21 Davidson routs Winthrop '' . Sports.espn.go.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Belk Arena , Davidson , North Carolina ( November 25 , 2008 ) . `` Curry held scoreless on just three shots , but Davidson still blows out Loyola '' . Sports.espn.go.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Belk Arena , Davidson , North Carolina ( January 3 , 2009 ) . `` Davidson 76 , Samford 55 '' . Scores.espn.go.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` The Citadel beats Curry-less Davidson 64 -- 46 '' . sandiegouniontribune.com . February 18 , 2009 . Retrieved January 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Curry sets mark , Davidson routs Ga Southern 99 -- 56 '' . Associated Press . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 -- 09 Davidson Wildcats Schedule and Results College Basketball at '' . Sports-reference.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Southern Conference Standings -- College Basketball -- ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ CBSSports.com wire reports . `` Southern : Davidson 's Curry drops 43 on Appalachian State -- NCAA Division I Mens Basketball -- CBSSports.com News , Scores , Stats , Schedule and RPI Rankings '' . Cbssports.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Davidson sent packing by College of Charleston in Southern semis -- USATODAY.com '' . Usatoday30.usatoday.com . March 9 , 2009 . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Davidson Wildcats -- South Carolina Gamecocks Box Scores , Game Results & Summary -- USATODAY.com '' . Content.usatoday.com . March 18 , 2009 . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Will Bryan ( Correspondent ) ( March 18 , 2009 ) . `` Davidson : An NIT Miracle '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McKeon Pavilion , Moraga , California ( March 23 , 2009 ) . `` Davidson Wildcats vs. Saint Mary 's Gaels -- Recap -- March 23 , 2009 -- ESPN '' . Scores.espn.go.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry Stats College Basketball at '' . Sports-reference.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry of Davidson entering NBA draft -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. April 23 , 2009 . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stephen Curry NBA Stats '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Rusty ( July 8 , 2009 ) . `` Curry signs deal '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ Osler , Scott ( October 28 , 2009 ) . `` Curry 's debut is solid , but not off the charts '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ `` Kings ' Evans takes home T - Mobile Rookie of Year award '' . NBA Official Website . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2016 . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry takes the 2011 Taco Bell Skills Challenge '' . NBA.com . February 20 , 2011 . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors Season Leaders '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry Wins 2010 -- 11 NBA Sportsmanship Award '' . NBA.com . May 5 , 2011 . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Shootaround : Get Your Brooms Ready '' . Grantland.com . May 25 , 2015 . Retrieved May 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , David . ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` Sports ' perfect 0.4 seconds '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors ' Stephen Curry sidelined by ankle injury again -- San Jose Mercury News '' . Mercurynews.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry of Golden State Warriors to miss rest of preseason -- ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . October 20 , 2012 . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Oracle Arena , Oakland , California ( December 25 , 2011 ) . `` Los Angeles Clippers vs. Golden State Warriors -- Recap -- December 25 , 2011 -- ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ AT&T Center , San Antonio , Texas ( January 4 , 2012 ) . `` Golden State Warriors vs. San Antonio Spurs -- Recap -- January 04 , 2012 -- ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ US Airways Center , Phoenix , Arizona ( February 22 , 2012 ) . `` Golden State Warriors vs. Phoenix Suns -- Recap -- February 22 , 2012 -- ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Thompson , Marcus . `` Warriors , Stephen Curry Agree to 4 Year , $44 Million Extension '' . Inside the Warriors . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry lands $44 M contract extension '' . Yahoo ! Sports . October 31 , 2012 . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Jason . `` Three Years Ago , Here 's What Basketball Writers Were Saying About Stephen Curry 's Ankle and His Future with the Warriors '' . The Big Lead . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spears , Marc J. `` Origin of Stephen Curry 's and Klay Thompson 's ' Splash Brothers ' nickname '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors at Knicks '' . NBA.com . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry scores 54 points , but Knicks prevail , 109 -- 105 , over Warriors '' . NJ.com . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry of Golden State Warriors sets new 3 - point season record -- ESPN '' . Espn.go.com. April 18 , 2013 . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Correspondent ( April 20 , 2013 ) . `` What the Experts Are Saying About Golden State Warriors ' Postseason Chances '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Manu Ginobili , Spurs rally past Warriors in 2OT despite Steph Curry 's 44 '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 NBA Playoffs Summary '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Curry sets franchise record for 3 - pointers '' . CSN Bay Area . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2013 . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Curry starts in first All - Star Game ; LeBron top vote - getter '' . NBA.com . January 23 , 2014 . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2014 NBA Playoffs Summary '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Clippers at Warriors '' . NBA.com . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 2014 -- 15 NBA Leaders . Retrieved May 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Zach . `` Simply Golden : How the Warriors Became the Total Package '' . Grantland . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Devine , Dan . `` Warriors ' Steve Kerr caps remarkable rookie season with NBA championship '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Curry scores 51 , Warriors rally from 22 down to stun Mavs '' . NBA.com . February 4 , 2015 . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors ' Curry leading vote - getter , surpassing LeBron , for 2015 All - Star Game '' . NBA.com . January 22 , 2015 . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry wins 3 - point crown '' . ESPN . February 15 , 2015 . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Antonio ( April 9 , 2015 ) . `` Curry breaks 3 - point record , Warriors beat Blazers 116 -- 105 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sam , Amick . `` Why Stephen Curry is the NBA 's MVP '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry Lights Out in Game 5 Win vs Grizzlies ( VIDEO ) '' . SLAMonline . May 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Eric ( May 16 , 2015 ) . `` Curry 's 62 - foot buzzer - beater propels Warriors over Grizzlies , into West finals '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Yahoo Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Curry , Golden State rout Houston 115 -- 80 to take 3 -- 0 lead '' . NBA.com . May 23 , 2015 . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry sets record for most threes in playoffs , passing Reggie Miller '' . nbcsports.com . May 23 , 2015 . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry 's shot goes missing for Warriors in Game 2 loss '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2015 NBA Finals '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hopkins , Christopher Dean . `` Golden State Warriors Bring Home Their First NBA Title In 40 Years '' . NPR . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA MVP Curry scores 40 points , Warriors win opener '' . NBA.com . October 27 , 2015 . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Curry 's big 3rd quarter leads Warriors past Pelicans 134 -- 120 '' . NBA.com . October 31 , 2015 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors make NBA history as first team to start season 16 -- 0 '' . NBA.com . November 24 , 2015 . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` It 's over : Bucks hand Warriors 1st loss , win 108 -- 95 '' . NBA.com . December 12 , 2015 . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Curry 's triple - double leads Warriors past Kings 122 -- 103 '' . NBA.com . December 28 , 2015 . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Curry 's triple - double leads Warriors to win in Kerr 's return '' . NBA.com . January 22 , 2016 . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Curry lights up Wizards for Warriors ' 8th straight win '' . NBA.com . February 3 , 2016 . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Curry flirts with triple - double , Warriors top Suns 112 -- 104 '' . NBA.com . February 10 , 2016 . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Curry has 51 , hits 3 - pointer in record 128th straight game '' . NBA.com . February 25 , 2016 . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry Ties Single - Game Record for Made 3 - Pointers '' . YouTube.com . February 27 , 2016 . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Curry hits winning 3 , sets record as Warriors beat Thunder '' . NBA.com . February 27 , 2016 . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Curry is first player to make 300 3s in a single season '' . NBA.com . March 7 , 2016 . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors ' home winning streak ends at 54 in loss to Celtics '' . NBA.com. April 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors become 2nd NBA team to win 70 , beat Spurs 112 -- 101 '' . NBA.com. April 7 , 2016 . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Curry shoots Warriors to 73rd win , breaking Bulls ' mark '' . NBA.com. April 13 , 2016 . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kurtenbach , Dieter ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen Curry just finished the greatest individual regular season in NBA history '' . FoxSports.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry leads Warriors past Rockets in playoff opener '' . NBA.com. April 16 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harden 's late shot lifts Rockets over Warriors 97 -- 96 '' . NBA.com. April 21 , 2016 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Curry hurts knee but Warriors beat Rockets 121 -- 94 in Game 4 '' . NBA.com. April 24 , 2016 . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors ' Stephen Curry out at least 2 weeks with MCL sprain '' . ESPN.com. April 25 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Richman , Mike ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen Curry returns to MVP form as Golden State Warriors beat Trail Blazers in Game 4 '' . OregonLive.com . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Curry returns with 40 points in 132 -- 125 OT win over Blazers '' . NBA.com . May 9 , 2016 . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry Named Unanimous Winner of 2015 -- 16 Kia NBA Most Valuable Player Award '' . NBA.com . May 10 , 2016 . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Curry and record - setting Warriors headed back to NBA Finals '' . NBA.com . May 30 , 2016 . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cacciola , Scott ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` For Warriors ' Stephen Curry , Staying Power Is Pushed to the Limits '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Feldman , Dan ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen Curry sets record for 3 - pointers in a Finals '' . NBCSports.com . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James and Cavaliers win thrilling NBA Finals Game 7 , 93 -- 89 '' . NBA.com . June 19 , 2016 . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Durant helps Warriors bounce back , beat Pelicans 122 -- 114 '' . ESPN.com . October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lakers stun Warriors 117 -- 97 , end Steph 's 3 - point streak '' . ESPN.com . November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sweet shot : Stephen Curry hits NBA - record 13 3 - pointers '' . ESPN.com . November 7 , 2016 . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Klay Thompson sparks Warriors ' rally in 4th against Wolves '' . ESPN.com . December 11 , 2016 . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Durant gets 1st triple - double with Warriors in win over Mavs '' . ESPN.com . December 30 , 2016 . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stephen Curry Named Western Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Butler , Stephen Curry named Players of the Week '' . NBA.com . January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Curry , Durant and four first - time starters highlight starting lineups for NBA All - Star 2017 '' . NBA.com . January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Curry 's 43 , halfcourt shot help Warriors top Clippers 144 - 98 '' . ESPN.com . January 28 , 2017 . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry 's 3 - point clinic leads Warriors past Hornets '' . ESPN.com . February 1 , 2017 . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas , Curry and Durant named players of month for January '' . NBA.com . February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors beat Clippers 133 - 120 for 9th straight win over LA '' . ESPN.com . February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Curry ends slump with 31 , Warriors beat Knicks 112 - 105 '' . ESPN.com . March 5 , 2017 . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Curry shines against Wizards , Warriors win 11th straight '' . ESPN.com. April 2 , 2017 . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Win over Suns gives Warriors NBA 's best record for third straight season '' . ESPN.com. April 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors move on with a sweep of the Trail Blazers '' . ESPN.com. April 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Curry 's 30 lead Warriors to sweep after 121 - 95 win over Jazz '' . ESPN.com . May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors rally for 113 - 111 win after Spurs lose Leonard '' . ESPN.com . May 14 , 2017 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Durant powers Warriors to take 3 - 0 lead against Spurs '' . ESPN.com . May 20 , 2017 . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Curry 's 36 points leads Warriors to sweep Spurs , 129 - 115 '' . ESPN.com . May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Curry , Durant lead Warriors to 2 - 0 lead with 132 - 113 rout '' . ESPN.com . June 4 , 2017 . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Durant , Stephen Curry lead Warriors to NBA title '' . ESPN.com . June 12 , 2017 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wojnarowski , Adrian ( July 1 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen Curry 's supermax deal becomes richest in NBA history '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Re-Sign Curry , Durant , Iguodala , Livingston , Pachulia and West to Contracts '' . NBA.com . July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Durant , Curry ejected late in Warriors ' defeat '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` NBA hands Stephen Curry $50,000 fine for mouthpiece incident '' . The Mercury News . 2017 - 10 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Curry scores 39 , Warriors hold off Nets 118 - 111 '' . ESPN.com . November 19 , 2017 . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thompson has 27 points , Warriors rout Magic 133 - 112 '' . ESPN.com . December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stephen Curry becomes fastest to reach 2,000 3 - pointers made '' . NBA.com . December 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Medina , Mark ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen Curry on ankle injury : `` I 'll be back '' `` . MercuryNews.com . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry Injury Update '' . NBA.com . December 5 , 2017 . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Curry makes season - best 10 3 - pointers in return from injury '' . ESPN.com . December 30 , 2017 . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Curry scores season - high 45 points , Warriors beat Clippers '' . ESPN.com . January 6 , 2018 . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Durant has triple - double , Warriors hit 21 3s to beat Wolves '' . ESPN.com . January 25 , 2018 . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Curry scores 13 points over final 1 : 42 , Warriors beat Boston '' . ESPN.com . January 27 , 2018 . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry Named Kia Western Conference Player of the Month '' . NBA.com . February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Curry scores 44 , Warriors hold off late rally by Clippers '' . ESPN.com . February 22 , 2018 . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Curry tweaks ankle , has 28 as Warriors top Hawks '' . ESPN.com . March 2 , 2018 . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry scores 34 points , leads Warriors past Nets '' . ESPN.com . March 6 , 2018 . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry Injury Update - 3 / 24 / 17 '' . NBA.com . March 24 , 2018 . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry returns to score 28 , Warriors beat Pelicans '' . ESPN.com . May 1 , 2018 . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Curry comes alive to score 35 , Warriors rout Rockets by 41 '' . ESPN.com . May 20 , 2018 . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Klay Thompson score 35 , Warriors force Game 7 in West finals '' . ESPN.com . May 26 , 2018 . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors reach 4th straight NBA Finals with win over Houston '' . ESPN.com . May 28 , 2018 . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Curry dazzles from deep , Warriors take 2 - 0 NBA Finals lead '' . ESPN.com . June 3 , 2018 . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dub Dynasty : Warriors sweep Cavaliers for second straight title '' . ESPN.com . June 8 , 2018 . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ward - Henninger , Colin ( June 9 , 2018 ) . `` Warriors vs. Cavs : NBA Twitter irate over Stephen Curry losing 2018 Finals MVP to Kevin Durant '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Charania , Shams ( June 9 , 2018 ) . `` There 's still no Finals MVP trophy for Stephen Curry , only a growing legacy '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nadkarni , Rohan ( June 9 , 2018 ) . `` For the Third Time in Three Titles , Stephen Curry 's Greatness Goes Unrecognized '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` USA Basketball : Stephen Curry '' . USA Basketball Official Website . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Team USA Profile -- 2010 FIBA World Championship '' . 2010 Turkey FIBA Official Website . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` USA Fires Its Way To FIBA World Cup Gold Medal , 129 -- 92 Win Over Serbia '' . USA Basketball Official Website . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Neuharth - Keusch , AJ ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen Curry withdraws from consideration for Team USA at 2016 Olympics '' . USAToday.com . Retrieved June 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry embraces leadership role with Warriors '' . The Mercury News . 2013 - 09 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Thompson : How Stephen Curry got his groove back after NBA Finals devastation '' . The Mercury News . 2017 - 05 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Wire , SI . `` Report : Curry fine with not being face of Warriors '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry is extending his range to 10 feet behind the 3 - point line '' . For The Win. 2015 - 11 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Pantorno , Joe . `` Fred Hoiberg Says Stephen Curry Might Be ' Best Shooter of All Time ' '' . bleacher report . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dewey , Todd . `` NBA legends say Stephen Curry is the best shooter of all time '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Littmann , Chris . `` Kevin Durant calls Stephen Curry ' best shooter ever to play ' '' . Sporting News . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bird says he , Curry , Mullin among NBA 's greatest shooters ever '' . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2016 . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming , David . `` Sports ' perfect 0.4 seconds '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` In 2015 -- 16 , in the regular season , shot distance between 28 and 43 feet , sorted by descending Field Goals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBA & ABA Career Leaders and Records for 3 - Pt Field Goal Pct '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBA & ABA Single Season Leaders and Records for 3 - Pt Field Goals '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miron , Danny . `` The Statistical Case For Steph Curry As Best Shooter of All - Time '' . Sports Quotient . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Morris , Benjamin ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` Stephen Curry Is The Revolution '' . fivethirtyeight.com . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Strauss : How Stephen Curry wrecks defenses without the ball '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Finals 2017 : How Stephen Curry 's gravity puts Cavs in impossible positions '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry has become lethal in the biggest moments , and it has taken his game to another level '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Fromal , Adam . `` Stephen Curry Is NBA Clutch King and These Are His Imitators at Every Position '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` NBA & ABA Career Leaders and Records for Free Throw Pct Basketball-Reference.com '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors Career Leaders - Basketball-Reference.com '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` NBA & ABA Year - by - Year Leaders and Records for Free Throw Pct - Basketball-Reference.com '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors Guard Stephen Curry Married His College Sweetheart Ayesha Alexander '' . jocksandstilettojill.com . August 3 , 2011 . Retrieved September 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Oh Canada ! '' . ayeshacurry.com . July 22 , 2013 . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fans draw for Stephen Curry 's daughter '' . ESPN . August 1 , 2012 . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors ' Steph Curry 's wife announces birth of baby girl '' . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vulpo , Mike ( July 4 , 2018 ) . `` Ayesha and Stephen Curry Welcome Baby No. 3 -- Find Out the Name Of Their Son '' . E ! Online . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Touring the many homes of Stephen Curry -- Curbed SF Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Seth Curry to transfer to Duke '' . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2009 . Retrieved April 2 , 2009 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Sydel Alicia Curry '' . Elon University . 2015 . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Curry : In His Own Words '' . fca.org . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry Interview Prodigal Magazine '' . Prodigalmagazine.com . February 16 , 2009 . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2016 . Retrieved September 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Borkett - Jones , Lucinda . `` NBA MVP Stephen Curry 's acceptance speech : ' I 'm God 's humble servant ' '' . Christianitytoday.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Thomasos , Christine . `` Stephen Curry 's New Basketball Sneaker Features Bible Verse '' . The Christian Post . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schultz , E.J. `` Under Armour Has High Hopes for Stephen Curry Shoe Launch in Battle Against Nike '' . Advertising Age . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry 's mother : Trip to Israel ' transformed ' my life '' . The Jerusalem Post JPost.com . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Athletes Wearing Active Faith '' . Jump up ^ `` Lin 's rise sparks Active Faith 's success '' . Jump up ^ Freeman , Eric ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` Stephen Curry sent Dražen Petrović 's mother one of his NBA Finals jerseys '' . Ball Do n't Lie . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Leung , Diamond ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` Warriors ' Stephen Curry meets President Obama '' . San Jose Mercury News . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Gayle ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` Putting an End to a Preventable Scourge '' . WhiteHouse.gov . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Leung , Diamond ( February 14 , 2015 ) . `` Stephen Curry to honor North Carolina shooting victim '' . San Jose Mercury . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jhaveri , Hemal ( February 16 , 2015 ) . `` Steph Curry plans to give special sneakers to family of Chapel Hill victim '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Rusty ( February 14 , 2015 ) . `` Steph Curry Talks About Honoring A North Carolina Shooting Victim '' . The Post Game Network . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Rusty ( February 16 , 2015 ) . `` Curry is All - Star everyman , and everyone wants a piece of him '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wang , Alan ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` Steph Curry donates MVP prize to East Oakland children 's charity '' . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wire , SI . `` One tweet that shows how quickly Steph Curry became a star '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` As Warriors rise , so does Stephen Curry 's stardom '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Kruse , Michael . `` Meet Steph Curry , the NBA 's Most Beloved Megastar '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Brian ( 2015 - 04 - 24 ) . `` The Rise and Rise ( and Rise ) of Stephen Curry : The Wildly Miraculous and Quietly Inevitable Success of Golden State 's Point Guard '' . Grantland . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ release , Official . `` Stephen Curry leads NBA 's most popular jersey list for second consecutive season '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Greenburg , Zack O'Malley . `` Full List : The World 's Highest - Paid Celebrities 2017 '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` How do Warriors stars rank in ESPN 's 100 most famous athletes ? '' . The Mercury News . 2017 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Wattles , Jackie ( 2015 - 09 - 16 ) . `` Under Armour is upping its game with Steph Curry '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` TrueHoop Presents : You wo n't believe how Nike lost Steph '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Gensler , Lauren . `` Under Armour Sales Jump 30 % As Stephen Curry Shoes Prove A Slam Dunk '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Waning interest in Steph Curry shoes ? Under Armour stock slumps '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry Signs Exclusive Collectibles Deal With Steiner Sports Memorabilia '' . steinersports.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA Star Stephen Curry Scores Film and TV Pact With Sony ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Kawakami : Round of golf therapeutic for Curry , Iguodala '' . The Mercury News . 2015 - 05 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry -- the NBA 's best golfer -- reveals his favorite golf holes '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry 's Family Thinks He Has Potential To Be A Professional Golfer '' . ThePostGame. 2015 - 02 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Staff , NBA.com . `` Stephen Curry finishes fourth at celebrity golf tournament , wins lake - jump bet with dad '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Pandian , Ananth ( August 8 , 2016 ) . `` LOOK : Steph Curry spotted golfing with President Obama in Martha 's Vineyard '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry to compete in Web.com Tour golf event '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Curry shoots 74 again at Web.com , misses cut '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 -- 16 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBA & ABA Single Season Leaders and Records for 3 - Pt Field Goals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Sports - Reference . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBA & ABA Single Season Playoff Leaders and Records for 3 - Pt Field Goals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Sports - Reference . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry Named To Dream Team of Public Service THE OFFICIAL SITE OF THE GOLDEN STATE WARRIORS '' . www.nba.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` ESPYs 2015 : Full Winners List '' . Variety.com . July 15 , 2015 . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BET Award for Sportsman of the Year '' . BET.com . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors ' Stephen Curry named AP male athlete of the year '' . theglobeandmail.com . December 27 , 2015 . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` List of 2016 ESPYS Nominees '' . ESPN MediaZone . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stephen Curry . Career statistics and player information from NBA.com , or Basketball-Reference.com Stephen Curry at davidsonwildcats.com Golden State Warriors current roster 0 McCaw 2 Bell 4 Cook 5 Looney 9 Iguodala 10 Evans 11 Thompson 15 Jones 21 Jerebko 23 Green 30 Curry 34 Livingston 35 Durant -- Cousins -- Lee ( TW ) Head coach : Kerr Assistant coaches : Adams Brown DeMarco Collins Fraser Green Links to related articles Southern Conference Men 's Basketball Player of the Year 1952 : Groat 1953 : Selvy 1954 : Selvy 1955 : Floyd 1956 : Floyd 1957 : Hundley 1958 : Flora 1959 : West 1960 : West 1961 : Je. 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Brooks 2015 : Cochran 2016 : Croone 2017 : Sibley 2018 : Bradford & Magee NCAA Division I men 's basketball season scoring leaders Unofficial 1936 : Luisetti 1937 : Luisetti 1938 : Jaworski 1939 : Jaworski 1940 : Modzelewski 1941 : Modzelewski 1942 : Modzelewski 1943 : Senesky 1944 : Calverley 1945 : Mikan 1946 : Mikan 1947 : Lacy Official 1948 : Wier 1949 : Lavelli 1950 : Arizin 1951 : Mlkvy 1952 : Lovellette 1953 : Selvy 1954 : Selvy 1955 : Floyd 1956 : Floyd 1957 : Wallace 1958 : Robertson 1959 : Robertson 1960 : Robertson 1961 : Burgess 1962 : McGill 1963 : Werkman 1964 : Komives 1965 : Barry 1966 : Schellhase 1967 : Walker 1968 : Maravich 1969 : Maravich 1970 : Maravich 1971 : Neumann 1972 : Lamar 1973 : Averitt 1974 : Fogle 1975 : McCurdy 1976 : Rogers 1977 : F. Williams 1978 : F. Williams 1979 : Butler 1980 : Murphy 1981 : Fredrick 1982 : Kelly 1983 : Kelly 1984 : Jakubick 1985 : McDaniel 1986 : Bailey 1987 : Houston 1988 : Hawkins 1989 : Gathers 1990 : Kimble 1991 : Bradshaw 1992 : Roberts 1993 : Guy 1994 : Robinson 1995 : Thomas 1996 : Granger 1997 : Jones 1998 : Jones 1999 : A. Young 2000 : Alexander 2001 : McCollum 2002 : Conley 2003 : Douglas 2004 : Clark 2005 : Clark 2006 : Morrison 2007 : R. Williams 2008 : R. Williams 2009 : Curry 2010 : Coleman 2011 : Fredette 2012 : Hamilton 2013 : Green 2014 : McDermott 2015 : Harvey 2016 : Daniel 2017 : Keene 2018 : T. Young 2008 NCAA Men 's Basketball Consensus All - Americans First Team D.J. Augustin Michael Beasley Chris Douglas - Roberts Tyler Hansbrough Kevin Love Second Team Stephen Curry Shan Foster Luke Harangody Roy Hibbert Chris Lofton D.J. White 2009 NCAA Men 's Basketball Consensus All - Americans First Team DeJuan Blair Stephen Curry Blake Griffin Tyler Hansbrough James Harden Second Team Sherron Collins Luke Harangody Ty Lawson Jodie Meeks Jeff Teague Hasheem Thabeet 2009 NBA draft First round Blake Griffin Hasheem Thabeet James Harden Tyreke Evans Ricky Rubio Jonny Flynn Stephen Curry Jordan Hill DeMar DeRozan Brandon Jennings Terrence Williams Gerald Henderson Tyler Hansbrough Earl Clark Austin Daye James Johnson Jrue Holiday Ty Lawson Jeff Teague Eric Maynor Darren Collison Víctor Claver Omri Casspi Byron Mullens Rodrigue Beaubois Taj Gibson DeMarre Carroll Wayne Ellington Toney Douglas Christian Eyenga Second round Jeff Pendergraph Jermaine Taylor Dante Cunningham Sergio Llull DaJuan Summers Sam Young DeJuan Blair Jon Brockman Jonas Jerebko Derrick Brown Jodie Meeks Patrick Beverley Marcus Thornton Chase Budinger Nick Calathes Danny Green Henk Norel Taylor Griffin Sergiy Gladyr Goran Suton Jack McClinton A.J. Price Nando de Colo Robert Vaden Patty Mills Ahmad Nivins Emir Preldžić Lester Hudson Chinemelu Elonu Robert Dozier NBA Sportsmanship Award 1996 : Dumars 1997 : Brandon 1998 : Johnson 1999 : Hawkins 2000 : Snow 2001 : Robinson 2002 : Smith 2003 : Allen 2004 : Brown 2005 : Hill 2006 : Brand 2007 : Deng 2008 : Hill 2009 : Billups 2010 : Hill 2011 : Curry 2012 : Kidd 2013 : Kidd 2014 : Conley 2015 : Korver 2016 : Conley 2017 : Walker 2018 : Walker NBA Most Valuable Player Award 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Cousy 1958 : Russell 1959 : Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Russell 1962 : Russell 1963 : Russell 1964 : Robertson 1965 : Russell 1966 : Chamberlain 1967 : Chamberlain 1968 : Chamberlain 1969 : Unseld 1970 : Reed 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Abdul - Jabbar 1973 : Cowens 1974 : Abdul - Jabbar 1975 : McAdoo 1976 : Abdul - Jabbar 1977 : Abdul - Jabbar 1978 : Walton 1979 : M. Malone 1980 : Abdul - Jabbar 1981 : Erving 1982 : M. Malone 1983 : M. Malone 1984 : Bird 1985 : Bird 1986 : Bird 1987 : Johnson 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Johnson 1990 : Johnson 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Barkley 1994 : Olajuwon 1995 : Robinson 1996 : Jordan 1997 : K. Malone 1998 : Jordan 1999 : K. Malone 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Duncan 2003 : Duncan 2004 : Garnett 2005 : Nash 2006 : Nash 2007 : Nowitzki 2008 : Bryant 2009 : James 2010 : James 2011 : Rose 2012 : James 2013 : James 2014 : Durant 2015 : Curry 2016 : Curry 2017 : Westbrook 2018 : Harden Three - Point Contest winners 1986 : Bird 1987 : Bird 1988 : Bird 1989 : Ellis 1990 : Hodges 1991 : Hodges 1992 : Hodges 1993 : Price 1994 : Price 1995 : Rice 1996 : Legler 1997 : Kerr 1998 : Hornacek 2000 : Hornacek 2001 : Allen 2002 : Stojaković 2003 : Stojaković 2004 : Lenard 2005 : Richardson 2006 : Nowitzki 2007 : Kapono 2008 : Kapono 2009 : Cook 2010 : Pierce 2011 : Jones 2012 : Love 2013 : Irving 2014 : Belinelli 2015 : Curry 2016 : Thompson 2017 : Gordon 2018 : Booker Golden State Warriors 2014 -- 15 NBA champions 1 Kuzmić 4 Rush 5 Speights 7 Holiday 9 Iguodala ( Finals MVP ) 10 Lee 11 Thompson 12 Bogut 19 Barbosa 20 McAdoo 23 Green 30 Curry 31 Ezeli 34 Livingston 40 Barnes Head coach Kerr Assistant coaches Adams Collins Fraser Gentry Walton Regular season Playoffs Golden State Warriors 2016 -- 17 NBA champions 0 McCaw 1 McGee 3 West 5 Looney 9 Iguodala 11 Thompson 15 Jones 20 McAdoo 21 Clark 22 Barnes 23 Green 27 Pachulia 30 Curry 34 Livingston 35 Durant ( Finals MVP ) Head coach Kerr Assistant coaches Adams Brown Collins Fraser Green Regular season Playoffs Golden State Warriors 2017 -- 18 NBA champions 0 McCaw 1 McGee 2 Bell 3 West 4 Cook 5 Looney 6 Young 9 Iguodala 11 Thompson 15 Jones 23 Green 25 Boucher 27 Pachulia 30 Curry 34 Livingston 35 Durant ( Finals MVP ) Head coach Kerr Assistant coaches Adams Brown Collins Fraser Green Regular season Playoffs NBA season steals leaders 1974 : Steele 1975 : Barry 1976 : Watts 1977 : Buse 1978 : Lee 1979 : Carr 1980 : Richardson 1981 : Johnson 1982 : Johnson 1983 : Richardson 1984 : Green 1985 : Richardson 1986 : Robertson 1987 : Robertson 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Stockton 1990 : Jordan 1991 : Robertson 1992 : Stockton 1993 : Jordan 1994 : McMillan 1995 : Pippen 1996 : Payton 1997 : Blaylock 1998 : Blaylock 1999 : Gill 2000 : Jones 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Iverson 2003 : Iverson 2004 : Davis 2005 : Hughes 2006 : Wallace 2007 : Davis 2008 : Paul 2009 : Paul 2010 : Rondo 2011 : Paul 2012 : Paul 2013 : Paul 2014 : Paul 2015 : Leonard 2016 : Curry 2017 : Green 2018 : Oladipo NBA season scoring leaders 1947 : Fulks 1948 : Zaslofsky 1949 : Mikan 1950 : Mikan 1951 : Mikan 1952 : Arizin 1953 : Johnston 1954 : Johnston 1955 : Johnston 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Arizin 1958 : Yardley 1959 : Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Chamberlain 1962 : Chamberlain 1963 : Chamberlain 1964 : Chamberlain 1965 : Chamberlain 1966 : Chamberlain 1967 : Barry 1968 : Bing 1969 : Hayes 1970 : West 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Abdul - Jabbar 1973 : Archibald 1974 : McAdoo 1975 : McAdoo 1976 : McAdoo 1977 : Maravich 1978 : Gervin 1979 : Gervin 1980 : Gervin 1981 : Dantley 1982 : Gervin 1983 : English 1984 : Dantley 1985 : King 1986 : Wilkins 1987 : Jordan 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Jordan 1990 : Jordan 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Jordan 1994 : Robinson 1995 : O'Neal 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Jordan 1998 : Jordan 1999 : Iverson 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Iverson 2003 : McGrady 2004 : McGrady 2005 : Iverson 2006 : Bryant 2007 : Bryant 2008 : James 2009 : Wade 2010 : Durant 2011 : Durant 2012 : Durant 2013 : Anthony 2014 : Durant 2015 : Westbrook 2016 : Curry 2017 : Westbrook 2018 : Harden United States squad -- 2010 FIBA World Championship -- Gold medal 4 Billups 5 Durant ( MVP ) 6 Rose 7 Westbrook 8 Gay 9 Iguodala 10 Granger 11 Curry 12 Gordon 13 Love 14 Odom 15 Chandler Coach : Krzyzewski United States squad -- 2014 FIBA World Cup -- Gold medal 4 Curry 5 Thompson 6 Rose 7 Faried 8 Gay 9 DeRozan 10 Irving ( MVP ) 11 Plumlee 12 Cousins 13 Harden 14 Davis 15 Drummond Coach : Krzyzewski Best Male Athlete ESPY Award winners 1993 : Jordan 1994 : Bonds 1995 : Young 1996 : Ripken Jr . 1997 : Johnson 1998 : Woods / Griffey Jr . 1999 : McGwire 2000 : Woods 2001 : Woods 2002 : Woods 2003 : Armstrong 2004 : Armstrong 2005 : Armstrong 2006 : Armstrong 2007 : Tomlinson 2008 : Woods 2009 : Phelps 2010 : Brees 2011 : Nowitzki 2012 : James 2013 : James 2014 : Durant 2015 : Curry 2016 : James 2017 : Westbrook Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year 1931 : Pepper Martin 1932 : Gene Sarazen 1933 : Carl Hubbell 1934 : Dizzy Dean 1935 : Joe Louis 1936 : Jesse Owens 1937 : Don Budge 1938 : Don Budge 1939 : Nile Kinnick 1940 : Tom Harmon 1941 : Joe DiMaggio 1942 : Frank Sinkwich 1943 : Gunder Hägg 1944 : Byron Nelson 1945 : Byron Nelson 1946 : Glenn Davis 1947 : Johnny Lujack 1948 : Lou Boudreau 1949 : Leon Hart 1950 : Jim Konstanty 1951 : Dick Kazmaier 1952 : Bob Mathias 1953 : Ben Hogan 1954 : Willie Mays 1955 : Howard Cassady 1956 : Mickey Mantle 1957 : Ted Williams 1958 : Herb Elliott 1959 : Ingemar Johansson 1960 : Rafer Johnson 1961 : Roger Maris 1962 : Maury Wills 1963 : Sandy Koufax 1964 : Don Schollander 1965 : Sandy Koufax 1966 : Frank Robinson 1967 : Carl Yastrzemski 1968 : Denny McLain 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : George Blanda 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Mark Spitz 1973 : O.J. Simpson 1974 : Muhammad Ali 1975 : Fred Lynn 1976 : Bruce Jenner 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Ron Guidry 1979 : Willie Stargell 1980 : U.S. Olympic Hockey Team 1981 : John McEnroe 1982 : Wayne Gretzky 1983 : Carl Lewis 1984 : Carl Lewis 1985 : Dwight Gooden 1986 : Larry Bird 1987 : Ben Johnson 1988 : Orel Hershiser 1989 : Joe Montana 1990 : Joe Montana 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Michael Jordan 1993 : Michael Jordan 1994 : George Foreman 1995 : Cal Ripken Jr . 1996 : Michael Johnson 1997 : Tiger Woods 1998 : Mark McGwire 1999 : Tiger Woods 2000 : Tiger Woods 2001 : Barry Bonds 2002 : Lance Armstrong 2003 : Lance Armstrong 2004 : Lance Armstrong 2005 : Lance Armstrong 2006 : Tiger Woods 2007 : Tom Brady 2008 : Michael Phelps 2009 : Jimmie Johnson 2010 : Drew Brees 2011 : Aaron Rodgers 2012 : Michael Phelps 2013 : LeBron James 2014 : Madison Bumgarner 2015 : Stephen Curry 2016 : LeBron James 2017 : José Altuve Hickok Belt winners 1950 : Phil Rizzuto 1951 : Allie Reynolds 1952 : Rocky Marciano 1953 : Ben Hogan 1954 : Willie Mays 1955 : Otto Graham 1956 : Mickey Mantle 1957 : Carmen Basilio 1958 : Bob Turley 1959 : Ingemar Johansson 1960 : Arnold Palmer 1961 : Roger Maris 1962 : Maury Wills 1963 : Sandy Koufax 1964 : Jim Brown 1965 : Sandy Koufax 1966 : Frank Robinson 1967 : Carl Yastrzemski 1968 : Joe Namath 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : Brooks Robinson 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Steve Carlton 1973 : O.J. Simpson 1974 : Muhammad Ali 1975 : Pete Rose 1976 : Ken Stabler 1977 -- 2011 not awarded 2012 : LeBron James 2013 : LeBron James 2014 : Madison Bumgarner 2015 : Stephen Curry 2016 : Michael Phelps 2017 : José Altuve Jefferson Award for Public Service hide U.S. Senator John Heinz Award for Outstanding Public Service By An Elected or Appointed Official Henry A. Kissinger Elliot Richardson Peter W. Rodino , Jr . Arthur F. Burns , Alan Greenspan , William E. Simon Michael Mansfield Hubert H. Humphrey Kenneth A. Gibson , William Donald Schaefer , Coleman A. Young Cyrus R. Vance Warren Christopher Howard H. Baker Paul A. Volcker William H. Webster James A. Baker , III George P. Shultz William J. Brennan C. Everett Koop Paul Nitze Colin Powell Dick Cheney Thurgood Marshall Carla Hills George J. Mitchell , Bob Michel Harry Blackmun Sam Nunn Robert Dole Robert Rubin Daniel Patrick Moynihan John Glenn Madeleine Albright Rudolph Giuliani Condoleezza Rice Sandra Day O'Connor Lee H. Hamilton , Thomas H. Kean John Lewis Richard M. Daley Joe Lieberman Edward Kennedy Michael R. Bloomberg , Cory A. Booker Ruth Bader Ginsburg David H. Petraeus Tom Coburn , Patrick Leahy Gabrielle Giffords Sonia Sotomayor Arne Duncan Deval Patrick hide S. Roger Horchow Award for Outstanding Public Service by A Private Citizen John W. Gardner Ralph Nader Katharine Graham John D. Rockefeller , III Art Buchwald Paul Mellon Howard Jarvis Norman Borlaug Walter Cronkite Bob Hope Kirk Douglas J. Peter Grace Lee Iacocca H. Ross Perot Irving Brown James W. Rouse Leo Cherne Jimmy Carter Robert C. Macauley Faye Wattleton James Burke Jim Brady , Sarah Brady Walter H. 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King Jordan Geoffrey Canada Darell Hammond William E. Milliken Jim Gibbons Jerry M. Reinsdorf Richard Proudfit Dolores Huerta Pedro José Greer Adam Braun Kyle Zimmer hide Samuel S. Beard Award for Outstanding Public Service by An Individual 35 Years or Under Joseph A. Yablonski Maynard Jackson Emmett Tyrrell Vilma S. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the last time steph curry played | [
"Wardell Stephen Curry II (/ˈstɛfən/ STEF-ən; born March 14, 1988) is an American professional basketball player for the Golden State Warriors of the National Basketball Association (NBA). Many players and analysts have called him the greatest shooter in NBA history.[1] In 2014–15, Curry won the NBA Most Valuable Player Award and led the Warriors to their first championship since 1975. The following season, he became the first player in NBA history to be elected MVP by a unanimous vote and to lead the league in scoring while shooting above 50–40–90. That same year, the Warriors broke the record for the most wins in an NBA season en route to reaching the 2016 NBA Finals, which they lost to the Cleveland Cavaliers. Curry helped the Warriors return to the NBA Finals in 2017 and 2018, where they won back-to-back titles.\n"
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-3760226382984717267 | If Loving You Is Wrong | If Loving You is Wrong - wikipedia If Loving You is Wrong Jump to : navigation , search For the 1972 song , see ( If Loving You Is Wrong ) I Do n't Want to Be Right . If Loving You Is Wrong Genre Soap opera Created by Tyler Perry Written by Tyler Perry Directed by Tyler Perry Starring Amanda Clayton Matt Cook Edwina Findley Heather Hemmens Zulay Henao Jay Hunter April Parker Jones Octavio Pizano Joel Rush Aiden Turner Denzel Wells Charles Malik Whitfield Eltony Williams Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 76 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Tyler Perry Ozzie Areu Mark E. Swinton Will Areu Camera setup Multiple Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) Tyler Perry Studios Release Original network Oprah Winfrey Network Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release September 9 , 2014 -- present External links Website Production website If Loving You Is Wrong is an American prime time television soap opera created , executive produced , written , and directed by Tyler Perry . The series focuses on the lives and relationships of a group of five husbands and wives who live on the same street ( Castillo Lane ) in the fictional community of Maxine . The show stars Amanda Clayton , Edwina Findley , Heather Hemmens , Zulay Henao , and April Parker Jones as the five female leads Alex , Kelly , Marcie , Esperanza and Natalie on `` their quest to find love in the midst of managing very complex lives . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 3 Episodes 4 References 5 External links Overview ( edit ) If Loving You Is Wrong is loosely based on Perry 's 2014 film The Single Moms Club . Actress Zulay Henao reprised her movie role of Esperanza , although her character and storyline was rebooted for the TV series . It was officially ordered straight - to - series on January 9 , 2014 . It premiered on September 9 , 2014 , on the Oprah Winfrey Network ( OWN ) , and the first half of the first season finale aired on November 4 , 2014 . The series premiere was the highest - rated in OWN history , setting a new record over The Haves and the Have Nots . The second half of the first season aired on March 24 , 2015 . On February 27 , 2015 , the series was renewed for a second season with 22 more episodes . The second season premiered on September 22 , 2015 . The second half premiered on March 15 , 2016 . OWN renewed the series for a third season . The third season of the series premiered on September 13 , 2016 . The second half of season 3 premiered on March 21 , 2017 . On August 29 , 2017 , OWN announced the show 's return for the fourth season , which premiered on September 19 , 2017 . The second half of season 4 premiered on January 10 , 2018 and ended with the season finale on March 7 , 2018 . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main Cast ( edit ) Amanda Clayton as Alex Montgomery , a housewife who is married to businessman , Brad . She has two children with him , Peter and Paisley , after which he had a vasectomy . She was caught having an affair with her next door neighbor , Randall , which ends her friendship with Randall 's wife Marcie and prompts Brad to leave her . She gave birth to a third child , a son , who is Randall 's son , born from their affair . Matt Cook as Joey Blackman , Natalie 's oldest son who was released from jail . Somewhat naïve in a lot of things while getting used to being out of jail , and is often hovered over by his mother with whom he works with at her place of business , Burger Fast . Edwina Findley as Kelly Issacs , a single and working mother to a young son named Justice . She is being pursued by a man named Travis , despite his being engaged to someone he met while in Haiti . Tiffany Haddish as Jackie ( Season 1 ) , Natalie 's loyal assistant at Burger Fast . A very business - savvy woman . Heather Hemmens as Marcie Holmes , a real estate agent and Randall 's unhappy wife , who is angry with Alex for her affair with Randall . Gets even with both of them by embarking on a revenge affair with Brad . She demands that Randall divorce her ; he refuses because he still loves her , but also loves Alex . In the third season , it is revealed that Marcie is pregnant , but with Brad 's child . Although in the Season 3 finale , it is revealed that Randall may be the father of her baby . Zulay Henao as Esperanza Willis , ex-wife of Edward , a 911 dispatcher for the city of Maxine . Mother of a daughter named Mika with Edward . When she began dating Julius , he immediately became a target of Edward 's rage and jealousy , which is later justified as he is the relative of a drug - cartel leader , which constantly places her and Mika in danger . April Parker Jones as Natalie Henning , a single working mother of four kids who manages a fast food place called Burger Fast . Often hovers over her oldest son , Joey . She is engaged to Lushion who is a Maxine Police Department Officer he is also the father of their son , Frank . Eltony Williams as Dr. Randall Holmes , Marcie 's estranged husband , a psychologist . He has an affair with Alex , which destroys both his marriage to Marcie and his friendship with Brad . With the affair out in the second season premiere he is attacked by both Eddie and Brad . Later that night Brad destroys Randall 's boat and comes at him with an axe and the two begin to fight as Brad pulls out a gun and shots are fired . In season three Randall gets a dose of his own medicine when he finds Marcie and Brad begin a revenge affair and having sex in his shed where he had his affair with Alex . He refuses to divorce Marcie , because he wants to have both women in his life . In the season three finale it was revealed that Randall is not the father of Alex 's newborn baby boy . Due to a paternity glitch , Randall is unaware that he is still the father of Alex 's baby and soon Marcie 's unborn one . Aiden Turner as Brad Montgomery , a former Royal Marine who fought in Iraq with Alex 's cousin , Eddie and later became a businessman and married Alex . Now a businessman who was unaware of his wife 's affair with his friend , Randall until the second season premiere . He gets into a fight with Randall , demolishes his boat and nearly kills him . He eventually leaves Alex and he begins a revenge affair with Marcie . Brad is the father of Peter and Paisley his children with Alex , Brad had a vasectomy after Paisley 's birth , which gives credence to Randall being the father of Alex 's newborn son . Joel Rush as Edward `` Eddie '' Willis , Esperanza 's ex , Alex 's cousin and Brad 's friend . A former U.S. Marine and a very corrupt police officer for the city of Maxine . He has a daughter named Mika with Esperanza . He still intends to control her life although he himself is remarried and has kids with a woman named Yolanda , who would eventually leave him as well . Later revealed that he is still in love with Esperanza , which drives him to behave the way he does , and is also a recovering cocaine addict . Octavio Pizano as Julius Escada Jr. , Esperanza 's new boyfriend , a target of the jealous Edward 's rage , in this case , justifiably , as he is the relative of a Drug - Cartel leader , and Edward is concerned for the safety of Esperanza and , more importantly , his daughter , Mika . Charles Malik Whitfield as Lushion Morgan , Natalie 's fiancé and the father of her youngest son , Frankie . He 's a rookie cop with Eddie , who has a hostile working relationship with him , due to his corrupt ways . However , he still has enough loyalty to save him from a drive by shooting . Jay Hunter as Ian Glenn is a criminal defense attorney , partner at firm & friend of Lushion . Ian is recruited to be Kelly 's attorney but hits a road block . Ian is also looking for a new home & recruits Marcie as his real estate agent & an instant attraction begins . Denzel Wells as Travis Cain ( Seasons 1 -- 4 ) , Kelly 's love interest , who is away on a relief mission in Haiti . Upon his return , he reveals that he got engaged to another woman while in Haiti and left Kelly . However , he has second thoughts , and ends his engagement . He then pursues Kelly anew , although she is very disinterested . During the third and fourth seasons , he becomes very angry and hostile towards Kelly . He is shot and killed by Kelly later in season 4 . Ryan Haake as Steven Simmons is Eddie & Lushions boss and secretly and FBI agent . Steven becomes attracted to Esperanza , hence creating a volatile relationship with her child 's father Eddie . Dawan Owens as Quan ( Seasons 1 -- 3 ) , Joey 's old running buddy who is not liked by Lushion and Natalie , and at times , Joey himself . In season 3 he is killed during a shoot - out with Joey , who was seriously injured but survives . Donovan Christie Jr. as Larry , An attorney who helps Marcie in her legal battles against Randall . It is revealed he was a previous college mate and friend of Randall 's , in which they both share a dark secret behind close doors . They had a perverse , sexual and sadistic past as swingers . However Larry has a strong insatiable fetish for BDSM . Although it is not revealed if the two have ever been intimate with each other , but they both have made numerous innuendo remarks towards each other . Recurring Cast ( edit ) Brianne Davis as Yolanda ( Season 1 ) , Edward 's new wife who would , like Esperanza did , leave him . An alcoholic , she absolutely despises Esperanza , and the two women often quarrel . Has two children ( one an unnamed older daughter ) with Edward , and is Mika 's stepmother . Claudette Ortiz as Claudia ( Season 2 ) , a new addition to the 911 emergency service who is also the half - sister of Quan . Jasmine Guy as Mattaline Cain ( Season 1 ) , Travis ' mother who did not approve of Kelly , but later accepts her . Marie L. Burke ( Season 1 ) / Judi Blair ( Seasons 2 -- 3 ) as Faun , daughter of Mr. Kym , owner of Burger Fast . Faun is friendly with Joey , who develops a love interest in him and works at Burger Fast with Natalie and Jackie . Clayton Landey as Captain Daniel Mackey ( Seasons 1 -- 2 ) , the immediate superior of Edward and Lushion and the head of the Maxine Police Department . Sharon Conley as Sally ( Season 1 ) , owner of the 911 operatation station and Esperanza 's supervisor Celine Areu as Mika Willis , the daughter of Eddie and Esperanza . Chase Wainscott as Peter Montgomery , the son and oldest child of Brad and Alex . Ashlyn Areu as Paisley Montgomery , the daughter and youngest child of Brad and Alex . Timmy Richardson as Justice Issacs , the son of Kelly . Donielle T. Hansley Jr. as Frank Morgan , the youngest son of Natalie and Lushion . Trevante Rhodes as Ramsey Walters ( Season 2 ) , Kelly 's new neighbor , to whom she is attracted . In the third season , it is revealed that he is dead after Travis had killed him . Chris V. Pipkin as Pete Davis ( Seasons 2 − 3 ) , a rookie cop who works under Lushion and takes it upon himself to investigates Ben 's shooting . Andrea Frye as Louise Holmes ( Seasons 2 -- 3 ) , Randall 's mother . who tries to be a peacemaker for Marcie and Randall . Jordan Wiseley as Ben Bryant ( Season 2 -- 3 ) , a drug addict and rookie cop who works under Eddie . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of If Loving You Is Wrong episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 20 September 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 09 ) May 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 26 ) 22 September 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 22 ) May 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 24 ) 22 September 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 13 ) May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) 18 September 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 19 ) March 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 07 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Tyler Perry 's `` If Loving You Is Wrong '' Returns to OWN with All - New Episodes This March '' ( Press release ) . The Futon Critic . February 25 , 2016 . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 16 , 2014 ) . `` Tyler Perry 's New Television Drama ' If Loving You is Wrong ' to Premiere Tuesday September 9 on OWN '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2014 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Greg Braxton ( March 17 , 2014 ) . `` OWN still bets on Tyler Perry 's ' Single Moms Club ' after film bombs '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( January 9 , 2014 ) . `` OWN Orders Series Based on Tyler Perry 's ' Single Moms Club ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` OWN Sets Cast For New Tyler Perry Drama Series ' If Loving You Is Wrong ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Obenson , Tambay A. ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` OWN Announces Cast for New Drama Series ' If Loving You is Wrong ' From Tyler Perry Shadow and Act '' . IndieWire . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nededog , Jethro ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` Tyler Perry 's ' Single Mom 's Club ' Adaptation for OWN Gets New Name '' . TheWrap . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` OWN Wants More Tyler Perry -- And Gets It '' . Deadline.com . February 27 , 2015 . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / TheBrianneDavis : Meet crazy Yolanda ! ! ! '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 21 . External links ( edit ) If Loving You Is Wrong on IMDb Tyler Perry Stage I Know I 've Been Changed I Can Do Bad All by Myself Diary of a Mad Black Woman Madea 's Family Reunion Madea 's Class Reunion Why Did I Get Married ? Meet the Browns Madea Goes to Jail What 's Done in the Dark The Marriage Counselor Laugh to Keep from Crying Madea 's Big Happy Family A Madea Christmas Aunt Bam 's Place I Do n't Want to Do Wrong ! The Haves and the Have Nots Madea Gets a Job Hell Hath No Fury Like a Woman Scorned Madea 's Neighbors from Hell Madea on the Run Films Daddy 's Little Girls Why Did I Get Married ? Meet the Browns The Family That Preys Why Did I Get Married Too ? For Colored Girls Good Deeds Peeples Temptation : Confessions of a Marriage Counselor The Single Moms Club Acrimony The List Madea series Diary of a Mad Black Woman Madea 's Family Reunion Madea Goes to Jail I Can Do Bad All by Myself Madea 's Big Happy Family Madea 's Witness Protection A Madea Christmas Madea 's Tough Love Boo ! A Madea Halloween Boo 2 ! A Madea Halloween A Madea Family Funeral Television House of Payne Meet the Browns For Better or Worse The Haves and the Have Nots Love Thy Neighbor If Loving You Is Wrong Too Close to Home The Paynes Books Do n't Make a Black Woman Take Off Her Earrings See also Madea Tyler Perry Studios Oprah Winfrey Network original programming Current Greenleaf ( since 2016 ) If Loving You Is Wrong ( since 2014 ) Iyanla : Fix My Life ( since 2012 ) Oprah 's Master Class ( since 2011 ) Oprah : Where Are They Now ? ( since 2012 ) Queen Sugar ( since 2016 ) Super Soul Sunday ( since 2011 ) The Haves and the Have Nots ( since 2013 ) The Paynes ( since 2018 ) Welcome to Sweetie Pie 's ( since 2011 ) Former 6 Little McGhees ( 2012 -- 14 ) Addicted to Food ( 2011 ) All My Children ( 2013 ) America 's Money Class with Suze Orman ( 2012 ) Anna & Kristina 's Grocery Bag ( 2011 ) Belief ( 2015 ) Beverly 's Full House ( 2012 ) Blackboard Wars ( 2013 ) Breaking Down the Bars ( 2011 ) Carson Nation ( 2011 ) Deion 's Family Playbook ( 2014 - 15 ) Deliver Me ( 2011 ) Extreme Clutter with Peter Walsh ( 2011 -- 12 ) Finding Sarah ( 2011 ) Flex & Shanice ( 2014 - 16 ) For Peete 's Sake ( 2016 - 17 ) Golden Sisters ( 2013 ) Houston Beauty ( 2013 ) It 's Not You , It 's Men ( 2016 ) Life with La Toya ( 2013 -- 14 ) Lindsay ( 2014 ) Lives on Fire ( 2012 ) Livin ' Lozada ( 2015 - 16 ) Love Thy Neighbor ( 2013 - 17 ) Lovetown , USA ( 2012 ) Married to the Army : Alaska ( 2012 ) Mom 's Got Game ( 2014 ) Mystery Diagnosis ( 2011 ) One Life to Live ( 2013 ) Oprah Prime ( 2012 - 2015 ) Oprah 's Lifeclass ( 2011 - 2014 ) Our America with Lisa Ling ( 2011 -- 14 ) Party at Tiffany 's ( 2011 ) Police Women of Dallas ( 2013 ) Raising Whitley ( 2013 - 16 ) Ryan and Tatum : The O'Neals ( 2011 ) Season 25 : Oprah Behind The Scenes ( 2011 ) Staten Island Law ( 2013 ) The Dr. Laura Berman Show ( 2011 ) The Gayle King Show ( 2011 ) The Judds ( 2011 ) The Rosie Show ( 2011 -- 12 ) Tyler Perry 's For Better or Worse ( 2013 -- 2017 ) Why Not ? with Shania Twain ( 2011 ) Your OWN Show : Oprah 's Search for the Next TV Star ( 2011 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=If_Loving_You_Is_Wrong&oldid=833053806 '' Categories : 2010s American television series 2014 American television series debuts American television soap operas English - language television programs OWN : Oprah Winfrey Network original programs Television series created by Tyler Perry Television programs based on films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 12 : 19 . About Wikipedia | who plays marcy on if loving you is wrong | [
"Heather Hemmens as Marcie Holmes, a real estate agent and Randall's unhappy wife, who is angry with Alex for her affair with Randall. Gets even with both of them by embarking on a revenge affair with Brad. She demands that Randall divorce her; he refuses because he still loves her, but also loves Alex.[5] In the third season, it is revealed that Marcie is pregnant, but with Brad's child. Although in the Season 3 finale, it is revealed that Randall may be the father of her baby."
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"Heather Hemmens"
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8608124653343220137 | Walton family | Walton family - Wikipedia Walton family This article is about the family of Sam and Bud Walton , founders of Walmart . For the television program , see The Waltons . Sam Walton , founder of Walmart The Walton family is an American family whose collective fortune makes them the richest family in the United States and among the richest in the world . The majority of their wealth derives from the heritage of Bud and Sam Walton , who were the co-founders of the world 's largest retailer , Walmart . The three most prominent living members ( Jim , Rob and Alice ) have consistently been in the top twenty of the Forbes 400 since 2001 , as were John ( d . 2005 ) and Helen ( d . 2007 ) prior to their deaths . Christy Walton took her husband John 's place in that ranking after his death . As of December 2014 , the Waltons collectively owned 50.8 percent of the company . In May 2018 , the annual Sunday Times Rich List indicated the Walton family 's wealth is at $ US174. 9 billion . Walton family fortune ( edit ) The Walton family fortune breaks down as follows : Jim Walton $48.4 billion S. Robson Walton $48.2 billion Alice Walton $48.1 billion Lukas Walton $15.6 billion Ann Walton Kroenke $6.6 billion Christy Walton $6.7 billion Nancy Walton Laurie $5.7 billion References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hanbury , Mary ( 2018 - 08 - 16 ) . `` MEET THE WALTONS : How America 's wealthiest family spends its Walmart fortune '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Richest Family in the World -- Walton Family , Koch and t '' . Techscio . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bryan Rich . `` Christy Walton & family '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jerin Mathew . `` Walton family are richest in the US with $149 bn net worth -- Forbes '' . International Business Times UK . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Richest Family In The World 2011 -- Worth $93 billion '' . TheRichest . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Richest Family In The World 2011 -- Worth $93 billion '' . The Richest ) . Jump up ^ `` Wal - Mart says Walton family to sell shares to keep lid on stake '' . Reuters. April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Times Rich List '' . thesundaytimes.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Jim Walton '' . Jump up ^ `` S. Robson Walton '' . Jump up ^ Bartie Scott . `` Alice Walton '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lukas Walton '' . Jump up ^ Morgan Brennan . `` Ann Walton Kroenke '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Christy Walton '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nancy Walton Laurie '' . Arkansas portal Biography portal Business and economics portal Companies portal Walton family tree Samuel Robson ( Rob ) Walton ( b . 1944 ) three children Carolyn Funk ( divorced ) John Thomas Walton ( 8 October 1946 -- 27 June 2005 ) Lukas Walton Samuel Moore ( Sam ) Walton ( 29 March 1918 -- 6 April 1992 ) Christy Walton Helen Robson Kemper ( 3 December 1919 - 19 April 2007 ) Alice Louise Walton ( b . 7 October 1949 ) unknown ( divorced ) James Carr ( Jim ) Walton ( b . 1948 ) four children Lynne McNabb Ann Walton Kroenke ( b . 1949 ) Josh Kroenke James Lawrence ( `` Bud '' ) Walton ( 20 December 1921 -- 21 March 1995 ) Whitney Ann Kroenke Audrey Walton E. Stanley Kroenke Nancy Walton Laurie ( b . 1952 ) Elizabeth Paige Laurie Bill Laurie Notes : show Walmart Walton family 1st generation Sam Walton Helen Walton James `` Bud '' Walton 2nd generation S. Robson Walton John T. Walton Christy Walton Jim Walton Alice Walton Ann Walton Kroenke Nancy Walton Laurie 3rd generation Lukas Walton Whitney Ann Kroenke Josh Kroenke Elizabeth Paige Laurie Chairmen Sam Walton S. Robson Walton Greg Penner President / CEO Sam Walton David Glass Lee Scott Mike Duke Doug McMillon Current assets North America Walmart Labs Amigo Supermarkets Sam 's Club Vudu Walmart Canada Walmart Discount Stores Walmart Neighborhood Market Walmart Supercenter Jet.com Bare Necessities Bonobos Hayneedle ModCloth Moosejaw Shoes.com International Asda Asda Mobile Flipkart ( 77 % shares ) Massmart Seiyu Walmart Brasil ( 20 % shares ) Big Bompreço Walmart Chile Líder Walmart de México y Centroamérica Bodega Aurrerá Brands List of Walmart brands Sam 's Choice White Stag Great Value Former assets Hypermart USA Marketside Más Club Supermercado de Walmart Walmart Express Yihaodian See also Criticism of Walmart Wal - Mart : The High Cost of Low Price People of Walmart History of Walmart List of assets owned by Walmart Why Wal - Mart Works ; and Why That Drives Some People C-R-A-Z-Y Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walton_family&oldid=855985879 '' Categories : Walton family American billionaires American businesspeople in retailing American families Business families of the United States Presbyterian families Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2016 Use American English from May 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk About Wikipedia Español فارسی Italiano 日本 語 Português Română Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 August 2018 , at 04 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how much money does the walmart family have | [
"As of December 2014[update], the Waltons collectively owned 50.8 percent of the company.[7] In May 2018, the annual Sunday Times Rich List indicated the Walton family's wealth is at $US174.9 billion.[8]\n"
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"$US174.9 billion"
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-4614249579826322238 | List of Midsomer Murders episodes | List of Midsomer murders episodes - wikipedia List of Midsomer murders episodes Midsomer Murders is a British television detective drama that has aired on ITV since 1997 . The show is based on Caroline Graham 's Chief Inspector Barnaby book series , as originally adapted by Anthony Horowitz . The current lead character is DCI John Barnaby ( Neil Dudgeon ) , who works for Causton CID . Dudgeon 's character is the younger cousin of former lead character DCI Tom Barnaby ( John Nettles ) . Dudgeon first appeared as randy gardener Daniel Bolt in the Series 4 episode `` Garden of Death '' . Dudgeon permanently joined the show in 2011 following Nettles 's departure . As of 20 May 2018 , 116 episodes have aired over 19 series . Episodes 1 to 100 were originally released on DVD as 25 `` sets , '' which are now discontinued , and have been re-released as `` series '' 1 to 16 in redesigned packages . Series 20 was announced by ITV in April 2017 . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Pilot ( 1997 ) 2.2 Series 1 ( 1998 ) 2.3 Series 2 ( 1999 ) 2.4 Series 3 ( 1999 -- 00 ) 2.5 Series 4 ( 2000 -- 01 ) 2.6 Series 5 ( 2001 -- 02 ) 2.7 Series 6 ( 2003 ) 2.8 Series 7 ( 2003 -- 04 ) 2.9 Series 8 ( 2004 -- 05 ) 2.10 Series 9 ( 2005 -- 06 ) 2.11 Series 10 ( 2006 -- 08 ) 2.12 Series 11 ( 2008 -- 10 ) 2.13 Series 12 ( 2009 -- 10 ) 2.14 Series 13 ( 2010 -- 11 ) 2.15 Series 14 ( 2011 -- 12 ) 2.16 Series 15 ( 2012 -- 13 ) 2.17 Series 16 ( 2013 -- 14 ) 2.18 Series 17 ( 2015 ) 2.19 Series 18 ( 2016 ) 2.20 Series 19 ( 2016 -- 18 ) 2.21 Series 20 ( 2018 ) 3 References 4 External links Series overview ( edit ) Series Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Pilot 23 March 1997 ( 1997 - 03 - 23 ) 22 March 1998 ( 1998 - 03 - 22 ) 6 May 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 06 ) 20 January 1999 ( 1999 - 01 - 20 ) 5 February 2000 ( 2000 - 02 - 05 ) 12 September 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 12 ) 29 January 2000 ( 2000 - 01 - 29 ) 5 10 September 2000 ( 2000 - 09 - 10 ) 16 September 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 16 ) 5 5 23 September 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 23 ) 22 September 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 22 ) 6 5 3 January 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 03 ) 31 January 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 31 ) 7 7 2 November 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 02 ) 25 December 2004 ( 2004 - 12 - 25 ) 8 8 10 October 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 10 ) 2 October 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 02 ) 9 8 9 October 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 09 ) 17 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 17 ) 10 8 12 November 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 12 ) 11 May 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 11 ) 11 7 1 January 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 01 ) 5 May 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 05 ) 12 7 22 July 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 22 ) 14 April 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 14 ) 13 8 10 February 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 10 ) 2 February 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 02 ) 14 8 23 March 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 23 ) 11 January 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 11 ) 15 6 1 February 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 01 ) 30 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 30 ) 16 5 24 December 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 24 ) 12 February 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 12 ) 17 28 January 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 28 ) 18 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 18 ) 18 6 6 January 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 06 ) 17 February 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 17 ) 19 6 18 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 18 ) 20 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 20 ) 20 6 2018 ( 2018 ) TBA Episodes ( edit ) Pilot ( 1997 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming date `` The Killings at Badger 's Drift '' Jeremy Silberston Anthony Horowitz 23 March 1997 ( 1997 - 03 - 23 ) September / October 1996 When DCI Barnaby and DS Troy arrive in the village of Badger 's Drift to investigate the sudden death of Emily Simpson , her next door neighbour insists that she had been murdered , after she had seen her return from a walk , unnerved and shocked by something she had witnessed . When the post mortem confirms her death was no accident , the pair discover that nothing is what it seems to be within the sleepy village as they try to find out what exactly she saw . Their investigation soon turns up a web of sex , blackmail and lies , and the possibility that the murder could be connected to a shooting accident two years ago , which claimed another woman 's life . First appearances of DCI Tom Barnaby , DS Gavin Troy , Dr George Bullard , Joyce Barnaby and Cully Barnaby . Series 1 ( 1998 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming date `` Written in Blood '' Jeremy Silberston Anthony Horowitz 22 March 1998 ( 1998 - 03 - 22 ) July / August 1997 After debating on who their next guest speaker should be , the Midsomer Worthy Writers ' Circle decide to invite famous writer , Max Jennings , to their next meeting , despite opposition to the choice by Gerald Hadleigh , the group 's secretary . When Hadleigh is found dead the day after Jennings visit , brutally bludgeoned and stripped naked , Barnaby and Troy discover that the victim had many mysteries to him , prompting them to delve into his private life and his past . Matters soon become complicated when Jennings disappears and is later found dead , and a witness recalls seeing a mysterious woman in Hadleigh 's house the night before his murder . `` Death of a Hollow Man '' Jeremy Silbertson Caroline Graham 29 March 1998 ( 1998 - 03 - 29 ) August / September 1997 Whilst investigating the murder of Agnes Gray , a quiet animal - loving woman who was bludgeoned to death and found floating in a river near to the village of Ferne Basset , Barnaby gets more than he bargained for when he attends his wife 's performance in the Causton Amateur Dramatics ' production of Amadeus . When Agnes ' cousin , Esslyn Carmichael , inadvertently cuts his own throat during the final act , it 's quickly discovered that the tape on the prop blade he had used was removed without anyone knowing . The detective is left wondering who had wanted to turn Esslyn 's final act into a true coup de theatre , as he and Troy try to determine what the motive was behind the two murders . `` Faithful unto Death '' Baz Taylor Douglas Watkinson 22 April 1998 ( 1998 - 04 - 22 ) October 1997 Local villagers in Morton Fendle are up in arms , demanding answers from Alan Hollingsworth , the owner of a local craft centre they had invested in , after news comes out that it has recently fallen into financial turmoil . As tensions begin rising in the village , Barnaby soon suspects that something has happened to Alan 's wife , Simone , when his behaviour suddenly changes . His suspicions are soon confirmed when it transpires that Simone was kidnapped , after one of Alan 's neighbours is murdered , shortly after witnessing something they should n't have . 5 `` Death in Disguise '' Baz Taylor Douglas Watkinson 6 May 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 06 ) November / December 1997 Bill Carter , one of the founders of a local New Age commune called the Lodge of the Golden Windhorse , dies suddenly after falling down some stairs and breaking his neck . Although there was uncertainty as to whether it was the result of an accident or murder , Barnaby and Troy find themselves having to determine which it was , when Ian Craigie , the commune 's leader , is stabbed to death with a carving knife a few days later , while attending a spiritual seance with the rest of the commune and the parents of one of its members . It 's not long before they discover hidden truths about the commune 's founding and some of its members . Series 2 ( 1999 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming date Viewers ( millions ) 6 `` Death 's Shadow '' Jeremy Silberston Anthony Horowitz 20 January 1999 ( 1999 - 01 - 20 ) May / June 1998 10.41 Plans by Barnaby to renew his wedding vows at the church of St Michael 's in Badger 's Drift , are quickly put on hold when the body of Richard Bayly , a local developer , is found decapitated in his own home . The detective is left mystified as to why anyone would kill a man who had only been given weeks to live , after being recently diagnosed with a brain tumour . As he and Troy attempt to find out , they soon encounter a hotbed of corruption and property feuding occurring within the village as the body count rises and the mystery deepens . 7 `` Strangler 's Wood '' Jeremy Silberston Anthony Horowitz 3 February 1999 ( 1999 - 02 - 03 ) June / July 1998 10.70 Nine years ago , three women were strangled with a neck - tie and left naked in woodland outside Midsomer Worthy , so when a Brazilian woman who recently arrived in the village is murdered in the exact same fashion and found within the same woods , Barnaby is forced to cut short some father - daughter bonding time with Cully to determine if it is the work of the same killer . As he and Troy investigate the area , including a local tobacco company the victim was associated with , they soon encounter several matters , including a retired detective obsessed with the previous murders , problematic evidence , family troubles , and secret affairs , before another death follows . First appearance of Dr Dan Peterson 8 `` Dead Man 's Eleven '' Jeremy Silberston Anthony Horowitz 12 September 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 12 ) April / May 1999 11.07 As the cricket team for Fletcher 's Cross prepare for their annual match against Midsomer Worthy , tragedy strikes for their captain and local landowner , Robert Cavendish , when the search for his wife Tara , who went missing whilst walking their dog , turns up her body near to a disused quarry he had owned . For Barnaby and Troy , suspicions are drawn in on Robert 's son , who openly resented his father 's wife , and who owned the cricket bat that killed her . Yet their investigation also turns up a wealth of secrets , lies , affairs , blackmail , and a mysterious death that occurred shortly before a break - in , before matters are complicated when another murder occurs during the cricket match . 9 `` Blood Will Out '' Moira Armstrong Douglas Watkinson 19 September 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 19 ) September 1998 9.99 Hector Bridges , a local magistrate , is infuriated when one of his geese is stolen , just as two bands of travellers arrive in Martyr Warren . Although Barnaby and Troy are called in to deal with the theft and later dissuade him from forcefully evicting the travellers from the village , they soon have a murder on their hands , when a short while later Bridges is killed with his own shotgun . It quickly transpires that many in the village had hated the magistrate , who lied , bullied , and committed many an injustice , leaving the detectives determined to find who among them had pulled the trigger after Bridges pushed them past their breaking point . Series 3 ( 1999 -- 00 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 10 `` Death of a Stranger '' Moira Armstrong Douglas Watkinson 31 December 1999 ( 1999 - 12 - 31 ) May / June 1999 5.87 Shortly before his retirement , Superintendent Pringle believes he has solved the murder of a tramp who was killed during a fox hunt outside the village of Upper Marshwood . However , Barnaby , who had been in France on holiday during the investigation , is not convinced that the local poacher Pringle arrested , who pleads he is innocent , is the true culprit . Barnaby soon turns out to be right when the poacher 's father is found murdered in the woods with his own shotgun . As Barnaby and Troy reopen the murder case , they soon find themselves dealing with the village 's upper classes , who are none too willing to give much away . 11 `` Blue Herrings '' Peter Smith Hugh Whitemore 22 January 2000 ( 2000 - 01 - 22 ) June / July 1999 8.88 When Alice Bly arrives at the Lawnside nursing home in Aspern Tallow to rest up from hospital treatment , she is unconvinced by the home 's director and its physician that one of the residents had died naturally , on the night shortly after her arrival , especially as the deceased owned a valuable Cartier watch that has since gone missing . Despite having a week off from police work , her nephew Barnaby , concerned for her well being , decides to investigate the matter , and it is not long before he and Troy uncover theft , lies and secret flings , as more deaths follow . 12 `` Judgement Day '' Jeremy Silberston Anthony Horowitz 29 January 2000 ( 2000 - 01 - 29 ) August / September 1999 9.65 Even though Midsomer Mallow is a contender to be the ' Perfect English Village ' in a competition of the same name , underneath the surface of the village not everything is perfect as local thief Peter Drinkwater is up to no good . After robbing a retired actor 's mansion of valuable goods , Mr Drinkwater is stabbed with a pitchfork at the local farm he is using as a base . Despite the villagers ' best efforts to keep the murder quiet so as to not ruin their chances in the competition , several further deaths occur eventually bringing Detective Chief Inspector Barnaby back several decades to uncover the killer . Last appearance of Dr Dan Peterson 13 `` Beyond The Grave '' Peter Cregeen Douglas Livingstone 5 February 2000 ( 2000 - 02 - 05 ) October 1998 9.40 Cully 's latest boyfriend , Nico , decides to shadow Troy in preparation for a TV role he recently got , but gets more hands - on experience than he expected when investigations into a slashed painting at a museum in Aspern Tallow , a 17th century portrait of Royalist Jonathan Lowrie , are overshadowed by the murder of his descendant , Marcus Lowrie . It is n't long before Barnaby and Troy , with Nico 's assistance , find themselves dealing with mysterious , ghostly events , escaped criminals , and a museum trustee who has more to them than meets the eye . Series 4 ( 2000 -- 01 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 14 `` Garden of Death '' Peter Smith Christopher Russell 10 September 2000 ( 2000 - 09 - 10 ) June / July 2000 7.65 Villagers of Midsomer Deverell are appalled when the Inkpen family plan to turn their public memorial garden into a small tea shop . Yet when Elspeth Inkpen announces that it is none of the village 's business what her family is planning , Barnaby and Troy wonder if someone is determined to stop this happening , when her daughter is soon found murdered in the garden . As the detectives investigate , they slowly uncover greed , snobbery , illegitimacy , mourning and violence , before Elspeth is soon found dead in what appears to have been suicide . 15 `` Destroying Angel '' David Tucker David Hoskins 26 August 2001 ( 2001 - 08 - 26 ) July / August 2000 9.99 Following the funeral of local hotelier Karl Wainwright , his hotel 's manager and a well liked Punch and Judy performer , Gregory Chambers , disappears unusually in yet another picturesque Midsomer village . Most people dismiss his disappearance completely but when he does n't turn up , a search is conducted and a severed hand , confirmed to be Gregory 's , turns up in the woods . Further deaths and a mushroom poisoning occur surrounding the beneficiaries of Karl Wainwright 's will . All is not as it seems . 16 `` The Electric Vendetta '' Peter Smith Terry Hodgkinson 2 September 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 02 ) August / September 2000 9.99 A man 's naked body found under mysterious circumstances , within a crop circle on Sir Harry Chatwyn 's wheat field , leads police to investigating how he wound up in the field after being electrocuted . While the nearby village of Midsomer Parva is abuzz with UFO mania , Barnaby is unconvinced by a local ufologist that the man 's death was the result of alien activity , as he uncovers rivalries , theft and hatred during his investigations , soon after a well known burglar is found dead in another crop circle with identical injuries . 17 `` Who Killed Cock Robin ? '' David Tucker Jeremy Paul 9 September 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 09 ) September / October 2000 9.13 Returning home one night , in a drunken state , the local doctor of Newton Magna calls in the police after he had accidentally hit a man , yet when Barnaby and Troy arrive , the injured man is nowhere to be found . As they investigate the mystery , Barnaby encounters an old adversary who is working to help renovate the village and whose daughter is getting married to a local boy . Matters soon become complicated , when the body of the best man 's father is found in a well that was being renovated , whom the detectives soon discover had disappeared on the day he was planning to run away with a local farmer 's wife . 18 5 `` Dark Autumn '' Jeremy Silberston Peter J. Hammond 16 September 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 16 ) October / November 2000 9.77 Goodmans Land is a sleepy Midsomer village , and remains so one Autumn morning apart from the womanising postman Dave Cutler is horrifically killed in the middle of the village whilst doing his early shift . When D.C.I. Barnaby comes in to investigate , he learns that many of the village 's women were ' having it on ' with Mr Cutler . Turning a disused dance hall into the Criminal Investigation Department , numerous unexplained deaths soon occur in Goodmans Land . Can Barnaby riddle out the reason for the strange 1950s dance music heard playing at each murder scene ? And , with the help of WPC Jay Nash and not forgetting D.S. Troy , can Barnaby find the murderer once again ? Series 5 ( 2001 -- 02 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 19 `` Tainted Fruit '' Jeremy Silberston Peter J. Hammond 23 September 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 23 ) April / May 2001 9.80 On the same day that a local district nurse is charged for drink driving following an evening event in Midsomer Malham , a local veterinarian discovers that someone has stolen barbiturates from his surgery . Barnaby and Troy become greatly concerned for the safety of Melissa Townsend , a thoroughly disliked young woman who had recently received death threats that blamed her for the death of a local poacher , but are unable to prevent someone from murdering her , after her body is found with a syringe in the stomach beside her father 's swimming pool . While a wealth of hatred lies within the village , it slowly transpires that someone wanted to hide a secret when the pair uncover blackmail and greed at the heart of their investigations . 20 `` Market For Murder '' Sarah Hellings Christopher Russell 16 June 2002 ( 2002 - 06 - 16 ) June / July 2001 8.99 Wealthy stock broker Selwyn Proctor is furious when someone torches his car , but Barnaby and Troy have other things on their mind , when the elderly head of a local reading club , Marjorie Empson , is battered to death with her walking stick , whilst getting ready for bed following the club 's latest meeting . It soon transpires the women of Midsomer Market 's reading club were secretly investing in the stock market and had been doing well , but that two of the members were outvoted from selling their shares . When one of the members is initially suspected of the murder , but later murdered a short while after she is cleared of suspicions , Barnaby discovers the second victim was having secret affairs , leading him to believe the killer is privy to secrets within the village . 21 `` A Worm in the Bud '' David Tucker Michael Russell 23 June 2002 ( 2002 - 06 - 23 ) October / November 2001 9.52 Two farmers of Midsomer Worthy are at loggerheads over the proposed development of Setwale Wood . James Harrington of Abbey Farm wants his land felled , whereas his ex-friend Simon Bartlett of Grange Farm will do anything to stop this going ahead with the help of friend and barrister Bernadette Sullivan . However , all of this is pushed out of their minds when Simon 's wife Susan is found dead in the Wood by some local children . Even though her parents do n't believe her , Julie Fielding is adamant she saw the woman 's body . When Mr Fielding sees the body , too , the next day , it is in the pond in Setwale Wood and it is confirmed that Mrs Bartlett committed suicide . After the trees start to be cut down , another body turns up , leaving Barnaby and Troy to believe that both victims were that of murder . With the help of little Julie and her brother , D.C.I. Barnaby learns of the Wood 's history and a web of lies and secrets beneath the surface of this picturesque village . 22 `` Ring Out Your Dead '' Sarah Hellings Andrew Payne 15 September 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 15 ) September / October 2001 9.43 The bell ringers at Midsomer Wellow church have high hopes of winning the annual striking competition , but this does n't look likely after one of their number is found shot through the heart in the bell tower during a practise . It is difficult for Mr Barnaby to uncover prospective murderers of this mostly well - liked man , but with a few more deaths , an attempted burglary and some word - processed lines from a local folk poem taking Barnaby and Troy on a journey to the far past , it looks like the killer could be right under their noses . 23 5 `` Murder on St Malley 's Day '' Peter Smith Andrew Payne 22 September 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 22 ) July / August 2001 9.37 Daniel Talbot , a student of the prestigious Devington School , drops dead shortly after returning for help upon being viciously attacked during the school 's annual St. Malley 's Day race . His father , Anthony Talbot , insists that someone from the nearby village of Midsomer Parva was responsible , but things are not as straightforward for Barnaby and Troy , when they slowly discover that Daniel had wanted to run away during the race . Their investigation quickly turns up hidden conspiracies concerning both the school and its secretive , elite group known as the Pudding Club , whose members throw up a wall of silence , just before more bodies turn up . Series 6 ( 2003 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 24 `` A Talent for Life '' Sarah Hellings David Hoskins 3 January 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 03 ) May / June 2002 9.23 The double murder of eccentric widow , Isobel Hewitt , and adulterous doctor , Duncan Goff , lead Barnaby and Troy into finding out more about their personal and private lives in the village of Malham Bridge . While Troy suspects an antique dealer that Isobel befriended is the culprit , Barnaby is not convinced , believing anyone the victims knew when they were alive could have been the murderer , from the doctor 's wife to the local owner of a restaurant . Even Isobel 's close family and members of a local fly fishing group are suspects as they investigate all possible angles . 25 `` Death and Dreams '' Peter Smith Peter J. Hammond 10 January 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 10 ) June / July 2002 9.46 When Martin Wroath is found dead in his home in Midsomer Worthy , Barnaby is unconvinced that he committed suicide with his own shotgun in an unnecessarily complex fashion . When a second murder occurs on an assault course at a local cottage hospital , in which Wroath was a patient , the detective suspects a link between the two murders , and soon finds a wealth of hatred , jealously and lies , before discovering that rope in the village is mysteriously disappearing . 26 `` Painted in Blood '' Sarah Hellings Andrew Payne 17 January 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 17 ) July / August 2002 9.45 Joyce is taking part in an open - air art class , being held on the village green of Midsomer Florey , when she discovers the body of an elderly fellow student , Ruth Fairfax , concealed beneath some undergrowth shortly after a session . Just as Barnaby begins to learn that Ruth was not all she seemed to be , officers of the NIS pull him off the case . While Troy is allowed to assist them , Barnaby is left handling a local operation into a spate of thefts , yet he decides to continue his investigations in secret . In doing so , he soon turns up armed robbery , unaccounted stolen money , former criminals , and secret liaisons , before discovering that the NIS investigation is not being as thorough as it should be . 27 `` A Tale of Two Hamlets '' Peter Smith Alan Plater 24 January 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 24 ) September / October 2002 9.28 At his family home in Upper Warden , arrogant actor Larry Smith is killed , when a summer house he walks in to as part of a promotion for the sequel to his hit film , The House of Satan , is suddenly destroyed in an explosion . His family quickly fling accusations for his murder directly at the residents of rival village , Lower Warden , leading Barnaby and Troy to determine if this is the case , especially when Larry 's director , another member of the family , is electrocuted while using an exercise bike . It 's not long before secrets , affairs and blackmail begin to surface from within the two villages . 28 5 `` Birds of Prey '' Jeremy Silberston Michael Russell 31 January 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 31 ) October / November 2002 9.32 While Troy assists an attractive wildlife liaison officer with an investigation into the illegal sale of protected bird eggs , Barnaby travels to Midsomer Magna to investigate the sudden death of a man , who apparently drowned himself . While there was evidence he was desperately seeking to avoid bankruptcy , and had visited a local millionaire to get back his money from a scheme he had invested in , a post mortem reveals that he had been murdered . The two detectives soon find their investigations crossing over , when a man found to have an illegal collection of bird eggs , is also murdered , prompting concerns that the millionaire 's scheme is being used to defraud many , and that someone is willing to kill to keep the scheme going . Series 7 ( 2003 -- 04 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 29 `` The Green Man '' Sarah Hellings Michael Russell 2 November 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 02 ) May / June 2003 10.01 When a tunnel collapses on a canal project near to Midsomer Worthy , several skeletons turn up . Barnaby investigates a possible murder when one skeleton is discovered to have teeth bearing modern dental work . Meanwhile , Troy , recently having earned a promotion to Inspector , tackles his last case in the county by visiting the village to investigate a more recent murder - that of a youth , one of several who had caused problems for the villagers , who had been shot with a gun he and his friends had been using the night before to shoot wild animals . Slowly but surely , both begin uncovering a web of lies , affairs and domestic arguments , alongside a mysterious recluse with a hidden past . Last regular appearance of DS Gavin Troy 30 `` Bad Tidings '' Peter Smith Peter J. Hammond 4 January 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 04 ) June / July 2003 9.96 DS Dan Scott , Barnaby 's cocky new sergeant , is thrust into his first case when the two detectives look into the murder of a woman who had been stabbed to death after a Spanish themed evening in Midsomer Mallow , before being left in a field she hated , with a red rose in her mouth . Not long after their investigation begins , a retired doctor , whom she had worked for , is murdered in his home during the village 's open day with an apple left beside his body . It quickly becomes clear the two victims knew a secret about one of the villagers , something that they are prepared to silence by any means necessary . First appearance of DS Dan Scott 31 `` The Fisher King '' Richard Holthouse Elizabeth - Anne Wheal 18 January 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 18 ) September / October 2003 10.17 Several decades ago , Roger Heldman died in what appeared to be an accident at a dig near to Midsomer Barrow , shortly after it had turned up two important Celtic pieces . When one of them , a spear , is used to kill his son Gareth , a womaniser like his father , Barnaby and Scott delve into a world of falsehoods , rituals , lies and hidden interrelationships , to uncover the truth . Initial suspicions lie to both the local river keeper , Harry Green , and the victim 's half - brother , David Hartley - Reade , until new evidence suggests Roger was murdered . Then David is murdered during the climax of a summer solstice celebration , while performing a ceremony to save his failing marriage . 32 `` Sins of Commission '' Peter Smith Elizabeth - Anne Wheal 11 January 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 11 ) July / August 2003 9.71 While Midsomer St Michael prepares for the 12th year of its Literary Festival , which often becomes a hotbed for feuding writers , editors and publishers , Barnaby and Scott are called to the village to investigate who had expertly broken the neck of a former prize - winning author . They soon find that the world of fictional writing is far darker than it appears , when the victim 's editor is shortly found dead during the festival 's opening ceremony , leading the detectives to uncover lies , fraud and hidden truths , as the pair search for a connection behind the deaths . 33 5 `` The Maid in Splendour '' Richard Holthouse Andrew Payne 25 January 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 25 ) October / November 2003 10.24 As a conflict between residents of Midsomer Worthy and commercial developers brews over the fate of a local pub , the Maid In Splendour , a popular barman who works there , Jamie Cruickshank , is found dead at an abandoned cottage in woods near to the village . As Barnaby and Scott investigate , they wonder who wanted him dead when the pub 's new manager , Stephen Bannerman , seemed a more likely target after they find that he was thoroughly disliked and was threatening to tear the Splendour down . When Bannerman is soon murdered , the detectives wonder if Jamie 's murder was unintentional . 34 6 `` The Straw Woman '' Sarah Hellings Jeff Dodds 29 February 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 29 ) November / December 2003 10.03 When the village of Midsomer Parva set alight the straw effigy of a woman as part of the revival of an old pagan festival , no one could foresee it ending in tragedy when the local curate screams out in agony from within the effigy . His death quickly turns the community against Liz Francis , the local teacher who organized it , yet as Barnaby and Scott investigate his murder , they soon discover that the curate had been in conflict with Alan Clifford , a pornographer who had moved into the area recently . When more people suddenly die from bouts of spontaneous human combustion , the detectives soon suspect someone is using the illusion of witchcraft to cover up the real motive behind the murders . 35 7 `` Ghosts of Christmas Past '' Renny Rye David Hoskins 25 December 2004 ( 2004 - 12 - 25 ) January / February 2004 6.90 Nine years after Ferdinand Villiers committed suicide at his family 's home of Draycott Hall , the extended Villiers family gather together to celebrate Christmas . When a note in a Christmas cracker proclaims that two members of the family will be dead by midnight on Boxing Day , everyone assumes it to be nothing more than a joke until Aunt Lydia , the eldest member of the family , nearly dies from smoke suffocation before falling down the stairs during the night . Just before she dies from her injuries , Barnaby learns from her that someone had pushed her and soon discovers her near - death earlier in the evening was no accident . Both he and Scott soon find themselves trying to determine the motive for Lydia 's death , and quickly uncover many secrets and lies tied to Ferdinand 's suicide , before another member of the family is killed in what appears to be a shooting accident . Series 8 ( 2004 -- 05 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 36 `` Things That Go Bump in the Night '' Peter Smith Peter J. Hammond 10 October 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 10 ) May / June 2004 8.56 When local undertaker , Patrick Pennyman , is found by his wife bludgeoned to death in his own chapel of rest with a heavy object , Barnaby and Scott find themselves wondering who within Fletcher 's Cross left him with a shocked look upon his face before he was killed . As they investigate , the pair quickly find themselves drawn towards a local spiritualist church that had been heavily controversial in the village , after a friend of Joyce , investigating both the church and the undertaker on suspicion that they were stealing from the dead and using information acquired from them , is murdered shortly after the latest spiritualist meeting . 37 `` Dead in the Water '' Renny Rye Douglas Watkinson 17 October 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 17 ) June / July 2004 9.13 A day at the annual Midsomer Regatta is cut short for Barnaby , when the body of Guy Sweetman , a member of a local boating club , emerges from the river at Morton Shallows . Both he and Scott quickly learn that Guy was a ladies ' man with many enemies , and had been in secret meetings with a few other members . It 's not long before the two detectives uncover lies , jealously , a planned robbery and blackmail , before the latest woman Guy loved and was planning to marry , is attacked and nearly killed . 38 `` Orchis Fatalis '' Peter Smith Terry Hodgkinson 9 January 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 09 ) July / August 2004 8.74 When a female classics scholar , a member of a group of orchid lovers , is found poisoned in her own home by a local handyman , Barnaby find himself returning to Midsomer Malham the day after he and his wife had helped out in the village 's annual garden show . It quickly transpires that the victim not only had a secret lover , but had also smuggled a rare , priceless , one - of - a-kind orchid - the Yellow Roth - out of Borneo . It soon becomes clear the orchid was the motive for her murder , when one of the other members who bought the Roth is soon found dead , with their own collection destroyed . 39 `` Bantling Boy '' Sarah Hellings Steve Trafford 16 January 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 16 ) September / October 2004 8.80 A successful day at the races for the racehorse , Bantling Boy , is overshadowed the following day when Bruce Hartley , one of the horse 's owners and an alcoholic horse trainer , is found murdered within the horse 's stables , having been struck on the back of the head . Barnaby and Scott quickly learn that the night before his murder , Hartley had been in dispute with the other owners of the horse at Bantling Hall , and had refused to allow them to accept an offer to buy the horse . Although they assume the motive was over the sale of the horse , they soon find a darker motive when one of the other owners is murdered in the exact same fashion , but with a pennant of cloth left in their mouth . 40 5 `` Second Sight '' Richard Holthouse Tony Etchells 23 January 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 23 ) October / November 2004 8.69 Barnaby and Scott are drawn into the strange world surrounding the ability of `` Second Sight '' , when they find themselves in the village of Midsomer Mere to investigate the sudden death of John Ransom , shortly after he had been kicked out of the local pub for fighting with his brother - in - law over the upcoming baptism of his niece . John is quickly discovered to have been a lab rabbit for his brother Max , who suspected he had the ability , much like those of local family , the Kirbys . As Barnaby tries to determine if the ability is real , he soon encounters tensions between the two families , an unlucky bookmaker , a priest attempting to save the local church , a man who he swears he saw before , and more murders . 41 6 `` Hidden Depths '' Sarah Hellings David Hoskins 13 March 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 13 ) November / December 2004 8.56 While it appears to be suicide at first , Barnaby is quickly convinced by the evidence he sees that Nick Turner , a solicitor who lived in Midsomer Magna , did not walk off the roof of his home , but was dropped to his death . When it transpires that his neighbour , Jack Wilmot , has disappeared shortly after his death , both Barnaby and Scott begin a search for answers , and soon turn up rumours that Nick had lost money he had stolen from his clients ' accounts . It 's not long before their investigations turn sinister , when Nick 's rival , Otto Benham , is brutally murdered after having wine bottles catapulted at him , all within view of his wife . 42 7 `` Sauce for the Goose '' Renny Rye Andrew Payne 3 April 2005 ( 2005 - 04 - 03 ) January / February 2005 9.73 When the body of a man is found dead and naked , within the sterilizer of the Plummer & Son Famous Relish factory in Little Upton , Barnaby finds himself investigating the Plummer family , the makers of his father 's favourite condiment . The victim was well known to the family and had been on a tour of the factory the day before his body was found , around the same time that the Plummers had been discussing the state of the floundering business during a general meeting , to which Ralph Plummer had angered his siblings by refusing to sell it . It 's not long before legal documents , resentment of the family , and odd sightings , add to the mystery of the investigations . 43 8 `` Midsomer Rhapsody '' Richard Holthouse Richard Cameron 2 October 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 02 ) February / March 2005 6.97 Arthur Leggott , a retired music teacher , is bludgeoned to death in his home in Badger 's Drift , when he confronts an intruder who apparently came for a musical manuscript by the late composer , Joan Alder . It soon becomes clear the manuscript is the key to solving the murders , when a valuable one that had been sold cheaply at auction , shows signs it had been written by another hand , as more murders slowly follow the first . Last appearance of DS Dan Scott Series 9 ( 2005 -- 06 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 44 `` The House in the Woods '' Peter Smith Barry Simner 9 October 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 09 ) May / June 2005 8.49 Caroline and Peter Cave are house - hunting in Midsomer Newton . While checking out , they mention they have n't been able to find what they 're looking for : something old and derelict that they can do up . Anne Merrick tells them that Winyard , the perfect abandoned cottage in the woods , might be for sale . At the real estate agency , they are told the house is not yet available for viewing . Later that evening they find the house on their own . However , Caroline has read up on the cottage 's haunted reputation and only reluctantly explores it with Peter . The next morning they are found strangled in their own car . D.C.I. Barnaby starts the investigation with the help of PC Ben Jones ( as Scott has called in sick ) and they come across the world of estate agents , identical twins , ghosts , piano wire , and more before another body turns up . First appearance of PC Ben Jones as Acting DC ( later promoted to DS Ben Jones ) 45 `` Dead Letters '' Renny Rye Peter J. Hammond 26 February 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 26 ) June / July 2005 8.54 Villagers of Midsomer Barton are all set to celebrate Oak Apple Week , especially as the carnival queen event is set to return after an eight year absence . Yet the body of the mother of a deceased , one - time carnival queen , found in a stream , looks set to spoil things , as Barnaby and Jones find themselves digging up the past . From familiar faces , to drunken boasts and hidden obessions , it slowly becomes clear that the mother 's daughter might be the key to solving the murder , when more deaths follow . 46 `` Vixen 's Run '' Peter Smith Michael Aitkens 5 March 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 05 ) July / August 2005 8.94 Wealthy , eccentric and obese aristocrat Freddy Butler drops dead , shortly after gathering all three of his wives at Haddington Hall to make an announcement . Although George Bullard is adamant his death is from natural causes , the case is far from simple when Freddy 's solicitor is deliberately killed in a house fire shortly afterwards and Freddy 's will goes missing . Barnaby and Jones find themselves investigating the extended Butler family , uncovering hidden secrets , illegitimate children and elusive treasure in the process . 47 `` Down Among the Dead Men '' Renny Rye Douglas Watkinson 12 March 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 12 ) September / October 2005 8.07 Martin Barrett , a local council clerk living in Midsomer Worthy , is murdered during the night by shotgun , prompting Barnaby and Jones to find a motive for his murder . When they discover that Barrett was an expert blackmailer , his victims become prime suspects for his death - from a local pub landlord , a cleaner , a prominent member of the police board , to a former marine geologist . As they investigate , finding themselves drawn to the seaside , they slowly uncover deception , theft , attempted blackmail and hatred . 48 5 `` Four Funerals and a Wedding '' Sarah Hellings Elizabeth - Anne Wheal 24 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 24 ) October / November 2005 7.29 In the village of Broughton , a ninety - year - old battle of the sexes has often occurred , with men trying to oppose an event that the women have managed to successfully hold without interruption , until it culminates with casualties on both sides - Mildred Danvers , an elderly woman who had returned on the day of a funeral and poisoned in her hotel room , and Rev. Anthony Gant , shot during a major event being held in the village green , in view of many . It soon becomes clear someone may have wished to kill both to cover up a dark truth , and soon Barnaby has to figure out who amongst the village wanted both dead , complicated further when Gant 's curate is murdered next . 49 6 `` Country Matters '' Richard Holthouse Andrew Payne 10 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 10 ) November / December 2005 5.80 Villagers in Elverton - cum - Latterly are up in arms and divided , over the building of a supermarket . Things soon come to a head when independent environmental supervisor , Frank Hopkirk , is found stabbed to death at a Jubb 's Timber Yard , the site of the new supermarket , by a pair of children . When Barnaby and Jones investigate to determine who wanted Hopkirk dead , they find out that he secretly came to the village under various aliases for sexual rendezvous with various women in fantasy role - playing scenarios , and that he had been making further investigations on the future development site and having doubts over claims it was contaminated . Either someone did n't like his investigations , or someone did n't like his sexual appetite , but either way , Barnaby finds himself investigating lies and more to uncover the truth . 50 7 `` Death in Chorus '' Sarah Hellings David Lawrence 3 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 03 ) January / February 2006 6.28 Barnaby and DC Ben Jones ( Jason Hughes ) find themselves attempting to unravel the deaths of a choir tenor , and later a bird watcher , before more murders occur . The case is complicated by a rivalry between the Midsomer Worthy and Aston Wherry choirs , due to compete in an upcoming competition , and suspicions that an art scam is to be conducted , and soon Barnaby and Jones become concerned about a local woman , who they fear may become a victim herself . Particularly when it becomes clear the bird watcher had been photographing suspicious activity of late . 51 8 `` Last Year 's Model '' Richard Holthouse David Hoskins 17 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 17 ) February / March 2006 6.78 A few months ago , Annie Woodrow was arrested , accused of murdering her friend , Frances Trevelyan , on the motive of wanting Frances ' husband . Her time in court has come , but DCI Barnaby is certain she still is holding things back in regards to the murder , and decides to monitor the trial . Yet a chance remark by Frances ' youngest daughter , and a meeting with an old friend and psychiatrist , makes him begin to doubt the evidence for her conviction . Soon he and DC Jones , awaiting news of his promotion to DS , find themselves reinvestigating the case , and it soon becomes clear that they may have missed details that could implicate another in the murder . Series 10 ( 2006 -- 08 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 52 `` Dance with the Dead '' Peter Smith Peter J. Hammond 12 November 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 12 ) May / June 2006 7.80 A disused airfield near Morton Fendle is the location for a romantic evening between young Simon Bright and his girlfriend Laura Sharp - absolutely nothing could ruin their date . The next morning , when Frances Kirby is out for her morning jog , she notices the vintage car they were in up at the airfield , containing Simon Bright 's dead body , with Laura nowhere to be seen . Confused , Detective Chief Inspector Barnaby and D.S. Jones ca n't work out whether it was a suicide pact or murder . Furthermore , they 've got to find Miss Sharp and their investigation leads them to linking Simon and Laura with the villagers of Morton Fendle , who met at Elaine Trim 's dancing classes . Eventually , the Barnaby family plus Jones make it to a 40s style dance night at the village hall before more villagers start turning up dead . 53 `` The Animal Within '' Renny Rye David Hoskins 19 January 2007 ( 2007 - 01 - 19 ) June / July 2006 6.95 When Faith Alexander ( Lisa Eichhorn ) arrives in Midsomer County to meet her long - lost uncle Rex Masters , she gets a shock - Rex 's staff had been told that she was dead . Things become even more complex when Rex 's body is found in a nearby river , bearing wounds that suggest he was murdered . Barnaby and Jones are soon on the case , trying to establish who would have wanted the elderly man dead . Several people soon come forward with multiple wills , which confuse the matter , but when two more people , close friends of Rex , are also murdered , the investigation raises question on the motive , leading Barnaby to wonder if it was down to finances , passion , or something from Rex 's past . 54 `` King 's Crystal '' Peter Smith Steve Trafford 26 January 2007 ( 2007 - 01 - 26 ) July / August 2006 6.88 Following the death of Alan King while on a business trip to China , the family company , King 's Crystal , is in financial trouble . As plans to shut the Midsomer Magna factory are being put into action , Alan 's wife Hilary and brother Charles are married in the village church - much to the dismay of Alan 's son Ian . In addition to strife between members of the family , the factory workers are outraged at the loss of their jobs . So when company accountant Peter Baxter is found murdered , Barnaby and Jones suspect a disgruntled employee is to blame . But in order to investigate the matter further , Jones is forced to work undercover , and infiltrate the local group of Freemasons in the village . 55 `` The Axeman Cometh '' Renny Rye Michael Aitkens 2 February 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 02 ) August / September 2006 6.87 The music lovers of Midsomer County are delighted when a host of bands arrives for the Midsomer Rocks festival . Barnaby himself is particularly looking forward to seeing recently re-formed rock band , Hired Gun , perform on stage , but he soon gets close to the band for rather unfortunate reasons . During their opening performance , the band 's singer , Mimi ( Suzi Quatro ) , falls to the ground dead - electrocuted by a wire that had been run through the microphone stand . Barnaby and Jones soon find the rest of the band could be targets , and when another is killed , questions are raised as to whether former band member , Ginger Foxton , who went missing for 30 years and is presumed dead , is still at large . The detectives soon have to delve into a world of rock music , drug use and greed , to find the truth . First appearance of Simon Dixon ( Cully 's boyfriend and later fiance , portrayed by Sam Hazeldine ) . 56 5 `` Death and Dust '' Sarah Hellings Douglas Watkinson 8 May 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 08 ) October / November 2006 6.18 The suspicious death of popular young GP Dr Alan Delaney brings Barnaby and Jones to Midsomer Market to investigate . The detectives are baffled as to a motive for murder - until they consider that the newly engaged Dr James Kirkwood may have been the intended victim . Before long , Barnaby and Jones are heading to Wales - former home to Delyth Mostyn , James 's fiancee , to delve deeper into the mystery . There are certainly possible suspects in the murder and attempt on Kirkwood , from Delyth 's children , who oppose the engagement , Delyth 's husband , and more , as the detectives investigate things , in hopes of uncovering the truth before a major walk is to take place on Mount Snowdon . First appearance of WPC ( later DC ) Gail Stephens 57 6 `` Picture of Innocence '' Richard Holthouse Andrew Payne 3 June 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 03 ) November / December 2006 7.31 In the build - up to Luxton Deeping 's annual photographic exhibition , a battle rages between the traditional and digital photographers of the pretty village . The dispute seems harmless enough - until Lionel Bell is found murdered in a nearby woodland , strangled with the cord of his light meter . Barnaby soon gets to work tracking down the killer , but it seems someone is trying to implicate the detective in the murder . And once he is replaced on the case , finding the culprit seems less likely than ever , as his replacement is more concerned of an upcoming wedding than the investigation . Barnaby is forced to work off the case to uncover who is framing him , and who wants dead other photographers in the village . 58 7 `` They Seek Him Here '' Sarah Hellings Barry Purchese 27 April 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 27 ) January / February 2007 7.98 The residents of Midsomer Magna are thrilled when a production crew arrives at the local manor house to film a version of The Scarlet Pimpernel . But the crew members are n't the only visitors to the area - Jones has spotted notorious criminal George Ince nearby . But when the director , Nick Cheney , is found dead - his head severed by a prop guillotine - Barnaby must discover who would have wanted the victim dead . It soon becomes clear that things are not so simple , and the detectives soon have to shift through varying motives , layered by lies , hidden truths , and a possible robbery to be committed . 59 8 `` Death in a Chocolate Box '' Richard Holthouse Tony Etchells 11 May 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 11 ) February / March 2007 6.88 Barnaby is in Midsomer Holm , bidding farewell to reformed criminal Ronnie Tyler , who has taken part in a rehabilitation scheme in the village . Also present is disgraced ex-policeman Jack Colby , a former colleague of Barnaby 's - but Jack refuses to talk to his old friend . When Jack is murdered , the detective must delve into the dark secrets in the victim 's past . There are certainly dark secrets to uncover , and Barnaby has to determine whether the victim 's part in a scandal years earlier at Causton police station , is key to the mystery behind his death . It is n't long before he finds that Eddie Marston is attempting blackmail , and soon murdered as a result , and that Lord Holm is in love with Jack 's wife , psychotherapist Gina . Series 11 ( 2008 -- 10 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 60 `` Shot at Dawn '' Richard Holthouse Michael Aitkens 1 January 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 01 ) July / August 2007 6.62 It 's a good day for the Hicks family , as the name of Tommy Hicks - who was executed during World War I for `` cowardice and desertion '' - is added to the list on Midsomer Parva 's war memorial . Tommy 's son Lionel and grandson Dave , mayor of Causton and whom Barnaby does not like ( owing to dodgy building work by the mayor 's company ) , are thrilled , but the snooty Hammonds are decidedly less pleased . Henry , the patriarch of the Hammond family , is particularly riled by his insalubrious neighbours , and has nurtured a long - running feud with the Hickses . But the evening after a battle re-enactment in the village , Henry is murdered - and Barnaby must delve into the history of the two families to find the killer , discovering a web of fraud , lies , and hidden truths . 61 `` Blood Wedding '' Peter Smith David Lawrence 6 July 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 06 ) June / July 2007 7.20 As the Barnabys prepare for Cully 's wedding , Lord Fitzroy and Beth Porteous are married in the pretty village of Bledlow . At the lavish reception at Bledlow Hall that follows , however , tragedy strikes - maid of honour Marina Fellowes is found murdered in one of the rooms by some of the guests . With their honeymoon cancelled , the Fitzroys must contend with a police presence in their home , as Barnaby and Jones try to learn more about the family history . It soon becomes clear there are secrets , deception , and an illegtimate son involved in the mystery , which is further complicated when the estate manager is killed by an arrow . Last appearance of Simon Dixon and final , guest appearance of DI Gavin Troy 62 `` Left for Dead '' Renny Rye Michael Crompton 20 July 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 20 ) August / September 2007 7.25 Barnaby and Jones are in Dunstan to investigate the deaths of a reclusive couple . As they try to establish whether Ron and Libby Wilson were murdered or died of natural causes , their attention is drawn to a dispute raging between a local builder and road protesters nearby . When another death occurs , the detectives learn that there are plenty of dark secrets and fierce hostilities in this apparently idyllic village . Will Jack Purdy 's quick temper lead to violence ? How far would the protesters go to prevent the bypass being built ? And do current events somehow relate to the death of Michael Wilson many years earlier ? 63 `` Midsomer Life '' Peter Smith David Hoskins 13 July 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 13 ) October / November 2007 7.16 When the body of Londoner Charlie Finleyson is discovered in woodland near Midsomer Sonning , Barnaby and Jones find themselves investigating employees at local Midsomer Life magazine . It turns out the dead man was married to the ex-wife of Guy Sandys , the wealthy owner of the publication . As the detectives become aware of a feud between Guy and the proprietor of the Morecroft Hotel , tensions are also heating up between the locals and visiting Londoners . Soon Barnaby and Jones find themselves to trying to piece together the truth about the murder , and soon learn that someone might be trying to conceal something in their past . 64 5 `` The Magician 's Nephew '' Richard Holthouse Michael Russell 27 July 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 27 ) November / December 2007 7.01 A children 's magic show goes horribly wrong when one of the performers dies during a trick . Barnaby and Jones discover that the victim was poisoned with a rare toxin extracted from Ecuadorean poison frogs - so the hunt is on for a particularly ruthless and imaginative killer . The detectives soon learn that a feud is raging between local occult practitioner Ernest Balliol and famous writer Aloysius Wilmington . While some of the villagers - such as Ernest 's daughter Isolde - believe that powerful magical forces are at play , others think the reasons for the bloodshed may have their roots in the distant past . Barnaby and Jones soon find themselves delving into the occult , magic , and ancients books of power , to determine what happened , and soon sense a mixture of both might be the motive for the murder , when a book shop owner is killed with shattered glass , laced in the same poison . 65 6 `` Days of Misrule '' Renny Rye Elizabeth - Anne Wheal 24 December 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 24 ) February / March 2008 5.89 Barnaby and Jones are forced to take part in a team building exercise and Tom has plenty of problems dealing with the young , new , acting Chief Superintendent , John Cotton ( Nick Fletcher ) . Following an explosion in a truck that had been stored in a truck depot , a body is soon discovered in a nearby lake , which turns out to be Alec Grainger , who had been seen arguing with James Parkes ( Joseph Millson ) , the son of Colonel Matt Parkes ( Tim Pigott - Smith ) . James appears to be involved in shady business deals and is blamed by his grandmother Caroline Halsey ( Judy Parfitt ) -- and others -- for the suicide of a woman he got pregnant two years before . Barnaby and Jones find themselves delving into a mixture of fraud , smuggling , and lies , trying to piece together the truth . 66 7 `` Talking to the Dead '' Sarah Hellings David Lawrence 5 May 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 05 ) March / April 2008 5.92 When two couples vanish into thin air in the village of Monks Barton , Barnaby and Jones hear rumours of haunted woods and witchcraft . Barnaby remains sceptical of this , even when an unidentified body is found in a shallow grave and the missing start turning up dead . He soon has to determine if ghosts , criminals , or something else , is behind the abductions and murders . N.B. : This episode was delayed until 2010 : it finally aired on ITV one week before `` The Made - to - Measure Murders '' . Series 12 ( 2009 -- 10 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 67 `` The Dogleg Murders '' Richard Holthouse Andrew Payne 22 July 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 22 ) June / July 2008 6.14 No one could suspect that a prestigious golf club would be the setting for murder , but when one of the major members is found dead , bludgeoned to death in a thicket next to the 13th hole , Barnaby and Jones try to determine what made him leave the fairway . It seems the club has a rift between the snobbish members , and local villagers , the latter only allowed onto the course for a few hours a week . Before long , another member turns up dead , and the detectives soon find the club has a hidden history , involving gambling , illegal money lending and assault , prompting the pair to determine if a club member , or one of its staff , is responsible for the deeds . 68 `` The Black Book '' Peter Smith Nicholas Martin 5 August 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 05 ) July / August 2008 6.28 A newly discovered masterpiece by landscape artist Henry Hogson causes a stir when it is auctioned for £ 400,000 -- just hours before its former owner is tortured and killed . When another Hogson is stolen , Barnaby decides to become an expert on the Midsomer painter , with the help of art teacher Matilda Simms ( Susannah Harker ) . He soon realises the paintings are not what they seem -- but the death toll is rising . 69 `` Secrets and Spies '' Renny Rye Michael Aitkens 29 July 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 29 ) August / September 2008 6.90 Former secret agent Geoffrey Larkin arrives in Midsomer Parva and stays at Allenby House , a country mansion run by former spies Sir Malcolm Frazer ( Benjamin Whitrow ) , his son Nicky ( Peter Davison ) and Nicky 's wife Jenny ( Alice Krige ) as a safe house . Geoffrey is soon gashed to death after a cricket match in Midsomer Parva , and the locals blame the ' beast of Midsomer ' . However , Barnaby -- a former spy himself -- soon realises that the killing has links to Allenby House and Cold War Berlin , but is initially thrown off the case by MI6 . But when a further murder occurs MI6 Agent Glen Jarvis ( Neil Stuke ) asks Barnaby back on the case . 70 `` The Glitch '' Richard Holthouse Michael Russell 23 September 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 23 ) October / November 2008 6.34 Midsomer University science fellow and cycling enthusiast George Jeffers ( David Haig ) threatens to make public a problem with his state - of - the - art invention Kernel Logic , but American software boss Clinton Finn fears he will lose millions if the truth comes out . When a schoolteacher is killed in a hit - and - run , Barnaby suspects Jeffers was the intended target . The subsequent murder of a fellow cyclist ( Philip Jackson ) brings the involvement of fellow University associates ( Jonathan Cecil and Jim Norton ) into sharper focus . 71 5 `` Small Mercies '' Peter Smith Peter J. Hammond 28 October 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 28 ) November / December 2008 6.43 In the peaceful village of Little Worthy , Bob Moss was about to open up his beloved model village , when he found a gruesome extra attraction . Young local , Richard Tanner , had been stabbed in the side and his corpse tied down like Gulliver in Lilliput . Barnaby and Jones wonder who wanted him dead , but when the woman he was secretly meeting is killed during the village 's Crazy Craft race , the pair have to delve in and discover who might be lying and hiding secrets . 72 6 `` The Creeper '' Renny Rye Andrew Payne 27 January 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 27 ) February / March 2009 6.35 A cat burglar is on the loose , one known as `` the Creeper '' , but the wave of burglaries they have committed , seem to have finally led to murder , when David Roper ( Rik Mayall ) is found smothered in his bed on the Chettham family estate . Yet Barnaby and Jones learn he may have been planning to write a book that could have been quite uncomfortable for someone , leading the pair to determine whether members of the Chettham family , or their friends , were responsible . 73 7 `` The Great and the Good '' Richard Holthouse David Hoskins 14 April 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 14 ) March / April 2009 5.46 A sleep - walking school teacher ( Nancy Carroll ) starts to believe she has slit the throats of her mentor ( Tim Wylton ) and a local handyman man in her sleep , but her friends ( Paola Dionisotti and Monica Dolan ) are not convinced that she is the culprit , nor is Barnaby . A local philanthropist ( Paul Chapman ) and his social - climbing wife ( Suzanne Burden ) are planning the annual Frobisher night - but will it go without a hitch , and can they identify the killer ? Series 13 ( 2010 -- 11 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 74 `` The Made - to - Measure Murders '' Peter Smith Andrew Payne 12 May 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 12 ) June / July 2009 5.53 The residents of Milton Cross , a feudal estate with a church , farms , houses and acres of land , depend on lord of the manor Edward Milton for their livelihoods . But when Sonia Woodley is stabbed in the churchyard two years after the death of her abusive husband Gerald , Barnaby and Jones investigate , trying to work out who killed her . It soon becomes clear someone took a pair of tailor scissors to do the deed , but who amongst the villagers could have done so , is unclear , and the investigation is complicated , when the pair learn the local reverend had received a letter from Sonia . When he himself is killed , the pair believe something in the letter may be key to solving the mystery . 75 `` The Sword of Guillaume '' Renny Rye Michael Aitkens 10 February 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 10 ) July / August 2009 7.02 Barnaby is not convinced about Mayor David Hicks ' plans to revive an annual trip to Brighton , suspecting his proposal to buy coastal land there , is rather a fraudulent scheme . Naturally , he joins the trip , but during their time in Brighton , a hated property developer ( Tim McInnerny ) is beheaded on a ghost house ride , prompting Barnaby to team up with his cousin to determine whether the developer 's renters , the mayor , a gloomy reverend ( Mark Gatiss ) , or the lady of a large estate are responsible , and soon discovers a hotbed of jealously , debt , lies and more , conceal a far darker secret . First appearance of DCI John Barnaby , cousin of DCI Tom Barnaby . 76 `` Blood on the Saddle '' Richard Holthouse David Lawrence 8 September 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 08 ) August / September 2009 6.07 Ford Florey is a town with a Wild West Society and many grudges . During a Wild West show at the local faire , the witch on the ' Dunk the Witch ' stall is well and truly dunked but laughter soon turns to horror when she does n't get up and the water in the tank starts to turn red . Barnaby and Jones need to be quick on the draw to track down the murderer , and soon begin to wonder whether a dispute over land was the motive , or something far more sinister , especially when more people are killed , with methods linked to the Wild West . 77 `` The Silent Land '' Peter Smith Peter J. Hammond 22 September 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 22 ) October / November 2009 5.45 On a dark night in the village of March Magna , Barnaby 's wife Joyce swerves her car and narrowly misses a shadowy figure in the road - or so she thinks , when later that night a body is discovered in the old cemetery . The victim was a member of the council who was strange and weird , but someone seemed to have quite a grudge on him , and so Barnaby and Jones delve into his background , and the village , attempting to determine who might have wanted him dead , finding ghosts , grudges , and more beneath the village 's surface . 78 5 `` Master Class '' Renny Rye Nicholas Martin 6 October 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 06 ) February / March 2010 6.10 Piano student Zoe Stock has won a place at the Devington Manor Winter School led by internationally renowned musician , Sir Michael Fielding ( James Fox ) . Yet when she is there , things become mysterious when from the river bank in the grounds of the manor she sees a woman jump from the bridge and disappear underwater . When Barnaby and Jones start investigating the possible drowning , they discover unsavoury connections to the past that could prove lethal 20 years later , especially when someone attempts to kill . It is n't long , before murder does occur , and the detectives attempt to fathom what occurred in the drowning , and the present day murders . 79 6 `` The Noble Art '' Richard Holthouse Barry Purchese 13 October 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 13 ) April 2010 5.70 When Midsomer Morchard 's very own boxer , John Kinsella , wins a world title in New York , the success seems to be a joyous time for all , until murder rears its ugly head . When a local solicitor is found dead by his assistant and Kinsella 's manager , Barnaby attempts to determine what is going on , and soon discover issues with inheritance , affairs , anger , and gambling to make matters difficult . Meanwhile Kinsella 's trainer Teddy Molloy ( Phil Daniels ) has his own hidden agenda . When a re-enactment of a Victorian boxing match gets heated , and Kinsella 's manager is found dead in his home 's gym , the pair attempt to determine who is responsible , although Barnaby 's judgement seems to be clouded on this one . 80 7 `` Not in My Back Yard '' Peter Smith J.C. Wilsher 12 January 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 12 ) May / June 2010 6.93 A planning dispute turns to murder , after a leading light in the Midsomer Conservation Society suspects her neighbours are involved in a money - making development scam . Political wrangling , burglaries and sexual liaisons abound in picturesque Great Pelfe - but when a member of the possible scam is themselves murdered , Barnaby wonders what is truly going on behind the scenes of an important by - election . 81 8 `` Fit for Murder '' Renny Rye Andrew Payne 2 February 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 02 ) June / July 2010 8.10 Barnaby reluctantly accompanies Joyce on a spa weekend to Swavely Manor . But as he attempts to de-stress , a woman is found dead in the flotation chamber . He abandons his treatment to investigate , but his personal worries are never far away as he contemplates his future , while trying to determine if an argument between the spa 's owners and their neighbours is the motive , or something else . Last appearance of Tom Barnaby , Joyce Barnaby , Cully Barnaby , and DC Gail Stephens Series 14 ( 2011 -- 12 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 82 `` Death in the Slow Lane '' Richard Holthouse Michael Aitkens 23 March 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 23 ) July / August 2010 6.44 New DCI John Barnaby arrives in Midsomer and is bemused by the quaint villages and their quirky residents . But when a local DJ is crushed to death at a traditional girls ' boarding school , he soon discovers that murder and deception are never far away . As the death toll rises , could Barnaby 's first case also be his last ? 83 `` Dark Secrets '' Simon Langton Michael Aitkens 30 March 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 30 ) August / September 2010 6.32 The reclusive lives of elderly eccentrics William and Mary Bingham ( Edward Fox and Phyllida Law ) comes under police scrutiny when a social services investigator ( Jeff Rawle ) is murdered . Barnaby and Jones must unearth generations of family secrets and decipher astronomical charts to find the killer . First appearance of Sarah Barnaby 84 `` Echoes of the Dead '' Nick Laughland Peter J. Hammond 20 April 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 20 ) September / October 2010 5.47 When a young woman is dressed like a bride and drowned in a bath , it triggers a spate of ghoulish wedding - themed murders in Great Worthy . The case takes Barnaby and Jones to a donkey sanctuary , a heritage steam railway and a pub run by an ex-copper and former brothel madam . With the serial killer still at large , could history be repeating itself ? 85 `` The Oblong Murders '' Renny Rye David Hoskins 25 May 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 25 ) October / November 2010 5.33 Jones goes undercover at the Oblong Foundation after one of the cult 's young female members disappears suddenly . But he and Barnaby soon start digging into an old case involving the death of a couple in a boat explosion . Last appearance of Dr. George Bullard 86 5 `` The Sleeper Under the Hill '' Nick Laughland David Lawrence 21 September 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 21 ) March / April 2011 5.83 In Midsomer Mow , the gruesome discovery of a farmer 's eviscerated body in an ancient stone circle is made just days before the spring equinox . First appearance of Dr. Kate Wilding 87 6 `` The Night of the Stag '' Simon Langton Nicholas Martin 12 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 12 ) May / June 2011 6.04 A VAT inspector goes missing as he hunts for an illicit cider still responsible for brewing The Beast , a potent local hooch . At the Midsomer Abbas spring fayre which celebrates its friendship with Midsomer Herne , Barnaby and Jones sample the local cider , while temperance preacher Norman Grigor calls on residents to repent of their drunken ways . Suddenly , Barnaby is violently ill as the body of missing man Peter Slim is found floating in the cider vat . Meanwhile Samuel Quested ( Warren Clarke ) , the traditionalist mayor of Midsomer Abbas , seeks to revive the ancient rite known as ' The Stag ' . 88 7 `` A Sacred Trust '' Renny Rye Rachel Cuperman and Sally Griffiths 26 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 26 ) June / July 2011 6.38 Barnaby and Jones investigate the cloistered world of Midsomer Priory when a nun is strangled to death . The detectives uncover a complex mystery involving holy orders , teenage romantic liaisons , African art and missing antique silver as the community is forced to open its doors to 21st - century policing . 89 8 `` A Rare Bird '' Nick Laughland Steve Trafford 11 January 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 11 ) July / August 2011 6.43 A row between keen birdwatchers in Midsomer - in - the - Marsh turns nasty when their president is killed . Patrick Morgan met his death while hoping to sight a rare bird , but is his obsession with ornithology to blame -- or something more sinister ? Series 15 ( 2012 -- 13 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 90 `` The Dark Rider '' Alex Pillai Michael Aitkens 1 February 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 01 ) September / October 2011 6.94 When Bentham DeQuetteville falls to his death from a roof after seeing a headless horseman , his aristocratic family seem more concerned about their forthcoming Civil War re-enactment than the incident . As Barnaby and Jones try to find out the truth behind the ghostly figure , their investigation uncovers shocking secrets about the DeQuettevilles . 91 `` Murder of Innocence '' Renny Rye Elizabeth - Anne Wheal 21 March 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 21 ) November / December 2011 5.60 When a barrister is killed in Midsomer , suspicion falls on convicted murderer Grady Felton . Grady has just returned to the village of Binwell where he committed the murder years ago amid much anger from locals . But Grady has a solid alibi . Barnaby suspects he is working with an accomplice -- until Grady himself is targeted in an arson attack . 92 `` Written in the Stars '' Renny Rye Steve Trafford 25 September 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 25 ) May / June 2012 5.05 As darkness covers Midsomer Stanton during a total eclipse of the sun , amateur astronomer Jeremy Harper is killed by a blow to the head with a meteorite . Barnaby and Jones soon discover intrigue , sexual tension and academic rivalry are rife among the star - seeking community . 93 `` Death and the Divas '' Nick Laughland Rachel Cuperman and Sally Griffiths 2 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 02 ) April / May 2012 6.49 The murder of a journalist has chilling echoes of a 1960s horror film starring Midsomer 's own Stella Harris . When Stella 's more famous sister returns after a 40 - year family rift , the killings escalate , each reminiscent of a movie plot . Is life -- and death -- imitating art ? 94 5 `` The Sicilian Defence '' Alex Pillai Paul Logue 9 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 09 ) June / July 2012 6.95 Harriet Farmer wakes up after being in a coma since the night she tried to elope . Soon afterwards , a serial killer strikes members of a chess club . Could the attack which left Harriet for dead a year ago be linked to moves on a chess board ? And where is her boyfriend Finn ? 95 6 `` Schooled in Murder '' Andy Hay Lisa Holdsworth 30 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 30 ) July / August 2012 6.89 When Debbie Moffett is crushed to death with a giant round of cheese at the home of the world - famous Midsomer Blue , secret and controversial plans to modernise the dairy are revealed while rumours about private lives of the parents cause a row at the prestigious local prep school . As other people linked to the dairy meet agonising deaths , long - held secrets start to emerge . Last regular appearance of DS Ben Jones Series 16 ( 2013 -- 14 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 96 `` The Christmas Haunting '' Nick Laughland Chris Murray 24 December 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 24 ) June / July 2013 4.92 DCI Barnaby and DS Nelson investigate the fatal stabbing of a man with an antique sword during a ghost - hunting party at a ' haunted ' manor house . Is blacksmith 's daughter Rose Wilton seeking revenge from the beyond the grave , or can Barnaby and Nelson find a more earthly motive behind the murder and trap the killer ? First appearance of DS Charlie Nelson 97 `` Let Us Prey '' Alex Pillai Paul Logue 8 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 08 ) April / May 2013 6.06 A series of murders in Midsomer St Claire seem to be inspired by macabre images on a medieval fresco recently discovered in the church crypt . As the village prepares for storms and flooding it appears that someone is using ancient torture methods to punish modern - day ' sinners ' . But who is responsible and why ? 98 `` Wild Harvest '' Renny Rye Rachel Cuperman & Sally Griffiths 29 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 29 ) May / June 2013 6.24 When Martin Strickland , a local farmer is found dead in his own woods , covered by truffle oil and mauled to death by a wild boar , the investigation leads Barnaby to Wyvern House , a posh picturesque country house restaurant run by a very passionate celebrity chef ( Sharon Small ) . But soon , another murder occurs and this time , the poison spreads further than the intended target . 99 `` The Flying Club '' Luke Watson Michael Aitkens 5 February 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 05 ) July / August 2013 6.05 When the owner of Finchmere Airfield is dropped from a plane to meet a gruesome death , Barnaby and Nelson find the exciting world of stunt pilots and military heroes hides many dark secrets . Are anti-aircraft campaigners behind Bernard King 's murder or does it link back to a tragic World War Two mission ? 100 5 `` The Killings of Copenhagen '' Alex Pillai Paul Logue 12 February 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 12 ) September / October 2013 6.54 DCI Barnaby and DS Nelson join forces with two female Danish police detectives after Eric Calder is poisoned by Strychnine coating when opening one of his famous golden clusters . First appearance of baby Betty Barnaby . This is the last episode to have been originally released on Region 1 DVD as 25 `` sets '' , which have now been re-packaged as `` series '' 1 to 16 in redesigned packages . Series 17 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 101 `` The Dagger Club '' Alex Pillai Chris Murray 28 January 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 28 ) April / May 2014 5.91 The unveiling of a newly - discovered novel by deceased Midsomer crime - writer George Summersbee at the Luxton Deeping Crime Festival is jeopardised when the manuscript is stolen and a woman is fatally electrocuted by a booby - trapped roulette wheel . Can new dad Barnaby untangle a web of jealousy and obsession to find the killer ? 102 `` Murder by Magic '' Charles Palmer Rachel Cuperman & Sally Griffiths 4 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 04 ) June / July 2014 5.59 Pub landlady Hannah Altman is crushed to death when a stunt goes wrong during a magic show by famous illusionist Gideon Latimer ( Andrew Lee Potts ) , whose life is torn between his wife and his overbearing mother ( Amanda Burton ) . When Kate discovers the safety wires have been sabotaged , a murder investigation is launched . Barnaby and Nelson uncover conflicts between the village church and Midsomer Oaks ' ancient pagan traditions . Vicar Magnus Soane ( Jack Shepherd ) and his curate repeatedly clash over these traditions . But with the murders seemingly all linked to Gideon 's illusions , who is staging the deathly tricks and why ? 103 `` The Ballad of Midsomer County '' Renny Rye Paul Logue 11 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 11 ) May / June 2014 5.39 It 's the day of the Little Crosby Folk Festival and organiser Toby Winning is found dead , having drowned in a bowl of eggs and live eels . The murder seems to have been inspired by a ballad made famous by the late , lamented star Johnny Carver . Then it comes to light the victim recently announced plans to move the event to a new location , which would have cost local entrepreneur Frank Wainwright dearly . Toby 's estranged wife Alice also comes under suspicion , before two further killings take place , echoing more lyrics from the song . 104 `` A Vintage Murder '' Nick Laughland Lisa Holdsworth 18 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 18 ) August 2014 5.03 The launch of the latest sparkling wine by Midsomer Vinae Winery falls flat when critic Nadia Simons gives it a scathing review , then guests sampling the vintage start to collapse . Owner William Carnarvon suspects the Farmers ' Wives Association of trying to destroy his business , while his wife Diana frets over her mother Matilda , one of the victims . Pathologist Kate reveals the drink was laced with slug poison , but how is the attack connected to the death of a child in a hit - and - run ? Barnaby and Nelson are called in to investigate . Last appearance of Dr. Kate Wilding Series 18 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 105 `` Habeas Corpus '' Alex Pillai Rachel Cuperman & Sally Griffiths 6 January 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 06 ) March / April 2015 6.04 When wealthy landowner Gregory Lancaster 's body goes missing on the night of his death , a sinister web of secrets and lies is exposed in the village of Little Malton . DCI Barnaby , DS Nelson and new Forensic Pathologist Kam Karimore are drawn into a macabre world of body - snatching as they seek to identify the villain . First appearance of Dr. Kam Karimore 106 `` The Incident at Cooper Hill '' Renny Rye Paul Logue 13 January 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 13 ) April / May 2015 5.90 Mysterious lights are seen in the sky over famous UFO hot - spot Cooper Hill . When a local forest - ranger suffers a strange death , the visiting UFO spotters are convinced aliens are responsible . DCI Barnaby and DS Nelson unearth suspicions , betrayals and long - buried secrets in their search for the truth . 107 `` Breaking the Chain '' Rob Evans Chris Murray 27 January 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 27 ) June / July 2015 5.80 An international cycling competition comes to the Midsomer village of Burwood Mantle . When the race leader is murdered , DCI Barnaby and DS Nelson find themselves drawn into a ruthlessly competitive world of blackmail , bribery and bloodshed where winning comes at any cost . 108 `` A Dying Art '' Matt Carter Jeff Povey 3 February 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 03 ) July / August 2015 5.54 Art comes to the picturesque Midsomer village of Angel 's Rise with the opening of a new Sculpture Park . But when its launch is marred by murder , DCI Barnaby and DS Nelson have to get creative to crack a case where art imitates death , and everything has a deeper meaning . 109 5 `` Saints and Sinners '' Renny Rye Lisa Holdsworth 10 February 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 10 ) August / September 2015 5.83 The discovery of a Saint 's bones at an archaeological dig causes a stir in the village of Midsomer Cicely . But when the leader of the dig is murdered , DCI Barnaby and DS Nelson soon realise that it 's not only skeletons that have been long buried in the hallowed ground . 110 6 `` Harvest of Souls '' Nick Laughland Caleb Ranson 17 February 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 17 ) September / October 2015 5.60 The annual harvest fair and the daredevil riders of the Wall of Death come to Midsomer village Whitcombe Mallet . When the owner of an equestrian centre is trampled by his horse DCI Barnaby and DS Nelson have to unravel a complex feud from the past , where nothing is what it seems . Last appearance of DS Charlie Nelson and of Sykes the dog . Series 19 ( 2016 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 111 `` The Village That Rose from the Dead '' Nick Laughland Rachel Cuperman & Sally Griffiths 18 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 18 ) April / May 2016 5.68 The ghost village of Little Auburn has been abandoned since the war . When a young man is found murdered during its grand reopening , DCI Barnaby and DS Winter must unravel a sinister web of lies from both past and present in order to catch the killer . First appearances of DS Jamie Winter ( Nick Hendrix ) and Paddy the Dog 112 `` Crime and Punishment '' Renny Rye Paul Logue 4 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 04 ) May / June 2016 6.25 The Bleakridge Watch patrols the streets of their remote village , exposing anyone who steps outside the law . When one of their members dies , DCI Barnaby and DS Winter uncover just how far some people will go for power ... 113 `` Last Man Out '' Matt Carter Jeff Povey 11 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 11 ) June / July 2016 6.55 Tensions run high in Lower Pampling as a new type of cricket threatens a century of tradition . When a star cricketer dies during a tournament , DCI Barnaby and DS Winter 's investigation draws them into a dangerous game with a surprise visitor from Barnaby 's past ... Guest appearance by DI Ben Jones ( Jason Hughes ) 114 `` Red in Tooth & Claw '' Steve Hughes Lisa Holdsworth 18 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 18 ) August / September 2016 5.98 When a dead body is discovered covered in live rabbits , DCI Barnaby and DS Winter uncover a sinister side to the local pet show . Is this a rivalry taken too far or is the killer driven by something darker ? 115 5 `` Death by Persuasion '' Alex Pillai Chris Murray 20 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 20 ) ( AUS ) 13 May 2018 ( UK ) September / October 2016 5.82 When a young woman slips away from a camp site where a Jane Austen fantasy event is taking place dressed in period attire , and is found stabbed in the woods with a quill , DCI Barnaby and DS Winter discover that the victim was a journalist interested in the village 's healthcare drone delivery program , and are forced to look back in time to find the killer . 116 6 `` The Curse of the Ninth '' Matt Carter Julia Gilbert 27 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) ( AUS ) 20 May 2018 ( UK ) October / November 2016 4.98 Barnaby and Winter uncover multiple motives when the winner of a fought - after music award is found strangled with a violin string moments before a performance , including rivalry over the prize , disagreements about the music festival business , and a missing Stradivarius violin . Last appearance of Dr. Kam Karimore Series 20 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) On 2 May 2018 , all six episodes of series 20 were made available in the U.S. through streaming services Acorn TV and BritBox . No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 117 `` The Ghost of Causton Abbey '' Matt Carter Helen Jenkins 2018 ( 2018 ) TBA TBA Causton is buzzing at the opening of a new brewery on the site of a famously cursed Abbey . But excitement turns to fear when a man is found boiled to death in one of the vats . DCI Barnaby and DS Winter are puzzled ; could this really be about beer ? First appearance of Dr. Fleur Perkins 118 `` Death of the Small Coppers '' Paul Harrison Chris Murray 2018 ( 2018 ) TBA TBA When Mahesh Sidana - butterfly collector and founding member of an elite IQ society - is found murdered , pinned to a wall in a manner akin to his treasured butterfly specimens , DCI Barnaby and DS Winter are thrust into a crime that impacts not only on their community , but internationally . With the help of an old friend , can they catch the culprit before another victim is found ? 119 `` Drawing Dead '' Toby Frow Jeff Povey 2018 ( 2018 ) TBA TBA Carver Valley 's comic festival is in full swing when the village is shocked by the murder of a former supermodel . With a scathing comic magazine shaming several villagers as the only lead , Barnaby and Winter are left trying to separate fact from fiction . 120 `` The Lions of Causton '' Matt Carter Nick Hicks - Beach 2018 ( 2018 ) TBA TBA Barnaby gets to relive his former days of sporting glory when a death at the local Rugby Club sends Barnaby and Winter into a muddle of rucks , old grudges , new romances ... and artisanal chocolates ? 121 5 `` Till Death Do Us Part '' Audrey Cooke Helen Jenkins 2018 ( 2018 ) TBA TBA Barnaby is less than impressed when Sarah drags him to a family friend 's wedding . But soon things go from bad to worse when tragedy strikes and Barnaby is called into action to catch a murderer with an apparent penchant for local brides . 122 6 `` Send in the Clowns '' Nick Laughland Julia Gilbert 2018 ( 2018 ) TBA TBA Things take a gruesome turn when Ferabbees Circus comes to town , bringing with it a chain of sinister clown sightings , threatening notes and deathly dangerous circus acts . Barnaby will have to face up to his fears in order to solve the case . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Guardian ( 2 January 2008 ) . `` Midsomer shines for ITV '' . London . Retrieved 9 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Midsomer Murders celebrates 20th Anniversary '' . `` ITV Press Centre '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Midsomer Murders says farewell as Sykes retires '' . ITV . ITV PLC . 22 September 2016 . Retrieved 20 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Moodie , Clemmie ( 26 December 2016 ) . `` TV 's dog star bow - wows out ... at 98 ! Pet who appeared in Midsomer Murders , Cranford and host of TV adverts hangs up his collar for a well - earned retirement '' . The Daily Mail . Associated Newspapers Ltd . Retrieved 20 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Midsomer Murders : Season 20 '' . Amazon Video . Retrieved 5 May 2018 . External links ( edit ) Full episode guide at IMDB.com Midsomer Murders Episodes `` Destroying Angel '' `` Electric Vendetta '' `` Ring Out Your Dead '' `` Market For Murder '' `` Painted in Blood '' `` Dead in the Water '' `` Orchis Fatalis '' `` Second Sight '' `` The Christmas Haunting '' `` The Killings of Copenhagen '' Characters Tom Barnaby Novels by Caroline Graham The Killings at Badger 's Drift ( 1987 ) Death of a Hollow Man ( 1989 ) Death in Disguise ( 1992 ) Written in Blood ( 1994 ) Faithful unto Death ( 1996 ) A Place of Safety ( 1999 ) A Ghost in the Machine ( 2004 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Midsomer_Murders_episodes&oldid=851450810 '' Categories : Lists of British crime television series episodes Midsomer Murders Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2016 Use British English from November 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Français Magyar Polski Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 22 July 2018 , at 11 : 06 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many episodes in midsomer murders season 19 | [
"SeriesEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast airedPilot23 March 1997 (1997-03-23)1422 March 1998 (1998-03-22)6 May 1998 (1998-05-06)2420 January 1999 (1999-01-20)5 February 2000 (2000-02-05)3412 September 1999 (1999-09-12)29 January 2000 (2000-01-29)4510 September 2000 (2000-09-10)16 September 2001 (2001-09-16)5523 September 2001 (2001-09-23)22 September 2002 (2002-09-22)653 January 2003 (2003-01-03)31 January 2003 (2003-01-31)772 November 2003 (2003-11-02)25 December 2004 (2004-12-25)8810 October 2004 (2004-10-10)2 October 2005 (2005-10-02)989 October 2005 (2005-10-09)17 September 2006 (2006-09-17)10812 November 2006 (2006-11-12)11 May 2008 (2008-05-11)1171 January 2008 (2008-01-01)5 May 2009 (2009-05-05)12722 July 2009 (2009-07-22)14 April 2010 (2010-04-14)13810 February 2010 (2010-02-10)2 February 2011 (2011-02-02)14823 March 2011 (2011-03-23)11 January 2012 (2012-01-11)1561 February 2012 (2012-02-01)30 January 2013 (2013-01-30)16524 December 2013 (2013-12-24)12 February 2014 (2014-02-12)17428 January 2015 (2015-01-28)18 February 2015 (2015-02-18)1866 January 2016 (2016-01-06)17 February 2016 (2016-02-17)19618 December 2016 (2016-12-18)20 May 2018 (2018-05-20)2062018 (2018)TBA"
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2909718521546091074 | Movable type | Movable type - wikipedia Movable type For the weblog software , see Movable Type . Part of a series on the History of printing Woodblock printing 200 Movable type 1040 Printing press c. 1440 Etching c. 1515 Mezzotint 1642 Aquatint 1772 Lithography 1796 Chromolithography 1837 Rotary press 1843 Hectograph 1869 Offset printing 1875 Hot metal typesetting 1884 Mimeograph 1886 Photostat and rectigraph 1907 Screen printing 1911 Spirit duplicator 1923 Dot matrix printing 1925 Xerography 1938 Phototypesetting 1949 Inkjet printing 1951 Dye - sublimation 1957 Laser printing 1969 Thermal printing c. 1972 3D printing 1981 Solid Ink printing 1986 Digital printing 1991 Movable type ( US English ; moveable type in British English ) is the system and technology of printing and typography that uses movable components to reproduce the elements of a document ( usually individual alphanumeric characters or punctuation marks ) usually on the medium of paper . Contents 1 History 2 Precursors to movable type 2.1 Letter punch and coins 2.2 Seals and stamps 2.3 Woodblock printing 3 History 3.1 Ceramic movable type 3.2 Wooden movable type 3.3 Metal movable type in China 3.4 Metal movable type in Korea 3.5 Metal movable type in Europe 4 Type - founding 5 Typesetting 6 Metal type combined with other methods 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) The world 's first movable type printing press technology for printing paper books was made of porcelain materials and was invented around AD 1040 in China during the Northern Song Dynasty by the inventor Bi Sheng ( 990 -- 1051 ) . Subsequently in 1377 , the world 's oldest extant movable metal print book , Jikji , was printed in Korea during the Goryeo dynasty . Because of this , the diffusion of both movable - type systems was , to some degree , limited to primarily East Asia , although various sporadic reports of movable type technology were brought back to Europe by Christian missionaries , traders and business people who were returning to Europe after having worked in China for several years ; and influenced the development of printing technology in Europe . Some of these medieval European accounts are still preserved in the library archives of the Vatican and Oxford University among many others . Around 1450 , Johannes Gutenberg introduced the metal movable - type printing press in Europe , along with innovations in casting the type based on a matrix and hand mould . The small number of alphabetic characters needed for European languages was an important factor . Gutenberg was the first to create his type pieces from an alloy of lead , tin , and antimony -- and these materials remained standard for 550 years . For alphabetic scripts , movable - type page setting was quicker than woodblock printing . The metal type pieces were more durable and the lettering was more uniform , leading to typography and fonts . The high quality and relatively low price of the Gutenberg Bible ( 1455 ) established the superiority of movable type in Europe and the use of printing presses spread rapidly . The printing press may be regarded as one of the key factors fostering the Renaissance and due to its effectiveness , its use spread around the globe . The 19th - century invention of hot metal typesetting and its successors caused movable type to decline in the 20th century . Precursors to movable type ( edit ) Letter punch and coins ( edit ) Movable type traces its origins to the punches used to make coins : the reverse face of a Tetradrachm Greek coin from Athens , 5th century BC , featuring various letters and the owl symbol of Athena . The technique of imprinting multiple copies of symbols or glyphs with a master type punch made of hard metal first developed around 3000 BC in ancient Sumer . These metal punch types can be seen as precursors of the letter punches adapted in later millennia to printing with movable metal type . Cylinder seals were used in Mesopotamia to create an impression on a surface by rolling the seal on wet clay . They were used to `` sign '' documents and mark objects as the owner 's property . Cylinder seals were a related form of early typography capable of printing small page designs in relief ( cameo ) on wax or clay -- a miniature forerunner of rotogravure printing used by wealthy individuals to seal and certify documents . By 650 BC the ancient Greeks were using larger diameter punches to imprint small page images onto coins and tokens . The designs of the artists who made the first coin punches were stylized with a degree of skill that could not be mistaken for common handiwork -- salient and very specific types designed to be reproduced ad infinitum . Unlike the first typefaces used to print books in the 13th century , coin types were neither combined nor printed with ink on paper , but `` published '' in metal -- a more durable medium -- and survived in substantial numbers . As the portable face of ruling authority , coins were a compact form of standardized knowledge issued in large editions , an early mass medium that stabilized trade and civilization throughout the Mediterranean world of antiquity . Seals and stamps ( edit ) Main articles : Mudbrick stamp , Cylinder seal , and Phaistos Disc Brick `` stamp mold '' for the King of Larsa , Sin - Iddinam . ( for Sun God , Utu , foundation deposit of temple ) A replica of the Phaistos Disc Seals and stamps may have been precursors to movable type . The uneven spacing of the impressions on brick stamps found in the Mesopotamian cities of Uruk and Larsa , dating from the 2nd millennium BC , has been conjectured by some archaeologists as evidence that the stamps were made using movable type . The enigmatic Minoan Phaistos Disc of 1800 -- 1600 BC has been considered by one scholar as an early example of a body of text being reproduced with reusable characters : it may have been produced by pressing pre-formed hieroglyphic `` seals '' into the soft clay . A few authors even view the disc as technically meeting all definitional criteria to represent an early incidence of movable - type printing . Recently it has been alleged by Jerome Eisenberg that the disk is a forgery . The Prüfening dedicatory inscription is medieval example of movable type stamps being used . Woodblock printing ( edit ) Main article : Woodblock printing The intricate frontispiece of the Diamond Sutra from Tang Dynasty China , an early woodblock - printed book , AD 868 ( British Museum ) Following the invention of paper in the 2nd century AD during the Chinese Han Dynasty , writing materials became more portable and economical than the bones , shells , bamboo slips , metal or stone tablets , silk , etc. previously used . Yet copying books by hand was still labour - consuming . Not until the Xiping Era ( 172 -- 178 AD ) , towards the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty did sealing print and monotype appear . It was soon used for printing designs on fabrics , and later for printing texts . Woodblock printing , invented by about the 8th century during the Tang Dynasty , worked as follows . First , the neat hand - copied script was stuck on a relatively thick and smooth board , with the front of the paper , which was so thin that it was nearly transparent , sticking to the board , and characters showing in reverse , but distinctly , so that every stroke could be easily recognized . Then carvers cut away the parts of the board that were not part of the character , so that the characters were cut in relief , completely differently from those cut intaglio . When printing , the bulging characters would have some ink spread on them and be covered by paper . With workers ' hands moving on the back of paper gently , characters would be printed on the paper . By the Song Dynasty , woodblock printing came to its heyday . Although woodblock printing played an influential role in spreading culture , there remained some apparent drawbacks . Firstly , carving the printing plate required considerable time , labour and materials ; secondly , it was not convenient to store these plates ; and finally , it was difficult to correct mistakes . With woodblock printing , one printing plate could be used for tens of hundreds of books , playing a magnificent role in spreading culture . Yet carving the plate was time and labour consuming . Huge books cost years of effort . The plates needed a lot of storage space , and were often damaged by deformation , worms and corrosion . If books had a small print run , and were not reprinted , the printing plates would become nothing but waste ; and worse , if a mistake was found , it was difficult to correct it without discarding the whole plate . History ( edit ) Further information : Letterpress printing and History of printing in East Asia Ceramic movable type ( edit ) Bi Sheng ( 毕 昇 / 畢昇 ) ( 990 -- 1051 ) developed the first known movable - type system for printing in China around 1040 AD during the Northern Song dynasty , using ceramic materials . As described by the Chinese scholar Shen Kuo ( 沈括 ) ( 1031 -- 1095 ) : When he wished to print , he took an iron frame and set it on the iron plate . In this he placed the types , set close together . When the frame was full , the whole made one solid block of type . He then placed it near the fire to warm it . When the paste ( at the back ) was slightly melted , he took a smooth board and pressed it over the surface , so that the block of type became as even as a whetstone . For each character there were several types , and for certain common characters there were twenty or more types each , in order to be prepared for the repetition of characters on the same page . When the characters were not in use he had them arranged with paper labels , one label for each rhyme - group , and kept them in wooden cases . If one were to print only two or three copies , this method would be neither simple nor easy . But for printing hundreds or thousands of copies , it was marvelously quick . As a rule he kept two forms going . While the impression was being made from the one form , the type was being put in place on the other . When the printing of the one form was finished , the other was then ready . In this way the two forms alternated and the printing was done with great rapidity . In 1193 , Zhou Bida , an officer of Southern Song Dynasty , made a set of clay movable - type method according to the method described by Shen Kuo in his Dream Pool Essays , and printed his book Notes of The Jade Hall ( 《 玉堂 雜記 》 ) . The claim that Bi Sheng 's clay types were `` fragile '' and `` not practical for large - scale printing '' and `` short lived '' was refuted by facts and experiments . Bao Shicheng ( 1775 -- 1885 ) wrote that baked clay moveable type was `` as hard and tough as horn '' ; experiments show that clay type , after being baked in an oven , becomes hard and difficult to break , such that it remains intact after being dropped from a height of two metres onto a marble floor . The length of clay movable types in China was 1 to 2 centimetres , not 2mm , thus hard as horn . There has been an ongoing debate regarding the success of ceramic printing technology as there have been no printed materials found with ceramic movable types . However , it is historically recorded to have been used as late as 1844 in China from the Song dynasty through the Qing dynasty . Wooden movable type ( edit ) Bi Sheng ( 990 -- 1051 ) also pioneered the use of wooden movable type around 1040 AD , as described by the Chinese scholar Shen Kuo ( 1031 -- 1095 ) . However , this technology was abandoned in favour of clay movable types due to the presence of wood grains and the unevenness of the wooden type after being soaked in ink . A revolving typecase for wooden type in China , from Wang Zhen 's book published in 1313 In 1298 , Wang Zhen ( 王 祯 / 王 禎 ) , a Yuan dynasty governmental official of Jingde County , Anhui Province , China , re-invented a method of making movable wooden types . He made more than 30,000 wooden movable types and printed 100 copies of Records of Jingde County ( 《 旌 德 縣志 》 ) , a book of more than 60,000 Chinese characters . Soon afterwards , he summarized his invention in his book A method of making moveable wooden types for printing books . Although the wooden type was more durable under the mechanical rigors of handling , repeated printing wore the character faces down , and the types could only be replaced by carving new pieces . This system was later enhanced by pressing wooden blocks into sand and casting metal types from the depression in copper , bronze , iron or tin . This new method overcame many of the shortcomings of woodblock printing . Rather than manually carving an individual block to print a single page , movable type printing allowed for the quick assembly of a page of text . Furthermore , these new , more compact type fonts could be reused and stored . The set of wafer - like metal stamp types could be assembled to form pages , inked , and page impressions taken from rubbings on cloth or paper . In 1322 , a Fenghua county officer Ma Chengde ( 馬 称 德 ) in Zhejiang , made 100,000 wooded movable types and printed the 43 - volume Daxue Yanyi ( 《 大學 衍 義 》 ) . Wooden movable types were used continually in China . Even as late as 1733 , a 2300 - volume Wuying Palace Collected Gems Edition ( 《 武英 殿 聚珍 版 叢書 》 ) was printed with 253,500 wooden movable types on order of the Qianlong Emperor , and completed in one year . A number of books printed in Tangut script during the Western Xia ( 1038 -- 1227 ) period are known , of which the Auspicious Tantra of All - Reaching Union that was discovered in the ruins of Baisigou Square Pagoda in 1991 is believed to have been printed sometime during the reign of Emperor Renzong of Western Xia ( 1139 -- 1193 ) . It is considered by many Chinese experts to be the earliest extant example of a book printed using wooden movable type . The logistical problems of handling the several thousand logographs ( required for full literacy in Chinese language ) posed a particular difficulty . It was faster to carve one woodblock per page than to composit a page from so many different types . However , if one used movable type to produce multiple copies of the same document , the speed of printing would increase relatively . Metal movable type in China ( edit ) At least 13 material finds in China indicate the invention of bronze movable type printing in China no later than the 12th century , with the country producing large - scale bronze - plate - printed paper money and formal official documents issued by the Jin ( 1115 -- 1234 ) and Southern Song ( 1127 -- 1279 ) dynasties with embedded bronze metal types for anti-counterfeit markers . Such paper - money printing might date back to the 11th - century jiaozi of Northern Song ( 960 -- 1127 ) . Copperplate of 1215 -- 1216 5000 - cash Jin dynasty ( 1115 -- 1234 ) paper money with bronze movable type counterfeit markers The typical example of this kind of bronze movable type embedded copper - block printing is a printed `` check '' of the Jin Dynasty with two square holes for embedding two bronze movable - type characters , each selected from 1,000 different characters , such that each printed paper note has a different combination of markers . A copper - block printed note dated between 1215 -- 1216 in the collection of Luo Zhenyu 's Pictorial Paper Money of the Four Dynasties , 1914 , shows two special characters -- one called Ziliao , the other called Zihao -- for the purpose of preventing counterfeiting ; over the Ziliao there is a small character ( 輶 ) printed with movable copper type , while over the Zihao there is an empty square hole -- apparently the associated copper metal type was lost . Another sample of Song dynasty money of the same period in the collection of the Shanghai Museum has two empty square holes above Ziliao as well as Zihou , due to the loss of the two copper movable types . Song dynasty bronze block embedded with bronze metal movable type printed paper money was issued on a large scale and remained in circulation for a long time . The 1298 book Zao Huozi Yinshufa ( 《 造 活字 印 书法 》 / 《 造 活字 印 書法 》 ) by the Yuan dynasty ( 1271 -- 1368 ) official Wang Zhen mentions tin movable type , used probably since the Southern Song dynasty ( 1127 -- 1279 ) , but this was largely experimental . It was unsatisfactory due to its incompatibility with the inking process . During the Mongol Empire ( 1206 -- 1405 ) , printing using movable type spread from China to Central Asia . The Uyghurs of Central Asia used movable type , their script type adopted from the Mongol language , some with Chinese words printed between the pages -- strong evidence that the books were printed in China . A page from bronze movable - type book by Hua Sui , printed in 1490 During the Ming Dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) , Hua Sui in 1490 used bronze type in printing books . In 1574 the massive 1000 - volume encyclopedia Imperial Readings of the Taiping Era ( 《 太平 御 览 》 / 《 太平 御覧 》 ) was printed with bronze movable type . In 1725 the Qing Dynasty government made 250,000 bronze movable - type characters and printed 64 sets of the encyclopedic Gujin Tushu Jicheng ( 《 古今 图书 集成 》 / 《 古今 圖書 集成 》 , Complete Collection of Illustrations and Writings from the Earliest to Current Times ) . Each set consisted of 5,040 volumes , making a total of 322,560 volumes printed using movable type . Metal movable type in Korea ( edit ) Korean movable type from 1377 used for the Jikji ; In 1234 the first books known to have been printed in metallic type set were published in Goryeo Dynasty Korea . They form a set of ritual books , Sangjeong Gogeum Yemun , compiled by Choe Yun - ui . While these books have not survived , the oldest book in the world printed in metallic movable types is Jikji , printed in Korea in 1377 . The Asian Reading Room of the Library of Congress in Washington , D.C. displays examples of this metal type . Commenting on the invention of metallic types by Koreans , French scholar Henri - Jean Martin described this as `` ( extremely similar ) to Gutenberg 's '' . The techniques for bronze casting , used at the time for making coins ( as well as bells and statues ) were adapted to making metal type . The Joseon dynasty scholar Seong Hyeon ( 성현 , 成 俔 , 1439 -- 1504 ) records the following description of the Korean font - casting process : At first , one cuts letters in beech wood . One fills a trough level with fine sandy ( clay ) of the reed - growing seashore . Wood - cut letters are pressed into the sand , then the impressions become negative and form letters ( moulds ) . At this step , placing one trough together with another , one pours the molten bronze down into an opening . The fluid flows in , filling these negative moulds , one by one becoming type . Lastly , one scrapes and files off the irregularities , and piles them up to be arranged . A potential solution to the linguistic and cultural bottleneck that held back movable type in Korea for 200 years appeared in the early 15th century -- a generation before Gutenberg would begin working on his own movable - type invention in Europe -- when Sejong the Great devised a simplified alphabet of 24 characters ( hangul ) for use by the common people , which could have made the typecasting and compositing process more feasible . But Korea 's cultural elite , `` appalled at the idea of losing hanja , the badge of their elitism '' , stifled the adoption of the new alphabet . A `` Confucian prohibition on the commercialization of printing '' also obstructed the proliferation of movable type , restricting the distribution of books produced using the new method to the government . The technique was restricted to use by the royal foundry for official state publications only , where the focus was on reprinting Chinese classics lost in 1126 when Korea 's libraries and palaces had perished in a conflict between dynasties . Scholarly debate and speculation has occurred as to whether Eastern movable type spread to Europe between the late 14th century and early 15th centuries . Metal movable type in Europe ( edit ) Main articles : History of Western typography and Spread of European movable type printing The Printing Revolution in the 15th century : Within several decades around 270 European towns took up movable type printing . European output of movable type printing from Gutenberg to 1800 Johannes Gutenberg of Mainz , Germany is acknowledged as the first to invent a metal movable - type printing system in Europe , the printing press . Gutenberg was a goldsmith familiar with techniques of cutting punches for making coins from moulds . Between 1436 and 1450 he developed hardware and techniques for casting letters from matrices using a device called the hand mould . Gutenberg 's key invention and contribution to movable - type printing in Europe , the hand mould , was the first practical means of making cheap copies of letterpunches in the vast quantities needed to print complete books , making the movable - type printing process a viable enterprise . Before Gutenberg , books were copied out by hand on scrolls and paper , or printed from hand - carved wooden blocks . It was extremely time - consuming ; even a small book could take months to complete , and because the carved letters or blocks were flimsy and the wood susceptible to ink the blocks had a limited lifespan . Gutenberg and his associates developed oil - based inks ideally suited to printing with a press on paper , and the first Latin typefaces . His method of casting type may have been different from the hand mould used in subsequent decades . Detailed analysis of the type used in his 42 - line Bible has revealed irregularities in some of the characters that can not be attributed to ink spread or type wear under the pressure of the press . Scholars conjecture that the type pieces may have been cast from a series of matrices made with a series of individual stroke punches , producing many different versions of the same glyph . Editing with movable metal -- cca. 1920 It has also been suggested that the method used by Gutenberg involved using a single punch to make a mould , but the mould was such that the process of taking the type out disturbed the casting , creating variants and anomalies , and that the punch - matrix system came into use possibly around the 1470s . This raises the possibility that the development of movable type in the West may have been progressive rather than a single innovation . Gutenberg 's movable - type printing system spread rapidly across Europe , from the single Mainz printing press in 1457 to 110 presses by 1480 , of which 50 were in Italy . Venice quickly became the center of typographic and printing activity . Significant were the contributions of Nicolas Jenson , Francesco Griffo , Aldus Manutius , and other printers of late 15th - century Europe . Type - founding ( edit ) A piece of cast metal type , Garamond style long s i ligature . See also : Sort . Type - founding as practiced in Europe and the west consists of three stages . Punchcutting If the glyph design includes enclosed spaces ( counters ) then a counterpunch is made . The counter shapes are transferred in relief ( cameo ) onto the end of a rectangular bar of mild steel using a specialized engraving tool called a graver . The finished counterpunch is hardened by heating and quenching ( tempering ) , or exposure to a cyanide solution ( case hardening ) . The counterpunch is then struck against the end of a similar rectangular steel bar -- the letterpunch -- to impress the counter shapes as recessed spaces ( intaglio ) . The outer profile of the glyph is completed by scraping away with a graver the material outside the counter spaces , leaving only the stroke or lines of the glyph . Progress toward the finished design is checked by successive smoke proofs ; temporary prints made from a thin coating of carbon deposited on the punch surface by a candle flame . The finished letter punch is finally hardened to withstand the rigors of reproduction by striking . One counterpunch and one letterpunch are produced for every letter or glyph making up a complete font . Matrix The letterpunch is used to strike a blank die of soft metal to make a negative letter mould , called a matrix . Casting The matrix is inserted into the bottom of a device called a hand mould . The mould is clamped shut and molten type metal alloy consisting mostly of lead and tin , with a small amount of antimony for hardening , is poured into a cavity from the top . Antimony has the rare property of expanding as it cools , giving the casting sharp edges . When the type metal has sufficiently cooled , the mould is unlocked and a rectangular block approximately 4 centimeters long , called a sort , is extracted . Excess casting on the end of the sort , called the tang , is later removed to make the sort the precise height required for printing , known as `` type height '' . The type - height was quite different in different countries . The Monotype Corporation Limited in London UK produced moulds in various heights : 0.918 inches ( 23.3 mm ) : United Kingdom , Canada , U.S. 0.928 inches ( 23.6 mm ) : France , Germany , Switzerland and most other European countries 0.933 inches ( 23.7 mm ) : Belgium height 0.9785 inches ( 24.85 mm ) : Dutch height A Dutch printers manual mentions a tiny difference between French and German Height : 62.027 points Didot = 23.30 millimetres ( 0.917 in ) = English height 62.666 points Didot = 23.55 millimetres ( 0.927 in ) = French height 62.685 points Didot = 23.56 millimetres ( 0.928 in ) = German height 66.047 points Didot = 24.85 millimetres ( 0.978 in ) = Dutch Height Tiny differences in type - height will cause quite bold images of characters . At the end of the 19th century there were only two typefoundries left in the Netherlands : Johan Enschedé & Zonen , at Haarlem , and Lettergieterij Amsterdam , voorheen Tetterode . They both had their own type - height : Enschedé : 65 23 / 24 points Didot , and Amsterdam : 66 1 / 24 points Didot . Enough difference to prevent a combined use of fonts of both typefoundries : Enschede would be to light , or otherwise the Amsterdam - font would print rather bold . A perfect way of binding clients . In 1905 the Dutch governmental `` Algemeene Landsdrukkerij '' , later : `` State - printery '' ( Staatsdrukkerij ) decided during a reorganisation to use a standard type - height of 63 points Didot . `` Staatsdrukkerij - hoogte '' , actually Belgium - height , but this fact was not widely known . Typesetting ( edit ) A case of cast metal type pieces and typeset matter in a composing stick Main articles : Typesetting and Type case Modern , factory - produced movable type was available in the late 19th century . It was held in the printing shop in a job case , a drawer about 2 inches high , a yard wide , and about two feet deep , with many small compartments for the various letters and ligatures . The most popular and accepted of the job case designs in America was the California Job Case , which took its name from the Pacific coast location of the foundries that made the case popular . Traditionally , the capital letters were stored in a separate drawer or case that was located above the case that held the other letters ; this is why capital letters are called `` upper case '' characters while the non-capitals are `` lower case '' . Compartments also held spacers , which are blocks of blank type used to separate words and fill out a line of type , such as em and en quads ( quadrats , or spaces . A quadrat is a block of type whose face is lower than the printing letters so that it does not itself print . ) . An em space was the width of a capital letter `` M '' -- as wide as it was high -- while an en space referred to a space half the width of its height ( usually the dimensions for a capital `` N '' ) . Individual letters are assembled into words and lines of text with the aid of a composing stick , and the whole assembly is tightly bound together to make up a page image called a forme , where all letter faces are exactly the same height to form a flat surface of type . The forme is mounted on a printing press , a thin coating of viscous ink is applied and impressions made on paper under great pressure in the press . `` Sorts '' is the term given to special characters not freely available in the typical type case , such as the `` @ '' mark . Metal type combined with other methods ( edit ) Ceramic type from the collections of University of Reading . Sometimes it is erroneously stated that printing with metal type replaced the earlier methods . In the industrial era printing methods would be chosen to suit the purpose . For example , when printing large scale letters in posters etc. the metal type would have proved too heavy and economically unviable . Thus , large scale type was made as carved wood blocks as well as ceramics plates . Also in many cases where large scale text was required , it was simpler to hand the job to a sign painter than a printer . Images could be printed together with movable type if they were made as woodcuts or wood engravings as long as the blocks were made to the same type height . If intaglio methods , such as copper plates , were used for the images , then images and the text would have required separate print runs on different machines . See also ( edit ) History of printing in East Asia History of Western typography Letterpress printing Odhecaton -- the first sheet music printed with movable type Spread of European movable type printing Type foundry Typesetting Style guides References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Needham , Joseph ( 1994 ) . The Shorter Science and Civilisation in China , Volume 4 . Cambridge University Press . p. 14 . ISBN 9780521329958 . Bi Sheng ... who first devised , about 1045 , the art of printing with movable type Jump up ^ He , Zhou ( 1994 ) . `` Diffusion of Movable Type in China and Europe : Why Were There Two Fates ? '' . International Communication Gazette. 53 ( 3 ) : 153 -- 173 . doi : 10.1177 / 001654929405300301 . Jump up ^ Beckwith , Christopher I. ( 2009 ) . Empires of the Silk Road : A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present . Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 15034 - 5 . Jump up ^ Printing ( publishing ) at Encyclopædia Britannica Retrieved Jump up ^ Eisenstein , Elizabeth L. , The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe , Cambridge University Press , 1983 Jump up ^ Clair , Kate ; Busic - Snyder , Cynthia ( 2012 ) . A Typographic Workbook : A Primer to History , Techniques , and Artistry . John Wiley & Sons . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 39988 - 0 . Jump up ^ Sass , Benjamin ; Marzahn , Joachim ( 2010 ) . Aramaic and Figural Stamp Impressions on Bricks of the Sixth Century B.C. from Babylon . Harrassowitz Verlag . pp. 11 , 20 , 160 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 447 - 06184 - 1 . `` the latter has cuneiform signs that look as if made with a movable type , and impressions from Assur display the same phenomenon Jump up ^ Herbert E. Brekle , `` Das typographische Prinzip '' , Gutenberg - Jahrbuch , Vol. 72 ( 1997 ) , pp. 58 -- 63 ( 60f . ) Jump up ^ Hogan , C. Michael ( 29 December 2007 ) . `` Knossos Fieldnotes '' . The Modern Antiquarian . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Alberge , Dalya ( 2008 - 07 - 12 ) . `` Phaistos Disc declared as fake by scholar '' . Times Online . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Tsien , Tsuen - Hsuin ( 1985 ) . Paper and Printing . Needham , Joseph Science and Civilization in China . vol. 5 part 1 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 201 -- 217 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 08690 - 6 . ; also published in Taipei : Caves Books , Ltd. , 1986 . ^ Jump up to : Man , John ( 2002 ) . The Gutenberg Revolution : The story of a genius that changed the world . London : Headline Book Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7472 - 4504 - 5 . A detailed examination of Gutenberg 's life and invention , interwoven with the underlying social and religious upheaval of Medieval Europe on the eve of the Renaissance . ^ Jump up to : Xu Yinong , Moveable Type Books ( 徐憶農 《 活字 本 》 ) ISBN 7 - 80643 - 795 - 9 Jump up ^ Sohn , Pow - Key ( 1959 ) . `` Early Korean Printing '' . Journal of the American Oriental Society . 79 ( 2 ) : 96 -- 103 . doi : 10.2307 / 595851 . JSTOR 595851 . ^ Jump up to : Pan Jixing , A history of movable metal type printing technique in China 2001 Jump up ^ Shen Kuo . Dream Pool Essays . Jump up ^ Zhang Yuzhen ( 張玉珍 ) ( 2003 ) . `` 世界 上 現存 最早 的 木 活字 印本 -- 宁夏 贺兰山 方 塔 出土 西夏 文 佛經 《 吉祥 遍 至 口 和 本 讀 》 介紹 '' ( The world 's oldest extant book printed with wooden movable type ) . Library and Information ( 《 書 與 情报 》 ) ( 1 ) . ISSN 1003 - 6938 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Hou Jianmei ( 侯 健美 ) ; Tong Shuquan ( 童曙泉 ) ( 20 December 2004 ) . `` 《 大 夏 寻 踪 》 今 展 國博 '' ( ' In the Footsteps of the Great Xia ' now exhibiting at the National Museum ) . Beijing Daily ( 《 北京 日报 》 ) . Jump up ^ `` 韩国 剽窃 活字 印刷 发明 权 只是 第 一 步 '' . news.ifeng.com . Jump up ^ A History of Moveable Type Printing in China , by Pan Jixing , Professor of the Institute for History of Science , Academy of Science , Beijing , China , English Abstract , p. 273 . Jump up ^ Wang Zhen ( 1298 ) . Zao Huozi Yinshufa ( 《 造 活字 印 書法 》 ) . 近世 又 铸 锡 作 字 , 以 铁 条 贯 之 ( rendering : In the modern times , there 's melten Tin Movable type , and linked them with iron bar ) ^ Jump up to : Chinese Paper and Printing , A Cultural History , by Tsien , Tsuen - Hsuin ^ Jump up to : Thomas Christensen ( 2007 ) . `` Did East Asian Printing Traditions Influence the European Renaissance ? '' . Arts of Asia Magazine ( to appear ) . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Sohn , Pow - Key ( Summer 1993 ) . `` Printing Since the 8th Century in Korea '' . Koreana. 7 ( 2 ) : 4 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Twyman , Michael ( 1998 ) . The British Library Guide to Printing : History and Techniques . London : The British Library . p. 21 . Jump up ^ World Treasures of the Library of Congress . Retrieved 26 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Briggs , Asa and Burke , Peter ( 2002 ) A Social History of the Media : from Gutenberg to the Internet , Polity , Cambridge , pp. 15 -- 23 , 61 -- 73 . ^ Jump up to : Burke ^ Jump up to : von Polenz , Peter ( 1991 ) . Deutsche Sprachgeschichte vom Spätmittelalter bis zur Gegenwart : I. Einführung , Grundbegriffe , Deutsch in der frühbürgerlichen Zeit ( in German ) . New York / Berlin : Walter de Gruyter GmbH . Jump up ^ Juan González de Mendoza ( 1585 ) . Historia de las cosas más notables , ritos y costumbres del gran reyno de la China ( in Spanish ) . Jump up ^ Thomas Franklin Carter , The Invention of Printing in China and its Spread Westward , The Ronald Press , NY 2nd ed. 1955 , pp. 176 -- 178 Jump up ^ `` Incunabula Short Title Catalogue '' . British Library . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Buringh , Eltjo ; van Zanden , Jan Luiten ( 2009 ) . `` Charting the ' Rise of the West ' : Manuscripts and Printed Books in Europe , A Long - Term Perspective from the Sixth through Eighteenth Centuries '' . The Journal of Economic History . 69 ( 2 ) : 409 -- 445 . JSTOR 40263962 p. 417 , table 2 . Jump up ^ Agüera y Arcas , Blaise ; Paul Needham ( November 2002 ) . `` Computational analytical bibliography '' . Proceedings Bibliopolis Conference The future history of the book . The Hague ( Netherlands ) : Koninklijke Bibliotheek . Jump up ^ `` What Did Gutenberg Invent ? -- Discovery '' . BBC / Open University . 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Adams , James L. ( 1991 ) . Flying Buttresses , Entropy and O - Rings : the World of an Engineer . Harvard University Press . Jump up ^ `` Answers.com page on antimony '' . McGraw - Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology . McGraw - Hill . 2005 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Blankenstein A.H.G. , Wetser Ad : Zetten , uitgebreide leerstof , deel 1 , p. 26 , Edecea , Hoorn , The Netherlands , 5th edition , ( ~ 1952 ) Jump up ^ P.J.W. Oly , de grondslag van het bedrijf der lettergieterij Amsterdam , formerly N. Tetterode , edition : Stichting Lettergieten 1983 , Westzaan , pag. 82 - 88 Jump up ^ National Amateur Press Association , Monthly Bundle Sample , Campane 194 , The California Typecase by Lewis A. Pryor ( Edited ) Jump up ^ Glossary of Typesetting Terms , by Richard Eckersley , Charles Ellerston , Richard Hendel , Page 18 Jump up ^ Meggs , Philip B. , Purvis , Alston W. `` Graphic Design and the Industrial Revolution '' History of Graphic Design . Hoboken , N.J : Wiley , 2006 . p. 139 . Further Reading ( edit ) Nesbitt , Alexander . The History and Technique of Lettering ( c ) 1957 , Dover Publications , Inc . ISBN 0 - 486 - 40281 - 9 , Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number : 57 - 13116 . The Dover edition is an abridged and corrected republication of the work originally published in 1950 by Prentice - Hall , Inc. under the title Lettering : The History and Technique of Lettering as Design . The classic manual of hand - press technology is Moxon , Joseph ( 1683 -- 84 ) . `` Mechanick Exercises on the Whole Art of Printing '' ( ed . Herbert Davies & Harry Carter . New York : Dover Publications , 1962 , reprint ed . ) . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Printing letters . International Printing Museum Web site Category : Typographical symbols -- Articles related to typographical symbols Typography terminology Page Canons of page construction Column Even working Margin Page numbering Pagination Pull quote Recto and verso Paragraph Alignment Justification Leading River Sentence spacing Widows and orphans Character Typeface anatomy Counter Diacritics Dingbat Glyph Initial Kerning Letter - spacing Ligature Subscript and superscript Swash Text figures Tittle Capitalization ALL CAPS CamelCase Letter case Petite caps Small caps Visual distinction Italics Oblique Bold Color Underline Blackboard bold Blackletter Infɑnt Vertical aspects Ascender Baseline Cap height Descender Median Overshoot x-height Classifications Roman type Antiqua ( old style ) Didone ( modern ) Sans - serif Script Serif Slab serif Transitional Reverse - contrast Blackletter type Fraktur Rotunda Schwabacher Textualis Gaelic type Insular Uncial Specialist Record type Punctuation Dashes Hanging punctuation Hyphen - minus Hyphenation Prime mark Quotation mark Typesetting Calligraphy etaoin shrdlu Font computer monospaced Font catalog Letterpress Lorem ipsum Microtypography Movable type Pangram Phototypesetting Punchcutting Type color Type design Typeface Microprint list Typographic units Agate Cicero Em En Figure space Measure Paren space Pica Point traditional point - size names Thin space Digital typography Character encoding Font formats Hinting Rasterization Typesetting software Typographic features Web typography Related Intentionally blank page Style guide Type foundry Commons Portal Letterpress printing History of printing Printer Ways to make impressions Movable type Type casting Type metal Punchcutter Matrix Blocks and plates Stereotype Logographic printing Wood engraving Electrotype Zinc etching Typesetting Manual typesetting Type case Composing stick Sort Slug Strut Reglet Furniture Leading Quoin Chase Forme Hellbox Hot metal typesetting Linotype machine Monotype System Ludlow Typograph Intertype Machine Paige Compositor Printing press Parts of a press Platen Frisket Tympan Bed Inking Offset ink Ink ball Composition roller Types of presses Hand press Stanhope Columbian Albion Jobbing press Golding & Company Chandler & Price Colt 's Armory Cylinder press Rotary press Other equipment Folding machine Paper cutter Addressograph Related arts Typography Bookbinding Printmaking Papermaking NDL : 00565235 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movable_type&oldid=856463033 '' Categories : Book arts Chinese inventions Typography Relief printing History of printing Hidden categories : Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2012 Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Esperanto فارسی 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Русский தமிழ் Тоҷикӣ Winaray 吴语 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2018 , at 11 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who invented movable type and the machine to reproduce text | [
"The world's first movable type printing press technology for printing paper books was made of porcelain materials and was invented around AD 1040 in China during the Northern Song Dynasty by the inventor Bi Sheng (990–1051).[1] Subsequently in 1377, the world's oldest extant movable metal print book, Jikji, was printed in Korea during the Goryeo dynasty. \n"
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"Bi Sheng"
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-3120208252020680159 | Asia's Next Top Model (cycle 5) | Asia 's Next Top Model ( cycle 5 ) - wikipedia Asia 's Next Top Model ( cycle 5 ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Asia 's Next Top Model ( cycle 5 ) Cycle 5 cast Country of origin Singapore No. of episodes 13 Release Original network STAR World Original release April 5 -- June 28 , 2017 Cycle chronology ← Previous Cycle 4 The fifth cycle of Asia 's Next Top Model ( subtitled as Asia 's Next Top Model 5 : Expect The Unexpected ) aired on April 5 , 2017 . Filming for cycle five took place in Singapore and Malaysia . Cindy Bishop and Yu Tsai returned as judges for panel this season , while Kelly Tandiono departed from the show , and was replaced by Cara G. McIlroy . Pia Wurtzbach also appeared as a recurring judge . The cycle featured 14 contestants : three from Indonesia and the Philippines , two from Malaysia , Singapore and Thailand , and one each from Taiwan and Vietnam . China , Hong Kong , India , Japan , Mongolia , Myanmar , Nepal and South Korea were unrepresented . Taiwan marked its comeback after its absences from the two previous cycles . The prize package for this cycle included a Subaru Impreza , a cover and fashion spread in Nylon Singapore , and a modeling contract with Storm Model Management in London . The winner of the competition was 18 year - old Maureen Wroblewitz , from the Philippines . Contents ( hide ) 1 Auditions 2 Cast 2.1 Contestants 2.2 Judges 3 Episodes 3.1 Episode 1 : The Girl Who Got Up and Walked Again 3.2 Episode 2 : The Girl Who Is Genetically Blessed 3.3 Episode 3 : The Girl Who Is A Crybaby 3.4 Episode 4 : The Girl Who Learnt That She Was Flawsome 3.5 Episode 5 : The Girl Who Made ' It ' Happen 3.6 Episode 6 : The Girl Who Has A Dirty Little Secret 3.7 Episode 7 : The Girl Who Fakes It Until She Makes It 3.8 Episode 8 : The Girl Who Needs To Grow Up 3.9 Episode 9 : The Girl Who Raised The Stakes 3.10 Episode 10 : The Girls Who Became Friends ( and Foes ) 3.11 Episode 11 : The Girl Who Threatens The Competition 3.12 Episode 12 : The Girl Who Sees The Light 3.13 Episode 13 : The Girl Who Finishes With A Bang 4 Results 4.1 Call - out order 4.2 Scores 4.3 Photo shoot guide 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Auditions ( edit ) Casting calls were held in three countries , listed below : October 22 at House Manila Club , Resorts World Manila , Manila October 29 at Grand Caymans , Level 10 , Sunway Resort Hotel and Spa , Kuala Lumpur November 5 at The Hermitage , A Tribute Portfolio Hotel , Jakarta Contestants were also encouraged to apply for the competition online if they were unable to make an appearance at the live auditions . Cast ( edit ) Contestants ( edit ) ( Ages stated are at start of contest ) Country Contestant Age Height Finish Place Philippines Anjelica Santillan 22 1.76 m ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) Episode 1 14 Thailand Heidi Grods 25 1.78 m ( 5 ft 10 in ) Episode 2 13 Philippines Jennica Sanchez 20 1.68 m ( 5 ft 6 in ) Episode 3 12 Singapore Layla Ong 20 1.75 m ( 5 ft 9 in ) Episode 4 11 Malaysia Alicia Amin 22 1.75 m ( 5 ft 9 in ) Episode 5 10 Singapore R Nametha 18 1.78 m ( 5 ft 10 in ) Episode 6 9 ( DQ ) Indonesia Valerie Krasnadewi 24 1.72 m ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) Episode 7 8 - 7 Thailand Dorothy Petzold 18 1.76 m ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) Indonesia Veronika Krasnasari 24 1.72 m ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) Episode 8 6 Taiwan Cindy Chen 19 1.78 m ( 5 ft 10 in ) Episode 11 5 Indonesia Clara Tan 21 1.70 m ( 5 ft 7 in ) Episode 12 Vietnam Minh Tu Nguyen 24 1.78 m ( 5 ft 10 in ) Episode 13 3 - 2 Malaysia Shikin Gomez 24 1.77 m ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) Philippines Maureen Wroblewitz 18 1.68 m ( 5 ft 6 in ) Judges ( edit ) Cindy Bishop ( host ) Cara G. McIlroy Yu Tsai Episodes ( edit ) Episode 1 : the girl who got up and walked again ( edit ) First aired April 5 , 2017 Aired online April 6 , 2017 The 14 finalists arrived in Singapore and were immediately put to the test with a daring lingerie catwalk challenge across a bridge , where Shikin was deemed to be the best performer . They later had a `` runaway model '' photo shoot that placed some contestants a step ahead of the rest . At panel , Nametha and Anjelica landed in the bottom two , and Anjelica became the first model to be eliminated . ( show ) Scores No Model Cindy Cara Pia Joel Chal . Total Clara 10.0 10.0 10.0 8.0 6.7 44.7 Valerie 8.5 8.0 8.5 8.0 8.5 41.5 Maureen 9.0 7.0 8.0 6.5 8.2 38.7 Veronika 8.5 7.5 7.5 6.0 7.0 36.0 5 Shikin 7.0 7.0 7.0 6.0 8.9 35.9 6 Heidi 8.0 7.0 7.0 6.8 6.8 35.6 7 Dorothy 8.0 7.5 8.0 4.5 7.3 35.3 8 Tu 8.5 7.0 4.5 7.5 7.5 35.0 9 Jennica 7.5 6.0 7.0 6.5 7.9 34.9 10 Cindy 7.5 7.5 6.0 7.0 6.6 34.6 11 Alicia 7.5 6.1 7.0 7.0 6.7 34.3 12 Layla 6.5 6.0 7.0 7.5 6.2 33.2 13 Nametha 6.5 6.5 5.5 5.5 6.6 30.6 14 Anjelica 5.0 4.0 7.0 6.0 7.8 29.8 Featured photographer : Joel Lim Special guests : Pia Wurtzbach Episode 2 : the girl who is genetically blessed ( edit ) First aired April 12 , 2017 Aired online April 13 , 2017 With 13 contestants remaining , drama ensued when jealousy creeped into the model house after a unique dance improvisation challenge that spelled disaster for some . The winners of the challenge were Maureen , Dorothy , Shikin , Layla and Nametha . The challenge was followed by a smiling photo shoot for Colgate . At elimination , Jennica and Heidi were chosen as the bottom two , with Heidi becoming the second contestant to leave the competition . ( show ) Scores No Model Cindy Cara Yu Tsai Lukkade Chal . Total Dorothy 10.0 10.0 6.5 9.0 8.5 44.0 Cindy 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 7.5 43.5 Veronika 8.0 9.0 7.0 9.0 7.3 40.3 Layla 7.5 10.0 9.0 2.0 7.5 36.0 5 Maureen 8.5 5.0 7.0 7.0 7.8 35.3 6 Clara 7.5 5.0 8.5 6.0 7.5 34.5 7 Nametha 6.0 5.0 9.0 5.0 8.0 33.0 8 Shikin 7.5 5.0 6.0 6.0 7.8 32.3 9 Tu 7.0 5.0 7.0 7.0 6.2 32.2 10 Valerie 7.0 6.0 7.0 4.0 7.4 31.4 11 Alicia 8.0 6.0 6.0 4.0 7.2 31.2 12 Jennica 21.0 7.5 28.5 13 Heidi 18.5 6.0 24.5 Featured photographer : Joel Lim Special guests : Lukkade Metinee , Kay Grace Lee , Pia Wurtzbach Episode 3 : the girl who is a crybaby ( edit ) First aired April 19 , 2017 Aired online April 20 , 2017 The season upped the ante on the much anticipated makeover day . In an unprecedented twist , Dorothy was allowed to pick all the contestants ' new looks , which they each had to rock in a denim photo shoot out in the open fields . At panel , there was a special appearance by internationally renowned Malaysian supermodel , Ling Tan . Maureen and Jennica landed in the bottom two , with Jennica becoming the third contestant to leave the competition . ( show ) Scores No Model Cindy Yu Tsai Ling Total Cindy 9.0 10.0 10.0 29.0 Tu 8.0 9.5 10.0 27.5 Shikin 8.0 8.0 9.0 25.0 Clara 7.0 7.5 10.0 24.5 5 - 6 Nametha 9.0 9.0 6.0 24.0 Alicia 8.5 7.5 8.0 24.0 7 Layla 7.5 9.0 7.0 23.5 8 Dorothy 8.5 6.5 8.0 23.0 9 Veronika 7.0 8.0 7.0 22.0 10 Valerie 8.0 7.5 5.5 21.0 11 Maureen 20.5 20.5 12 Jennica 19.5 19.5 Featured photographer : Shavonne Wong Special guests : Ling Tan , Mervin Wee , Cheryl Wee , Jean Yip Episode 4 : the girl who learnt that she was flawsome ( edit ) First aired April 26 , 2017 Aired online April 27 , 2017 The contestants received an unexpected wake up call from digital superstar Andrea Chong , who teamed them up for their first social media challenge of the season , where Valerie was chosen as the winner . They later had to work together again within the confines of a bus for an edgy model on the move photo shoot with resident judge Yu Tsai barking behind the lens . At elimination , Layla became the fourth contestant to be eliminated from the competition after landing in the bottom two with Dorothy . ( show ) Scores No Model Cindy Yu Tsai Madi Jason Chal . Total Tu 10.0 10.0 8.0 10.0 7.0 45.0 Nametha 8.0 9.0 10.0 9.0 7.2 43.2 Maureen 10.0 9.0 8.0 8.0 7.5 42.5 Valerie 9.0 7.5 10.0 7.0 8.5 42.0 5 Veronika 8.0 7.5 8.0 8.0 7.8 39.3 6 Cindy 9.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 6.2 39.2 7 Shikin 9.0 7.5 8.0 7.0 7.2 38.7 8 Clara 7.0 8.0 8.0 5.0 6.5 34.5 9 Alicia 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 8.2 34.2 10 Dorothy 22.0 8.0 30.0 11 Layla 23.5 5.5 29.0 Featured photographer : Yu Tsai Special guests : Andrea Chong , Jason Godfrey , Madi Ross Episode 5 : the girl who made ' it ' happen ( edit ) First aired May 3 , 2017 Aired online May 4 , 2017 The contestants were asked to create photo stories from specially selected text phrases in a challenge which was collectively won by Clara , Cindy , Dorothy , and Maureen . Later , they each had to personify `` It girls '' in a paparazzi - inspired photo shoot . At elimination , Clara and Alicia were chosen as the bottom two , and Alicia became the fifth contestant to leave the competition . ( show ) Scores No Model Cindy Yu Tsai Cara Nigel Chal . Total Maureen 10.0 9.0 9.8 9.0 7.5 45.3 Shikin 8.0 8.5 9.8 7.0 8.5 41.8 Valerie 10.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 7.3 41.3 Dorothy 8.8 6.5 9.7 7.0 8.3 40.3 5 Tu 7.5 8.5 6.5 9.0 7.4 38.9 6 Nametha 8.5 6.0 6.0 8.0 6.8 35.3 7 Cindy 7.0 6.5 7.0 6.0 7.8 34.3 8 Veronika 7.0 6.0 7.5 6.0 7.5 34.0 9 Clara 24.5 7.9 32.4 10 Alicia 24.0 8.0 32.0 Featured photographer : Shavonne Wong Special guests : Cindercella , Nigel Stanislaus , Madi Ross , Pia Wurtzbach Episode 6 : the girl who has a dirty little secret ( edit ) First aired May 10 , 2017 Aired online May 11 , 2017 The models were tasked with an eye - opening social media challenge which was won by Dorothy , and later had a photo shoot for Neutrogena that left them soaking wet . Tension surfaced after it was revealed that Nametha had used Wifi to communicate with her family , breaching the contract of the show . At panel , Dorothy was originally eliminated after landing in the bottom two with Veronika , but was allowed to remain in the competition when Nametha was disqualified for having broken the rules . ( show ) Scores No Model Cindy Yu Tsai Cara Madi Chal . Total Cindy 9.5 9.5 8.0 9.0 8.1 44.1 Nametha 9.0 9.5 9.0 8.5 7.7 43.7 Maureen 9.0 7.5 8.5 10.0 8.4 43.4 Shikin 10.0 7.5 8.5 9.0 8.2 43.2 5 Valerie 9.5 8.0 9.0 8.5 7.5 42.5 6 Clara 7.5 9.5 7.0 6.0 7.8 37.8 7 Tu 8.0 8.5 6.5 6.0 7.5 36.5 8 Veronika 27.5 8.0 35.5 9 Dorothy 26.3 8.5 34.8 Featured photographer : Joel Lim Special guests : Aimee Cheng - Bradshaw , Fiona Fussi , Madi Ross Episode 7 : the girl who fakes it until she makes it ( edit ) First aired May 17 , 2017 Aired online May 18 , 2017 The remaining contestants were split into teams of two in a social media challenge for Zalora , which was ultimately won by Cindy . The models later took on their next photo shoot , which came in the form of a video campaign for the brand where they were paired off into teams once again . At panel , the girls were surprised with the news of a double elimination , which saw Dorothy and Valerie leave the competition . ( show ) Scores N ° Model Cindy Yu Tsai Cara Rayne Chal . Total Shikin 9.5 9.0 7.0 8.0 7.3 40.8 Tu 9.7 8.0 8.0 7.0 7.9 40.6 Clara 9.5 8.0 8.0 7.0 7.6 40.1 Veronika 9.0 8.5 7.0 6.0 8.2 38.7 5 Maureen 7.5 6.0 8.0 3.0 7.8 32.3 6 Cindy 8.0 6.0 6.0 2.0 8.5 30.5 7 - 8 Dorothy N / A 7.0 N / A Valerie 8.3 Featured photographer : Kevin Ou Special guests : Kim Cam Jones , Rayne Reed , Kevin Ou Episode 8 : the girl who needs to grow up ( edit ) First aired May 24 , 2017 Aired online May 25 , 2017 The remaining six contestants had a go - sees challenge , which was won by Tu , before being photographed by Yu Tsai in a photo shoot with a male model where they had to convey power and seduction . At elimination , Clara and Veronika landed in the bottom two , and Veronika became the ninth contestant to leave the competition . ( show ) Score N ° Model Cindy Yu Tsai Cara Dominic Chal . Total Maureen 9.0 9.0 9.5 9.5 8.0 45.0 Tu 8.5 10.0 9.4 6.0 8.3 42.2 Shikin 9.0 9.0 8.0 7.6 8.2 41.8 Cindy 8.0 8.0 7.0 7.0 7.5 37.5 5 Clara 26.3 7.6 33.9 6 Veronika 25.0 7.8 32.8 Featured photographer : Yu Tsai Special guests : Daniel Boey , Audrey Ong , Kevin Seah , Pavan J. Singh , Cheryl Wee , Dominic Lau , Joel Willfors Episode 9 : the girl who raised the stakes ( edit ) First aired May 31 , 2017 Aired online June 1 , 2017 The remaining five contestants took part in an extreme photo shoot where they were harnessed in gowns above a Subaru as it performed stunts . They later attended the 2016 Subaru auto show , where they were introduced to the CEO of Subaru , Glenn Tan , along with some former contestants of the show . At elimination , Tu received the highest score and was chosen as the newest ambassador for Subaru . Cindy was originally eliminated after landing in the bottom two with Clara , but was allowed to remain in the competition . Immediately afterwards Cindy Bishop beckoned a new addition , Xiao Qing , to enter the judging room . Xiao Qing 's exact role in the show however , was not revealed . ( show ) Score N ° Model Cindy Yu Tsai Daniel Glenn Total Tu 8.5 8.5 7.0 7.0 31.0 Shikin 9.0 9.0 4.0 8.0 30.0 Maureen 8.0 8.0 2.0 7.0 25.0 Clara 22.0 5 Cindy 18.0 Featured photographer : Kevin Ou Special guests : Russ Swift , Daniel Boey , Bobby Tonelli , Glenn Tan , Natalie Pickles , Monika Sta . Maria , Tawan Kedkong Episode 10 : the girls who became friends ( and foes ) ( edit ) First aired June 7 , 2017 Aired online June 8 , 2017 This episode recapped the entire cycle , and showed previously unaired footage for the first time . It was also revealed that Xiao Qing would serve as an undercover judge for the cycle , having entered as a ' new ' contestant . Episode 11 : the girl who threatens the competition ( edit ) First aired June 14 , 2017 Aired online June 15 , 2017 The top six had to walk on a bridge - like a catwalk as part of the challenge in Sunway Lagoon , Malaysia . Later , the girls had to model as ice queens in an ice skating rink in Sunway Pyramid , and confronted Xiao Qing regarding her suspicious presence in the competition . At elimination , Maureen had best photo of the week . Cindy was eliminated after landing in the bottom two with Xiao Qing , with Tu only narrowly avoiding being in danger of elimination . ( show ) Score N ° Model Cindy Yu Tsai Cara Daniel Chal . Total Maureen 10.0 9.5 9.8 10.0 8.0 47.3 Clara 9.5 9.0 9.5 9.0 7.5 44.5 Shikin 9.0 8.5 9.0 8.0 8.5 43.0 Tu 8.5 8.0 8.8 7.0 7.8 40.1 5 Xiao Qing 28.5 8.8 37.3 6 Cindy 28.4 8.2 36.6 Featured photographer : Bibo Aswan Special guest : Daniel Boey Episode 12 : the girl who sees the light ( edit ) First aired June 21 , 2017 Aired online June 22 , 2017 The contestants took part in a vertical runway challenge for Subaru , which was won by Shikin , and later had a vintage road trip photo shoot with photographer Kevin Ou . Xiao Qing was finally revealed to be a judge at panel , where Clara and Maureen landed in the bottom two . Maureen was chosen as the third and last finalist , while Clara became the eleventh contestant to be eliminated . ( show ) Score N ° Model Cindy Yu Tsai Glenn Daniel Chal . Total Shikin 9.5 9.0 9.0 9.0 8.3 44.8 Tu 8.5 8.0 8.5 6.0 8.0 39.0 Maureen 25.5 7.2 32.7 Clara 25.5 6.9 32.4 Featured photographer : Kevin Ou Special guests : Daniel Boey , Glenn Tan , Xiao Qing Zhang Episode 13 : the girl who finishes with a bang ( edit ) First aired June 28 , 2017 Aired online June 29 , 2017 The final three contestants received a surprise visit from their loved ones , and were later photographed at an avant - garde `` motherland '' themed photo shoot with Yu Tsai , where they had to embody the essence of their home countries . The finalists were later taken to the National Gallery Singapore , and reunited with some of the previously eliminated models for the final runway show , where they were dressed in renaissance inspired designs created by Xiao Qing Zhang . After the final deliberation of the cycle , Maureen was crowned as the fifth winner of Asia 's Next Top Model . Featured photographer : Yu Tsai Special guests : Pia Wurtzbach , Ruby Adler , Adele Chan , Glenn Tan , Daniel Boey Results ( edit ) Call - out order ( edit ) Order Episodes 5 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 Clara Dorothy Cindy Tu Maureen Cindy Shikin Maureen Tu Maureen Shikin Maureen Valerie Cindy Tu Nametha Shikin Nametha Tu Tu Shikin Clara Tu Shikin Tu Maureen Veronika Shikin Maureen Valerie Maureen Clara Shikin Maureen Shikin Maureen Veronika Layla Clara Valerie Dorothy Shikin Veronika Cindy Clara Tu Clara 5 Shikin Maureen Nametha Veronika Tu Valerie Maureen Clara Cindy Xiao Qing 6 Heidi Clara Alicia Cindy Nametha Clara Cindy Veronika Cindy 7 Dorothy Nametha Layla Shikin Cindy Tu Dorothy Valerie 8 Tu Shikin Dorothy Clara Veronika Veronika 9 Jennica Tu Veronika Alicia Clara Dorothy 10 Cindy Valerie Valerie Dorothy Alicia 11 Alicia Alicia Maureen Layla 12 Layla Jennica Jennica 13 Nametha Heidi 14 Anjelica The contestant was eliminated The contestant was originally eliminated from the competition but was saved The contestant was disqualified from the competition The contestant entered as a new model but was actually an undercover judge The contestant won the competition Scores ( edit ) ( Total and average scores on the table only reflect scores calculated from the full sets added during panel ) Place Model Episodes Total Score Average 5 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 Maureen 38.7 35.3 20.5 42.5 45.3 43.4 32.3 45.0 25.0 47.3 32.7 2.1 ! WIN 408.0 37.09 2 - 3 Shikin 35.9 32.3 25.0 38.7 41.8 43.2 40.8 41.8 30.0 43.0 44.8 1.3 ! OUT 417.3 37.93 Tu 35.0 32.2 27.5 45.0 38.9 36.5 40.6 42.2 31.0 40.1 39.0 1.3 ! OUT 408.0 37.09 Clara 44.7 34.5 24.5 34.5 32.4 37.8 40.1 33.9 22.0 44.5 32.4 381.3 34.66 U. Judge Xiao Qing 37.3 37.3 37.3 5 Cindy 34.6 43.5 29.0 39.2 34.3 44.1 30.5 37.5 18.0 36.6 347.3 34.73 6 Veronika 36.0 40.3 22.0 39.3 34.0 35.5 38.7 32.8 278.6 34.82 7 - 8 Dorothy 35.3 44.0 23.0 30.0 40.3 34.8 7.0 ! OUT 207.4 34.57 Valerie 41.5 31.4 21.0 42.0 41.3 42.5 8.3 ! OUT 219.7 36.62 9 Nametha 30.6 33.0 24.0 43.2 35.3 43.7 209.8 34.97 10 Alicia 34.3 31.2 24.0 34.2 32.0 155.7 31.14 11 Layla 33.2 36.0 23.5 29.0 121.7 30.43 12 Jennica 34.9 28.5 19.5 82.9 27.63 13 Heidi 35.6 24.5 60.1 30.05 14 Anjelica 29.8 29.8 29.8 Indicates the contestant had the highest score that week Indicates the contestant was eliminated that week Indicates the contestant was originally eliminated that week , but was saved Indicates the contestant was disqualified that week Indicates the contestant entered as a model but was actually an undercover judge Indicates the contestant won the competition Photo shoot guide ( edit ) Episode 1 photo shoot : Jumping runaway models Episode 2 photo shoot : Colgate Optic White campaign Episode 3 photo shoot : Wearing denim in an open field Episode 4 photo shoot : Urban chic in groups on a bus Episode 5 photo shoot : Maybelline It girls Episode 6 photo shoot : Neutrogena campaign in a flower bath Episode 7 video shoot : Zalora fashion film Episode 8 photo shoot : Bound by love with a male model in B&W Episode 9 photo shoot : Subaru Forester campaign on a trapeze Episode 11 photo shoot : Tropical ice queens at a skating rink Episode 12 photo shoot : Vintage road trip campaign for Subaru Episode 13 photo shoot : Avant - garde wearing national costumes Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : In episode 3 , Nametha and Alicia had a tied score of 24.0 , but were called separately . ^ Jump up to : In episode 6 , Dorothy was originally eliminated , but was saved . Nametha was disqualified immediately afterwards for having used Wi - Fi to contact family members , violating the rules of the competition . ^ Jump up to : In episode 7 , Cindy , Dorothy , and Valerie landed in the bottom three . Cindy was saved with a score of 30.5 . Dorothy and Valerie 's scores were both omitted due to a possible editing mistake . ^ Jump up to : In episode 9 , Cindy was originally eliminated , but was saved . ^ Jump up to : In episode 11 , Xiao Qing entered the competition as an undercover judge posing as a contestant . To keep up the ruse , she received a full set of scores for that week . Xiao Qing landed in the bottom two with Cindy , though it was actually Tu who had the second lowest score as an actual contestant . ^ Jump up to : In episode 12 , Cindy Bishop revealed Xiao Qing 's true identity during panel to the remaining contestants , who learned that they were actually all part of the final four . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Pia Wurtzbach Joins AsNTM as Guest Judge '' . pageanthology101.com . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ News , ABS - CBN . `` Maureen Wroblewitz is first Pinay to win ' Asia 's Next Top Model ' '' . ABS - CBN News . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ AsNTM ( 11 October 2016 ) . `` Asia 's Next Top Model Season 5 - CASTING CALL '' . Retrieved 22 June 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Models '' . Star World - Asia 's Next Top Model . Jump up ^ `` Pia Wurtzbach - Asia 's Next Top Model - Season 5 - AsNTM '' . AsNTM - Season 5 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Episode_06 - AsNTM - Season 5 '' . asntm.com . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Episode_08 - AsNTM - Season 5 '' . asntm.com . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Episode_09 - AsNTM - Season 5 '' . asntm.com . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Episode_10 - AsNTM - Season 5 '' . asntm.com . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 11 - AsNTM - Season 5 '' . asntm.com . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 12 - AsNTM - Season 5 '' . asntm.com . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 13 - AsNTM - Season 5 '' . asntm.com . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Asia 's Next Top Model on STAR World Asia 's Next Top Model Cycles 5 Contestants Winners Jessica Amornkuldilok Sheena Liam Ayu Gani Tawan Kedkong Maureen Wroblewitz Other alumni Aastha Pokharel Helena Chan Josephine Tan Jodilly Pendre Monika Sta . Maria Lorretta Chow Patricia Gunawan Sang In Kim May Htet Aung Gwen Ruais Shikin Gomez Minh Tu Nguyen Related Cambodia 's Next Top Model China 's Next Top Model India 's Next Top Model Mongolia 's Next Top Model Philippines ' Next Top Model Korea 's Next Top Model Thailand 's Next Top Model Vietnam 's Next Top Model Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asia%27s_Next_Top_Model_(cycle_5)&oldid=801107812 '' Categories : Asia 's Next Top Model 2017 Singaporean television seasons Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2017 All articles needing additional references Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 18 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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531246118350835902 | Mississippi | Mississippi - Wikipedia Mississippi This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 2 November 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the U.S. state of Mississippi . For the river , see Mississippi River . For other uses , see Mississippi ( disambiguation ) . State of Mississippi Flag Seal Nickname ( s ) : `` The Magnolia State '' , `` The Hospitality State '' Motto ( s ) : Virtute et Armis Official language English Demonym Mississippian Capital ( and largest city ) Jackson Area Ranked 32nd Total 48,430 sq mi ( 125,443 km ) Width 170 miles ( 275 km ) Length 340 miles ( 545 km ) % water 3 % Latitude 30 ° 12 ′ N to 35 ° N Longitude 88 ° 06 ′ W to 91 ° 39 ′ W Population Ranked 32nd Total 2,988,726 ( 2016 est . ) Density 63.5 / sq mi ( 24.5 / km ) Ranked 32nd Median household income $40,037 ( 51st ) Elevation Highest point Woodall Mountain 807 ft ( 246.0 m ) Mean 300 ft ( 90 m ) Lowest point Gulf of Mexico sea level Before statehood Mississippi Territory Admission to Union December 10 , 1817 ( 20th ) Governor Phil Bryant ( R ) Lieutenant Governor Tate Reeves ( R ) Legislature Mississippi Legislature Upper house State Senate Lower house House of Representatives U.S. Senators Thad Cochran ( R ) Roger Wicker ( R ) U.S. House delegation 3 Republicans , 1 Democrat ( list ) Time zone Central : UTC − 6 / − 5 ISO 3166 US - MS Abbreviations MS , Miss . Website www.ms.gov ( show ) Mississippi state symbols The Flag of Mississippi The Seal of Mississippi The Coat of arms of Mississippi Living insignia Bird Northern mockingbird ( Mimus polyglottos ) Butterfly Spicebush swallowtail ( Papilio troilus ) Fish Largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides ) Flower Magnolia Insect Western honey bee ( Apis mellifera ) Mammal White - tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) Reptile American alligator ( Alligator mississippiensis ) Tree Southern magnolia ( Magnolia grandiflora ) Inanimate insignia Beverage Milk Colors red and blue Dance Clogging Food Sweet potato Gemstone Emerald Mineral Gold Motto Virtute et armis Rock Granite Shell Eastern oyster ( Crassostrea virginica ) Slogan First Flight ( unofficial ) Song `` Go , Mississippi '' State route marker State quarter Released in 2002 Lists of United States state symbols Mississippi / ˌmɪsɪˈsɪpi / ( listen ) is a state in the southern region of the United States , with part of its southern border formed by the Gulf of Mexico . Its western border is formed by the Mississippi River . The state has a population of approximately 3 million . It is the 32nd most extensive and the 32nd most populous of the 50 United States . Located in the center of the state , Jackson is the state capital and largest city , with a population of approximately 175,000 people . The state is heavily forested outside of the Mississippi Delta area , between the Mississippi and Yazoo rivers . Before the American Civil War , most development in the state was along riverfronts , where slaves worked on cotton plantations . After the war , the bottomlands to the interior were cleared , mostly by freedmen . By the end of the 19th century , African Americans made up two - thirds of the Delta 's property owners , but timber and railroad companies acquired much of the land after a financial crisis . Clearing altered the Delta 's ecology , increasing the severity of flooding along the Mississippi . Much land is now held by agribusinesses . A largely rural state with agricultural areas dominated by industrial farms , Mississippi is ranked low or last among the states in such measures as health , educational attainment , and median household income . The state 's catfish aquaculture farms produce the majority of farm - raised catfish consumed in the United States . Since the 1930s and the Great Migration , Mississippi has been majority white , albeit with the highest percentage of black residents of any U.S. state . From the early 19th century to the 1930s , its residents were mostly black , a population that before the American Civil War was composed largely of African American slaves . Democratic Party whites retained political power through Jim Crow laws . In the first half of the 20th century , nearly 400,000 rural blacks left the state for work and opportunities in northern and midwestern cities , with another wave of migration around World War II to West Coast cities . In 2010 , 37 % of Mississippians were African Americans , the highest percentage of African Americans in any U.S. state . Since gaining enforcement of their voting franchise in the late 1960s , most African Americans support Democratic candidates in local , state and national elections . Conservative whites have shifted to the Republican Party . African Americans are a majority in many counties of the Mississippi - Yazoo Delta , an area of historic settlement during the plantation era . Since 2011 , Mississippi has been ranked as the most religious state in the country . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Geography 2.1 Major cities and towns 2.2 Climate 2.3 Ecology 2.4 Ecological problems 2.4. 1 Flooding 3 History 3.1 Colonial era 3.2 United States territory 3.3 Statehood , 1817 -- 1861 3.4 Civil War to 20th century 3.5 20th century to present 4 Demographics 4.1 Ancestry 4.2 Language 4.3 Religion 4.4 Birth data 4.5 LGBT 5 Health 6 Economy 6.1 Entertainment and tourism 6.2 Manufacturing 6.3 Taxation 6.4 Federal subsidies and spending 7 Law and government 7.1 Laws 8 Political alignment 9 Transportation 9.1 Air 9.2 Roads 9.3 Rail 9.3. 1 Passenger 9.3. 2 Freight 9.4 Water 9.4. 1 Major rivers 9.4. 2 Major bodies of water 10 Media 11 Education 12 Culture 12.1 Music 12.2 Literature 12.3 Sports 13 Notable people 14 In popular culture 15 See also 16 Footnotes 17 Further reading 18 External links Etymology ( edit ) The state 's name is derived from the Mississippi River , which flows along its western boundary . Settlers named it after the Ojibwe word misi - ziibi ( `` Great River '' ) . Geography ( edit ) Major highways and waterways in Mississippi Bottomland hardwood swamp near Ashland , Mississippi Mississippi is bordered to the north by Tennessee , to the east by Alabama , to the south by Louisiana and a narrow coast on the Gulf of Mexico ; and to the west , across the Mississippi River , by Louisiana and Arkansas . In addition to its namesake , major rivers in Mississippi include the Big Black River , the Pearl River , the Yazoo River , the Pascagoula River , and the Tombigbee River . Major lakes include Ross Barnett Reservoir , Arkabutla Lake , Sardis Lake , and Grenada Lake with the largest lake being Sardis Lake . Mississippi is entirely composed of lowlands , the highest point being Woodall Mountain , in the foothills of the Cumberland Mountains , 807 feet ( 246 m ) above sea level . The lowest point is sea level at the Gulf coast . The state 's mean elevation is 300 feet ( 91 m ) above sea level . Most of Mississippi is part of the East Gulf Coastal Plain . The coastal plain is generally composed of low hills , such as the Pine Hills in the south and the North Central Hills . The Pontotoc Ridge and the Fall Line Hills in the northeast have somewhat higher elevations . Yellow - brown loess soil is found in the western parts of the state . The northeast is a region of fertile black earth that extends into the Alabama Black Belt . The coastline includes large bays at Bay St. Louis , Biloxi , and Pascagoula . It is separated from the Gulf of Mexico proper by the shallow Mississippi Sound , which is partially sheltered by Petit Bois Island , Horn Island , East and West Ship Islands , Deer Island , Round Island , and Cat Island . The northwest remainder of the state consists of the Mississippi Delta , a section of the Mississippi Alluvial Plain . The plain is narrow in the south and widens north of Vicksburg . The region has rich soil , partly made up of silt which had been regularly deposited by the flood waters of the Mississippi River . Areas under the management of the National Park Service include : Brices Cross Roads National Battlefield Site near Baldwyn Gulf Islands National Seashore Natchez National Historical Park in Natchez Natchez Trace National Scenic Trail in Tupelo Natchez Trace Parkway Tupelo National Battlefield in Tupelo Vicksburg National Military Park and Cemetery in Vicksburg Major cities and towns ( edit ) Jackson , Mississippi Northwest view of Gulfport Harbor Square Commercial Historic District , Gulfport , Mississippi Strawberry Patch Park in Madison , Mississippi Map with all counties and many cities and towns labeled Mississippi City Population Rankings of at least 50,000 ( United States Census Bureau as of 2010 ) : Jackson ( 173,514 ) Gulfport ( 67,793 ) Mississippi City Population Rankings of at least 20,000 but fewer than 50,000 ( United States Census Bureau as of 2010 ) : Southaven ( 48,982 ) Hattiesburg ( 45,989 ) Biloxi ( 44,054 ) Vicksburg ( 42,856 ) Meridian ( 41,198 ) Tupelo ( 34,546 ) Greenville ( 34,400 ) Olive Branch ( 33,484 ) Horn Lake ( 26,066 ) Clinton ( 25,216 ) Pearl ( 25,092 ) Madison ( 24,149 ) Ridgeland ( 24,047 ) Starkville ( 23,888 ) Columbus ( 23,604 ) Pascagoula ( 22,392 ) Brandon ( 21,705 ) Mississippi City Population Rankings of at least 10,000 but fewer than 20,000 ( United States Census Bureau as of 2010 ) : Oxford ( 18,916 ) Gautier ( 18,572 ) Laurel ( 18,540 ) Clarksdale ( 17,962 ) Ocean Springs ( 17,461 ) Natchez ( 15,792 ) Greenwood ( 15,205 ) Long Beach ( 14,792 ) Corinth ( 14,573 ) Hernando ( 14,090 ) Moss Point ( 13,704 ) Canton ( 13,189 ) Grenada ( 13,092 ) McComb ( 12,790 ) Brookhaven ( 12,513 ) Cleveland ( 12,334 ) Byram ( 11,489 ) Yazoo City ( 11,403 ) West Point ( 11,307 ) Picayune ( 10,878 ) Indianola ( 10,683 ) Petal ( 10,454 ) ( See : Lists of cities , towns and villages , census - designated places , metropolitan areas , micropolitan areas , and counties in Mississippi ) Climate ( edit ) Montgomery County in autumn Mississippi has a humid subtropical climate with long summers and short , mild winters . Temperatures average about 81 ° F ( about 27 ° C ) in July and about 48 ° F ( about 9 ° C ) in January . The temperature varies little statewide in the summer ; however , in winter , the region near Mississippi Sound is significantly warmer than the inland portion of the state . The recorded temperature in Mississippi has ranged from − 19 ° F ( − 28 ° C ) , in 1966 , at Corinth in the northeast , to 115 ° F ( 46 ° C ) , in 1930 , at Holly Springs in the north . Heavy snowfall is possible across the state , such as during the New Year 's Eve 1963 snowstorm . Yearly precipitation generally increases from north to south , with the regions closer to the Gulf being the most humid . Thus , Clarksdale , in the northwest , gets about 50 inches ( about 1,270 mm ) of precipitation annually and Biloxi , in the south , about 61 inches ( about 1,550 mm ) . Small amounts of snow fall in northern and central Mississippi ; snow is occasional in the southern part of the state . The late summer and fall is the seasonal period of risk for hurricanes moving inland from the Gulf of Mexico , especially in the southern part of the state . Hurricane Camille in 1969 and Hurricane Katrina in 2005 , which killed 238 people in the state , were the most devastating hurricanes to hit the state . Both caused nearly total storm surge destruction of structures in and around Gulfport , Biloxi , and Pascagoula . As in the rest of the Deep South , thunderstorms are common in Mississippi , especially in the southern part of the state . On average , Mississippi has around 27 tornadoes annually ; the northern part of the state has more tornadoes earlier in the year and the southern part a higher frequency later in the year . Two of the five deadliest tornadoes in U.S. history have occurred in the state . These storms struck Natchez , in southwest Mississippi ( see The Great Natchez Tornado ) and Tupelo , in the northeast corner of the state . About seven F5 tornadoes have been recorded in the state . Monthly normal high and low temperatures ( ° F ) for various Mississippi cities City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Gulfport 61 / 43 64 / 46 70 / 52 77 / 59 84 / 66 89 / 72 91 / 74 91 / 74 87 / 70 79 / 60 70 / 51 63 / 45 Jackson 55 / 35 60 / 38 68 / 45 75 / 52 82 / 61 89 / 68 91 / 71 91 / 70 86 / 65 77 / 52 66 / 43 58 / 37 Meridian 58 / 35 63 / 38 70 / 44 77 / 50 84 / 60 90 / 67 93 / 70 93 / 70 88 / 64 78 / 51 68 / 43 60 / 37 Tupelo 50 / 30 56 / 34 65 / 41 74 / 48 81 / 58 88 / 66 91 / 70 91 / 68 85 / 62 75 / 49 63 / 40 54 / 33 Source : ( hide ) Climate data for Mississippi ( 1980 - 2010 ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° F ( ° C ) 54.3 ( 12.4 ) 58.7 ( 14.8 ) 67.2 ( 19.6 ) 75.2 ( 24 ) 82.6 ( 28.1 ) 88.9 ( 31.6 ) 91.4 ( 33 ) 91.5 ( 33.1 ) 86.3 ( 30.2 ) 76.9 ( 24.9 ) 66.5 ( 19.2 ) 56.6 ( 13.7 ) 74.68 ( 23.72 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 33.3 ( 0.7 ) 36.7 ( 2.6 ) 43.8 ( 6.6 ) 51.3 ( 10.7 ) 60.3 ( 15.7 ) 67.6 ( 19.8 ) 70.6 ( 21.4 ) 69.7 ( 20.9 ) 63 ( 17 ) 51.9 ( 11.1 ) 43.1 ( 6.2 ) 35.7 ( 2.1 ) 52.25 ( 11.23 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 5.0 ( 127 ) 5.2 ( 132 ) 5.1 ( 130 ) 5.0 ( 127 ) 5.1 ( 130 ) 4.4 ( 112 ) 4.5 ( 114 ) 3.9 ( 99 ) 3.6 ( 91 ) 4.1 ( 104 ) 4.9 ( 124 ) 5.7 ( 145 ) 56.5 ( 1,435 ) Source : USA.com Ecology ( edit ) The Mississippi state sign located on Interstate 20 Mississippi is heavily forested , with over half of the state 's area covered by wild trees , including mostly pine , as well as cottonwood , elm , hickory , oak , pecan , sweetgum and tupelo . See also : List of taxa described from Mississippi Ecological problems ( edit ) Flooding ( edit ) Due to seasonal flooding , possible from December to June , the Mississippi and Yazoo rivers and their tributaries created a fertile floodplain in the Mississippi Delta . The river 's flooding created natural levees , which planters had built higher to try to prevent flooding of land cultivated for cotton crops . Temporary workers built levees along the Mississippi River on top of the natural levees that formed from dirt deposited after the river flooded . From 1858 to 1861 , the state took over levee building , accomplishing it through contractors and hired labor . In those years , planters considered their slaves too valuable to hire out for such dangerous work . Contractors hired gangs of Irish immigrant laborers to build levees and sometimes clear land . Many of the Irish were relatively recent immigrants from the famine years who were struggling to get established . Before the American Civil War , the earthwork levees averaged six feet in height , although in some areas they reached twenty feet . Flooding has been an integral part of Mississippi history , but clearing of the land for cultivation and to supply wood fuel for steamboats took away the absorption of trees and undergrowth . The banks of the river were denuded , becoming unstable and changing the character of the river . After the Civil War , major floods swept down the valley in 1865 , 1867 , 1874 and 1882 . Such floods regularly overwhelmed levees damaged by Confederate and Union fighting during the war , as well as those constructed after the war . In 1877 , the state created the Mississippi Levee District for southern counties . In 1879 , the United States Congress created the Mississippi River Commission , whose responsibilities included aiding state levee boards in the construction of levees . Both white and black transient workers were hired to build the levees in the late 19th century . By 1882 , levees averaged seven feet in height , but many in the southern Delta were severely tested by the flood that year . After the 1882 flood , the levee system was expanded . In 1884 , the Yazoo - Mississippi Delta Levee District was established to oversee levee construction and maintenance in the northern Delta counties ; also included were some counties in Arkansas which were part of the Delta . Flooding overwhelmed northwestern Mississippi in 1912 -- 1913 , causing heavy damage to the levee districts . Regional losses and the Mississippi River Levee Association 's lobbying for a flood control bill helped gain passage of national bills in 1917 and 1923 to provide federal matching funds for local levee districts , on a scale of 2 : 1 . Although U.S. participation in World War I interrupted funding of levees , the second round of funding helped raise the average height of levees in the Mississippi - Yazoo Delta to 22 feet ( 6.7 m ) in the 1920s . Scientists now understand the levees have increased the severity of flooding by increasing the flow speed of the river and reducing the area of the floodplains . The region was severely damaged due to the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 , which broke through the levees . There were losses of millions of dollars in property , stock and crops . The most damage occurred in the lower Delta , including Washington and Bolivar counties . Even as scientific knowledge about the Mississippi River has grown , upstream development and the consequences of the levees have caused more severe flooding in some years . Scientists now understand that the widespread clearing of land and building of the levees have changed the nature of the river . Such work removed the natural protection and absorption of wetlands and forest cover , strengthening the river 's current . The state and federal governments have been struggling for the best approaches to restore some natural habitats in order to best interact with the original riverine ecology . History ( edit ) Main article : History of Mississippi ( show ) Mississippi state symbols The Flag of Mississippi The Seal of Mississippi Living insignia Bird Mockingbird ( 1944 ) Wood duck ( 1974 ) Butterfly Spicebush swallowtail ( 1991 ) Fish Largemouth bass ( 1974 ) Flower Magnolia ( 1952 ) Coreopsis ( tickseed ) ( 1991 ) Insect Honey bee ( 1980 ) Mammal White - tailed deer ( 1974 ) Red fox ( 1997 ) Bottlenose dolphin ( 1974 ) Reptile American alligator ( 2005 ) Tree Magnolia ( 1938 ) Inanimate insignia Beverage Milk ( 1984 ) Dance American folk dance ( 1995 ) Fossil Basilosaurus ( 1981 ) Zygorhiza ( 1981 ) Rock Petrified wood ( 1976 ) Shell Oyster ( 1974 ) Slogan Virtute et armis Soil Natchez silt loam ( 2003 ) Song `` Go , Mississippi '' ( 1962 ) Toy Teddy bear ( 2003 ) Other Grand Opera House of Meridian ( 1993 ) Tupelo Auto Museum ( 2003 ) Mississippi Industrial Heritage Museum ( 1972 ) State route marker State quarter Released in 2002 Lists of United States state symbols Near 10,000 BC Native Americans or Paleo - Indians arrived in what today is referred to as the American South . Paleoindians in the South were hunter - gatherers who pursued the megafauna that became extinct following the end of the Pleistocene age . In the Mississippi Delta , Native American settlements and agricultural fields were developed on the natural levees , higher ground in the proximity of rivers . The Native Americans developed extensive fields near their permanent villages . Together with other practices , they created some localized deforestation but did not alter the ecology of the Mississippi Delta as a whole . After thousands of years , succeeding cultures of the Woodland and Mississippian culture eras developed rich and complex agricultural societies , in which surplus supported the development of specialized trades . Both were mound builder cultures . Those of the Mississippian culture were the largest and most complex , constructed beginning about 950CE . The peoples had a trading network spanning the continent from the Great Lakes to the Gulf Coast . Their large earthworks , which expressed their cosmology of political and religious concepts , still stand throughout the Mississippi and Ohio River valleys . Choctaw Village near the Chefuncte , by Francois Bernard , 1869 , Peabody Museum -- Harvard University . The women are preparing dye in order to color cane strips for making baskets . Descendant Native American tribes of the Mississippian culture in the Southeast include the Chickasaw and Choctaw . Other tribes who inhabited the territory of Mississippi ( and whose names were honored by colonists in local towns ) include the Natchez , the Yazoo , and the Biloxi . The first major European expedition into the territory that became Mississippi was that of the Spanish explorer , Hernando de Soto , who passed through the northeast part of the state in 1540 , in his second expedition to the New World . Colonial era ( edit ) In April 1699 , French colonists established the first European settlement at Fort Maurepas ( also known as Old Biloxi ) , built in the vicinity of present - day Ocean Springs on the Gulf Coast . It was settled by Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville . In 1716 , the French founded Natchez on the Mississippi River ( as Fort Rosalie ) ; it became the dominant town and trading post of the area . The French called the greater territory `` New France '' ; the Spanish continued to claim part of the Gulf coast area ( east of Mobile Bay ) of present - day southern Alabama , in addition to the entire area of present - day Florida . Through the 18th century , the area was ruled variously by Spanish , French , and British colonial governments . The colonists imported African slaves as laborers . Under French and Spanish rule , there developed a class of free people of color ( gens de couleur libres ) , mostly multiracial descendants of European men and enslaved women , and their children . In the early days the French and Spanish colonists were chiefly men . Even as more European women joined the settlements , the men had interracial unions among women of African descent ( and increasingly , multiracial descent ) , both before and after marriages to European women . Often the European men would help their multiracial children get educated or gain apprenticeships for trades , and sometimes they settled property on them ; they often freed the mothers and their children if enslaved , as part of contracts of plaçage . With this social capital , the free people of color became artisans , and sometimes educated merchants and property owners , forming a third class between the Europeans and most enslaved Africans in the French and Spanish settlements , although not so large a free community as in the city of New Orleans , Louisiana . After Great Britain 's victory in the French and Indian War ( Seven Years ' War ) , the French surrendered the Mississippi area to them under the terms of the Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) . They also ceded their areas to the north that were east of the Mississippi River , including the Illinois Country and Quebec . Pushmataha , Choctaw Principal Chief United States territory ( edit ) Main article : Mississippi Territory After the American Revolution ( 1765 -- 83 ) , Britain ceded this area to the new United States of America . The Mississippi Territory was organized on April 7 , 1798 , from territory ceded by Georgia and South Carolina to the United States . Their original colonial charters theoretically extended west to the Pacific Ocean . The Mississippi Territory was later twice expanded to include disputed territory claimed by both the United States and Spain . From 1800 to about 1830 , the United States purchased some lands ( Treaty of Doak 's Stand ) from Native American tribes for new settlements of European Americans ; they were mostly migrants from other Southern states , particularly Virginia and North Carolina , where soils were exhausted . On September 27 , 1830 , the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek was signed between the U.S. Government and the Choctaw . The Choctaw agreed to sell their traditional homelands in Mississippi and Alabama , for compensation and removal to reservations in Indian Territory ( now Oklahoma ) . This opened up land for sale to European - American immigrant settlement . Article 14 in the treaty allowed those Choctaw who chose to remain in the state to become U.S. citizens , the second major non-European ethnic group to do so ( the Cherokee were the first ) . Today approximately 9,500 Choctaw live in Neshoba , Newton , Leake , and Jones counties . Federally recognized tribes include the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians . Many slaveholders brought slaves with them or purchased them through the domestic slave trade , especially in New Orleans . Through the trade , nearly one million slaves were transported to the Deep South , including Mississippi , in a forced internal migration that broke up many slave families of the Upper South , where planters were selling excess slaves . The Southerners imposed slave laws and restricted the rights of free blacks , according to their view of white supremacy . Beginning in 1822 , slaves in Mississippi were protected by law from cruel and unusual punishment by their owners . Southern slave codes made the willful killing of a slave illegal in most cases . For example , the 1860 Mississippi case of Oliver v. State charged the defendant with murdering his own slave . Front of D'Evereux . Built in 1840 , it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Statehood , 1817 -- 1861 ( edit ) On December 10 , 1817 , Mississippi was the 20th state admitted to the Union . David Holmes was elected the first governor of the state . Plantations were developed primarily along the major rivers , where the waterfront provided access to the major transportation routes . This is also where early towns developed , linked by the steamboats that carried commercial products and crops to markets . The backcountry remained largely undeveloped frontier until it was cleared by freedmen during Reconstruction and later . When cotton was king during the 1850s , Mississippi plantation owners -- especially those of the Delta and Black Belt central regions -- became wealthy due to the high fertility of the soil , the high price of cotton on the international market , and their assets in slaves . They used the profits to buy more cotton land and more slaves . The planters ' dependence on hundreds of thousands of slaves for labor and the severe wealth imbalances among whites , played strong roles both in state politics and in planters ' support for secession . The state was thinly settled , with population concentrated in the riverfront areas and towns . By 1860 , the enslaved African - American population numbered 436,631 or 55 % of the state 's total of 791,305 . There were fewer than 1000 free people of color . The relatively low population of the state before the Civil War reflected the fact that land and villages were developed only along the riverfronts , which formed the main transportation corridors . Ninety percent of the Delta bottomlands were frontier and undeveloped . The state needed many more settlers for development . Civil War to 20th century ( edit ) Confederate dead after the Battle of Corinth . Photo taken October 5 , 1862 The legislature of the State of Mississippi in 1890 Further information : Mississippi in the American Civil War On January 9 , 1861 , Mississippi became the second state to declare its secession from the Union , and it was one of the founding members of the Confederate States . The first six states to secede were those with the highest number of slaves . During the war , Union and Confederate forces struggled for dominance on the Mississippi River , critical to supply routes and commerce . More than 80,000 Mississippians fought in the Civil War , and casualties were extremely heavy . Union General Ulysses S. Grant 's long siege of Vicksburg finally gained the Union control of the river in 1863 . In the postwar period , freedmen withdrew from white - run churches to set up independent congregations . The majority of blacks left the Southern Baptist Church , sharply reducing its membership . They created independent black Baptist congregations . By 1895 they had established numerous black Baptist state associations and the National Baptist Convention of black churches . In addition , independent black denominations , such as the African Methodist Episcopal Church ( established in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ) and the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church ( established in New York City ) , sent missionaries to the South in the postwar years . They quickly attracted hundreds of thousands of converts and founded new churches across the South . Southern congregations brought their own influences to those denominations as well . During Reconstruction , the first Mississippi constitutional convention in 1868 , with delegates both black and white , framed a constitution whose major elements would be maintained for 22 years . The convention was the first political organization in the state to include African - American representatives , 17 among the 100 members ( 32 counties had black majorities at the time ) . Some among the black delegates were freedmen , but others were educated free blacks who had migrated from the North . The convention adopted universal suffrage ; did away with property qualifications for suffrage or for office , a change that also benefited both blacks and poor whites ; provided for the state 's first public school system ; forbade race distinctions in the possession and inheritance of property ; and prohibited limiting civil rights in travel . Under the terms of Reconstruction , Mississippi was restored to the Union on February 23 , 1870 . Because the Mississippi Delta contained so much fertile bottomland that had not been developed before the Civil War , 90 percent of the land was still frontier . After the Civil War , tens of thousands of migrants were attracted to the area by higher wages offered by planters trying to develop land . In addition , black and white workers could earn money by clearing the land and raising timber , and eventually advance to ownership . The new farmers included many freedmen , who achieved unusually high rates of land ownership in the Mississippi bottomlands by the late 19th century . In the 1870s and 1880s , many black farmers succeeded in gaining land ownership . Around the start of the 20th century , two - thirds of the Mississippi farmers who owned land in the Delta were African American . Many had become overextended with debt during the falling cotton prices of the difficult years of the late 19th century . Cotton prices fell throughout the decades following the Civil War . As another agricultural depression lowered cotton prices into the 1890s , however , numerous African - American farmers finally had to sell their land to pay off debts , thus losing the land which they had developed by personal labor . Democrats regained control of the state legislature in 1875 , after a year of expanded violence against blacks and intimidation of whites in what was called the `` white line '' campaign , based on asserting white supremacy . Democratic whites became well armed and formed paramilitary organizations such as the Red Shirts to suppress black voting . From 1874 to the elections of 1875 , they pressured whites to join the Democrats , and conducted violence against blacks in at least 15 known `` riots '' in cities around the state to intimidate blacks and suppress their voting . They killed a total of 150 blacks , although other estimates place the death toll at twice as many . A total of three white Republicans and five white Democrats were reported killed . In rural areas , deaths of blacks could be covered up . Riots ( better described as massacres of blacks ) took place in Vicksburg , Clinton , Macon , and in their counties , as well - armed whites broke up black meetings and lynched known black leaders , destroying local political organizations . Seeing the success of this deliberate `` Mississippi Plan '' , South Carolina and other states followed it and also achieved white dominance . In 1877 the last of federal troops were withdrawn from the region . Even in this environment , black Mississippians continued to be elected into local office . However , black residents were deprived of all political power after white legislators passed a new state constitution in 1890 specifically to `` eliminate the nigger from politics '' , according to the state 's Democratic governor , James K. Vardaman . It erected barriers to voter registration and electoral provisions that effectively disenfranchised most black Mississippians and many poor whites . Estimates are that 100,000 black and 50,000 white men were removed from voter registration rolls in the state over the next few years . The loss of political influence contributed to the difficulties of African Americans in their attempts to obtain extended credit in the late 19th century . Together with imposition of Jim Crow and racial segregation laws , whites committed an increased rate of lynchings of blacks , mostly men , beginning in the 1890s and extending to 1930 . Cotton crops failed due to boll weevil infestation and successive severe flooding in 1912 and 1913 , creating crisis conditions for many African Americans . With control of the ballot box and more access to credit , white planters bought out such farmers , expanding their ownership of Delta bottomlands . They also took advantage of new railroads sponsored by the state . Child workers , Pass Christian , 1911 , by Lewis Hine 20th century to present ( edit ) In 1900 , blacks made up more than half of the state 's population . By 1910 , a majority of black farmers in the Delta had lost their land and become sharecroppers . By 1920 , the third generation after freedom , most African Americans in Mississippi were landless laborers again facing poverty . Starting about 1913 , tens of thousands of black Americans left Mississippi for the North in the Great Migration to industrial cities such as St. Louis , Chicago , Detroit , Cleveland , Philadelphia and New York . They sought jobs , better education for their children , the right to vote , relative freedom from discrimination , and better living . In the migration of 1910 -- 1940 , they left a society that had been steadily closing off opportunity . Most migrants from Mississippi took trains directly north to Chicago and often settled near former neighbors . Blacks also faced violence in the form of lynching , shooting , and the burning of churches . In 1923 , the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People stated `` the Negro feels that life is not safe in Mississippi and his life may be taken with impunity at any time upon the slightest pretext or provocation by a white man '' . Dancing at a juke joint near Clarksdale , Mississippi , in 1939 , by Marion Post Wolcott . In the early 20th century , some industries were established in Mississippi , but jobs were generally restricted to whites , including child workers . The lack of jobs also drove some southern whites north to cities such as Chicago and Detroit , seeking employment , where they also competed with European immigrants . The state depended on agriculture , but mechanization put many farm laborers out of work . By 1900 , many white ministers , especially in the towns , subscribed to the Social Gospel movement , which attempted to apply Christian ethics to social and economic needs of the day . Many strongly supported Prohibition , believing it would help alleviate and prevent many sins . African - American Baptist churches grew to include more than twice the number of members as their white Baptist counterparts . The African - American call for social equality resonated throughout the Great Depression in the 1930s and World War II in the 1940s . The Second Great Migration from the South started in the 1940s , lasting until 1970 . Almost half a million people left Mississippi in the second migration , three - quarters of them black . Nationwide during the first half of the 20th century , African Americans became rapidly urbanized and many worked in industrial jobs . The Second Great Migration included destinations in the West , especially California , where the buildup of the defense industry offered higher paying jobs to both African Americans and whites . Blacks and whites in Mississippi generated rich , quintessentially American music traditions : gospel music , country music , jazz , blues and rock and roll . All were invented , promulgated or heavily developed by Mississippi musicians , many of them African American , and most came from the Mississippi Delta . Many musicians carried their music north to Chicago , where they made it the heart of that city 's jazz and blues . So many African Americans left in the Great Migration that after the 1930s , they became a minority in Mississippi . In 1960 they made up 42 % of the state 's population . The whites maintained their discriminatory voter registration processes established in 1890 , preventing most blacks from voting , even if they were well educated . Court challenges were not successful until later in the century . After World War II , African - American veterans returned with renewed commitment to be treated as full citizens of the United States and increasingly organized to gain enforcement of their constitutional rights . The Civil Rights Movement had many roots in religion , and the strong community of churches helped supply volunteers and moral purpose for their activism . Mississippi was a center of activity , based in black churches , to educate and register black voters , and to work for integration . In 1954 the state had created the Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission , a tax - supported agency , chaired by the Governor , that claimed to work for the state 's image but effectively spied on activists and passed information to the local White Citizens ' Councils to suppress black activism . White Citizens Councils had been formed in many cities and towns to resist integration of schools following the unanimous 1954 United States Supreme Court ruling ( Brown v. Board of Education ) that segregation of public schools was unconstitutional . They used intimidation and economic blackmail against activists and suspected activists , including teachers and other professionals . Techniques included loss of jobs and eviction from rental housing . In the summer of 1964 students and community organizers from across the country came to help register black voters in Mississippi and establish Freedom Schools . The Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party was established to challenge the all - white Democratic Party of the Solid South . Most white politicians resisted such changes . Chapters of the Ku Klux Klan and its sympathizers used violence against activists , most notably the murders of Chaney , Goodman , and Schwerner in 1964 during the Freedom Summer campaign . This was a catalyst for Congressional passage the following year of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 . Mississippi earned a reputation in the 1960s as a reactionary state . After decades of disenfranchisement , African Americans in the state gradually began to exercise their right to vote again for the first time since the 19th century , following the passage of federal civil rights legislation in 1964 and 1965 , which ended de jure segregation and enforced constitutional voting rights . Registration of African - American voters increased and black candidates ran in the 1967 elections for state and local offices . The Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party fielded some candidates . Teacher Robert G. Clark of Holmes County was the first African American to be elected to the State House since Reconstruction . He continued as the only African American in the state legislature until 1976 and was repeatedly elected into the 21st century , including three terms as Speaker of the House . In 1966 , the state was the last to repeal officially statewide prohibition of alcohol . Before that , Mississippi had taxed the illegal alcohol brought in by bootleggers . Governor Paul Johnson urged repeal and the sheriff `` raided the annual Junior League Mardi Gras ball at the Jackson Country Club , breaking open the liquor cabinet and carting off the Champagne before a startled crowd of nobility and high - ranking state officials '' . On August 17 , 1969 , Category 5 Hurricane Camille hit the Mississippi coast , killing 248 people and causing US $1.5 billion in damage ( 1969 dollars ) . In 1987 , 20 years after the U.S. Supreme Court had ruled in 1967 's Loving v. Virginia that a similar Virginian law was unconstitutional , Mississippi repealed its ban on interracial marriage ( also known as miscegenation ) , which had been enacted in 1890 . It also repealed the segregationist - era poll tax in 1989 . In 1995 , the state symbolically ratified the Thirteenth Amendment , which had abolished slavery in 1865 . Though ratified in 1995 , the state never officially notified the U.S. archivist , which kept the ratification unofficial until 2013 , when Ken Sullivan contacted the office of Secretary of State of Mississippi , Delbert Hosemann , who agreed to file the paperwork and make it official . In 2009 , the legislature passed a bill to repeal other discriminatory civil rights laws , which had been enacted in 1964 , the same year as the federal Civil Rights Act , but ruled unconstitutional in 1967 by federal courts . Republican Governor Haley Barbour signed the bill into law . The end of legal segregation and Jim Crow led to the integration of some churches , but most today remain divided along racial and cultural lines , having developed different traditions . After the Civil War , most African Americans left white churches to establish their own independent congregations , particularly Baptist churches , establishing state associations and a national association by the end of the century . They wanted to express their own traditions of worship and practice . In more diverse communities , such as Hattiesburg , some churches have multiracial congregations . Hurricane Katrina approaching the Gulf Coast on August 28 , 2005 . On August 29 , 2005 , Hurricane Katrina , though a Category 3 storm upon final landfall , caused even greater destruction across the entire 90 miles ( 145 km ) of the Mississippi Gulf Coast from Louisiana to Alabama . Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1800 7,600 -- 1810 31,306 311.9 % 1820 75,448 141.0 % 1830 136,621 81.1 % 1840 375,651 175.0 % 1850 606,526 61.5 % 1860 791,305 30.5 % 1870 827,922 4.6 % 1880 1,131,597 36.7 % 1890 1,289,600 14.0 % 1900 1,551,270 20.3 % 1910 1,797,114 15.8 % 1920 1,790,618 − 0.4 % 1930 2,009,821 12.2 % 1940 2,183,796 8.7 % 1950 2,178,914 − 0.2 % 1960 2,178,141 0.0 % 1970 2,216,912 1.8 % 1980 2,520,638 13.7 % 1990 2,573,216 2.1 % 2000 2,844,658 10.5 % 2,967,297 4.3 % Est. 2016 2,988,726 0.7 % Source : 1910 -- 2010 2015 estimate The center of population of Mississippi is located in Leake County , in the town of Lena . Mississippi population density map The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Mississippi was 2,992,333 on July 1 , 2015 , a 0.84 % increase since the 2010 United States Census . The state 's economist characterized the state as losing population as job markets elsewhere have caused 3.2 per 1000 to migrate recently . From 2000 to 2010 , the United States Census Bureau reported that Mississippi had the highest rate of increase in people identifying as mixed - race , up 70 percent in the decade ; it amounts to a total of 1.1 percent of the population . In addition , Mississippi led the nation for most of the last decade in the growth of mixed marriages among its population . The total population has not increased significantly , but is young . Some of the above change in identification as mixed race is due to new births . But , it appears mostly to reflect those residents who have chosen to identify as more than one race , who in earlier years may have identified by just one ethnicity . A binary racial system had been in place since slavery times and the days of racial segregation . In the civil rights era , people of African descent banded together in an inclusive community to achieve political power and gain restoration of their civil rights . As the demographer William Frey noted , `` In Mississippi , I think it 's ( identifying as mixed race ) changed from within . '' Historically in Mississippi , after Indian removal in the 1830s , the major groups were designated as black ( African American ) , who were then mostly enslaved , and white ( primarily European American ) . Matthew Snipp , also a demographer , commented on the increase in the 21st century in the number of people identifying as being of more than one race : `` In a sense , they 're rendering a more accurate portrait of their racial heritage that in the past would have been suppressed . '' After having comprised a majority of the state 's population since well before the Civil War and through the 1930s , today African Americans comprise approximately 37 percent of the state 's population . Most have ancestors who were enslaved , with many forcibly transported from the Upper South in the 19th century to work on the area 's new plantations . Some of these slaves were mixed race , with European ancestors , as there were many children born into slavery with white fathers . Some also have Native American ancestry . During the first half of the 20th century , a total of nearly 400,000 African Americans left the state during the Great Migration , for opportunities in the North , Midwest and West . They became a minority in the state for the first time since early in its development . The state has had conservative laws related to sexuality . The state 's sodomy law criminalized consensual sex between adults of the same gender until 2003 ( but was seldom enforced ) , when such laws were voided by the Supreme Court case Lawrence v. Texas . In 2004 , voters in Mississippi approved Amendment 1 , amending the state 's constitution to prohibit same - sex marriage ; the measure passed with 86 % of the vote , the highest margin of victory in the nation . This law was overturned by Obergefell v. Hodges ( 2015 ) , the decision of the U.S. Supreme Court making same - sex marriage a constitutional right . Despite conservative laws , same - sex couples were forming families in the state . According to the 2010 census , approximately 33 % of households led by same - sex couples in Mississippi included at least one child , the highest such percentage in the nation . Ancestry ( edit ) At the 2010 U.S. census , the racial makeup of the population was : 59.1 % White American ( 58.0 % non-Hispanic white , 1.1 % White Hispanic ) 37.0 % African American or Black 0.5 % American Indian and Alaska Native 0.9 % Asian American 1.1 % Multiracial American 1.4 % Other Ethnically , 2.7 % of the total population , among all racial groups , was of Hispanic or Latino origin ( they may be of any race ) . As of 2011 , 53.8 % of Mississippi 's population younger than age 1 were minorities , meaning that they had at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic white . For more information on racial and ethnic classifications in the United States see race and ethnicity in the United States Census . Mississippi Racial Breakdown of Population ( hide ) Racial composition 1990 2000 White 63.5 % 61.4 % 59.1 % Black 35.6 % 36.3 % 37.0 % Asian 0.5 % 0.7 % 0.9 % Native 0.3 % 0.4 % 0.5 % Other race 0.1 % 0.5 % 1.3 % Two or more races -- 0.7 % 1.2 % Americans of Scots - Irish , English and Scottish ancestry are present throughout the state . It is believed that there are more people with such ancestry than identify as such on the census , in part because their immigrant ancestors are more distant in their family histories . English , Scottish and Scots - Irish are generally the most under - reported ancestry groups in both the South Atlantic States and the East South Central States . The historian David Hackett Fischer estimated that a minimum 20 % of Mississippi 's population is of English ancestry , though the figure is probably much higher , and another large percentage is of Scottish ancestry . Many Mississippians of such ancestry identify simply as American on questionnaires , because their families have been in North America for centuries . In the 1980 census 656,371 Mississippians of a total of 1,946,775 identified as being of English ancestry , making them 38 % of the state at the time . The state in 2010 had the highest proportion of African Americans in the nation . The African - American percentage of population has begun to increase due mainly to a younger population than the whites ( the total fertility rates of the two races are approximately equal ) . Due to patterns of settlement and whites putting their children in private schools , in almost all of Mississippi 's public school districts , a majority of students are African American . African Americans are the majority ethnic group in the northwestern Yazoo Delta , and the southwestern and the central parts of the state . These are areas where , historically , African Americans owned land as farmers in the 19th century following the Civil War , or worked on cotton plantations and farms . People of French Creole ancestry form the largest demographic group in Hancock County on the Gulf Coast . The African - American ; Choctaw , mostly in Neshoba County ; and Chinese - American portions of the population are also almost entirely native born . Chinese came to Mississippi as indentured laborers from Cuba during the 1870s , with others coming from mainland China in the later 19th century . The majority entering the state immigrated directly from China to Mississippi between 1910 and 1930 , when they were recruited by planters as laborers . While most first worked as sharecroppers , the Chinese worked as families to improve their lives . Many became small merchants and especially grocers in small towns throughout the Delta . In these roles , the ethnic Chinese carved out a niche in the state between black and white , where they were concentrated in the Delta . These small towns have declined since the late 20th century , and many ethnic Chinese have joined the exodus to larger cities , including Jackson . Their population in the state overall has increased in the 21st century . In the early 1980s many Vietnamese immigrated to Mississippi and other states along the Gulf of Mexico , where they became employed in fishing - related work . Language ( edit ) In 2000 , 96.4 % of Mississippi residents five years old and older spoke only English in the home , a decrease from 97.2 % in 1990 . English is largely Southern American English , with some South Midland speech in northern and eastern Mississippi . There is a common absence of final / r / and the lengthening and weakening of the diphthongs / aɪ / and / ɔɪ / as in ' ride ' and ' oil ' . South Midland terms in northern Mississippi include : tow sack ( burlap bag ) , dog irons ( andirons ) , plum peach ( clingstone peach ) , snake doctor ( dragonfly ) , and stone wall ( rock fence ) . Top 10 Non-English Languages Spoken in Mississippi Language Percentage of population ( as of 2010 ) Spanish 1.9 % French 0.4 % German , Vietnamese , and Choctaw ( tied ) 0.2 % Korean , Chinese , Tagalog , Italian ( tied ) 0.1 % Arabic 0.0 % Religion ( edit ) Under French and Spanish rule beginning in the 17th century , European colonists were mostly Roman Catholics . The growth of the cotton culture after 1815 brought in tens of thousands of Anglo - American settlers each year , most of whom were Protestants from Southeastern states . Due to such migration , there was rapid growth in the number of Protestant churches , especially Methodist , Presbyterian and Baptist . The revivals of the Great Awakening in the late 18th and early 19th centuries initially attracted the `` plain folk '' by reaching out to all members of society , including women and blacks . Both slaves and free blacks were welcomed into Methodist and Baptist churches . Independent black Baptist churches were established before 1800 in Virginia , Kentucky , South Carolina and Georgia , and later developed in Mississippi as well . In the post-Civil War years , religion became more influential as the South became known as the `` Bible Belt '' . Since the 1970s , fundamentalist conservative churches have grown rapidly , fueling Mississippi 's conservative political trends among whites . In 1973 the Presbyterian Church in America attracted numerous conservative congregations . As of 2010 Mississippi remained a stronghold of the denomination , which originally was brought by Scots immigrants . The state has the highest adherence rate of the PCA in 2010 , with 121 congregations and 18,500 members . It is among the few states where the PCA has higher membership than the PC ( USA ) . According to the Association of Religion Data Archives ( ARDA ) , in 2010 the Southern Baptist Convention had 907,384 adherents and was the largest religious denomination in the state , followed by the United Methodist Church with 204,165 , and the Roman Catholic Church with 112,488 . Other religions have a small presence in Mississippi ; as of 2010 , there were 5,012 Muslims ; 4,389 Hindus ; and 816 Bahá'í . Public opinion polls have consistently ranked Mississippi as the most religious state in the United States , with 59 % of Mississippians considering themselves `` very religious '' . The same survey also found that 11 % of the population were non-Religious . In a 2009 Gallup poll , 63 % of Mississippians said that they attended church weekly or almost weekly -- the highest percentage of all states ( U.S. average was 42 % , and the lowest percentage was in Vermont at 23 % ) . Another 2008 Gallup poll found that 85 % of Mississippians considered religion an important part of their daily lives , the highest figure among all states ( U.S. average 65 % ) . Religious affiliation in Mississippi ( 2014 ) Affiliation % of Mississippi population Christian 83 83 Protestant 77 77 Evangelical Protestant 41 41 Mainline Protestant 12 12 Black church 24 24 Catholic Mormon Jehovah 's Witnesses 0.5 0.5 Eastern Orthodox 0.5 0.5 Other Christian 0.5 0.5 Unaffiliated 14 14 Nothing in particular 11 11 Agnostic Atheist Non-Christian faiths Jewish 0.5 0.5 Muslim 0.5 0.5 Buddhist 0.5 0.5 Hindu 0.5 0.5 Other Non-Christian faiths 0.5 0.5 Do n't know / refused answer Total 100 100 Birth Data ( edit ) Note : Births in table do n't add up , because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race , giving a higher overall number . Live Births by Race / Ethnicity of Mother Race 2013 2014 2015 White 20,818 ( 53.9 % ) 20,894 ( 53.9 % ) 20,730 ( 54.0 % ) > Non-Hispanic White 19,730 ( 51.0 % ) 19,839 ( 51.3 % ) 19,635 ( 51.1 % ) Black 17,020 ( 44.0 % ) 17,036 ( 44.0 % ) 16,846 ( 43.9 % ) Asian 504 ( 1.3 % ) 583 ( 1.5 % ) 559 ( 1.5 % ) Native 292 ( 0.7 % ) 223 ( 0.6 % ) 259 ( 0.7 % ) Hispanic ( of any race ) 1,496 ( 3.9 % ) 1,547 ( 4.0 % ) 1,613 ( 4.2 % ) Total Mississippi 38,634 ( 100 % ) 38,736 ( 100 % ) 38,394 ( 100 % ) LGBT ( edit ) The 2010 United States census counted 6,286 same - sex unmarried - partner households in Mississippi , an increase of 1,512 since the 2000 United States census . 33 % contained at least one child , giving Mississippi the distinction of leading the nation in the percentage of same - sex couples raising children . Mississippi has the largest percentage of African - American same - sex couples among total households . The state capital , Jackson , ranks tenth in the nation in concentration of African - American same - sex couples . The state ranks fifth in the nation in the percentage of Hispanic same - sex couples among all Hispanic households and ninth in the highest concentration of same - sex couples who are seniors . With the passing of HB 1523 in April 2016 , from July it became legal in Mississippi to refuse service to same - sex couples , based on one 's religious beliefs . The bill has become the subject of controversy . Health ( edit ) The state is ranked 50th or last place among all the states for health care , according to the Commonwealth Fund , a nonprofit foundation working to advance performance of the health care system . Mississippi has the highest rate of infant and neonatal deaths of any U.S. state . Age - adjusted data also shows Mississippi has the highest overall death rate , and the highest death rate from heart disease , hypertension and hypertensive renal disease , influenza and pneumonia . In 2011 , Mississippi ( and Arkansas ) had the least number of dentists in the United States . For three years in a row , more than 30 percent of Mississippi 's residents have been classified as obese . In a 2006 study , 22.8 percent of the state 's children were classified as such . Mississippi had the highest rate of obesity of any U.S. state from 2005 to 2008 , and also ranks first in the nation for high blood pressure , diabetes , and adult inactivity . In a 2008 study of African - American women , contributing risk factors were shown to be : lack of knowledge about body mass index ( BMI ) , dietary behavior , physical inactivity and lack of social support , defined as motivation and encouragement by friends . A 2002 report on African - American adolescents noted a 1999 survey which suggests that a third of children were obese , with higher ratios for those in the Delta . The study stressed that `` obesity starts in early childhood extending into the adolescent years and then possibly into adulthood . '' It noted impediments to needed behavioral modification , including the Delta likely being `` the most underserved region in the state '' with African Americans the major ethnic group ; lack of accessibility and availability of medical care ; and an estimated 60 % of residents living below the poverty level . Additional risk factors were that most schools had no physical education curriculum and nutrition education is not emphasized . Previous intervention strategies may have been largely ineffective due to not being culturally sensitive or practical . A 2006 survey found nearly 95 percent of Mississippi adults considered childhood obesity to be a serious problem . Economy ( edit ) See also : Mississippi locations by per capita income A Mississippi U.S. quarter The Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates that Mississippi 's total state product in 2010 was $98 billion . GDP growth was . 5 percent in 2015 and is estimated to be 2.4 in 2016 according to Dr. Darrin Webb , the state 's chief economist , who noted it would make two consecutive years of positive growth since the recession . Per capita personal income in 2006 was $26,908 , the lowest per capita personal income of any state , but the state also has the nation 's lowest living costs . 2015 data records the adjusted per capita personal income at $40,105 . Mississippians consistently rank as one of the highest per capita in charitable contributions . At 56 percent , the state has one of the lowest workforce participation rates in the country . Approximately 70,000 adults are disabled which is 10 percent of the workforce . Mississippi 's rank as one of the poorest states is related to its dependence on cotton agriculture before and after the Civil War , late development of its frontier bottomlands in the Mississippi Delta , repeated natural disasters of flooding in the late 19th and early 20th century that required massive capital investment in levees , and ditching and draining the bottomlands , and slow development of railroads to link bottomland towns and river cities . In addition , when Democrats regained control of the state legislature , they passed the 1890 constitution that discouraged corporate industrial development in favor of rural agriculture , a legacy that would slow the state 's progress for years . Before the Civil War , Mississippi was the fifth - wealthiest state in the nation , its wealth generated by the labor of slaves in cotton plantations along the rivers . Slaves were counted as property and the rise in the cotton markets since the 1840s had increased their value . By 1860 , a majority -- 55 percent -- of the population of Mississippi was enslaved . Ninety percent of the Delta bottomlands were undeveloped and the state had low overall density of population . Sharecropper 's daughter , Lauderdale County , 1935 Largely due to the domination of the plantation economy , focused on the production of agricultural cotton , the state 's elite was reluctant to invest in infrastructure such as roads and railroads . They educated their children privately . Industrialization did not reach many areas until the late 20th century . The planter aristocracy , the elite of antebellum Mississippi , kept the tax structure low for their own benefit , making only private improvements . Before the war the most successful planters , such as Confederate President Jefferson Davis , owned riverside properties along the Mississippi and Yazoo rivers in the Mississippi Delta . Away from the riverfronts , most of the Delta was undeveloped frontier . During the Civil War , 30,000 Mississippi soldiers , mostly white , died from wounds and disease , and many more were left crippled and wounded . Changes to the labor structure and an agricultural depression throughout the South caused severe losses in wealth . In 1860 assessed valuation of property in Mississippi had been more than $500 million , of which $218 million ( 43 percent ) was estimated as the value of slaves . By 1870 , total assets had decreased in value to roughly $177 million . Poor whites and landless former slaves suffered the most from the postwar economic depression . The constitutional convention of early 1868 appointed a committee to recommend what was needed for relief of the state and its citizens . The committee found severe destitution among the laboring classes . It took years for the state to rebuild levees damaged in battles . The upset of the commodity system impoverished the state after the war . By 1868 an increased cotton crop began to show possibilities for free labor in the state , but the crop of 565,000 bales produced in 1870 was still less than half of prewar figures . Blacks cleared land , selling timber and developing bottomland to achieve ownership . In 1900 , two - thirds of farm owners in Mississippi were blacks , a major achievement for them and their families . Due to the poor economy , low cotton prices and difficulty of getting credit , many of these farmers could not make it through the extended financial difficulties . Two decades later , the majority of African Americans were sharecroppers . The low prices of cotton into the 1890s meant that more than a generation of African Americans lost the result of their labor when they had to sell their farms to pay off accumulated debts . After the Civil War , the state refused for years to build human capital by fully educating all its citizens . In addition , the reliance on agriculture grew increasingly costly as the state suffered loss of cotton crops due to the devastation of the boll weevil in the early 20th century , devastating floods in 1912 -- 1913 and 1927 , collapse of cotton prices after 1920 , and drought in 1930 . It was not until 1884 , after the flood of 1882 , that the state created the Mississippi - Yazoo Delta District Levee Board and started successfully achieving longer term plans for levees in the upper Delta . Despite the state 's building and reinforcing levees for years , the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 broke through and caused massive flooding of 27,000 square miles ( 70,000 km ) throughout the Delta , homelessness for hundreds of thousands , and millions of dollars in property damages . With the Depression coming so soon after the flood , the state suffered badly during those years . In the Great Migration , hundreds of thousands of African Americans migrated North and West for jobs and chances to live as full citizens . Entertainment and tourism ( edit ) The legislature 's 1990 decision to legalize casino gambling along the Mississippi River and the Gulf Coast has led to increased revenues and economic gains for the state . Gambling towns in Mississippi have attracted increased tourism : they include the Gulf Coast resort towns of Bay St. Louis , Gulfport and Biloxi , and the Mississippi River towns of Tunica ( the third largest gaming area in the United States ) , Greenville , Vicksburg and Natchez . Before Hurricane Katrina struck the Gulf Coast , Mississippi was the second - largest gambling state in the Union , after Nevada and ahead of New Jersey . An estimated $500,000 per day in tax revenue was lost following Hurricane Katrina 's severe damage to several coastal casinos in Biloxi in August 2005 . Because of the destruction from this hurricane , on October 17 , 2005 , Governor Haley Barbour signed a bill into law that allows casinos in Hancock and Harrison counties to rebuild on land ( but within 800 feet ( 240 m ) of the water ) . The only exception is in Harrison County , where the new law states that casinos can be built to the southern boundary of U.S. Route 90 . In 2012 , Mississippi had the sixth largest gambling revenue of any state , with $2.25 billion . The federally recognized Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians has established a gaming casino on its reservation , which yields revenue to support education and economic development . Momentum Mississippi , a statewide , public -- private partnership dedicated to the development of economic and employment opportunities in Mississippi , was adopted in 2005 . Manufacturing ( edit ) 2014 Toyota Corolla built by Toyota Motor Manufacturing Mississippi on display at the Tupelo Automobile Museum Mississippi , like the rest of its southern neighbors , is a right - to - work state . It has some major automotive factories , such as the Toyota Mississippi Plant in Blue Springs and a Nissan Automotive plant in Canton . The latter produces the Nissan Titan . Taxation ( edit ) Mississippi collects personal income tax in three tax brackets , ranging from 3 % to 5 % . The retail sales tax rate in Mississippi is 7 % . Tupelo levies a local sales tax of 2.5 % . State sales tax growth was 1.4 percent in 2016 and estimated to be slightly less in 2017 . For purposes of assessment for ad valorem taxes , taxable property is divided into five classes . On August 30 , 2007 , a report by the United States Census Bureau indicated that Mississippi was the poorest state in the country . Major cotton farmers in the Delta have large , mechanized plantations , and they receive the majority of extensive federal subsidies going to the state , yet many other residents still live as poor , rural , landless laborers . The state 's sizable poultry industry has faced similar challenges in its transition from family - run farms to large mechanized operations . Of $1.2 billion from 2002 -- 2005 in federal subsidies to farmers in the Bolivar County area of the Delta , only 5 % went to small farmers . There has been little money apportioned for rural development . Small towns are struggling . More than 100,000 people have left the region in search of work elsewhere . The state had a median household income of $34,473 . As of March 2016 , the state 's unemployment rate was 6.5 % , the third highest in the country after Alaska and West Virginia . Federal subsidies and spending ( edit ) With Mississippi 's fiscal conservatism , in which Medicaid , welfare , food stamps , and other social programs are often cut , eligibility requirements are tightened , and stricter employment criteria are imposed , Mississippi ranks as having the second - highest ratio of spending to tax receipts of any state . In 2005 , Mississippi citizens received approximately $2.02 per dollar of taxes in the way of federal spending . This ranks the state 2nd highest nationally , and represents an increase from 1995 , when Mississippi received $1.54 per dollar of taxes in federal spending and was 3rd highest nationally . This figure is based on federal spending after large portions of the state were devastated by Hurricane Katrina , requiring large amounts of federal aid from the Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) . However , from 1981 to 2005 , it was at least number four in the nation for federal spending vs. taxes received . A proportion of federal spending in Mississippi is directed toward large federal installations such as Camp Shelby , John C. Stennis Space Center , Meridian Naval Air Station , Columbus Air Force Base , and Keesler Air Force Base . Three of these installations are located in the area affected by Hurricane Katrina . Law and government ( edit ) Main article : Government of Mississippi As with all other U.S. states and the federal government , Mississippi 's government is based on the separation of legislative , executive and judicial power . Executive authority in the state rests with the Governor , currently Phil Bryant ( R ) . The Lieutenant Governor , currently Tate Reeves ( R ) , is elected on a separate ballot . Both the governor and lieutenant governor are elected to four - year terms of office . Unlike the federal government , but like many other U.S. States , most of the heads of major executive departments are elected by the citizens of Mississippi rather than appointed by the governor . Mississippi is one of five states that elects its state officials in odd - numbered years ( the others are Kentucky , Louisiana , New Jersey and Virginia ) . Mississippi holds elections for these offices every four years , always in the year preceding Presidential elections . Laws ( edit ) In 2004 , Mississippi voters approved a state constitutional amendment banning same - sex marriage and prohibiting Mississippi from recognizing same - sex marriages performed elsewhere . The amendment passed 86 % to 14 % , the largest margin in any state . Same - sex marriage became legal in Mississippi on June 26 , 2015 , when the United States Supreme Court invalidated all state - level bans on same - sex marriage as unconstitutional in the landmark case Obergefell v. Hodges . Mississippi is one of 32 states which have capital punishment as a legal sentence ( see Capital punishment in Mississippi ) . Section 265 of the Constitution of the State of Mississippi declares that `` No person who denies the existence of a Supreme Being shall hold any office in this state . '' This religious test restriction was held to be unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court in Torcaso v. Watkins ( 1961 ) . Political alignment ( edit ) Treemap of the popular vote by county , 2016 presidential election . Mississippi led the South in developing a disfranchising constitution , passing it in 1890 . By raising barriers to voter registration , the state legislature disenfranchised most blacks and many poor whites , excluding them from politics until the late 1960s . It established a one - party state dominated by white Democrats . In the mid-20th century , Mississippi white voters together with other southern white voters shifted their allegiance to the Republican Party , first for national and then for state offices , but may still vote for Democrats at the local level . Mississippi was the last state to have presidential elections in which one candidate gained a popular vote exceeding 90 % and 85 % , in 1944 and 1964 , respectively . In both years , the voting reflected essentially only white voters in the state , as most African Americans were overwhelmingly still disenfranchised under the state 's 1890 constitution and discriminatory practices . In 1944 , Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt won nearly 94 % of Mississippi 's popular vote . In 1964 , Republican Barry M. Goldwater carried the state with 87 % of votes , reflecting the shift among conservative white voters to supporting Republican candidates . Most blacks were still disenfranchised , as they were until after passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and concerted grassroots efforts to achieve registration and encourage voting . Transportation ( edit ) Air ( edit ) Mississippi has two international airports , one in Jackson ( Jackson - Evers International Airport ) and one in Gulfport ( Gulfport - Biloxi International Airport ) Roads ( edit ) The Vicksburg Bridge carries I - 20 and U.S. 80 across the Mississippi River at Vicksburg . Mississippi is served by nine interstate highways : I - 10 I - 110 I - 20 I - 220 I - 22 I - 55 I - 59 I - 69 I - 269 and fourteen main U.S. Routes : US 11 US 45 US 49 US 51 US 61 US 72 US 78 US 278 US 80 US 82 US 84 US 90 US 98 US 425 as well as a system of State Highways . For more information , visit the Mississippi Department of Transportation website . Rail ( edit ) Passenger ( edit ) Amtrak provides scheduled passenger service along two routes , the Crescent and City of New Orleans . Prior to severe damage from Hurricane Katrina , the Sunset Limited traversed the far south of the state ; the route originated in Los Angeles , California and it terminated in Florida . Freight ( edit ) All but two of the United States Class I railroads serve Mississippi ( the exceptions are the Union Pacific and Canadian Pacific ) : Canadian National Railway 's Illinois Central Railroad subsidiary provides north - south service . BNSF Railway has a northwest - southeast line across northern Mississippi . Kansas City Southern Railway provides east - west service in the middle of the state and north - south service along the Alabama state line . Norfolk Southern Railway provides service in the extreme north and southeast . CSX has a line along the Gulf Coast . Water ( edit ) Major rivers ( edit ) Mississippi River Big Black River Pascagoula River Pearl River Tennessee - Tombigbee Waterway Yazoo River Major bodies of water ( edit ) The Ross Barnett Reservoir at sunset . Arkabutla Lake -- 19,550 acres ( 79.1 km ) of water ; constructed and managed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Vicksburg District Bay Springs Lake -- 6,700 acres ( 27 km ) of water and 133 miles ( 214 km ) of shoreline ; constructed and managed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Grenada Lake -- 35,000 acres ( 140 km ) of water ; became operational in 1954 ; constructed and managed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Vicksburg District Ross Barnett Reservoir -- Named for Ross Barnett , the 52nd Governor of Mississippi ; 33,000 acres ( 130 km ) of water ; became operational in 1966 ; constructed and managed by The Pearl River Valley Water Supply District , a state agency ; Provides water supply for the City of Jackson . Sardis Lake -- 98,520 acres ( 398.7 km ) of water ; became operational in October 1940 ; constructed and managed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Vicksburg District Media ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2017 ) See also : Category : Mississippi media Education ( edit ) See also : List of colleges and universities in Mississippi and Education in Mississippi School students in their library , Tupelo , Mississippi , 1936 Until the Civil War era , Mississippi had a small number of schools and no educational institutions for African Americans . The first school for black students was not established until 1862 . During Reconstruction in 1871 , black and white Republicans drafted a constitution that was the first to provide for a system of free public education in the state . The state 's dependence on agriculture and resistance to taxation limited the funds it had available to spend on any schools . In the early 20th century , there were still few schools in rural areas , particularly for black children . With seed money from the Julius Rosenwald Fund , many rural black communities across Mississippi raised matching funds and contributed public funds to build new schools for their children . Essentially , many black adults taxed themselves twice and made significant sacrifices to raise money for the education of children in their communities , in many cases donating land and / or labor to build such schools . Blacks and whites attended segregated and separate public schools in Mississippi until the late 1960s , although such segregation had been declared unconstitutional by the United States Supreme Court in its 1954 ruling in Brown v. Board of Education . In the majority - black Mississippi Delta counties , white parents worked through White Citizens ' Councils to set up private segregation academies , where they enrolled their children . Often funding declined for the public schools . But in the state as a whole , only a small minority of white children were withdrawn from public schools . State officials believed they needed to maintain public education to attract new businesses . After several years of integration , whites often dominated local systems anyway , maintaining white supremacy . Many black parents complained that they had little representation in school administration , and that many of their former administrators and teachers had been pushed out . They have had to work to have their interests and children represented . In the late 1980s , the state had 954 public elementary and secondary schools , with a total yearly enrollment of about 369,500 elementary pupils and about 132,500 secondary students . Some 45,700 students attended private schools . In the 21st century , 91 % of white children in the state attend public schools and most of the black children . In 2008 , Mississippi was ranked last among the fifty states in academic achievement by the American Legislative Exchange Council 's Report Card on Education , with the lowest average ACT scores and sixth - lowest spending per pupil in the nation . In contrast , Mississippi had the 17th - highest average SAT scores in the nation . As an explanation , the Report noted that 92 % of Mississippi high school graduates took the ACT , but only 3 % of graduates took the SAT , apparently a self - selection of higher achievers . This breakdown compares to the national average of high school graduates taking the ACT and SAT , of 43 % and 45 % , respectively . Although unusual in the West , school corporal punishment is common in Mississippi , with 31,236 public school students paddled at least one time . A greater percentage of students were paddled in Mississippi than in any other state , according to government data for the 2011 -- 2012 school year . In 2007 , Mississippi students scored the lowest of any state on the National Assessments of Educational Progress in both math and science . Jackson , the state 's capital city , is the site of the state residential school for deaf and hard of hearing students . The Mississippi School for the Deaf was established by the state legislature in 1854 before the civil war . The Mississippi School for Mathematics and Science ( MSMS ) is a public residential high school for academically gifted students . It is located in Columbus , Mississippi on the campus of the Mississippi University for Women . MSMS was founded in 1987 by appropriations from the Mississippi Legislature and it is the fourth public , residential high school for academically gifted students in the United States. ( 3 ) The school enrolls students only in the last two years of high school . Rising tenth - grade students from across the state apply and are selected on a competitive basis . The Mississippi School of the Arts ( MSA ) is an upper high school of literary , visual , and performing arts on the historic Whitworth College Campus in Brookhaven , Mississippi , about sixty miles ( 97 km ) south of Jackson , Mississippi. ( 1 ) MSA teaches 11th and 12th grade students . The campus has six buildings designated as Mississippi Landmarks , and is itself an historic district listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places. ( 1 ) The Mississippi School of the Arts provides advanced , residential programs of study in visual arts , vocal music , theatre , dance , and literary arts for `` artistically gifted '' 11th / 12th grade students from throughout Mississippi. ( 3 ) ( 1 ) The comprehensive residential and academic curriculum prepares students for further studies or to pursue employment . Some non-arts courses ( some math , science , etc . ) are taught in conjunction with Brookhaven High School , 6 blocks away , to provide a wider curriculum. ( 1 ) Students apply for admission during their sophomore year. ( 1 ) Culture ( edit ) While Mississippi has been especially known for its music and literature , it has embraced other forms of art . Its strong religious traditions have inspired striking works by outsider artists who have been shown nationally . Jackson established the USA International Ballet Competition , which is held every four years . This ballet competition attracts the most talented young dancers from around the world . The Magnolia Independent Film Festival , still held annually in Starkville , is the first and oldest in the state . George Ohr , known as the `` Mad Potter of Biloxi '' and the father of abstract expressionism in pottery , lived and worked in Biloxi , MS . Music ( edit ) Musicians of the state 's Delta region were historically significant to the development of the blues . Although by the end of the 19th century , two - thirds of the farm owners were black , continued low prices for cotton and national financial pressures resulted in most of them losing their land . More problems built up with the boll weevil infestation , when thousands of agricultural jobs were lost . Jimmie Rodgers , a native of Meridian and guitarist / singer / songwriter known as the `` Father of Country Music '' , played a significant role in the development of the blues . He and Chester Arthur Burnett were friends and admirers of each other 's music . Their friendship and respect is an important example of Mississippi 's musical legacy . While the state has had a reputation for being the most racist in the United States , individual musicians created an integrated music community . Mississippi musicians created new forms by combining and creating variations on musical traditions from Africa with the musical traditions of white Southerners , a tradition largely rooted in Scots -- Irish music . The state is creating a Mississippi Blues Trail , with dedicated markers explaining historic sites significant to the history of blues music , such as Clarksdale 's Riverside Hotel , where Bessie Smith died after her auto accident on Highway 61 . The Riverside Hotel is just one of many historical blues sites in Clarksdale . The Delta Blues Museum there is visited by tourists from all over the world . Close by is `` Ground Zero '' , a contemporary blues club and restaurant co-owned by actor Morgan Freeman . Elvis Presley , who created a sensation in the 1950s as a crossover artist and contributed to rock ' n ' roll , was a native of Tupelo . From opera star Leontyne Price to the alternative rock band 3 Doors Down , to gulf and western singer Jimmy Buffett , modern rock / jazz / world music guitarist - producer Clifton Hyde , to rappers David Banner , Big K.R.I.T. and Afroman , Mississippi musicians have been significant in all genres . Literature ( edit ) Main article : Mississippi literature Sports ( edit ) Mississippi Braves outfielder Cody Johnson at Trustmark Park See also : List of college athletic programs in Mississippi Biloxi is home to the Biloxi Shuckers baseball team , a AA minor league affiliate of the Milwaukee Brewers and member of the Southern League are currently located in Biloxi at MGM Park Clinton is home to the Mississippi Brilla soccer team . The Brilla are a member of the USL Premier Development League . Pearl is home to the Mississippi Braves baseball team . The Braves are an AA minor league affiliate of the Atlanta Braves . They play in the Southern League . Southaven is home to the Mississippi RiverKings hockey team , formerly known as the Memphis RiverKings . The RiverKings are a member of Southern Professional Hockey League . Notable people ( edit ) Main article : List of people from Mississippi Oprah Winfrey , pictured in 2011 , was born in Kosciusko . Actors : Lacey Chabert , Morgan Freeman , Jim Henson , James Earl Jones , Gerald McRaney , Parker Posey , Jamie Lynn Spears , Sela Ward , and Oprah Winfrey Artists : Walter Inglis Anderson and George E. Ohr Athletes : Leon Bramlett , Ricky Stenhouse , Jr. , Cool Papa Bell , Brett Favre , Kris Mangum , John Mangum , Al Jefferson , Monta Ellis , Clinton Portis , Eric Moulds , Archie Manning , Deuce McAllister , Steve McNair , Travis Outlaw , Walter Payton , and Jerry Rice Authors : William Faulkner , John Grisham , Charlaine Harris , Thomas Harris , Germany Kent , Kathryn Stockett , Jesmyn Ward , Eudora Welty , Tennessee Williams , Shelby Foote , Barry Hannah and Richard Wright Civil rights leaders : James Bevel , Medgar Evers , Fannie Lou Hamer , Aaron Henry , James Meredith , and Anne Moody Classical musicians : John Alexander , Ruby Elzy , Elizabeth Taylor Greenfield , Leontyne Price , and William Grant Still Fashion Designers : Patrick Kelly Musicians : Pepper Keenan , Jimi Jamison , 3 Doors Down , Saving Abel , David Banner , Hayley Williams , Big K.R.I.T. , Lance Bass , Brandy , Jimmy Buffett , David L Cook , Bo Diddley , David `` Honeyboy '' Edwards , Faith Hill , Randy Houser , Mississippi John Hurt , Howlin ' Wolf , Robert Johnson , Albert King , B.B. King , Denise LaSalle , Elvis Presley , Charlie Patton , Charley Pride , LeAnn Rimes , Jimmie Rodgers , David Ruffin , Britney Spears , Conway Twitty , Muddy Waters , Tammy Wynette , Jumpin ' Gene Simmons , Bobbie Gentry , and Blind Melon . In popular culture ( edit ) Children in the United States and Canada often count `` One - Mississippi , two - Mississippi '' during informal games such as hide and seek to approximate counting by seconds . Mississippi 's low state rankings has given rise to the saying `` Thank God for Mississippi '' , denoting relief that the speaker 's state is n't the lowest . On March 12 , 1894 , the Biedenharn Candy Company bottled the first Coca - Cola in Vicksburg , Mississippi . Root beer was invented in Biloxi in 1898 by Edward Adolf Barq , the namesake of Barq 's Root Beer . The Teddy bear gets its name from President Theodore `` Teddy '' Roosevelt . On a 1902 hunting trip to Sharkey County , Mississippi , he ordered the mercy killing of a wounded bear . In 1935 , the world 's first night rodeo held outdoors under electric lights was produced by Earl Bascom and Weldon Bascom in Columbia , Marion County , Mississippi In 1936 , Dr. Leslie Rush , of Rush Hospital in Meridian , Mississippi , performed the first bone pinning in the United States . The `` Rush Pin '' is still in use . Burnita Shelton Matthews from near Hazlehurst , Mississippi , was the first woman appointed as a judge of a U.S. district court . She was appointed by Harry S. Truman on October 21 , 1949 . Marilyn Monroe won the Mrs. Mississippi finals in the 1952 film We 're Not Married ! . Texas Rose Bascom , of Columbia , Mississippi , became the most famous female trick roper in the world , performing on stage and in Hollywood movies . She toured the world with Bob Hope , billed as the `` Queen of the Trick Ropers '' , and was the first Mississippian to be inducted into the National Cowgirl Hall of Fame . In 1963 , Dr. James D. Hardy of the University of Mississippi Medical Center performed the first human lung transplant in Jackson , Mississippi . In 1964 , Dr. Hardy performed the first heart transplant , transplanting the heart of a chimpanzee into a human , where it beat for 90 minutes . `` At 10 : 00 a.m. on October 22 , 1964 , the United States government detonated an underground nuclear device in Lamar County , in south Mississippi . ( ... ) The Project Salmon blast was about one - third as powerful as the bomb that destroyed Hiroshima in 1945 . ( ... ) The Project Sterling blast , on December 3 , 1966 , was considerably weaker than the blast two years earlier , as it was intended to be . '' On January 8 , 1935 , Elvis Presley was born in Tupelo . In the 1964 song Mississippi Goddam the anger over racial murders in the southern states is described by Nina Simone . Several warships have been named USS Mississippi . The comic book character Rogue , from the well - known series X-Men , is a Mississippian and self - declared southern belle . Her home town is located in the fictional county of Caldecott . In 2013 , researchers at the University of Mississippi Medical Center discovered a functional cure for HIV / AIDS in infants . Many of legal thriller writer John Grisham 's novels are set in and around the fictional town of Clanton , in the equally fictional Ford County , northwest Mississippi . In Star Trek , Dr. Leonard `` Bones '' McCoy , Chief Medical Officer on the U.S.S. Enterprise , studied medicine at the University of Mississippi Medical Center . Johnny Carson attended Millsaps College under an elite Navy program to train officers , known as the V - 12 Program from November 1943 to February 1945 . The film Mississippi Burning ( 1988 ) is based around the FBI investigation of the 1964 murders of Chaney , Goodman , and Schwerner . It stars Gene Hackman and Willem Dafoe . See also ( edit ) Mississippi portal Index of Mississippi - related articles Outline of Mississippi -- organized list of topics about Mississippi Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . U.S. Census Bureau . June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Median Annual Household Income '' . The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Knob Reset '' . NGS data sheet . U.S. National Geodetic Survey . ^ Jump up to : `` Elevations and Distances in the United States '' . United States Geological Survey . 2001 . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2011 . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988 . Jump up ^ `` Mississippi Annual State Health Rankings - 2013 '' . America 's Health Rankings . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Percent of People Who Have Completed High School ( Including Equivalency ) statistics -- states compared -- Statemaster '' . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` State Median Household Income Patterns : 1990 -- 2010 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved August 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Aquaculture : Catfish '' , Mississippi State University Jump up ^ Newport , Frank . `` Mississippi Is Most Religious U.S. State Vermont and New Hampshire are the least religious states '' . gallup.com/poll . Gallup . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mississippi '' . National Park Service . Retrieved July 16 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 ... Retrieved September 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mississippi Weather - Mississippi Weather Forecast - Mississippi Climate '' . ustravelweather.com . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Climatological Information for Mississippi '' , USA.com , 2003 . Web : ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ David R. Roediger , The Wages of Whiteness : Race and the Making of the American Working Class , New York : Verso , 1999 , p. 146 ISBN 978 - 1859842409 . ^ Jump up to : John Otto Solomon , The Final Frontiers , 1880 -- 1930 : Settling the Southern Bottomlands . Westport : Greenwood Press , 1999 , pp. 10 -- 11 ^ Jump up to : `` About the levee : Physical development of a levee system '' . Leveeboard.org . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2008 . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ John Otto Solomon , The Final Frontiers , 1880 -- 1930 : Settling the Southern Bottomlands . Westport : Greenwood Press , 1999 , p. 50 , ISBN 978 - 0313289637 . Jump up ^ Solomon ( 1999 ) . The Final Frontiers . p. 70 . Jump up ^ Prentice , Guy ( 2003 ) . `` Pushmataha , Choctaw Indian Chief '' . Southeast Chronicles . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2007 . Retrieved February 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Mikko Saikku ( January 28 , 2010 ) . `` Bioregional Approach to Southern History : The Yazoo - Mississippi Delta '' . Southern Spaces . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ben Wynne , Mississippi ( On - The - Road Histories ) ( 2007 ) p. 12 ISBN 978 - 1566566667 Jump up ^ Kappler , Charles ( 1904 ) . `` Indian Affairs : Laws and Treaties Vol. II , Treaties '' . Government Printing Office . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2008 . Retrieved April 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Baird , W. David ( 1973 ) . `` The Choctaws Meet the Americans , 1783 to 1843 '' . The Choctaw People . United States : Indian Tribal Series . p. 36 . ASIN B001G42A16 . Library of Congress 73 - 80708 . Jump up ^ Bond , Bradley ( 2005 ) . Mississippi : A Documentary History . Univ . Press of Mississippi . p. 68 . ISBN 1617034304 . Jump up ^ Morris , Thomas D. ( 1999 ) . Southern Slavery and the Law , 1619 -- 1860 . University of North Carolina Press . p. 172 . ISBN 0807864307 . Jump up ^ Fede , Andrew ( 2012 ) . People Without Rights ( Routledge Revivals ) : An Interpretation of the Fundamentals of the Law of Slavery in the U.S. South . Routledge . p. 79 . ISBN 1136716106 . Jump up ^ McCain , William D. ( 1967 ) , `` The Administrations of David Holmes , Governor of the Mississippi Territory , 1809 -- 1817 '' , Journal of Mississippi History , vol. 29 ( no . 3 ) : pp. 328 -- 347 ^ Jump up to : John C. Willis , Forgotten Time : The Yazoo - Mississippi Delta after the Civil War . Charlottesville : University of Virginia Press , 2000 , ISBN 978 - 0813919829 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Census Browser '' . Fisher.lib.virginia.edu . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2007 . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : James T. Campbell , Songs of Zion , New York : Oxford University Press , 1995 , pp. 53 -- 54 , ISBN 9780195360059 , accessed January 13 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` The Church in the Southern Black Community '' , Documenting the South , University of North Carolina , 2004 , accessed January 15 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : W.E.B. DuBois , Black Reconstruction in America , 1860 -- 1880 . New York : Harcourt Brace , 1935 ; reprint New York : The Free Press , 1998 , p. 437 , ASIN B00HMUYS7C . Jump up ^ V.L. Wharton , `` The Race Issue in the Overthrow of Reconstruction in Mississippi : '' A Paper Read before the American Historical Association , 1940 , in Phylon ( 1940 -- 1956 ) , Vol. 2 , No. 4 ( 4th Qtr. , 1941 ) , pp. 362 - 370 via JSTOR ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ McMillen , Neil R . `` The Politics of the Disfranchised '' . Dark Journey : Black Mississippians in the Age of Jim Crow . p. 43 . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stephen Edward Cresswell , Rednecks , Redeemers and Race : Mississippi after Reconstruction , Jackson : University Press of Mississippi , 2006 , p. 124 , ISBN 978 - 1578068470 . Jump up ^ `` The Louisville Leader . Louisville , Kentucky '' . Louisville Leader Collection . library.louisville.edu . May 19 , 1923 . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Randy J. Sparks . Religion in Mississippi ( online edition ) . Rice University ( 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Historical Census Browser , 1960 United States Census , University of Virginia Archived August 23 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , accessed March 13 , 2008 Jump up ^ Joseph Crespino , `` Mississippi as Metaphor : State , Region and Nation in Historical Imagination '' , Southern Spaces , October 23 , 1996 , accessed October 1 , 2013 Jump up ^ Michael Schenkler , `` Memories of Queens College and an American Tragedy '' , Queens Press , October 18 , 2002 , accessed March 15 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Robert G. Clark , 26 October 2000 ( video ) '' , The Morris W.H. ( Bill ) Collins Speaker Series , Mississippi State University , accessed June 10 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Mississippi : Bourbon Borealis '' , Time , February 11 , 1966 . Jump up ^ `` After oversight , Mississippi ratifies 13th Amendment abolishing slavery almost 150 years after its adoption '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mississippi Officially Abolishes Slavery , Ratifies 13th Amendment '' . ABC News . February 7 , 2013 . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mississippi fixes oversight , formally ratifies 13th Amendment on slavery '' . Fox News . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Segregationist Mississippi laws repealed '' . The Clarion - Ledger . Jump up ^ John Blake ( July 30 , 2008 ) . `` Segregated Sundays '' . CNN . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Susan Saulny , `` Black and White and Married in the Deep South : A Shifting Image '' , The New York Times , March 20 , 2011 , accessed October 25 , 2012 Jump up ^ Resident Population Data ( February 18 , 2012 ) . `` Resident Population Data - 2010 Census '' . 2010.census.gov . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2011 . Retrieved February 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Table 1 . Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States , Regions , States , and Puerto Rico : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2015 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . December 26 , 2015 . Archived from the original ( CSV ) on December 23 , 2015 . Retrieved December 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Population and Population Centers by State -- 2000 '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2001 . Retrieved December 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Pender , Geoff . ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` 13 things you need to know about the state economy '' . Clarion Ledger website Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mississippi QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau '' . Quickfacts.census.gov . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2012 . Retrieved March 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam . `` Same - Sex Marriage Is a Right , Supreme Court Rules , 5 - 4 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mississippi leads nation in same - sex child rearing '' . Northeast Mississippi Daily Journal . August 26 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2012 . Retrieved March 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mississippi QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau '' . Quickfacts.census.gov . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2012 . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Exner , Rich ( June 3 , 2012 ) . `` Americans under age 1 now mostly minorities , but not in Ohio : Statistical Snapshot '' . The Plain Dealer . Jump up ^ `` Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race , 1790 to 1990 , and By Hispanic Origin , 1970 to 1990 , For The United States , Regions , Divisions , and States '' . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2014 . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Population of Mississippi : Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map , Demographics , Statistics , Quick Facts Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census Data '' . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ David Hackett Fischer , Albion 's Seed : Four British Folkways in America , New York : Oxford University Press , 1989 , pp. 602 -- 645 Jump up ^ Dominic J. Pulera , ' ' Sharing the Dream : White Males in a Multicultural America ' ' . Books.google.co.uk . October 20 , 2004 . ISBN 9780826416438 . Retrieved March 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ancestry of the Population by State : 1980 - Table 3 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved February 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ James C. Cobb , The Most Southern Place on Earth : The Mississippi Delta and the Roots of Regional Identity ( 1994 ) p. 244 Jump up ^ Vivian Wu Wong , `` Somewhere between White and Black : The Chinese in Mississippi '' , Magazine of History , v10 , n4 , pp33 -- 36 , Summer 1996 , accessed October 1 , 2013 Jump up ^ Thornell , John G. 2008 . `` A Culture in Decline : The Mississippi Delta Chinese '' , Southeast Review of Asian Studies 30 : 196 - 202 Jump up ^ Loewen , James W. 1971 . The Mississippi Chinese : Between Black and White , Cambridge : Harvard University Press Jump up ^ Quan , Robert Seto. 1982 . Lotus Among the Magnolias : The Mississippi Chinese , Jackson : University Press of Mississippi Jump up ^ Judge , Phoebe . `` Vietnamese Shrimpers May Lose Way Of Life Again '' . NPR . May 16 , 2010 . Retrieved on March 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mississippi -- Languages '' . city-data.com . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` `` Mississippi -- Languages '' . city-data.com . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mississippi History Now -- Religion in Mississippi '' . Mshistory.k12.ms.us . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2010 . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Presbyterian Church in America -- Religious Groups -- The Association of Religion Data Archives '' . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Association of Religion Data Archives State Membership Report '' . www.thearda.com . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Frank Newport ( March 27 , 2012 ) . `` Mississippi is The Most Religious U.S. State '' . Gallup . Jump up ^ Mississippians Go to Church the Most ; Vermonters , Least . Gallup.com . Retrieved on April 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ State of the States : Importance of Religion . Gallup.com . Retrieved on April 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Adults in Mississippi '' . Pew Research Center 's Religion & Public Life Project . May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_01.pdf Jump up ^ https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_12.pdf Jump up ^ https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr66/nvsr66_01.pdf Jump up ^ `` Census.gov : Married - Couple and Unmarried - Partner Households 2000 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mississippi leads nation in same - sex child rearing '' . Northeast Mississippi Daily Journal . August 26 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2012 . Retrieved March 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ost , Jason . `` Facts and Findings from ' ' The Gay and Lesbian Atlas ' ' '' . Urban.org . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` LGBT couples can be refused service under new Mississippi law '' . The Guardian . April 5 , 2016 . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mississippi law opens a new front in the battle over gay rights '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mississippi passes controversial ' religious freedom ' bill '' . BBC News . April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Fund , ' ' Aiming Higher : Results from a State Scorecard on Health System Performance ' ' , 2009 '' . Commonwealthfund.org . August 3 , 2009 . Retrieved March 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Deaths : Final Data for 2013 , table 18 '' ( PDF ) . CDC / National Center for Health Statistics . May 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Health , United States , 2014 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of Health and Human Services . May 2015 . Jump up ^ Ronni Mott ( December 3 , 2008 ) . `` We - the - Fat '' . Jackson Free Press . Retrieved December 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Thomas M. Maugh ( August 28 , 2007 ) . `` Mississippi heads list of fattest states '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Victor Sutton , PhD , and Sandra Hayes , MPH , Bureau of Health Data and Research , Mississippi Department of Health ( October 29 , 2008 ) . `` Impact of Social , Behavioral and Environmental Factors on Overweight and Obesity among African American Women in Mississippi '' . American Public Health Association : APHA Scientific Session and Event Listing at 2008 136th Annual Meeting . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2011 . Retrieved December 20 , 2008 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Gail D. Hughes , DrPH , MPH and Gloria Areghan , MSN both with Department of Preventive Medicine - Epidemiology , University of Mississippi Medical Centre ; Bern'Nadette Knight , MSPH with Department of General Internal Medicine , University of Mississippi Medical Center and Abiodun A. Oyebola , MD with Department of Public Health , Jackson State University ( November 11 , 2008 ) . `` Obesity and the African American Adolescent , The Mississippi Delta Report '' . American Public Health Association : 2002 130th Annual APHA Meeting . Retrieved December 20 , 2008 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Lei Zhang , PhD MBA , Office of Health Data and Research , Mississippi State Department of Health ; Jerome Kolbo , PhD ACSW , College of Health , Bonnie Harbaugh , PhD RN , School of Nursing and Charkarra Anderson - Lewis , PhD MPH , Department of Community Health Sciences , University of Southern Mississippi ( October 29 , 2008 ) . `` Public Perception of Childhood Obesity among Mississippi Adults '' . American Public Health Association : : APHA Scientific Session and Event Listing at 2008 136th Annual Meeting . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2011 . Retrieved December 20 , 2008 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` GDP by State '' . Greyhill Advisors . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Pender , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Generosity Index '' . Catalogueforphilanthropy.org . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2002 . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : John Otto Solomon , The Final Frontiers , 1880 -- 1930 : Settling the Southern Bottomlands . Westport : Greenwood Press , 1999 , pp. 10 -- 11 , 42 -- 43 , 50 -- 51 , and 70 Jump up ^ Naipaul , V.S. ( 1990 ) . A Turn in the South . Vintage . p. 216 . ISBN 978 - 0679724889 . The people who wrote the constitution wanted the state to remain ' a pastoral state , an agricultural state . ' They did n't want big business or the corporations coming in , encouraging ' unfavorable competition for jobs with the agricultural community . ' Jump up ^ `` Mississippi Almanac Entry '' . The New York Times . July 15 , 2004 . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . , The New York Times Travel Almanac ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ `` Historical Census Browser '' . Fisher.lib.virginia.edu . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ W.E.B. DuBois , Black Reconstruction in America , 1860 -- 1880 . New York : Harcourt Brace , 1935 ; reprint New York : The Free Press , 1998 , p. 432 Jump up ^ Du Bois ( 1935 ) , Black Reconstruction , p. 437 Jump up ^ Du Bois ( 1935 ) , Black Reconstruction , pp. 432 , 434 Jump up ^ Katrina Stats . City of Biloxi . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 2013 edition of State of the States : The AGA Survey of Casino Entertainment Archived October 19 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... American Gaming Association . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mississippi Direct Financial Incentives 2011 - Mississippi , Momentum Mississippi '' . Area Development Online . March 2011 . Retrieved June 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Local Sales Taxes Add Significant Burden on Consumers '' . The Tax Foundation . September 22 , 2011 . Retrieved February 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ad Valorem Tax '' . Mississippi Department of Revenue . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2014 . Retrieved June 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stuesse , Angela and Laura Helton . `` Low - Wage Legacies , Race , and the Golden Chicken in Mississippi : Where Contemporary Immigration Meets African American Labor History '' , Southern Spaces , December 31 , 2013 , `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2014 . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 ... Jump up ^ Gilbert M. Gaul and Dan Morgan ( June 19 , 2007 ) , `` A Slow Demise in the Delta : US Farm Subsidies Favor Big Over Small and White Over Blacks '' , The Washington Post , accessed March 29 , 2008 Jump up ^ Les Christie ( August 30 , 2007 ) . `` The Richest ( and Poorest ) Places in the U.S '' . CNNMoney.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bls.gov ; Local Area Unemployment Statistics Jump up ^ `` Tax Foundation '' . Tax Foundation . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Taxes Paid Vs Federal Spending Received State 1981 - 2005 '' . Jump up ^ `` Amendment banning gay marriage passes '' . USA Today . November 2 , 2004 . Retrieved October 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Voters pass all 11 bans on gay marriage '' . MSNBC . Associated Press . November 3 , 2004 . Retrieved December 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Mississippi 's Ban on Gay Marriage Officially Lifted '' . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mississippi State Constitution '' . Retrieved February 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Vicksburg District : Arkabutla Lake Archived July 15 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Vicksburg District : Grenada Lake Archived March 10 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Vicksburg District : Sardis Lake Archived March 10 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ James D. Anderson , The Education of Blacks in the South , 1860 -- 1935 . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina , 1988 , pp. 160 -- 161 ^ Jump up to : Bolton , Charles C. The Hardest Deal of All : The Battle Over School Integration in Mississippi , 1870 -- 1980 . University Press of Mississippi , 2005 , pp. 136 , 178 -- 179 . ISBN 1604730609 , 9781604730609 . Jump up ^ Bolton ( 2005 ) , The Hardest Deal of All , pp. 178 -- 179 ^ Jump up to : Report Card on Education Archived April 7 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Please note this figure refers to only the number of students paddled , regardless of whether a student was spanked multiple times in a year , and does not refer to the number of instances of corporal punishment , which would be substantially higher . ^ Jump up to : Farrell , Colin ( February 2016 ) . `` Corporal punishment in US schools '' . World Corporal Punishment Research . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dillon , Sam ( November 14 , 2007 ) . `` Study Compares States ' Math and Science Scores With Other Countries ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . , The New York Times ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ `` USA International Ballet Competition '' . Usaibc.com . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Teddy Bear '' . Retrieved March 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. James D. Hardy '' . University of Mississippi Medical Center . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nuclear Blasts in Mississippi '' . Mshistory.k12.ms.us . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2010 . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Biography of Elvis Presley -- Life of Elvis Aaron Presley -- Elvis Biography '' . Elvis.com . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2012 . Retrieved February 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Baby born with AIDS virus appears to have been cured '' . CBS News . Retrieved March 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Roommate Recalls Carson 's Millsaps Days '' . wlbt.net . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Dennis J. Mitchell , A New History of Mississippi . Jackson , MS : University of Mississippi Press , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutMississippiat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Official website Mississippi Travel and Tourism Mississippi Development Authority The `` Mississippi Believe It '' Campaign USDA Mississippi State Facts University Press of Mississippi Mississippi at DMOZ Mississippi as Metaphor State , Region , and Nation in Historical Imagination `` , Southern Spaces , October 23 , 2006 . Geographic data related to Mississippi at OpenStreetMap Mississippi State Databases -- Annotated list of searchable databases produced by Mississippi state agencies and compiled by the Government Documents Roundtable of the American Library Association . Preceded by Indiana List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union Admitted on December 10 , 1817 ( 20th ) Succeeded by Illinois Places adjacent to Mississippi Arkansas Tennessee Mississippi : Outline Index Alabama Louisiana Gulf of Mexico ( hide ) Topics related to Mississippi The Magnolia State ( hide ) State of Mississippi Jackson ( capital ) Topics Mississippians Delegations Governors Lieutenant Governors Legislature State Parks State Landmarks Music History Geography Tourist attractions Seal of Mississippi Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Media Newspapers Radio TV Politics Regions The Delta Golden Triangle Gulf Coast Mississippi Plain Natchez District North Mississippi Pine Belt Tennessee Valley Metros Gulfport - Biloxi Hattiesburg Jackson Memphis ( TN ) Pascagoula Larger cities Gulfport Jackson Southaven Smaller cities Bay St. Louis Biloxi Brandon Brookhaven Canton Clarksdale Cleveland Clinton Columbus Corinth Gautier Greenville Greenwood Grenada Hattiesburg Horn Lake Indianola Itta Bena Laurel Long Beach Louisville Madison Magee McComb Mendenhall Meridian Moss Point Natchez Ocean Springs Olive Branch Oxford Pascagoula Pass Christian Pearl Picayune Ridgeland Starkville Tunica Tupelo Vicksburg Waveland West Hattiesburg ( Oak Grove ) West Point Yazoo City Counties Adams Alcorn Amite Attala Benton Bolivar Calhoun Carroll Chickasaw Choctaw Claiborne Clarke Clay Coahoma Copiah Covington DeSoto Forrest Franklin George Greene Grenada Hancock Harrison Hinds Holmes Humphreys Issaquena Itawamba Jackson Jasper Jefferson Jefferson Davis Jones Kemper Lafayette Lamar Lauderdale Lawrence Leake Lee Leflore Lincoln Lowndes Madison Marion Marshall Monroe Montgomery Neshoba Newton Noxubee Oktibbeha Panola Pearl River Perry Pike Pontotoc Prentiss Quitman Rankin Scott Sharkey Simpson Smith Stone Sunflower Tallahatchie Tate Tippah Tishomingo Tunica Union Walthall Warren Washington Wayne Webster Wilkinson Winston Yalobusha Yazoo Protected areas of Mississippi Federal National Historical Parks Natchez National Battlefields , Military Parks and Battlefield Sites Brices Cross Roads NBS Shiloh NMP Tupelo NB Vicksburg NMP National Seashores Gulf Islands National Trails Natchez Trace Parkway Natchez Trace National Scenic Trail National Forests Bienville Delta De Soto Holly Springs Homochitto Tombigbee National Wildlife Refuges Bogue Chitto Coldwater River Dahomey Grand Bay Hillside Holt Collier Mathews Brake Mississippi Sandhill Crane Morgan Brake Noxubee Panther Swamp St. Catherine Creek Tallahatchie Theodore Roosevelt Yazoo National Estuarine Research Reserves Grand Bay State State Parks Buccaneer Clark Creek Natural Area Clarkco Florewood George P. 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Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Outlying islands Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Atoll Navassa Island Palmyra Atoll Wake Island Indian reservations List of Indian reservations Coordinates : 33 ° N 90 ° W / 33 ° N 90 ° W / 33 ; - 90 VIAF : 140657496 LCCN : n79138969 ISNI : 0000 0004 0427 8210 GND : 4039588 - 1 BNF : cb120326006 ( data ) NDL : 00654247 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mississippi&oldid=808411210 '' Categories : 1817 establishments in the United States Former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas Former French colonies Mississippi Southern United States States and territories established in 1817 States of the Confederate States of America States of the Gulf Coast of the United States States of the United States Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2010 Articles with dead external links from March 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Use mdy dates from July 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010 Articles to be expanded from March 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Articles with DMOZ links Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Wikivoyage Afrikaans አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés Arpetan Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Bislama Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Iñupiak Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кырык мары Ladino لۊری شومالی Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Dorerin Naoero Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Napulitano Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ पालि پنجابی Papiamentu Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Gagana Samoa संस्कृतम् Sardu Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Volapük 文言 Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 November 2017 , at 18 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who established the first european base in mississippi in 1699 | [
"In April 1699, French colonists established the first European settlement at Fort Maurepas (also known as Old Biloxi), built in the vicinity of present-day Ocean Springs on the Gulf Coast. It was settled by Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville. In 1716, the French founded Natchez on the Mississippi River (as Fort Rosalie); it became the dominant town and trading post of the area. The French called the greater territory \"New France\"; the Spanish continued to claim part of the Gulf coast area (east of Mobile Bay) of present-day southern Alabama, in addition to the entire area of present-day Florida."
] | [
"French"
] |
-4439411836499205704 | Manchester United F.C. in European football | Manchester United F.C. in European Football - wikipedia Manchester United F.C. in European Football Jump to : navigation , search Manchester United in European football Club Manchester United First entry 1956 -- 57 European Cup Latest entry 2016 -- 17 UEFA Europa League Titles Champions League 3 ( show ) 1968 1999 2008 Europa League 1 ( show ) 2017 Cup Winners ' Cup 1 ( show ) 1991 Super Cup 1 ( show ) 1991 Intercontinental Cup 1 ( show ) 1999 FIFA Club World Cup 1 ( show ) 2008 Manchester United Football Club is an English football club based in Old Trafford , Greater Manchester . They were the first English club to enter European competition , entering the European Cup in 1956 . Since then , the club has competed in every UEFA - organised competition , with the exception of the now - defunct Intertoto Cup . The competition in which the club has had the most success is the European Cup ( now known as the UEFA Champions League ) ; they have won three European Cups , the first of which came in 1968 ; this win made them the first English club to win the European Cup . The other two victories came in 1999 and 2008 . The club has also won the Cup Winners ' Cup , which they won in 1991 ; the Super Cup , also won in 1991 ; the Intercontinental Cup , which they won in 1999 ; and the Europa League , which they won in 2017 . After their Champions League wins in 1999 and 2008 , Manchester United also competed as UEFA 's representatives at the 2000 FIFA Club World Championship and the 2008 FIFA Club World Cup . They were knocked out of the 2000 tournament at the group stage , but went on to win the 2008 competition , becoming the first English side to do so . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early years 1.2 Munich 1.3 Return to Europe 1.4 Back in the European Cup 1.5 First European title 1.6 European comeback 1.7 Since 1990 2 Matches 3 Overall record 3.1 By competition 3.2 By country 3.3 By club 4 Honours 4.1 European 4.2 Worldwide 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Early years ( edit ) Following their league title win the previous season , Manchester United first competed in European football competition in 1956 -- 57 . 1954 -- 55 Football League winners Chelsea had been denied the opportunity to take part in the inaugural European Cup by The Football League 's chairman Alan Hardaker , who feared that European football would damage the integrity of the English game . However , Matt Busby , the manager of Manchester United , was a forward - thinking man and was determined to have his team compete on the European stage . With the backing of The Football Association 's chairman , Stanley Rous ( who would later go on to become the president of FIFA ) , Manchester United were allowed to compete in the 1956 -- 57 European Cup . The club 's first match in European competition was a European Cup preliminary round tie against Anderlecht at Parc Astrid in Brussels ; Manchester United won the match 2 -- 0 in front of 35,000 spectators . The return leg was played at Maine Road , the home of Manchester United 's local rivals Manchester City , as United 's stadium , Old Trafford , had not yet been fitted with the necessary floodlighting for evening games . The match finished as a 10 -- 0 win for Manchester United , a result that still stands as the club 's record win in all competitions . A long run in the European Cup followed , including wins over Borussia Dortmund and Athletic Bilbao and culminating with a semi-final tie against Real Madrid . The first leg took United to the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium , where they were defeated 3 -- 1 in front of a record away crowd of 135,000 spectators . However , they were only able to draw 2 -- 2 in the second leg back at Old Trafford , and the club 's first European season came to an end as Real Madrid went on to record the second of their five consecutive European Cup titles . Munich ( edit ) Main article : Munich air disaster United won the league title again that season , and were therefore eligible to compete in the European Cup for the second consecutive year . After dispatching Shamrock Rovers 9 -- 2 on aggregate in the preliminary round , United were paired with Dukla Prague for the first round . After the second leg in Prague , the team was scheduled to fly back to Manchester the following day , but fog over Manchester prevented this and they were forced to make hasty arrangements to travel back via ferry from the Hook of Holland to Harwich and then by train up to Manchester . This long - winded journey took its toll on the players , who were only able to manage a 1 -- 1 away draw against Birmingham City two days later . Eager to avoid such a scenario again , the club 's management chartered a plane for the quarter - final second leg away to Red Star Belgrade . Following a 2 -- 1 win in the first leg at Old Trafford , a 3 -- 3 draw in Belgrade was enough to secure passage to the semi-finals . On the return flight to Manchester , British European Airways Flight 609 stopped over in a snow - covered Munich for refuelling . Once the refuelling was complete , the pilot was given clearance to take off , only to be halted by a fault with the plane 's engine . A second attempt was made a few seconds later , but the same fault kept the plane grounded . Half an hour later , after inspection by the airport 's engineers , the plane was given clearance for another take - off attempt . The suggested solution was to have the plane accelerate more slowly , but this meant that the take - off velocity would not be reached until the plane was even further down the runway . Once the plane reached 117 knots -- the speed at which it was no longer safe to abort the take - off -- the pilot would have expected the plane 's velocity to continue to increase ; however , there was a sudden drop in velocity and the plane was unable to take off before the end of the runway . It skidded off the end of the runway , through a wire fence and across a road before crashing into a house . The impact of the crash and the subsequent explosion of fuel killed 21 of the 44 people on board instantly , and another two died in hospital a few days later . Eight of those who died were Manchester United players , among them Duncan Edwards , Roger Byrne and Tommy Taylor , while club secretary Walter Crickmer , trainer Tom Curry and coach Bert Whalley were also killed . Matt Busby was also severely injured , but he made a full recovery after two months in hospital . With eight of the club 's first team having been killed in the accident , and several more still recuperating , a threadbare side took to the field for the semi-final matches against Milan . A 2 -- 1 win at Old Trafford in the first leg gave the team hope of a place in the final , but a 4 -- 0 defeat back at the San Siro put paid to those dreams . In honour of those who died , UEFA offered United a berth in the 1958 -- 59 European Cup , drawing them against BSC Young Boys in the preliminary round , but the Football League denied United entry to the competition as they had not won the Football League the previous season after their league campaign crumbled in the aftermath of the disaster . Return to Europe ( edit ) Victory in the 1962 -- 63 FA Cup meant that United returned to European competition after a five - year absence for the 1963 -- 64 Cup Winners ' Cup . After sweeping aside Willem II of the Netherlands and the defending champions , England 's Tottenham Hotspur , United were drawn against Sporting CP in the quarter - finals . A 4 -- 1 home win in the first leg meant that United needed to avoid defeat by more than three goals at Estádio José Alvalade to progress to the semi-finals ; however , the team succumbed to their heaviest defeat in European competition to date , losing 5 -- 0 on the night and 6 -- 4 on aggregate . A second - place finish in the league in 1963 -- 64 meant that United qualified for the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup in 1964 -- 65 . They reached the semi-finals , knocking out Djurgården , Borussia Dortmund , Everton and Strasbourg before losing 2 -- 1 to Ferencváros in a play - off after a 3 -- 3 aggregate draw over two legs . Back in the European Cup ( edit ) The following season saw United return to the European Cup for the first time since Munich after they had beaten Leeds United to top spot in the Football League on goal average . After seeing off Finland 's HJK Helsinki and Vorwärts Berlin of East Germany in the first two rounds , Manchester United were drawn against four - time finalists , two - time winners and the previous season 's runners - up , Benfica . Benfica 's most famous player , the Portuguese international Eusébio , had just been named the European Footballer of the Year and his team went into the tie as favourites . Despite this tag , United ran out 3 -- 2 winners in the first leg at Old Trafford , before beating the Lisbon side 5 -- 1 back at the Estádio da Luz , in what is considered to be the greatest match of George Best 's career . The result set up a semi-final tie with Partizan , a tie that would take United back to for the first time since the tragedy in Munich . Best had injured his knee in an FA Cup Sixth Round match against Preston North End a couple of weeks before , and although he played in the first leg against Partizan , he was not fully fit and United struggled , losing 2 -- 0 at the JNA Stadium . A goal from Nobby Stiles secured a 1 -- 0 win in the second leg back at Old Trafford , but it was not enough and Matt Busby , believing that his dream of winning the European Cup was over , considered retirement ; however , he resolved to win another league title and have one last shot at Europe 's biggest prize . First European title ( edit ) Manchester United won the 1966 -- 67 Football League title by four points over Nottingham Forest with a game to spare ; this secured their second European Cup appearance in three seasons for 1967 -- 68 . After overcoming the Maltese champions , Hibernians , in the first round , United were handed yet another trip to Yugoslavia , this time to take on FK Sarajevo . The Red Devils faced a long journey to Sarajevo for the first leg , and they were held to a 0 -- 0 draw in a very physical match . The second leg was equally robust , but United took control of the tie with goals from John Aston and George Best . Sarajevo were only able to pull back one goal and United went through to the quarter - finals , where they were drawn against Polish side Górnik Zabrze . United won the first leg at Old Trafford 2 -- 0 ; an own goal from Stefan Florenski put them 1 -- 0 up after an hour , and Brian Kidd doubled their lead in the final minute . The Poles had come to be considered one of the better sides in the last eight , and they were able to come away with a 1 -- 0 win in the second leg , but it was not enough to prevent United from progressing to a semi-final tie with Real Madrid . United 's 1 -- 0 win in the first leg at Old Trafford was all that separated the sides after a 3 -- 3 draw at the Bernabéu , setting up a meeting with Benfica in the final at Wembley Stadium . Best was again on the scoresheet , along with two goals from Charlton and one from Kidd on his 19th birthday , as United beat the Portuguese champions 4 -- 1 after extra time to claim their first European trophy . United reached the semi-finals of the European Cup as holders in the 1968 -- 69 season , but lost to Milan . They would not compete in Europe for another seven years . European comeback ( edit ) Following the retirement of Sir Matt Busby as manager at the end of the 1968 -- 69 season , United entered a barren period that culminated in relegation to the Second Division in 1974 . Promotion was achieved at the first attempt under the management of Tommy Docherty , who had taken over in December 1972 , and in that first season back in the top flight , United finished third in the league to qualify for the UEFA Cup . Although United did qualify for the European Cup Winners ' Cup as FA Cup winners in 1977 and for the UEFA Cup in 1980 and 1982 with top - five finishes , they failed to make an impact on European competitions until the 1983 -- 84 season , when they qualified for the European Cup Winners ' Cup as FA Cup winners under Ron Atkinson . The United squad of this era was arguably the finest of the post-Busby era , containing star players including Ray Wilkins , Bryan Robson , Frank Stapleton and teenage forward Norman Whiteside . United achieved a famous victory over Barcelona in the quarter - finals of the 1983 -- 84 European Cup Winners ' Cup , winning the second leg 3 -- 0 at Old Trafford after being beaten 2 -- 0 in Spain in the first leg , made all the more impressive by the fact that Barcelona 's team contained Diego Maradona , rated by many as the best footballer in the world at the time . United reached the quarter - finals of the UEFA Cup in 1984 -- 85 , but this would be their last contribution to European football for half a decade ; the subsequent Heysel Stadium disaster at the European Cup final , in which rioting by Liverpool fans resulted in the death of 39 spectators and led to a ban on all English clubs in European competitions which would not be lifted in 1990 . This resulted in United missing out on qualification for the European Cup Winners ' Cup in 1985 , and the UEFA Cup in 1986 and 1988 . During this exile from Europe , United replaced Ron Atkinson with Alex Ferguson as their manager , and he remained in charge more than a quarter of a century later . Since 1990 ( edit ) Manchester United won a treble in 1999 : the Premier League , Champions League and FA Cup ( left to right ) ; the English club also won the 1999 Intercontinental Cup . When the ban on English clubs in European competitions was lifted for the 1990 -- 91 season , United were England 's representatives in the European Cup Winners ' Cup , as FA Cup winners , and they marked their return to Europe by winning the competition , with a 2 -- 1 win over Barcelona ( by now without Maradona ) in the final , in which Mark Hughes scored twice . Their defence of the trophy in the 1991 -- 92 season was short - lived , ending at the hands of Atlético Madrid in the second round , and they lost at the first hurdle in the 1992 -- 93 UEFA Cup . League title glory in 1993 saw United enter the European Cup ( now branded the Champions League ) for the first time in 25 years , but in spite of their excellent domestic form during this era , they failed to make much of an impact in European competitions until the 1996 -- 97 season , when they reached the semi-finals of the Champions League and were beaten by Borussia Dortmund . This campaign in Europe also saw them suffer their first defeat home in a European competition , 40 years after first competing on the continent , losing 1 -- 0 to Turkish side Fenerbahçe in the group stage . They finally ended a 31 - year wait for a second European Cup in 1999 when stoppage - time goals from Teddy Sheringham and Ole Gunnar Solskjær gave them a 2 -- 1 win over Bayern Munich in the final in Barcelona . In 2003 -- 04 , United were beaten by Porto in the last 16 of the Champions League , ending a seven - year run of quarter - final appearances in the competitions , which also included one run to the final and a further two to the semi-finals . After three short - lived Champions League campaigns , United made an impact on the competition in the 2006 -- 07 season . After going down 2 -- 1 in Italy to Roma in the quarter - final first leg , they triumphed 7 -- 1 in the second leg to reach the semi-finals for the first time in five years . They took a 3 -- 2 lead against Milan in the first leg , only for their hopes of an all - English final with Liverpool to be ended by a 3 -- 0 second leg defeat . A year later , however , they won the trophy for the third time , beating fellow English side Chelsea on penalties in Moscow after a 1 -- 1 draw in the first all - English European Cup final . Winners ' and runners - up medals from Manchester United 's UEFA Champions League final appearances in 2008 , 2009 and 2011 United reached two European Cup finals in the next three years , but lost to Barcelona on both occasions ; first in the 2009 final in Rome , and then in the 2011 final at the new Wembley Stadium in London . After finishing seventh in the Premier League in 2013 -- 14 under David Moyes , United missed out on European football in 2014 -- 15 for the first time in 25 years , but returned to European action the following season after Moyes ' replacement Louis van Gaal guided the club to fourth in the league and a place in the Champions League play - off round . It was the first time that Manchester United had played in the qualifying phase of the Champions League since beating Hungarian side Debrecen in the 2005 -- 06 competition . Matches ( edit ) As of 13 September 2017 Season Competition Round Opposition Score 1956 -- 57 European Cup Preliminary round Anderlecht 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 10 -- 0 ( H ) First round Borussia Dortmund 3 -- 2 ( H ) , 0 -- 0 ( A ) Quarter - final Athletic Bilbao 3 -- 5 ( A ) , 3 -- 0 ( H ) Semi-final Real Madrid 1 -- 3 ( A ) , 2 -- 2 ( H ) 1957 -- 58 European Cup Preliminary round Shamrock Rovers 6 -- 0 ( A ) , 3 -- 2 ( H ) First round Dukla Prague 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 1 ( A ) Quarter - final Red Star Belgrade 2 -- 1 ( H ) , 3 -- 3 ( A ) Semi-final Milan 2 -- 1 ( H ) , 0 -- 4 ( A ) 1958 -- 59 European Cup Preliminary round Young Boys Withdrew 1963 -- 64 Cup Winners ' Cup Preliminary round Willem II 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 6 -- 0 ( H ) First round Tottenham Hotspur 0 -- 2 ( A ) , 4 -- 1 ( H ) Quarter - final Sporting CP 4 -- 1 ( H ) , 0 -- 5 ( A ) 1964 -- 65 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup First round Djurgården 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 6 -- 0 ( H ) Second round Borussia Dortmund 6 -- 1 ( A ) , 4 -- 0 ( H ) Third round Everton 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 6 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Strasbourg 5 -- 0 ( A ) , 0 -- 0 ( H ) Semi-final Ferencváros 3 -- 2 ( H ) , 0 -- 1 ( A ) , 1 -- 2 ( A ) 1965 -- 66 European Cup Preliminary round HJK Helsinki 3 -- 2 ( A ) , 6 -- 0 ( H ) First round Vorwärts Berlin 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 3 -- 1 ( H ) Quarter - final Benfica 3 -- 2 ( H ) , 5 -- 1 ( A ) Semi-final Partizan Belgrade 0 -- 2 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) 1967 -- 68 European Cup First round Hibernians 4 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 0 ( A ) Second round FK Sarajevo 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 2 -- 1 ( H ) Quarter - final Górnik Zabrze 2 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 1 ( A ) Semi-final Real Madrid 1 -- 0 ( H ) , 3 -- 3 ( A ) Final Benfica 4 -- 1 ( N ) 1968 Intercontinental Cup Final Estudiantes 0 -- 1 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) 1968 -- 69 European Cup First round Waterford 3 -- 1 ( A ) , 7 -- 1 ( H ) Second round Anderlecht 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 3 ( A ) Quarter - final Rapid Vienna 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 0 ( A ) Semi-final Milan 0 -- 2 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) 1976 -- 77 UEFA Cup First round Ajax 0 -- 1 ( A ) , 2 -- 0 ( H ) Second round Juventus 1 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 3 ( A ) 1977 -- 78 Cup Winners ' Cup First round Saint - Étienne 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 2 -- 0 ( H ) Second round Porto 0 -- 4 ( A ) , 5 -- 2 ( H ) 1980 -- 81 UEFA Cup First round Widzew Łódź 1 -- 1 ( H ) , 0 -- 0 ( A ) 1982 -- 83 UEFA Cup First round Valencia 0 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 2 ( A ) 1983 -- 84 Cup Winners ' Cup First round Dukla Prague 1 -- 1 ( H ) , 2 -- 2 ( A ) Second round Spartak Varna 2 -- 1 ( A ) , 2 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Barcelona 0 -- 2 ( A ) , 3 -- 0 ( H ) Semi-final Juventus 1 -- 1 ( H ) , 1 -- 2 ( A ) 1984 -- 85 UEFA Cup First round Rába ETO Győr 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 2 -- 2 ( A ) Second round PSV Eindhoven 0 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 0 ( A ) Third round Dundee United 2 -- 2 ( H ) , 3 -- 2 ( A ) Quarter - final Videoton 1 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 1 ( A ) 1985 -- 86 Cup Winners ' Cup Banned 1986 -- 87 UEFA Cup 1988 -- 89 UEFA Cup 1990 -- 91 Cup Winners ' Cup First round Pécsi Munkás 2 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 0 ( A ) Second round Wrexham 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 2 -- 0 ( A ) Quarter - final Montpellier 1 -- 1 ( H ) , 2 -- 0 ( A ) Semi-final Legia Warsaw 3 -- 1 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) Final Barcelona 2 -- 1 ( N ) 1991 Super Cup Final Red Star Belgrade 1 -- 0 ( H ) 1991 -- 92 Cup Winners ' Cup First round Athinaikos 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 2 -- 0 ( H ) Second round Atlético Madrid 0 -- 3 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) 1992 -- 93 UEFA Cup First round Torpedo Moscow 0 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 0 ( A ) 1993 -- 94 Champions League First round Kispest Honvéd 3 -- 2 ( A ) , 2 -- 1 ( H ) Second round Galatasaray 3 -- 3 ( H ) , 0 -- 0 ( A ) 1994 -- 95 Champions League Group A IFK Göteborg 4 -- 2 ( H ) , 1 -- 3 ( A ) Galatasaray 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 4 -- 0 ( H ) Barcelona 2 -- 2 ( H ) , 0 -- 4 ( A ) 1995 -- 96 UEFA Cup First round Rotor Volgograd 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 2 -- 2 ( H ) 1996 -- 97 Champions League Group C Juventus 0 -- 1 ( A ) , 0 -- 1 ( H ) Rapid Vienna 2 -- 0 ( H ) , 2 -- 0 ( A ) Fenerbahçe 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 0 -- 1 ( H ) Quarter - final Porto 4 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 0 ( A ) Semi-final Borussia Dortmund 0 -- 1 ( A ) , 0 -- 1 ( H ) 1997 -- 98 Champions League Group B Košice 3 -- 0 ( A ) , 3 -- 0 ( H ) Juventus 3 -- 2 ( H ) , 0 -- 1 ( A ) Feyenoord 2 -- 1 ( H ) , 3 -- 1 ( A ) Quarter - final AS Monaco 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) 1998 -- 99 Champions League Second qualifying round ŁKS Łódź 2 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 0 ( A ) Group D Barcelona 3 -- 3 ( H ) , 3 -- 3 ( A ) Bayern Munich 2 -- 2 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) Brøndby 6 -- 2 ( A ) , 5 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Internazionale 2 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 1 ( A ) Semi-final Juventus 1 -- 1 ( H ) , 3 -- 2 ( A ) Final Bayern Munich 2 -- 1 ( N ) 1999 Super Cup Final Lazio 0 -- 1 ( N ) 1999 Intercontinental Cup Final Palmeiras 1 -- 0 ( N ) 2000 Club World Championship Group B Necaxa 1 -- 1 ( N ) Vasco da Gama 1 -- 3 ( N ) South Melbourne 2 -- 0 ( N ) 1999 -- 2000 Champions League First group round Group D Croatia Zagreb 0 -- 0 ( H ) , 2 -- 1 ( A ) Sturm Graz 3 -- 0 ( A ) , 2 -- 1 ( H ) Marseille 2 -- 1 ( H ) , 0 -- 1 ( A ) Second group round Group B Fiorentina 0 -- 2 ( A ) , 3 -- 1 ( H ) Valencia 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 0 ( A ) Bordeaux 2 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 0 ( A ) Quarter - final Real Madrid 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 2 -- 3 ( H ) 2000 -- 01 Champions League First group round Group G Anderlecht 5 -- 1 ( H ) , 1 -- 2 ( A ) Dynamo Kyiv 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) PSV Eindhoven 1 -- 3 ( A ) , 3 -- 1 ( H ) Second group round Group A Panathinaikos 3 -- 1 ( H ) , 1 -- 1 ( A ) Sturm Graz 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 3 -- 0 ( H ) Valencia 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) Quarter - final Bayern Munich 0 -- 1 ( H ) , 1 -- 2 ( A ) 2001 -- 02 Champions League First group round Group G Lille 1 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 1 ( A ) Deportivo 1 -- 2 ( A ) , 2 -- 3 ( H ) Olympiacos 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 3 -- 0 ( H ) Second group round Group A Bayern Munich 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 0 -- 0 ( H ) Boavista 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 3 -- 0 ( A ) Nantes 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 5 -- 1 ( H ) Quarter - final Deportivo 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 3 -- 2 ( H ) Semi-final Bayer Leverkusen 2 -- 2 ( H ) , 1 -- 1 ( A ) 2002 -- 03 Champions League Third qualifying round Zalaegerszeg 0 -- 1 ( A ) , 5 -- 0 ( H ) First group round Group F Maccabi Haifa 5 -- 2 ( H ) , 0 -- 3 ( A ) Bayer Leverkusen 2 -- 1 ( A ) , 2 -- 0 ( H ) Olympiacos 4 -- 0 ( H ) , 3 -- 2 ( A ) Second group round Group D Basel 3 -- 1 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) Deportivo 2 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 2 ( A ) Juventus 2 -- 1 ( H ) , 3 -- 0 ( A ) Quarter - final Real Madrid 1 -- 3 ( A ) , 4 -- 3 ( H ) 2003 -- 04 Champions League Group E Panathinaikos 5 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 0 ( A ) Stuttgart 1 -- 2 ( A ) , 2 -- 0 ( H ) Rangers 1 -- 0 ( A ) , 3 -- 0 ( H ) First knockout round Porto 1 -- 2 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) 2004 -- 05 Champions League Third qualifying round Dinamo București 2 -- 1 ( A ) , 3 -- 0 ( H ) Group D Lyon 2 -- 2 ( A ) , 2 -- 1 ( H ) Fenerbahçe 6 -- 2 ( H ) , 0 -- 3 ( A ) Sparta Prague 0 -- 0 ( H ) , 4 -- 1 ( A ) First knockout round Milan 0 -- 1 ( H ) , 0 -- 1 ( A ) 2005 -- 06 Champions League Third qualifying round Debrecen 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 3 -- 0 ( A ) Group D Villarreal 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 0 -- 0 ( H ) Benfica 2 -- 1 ( H ) , 1 -- 2 ( A ) Lille 0 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 1 ( A ) 2006 -- 07 Champions League Group F Celtic 3 -- 2 ( H ) , 0 -- 1 ( A ) Benfica 1 -- 0 ( A ) , 3 -- 1 ( H ) Copenhagen 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 1 ( A ) First knockout round Lille 1 -- 0 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Roma 1 -- 2 ( A ) , 7 -- 1 ( H ) Semi-final Milan 3 -- 2 ( H ) , 0 -- 3 ( A ) 2007 -- 08 Champions League Group F Sporting CP 1 -- 0 ( A ) , 2 -- 1 ( H ) Roma 1 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 1 ( A ) Dynamo Kyiv 4 -- 2 ( A ) , 4 -- 0 ( H ) First knockout round Lyon 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Roma 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) Semi-final Barcelona 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) Final Chelsea 1 -- 1 ( N ) 2008 Super Cup Final Zenit Saint Petersburg 1 -- 2 ( N ) 2008 Club World Cup Semi-final Gamba Osaka 5 -- 3 ( N ) Final LDU Quito 1 -- 0 ( N ) 2008 -- 09 Champions League Group E Villarreal 0 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 0 ( A ) Aalborg 3 -- 0 ( A ) , 2 -- 2 ( H ) Celtic 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 1 ( A ) First knockout round Internazionale 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 2 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Porto 2 -- 2 ( H ) , 1 -- 0 ( A ) Semi-final Arsenal 1 -- 0 ( H ) , 3 -- 1 ( A ) Final Barcelona 0 -- 2 ( N ) 2009 -- 10 Champions League Group B Beşiktaş 1 -- 0 ( A ) , 0 -- 1 ( H ) Wolfsburg 2 -- 1 ( H ) , 3 -- 1 ( A ) CSKA Moscow 1 -- 0 ( A ) , 3 -- 3 ( H ) Round of 16 Milan 3 -- 2 ( A ) , 4 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Bayern Munich 1 -- 2 ( A ) , 3 -- 2 ( H ) 2010 -- 11 Champions League Group C Rangers 0 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 0 ( A ) Valencia 1 -- 0 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) Bursaspor 1 -- 0 ( H ) , 3 -- 0 ( A ) Round of 16 Marseille 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 2 -- 1 ( H ) Quarter - final Chelsea 1 -- 0 ( A ) , 2 -- 1 ( H ) Semi-final Schalke 04 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 4 -- 1 ( H ) Final Barcelona 1 -- 3 ( N ) 2011 -- 12 Champions League Group C Benfica 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 2 -- 2 ( H ) Basel 3 -- 3 ( H ) , 1 -- 2 ( A ) Oțelul Galați 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 2 -- 0 ( H ) 2011 -- 12 Europa League Round of 32 Ajax 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 1 -- 2 ( H ) Round of 16 Athletic Bilbao 2 -- 3 ( H ) , 1 -- 2 ( A ) 2012 -- 13 Champions League Group H Galatasaray 1 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 1 ( A ) CFR Cluj 2 -- 1 ( A ) , 0 -- 1 ( H ) Braga 3 -- 2 ( H ) , 3 -- 1 ( A ) Round of 16 Real Madrid 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 1 -- 2 ( H ) 2013 -- 14 Champions League Group A Bayer Leverkusen 4 -- 2 ( H ) , 5 -- 0 ( A ) Shakhtar Donetsk 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) Real Sociedad 1 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 0 ( A ) Round of 16 Olympiacos 0 -- 2 ( A ) , 3 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Bayern Munich 1 -- 1 ( H ) , 1 -- 3 ( A ) 2015 -- 16 Champions League Play - off round Club Brugge 3 -- 1 ( H ) , 4 -- 0 ( A ) Group B PSV Eindhoven 1 -- 2 ( A ) , 0 -- 0 ( H ) Wolfsburg 2 -- 1 ( H ) , 2 -- 3 ( A ) CSKA Moscow 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) 2015 -- 16 Europa League Round of 32 Midtjylland 1 -- 2 ( A ) , 5 -- 1 ( H ) Round of 16 Liverpool 0 -- 2 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) 2016 -- 17 Europa League Group A Fenerbahçe 4 -- 1 ( H ) , 1 -- 2 ( A ) Feyenoord 0 -- 1 ( A ) , 4 -- 0 ( H ) Zorya Luhansk 1 -- 0 ( H ) , 2 -- 0 ( A ) Round of 32 Saint - Étienne 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 0 ( A ) Round of 16 Rostov 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Anderlecht 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 2 -- 1 ( H ) Semi-final Celta Vigo 1 -- 0 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) Final Ajax 2 -- 0 ( N ) 2017 Super Cup Final Real Madrid 1 -- 2 ( N ) 2017 -- 18 Champions League Group A Basel 3 - 0 ( H ) CSKA Moscow Benfica Overall record ( edit ) By competition ( edit ) As of 13 September 2017 Competition Pld GF GA GD Win % Ref Champions League / European Cup 7002262000000000000 ♠ 262 7002146000000000000 ♠ 146 7001640000000000000 ♠ 64 7001520000000000000 ♠ 52 7002486000000000000 ♠ 486 7002248000000000000 ♠ 248 + 238 07001557300000099999 ♠ 55.73 Cup Winners ' Cup 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 + 20 07001516100000000000 ♠ 51.61 Europa League / UEFA Cup / Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7001860000000000000 ♠ 86 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 + 39 07001444400000000000 ♠ 44.44 Super Cup 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 − 2 07001250000000000000 ♠ 25.00 Intertoto Cup 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 + 0 ! -- Intercontinental Cup 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 + 0 07001333300000000000 ♠ 33.33 Club World Cup 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 + 3 07001600000000000000 ♠ 60.00 Total 7002359000000000000 ♠ 359 7002191000000000000 ♠ 191 7001920000000000000 ♠ 92 7001760000000000000 ♠ 76 7002642000000000000 ♠ 642 7002344000000000000 ♠ 344 + 298 07001532000000000000 ♠ 53.20 By country ( edit ) As of 13 September 2017 Country Pld GF GA GD Win % Ref Argentina 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 − 1 00 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0.00 Australia 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 + 2 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Austria 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 16 07001875000000000000 ♠ 87.50 Belgium 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 + 23 07001700000000000000 ♠ 70.00 Bosnia and Herzegovina 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 1 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Brazil 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 − 1 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Bulgaria 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 3 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Croatia 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 1 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Czech Republic / Czechoslovakia 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 + 5 07001333300000000000 ♠ 33.33 Denmark 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 + 17 07001625000000000000 ♠ 62.50 East Germany 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 4 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Ecuador 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 + 1 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 England 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 + 5 07001545500000000000 ♠ 54.55 Finland 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 + 7 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 France 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 + 25 07001535700000000000 ♠ 53.57 Germany / West Germany 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7001600000000000000 ♠ 60 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 + 24 07001483900000000000 ♠ 48.39 Greece 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 + 21 07001750000000000000 ♠ 75.00 Hungary 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 + 17 07001666700000000000 ♠ 66.67 Ireland 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 + 15 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Israel 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 + 0 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Italy 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 + 9 07001485700000000000 ♠ 48.57 Japan 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 + 2 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Malta 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 + 4 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Mexico 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 0 00 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0.00 Netherlands 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 + 15 07001529400000000000 ♠ 52.94 Poland 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 + 5 07001375000000000000 ♠ 37.50 Portugal 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 + 23 07001640000000000000 ♠ 64.00 Romania 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 + 8 07001833300000000000 ♠ 83.33 Russia 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 + 2 07001272700000000000 ♠ 27.27 Scotland 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 + 9 07001600000000000000 ♠ 60.00 Serbia 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 + 1 07001600000000000000 ♠ 60.00 Slovakia 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 + 6 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Spain 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 7001620000000000000 ♠ 62 7001700000000000000 ♠ 70 − 8 07001260000000000000 ♠ 26.00 Sweden 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 + 5 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Switzerland 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 + 4 07001400000000000000 ♠ 40.00 Turkey 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 + 12 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Ukraine 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 + 11 07001750000000000000 ♠ 75.00 Wales 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 + 5 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 By club ( edit ) As of 13 September 2017 Opponent Played Won Drawn Lost For Against Difference Aalborg 0 5 + 3 Ajax 5 0 7 + 4 Anderlecht 8 5 25 8 + 17 Arsenal 0 0 + 3 Athinaikos 0 0 + 2 Athletic Bilbao 0 9 10 − 1 Atlético Madrid 0 − 3 Barcelona 11 15 20 − 5 Basel 5 11 7 + 4 Bayer Leverkusen 6 0 16 6 + 10 Bayern Munich 11 5 13 16 − 3 Benfica 9 6 22 11 + 11 Beşiktaş 0 0 Boavista 0 0 6 0 + 6 Bordeaux 0 0 0 + 3 Borussia Dortmund 6 13 5 + 8 Braga 0 0 6 + 3 Brøndby 0 0 11 + 9 Budapest Honvéd 0 0 5 + 2 Bursaspor 0 0 0 + 4 Celta Vigo 0 + 1 Celtic 7 + 3 CFR Cluj 0 0 Chelsea 0 + 2 Club Brugge 0 0 7 + 6 Copenhagen 0 + 2 CSKA Moscow 0 6 + 2 Debrecen 0 0 6 0 + 6 Deportivo La Coruña 6 0 10 9 + 1 Dinamo București 0 0 5 + 4 Dinamo Zagreb 0 + 1 Djurgården 0 7 + 6 Dukla Prague 6 + 2 Dundee United 0 5 + 1 Dynamo Kyiv 0 9 + 7 Estudiantes 0 − 1 Everton 0 7 + 6 Fenerbahçe 6 0 13 9 + 4 Ferencváros 0 5 − 1 Feyenoord 0 9 + 6 Fiorentina 0 0 Galatasaray 6 8 + 4 Gamba Osaka 0 0 5 + 2 Górnik Zabrze 0 + 1 Göteborg 0 5 5 0 Győri ETO 0 5 + 3 HJK Helsinki 0 0 9 + 7 Hibernians 0 0 + 4 Internazionale 0 5 + 4 Juventus 12 5 5 15 15 0 Košice 0 0 6 0 + 6 Lazio 0 0 0 − 1 L.D.U. Quito 0 0 0 + 1 Legia Warsaw 0 + 2 Lille 6 + 2 Liverpool 0 − 2 ŁKS Łódź 0 0 + 2 Lyon 0 6 + 2 Maccabi Haifa 0 5 5 0 Marseille + 1 Midtjylland 0 6 + 3 Milan 10 5 0 5 13 16 − 3 AS Monaco 0 0 0 Montpellier 0 + 2 Nantes 0 6 + 4 Necaxa 0 0 0 Olympiacos 6 5 0 15 + 11 Oțelul Galați 0 0 0 + 4 Palmeiras 0 0 0 + 1 Panathinaikos 0 10 + 8 Partizan 0 − 1 Pécsi MFC 0 0 0 + 3 Porto 8 14 11 + 3 PSV Eindhoven 6 6 6 0 Rangers 0 5 0 + 5 Rapid Wien 0 7 0 + 7 Real Madrid 11 5 17 22 − 5 Real Sociedad 0 0 + 1 Red Star Belgrade 0 6 + 2 Roma 6 13 + 9 Rostov 0 + 1 Rotor Volgograd 0 0 0 Saint - Étienne 0 7 + 6 FK Sarajevo 0 + 1 Schalke 04 0 0 6 + 5 Shakhtar Donetsk 0 + 1 Shamrock Rovers 0 0 9 + 7 South Melbourne 0 0 0 + 2 Sparta Prague 0 + 3 Spartak Varna 0 0 + 3 Sporting CP 0 7 7 0 Strasbourg 0 5 0 + 5 Sturm Graz 0 0 10 + 9 Stuttgart 0 + 1 Torpedo Moscow 0 0 0 0 0 Tottenham Hotspur 0 + 1 Valencia 8 5 7 + 3 Vasco da Gama 0 0 − 2 Videoton 0 0 Villarreal 0 0 0 0 0 Vorwärts Berlin 0 0 5 + 4 Waterford 0 0 10 + 8 Widzew Łódź 0 0 0 Willem II 0 7 + 6 Wolfsburg 0 9 6 + 3 Wrexham 0 0 5 0 + 5 Zalaegerszeg 0 5 + 4 Zenit Saint Petersburg 0 0 − 1 Zorya Luhansk 0 0 0 + 3 Honours ( edit ) European ( edit ) European Cup / UEFA Champions League : 3 1967 -- 68 , 1998 -- 99 , 2007 -- 08 UEFA Europa League : 1 2016 -- 17 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup : 1 1990 -- 91 UEFA Super Cup : 1 1991 Worldwide ( edit ) Intercontinental Cup : 1 1999 FIFA Club World Cup : 1 2008 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Manchester United score comes first Jump up ^ Home game played at Home Park , Plymouth ^ Jump up to : Lost on away goals Jump up ^ Won on away goals Jump up ^ Lost 5 -- 4 on penalties Jump up ^ Lost 4 -- 3 on penalties Jump up ^ Won 6 -- 5 on penalties ^ Jump up to : Win % is rounded to two decimal places References ( edit ) Jump up ^ May , John ( 25 November 2005 ) . `` The best of Best '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 30 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` George Best : The Times obituary '' . Times Online . Times Newspapers. 25 November 2005 . Retrieved 30 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Bostock , A. ; Shaw , M. ( 9 March 2011 ) . `` George Best 's finest hour '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 30 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Adam ( 25 May 2011 ) . `` European triumphs : 1991 '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Moore , Glenn ( 31 October 1996 ) . `` United 's record ended by Bolic '' . independent.co.uk . Independent Print . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` United crowned kings of Europe '' . BBC News ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 26 May 1999 . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 1 - 1 Porto '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 9 March 2004 . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 4 April 2007 ) . `` Roma 2 - 1 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Bevan , Chris ( 10 April 2007 ) . `` Man Utd 7 - 1 Roma ( agg 8 - 3 ) '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 24 April 2007 ) . `` Man Utd 3 - 2 AC Milan '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Cheese , Caroline ( 2 May 2007 ) . `` AC Milan 3 - 0 Man Utd ( Agg : 5 - 3 ) '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 22 May 2008 ) . `` Man Utd earn dramatic Euro glory '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 27 May 2009 ) . `` Barcelona 2 - 0 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 28 May 2011 ) . `` Barcelona 3 - 1 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` David Moyes : Manchester United manager sacked by club '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 22 April 2014 . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United could face Monaco in Champions League '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 1 June 2015 . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Dawson , Rob ( 24 May 2015 ) . `` Manchester United to face Champions League play - off '' . Manchester Evening News . MEN Media . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` United in the European Cup / Champions League '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` United in the European Cup Winners ' Cup '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` United in the Fairs Cup / Europa League / UEFA Cup '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United in the European Super Cup '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` United in the Inter-Continental Cup '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` United in the Club World Cup '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Won , Drawn , Lost '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 10 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Argentina '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Australia '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Austria '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Belgium '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Bosnia and Herzegovina '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Brazil '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Bulgaria '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Croatia '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Czech Republic '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Denmark '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Ecuador '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from England '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 12 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Finland '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from France '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Monaco '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Germany '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 25 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Greece '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 20 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Hungary '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Ireland '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Israel '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Italy '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Japan '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Malta '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Mexico '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from the Netherlands '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 23 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Poland '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Portugal '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Romania '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Russia '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Scotland '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 24 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Serbia '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Slovakia '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Spain '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 5 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Sweden '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Switzerland '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 8 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Turkey '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 20 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Ukraine '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 10 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Wales '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . External links ( edit ) StretfordEnd.co.uk Manchester United Football Club Players Managers Reserves & Academy Records & statistics Current season History 1878 -- 1945 1945 -- 1969 1969 -- 1986 1986 -- 2013 Seasons Europe Munich air disaster Munich air disaster Busby Babes United Home stadium North Road ( 1878 -- 1893 ) Bank Street ( 1893 -- 1910 ) Old Trafford ( 1910 -- present ) Stretford End Sir Matt Busby Way Training ground The Cliff Trafford Training Centre Players 100 + appearances 25 -- 99 appearances 1 -- 24 appearances Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year Rivalries League record by opponent Manchester derby Liverpool rivalry Leeds United rivalry Arsenal rivalry Supporters Independent Manchester United Supporters Association Manchester United Supporters ' Trust Red Army Media MUTV MU Radio Inside United Red Issue Red News United We Stand Related articles Fergie 's Fledglings United Trinity F.C. United of Manchester Glazer ownership Mascots 1915 British football betting scandal Railway station Book : Manchester United F.C. Category : Manchester United F.C. Portal : Association football Manchester United task force Commons : Manchester United FC English football clubs in international competitions Arsenal Aston Villa Birmingham City Blackburn Rovers Bolton Wanderers Bradford City Burnley Chelsea Coventry City Crystal Palace Derby County Everton Fulham Hull City Ipswich Town Leeds United Leicester City Liverpool London XI Manchester City Manchester United Middlesbrough Millwall Newcastle United Norwich City Nottingham Forest Portsmouth Queens Park Rangers Sheffield Wednesday Southampton Stoke City Sunderland Tottenham Hotspur Watford West Bromwich Albion West Ham United Wigan Athletic Wolverhampton Wanderers English clubs in the European Cup and UEFA Champions League Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manchester_United_F.C._in_European_football&oldid=800406239 '' Categories : Manchester United F.C. English football clubs in European football Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk فارسی Nederlands Polski Русский Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 10 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many times did man u win champions league | [
"\nManchester United in European football\n\nClub\nManchester United\n\n\nFirst entry\n1956–57 European Cup\n\n\nLatest entry\n2016–17 UEFA Europa League\n\n\nTitles\n\n\nChampions League\n\n\n3[show]\n\n1968\n1999\n2008\n\n\n\n\n\nEuropa League\n\n\n1[show]\n\n2017\n\n\n\n\n\nCup Winners' Cup\n\n\n1[show]\n\n1991\n\n\n\n\n\nSuper Cup\n\n\n1[show]\n\n1991\n\n\n\n\n\nIntercontinental Cup\n\n\n1[show]\n\n1999\n\n\n\n\n\nFIFA Club World Cup\n\n\n1[show]\n\n2008\n\n\n\n\n"
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5775562928897603710 | Glove compartment | Glove compartment - wikipedia Glove compartment For the sealed container for handling hazardous materials , see Glovebox . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The glove compartment of a Ford Fusion with an owner 's manual visible . A glove compartment or glovebox or glovie is a compartment built into the dashboard of an automobile , located over the front - seat passenger 's footwell , and often used for miscellaneous storage . The name derives from the original purpose of the compartment , to store driving gloves . They were sometimes in a box on the floorboard near the driver , hence the word `` glovebox '' . In most vehicles , the glove compartment closes with a latch , with the option of being locked with a key ( often desirable when using valet service , or when parking with the convertible top down , or when the compartment contains a mechanism to open the trunk ) . Contents 1 Other local names 2 History 3 References 4 See also Other local names ( edit ) In Barbados , South Africa , and Zimbabwe , as well as parts of southern Minnesota and northwest Wyoming , the glove compartment is commonly referred to as a `` cubby - hole '' . It is also occasionally called a jockey box , especially in the upper Rocky Mountain states in the United States , such as Idaho . History ( edit ) Driving gloves were considered necessary equipment in early cars , many of which lacked a hard top , to prevent the cooling effect of fast - moving air from numbing drivers ' hands . Gloves are still considered necessary equipment on motorcycles for the same reason , although , unlike cars , most motorcycles do not have glove boxes . In some vehicles , the inside of the compartment 's door may have an indented area for holding cups when open , and a section for holding a pen or pencil . In some newer cars , the glove compartment is temperature controlled , so that it can be used as a cooler . In others , such as the Toyota Yaris hatchback , multiple glove compartments are provided . According to the BBC Four program Penelope Keith and the Fast Lady ( Aaron Syer ) , Dorothy Levitt first coined the phrase glove compartment as she advised motorists to carry a number of pairs of gloves to deal with many eventualities . In the past , glove compartments typically contained an internal light , which automatically turned on when the box was opened , helping to search its contents . From the 2000s , many manufacturers have not provided this light , to cut costs , even in luxury vehicles . To date , aftermarket parts manufacturers have not provided solutions for this omission . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Glove Box Light or Lack of One '' . GM Inside News . 2008 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . See also ( edit ) Center console ( automobile ) Car interior Part of a series of articles on cars Interior equipment Instruments Automotive navigation system Global Positioning System Automotive night vision Backup camera Blind spot monitor Boost gauge Buzzer Carputer Check engine light Electronic instrument cluster Fuel gauge Head - up display Lidar detector Odometer Parking sensor Radar detector Speedometer Tachometer Telematics Idiot light Trip computer Controls Bowden cable Brake Clutch Cruise control Electronic throttle control Gear stick Manettino dial Parking brake Power steering Steering wheel Throttle Anti-theft Alarm Automatic vehicle location Immobiliser Power door locks Remote keyless system Smart key VIN etching Safety Seating Airbag Armrest Automatic seat belts Bench seat Bucket seat Child safety lock Rear - view mirror Rumble seat Seat belt Other elements Air conditioning Automobile accessory power Center console Dashboard Glove compartment Sun visor Convenience Audio Cigarette lighter receptacle Cup holder Car Phone Commons Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glove_compartment&oldid=861160412 '' Categories : Automotive body parts Containers Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2010 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español Français עברית Nederlands Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2018 , at 14 : 41 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | where does the term glove box come from | [
"A glove compartment or glovebox or glovie is a compartment built into the dashboard of an automobile, located over the front-seat passenger's footwell, and often used for miscellaneous storage. The name derives from the original purpose of the compartment, to store driving gloves. They were sometimes in a box on the floorboard near the driver, hence the word \"glovebox\". In most vehicles, the glove compartment closes with a latch, with the option of being locked with a key (often desirable when using valet service, or when parking with the convertible top down, or when the compartment contains a mechanism to open the trunk).\n"
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"from the original purpose of the compartment, to store driving gloves"
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9116046925393075647 | Survivor: Heroes vs. Healers vs. Hustlers | Survivor : Heroes vs. Healers vs. Hustlers - wikipedia Survivor : Heroes vs. Healers vs. Hustlers Jump to : navigation , search Survivor : Heroes vs. Healers vs. Hustlers Presented by Jeff Probst No. of days 39 No. of castaways 18 Production Location ( s ) Mamanuca Islands , Fiji Filming dates April 3 ( 2017 - 04 - 03 ) -- May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) Release Original release September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) -- present Chronology Preceded by Survivor : Game Changers Survivor : Heroes vs. Healers vs. Hustlers is the 35th season of the American CBS competitive reality television series Survivor . This season features 18 new players divided into three tribes based on dominant perceived trait : `` Heroes '' ( courage ) , `` Healers '' ( compassion ) , and `` Hustlers '' ( tenacity ) . This is the fourth season of the show filmed in Fiji , following Survivor : Fiji , Survivor : Millennials vs. Gen X , and Survivor : Game Changers . This season went back to the pre-Game Changers tie - breaker format , wherein re-votes still would occur in case of a dead - locked tie before it went to open deliberation and then rocks . This season also featured multiple advantages that were hidden during various rewards . These advantages were to be used at the following Tribal Council , whether or not the contestant who found it was required to attend . In this case , the contestant would anonymously gift it to someone who was to attend Tribal Council , for them to open just before leaving . The season premiered on September 27 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Contestants 2 Season summary 3 Episodes 4 Voting history 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 5.1. 1 U.S. Nielson Ratings 6 References 7 External links Contestants ( edit ) The entire cast was officially announced on August 30 , 2017 . The cast is composed of 18 new players , initially split into three tribes containing six members each ; Levu ( `` Heroes '' ) , Soko ( `` Healers '' ) , and Yawa ( `` Hustlers '' ) . List of Survivor : Heroes vs. Healers vs. Hustlers contestants Contestant Original tribe Switched tribe Merged tribe Finish Radke , Katrina Katrina Radke 46 , Excelsior , Minnesota Levu 18 ! 1st voted out Day 3 Nguyen , Simone Simone Nguyen 25 , New York City , New York Yawa 17 ! 2nd voted out Day 6 Bolton , Patrick Patrick Bolton 24 , Auburn , Alabama Yawa 16 ! 3rd voted out Day 8 Ball , Alan Alan Ball 32 , Houston , Texas Levu Levu 15 ! 4th voted out Day 11 Luskin , Roark Roark Luskin 27 , Santa Monica , California Soko Soko 14 ! 5th voted out Day 14 Elliott , Alexandrea `` Ali '' Alexandrea `` Ali '' Elliott 24 , Los Angeles , California Yawa Soko 13 ! 6th voted out Day 16 Johnston , Jessica Jessica Johnston 29 , Louisville , Kentucky Soko Yawa Solewa 12 ! 7th voted out Day 19 Williams , Desiree `` Desi '' Desiree `` Desi '' Williams 27 , Newport News , Virginia Soko Levu 11 ! 8th voted out 1st jury member Day 21 Medders , Cole Cole Medders 24 , Little Rock , Arkansas Soko Yawa 10 ! 9th voted out 2nd jury member Day 24 Hilsabeck , John Paul `` JP '' John Paul `` JP '' Hilsabeck 28 , Los Angeles , California Levu Soko 9 ! 10th voted out 3rd jury member Day 27 Mena , Joe Joe Mena 34 , Tolland , Connecticut Soko Levu 8 ! 11th voted out 4th jury member Day 30 Rimmer , Lauren Lauren Rimmer 35 , Beaufort , North Carolina Yawa Yawa 7 ! 12th voted out 5th jury member Day 33 Nolan , Ashley Ashley Nolan 26 , Satellite Beach , Florida Levu Levu 6 ! 13th voted out 6th jury member Day 36 Driebergen , Ben Ben Driebergen 34 , Boise , Idaho Levu Yawa Hofbeck , Chrissy Chrissy Hofbeck 46 , Lebanon Township , New Jersey Levu Soko Pinto , Devon Devon Pinto 23 , Solana Beach , California Yawa Levu Ulrich , Ryan Ryan Ulrich 23 , North Arlington , New Jersey Yawa Soko Zahalsky , Mike Mike Zahalsky 43 , Parkland , Florida Soko Yawa Season summary ( edit ) The 18 players were initially divided into three tribes : Levu ( the `` Heroes '' ) , Soko ( the `` Healers '' ) , and Yawa ( the `` Hustlers '' ) . Challenge winners and eliminations by episodes Episode title Original air date Challenge winner ( s ) Eliminated Finish Reward Immunity `` I 'm Not Crazy , I 'm Confident '' September 27 , 2017 Soko Soko Katrina 1st voted out Day 3 Levu Yawa `` I 'm a Wild Banshee '' October 4 , 2017 Soko Simone 2nd voted out Day 6 Levu `` My Kisses Are Very Private '' October 11 , 2017 Levu Patrick 3rd voted out Day 8 Soko `` I Do n't Like Having Snakes Around '' October 18 , 2017 Yawa Yawa Alan 4th voted out Day 11 Soko `` The Past Will Eat You Alive '' October 25 , 2017 Levu Yawa Roark 5th voted out Day 14 Yawa Levu `` This is Why You Play Survivor '' November 1 , 2017 Soko Yawa Ali 6th voted out Day 16 Yawa Levu `` Get to Gettin ' '' November 8 , 2017 None Desi Jessica 7th voted out Day 19 `` Playing with the Devil '' November 15 , 2017 Chrissy , Cole , Devon , JP , Ryan , ( Joe ) Cole Desi 11 ! 8th voted out 1st jury member Day 21 `` Fear of the Unknown '' November 22 , 2017 Chrissy , Cole , JP , Joe , Mike Lauren Cole 10 ! 9th voted out 2nd jury member Day 24 `` Buy One , Get One Free '' November 29 , 2017 Lauren ( Ashley , Ben , Devon ) Ashley JP 9 ! 10th voted out 3rd jury member Day 27 Ashley , Ben , Devon , Joe Chrissy Joe 8 ! 11th voted out 4th jury member Day 30 `` Not Going to Roll Over and Die '' December 6 , 2017 Chrissy ( Ashley , Mike , Ryan ) Ashley Lauren 7 ! 12th voted out 5th jury member Day 33 `` The Survivor Devil '' December 13 , 2017 Chrissy , Devon ( Ryan ) Chrissy Ashley 6 ! 13th voted out 6th jury member Day 36 `` Million Dollar Night '' December 20 , 2017 `` Reunion '' Jury vote Jump up ^ There was no reward challenge due to the merge . Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title CBS recap Rating / share ( 18 - 49 ) Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) Weekly rank 513 `` I 'm Not Crazy , I 'm Confident '' Recap 1.8 / 7 September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) 8.33 23 Jeff welcomed the 18 new castaways to the 35th season of Survivor . He explained to them that they have been divided into three tribes based on the positive traits most associated with them by others : Heroes , Healers , and Hustlers . Reward Challenge : On the beach nearby , each tribe has an urn which is on fire and is 15 feet in the air . Each tribe is allowed to gather as many supplies as they can until Jeff rings the bell on the boat . Then , each tribe must get all six members on their boat and paddle to the beach . When they get to shore , they must lift one person high enough to light their torch . The first tribe to light their torch wins fire in the form of a massive fire making kit that will be waiting for them back at their camp . The second tribe to light their torch will win flint . The losers will go back to camp with no fire - making tools . During the challenge , Ryan found a secret advantage . The Healers and Heroes came in first and second , respectively , while the Hustlers went completely off course . The Healers tribe had no problem creating fire with their kit , while Jessica developed an attraction towards Cole . The next day , Mike decided to look for a hidden immunity idol , but Joe became suspicious of Mike 's absence and confronted him over what he had been doing . At the Heroes tribe , a majority formed between Alan , Ashley , Ben , and JP , but Alan became suspicious over Ashley and JP 's bond . Still intimidated by their connection the following night , he pulled JP aside and asked him if he had a hidden immunity idol . Despite JP pulling out his pockets and stripping nude to prove he is not hiding anything on his body , Alan continued to harass JP over having an idol . This irked Ashley , who wondered whether aligning with Alan was a good idea . At the Hustlers tribe , Patrick and Ali aligned , while Ryan learned his `` secret advantage , '' was a `` super immunity idol '' that can be played after the votes are read . This advantage can only be used at the first Tribal Council . If his tribe does not go to the first Tribal Council , he must send it to someone on the losing tribe , who will not be aware of who sent the advantage . Ryan informed Devon of this advantage , and offered to use it on him in the event they end up at Tribal Council , forming a final 2 deal . Immunity Challenge : The castaways will race up a cargo net to the top of a tower . Each tribe will then pull a heavy cart up the tower , then hop in and quickly roll down to the bottom . At the bottom will be three different table mazes . The first tribe to reach the mazes will get first choice of which maze they want to tackle . The second tribe will get to choose between the remaining two mazes . The last tribe will be left with the maze that remains . Next , they will work together as a tribe to get their maze to the top of an even taller tower . Once at the top of the tower , two players from each tribe will maneuver three balls through their maze . The first two tribes to finish win immunity . After Ben and Chrissy 's poor maneuvering of the maze , the Healers and Hustlers won immunity , sending the Heroes to Tribal Council and forcing Ryan to will his advantage . At the Heroes camp , the majority decided to send Katrina home over Chrissy , but the tension between Alan and Ashley still lingered . Alan later approached Chrissy and Katrina with a plan to vote out Ashley , and tried to convince Ben in joining them . Ben tried to assure Alan that Ashley and JP were loyal to them , but Alan was still paranoid over the potential couple . Before Tribal Council , Chrissy learned that she had been given the secret advantage . At Tribal Council , Ashley called Alan out for his irrational behavior , while Alan openly stated that he did not trust Ashley or JP and warned his other tribe mates about them becoming a power couple . He also divulged that the initial discussion was between voting out Chrissy and Katrina . Ultimately , the plan to vote out Katrina was followed and she became the first person voted out in a unanimous vote . 514 `` I 'm a Wild Banshee '' Recap 1.6 / 6 October 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 04 ) 8.15 20 After returning from Tribal Council , Chrissy felt more secure about her spot in the game . At the Hustlers camp , Simone was pleased with her conquering of the outdoors , but her bragging and laziness set most of her tribemates off , while Ali approached Simone about working together . At the Healers camp , Cole and Jessica bonded over a fishing trip , while Joe began looking for a hidden immunity idol . After misinterpreting the clue as pointing towards the fishing raft , Joe had Cole help him find the idol . At the Heroes camp , JP established himself as the tribe 's provider to keep the target off his back , while Chrissy formed an alliance with Ben after weighing her options . Back at the Hustlers camp , Patrick tried to amuse his tribemates by acting boisterously around camp , but Lauren saw him as too unpredictable to keep around and voiced her concerns to Ali . Reward / Immunity Challenge : Three members of each tribe will swim out to a floating net ring . They will then dive down and maneuver a bundle of puzzle pieces through a cage . Once a tribe has collected all three bundles , the two remaining tribe members will use those pieces to solve a sign post puzzle . The first two tribes to finish win immunity and are safe from the vote . In addition , the first tribe to finish wins a fishing kit with traps , net , knife , line , lures , and sinkers . The second tribe to finish wins a smaller fishing kit with lines and lures . The last tribe to finish wins no reward , but will go to Tribal Council where one member will be the second person voted out . Despite the Hustlers starting the puzzle first , Simone 's inability to assist resulted in the loss for the Hustlers , while the Healers & Heroes placed first and second , respectively . Simone apologized to the tribe for costing them the victory and asked Lauren to join her in voting out Patrick . Patrick and Ryan agreed on voting out Simone , while Ali weighed her options with Ryan . At Tribal Council , Patrick and Simone each pled their case , with Patrick stating tribe strength is important while Simone stated that trust is more important . In an accidental slip - up , Patrick said he could trust most of his tribemates , when he meant to say `` all , '' raising some concern amongst his tribemates . However , Patrick was spared , and Simone was unanimously voted out . 515 `` My Kisses Are Very Private '' Recap 1.7 / 7 October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 8.02 19 The morning after Simone 's elimination , Ryan and Patrick agreed on a guys ' alliance with Lauren as their first target , while Lauren still wanted Patrick gone , as Patrick 's social game was lacking . Patrick also openly searched for a hidden immunity idol , which caused his tribemates to distrust him . Ali tried convincing Patrick to calm down , and he appreciated that she was looking out for him . At the Heroes camp , Ben and Chrissy were torn between voting out JP or Alan . Ben was wary about JP and Ashley 's perceived status as a power couple , while Alan struggled with camp life . At the Healers camp , Cole and Jessica 's mutual romantic interest continued . Joe believed that Mike would be a unanimous target , but Cole told Jessica about Joe 's idol . After Joe complained about the way Roark prepared food and threw it away instead of offering it to his tribemates , Cole prematurely leaked the idol information to Roark and Desi , to Jessica 's shock and dismay . Immunity / Reward Challenge : All tribe members race through a series of obstacles . They use sandbags to knock blocks off a ledge . Next , they will stack those blocks one on top of the other . The first two tribes to finish win immunity and are safe from the vote . In addition , the first tribe to finish wins four live chickens . The second tribe to finish wins a dozen eggs . The last tribe to finish wins no reward and a trip to Tribal Council where somebody will be the third person voted out . The Heroes placed first , while the Healers placed second despite forgetting a block . Patrick 's refusal to swap out during the throwing segment led to another loss for the Hustlers , and he apologized for his actions in the challenge . Lauren was angry with Patrick , and the way he responded to her asking if she was the target due to his selfish competitiveness in the challenge set her off even more . Ali , Devon , and Ryan debated on whether to vote out Lauren or Patrick . At Tribal Council , Lauren passionately campaigned for Patrick 's elimination . Patrick promised to integrate with his tribe better , but they never gave him the chance ; after being voted out unanimously , Patrick had harsh words for his former tribemates as his torch was snuffed , and he became the third person eliminated from the game . 516 `` I Do n't Like Having Snakes Around '' Recap 1.8 / 7 October 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 8.12 17 On day 9 , the tribes were surprised when Jeff announced a tribe swap . The new Levu tribe consisted of Heroes Alan & Ashley , Healers Desi & Joe , and lone Hustler Devon . The new Soko tribe consisted of Heroes Chrissy & JP , lone Healer Roark , and Hustlers Ali & Ryan . The new Yawa tribe consisted of lone Hero Ben , Healers Cole , Jessica & Mike , and lone Hustler Lauren . Jeff also announced a winner - take - all reward challenge to test how well the new tribes worked together . Reward Challenge : Three members of each tribe will be attached to a braided rope and must work together to untangle themselves and progress through a course . They will then use the rope to hook a sled and pull it back to them . The two remaining tribe members will use the pieces on the sled to solve an upright puzzle . The reward is a winner take all feast of peanut butter and jelly sandwiches and an individual bag of potato chips for each of the winners . By a narrow margin , Jessica and Mike solved their puzzle for Yawa first , winning reward for their tribe . As the new Yawa tribe members got to know each other better , Jessica discovered a secret advantage in her bag of chips that allowed her to block a person from voting to be used only at the next Tribal Council . She told Cole and Mike to build trust and keep the original Healers tribe intact , but Cole used the information to gain trust with Ben and Lauren , confusing the latter as to why he would tell her about it . She told Mike , who confronted Jessica and Cole over telling Lauren . After initial denials , Cole admitted only to telling Ben , which upset Jessica . At the new Soko tribe , Roark worried about her position within the tribe as the lone Healer , while Ryan and Chrissy aligned after he told her he was the one who gave her the super idol for the first tribal council . At the new Levu tribe , Ashley and Alan put aside their differences to target a Healer , while Joe told Devon the Heroes were targeting him so that he would side with the Healers , but Devon saw through the lie . Immunity Challenge : Each tribe will race out to a large crate of puzzle pieces . Next , they will maneuver their crate through a series of obstacles . Once they reach the finish , they will unlock their second set of puzzle pieces . They will arrange those pieces so to complete a giant puzzle . The first two tribes to finish win immunity and are safe from the vote . The losing tribe will go to Tribal Council where somebody will be the fourth person voted out . Yawa easily finished first , while Soko placed second . At the Levu camp , Devon was the swing vote ; he asked Ashley if she was targeting him , which she denied . Desi overheard the conversation and relayed it to Joe , who presumed that Devon would side with the Heroes . In an effort to get the target on his back so he would play his immunity idol , Joe confronted his entire tribe , and a heated argument ensued between him and Alan . Desi tried to convince Joe to give her his idol to gain her trust , while Devon saw that he received Jessica 's advantage , not to be opened until voting takes place . At Tribal Council , Joe targeted Ashley as the weakest link , while the old Heroes & Healers each campaigned for Devon 's vote . Devon opened his advantage and was shocked to learn his vote had been blocked . Before the votes were read , Joe stood up to play his idol . After some deliberation , he decided to play it for himself after catching Ashley 's facial expression , and the two votes against him were negated . The Healers ' votes went against Alan , and he was eliminated . 517 5 `` The Past Will Eat You Alive '' Recap 1.7 / 7 October 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) 8.22 17 At the Yawa camp , the loud crackling of bamboo in the fire reminded Ben of his difficult time in the United States Marine Corps . He removed himself from the camp to clear his head , while his tribemates showed concern for his well - being . Reward Challenge : The contestants will have their arms and legs bound together and they must slither through the sand while pushing a ball relay style through the course . When they reach the finish , the remaining tribe member will shoot five balls into a very high and narrow basket . The first tribe to finish will win iced coffee , pastries , extra coffee , and tea to take back to camp . The second tribe to finish gets one jug of iced coffee . Levu easily cruised to first place , and Yawa placed second after Ryan struggled for Soko in the challenge . Devon still felt threatened by Joe and pledged his allegiance to Ashley , and they discussed bringing in Desi against Joe . At the Soko camp , Ryan apologized for losing the challenge for his tribe , but relied on his social game to further himself . Roark still felt uneasy about her position within the tribe and aligned with Ali , who suggested to Ryan that they target Chrissy . Ryan was reluctant to turn against Chrissy , but he kept his options open . At the Yawa camp , Cole annoyed his tribemates with his poor eating manners , while Mike and Jessica discovered a hidden immunity idol at the water well . Immunity Challenge : The contestants will swim out to a boat and retrieve three bags of rice , push them through a hole and transport them across a balance beam to shore . They must then tear open each bag to retrieve three balls and maneuver them through a balance maze . The first two tribes to finish win immunity . The losers will go to Tribal Council where somebody will be the fifth person voted out . Yawa placed first and Levu placed second , sending Soko to their first Tribal Council of the season . Chrissy approached Roark about strategy for the first time , but Roark targeted Chrissy for her poor challenge performance ; to save herself , Chrissy told JP that Roark proposed an all - girls ' alliance , and JP instantly agreed to vote out Roark . Ali again talked to Ryan about voting out Chrissy , and Ryan realized he was the swing vote . At Tribal Council , Roark and Chrissy each campaigned against the other , but ultimately , Ryan sided with Chrissy to eliminate Roark from the game . 518 6 `` This is Why You Play Survivor '' Recap 1.6 / 6 November 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 01 ) 7.69 20 After Tribal Council , Ali confronted Ryan over why he left her out of the vote against Roark , and a defensive Ryan replied that he was scared of Ali and Roark 's bond . Ali and Ryan subsequently got into an argument . At the Yawa camp , Mike caught a small fish and accidentally dropped it in the fire , but he recovered it and even shared the fish with his tribemates , while Cole ate a bigger fish for himself , annoying Ben . Cole continued to rub his tribemates the wrong way by arguing that he has n't been eating enough . Reward Challenge : The castaways will race through an obstacle course ; pairs of castaways will carry a buoy using poles across a teeter - totter balance beam , which will release a key that is used to unlock the tribe 's boat . They must untie the knots and pull the boat to a platform where one tribe member will use a slingshot to knock down two targets . The first tribe to finish wins 10 pizzas and soft drinks , and the second tribe to finish wins one cheese pizza to share . The last tribe to finish wins no reward . Soko placed first and Yawa placed second after Levu was unable to recover from their bad start . Ryan anticipated a merge and considered blindsiding JP for being a physical threat . At the Levu camp , Ashley tried to turn Desi against Joe , and Desi considered making that move . Meanwhile , Devon tried to keep an eye on Joe to make sure he would n't scheme , but when he turned his back , Joe found a clue to a hidden immunity idol . That night , while everyone else was asleep , Joe followed the clue to the idol 's location . At the Yawa camp , Cole passed out from hunger , but after Mike and Jessica checked on him , he felt fine . Ben and Mike subsequently discussed getting rid of Cole due to his perceived weakness . Immunity Challenge : The tribe must work together to balance a plate using 5 ropes , 4 of which are held by the tribe ( 1 by each member ) . Players must make their way to the center , one by one , and stack blocks that spell `` IMMUNITY . '' The first two tribes to finish win immunity and are safe from the vote , while the losing tribe will go to Tribal Council where one member will be the sixth person voted out . Each tribe lost their stack at least once , but Yawa and Levu won the challenge , sending Soko to tribal council once again . Ryan and Chrissy were torn between voting out JP or Ali ; Chrissy did not trust Ali , but recognized JP as a physical threat . At Tribal Council , the tribe discussed the impending merge and how JP 's laidback approach to strategy has made him tough to read . In the end , Ryan and Chrissy voted against Ali , sending her home . 519 7 `` Get to Gettin ' '' Recap 1.6 / 6 November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) 7.82 21 After returning from Tribal Council , Chrissy felt like she was in a power position due to both Ryan and JP wanting to work with her . At the Levu camp , the tribe 's food supply was depleted . When the tribes arrived at what looked like a reward challenge , Jeff announced the merge , as well as a large steak feast . During the feast , Chrissy became irritated at Joe 's mannerisms and tried to realign with Ben , who was worried that the others might hear their conversation . At the new camp , Cole unsuccessfully attempted to find an advantage while building the new shelter . The Healers reunited with plans to bring in Ben and Lauren from the old Yawa tribe , while the Heroes & Hustlers aligned against the Healers . Devon approached Lauren about turning against the Healers , but she instantly told Mike . Devon also approached Chrissy and Ben about voting out either Joe or Cole ; Ben still wanted Cole gone for personal reasons , while Jessica and Mike warned Cole that he was in danger . Immunity Challenge : Using centrifugal force , the castaways must keep a ball spinning within a wheel as they stand on individual balance beams . At regular intervals , the castaways will be made to step forward onto narrower parts of the beam . If at any point the ball drops or a castaway falls off the beam , the castaway loses the challenge . The last castaway with a spinning ball wins immunity and is safe from the vote . Desi outlasted Ashley to win the challenge . Cole apologized to Ben , who pretended to forgive him but realized he may have to continue with Cole to benefit his own game . Mike suggested to the rest of the Healers that they target Chrissy due to her intelligence , while Lauren tried to convince Ben to stick with the Healers . Chrissy and her allies came up with a `` Plan B '' to vote against Jessica in case of an idol . At Tribal Council , Joe went off on the tribe and openly wore his idol from the Levu camp . Before the votes were read , Joe played the idol for himself , but did n't receive any votes , while Ben and Lauren sided with the Heroes & Hustlers to blindside Jessica . 520 8 `` Playing with the Devil '' Recap 1.7 / 6 November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) 8.85 18 After Jessica 's elimination , the Healers lamented being in the minority , while Lauren found the secret advantage Cole looked for after the merge . She learned that she could vote twice at a Tribal Council of her choice , provided she abstains from voting at the next Tribal Council . Reward Challenge : Randomly divided into two teams of five , castaways must race to the top of a tower . At the top of the tower , they will have to use a slingshot and sandbags to hit five targets . The first team to hit all five targets , indicated by a flag being released , wins a spaghetti dinner on a private island . In addition , the castaway drawing the odd - colored rock will join them . Since Joe drew the white rock , he got to join the winning team of Chrissy , Cole , Devon , JP , and Ryan . Jeff revealed the feast would be served family - style , meaning players will eat one at a time and must leave enough food for the next person with Joe choosing the order . Joe ate last and suggested that Devon ate first , in an attempt to build trust with Devon . While eating , Cole found a clue to the location of a new hidden immunity idol under the plate , and he made sure to cover it up using a nearby cloth . However , Chrissy and Ryan both discovered the clue , and Ryan hid the plate in the bushes after he was finished eating . Back at camp , Ryan took advantage of Cole going off on his own and quickly found the idol before asking Chrissy to cover up his tracks . Cole dashed in to ambush Chrissy before most of the tribe joined them . Ben believed he saw Cole find it and began to target him . Immunity Challenge : Standing on a narrow beam , and using a long pole , castaways must balance a statue . At regular intervals , they will move further away from the statue . If at any point , they fall from the beam or drop their statue , they are out of the challenge . The last person left standing wins immunity and is safe from the vote . Cole outlasted JP to win the challenge , foiling the plans of the majority alliance . Ben suggested splitting the vote between Joe and Desi , who had proven to be a strong competitor . Joe tried to convince Ryan and Devon to blindside Ben , who Joe perceived as the leader of the alliance , but Ben overheard the conversation . Ben confronted Joe , who accused him of swearing on the Marines ; this angered Ben , and the two got into a heated argument . Lauren told Ben of her advantage and how it would prevent them from splitting the votes at that night 's Tribal Council ; Ben then asked Mike to join his alliance in voting out Joe in fear of the vote split causing a scenario where he would be voted out . At Tribal Council , Joe reignited his argument with Ben , who subsequently opened up about his time after the Marines . During the vote , Lauren was able to play her advantage without being caught , Cole and Mike joined in the majority alliance 's split - vote plan , and the votes were tied at 4 apiece between Joe and Desi while Ben and Lauren each received a stray vote . On the revote , Desi received 7 votes to Joe 's 1 and became the first member of the jury . 521 9 `` Fear of the Unknown '' Recap 1.4 / 5 November 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 22 ) 7.42 15 The morning after Desi 's elimination , Mike pitched an idea to the majority alliance to blindside Cole at the next tribal council . Meanwhile , Lauren told Ben about her successful advantage play , and Ryan told Devon about his immunity idol . Reward Challenge : Randomly divided into two teams of five , three castaways will swim out to a tall ladder , climb it , leap into the water , and retrieve a key on a buoy . Once they have the keys , the next two will unlock a chest containing balls . They will then have to score five baskets to win a feast on a luxury yacht . The team of Chrissy , Cole , Joe , JP , and Mike won the challenge . Joe hoped to use the reward to sway Chrissy and JP to his side , but his efforts were for naught . At camp , Joe capitalised on his tribemates ' perception of him as obnoxious and abrasive and called Ashley a goat in order to make them believe he would never win a jury vote at Final Tribal and thus , not be voted out . Ryan told Ben about his idol , and while Ben was excited about his ally finding it instead of Cole , he also realized it would make Ryan a threat to him in the future . Ben told Devon , who started to lose trust in Ryan because he was n't the only one who knew about Ryan 's idol . Immunity Challenge : Castaways will have to stand up slightly in a squatting position , releasing the safety from their apparatus holding up an urn of water above a fire . Should they stand too high , their urn will extinguish their fire , or if they go too low , will release a flag eliminating them from the challenge . The last castaway standing wins immunity and is safe from the vote . Lauren outlasted Cole to win immunity . Back at camp , Ben wanted to split the vote between Cole and Mike , but Chrissy and Ashley were fed up with Joe . Ben was very adamant about wanting to vote out either Cole or Mike , causing some discourse among the majority . After Chrissy was shut down by Ben about Joe 's status as a threat despite being widely disliked , she discussed deviating from Ben 's plan and voting out Joe with her allies and Mike . Before Tribal Council started , Mike told Joe to follow his lead . Chrissy confronted Joe about insulting her and Ashley before Mike outlined the hypocrisy in her argument , stating that , by keeping Joe in the game , the rest of the castaways were not playing with moral character . Joe accused everyone else of not playing the game at all , and Mike brought up the fact that the majority had 4 Heroes and 3 Hustlers , meaning the Hustlers would be picked off one by one at that point after voting out the rest of the Healers . Ashley countered Mike 's point by outlining that his comment was just as hypocritical as Chrissy 's opening one , that nobody is just a number and that morals and relationships do serve a purpose in the game . Before the votes were read , Mike played his idol for himself , but received only 2 votes . Ultimately , Ben got his way , and everyone else voted Cole out . 522 523 10 11 `` Buy One , Get One Free '' Recap , part 1 Recap , part 2 1.8 / 7 November 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 29 ) 8.27 18 After the heated Tribal Council , Mike revealed his blowup was a calculated plan to ensure the vote went against him so he would play his idol . Reward Challenge : Using only their feet , castaways must unwind a rope to release blocks that they will use to assemble a three - tiered tower with a flag in the middle . The first castaway to complete their tower will win an aerial tour of the Sacred Islands and a feast of cheeseburgers , fries , and beer . Lauren won the challenge and chose to share the reward with Devon , Ben , and Ashley . At camp , Ryan and Chrissy discussed voting out Ben and Lauren after Joe and Mike . While on reward , Lauren revealed she chose Devon , Ben , and Ashley due to her plans for a 4 - person alliance to shake up the game , and they were in agreement . The castaways on the reward trip received letters from home . The next morning at camp , while reading his letter , Ben stumbled upon a clue to the location of a new hidden immunity idol , which he eventually found . Immunity Challenge : Perched on a roof - shaped structure , castaways will have to balance on narrow beams . After 20 minutes , castaways will move up the structure , standing on a narrow beam . If at any point a castaway touches the structure with any body part other than their feet , or they fall off , they are out of the challenge . The last person left standing wins immunity and is safe from the vote . Before the challenge started , Jeff tempted the castaways with food ; Devon , Ben , and Lauren sat out , and Ashley won immunity . Back at camp , Lauren 's new alliance prepared their revolt , with Devon assigning Ben to be their `` double agent '' , voting against Mike , while Lauren and Ashley asked Joe and Mike to join them . At Tribal Council , Lauren 's alliance put their plan in motion , completely blindsiding JP and sending him to the jury . After Tribal Council , a stunned Chrissy and Ryan confronted their former allies about leaving them out of the vote . Ryan tried to make amends with Devon , but he was unable to do so . Reward Challenge : Randomly divided into two teams of four , castaways will swim out to a boat . They will then paddle to shore , collecting 4 bags of logs along the way . Back on shore , they will use the logs to push out puzzle pieces from a chute . The first team to finish their puzzle wins a spa trip with a feast . The team of Ashley , Ben , Devon , and Joe won the challenge . On the reward trip , Ashley considered turning against Ben . Back at camp , Ryan unsuccessfully tried to sway Mike to his side , and Chrissy also failed with Lauren . Immunity Challenge : Using a driving wheel , castaways drive a key hanging on an urn through a series of obstacles . The key will unlock a set of puzzle pieces . Using the driving wheel , they must transport the puzzle pieces to the finish . The first person to solve the word puzzle `` INVULNERABLE '' wins immunity and is safe from the vote . Chrissy won the challenge . At camp , Lauren told her alliance about her second vote , and Devon told Mike and Joe that they would use it to split the votes between Ryan and Ben , when in reality , the alliance would stick together to blindside Joe . In private , Ashley told Lauren and Devon she was having second thoughts about staying loyal to Ben . At Tribal Council , Ben continued his charade of being on the outside , but he warned Joe and Mike that they were on the bottom of the new alliance . Before the vote , Ryan played his idol but received only 2 votes . Ultimately , the alliance of 4 stuck together and sent Joe to the jury . 524 12 `` Not Going to Roll Over and Die '' Recap 1.8 / 7 December 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 06 ) 8.96 11 After Joe 's elimination , Chrissy angrily confronted Ben about his betrayal , and they got into an argument . When the castaways arrived at the reward challenge , they were reunited with their loved ones : Ashley 's father Jim , Ryan 's father Steve , Mike 's wife Berri , Lauren 's sister Sunny , Chrissy 's husband Keith , Devon 's mother Sonia , and Ben 's wife Kelly . Reward Challenge : The castaways will conduct this challenge with their loved ones . Each person will have a bag with black and white marbles . Both the castaways and their loved ones must draw the same - colored marble to remain in the challenge . The last pair left standing wins a Survivor barbeque and quality time with each other . All except Ben and Chrissy failed to match on the first round . In the second round , Ben failed to match while Chrissy was able to . After winning reward , Chrissy chose Ryan , Mike , and Ashley , as well as their loved ones , to join her and her husband . Chrissy later revealed she chose Ashley because she felt that Ashley would be the easiest to turn against the majority . Ben made a fake idol in hopes that Chrissy would find it , while Lauren found half of a real idol , showing it to Ben and Devon , with the other half hidden at the immunity challenge . Immunity Challenge : The castaways must support two discs , weighted by wind chimes , supported by two posts with only their fingertips . If they drop their discs , they are out of the challenge . The last person left standing wins immunity and is safe from the vote . Devon conceded immunity to Ashley for a massage , stating that they were a tight alliance . Lauren picked up the second half of the idol at the challenge , but was seen by Ben . Ashley continued to talk to Devon and Lauren about blindsiding Ben , but he overheard the conversation . After they agreed on voting out Chrissy , a paranoid Ben realized how much power Lauren had in the game , between her idol and the extra vote . He got Mike and Ryan on board with voting out Lauren and tried to convince Chrissy , but she was still angry with him . She told Mike she wanted Ben out , and Mike told Ashley and Devon that Ben told Chrissy about Lauren 's power . Devon warned Lauren that she was in danger , and Lauren gave the other half of the idol to Mike to show him she trusted him . At Tribal Council , Devon said he stepped down at the immunity challenge to show his trust in his alliance , not including Ben . Ben subsequently confronted his tribemates about potentially voting him out , and he said flat - out that he would vote for Lauren . Lauren revealed she left her extra vote at camp , while Ben revealed his fake idol . Mike then tossed the half of Lauren 's idol that he had into the fire . While the tribe openly quarreled amongst each other , Ryan whispered to Mike that Lauren had to go , but Mike convinced him to vote for Ben . Devon then walked over to Mike and instructed him to vote out Ben , which made Chrissy walk over to Ryan to say she was on board with voting out Lauren . She refused when Mike and Ryan asked her to vote out Ben . In the end , everyone voted for Ben . However , unbeknownst to the others , Ben also had his real idol ; he played it on himself , and for the first time in Survivor history , a unanimous vote was successfully negated . Ben 's sole vote sent Lauren out of the game , much to the shock of the other jury members , except Joe . 525 13 `` The Survivor Devil '' Recap 1.8 / 7 December 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 13 ) 8.74 TBA After the hectic tribal council , the tribe dynamic was Ben vs. everyone else . Ben woke up early the next morning to search for a new hidden immunity idol , and nobody followed him , as they believed he would n't find it . Reward Challenge : Randomly divided into three pairs , castaways are clipped to a rope and must maneuver together through three obstacles . One they have reached the end of the course , they will unclip themselves and attempt to throw rings onto a target . The first pair to get all five rings on the target wins an overnight stay at a private island with a feast . Devon and Chrissy won the challenge ; Jeff instructed them to take one more person , and Chrissy suggested to Devon that they select Ryan . They did so , much to Ashley 's shock and chagrin . Mike was also frustrated , as he saw himself as a swing vote . Ben tried to talk strategy with Mike and Ashley at camp , but neither of them wanted any part of it . On reward , Chrissy proposed a final 3 deal with Ryan and Devon . She also considered voting out Ashley before Ben , out of fear that she has built better relationships in the game . Immunity Challenge : The castaways must first climb a ladder and go down a cargo net . Then will then have to traverse a series of obstacles , where they will then untie a bag containing sandbags . Using the sandbags , they must get one into a basket , which will release the first ladder on a tower . One the second level , castaways will then use a ball and rope to pull down a second ladder . On the top of the tower , castaways then have to solve a cog puzzle . The first person to finish the puzzle and hoist their flag wins immunity and is safe from the vote . Chrissy won immunity . Ben continued his search for an idol , while Ashley suggested splitting the vote between Ben and Mike . Chrissy began campaigning for Ashley 's elimination , but Mike desperately wanted Ben out , while Devon was reluctant to turn against Ashley . Ben eventually found a clue saying the idol was hidden under the shelter . At Tribal Council , final 3 discussions and potential plans were brought up . Devon continued campaigning against Ben , who subsequently revealed he did find the idol . He convinced Ashley to vote for Mike , and when Devon said he would n't believe Ben would play the idol , Ben presented the idol to Jeff to play on himself before the votes were to be cast . Ashley did vote for Mike , but everyone else , including Devon , blindsided Ashley , sending her to the jury . 526 14 `` Million Dollar Night '' TBA TBA December 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 20 ) TBD TBA 527 15 `` Reunion '' TBA TBA December 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 20 ) TBD TBA Voting history ( edit ) Original tribes Switched tribes Merged tribe Episode # 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Day # 6 8 11 14 16 19 21 24 27 30 33 36 Eliminated Katrina Simone Patrick Alan Roark Ali Jessica Tie Desi Cole JP Joe Lauren Ashley Votes 5 -- 1 5 -- 1 4 -- 1 2 -- 0 3 -- 2 3 -- 1 7 -- 5 4 -- 4 -- 1 -- 1 7 -- 1 7 -- 1 -- 0 5 -- 3 -- 1 4 -- 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 5 -- 1 Voter Vote Ben Katrina Jessica Desi Desi Cole Mike Joe Lauren Ashley Chrissy Katrina Roark Ali Jessica Joe Desi Mike Joe Ashley Ben Ashley Devon Simone Patrick None Jessica Desi Desi Cole JP Joe Ben Ashley Mike Chrissy Joe Joe Cole JP Ryan Ben Ashley Ryan Simone Patrick Roark Ali Jessica Desi Desi Cole Mike Ashley Ben Ashley Ashley Katrina Joe Jessica Joe Desi Cole JP Joe Ben Mike Lauren Simone Patrick Jessica None Cole JP Joe Ben Joe Alan Chrissy Ben None Cole JP Ryan JP Katrina Roark Ali Jessica Desi Desi Mike Mike Cole Chrissy Joe Desi Ben Desi Alan Chrissy Lauren None Jessica Chrissy Ali Simone Patrick Chrissy JP Roark Chrissy Alan Katrina Joe Patrick Simone Lauren Simone Patrick Katrina Ashley Jury vote Episode # 14 Day # 39 Finalist TBD TBD TBD Votes TBD Juror Vote TBD TBD Ashley Lauren Joe JP Cole Desi Jump up ^ The vote resulted in a tie . Per the rules , a second vote was held where the castaways involved in the tie would not vote and the remaining castaways could only vote for those who tied . Jump up ^ Joe played a hidden immunity idol on himself , therefore two votes against him were not counted . Jump up ^ Mike played a hidden immunity idol on himself , therefore two votes against him were not counted . Jump up ^ Ryan played a hidden immunity idol on himself , therefore two votes against him were not counted . Jump up ^ Ben played a hidden immunity idol on himself , therefore six votes against him were not counted . Jump up ^ Devon was not eligible to vote in the Tribal Council vote , as Jessica secretly used her vote block power on him . Jump up ^ As her advantage required her to abstain from voting during the Day 21 Tribal Council in order to receive an additional vote at a future Tribal Council , Lauren chose not to vote ; she was thus likewise ineligible to vote during the revote . ^ Jump up to : Desi and Joe were not eligible to vote in the second round of voting . Reception ( edit ) The September 27 premiere episode , titled `` I 'm Not Crazy , I 'm Confident '' saw a significant boost in viewership over March 's Survivor : Game Changers with 8.33 million people tuning in , compared to the show 's all - time low of 7.64 earlier in the year . However , the premiere of the show 's 35th season was unable to match Survivor : Millenials vs. Gen X 's premiere viewership from fall 2016 . That said , the series once again ranked first in it 's time - slot ( by a significant margin ) and once again tied with ABC 's The Goldbergs for the critical 18 - 49 demographic , with both placing behind Fox 's Empire . Survivor again edged out favourites Empire , Modern Family and Criminal Minds to rank second overall for the evening behind SEAL Team which also debuted on CBS in the hour proceeding . Ratings ( edit ) U.S. Nielson Ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( in millions ) 513 `` I 'm Not Crazy , I 'm Confident '' September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) Wednesdays 8 : 00 p.m. 1.8 / 7 8.33 514 `` I 'm a Wild Banshee '' October 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 04 ) 1.6 / 6 8.01 515 `` My Kisses are Very Private '' October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 1.6 / 6 7.92 516 `` I Do n't Like Having Snakes Around '' October 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 1.7 / 7 8.01 517 5 `` The Past Will Eat You Alive '' October 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) 1.7 / 7 8.22 518 6 `` This is Why You Play Survivor '' November 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 01 ) 1.5 / 6 7.53 519 7 `` Get to Gettin ' '' November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) 1.6 / 6 7.73 520 8 `` Playing with the Devil '' November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) 1.7 / 6 8.72 521 9 `` Fear of the Unknown '' November 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 22 ) 1.4 / 5 7.37 522 10 `` Buy One , Get One Free '' November 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 29 ) 1.8 / 7 8.2 523 11 `` Not Going to Roll Over and Die '' December 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 06 ) 1.7 / 6 8.85 524 12 `` The Survivor Devil '' December 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 13 ) 1.6 / 6 7.69 525 13 `` Million Dollar Night '' December 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 20 ) - - 526 14 `` Reunion '' December 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 20 ) 10 : 00 p.m. - - References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ross , Dalton ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor : Heroes v. Healers v. Hustlers ' : Jeff Probst Gives Intel on NEXT Season '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( September 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' : Jeff Probst Explains Everything to Know About Season 35 '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` CBS fall TV 2017 premiere dates : ' Young Sheldon ' gets early preview , 6 new shows join lineup '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Announces ' Survivor ' Season 35 Contestants '' . Variety . August 30 , 2017 . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' premiere adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Sunday Night Football ' score in week 1 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' SEAL Team , ' ' Law & Order : SVU ' and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` NFL times 2 dominates the week 2 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' Blacklist ' adjust up , ' Dynasty ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` NFL , ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' NCIS ' lead week 3 's broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' SEAL Team ' adjust up , ' Criminal Minds ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and NFL carry NBC to 18 - 49 victory in week 4 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Blacklist ' and ' Designated Survivor ' adjust down , final World Series numbers : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and NFL carry NBC to 18 - 49 victory in week 4 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` World Series ends big , ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' Blacklist , ' ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` World Series , ' Big Bang Theory ' lead week 6 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' SVU , ' CMAs and others unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` NFL and ' This Is Us ' carry NBC to victory in week 7 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` NFL carries NBC to victory again : Week 8 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Wall ' and ' SNL Thanksgiving ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` NBC is thankful for football : Week 9 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` Football reigns supreme in week 10 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' SVU ' and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Will & Grace ' and of course NFL carry NBC to the top : Week 11 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/wednesday-final-ratings-sept-27-2017/ Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/world-series-ends-big-survivor-goldbergs-blacklist-speechless-adjust-up-wednesday-final-ratings/ Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/world-series-ends-big-survivor-goldbergs-blacklist-speechless-adjust-up-wednesday-final-ratings/ External links ( edit ) Official CBS Survivor website Survivor ( hide ) U.S. version Seasons 2000 : Borneo 2001 : The Australian Outback Africa 2002 : Marquesas Thailand 2003 : The Amazon Pearl Islands 2004 : All - Stars Vanuatu 2005 : Palau Guatemala 2006 : Panama Cook Islands 2007 : Fiji China 2008 : Micronesia Gabon 2009 : Tocantins Samoa 2010 : Heroes vs. Villains Nicaragua 2011 : Redemption Island South Pacific 2012 : One World Philippines 2013 : Caramoan Blood vs. Water 2014 : Cagayan San Juan del Sur 2015 : Worlds Apart Cambodia 2016 : Kaôh Rōng Millennials vs. Gen X 2017 : Game Changers Heroes vs. Healers vs. Hustlers Winners Richard Hatch ( Borneo ) Tina Wesson ( The Australian Outback ) Ethan Zohn ( Africa ) Vecepia Towery ( Marquesas ) Brian Heidik ( Thailand ) Jenna Morasca ( The Amazon ) Sandra Diaz - Twine ( Pearl Islands and Heroes vs. Villains ) Amber Brkich ( All - Stars ) Chris Daugherty ( Vanuatu ) Tom Westman ( Palau ) Danni Boatwright ( Guatemala ) Aras Baskauskas ( Panama ) Yul Kwon ( Cook Islands ) Earl Cole ( Fiji ) Todd Herzog ( China ) Parvati Shallow ( Micronesia ) Bob Crowley ( Gabon ) J.T. Thomas ( Tocantins ) Natalie White ( Samoa ) Jud `` Fabio '' Birza ( Nicaragua ) Rob Mariano ( Redemption Island ) Sophie Clarke ( South Pacific ) Kim Spradlin ( One World ) Denise Stapley ( Philippines ) John Cochran ( Caramoan ) Tyson Apostol ( Blood vs. Water ) Tony Vlachos ( Cagayan ) Natalie Anderson ( San Juan del Sur ) Mike Holloway ( Worlds Apart ) Jeremy Collins ( Cambodia ) Michele Fitzgerald ( Kaôh Rōng ) Adam Klein ( Millennials vs. Gen X ) Sarah Lacina ( Game Changers ) Related articles Contestants Tribes Episodes seasons 1 -- 20 seasons 21 -- present Survivor Live Versions outside the U.S. Africa South Africa Pan-regional : Africa Americas Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Mexico Venezuela Asia -- Pacific Australia China India Japan New Zealand Pakistan Philippines Europe ( East ) Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Trosečník Robinsonův ostrov Georgia Greece Hungary Poland Wyprawa Robinson Wyspa Przetrwania Romania Russia Slovakia Slovenia Turkey Ukraine Pan-regional : ex-Yugoslavia Baltics Europe ( West ) Denmark Finland France Germany Italy Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Pan-regional : Austria - Germany Belgium - Netherlands Scandinavia : Denmark - Norway - Sweden Middle East Azerbaijan Israel Pan-regional : Arab World Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Survivor:_Heroes_vs._Healers_vs._Hustlers&oldid=816064248 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons Survivor ( U.S. TV series ) seasons Television shows set in Fiji Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 00 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the 35th season of survivor located | [
"Survivor: Heroes vs. Healers vs. Hustlers is the 35th season of the American CBS competitive reality television series Survivor. This season features 18 new players divided into three tribes based on dominant perceived trait: \"Heroes\" (courage), \"Healers\" (compassion), and \"Hustlers\" (tenacity).[1] This is the fourth season of the show filmed in Fiji, following Survivor: Fiji, Survivor: Millennials vs. Gen X, and Survivor: Game Changers."
] | [
"Fiji"
] |
4019803265931800869 | Here Comes the Rain Again | Here Comes the Rain Again - wikipedia Here Comes the Rain Again Jump to : navigation , search `` Here Comes the Rain Again '' Single by Eurythmics from the album Touch B - side `` Paint a Rumour '' Released 12 January 1984 Format 7 `` , 12 '' Recorded Genre New wave , Synthpop Length 4 : 56 5 : 08 ( 7 `` ) Label RCA Records Songwriter ( s ) Annie Lennox and David A. Stewart Producer ( s ) David A. Stewart Eurythmics singles chronology `` Right By Your Side '' ( 1983 ) `` Here Comes the Rain Again '' ( 1984 ) `` Sexcrime ( Nineteen Eighty - Four ) '' ( 1984 ) `` Right By Your Side '' ( 1983 ) `` Here Comes the Rain Again '' ( 1984 ) `` Sexcrime ( Nineteen Eighty - Four ) '' ( 1984 ) Music video `` Here Comes the Rain Again '' on YouTube `` Here Comes the Rain Again '' is a 1984 song by British duo Eurythmics . It was written by group members Annie Lennox and David A. Stewart and produced by Stewart . The song was released on 12 January 1984 as the third single in the UK from the album Touch and in the United States as the first single . It became Eurythmics ' second Top 10 U.S. hit , peaking at number 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 . `` Here Comes the Rain Again '' hit number eight in the UK Singles Chart , becoming their fifth consecutive Top 10 single in that country . Contents ( hide ) 1 Song information 2 Music video 3 Track listings 4 Chart performance 4.1 Weekly charts 4.1. 1 Original release 4.1. 2 1991 re-issue 4.2 Year - end charts 5 Personnel 6 Sampling 7 References 8 External links Song information ( edit ) Stewart explained to Songfacts that creating a melancholy mood in his songs is something at which he excels . He said : `` ' Here Comes the Rain Again ' is kind of a perfect one where it has a mixture of things , because I 'm playing a b - minor , but then I change it to put a b - natural ( sic -- the song is in A minor ) in , and so it kind of feels like that minor is suspended , or major . So it 's kind of a weird course . And of course that starts the whole song , and the whole song was about that undecided thing , like here comes depression , or here comes that downward spiral . But then it goes , ' so talk to me like lovers do . ' It 's the wandering in and out of melancholy , a dark beauty that sort of is like the rose that 's when it 's darkest unfolding and bloodred just before the garden , dies . And capturing that in kind of oblique statements and sentiments . '' The string arrangements by Michael Kamen were performed by members of the British Philharmonic Orchestra . However , due to the limited space in the studio , the Church , the players had to improvise by recording their parts in other parts of the studio . The song was then mixed by blending the orchestral tracks on top of the original synthesized backing track . During Eurythmics reunion `` Peacetour '' they performed an in - studio concert for the A&E Network in the U.S. Dave Stewart revealed that the lyrics to the song came into being after an argument between him and Lennox while they were doing some songwriting in New York City 's Columbus Hotel . The basic melody had already been written and Lennox looked out the window after their fight and noticed it was starting to rain . She announced , `` Here comes the rain again . '' The running time for `` Here Comes the Rain Again '' is in actuality about five minutes long and was edited on the Touch album ( fading out at approximately four - and - a-half minutes ) . Although it was edited even further for its single and video release , many U.S. radio stations played the full - length version of it . The entire five - minute version did not appear on any Eurythmics album until the U.S. edition of Greatest Hits in 1991 . In the UK , the single became Eurythmics ' fifth Top 10 hit , peaking at # 8 . It was the duo 's second top ten hit in the United States , peaking at # 4 in March 1984 . Music video ( edit ) The music video , featuring both Annie Lennox and Dave Stewart , was directed by Stewart , Jonathan Gershfield and Jon Roseman , and released in December 1983 , a month before the single came out . The video opens with a passing aerial shot of The Old Man of Hoy on the Island of Hoy in the Orkney Islands before transitioning to Lennox walking along the rocky shore and cliff top . She later explores a derelict cottage while wearing a nightgown and holding a lantern . Stewart stalks her with a video camera . In many scenes the two are filmed separately , then superimposed into the same frame . The result is that the viewer may perceive one as being a ghost in the world of the other . Track listings ( edit ) 7 '' A : `` Here Comes The Rain Again '' ( 7 '' Edit ) -- 3 : 53 B : `` Paint A Rumour '' ( Long Version ) -- 8 : 00 12 '' A : `` Here Comes The Rain Again '' ( Full Version ) * -- 5 : 05 B1 : `` This City Never Sleeps '' ( Live Version , San Francisco ' 83 ) -- 5 : 30 B2 : `` Paint A Rumour '' ( Long Version ) * -- 8 : 00 * both ( Versions ) are longer than the ones found on the Touch album Other versions `` Here Comes The Rain Again '' ( Freemasons Vocal Mix ) -- 7 : 17 / ( 2009 ) `` Here Comes The Rain Again '' ( Freemasons Radio Edit ) -- 4 : 41 / ( 2009 ) Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Original release ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 16 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 15 Canada ( RPM ) Adult Contemporary Chart 7 Canada ( RPM ) Top Singles 8 France ( SNEP ) 33 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 14 Ireland ( IRMA ) 8 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 33 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 32 Norway ( VG - lista ) 10 Polish Lista Przebojów Programu Trzeciego Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 20 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 19 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 8 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 6 US Hot Dance Club Play ( Billboard ) 1991 re-issue ( edit ) Chart ( 1991 ) Peak position French Singles Chart 92 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 ) Rank Canada 58 US Billboard Hot 100 38 Personnel ( edit ) Eurythmics Annie Lennox - vocals , keyboard Dave Stewart - guitar , keyboard Additional personnel Michael Kamen - conductor British Philharmonic - strings Sampling ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The song 's opening was used in the Belgium Dance act Oxy 's 1992 single `` The Feeling . '' George Nozuka sings the same note when he says `` Talk to me '' with a slight stutter on his hit single , `` Talk to Me '' . Another hit by Nozuka , `` Last Night '' , features a riff that is inspired by `` Sweet Dreams '' . The line `` Talk to me '' is sampled in Alice DeeJay 's song `` Better Off Alone '' . The lyrics of the chorus were sampled in the 1995 song `` Tragedy '' by RZA from the Wu - Tang Clan . The lyrics `` Walk with me , like lovers do / Talk to me , like lovers do '' were used in Platinum Weird 's song `` Taking Chances '' which incidentally , was co-written by Stewart . `` Taking Chances '' was later covered by Celine Dion and released as the title track of her 2007 album . The lyrics of the chorus were sampled in Jamaican singer 's Nadirah X song Here It Comes in 2010 on her debut album Ink . Madonna sampled the song on her Sticky and Sweet Tour in 2008 - 2009 with her own song Rain as a video interlude . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Record News '' . NME . London , England : IPC Media : 28 . 7 January 1984 . ^ Jump up to : `` Here Comes The Rain Again '' . Songfacts.com . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ EurythmicsVEVO ( 2009 - 10 - 25 ) , Eurythmics - Here Comes The Rain Again ( Remastered ) , retrieved 2017 - 06 - 07 Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives , NSW : Australian Chart Book . p. 105 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Eurythmics -- Here Comes the Rain Again '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Results - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` RPM 50 Singles '' . RPM -- Volume 40 , No. 2 . 17 March 1984 . Retrieved 5 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` InfoDisc : Tout les Titres par Artiste '' . Infodisc.fr . Archived from the original on 28 January 2013 . Retrieved 6 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Eurythmics Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Here Comes the Rain Again '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Eurythmics -- Here Comes the Rain Again '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Eurythmics -- Here Comes the Rain Again '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Eurythmics -- Here Comes the Rain Again '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Archiwum Listy Przebojów Programu Trzeciego '' . lp3.pl . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Eurythmics -- Here Comes the Rain Again '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Eurythmics -- Here Comes the Rain Again '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Eurythmics -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Eurythmics . Jump up ^ `` Eurythmics -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Eurythmics . Jump up ^ `` Touch -- Awards at AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 5 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles of 1984 -- Volume 41 , No. 17 , January 05 1985 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com External links ( edit ) Music video on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Eurythmics Annie Lennox David A. Stewart Studio albums In the Garden Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) Touch Be Yourself Tonight Revenge Savage We Too Are One Peace Other albums Touch Dance 1984 ( For the Love of Big Brother ) Live 1983 -- 1989 Compilations Greatest Hits Ultimate Collection Boxed Singles `` Never Gonna Cry Again '' `` Belinda '' `` This Is the House '' `` The Walk '' `` Love Is a Stranger '' `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' `` Who 's That Girl ? '' `` Right by Your Side '' `` Here Comes the Rain Again '' `` Sexcrime ( Nineteen Eighty - Four ) '' `` Julia '' `` Would I Lie to You ? '' `` There Must Be an Angel ( Playing with My Heart ) '' `` Sisters Are Doin ' It for Themselves '' `` It 's Alright ( Baby 's Coming Back ) '' `` When Tomorrow Comes '' `` Thorn in My Side '' `` The Miracle of Love '' `` Missionary Man '' `` Beethoven ( I Love to Listen to ) '' `` Shame '' `` I Need a Man '' `` You Have Placed a Chill in My Heart '' `` Revival '' `` Do n't Ask Me Why '' `` The King and Queen of America '' `` Angel '' `` ( My My ) Baby 's Gonna Cry '' `` Sweet Dreams ' 91 '' `` I Saved the World Today '' `` 17 Again '' `` I 've Got a Life '' Videography Sweet Dreams Live Savage We Two Are One Too Greatest Hits Peacetour Ultimate Collection Related articles Discography The Tourists Book : Eurythmics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Here_Comes_the_Rain_Again&oldid=808443059 '' Categories : 1983 songs 1984 singles Eurythmics songs RCA Records singles Songs written by Annie Lennox Songs written by David A. Stewart Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2015 Use British English from June 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Articles needing additional references from June 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Română Русский Simple English Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 2 November 2017 , at 22 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings the song talk to me like lovers do | [
"\"Here Comes the Rain Again\" is a 1984 song by British duo Eurythmics. It was written by group members Annie Lennox and David A. Stewart and produced by Stewart. The song was released on 12 January 1984[1] as the third single in the UK from the album Touch and in the United States as the first single. It became Eurythmics' second Top 10 U.S. hit, peaking at number 4 on the Billboard Hot 100. \"Here Comes the Rain Again\" hit number eight in the UK Singles Chart, becoming their fifth consecutive Top 10 single in that country."
] | [
"Eurythmics"
] |
6714081602289350422 | I know that I know nothing | I know that I know nothing - wikipedia I know that I know nothing Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on Socrates `` I know that I know nothing '' Social gadfly Trial of Socrates Eponymous concepts Socratic dialogue Socratic method Socratic questioning Socratic irony Socratic paradox Socratic problem Apology ( Plato ) Disciples Plato Xenophon Antisthenes Aristippus Related topics Megarians Cynicism Cyrenaics Platonism Aristotelianism Stoicism Virtue ethics The Clouds The phrase `` I know that I know nothing '' , `` The only thing I know is that I know nothing '' or `` I know one thing ; that I know nothing '' , `` I know that all I know is that I do not know anything '' , called the Socratic paradox , is a well - known saying that is derived from Plato 's account of the Greek philosopher Socrates . The phrase is not one that Socrates himself is ever recorded as saying . This saying is also connected or conflated with the answer to a question Socrates ( according to Xenophon ) or Chaerephon ( according to Plato ) is said to have posed to the Pythia , the oracle of Delphi , in which the Oracle stated something to the effect of `` Socrates is the wisest . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 In Plato 3 Alternative usage 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Etymology ( edit ) The phrase , originally from Latin ( `` ipse se nihil scire id unum sciat '' ) , is a possible paraphrase from a Greek text ( see below ) . It is also quoted as `` scio me nihil scire '' or `` scio me nescire '' . It was later back - translated to Katharevousa Greek as `` ( ἓν οἶδα ὅτι ) οὐδὲν οἶδα '' , ( èn oîda óti ) oudèn oîda ) . In Plato ( edit ) The saying , though widely attributed to Plato 's Socrates in both ancient and modern times , actually occurs nowhere in Plato 's works in this form . Two prominent Plato scholars have recently argued that the claim should not be attributed to Plato 's Socrates . Evidence that Socrates does not actually claim to know nothing can be found at Apology 29b - c , where he claims twice to know something . See also Apology 29d , where Socrates indicates that he is so confident in his claim to knowledge at 29b - c that he is willing to die for it . In Apology , Plato relates that Socrates accounts for his seeming wiser than any other person because he does not imagine that he knows what he does not know . ( ... ) ἔοικα γοῦν τούτου γε σμικρῷ τινι αὐτῷ τούτῳ σοφώτερος εἶναι , ὅτι ἃ μὴ οἶδα οὐδὲ οἴομαι εἰδέναι . ( ... ) I seem , then , in just this little thing to be wiser than this man at any rate , that what I do not know I do not think I know either . One ought to remember the context in which this passage occurs , namely Socrates having gone to a `` wise '' man , and having discussed with him , withdraws and thinks the above to himself . Socrates , since he denied any kind of knowledge , then tried to find someone wiser than himself among politicians , poets , and craftsmen . It appeared that politicians claimed wisdom without knowledge ; poets could touch people with their words , but did not know their meaning ; and craftsmen could claim knowledge only in specific and narrow fields . The interpretation of the Oracle 's answer might be Socrates ' awareness of his own ignorance . Socrates also deals with this phrase in Plato 's dialogue Meno when he says : καὶ νῦν περὶ ἀρετῆς ὃ ἔστιν ἐγὼ μὲν οὐκ οἶδα , σὺ μέντοι ἴσως πρότερον μὲν ᾔδησθα πρὶν ἐμοῦ ἅψασθαι , νῦν μέντοι ὅμοιος εἶ οὐκ εἰδότι . ( So now I do not know what virtue is ; perhaps you knew before you contacted me , but now you are certainly like one who does not know . ) ( trans . G.M.A. Grube ) Here , Socrates aims at the change of Meno 's opinion , who was a firm believer in his own opinion and whose claim to knowledge Socrates had disproved . It is essentially the question that begins `` post-Socratic '' Western philosophy . Socrates begins all wisdom with wondering , thus one must begin with admitting one 's ignorance . After all , Socrates ' dialectic method of teaching was based on that he as a teacher knew nothing , so he would derive knowledge from his students by dialogue . There is also a passage by Diogenes Laertius in his work Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers where he lists , among the things that Socrates used to say : `` εἰδέναι μὲν μηδὲν πλὴν αὐτὸ τοῦτο εἰδέναι '' , or `` that he knew nothing except that he knew that very fact ( i.e. that he knew nothing ) '' . Again , closer to the quote , there is a passage in Plato 's Apology , where Socrates says that after discussing with someone he started thinking that : τούτου μὲν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἐγὼ σοφώτερός εἰμι κινδυνεύει μὲν γὰρ ἡμῶν οὐδέτερος οὐδὲν καλὸν κἀγαθὸν εἰδέναι , ἀλλ _̓ οὗτος μὲν οἴεταί τι εἰδέναι οὐκ εἰδώς , ἐγὼ δέ , ὥσπερ οὖν οὐκ οἶδα , οὐδὲ οἴομαι ἔοικα γοῦν τούτου γε σμικρῷ τινι αὐτῷ τούτῳ σοφώτερος εἶναι , ὅτι ἃ μὴ οἶδα οὐδὲ οἴομαι εἰδέναι . I am wiser than this man , for neither of us appears to know anything great and good ; but he fancies he knows something , although he knows nothing ; whereas I , as I do not know anything , so I do not fancy I do . In this trifling particular , then , I appear to be wiser than he , because I do not fancy I know what I do not know . Alternative usage ( edit ) `` Socratic paradox '' may also refer to statements of Socrates that seem contrary to common sense , such as that `` no one desires evil '' ( see Socratic paradoxes ) . See also ( edit ) Apodicticity Cogito Dunning -- Kruger effect Doxastic logic , Doxastic attitudes Epistemology Gnothi seauton Ignoramus et ignorabimus Maieutics Münchhausen trilemma Sapere aude Skepticism That Nothing Is Known There are known knowns Tractatus Logico - Philosophicus References ( edit ) Jump up ^ H. Bowden , Classical Athens and the Delphic Oracle : Divination and Democracy , Cambridge University Press , 2005 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ `` He himself thinks he knows one thing , that he knows nothing '' ; Cicero , Academica , Book I , section 16 . Jump up ^ A variant is found in von Kues , De visione Dei , XIII , 146 ( Werke , Walter de Gruyter , 1967 , p. 312 ) : `` ... et hoc scio solum , quia scio me nescire ( sic ) ... ( I know alone , that ( or because ) I know , that I do not know ) . '' Jump up ^ Translatum : The Greek Translation Vortal -- Topic : All I know is that I know nothing Jump up ^ Gail Fine , `` Does Socrates Claim to Know that He Knows Nothing ? '' , Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy vol. 35 ( 2008 ) , pp. 49 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Fine argues that `` it is better not to attribute it to him '' ( `` Does Socrates Claim to Know that He Knows Nothing ? '' , Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy vol. 35 ( 2008 ) , p. 51 ) . C.C.W. Taylor has argued that the `` paradoxical formulation is a clear misreading of Plato '' ( Socrates , Oxford University Press 1998 , p. 46 ) . ^ Jump up to : Plato , Apology 21d . Jump up ^ Plato ; Morris Kaplan ( 2009 ) . The Socratic Dialogues . Kaplan Publishing . p. 9 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4277 - 9953 - 1 . Jump up ^ Plato , Meno 80d1 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Diogenes Laertius II. 32 . Jump up ^ Terence Irwin , The Development of Ethics , vol. 1 , Oxford University Press 2007 , p. 14 ; Gerasimos Santas , `` The Socratic Paradoxes '' , Philosophical Review 73 ( 1964 ) , pp. 147 -- 64 . External links ( edit ) Quotations related to Socrates at Wikiquote Logical paradoxes Self - reference Barber Berry Bhartrhari 's Court Crocodile Curry 's Epimenides Grelling -- Nelson Kleene -- Rosser Liar Card Pinocchio Quine 's Yablo 's Richard 's Russell 's Socratic Hilbert 's Hotel Vagueness Theseus ' ship Sorites Other paradoxes Barbershop Catch - 22 Drinker Entailment Lottery Plato 's beard Raven Ross ' Unexpected hanging List of paradoxes Socrates General Trial of Socrates Legacy Socratic dialogue Socratic method Socratic problem Socratic questioning Socratici viri Phrases `` I know that I know nothing '' `` The unexamined life is not worth living '' Related Euthyphro dilemma Form of the Good Peritrope Religious skepticism Social gadfly Family Sophroniscus ( father ) Phaenarete ( mother ) Xanthippe ( wife ) Lamprocles ( son ) Menexenus ( son ) Myrto ( wife ) Works about Socrates Art Double Herm of Socrates and Seneca ( 3rd century sculpture ) The Death of Socrates ( 1787 painting ) Socrates ( 1950 sculpture ) Stage The Clouds ( 423 BC play ) Der geduldige Socrates ( 1721 opera ) Socrates ( 1759 play ) Socrate ( 1919 oratorio ) Socrates on Trial ( 2007 play ) Literature De genio Socratis ( 1st century essay ) On the Concept of Irony with Continual Reference to Socrates ( 1841 thesis ) The Plot to Save Socrates ( 2006 novel ) Other Barefoot in Athens ( 1966 film ) Socrates ( 1971 film ) Dialogues Plato Apology Axiochus Charmides Clitophon Cratylus Critias Crito Demodocus Epinomis Eryxias Euthydemus Euthyphro First Alcibiades Gorgias Hipparchus Hippias Major Hippias Minor Ion Laches Laws Lysis Menexenus Meno Minos On Justice On Virtue Parmenides Phaedo Phaedrus Philebus Protagoras Republic Rival Lovers Second Alcibiades Sisyphus Sophist Statesman Symposium Theaetetus Theages Timaeus Xenophon Apology Memorabilia Oeconomicus Symposium Other Halcyon Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_know_that_I_know_nothing&oldid=826997850 '' Categories : Theories in ancient Greek philosophy Quotations Greek words and phrases Socrates Concepts in epistemology Self - referential paradoxes Ignorance Hidden categories : Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Boarisch Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia ქართული ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi اردو 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 February 2018 , at 04 : 47 . About Wikipedia | who said i know that i know nothing | [
"The phrase \"I know that I know nothing\", \"The only thing I know is that I know nothing\" or \"I know one thing; that I know nothing\", \"I know that all I know is that I do not know anything\", called the Socratic paradox, is a well-known saying that is derived from Plato's account of the Greek philosopher Socrates. The phrase is not one that Socrates himself is ever recorded as saying."
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"Socrates"
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-7210649799485630300 | We're Going on a Bear Hunt | We 're Going on a bear Hunt - wikipedia We 're Going on a bear Hunt Jump to : navigation , search We 're Going on a Bear Hunt Author Michael Rosen Illustrator Helen Oxenbury Country United Kingdom Language English Genre Children 's literature Publisher Walker Books ( UK ) Margaret K. McElderry Books ( US ) Publication date Media type Print ( Hardcover ) ISBN 0689504764 OCLC 18259147 ( 1 ) We 're Going on a Bear Hunt is a 1989 children 's picture book written by Michael Rosen and illustrated by Helen Oxenbury . It has won numerous awards and was the subject of a Guinness World Record for `` Largest Reading Lesson '' with a book - reading attended by 1,500 children , and an additional 30,000 listeners online , in 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot and design 2 History 3 Awards 4 Adaptations 4.1 Theatre adaptation 4.2 Television adaptation 4.3 Mobile app 5 References 6 External links Plot and design ( edit ) Five children and their dog go out to hunt a bear . They travel through grass , a river , mud , a forest and a snowstorm before coming face to face with a bear in its cave . This meeting causes panic and the family run home , across all the obstacles , followed by the bear . Finally , the children lock the bear out of the house and all hide under the duvet saying `` We 're not going on a bear hunt again . '' At the end of the book , the bear is pictured trudging disconsolately on a beach at night , the same beach that is shown on a sunny day as the frontispiece . Most of the illustrations were painted in watercolour . However , the six pictures of the children facing a new hazard are black and white drawings . At each obstacle is an onomatopoeic description . Before each obstacle the children chant the refrain : We 're going on a bear hunt . We 're going to catch a big one . What a beautiful day ! We 're not scared . followed by : We ca n't go over it . We ca n't go under it . Oh no ! We 've got to go through it ! The children , the eldest of whom is sometimes mistaken for their father , are based on Oxenbury 's own children . Likewise , the dog is based on her dog . Each of the obstacles , apart from the river , are based on real life locations in England and Wales that Oxenbury knew . History ( edit ) The story was adapted from an American folk song . Rosen , who heard the song , incorporated it in his poetry shows and subsequently wrote the book based upon it . Since publication , the book has never been out of print and each year has been in the 5,000 best selling books . The publisher has stated that the book has attained worldwide sales of more than 9 million copies . Awards ( edit ) The book won the overall Nestlé Smarties Book Prize in 1989 and also won the 0 -- 5 years category . In 1989 it was an ' Honor Book ' in the Boston Globe -- Horn Book Awards . The book also won the ' School Library Journal Best Book of the Year ' and the ' Mainichi Newspapers Japanese Picture Book Award , Outstanding Picture Book from Abroad ' award . It was highly commended for the 1989 Kate Greenaway Medal . The publisher , Walker Books , celebrated the work 's 25th anniversary in 2014 by breaking a Guinness World Record for the `` Largest Reading Lesson '' , with a book - reading by author Rosen that was attended by 1,500 children , with an additional 30,000 online . Adaptations ( edit ) Theatre adaptation ( edit ) The book has been adapted as a stage play by director Sally Cookson with musical score by Benji Bower and design by Katie Sykes . The play has run in the West End and in provincial theatres . The ending of the performance has been changed so that there is a reconciliation between the family and the bear . Time Out magazine , who awarded four stars out of five , whilst describing the performers as `` wonderfully entertaining '' also said `` those in the later primary years might find it a little boring -- not an awful lot happens , after all . '' . Television adaptation ( edit ) Channel 4 first aired a half hour animated television adaptation on 24 December 2016 . It was voiced by Olivia Colman , Mark Williams , and Michael Rosen . The Daily Telegraph , giving the programme three stars out of five , commented that `` The whole thing was skilfully made , but ... did it need to take such a carefree story and cast a pall of gloom ? '' . However , The Guardian said that adaptation was `` sumptuous '' , `` prestigious '' but that `` The animation adds a dose of festive sadness . '' Mobile app ( edit ) A mobile app , based on the book , was launched in December 2016 . It is available on Amazon , Android , and Apple platforms . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` We 're going on a bear hunt '' . WorldCat . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Interview with Helen Oxenbury for We 're Going on a Bear Hunt '' . Channel 4 . 16 November 2016 . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tims , Anna ( 5 November 2012 ) . `` How we made : Helen Oxenbury and Michael Rosen on We 're Going on a Bear Hunt '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 3 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Walker Books & The RNIB '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Eyre , Charlotte ( 7 December 2016 ) . `` Walker and partners launch Bear Hunt app '' . The Bookseller . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Sprenger , Richard ( 10 April 2014 ) . `` We 're Going on a Bear Hunt : ' The editors were so excited they were nearly weeping ' -- video '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Past Boston Globe -- Horn Book Award Winners '' . The Horn Book Magazine . 30 May 2011 . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Rosen '' . Poetry Foundation . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` We 're Going on a Bear Hunt '' . Walker Books Australia . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WE 'RE GOING ON A BEAR HUNT '' . www.officiallondontheatre.co.uk . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Vickery , Lucy ( 20 July 2013 ) . `` Bear hunting on Shaftesbury Avenue '' . The Spectator . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Bowie - Sell , Daisy ( 10 July 2013 ) . `` We 're Going on a Bear Hunt '' . Time Out . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Heritage , Stuart ( 19 December 2016 ) . `` Move over , Snowman ! Let 's have a cuddly Christmas with Bear Hunt instead '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Auld , Tim ( 24 December 2016 ) . `` We 're Going on a Bear Hunt : casting a pall of gloom on a classic children 's story , review '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=We%27re_Going_on_a_Bear_Hunt&oldid=812065089 '' Categories : Children 's fiction books British children 's picture books 1989 children 's books 1989 British novels Books adapted into plays Books adapted into television series Novels adapted into video games Hidden categories : Books with missing cover Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 November 2017 , at 20 : 01 . About Wikipedia | who wrote we're going on a bear hunt | [
"We're Going on a Bear Hunt is a 1989 children's picture book written by Michael Rosen and illustrated by Helen Oxenbury. It has won numerous awards and was the subject of a Guinness World Record for \"Largest Reading Lesson\" with a book-reading attended by 1,500 children, and an additional 30,000 listeners online, in 2014."
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"Michael Rosen"
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3235536523133275945 | 13 Reasons Why | 13 Reasons Why - Wikipedia 13 Reasons Why Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the television series . For the novel , see Thirteen Reasons Why . 13 Reasons Why Genre Teen drama Mystery Based on Thirteen Reasons Why by Jay Asher Developed by Brian Yorkey Starring Dylan Minnette Katherine Langford Christian Navarro Alisha Boe Brandon Flynn Justin Prentice Miles Heizer Ross Butler Devin Druid Amy Hargreaves Derek Luke Kate Walsh Narrated by Katherine Langford Opening theme `` Oh in This World of Dread , Carry On '' by Eskmo Composer ( s ) Eskmo Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 13 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Brian Yorkey Diana Son Tom McCarthy Joy Gorman Wettels Steve Golin Michael Sugar Selena Gomez Mandy Teefey Kristel Laiblin Producer ( s ) Joseph Incaprera Editor ( s ) Leo Trombetta Camera setup Single - camera Running time 49 -- 61 minutes Production company ( s ) July Moon Productions Kicked to the Curb Productions Anonymous Content Paramount Television Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) Original release March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) -- present External links Website 13 Reasons Why ( stylized onscreen as TH1RTEEN R3ASONS WHY ) is an American mystery teen drama web television series based on the 2007 novel Thirteen Reasons Why by Jay Asher and adapted by Brian Yorkey for Netflix . The series revolves around a high school student , Clay Jensen , and his friend Hannah Baker , a girl who takes her own life after suffering a series of demoralizing circumstances brought on by select individuals at her school . A box of cassette tapes recorded by Hannah before her suicide details thirteen reasons why she ended her life . Yorkey and Diana Son serve as showrunners on the series . The first season consists of thirteen episodes . The series is produced by July Moon Productions , Kicked to the Curb Productions , Anonymous Content and Paramount Television . Originally conceived as a film set to be released by Universal Pictures with Selena Gomez in the role of Hannah Baker , the adaptation was picked up as a television series by Netflix in late 2015 . Gomez serves as an executive producer . The first season , and the special 13 Reasons Why : Beyond the Reasons , were released worldwide on Netflix on March 31 , 2017 . The series has received largely positive reviews from critics and audiences , who have praised its subject matter and acting , particularly the two leads , Dylan Minnette and Katherine Langford . It has attracted controversy from some , including mental health professionals , over the series ' graphic depiction of issues such as suicide and rape , along with other mature content . In May 2017 , it was announced that the series had been renewed for a second season , which is set to debut on May 18 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 Production 5 Reception 5.1 Audience viewership 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Social impact 5.4 Accolades 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) Teenager Clay Jensen returns home from school one day to find a mysterious box lying on his porch . Inside , he discovers seven double - sided cassette tapes recorded by Hannah Baker , his classmate and unrequited love , who tragically took her own life two weeks earlier . On the tapes , Hannah unfolds an emotional audio diary , detailing the thirteen reasons why she decided to end her life . Her instructions are clear : each person who receives the package is one of the reasons why she killed herself . After each person finishes listening to the tapes , they must pass the package on to the next person . If anyone breaks the chain , a separate set of tapes will be released to the public . Each tape is addressed to a select person in her school , and details their involvement in her eventual suicide . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Dylan Minnette as Clay Jensen , a close friend of Hannah who becomes obsessed with finding out what happened to her Katherine Langford as Hannah Baker , a teenager whose suicide and recorded audio cassettes spark the events of the series Christian Navarro as Tony Padilla , a friend of Clay at Liberty High who tries to help him deal with Hannah 's death Alisha Boe as Jessica Davis , a student who starts attending Liberty High at the same time as Hannah . Her father is in the Air Force and as a result she has to move schools frequently . She is in a relationship with Justin . Brandon Flynn as Justin Foley , a student at Liberty High who comes from an abusive family and is in a relationship with Jessica Justin Prentice as Bryce Walker , a student from a rich family and the captain of the football team at Liberty High Miles Heizer as Alex Standall , a student at Liberty High , the ex-boyfriend of Jessica and a former friend of Hannah Ross Butler as Zach Dempsey , a friend of Justin and Bryce at Liberty High Devin Druid as Tyler Down , a student at Liberty High and an avid photographer Amy Hargreaves as Lainie Jensen , Clay 's overprotective mother , who is also a lawyer hired to work on the Bakers ' case Derek Luke as Kevin Porter , a student counsellor at Liberty High Kate Walsh as Olivia Baker , Hannah 's mother , who is determined to uncover the truth about the events leading to her daughter 's suicide Recurring ( edit ) Brian d'Arcy James as Andy Baker , Hannah 's father Josh Hamilton as Matt Jensen , Clay 's father , a psychologist Michele Selene Ang as Courtney Crimsen , a student at Liberty High who is responsible for spreading rumors about Hannah to protect the secret of her own sexual orientation Steven Silver as Marcus Cole , the student body president at Liberty High , who is responsible for humiliating and attempting to sexually assault Hannah on a date Ajiona Alexus as Sheri Holland , a student and cheerleader at Liberty High who forms a bond with Clay but is also on the tapes Tommy Dorfman as Ryan Shaver , a student at Liberty High Sosie Bacon as Skye Miller , an estranged friend of Clay Brandon Larracuente as Jeff Atkins , a student at Liberty High and friend of Clay Timothy Granaderos as Montgomery de la Cruz , a bully who is a student at Liberty High Steven Weber as Gary Bolan , the principal at Liberty High Keiko Agena as Pam Bradley , the Communications teacher at Liberty High Mark Pellegrino as Standall , Alex 's father , a police officer Joseph C. Phillips as Mr. Davis , Jessica 's father , a member of the Air Force Cindy Cheung as Karen Dempsey , Zach 's mother Henry Zaga as Brad , Tony 's boyfriend Giorgia Whigham as Kat , a friend of Hannah and her former next - door neighbor Robert Gant as Todd Crimsen , one of Courtney 's fathers Wilson Cruz as Dennis Vasquez , the lawyer representing Hannah 's parents Jake Weber as Barry Walker , Bryce 's father Brenda Strong as Nora Walker , Bryce 's mother Meredith Monroe as Carolyn , Alex 's mother R.J. Brown as Caleb , Tony 's boxing trainer Anne Winters as Chloe , a popular girl at Liberty High and the new head cheerleader Bryce Cass as Cyrus , an edgy , cynical mischief maker who serves as an unexpected champion of the downtrodden Chelsea Alden as Mackenzie , Cyrus ' sister , an artsy and witty girl who is not afraid to speak her mind Allison Miller as Sonya , a smart and ambitious young litigator Samantha Logan as Nina Jones , a well - respected track star with a secret Kelli O'Hara as Jackie , a passionate advocate for victims of bullying Ben Lawson as Rick , the baseball coach at Liberty High Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` Tape 1 , Side A '' Tom McCarthy Brian Yorkey March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) Clay Jensen finds a box filled with audio cassette tapes anonymously left on his front doorstep . He plays the first in his father 's boombox and realizes they have been recorded by his recently deceased classmate Hannah Baker , before he accidentally drops and breaks the boombox when surprised by his mother . Clay steals his friend Tony 's Walkman to continue listening . Clay listens to the first tape , in which Hannah begins to relate the experiences that led to her suicide . She starts by sharing the story of her first kiss , with Justin Foley , who goes on to inadvertently spread a salacious rumor that begins the sequence of events leading to her suicide . Clay is revealed , through numerous short flashbacks , to have been in love with Hannah and to have worked with her at the local movie theater . Tape subject : Justin Foley , for spreading a racy picture of Hannah along with a sexual rumor about their encounter . `` Tape 1 , Side B '' Tom McCarthy Brian Yorkey March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) Hannah reminisces about her friendship with two other new students : Jessica , who moves frequently because her father is in the Air Force , and Alex , whom they met at a coffee shop . Jessica and Alex eventually begin a relationship and stop spending time with Hannah . When Alex breaks up with Jessica , she very publicly blames Hannah . In the present , Hannah 's mother , Olivia , finds a note in her daughter 's textbook that leads her to believe Hannah was being bullied . Clay asks Jessica about the tapes , which results in Bryce Walker 's circle of peers meeting to discuss how Clay is listening to Hannah 's recordings . Tape subject : Jessica Davis , for mistakenly blaming Hannah for her breakup with Alex . `` Tape 2 , Side A '' Helen Shaver Diana Son March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) As Clay attempts to pursue a romantic relationship with Hannah , her relationships are threatened by a `` best / worst list '' made by Alex Standall , who has put a `` target '' on Hannah . In the present , Hannah 's mother , Olivia Baker , seeks out the school principal about her suspicion of bullying and makes a disturbing discovery . In the midst of his investigation , Clay turns to Alex for answers , who not only feels regret for his actions on the tapes , but also warns Clay against trusting Tony , whom Clay later sees in a violent exchange with his brothers . As Justin tries to recuperate from his recent slump , Bryce strong - arms Clay and Alex into a drinking contest in an alleyway . Tape subject : Alex Standall , for listing Hannah 's ass as the best in school to make Jessica Davis jealous and for destroying her friendship with Jessica . `` Tape 2 , Side B '' Helen Shaver Thomas Higgins March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) Hannah hears someone outside her window , and confesses to her friend , Courtney , that she has a stalker . Courtney offers to help her catch the offender in the act . While waiting for the stalker to arrive , they play an alcohol - fueled game of truth or dare that leads to the two of them kissing on Hannah 's bed . The stalker , school photographer Tyler Down , takes a photo of the girls and sends it around the school . This effectively ends Courtney and Hannah 's friendship as Courtney distances herself from Hannah to avoid being revealed as one of the people in the photograph . In the present , Clay goes to Hannah 's house and talks to her mother , though is unable to admit how close he and Hannah were . He also confronts Tony about the incident with his brothers . Tony responds that `` people have to make their own justice '' and proves he has an extra set of tapes . Inspired by this , Clay takes a naked picture of Tyler and sends it around the school in revenge . Tape subject : Tyler Down , for stalking Hannah and spreading the photo of her and Courtney 's kiss around the school . 5 5 `` Tape 3 , Side A '' Kyle Patrick Alvarez Julia Bicknell March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) Courtney , afraid of her classmates finding out about her sexuality , spreads a rumor that the girls in the leaked photos are Hannah and Laura , an openly lesbian classmate . Courtney also adds to the rumor about Hannah and Justin , worsening Hannah 's poor reputation . In the present , Clay takes Courtney to visit Hannah 's grave . She leaves , not ready to face her involvement in the loss of her classmate or be more open about her sexuality . Tony arrives with Clay 's bike and gives him a tape with the song he and Hannah danced to at the Winter Formal . Later , Justin , Zach and Alex force Clay into the car with them by stealing his bike and scare him into silence about the tapes by driving over the speed limit . They are pulled over by the police but face no consequences as the officer is revealed to be Alex 's father . Clay denies knowing Hannah to his mother , who has been asked to represent the school in the lawsuit the Bakers are bringing . Tape subject : Courtney Crimsen , for deflecting attention about both her sexuality and the photo Tyler took of her and Hannah by spreading further rumors about Hannah . 6 6 `` Tape 3 , Side B '' Kyle Patrick Alvarez Nic Sheff March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) Hannah 's date on Valentine 's Day with Marcus does not go as planned due to the rumors that she is promiscuous . In the present , Alex gets into a fight with Montgomery and they both must appear before the student council . Clay helps Sheri on an assignment , and they nearly hook up , but Sheri reveals she is only there because she is on the tapes and wants Clay to like her despite her role in Hannah 's death . Tape subject : Marcus Cole , for humiliating and attempting to sexually assault Hannah in public on their Dollar Valentine date . 7 7 `` Tape 4 , Side A '' Gregg Araki Elizabeth Benjamin March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) After Hannah refuses to go out with Zach , he gets revenge by sabotaging her emotionally during a class project . Zach removes compliments from Hannah 's box , affecting her self - confidence . In the present , Clay hears Zach 's tape and keys his car in an act of revenge , but things turn out to be different than they appeared . Clay is now having both auditory and visual hallucinations of Hannah during the day , including seeing her dead body on the floor of the basketball court during a game and hearing her tape playing over the school 's intercom system . He returns the tapes to Tony , unable to continue listening . Tape subject : Zach Dempsey , for stealing the `` positive notes '' destined to Hannah in Communications class out of revenge for her rejecting him and his help . 8 8 `` Tape 4 , Side B '' Gregg Araki Kirk Moore March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) Hannah is touched by poetry recited by fellow student Ryan Shaver , and joins the Evergreen Poetry Club , a place where people write and perform their own poetry , and listen and critique others . Hannah presents some extremely revealing and confessional poetry at the poetry club after Ryan encourages her . Ryan betrays her by publishing the poem without her knowledge or consent in his school magazine . Almost everyone in school finds the poem hilarious , but Clay is both touched and disturbed by it , not realizing Hannah is the author . In the present day , Tony confides to Clay about the night of Hannah 's death , and Clay takes back the tapes . Clay later gives the poem to Hannah 's mother . Tape subject : Ryan Shaver , for stealing a poem she wrote detailing her personal problems and publishing it in the school newspaper without her consent . 9 9 `` Tape 5 , Side A '' Carl Franklin Hayley Tyler March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) While hiding in Jessica 's room during a party , Hannah witnesses Bryce Walker raping an unconscious and intoxicated Jessica . In the present , Marcus warns Clay the worst is yet to come and again attempts to scare him into silence about the tapes , this time by planting drugs in his backpack to get him suspended from school . Clay finally admits to his mother that he and Hannah were close . After getting suspicious legal advice from his mother , he goes to Justin 's apartment to retrieve his bike and talk about getting justice for Jessica . Justin finally admits that what happened in the tapes is real , and claims it is better if Jessica does not know the truth . Tape subject : Justin Foley ( and seemingly Hannah Baker herself ) , for allowing Bryce to rape his girlfriend Jessica . 10 10 `` Tape 5 , Side B '' Carl Franklin Nathan Louis Jackson March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) After the party , Hannah gets a ride home from her classmate , cheerleader Sheri Holland . They have what appears to be a minor accident , knocking over a stop sign . While Hannah wants to call the police to report it , Sheri refuses to do so , because she is afraid she will get in trouble . While Hannah is on her way to find a phone to call the authorities , the downed stop sign causes a serious accident at that intersection , resulting in the death of Clay 's friend Jeff Atkins , which was incorrectly considered a drunk driving accident . When Hannah tries to tell Clay about the stop sign , he pushes her away , thinking she is being unnecessarily dramatic . In the present , Jessica 's behavior becomes more erratic . Clay finds out that Sheri is trying to make up for her mistake in her own way , and he tells Jeff 's parents that Jeff was sober when he died . Tape subject : Sheri Holland , for abandoning Hannah after crashing her car into a stop sign , which ultimately caused the death of another student . 11 11 `` Tape 6 , Side A '' Jessica Yu Diana Son March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) With Tony 's support , Clay finally listens to his tape and is overcome with guilt to the point of contemplating his own suicide because he feels he did not do enough to prevent Hannah 's death . Tony manages to calm him down . Justin finds out Jessica is at Bryce 's home . He confronts her there and admits that Bryce raped her on the night of the party , causing her to break up with him . Olivia Baker finds a list with the names of all the people on the tapes , although she does not know what the list means . Tape subject : Ostensibly Clay Jensen , for complying with Hannah 's request to leave her alone at Jessica 's party . However , Hannah is explicit in stating Clay is not included in the list , but is there because he must be , as he is part of the story . 12 12 `` Tape 6 , Side B '' Jessica Yu Elizabeth Benjamin March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) After accidentally losing her parents ' store 's earnings , a depressed Hannah stumbles upon a party being thrown by Bryce . The night ends in tragedy when she ends up alone with him , and he rapes her in his hot tub . This leads Hannah to create a list of people ( the one that her mother found in the previous episode ) who she feels were responsible for leading her to her current circumstances , which becomes the inspiration for the creation of the tapes . In the present , everyone on Hannah 's list is subpoenaed to testify in the lawsuit between the Bakers and the school . The subjects of the tapes disagree over what to do . Tyler eventually suggests they pin everything on Bryce , but Alex refuses and says they should tell the truth . Sheri turns herself in . Clay goes to Bryce 's house , on the pretext of buying marijuana , to confront him about the events of the night he raped Hannah . Clay provokes Bryce to attack him and is badly beaten . However , Clay has been secretly recording their conversation and gets Bryce to admit that he raped Hannah . An unknown teenager with a gunshot wound to the head is treated by paramedics . Tape subject : Bryce Walker , for raping Hannah in his hot tub . 13 13 `` Tape 7 , Side A '' Kyle Patrick Alvarez Brian Yorkey March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) Hannah begins to record the tapes and then visits Mr. Porter to tell him about her rape . Hannah secretly records the conversation , hoping he will help her . When he does not , she heads home and takes her own life by cutting her wrists and arms in a bathtub filled with water . In the present , Clay gives Tony the tape of his conversation with Bryce to copy . He confronts Mr. Porter about meeting with Hannah on her last day . He also hands over the tapes , including the additional tape containing Bryce 's confession . Clay tells Porter that he is the subject of the final tape . The depositions begin , Marcus and Courtney deny their involvement in Hannah 's death as much as possible . Zach and Jessica admit their mistakes . Before his deposition , Tyler hides ammunition and guns in his room , and then reveals the existence of the tapes during his interview . Alex is revealed to have been the teenager with the gunshot wound ; he is in critical condition at the hospital . Justin leaves town out of guilt , but not before telling Bryce about the tapes . Jessica finally tells her father about her rape . At school , Clay reaches out to Skye Miller , his former friend , to avoid repeating the same mistakes he made with Hannah . Tape subject : Mr. Porter , for not believing Hannah was suicidal and for not giving her proper help . Production ( edit ) Universal Studios purchased film rights to the novel on February 8 , 2011 , with Selena Gomez cast to play Hannah Baker . On October 29 , 2015 , it was announced that Netflix would be making a television adaptation of the book with Gomez instead serving as an executive producer . Tom McCarthy was hired to direct the first two episodes . The series is produced by Anonymous Content and Paramount Television with Gomez , McCarthy , Joy Gorman , Michael Sugar , Steve Golin , Mandy Teefey , and Kristel Laiblin serving as executive producers . Filming for the show took place in the Northern Californian towns of Vallejo , Benicia , San Rafael , Crockett and Sebastopol during the summer of 2016 . The 13 - episode first season and the special were released on Netflix on March 31 , 2017 . Therapy dogs were present on set for the actors because of the intense and emotional content of the series . On May 7 , 2017 , it was announced that Netflix had renewed the series for a second season . A short promo was released on various 13 Reasons Why social media accounts . Filming for the second season began on June 12 , 2017 but was briefly halted in October in response to the then - ongoing Northern California wildfires happening around the areas where the series was being filmed . The second season is set to debut on May 18 , 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Audience viewership ( edit ) The marketing analytics firm Jumpshot determined the season was the second-most viewed Netflix season in the first 30 days after it premiered , garnering 48 % of the viewers that the second season of Daredevil received , which was the most viewed season according to Jumpshot . The series also showed an 18 % increase in week - over-week viewership from week one to week two . Jumpshot , which `` analyzes click - stream data from an online panel of more than 100 million consumers '' , looked at the viewing behavior and activity of the company 's U.S. members , factoring in the relative number of U.S. Netflix viewers who watched at least one episode of the season . Critical response ( edit ) The show has received largely positive reviews from critics , with much of the praise for the show being aimed at its acting , directing , story , visuals , improvements upon its source material , and mature approach to dark and adult subject matter . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an 82 % approval rating with an average rating of 7.2 / 10 based on 49 reviews . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` 13 Reasons Why complements its bestselling source material with a gripping look at adolescent grief whose narrative maturity belies its YA milieu . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 76 out of 100 , based on 17 critics , indicating generally favorable reviews . Jesse Schedeen of IGN praised 13 Reasons Why , giving it a 9.2 out of 10 , `` Amazing '' , stating that the show is `` a very powerful and hard - hitting series '' and `` ranks among the best high school dramas of the 21st century '' . Matthew Gilbert of The Boston Globe gave a glowing review for the show , saying , `` The drama is sensitive , consistently engaging , and , most importantly , unblinking . '' Maureen Ryan of Variety asserts that the show `` is undoubtedly sincere , but it 's also , in many important ways , creatively successful '' and called it `` simply essential viewing '' . Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly gave the entire season a score of B+ , calling the show `` a frank , authentically affecting portrait of what it feels like to be young , lost and too fragile for the world '' . Daniel Feinberg of The Hollywood Reporter also praised the show , calling it `` an honorably mature piece of young - adult adaptation '' , calling its performances , direction , relevance and maturity as some of the show 's strongest points . The cast 's performances , particularly Katherine Langford as Hannah and Dylan Minnette as Clay , were frequently mentioned and widely lauded in several reviews . Schedeen of IGN praised the cast , particularly Minnette and Langford 's performances , stating : `` Langford shines in the lead role ... ( and ) embodies that optimism and that profound sadness ( of Hannah 's ) as well . Minnette 's Clay is , by design , a much more stoic and reserved character ... and does a fine job in what 's often a difficult role . '' Gilbert of The Boston Globe praised the chemistry of Langford and Minnette , saying that `` watching these two young actors together is pure pleasure '' , while Schedeen of IGN also agreed , saying that they are `` often at their best together , channeling just the right sort of warm but awkward chemistry you 'd expect from two teens who ca n't quite admit to their feelings for one another '' . Feinberg of The Hollywood Reporter also praises both actors : `` Langford 's heartbreaking openness makes you root for a fate you know is n't possible . The actress ' performance is full of dynamic range , setting it against Minnette 's often more complicated task in differentiating between moods that mostly go from uncomfortable to gloomy to red - eyed , hygiene - starved despair . '' Ryan of Variety also gave praise to not only the two leads , but also the supporting cast of actors , particularly Kate Walsh 's performance as Hannah 's mother , which Ryan describes as `` career - best work '' . Positive mentions from various critics , such as Ryan , Feinberg and Schedeen , were also given to the supporting cast of actors ( most particularly Alisha Boe , Miles Heizer and Christian Navarro 's respective performances of Jessica , Alex and Tony ) . Liz Shannon Miller of Indiewire , who enjoyed the show and gave it a glowing score of B+ , gave praise to the racial , gender and complex diversity of its supporting cast of teens . Another aspect frequently mentioned within several reviews was the show 's mature and emotional approach to dark and adult subject matter depicted in the show . This was positively reviewed by critics , such as Miller of Indiewire , who gave it a positive review of the season , particularly her mentions that `` the adult edges to this story ring with honesty and truth '' , but also states that this makes the show difficult to watch at times . Feinberg of The Hollywood Reporter also states that the show is very difficult to watch at times , while Schedeen of IGN states that the show is `` an often depressing and even uncomfortable show to watch ... a pretty emotionally draining experience , particularly towards the end as the pieces really start to fall into place '' . Numerous critics also praised several aspects of the show . Feinberg praised the show 's directors , saying : `` A Sundance - friendly gallery of directors including Tom McCarthy , Gregg Araki and Carl Franklin keeps the performances grounded and the extremes from feeling exploitative '' , while Gilbert of The Boston Globe praised the storytelling : `` The storytelling techniques are powerful ... ( as it ) builds on the world established in the previous hour , as we continually encounter new facets of Hannah 's life and new characters . The background on the show keeps getting deeper , richer . '' Conversely , the series has also received criticism over its portrayal of teen angst . Mike Hale of The New York Times wrote a critical review , writing , `` the show does n't make ( Hannah 's ) downward progress convincing . It too often feels artificial , like a very long public service announcement . '' He also criticized the plot device that has Clay listening to the tapes one by one instead of all in one sitting like the other teens did , which Hale felt was unbelievable : `` It makes no sense as anything but a plot device , and you 'll find yourself , like Clay 's antagonists , yelling at him to listen to the rest of tapes already . '' Writing for The Guardian , Rebecca Nicholson praised some aspects of the show , including the performances from Minnette and Walsh , but was troubled by much of the plot , writing , `` a storyline that suggests the love of a sweet boy might have sorted all this out added to an uneasy feeling that stayed with me '' . Nicholson was skeptical that the show would appeal to older viewers , unlike other series set in high school such as Freaks and Geeks and My So - Called Life : `` It lacks the crossover wit of its forebears ... It 's too tied up in conveying the message that terrible behaviour can have horrible consequences to deal in any subtleties or shades of feeling . It 's largely one - note -- and that note is horrifying . ' It has to get better , ' implores one student towards the end , but given its fairly open ending , an apparent season two setup , it does not seem as if there 's much chance of that happening . '' Washington Post television critic Hank Stuever wrote a negative review , finding 13 Reasons Why `` contrived '' and implausible : `` There are 13 episodes lasting 13 super-sullen hours -- a passive - aggressive , implausibly meandering , poorly written and awkwardly acted effort that is mainly about miscommunication , delivering no more wisdom or insight about depression , bullying and suicide than one of those old ABC Afterschool Specials people now mock for being so corny . '' He also wrote that he found Hannah 's suicide tapes `` a protracted example of the teenager who fantasizes how everyone will react when she 's gone . The story ... strikes me as remarkably , even dangerously , naive in its understanding of suicide , up to and including a gruesome , penultimate scene of Hannah opening her wrists in a bathtub . '' David Wiegand of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the series a tepid review , saying that it was plagued by character inconsistencies , particularly Hannah . He praised Langford 's `` stunning performance '' but noted , `` There are times when we simply do n't believe the characters , when what they do or say is n't consistent with who we 've been led to believe they are ... At times , ( Hannah ) is self - possessed and indifferent at best to the behavior of the popular kids . At other times , though , relatively minor misperceived slights seem to send her into an emotional tailspin . No doubt , teenagers embody a constant whirl of conflicting emotions , but the script pushes the bounds of credibility here and there . '' He noted that overall , the series worked : `` The structure is gimmicky and the characters inconsistent , but there are still at least 13 Reasons Why the series is worthy . '' Social impact ( edit ) Rowan University 's Counseling and Psychological Services office mocked the show with a campaign challenging students to come up with 1300 reasons not to commit suicide . The expressions of hope were hung in windows alongside mental health contact information . The series has generated controversy over its portrayal of suicide and self - harm , causing Netflix to add strong advisory warnings prior to the first , twelfth , and thirteenth episodes . School psychologists and educators raised alarm about the series . The superintendent of Palm Beach County , Florida schools reportedly told parents that their schools had seen an increase in suicidal and self - harm behavior from students , and that some of those students `` have articulated associations of their at - risk behavior to the 13 Reasons Why Netflix series '' . The Australian youth mental health service for 12 -- 25 year - olds , Headspace , issued a warning in late April 2017 over the graphic content featured in the series due to the increased number of calls to the service following the show 's release in the country . In response to the graphic nature of the show and New Zealand 's high youth suicide rate , which was the highest among the 34 OECD countries during 2009 to 2012 , the Office of Film & Literature Classification in the country created a new rating , `` RP18 '' , allowing individuals aged 18 and over to watch the series alone and those below having to watch it with supervision from a parent or guardian . `` We stayed very true to the book and that 's initially what ( author ) Jay Asher created was a beautifully tragic , complicated yet suspenseful story and I think that 's what we wanted to do ... We wanted to do it justice and , yeah , ( the backlash is ) gon na come no matter what . It 's not an easy subject to talk about , but I 'm very fortunate with how it 's doing . '' -- Executive producer Selena Gomez , in defense of the controversy surrounding the series In April 2017 , the National Association of School Psychologists ( NASP ) in the United States released a statement regarding the series , saying : `` Research shows that exposure to another person 's suicide , or to graphic or sensationalized accounts of death , can be one of the many risk factors that youth struggling with mental health conditions cite as a reason they contemplate or attempt suicide . '' NASP sent a letter to school mental health professionals across the country about the series , reportedly a first for NASP in response to a television show . The following month , the United States Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology ( SCCAP ) released a statement also noting how strongly the show may serve as a trigger for self - injury among vulnerable youth and lamented the depiction of mental health professionals as ineffective for youth who have experienced trauma and may have been considering suicide . The statement implored Netflix to add a tag following each episode with mental health resources and a reminder that depression and suicide can be effectively treated by a qualified mental health professional such as a clinical child psychologist using evidence - based practice . Similarly , clinical psychologists such as Daniel J. Reidenberg and Erika Martinez , as well as mental health advocate MollyKate Cline of Teen Vogue magazine , have expressed concerns regarding the risk of suicide contagion . However , Eric Beeson , a counselor at The Family Institute at Northwestern University noted that `` it 's unlikely that one show alone could trigger someone to attempt suicide . '' Mental health professionals have also criticized the series ' depiction of suicide itself , much of which violates widely promulgated recommendations for reporting on actual suicides or not depicting them in fiction in order to not encourage copycat suicides . The season finale , which depicts Hannah 's suicide in graphic detail , has been particularly criticized in this regard . Nic Sheff , a writer for the show , has defended it as intended to dispel the myth that suicides `` quietly drift off '' , and recalled how he himself was deterred from a suicide attempt by recalling a survivor 's account of how painful and horrifying it was . The NASP statement also criticized the show 's suggestion that bullying alone led Hannah to take her life , noting that while it may be a contributing factor , suicidal ideations far more often result from the bullied person having a treatable mental illness without adequate coping mechanisms . Alex Moen , a school counselor in Minneapolis , took issue with the show 's entire plotline as `` ... essentially a fantasy of what someone who is considering suicide might have -- that once you commit suicide , you can still communicate with your loved ones , and people will suddenly realize everything that you were going through and the depth of your pain ... That the cute , sensitive boy will fall in love with you and seek justice for you , and you 'll be able to orchestrate it , and in so doing kind of still be able to live . '' Other counselors criticized the depiction of Hannah 's attempt to reach out to Mr. Porter as dangerously misleading , since not only does he miss obvious signs of her suicidal ideations , but says he can not report her sexual assault to the police without her identifying the assailant . School counselors are often portrayed as ineffective or clueless in popular culture , Moen says , but Porter 's behavior in the series goes beyond that to being unethical and possibly illegal . `` It 's ridiculous ! Counselors are not police . We do n't have to launch an investigation . We bring whatever information we do have to the police '' , she told Slate . In May 2017 , the Canadian Mental Health Association ( CMHA ) along with the Centre for Suicide Prevention ( CSP ) released a statement of similar concerns to the ones raised by NASP . CMHA indicated concern that the series may glamorize suicide , and that some content may lead to distress in viewers , and , particularly , in younger viewers . Furthermore , the portrayal of Hannah 's suicide does not follow the media guidelines as set out by the Canadian Association for Suicide Prevention ( CASP ) and the American Association of Suicidology . While CMHA and CASP praised the show for raising awareness about `` ... this preventable health concern , '' adding that , `` Raising awareness needs to be done in a safe and responsible manner . A large and growing body of Canadian and international research has found clear links between increases in suicide rates and harmful media portrayals of suicide . '' Ways in which the portrayals of suicide may cause harm , according to CMHA and CASP , include the following : `` They may simplify suicide , such as , by suggesting that bullying alone is the cause ; they may make suicide seem romantic , such as , by putting it in the context of a Hollywood plot line ; they may portray suicide as a logical or viable option ; they may display graphic representations of suicide which may be harmful to viewers , especially young ones ; and / or they may advance the false notion that suicides are a way to teach others a lesson . '' One study found the release of 13 Reasons Why corresponded with between 900,000 and 1,500,000 more suicide related searches in the United States , including a 26 % increase in searches for `` how to commit suicide , '' an 18 % increase for `` commit suicide , '' and a 9 % increase for `` how to kill yourself . '' A review , however , found that it is unclear if searching for information about suicide on the Internet relates to the risk of suicide . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2017 Gold Derby Awards Breakthrough Performer of the Year Katherine Langford Nominated 2018 Golden Globe Awards Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Katherine Langford Nominated Guild of Music Supervisors Awards Best Music Supervision in a Television Drama Season Kent Won MTV Movie & TV Awards Show of the Year 13 Reasons Why Pending Best Actor in a Show Katherine Langford Pending NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Directing in a Drama Series Carl Franklin for `` Tape 5 , Side B '' Won Satellite Awards Best Actress in a Drama / Genre Series Katherine Langford Nominated Best Drama Series 13 Reasons Why Nominated Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ While there are 35 OECD countries , figures for 2009 -- 2012 exclude Latvia , which became a member country on July 1 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ Stuever , Hank ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thirteen Reasons Why ' shows how adults can really mess up teen angst '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2017 . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wiegand , David ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' 13 Reasons ' why Netflix drama works despite gimmickry '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baratti , Nina ( Oct 10 , 2017 ) . `` Rowan Students , Faculty Share ' 1,300 Reasons to Live ' '' . SJN Today . Jump up ^ Balingit , Moriah ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Educators and school psychologists raise alarms about ' 13 Reasons Why ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 13 Reasons Why : Headspace issues warning over new Netflix show '' . Community Newspaper Group . April 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ MollyKate , Cline . `` Why ' 13 Reasons Why ' Can Be Triggering for People Coping With Mental Illness '' . Teen Vogue . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Korin ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` 13 Reasons Why Is Not the Force for Mental Health Awareness People Say It Is '' . Self . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thorbecke , Catherine ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' 13 Reasons Why ' faces backlash from suicide prevention advocacy group '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Recommendations -- Reporting on Suicide '' . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Martinelli , Marissa ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` 13 Reasons Why 's Controversial Depiction of Teen Suicide Has School Counselors Picking Up the Pieces '' . Slate . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2017 . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sheff , Nic ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` 13 Reasons Why Writer : Why We Did n't Shy Away from Hannah 's Suicide '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CMHA National Statement Responding to Netflix Series : 13 Reasons Why -- Canadian Mental Health Association '' . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ National Association of School Psychologists. ( 2017 ) . 13 Reasons Why Netflix series : Considerations for educators ( handout ) . Bethesda , MD : Author . at nasponline.org Archived June 6 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . Accessed May 8 , 2017 Jump up ^ Ayers , John W. ; Althouse , Benjamin M. ; Leas , Eric C. ; Dredze , Mark ; Allem , Jon - Patrick ( 2017 ) . `` Internet Searches for Suicide Following the Release of 13 Reasons Why '' . JAMA Internal Medicine . 177 ( 10 ) : 1527 -- 1529 . doi : 10.1001 / jamainternmed. 2017.3333 . Jump up ^ Mok , K ; Jorm , AF ; Pirkis , J ( August 2015 ) . `` Suicide - related Internet use : A review '' . The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry. 49 ( 8 ) : 697 -- 705 . doi : 10.1177 / 0004867415569797 . PMID 25698810 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , Marcus James Dixon , Daniel ( 2017 - 09 - 07 ) . `` 2017 Gold Derby TV Awards winners : ' Big Little Lies ' and ' SNL ' sweep , while ' Stranger Things ' takes Best Drama '' . GoldDerby . Retrieved 21 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes Winners : Complete List '' . Variety . January 7 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2018 . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sufjan Stevens , ' Greatest Showman , ' ' Girls ' Among Guild of Music Supervisors Awards Nominees '' . Variety . January 11 , 2018 . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ THR Staff ( 20 November 2017 ) . `` NAACP Image Awards : ' Marshall , ' ' Get Out , ' ' Girls Trip ' Dominate Film Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . TheWrap . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 13 Reasons Why . 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"The series has received largely positive reviews from critics and audiences, who have praised its subject matter and acting, particularly the two leads, Dylan Minnette and Katherine Langford. It has attracted controversy from some, including mental health professionals, over the series' graphic depiction of issues such as suicide and rape, along with other mature content. In May 2017, it was announced that the series had been renewed for a second season, which is set to debut on May 18, 2018."
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"May 18, 2018"
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2741556720205303224 | Stranger Things | Stranger Things - wikipedia Stranger Things Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Stranger Things ( disambiguation ) . Stranger Things Genre Science fiction Horror Supernatural Period drama Created by The Duffer Brothers Starring Winona Ryder David Harbour Finn Wolfhard Millie Bobby Brown Gaten Matarazzo Caleb McLaughlin Natalia Dyer Charlie Heaton Cara Buono Matthew Modine Noah Schnapp Sadie Sink Joe Keery Dacre Montgomery Sean Astin Paul Reiser Composer ( s ) Kyle Dixon Michael Stein Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 17 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Karl Gajdusek Cindy Holland Brian Wright Matt Thunell Shawn Levy Dan Cohen The Duffer Brothers Iain Paterson Shannon Tsang Location ( s ) Jackson , Georgia Cinematography Tim Ives Tod Campbell Running time 42 -- 62 minutes Production company ( s ) 21 Laps Entertainment Monkey Massacre Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) High dynamic range Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) -- present External links Website Stranger Things is an American science fiction - horror web television series created , written , directed and co-executive produced by The Duffer Brothers , as well as co-executive produced by Shawn Levy and Dan Cohen . The first season , released in July 2016 , stars Winona Ryder , David Harbour , Finn Wolfhard , Millie Bobby Brown , Gaten Matarazzo , Caleb McLaughlin , Natalia Dyer , Charlie Heaton , Cara Buono and Matthew Modine , with Noah Schnapp and Joe Keery in recurring roles . For the second season , Schnapp and Keery were promoted to series regulars , along with the additions of Sadie Sink , Dacre Montgomery , Sean Astin and Paul Reiser . Set in the fictional town of Hawkins , Indiana , in the 1980s , the first season focuses on the investigation into the disappearance of a young boy amid supernatural events occurring around the town , including the appearance of a girl with psychokinetic abilities who helps the missing boy 's friends in their own search . The second season , titled Stranger Things 2 , is set a year after the first , and deals with attempts of the characters to return to normal and consequences that linger from the first season . The Duffer Brothers developed the series as a mix of investigative drama alongside supernatural elements with childlike sensibilities , establishing its time frame in the 1980s and creating a homage to pop culture of that decade . Several themes and directorial aspects were inspired and aesthetically informed by the works of Steven Spielberg , John Carpenter , and Stephen King , among others , including several films , anime and video games . The first season was released on Netflix on July 15 , 2016 . It received critical acclaim for its characterization , pacing , atmosphere , acting , soundtrack , directing , writing , and homages to 1980s genre films . The series has received several industry nominations and awards , including winning the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series in 2016 , and receiving eighteen nominations for the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards , including Outstanding Drama Series . On August 31 , 2016 , Netflix renewed the series for a second season of nine episodes , which was released on October 27 , 2017 . In December 2017 , Netflix ordered a third season , which will consist of eight episodes . The Duffer Brothers have said that Stranger Things is likely to end after its fourth or fifth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.2. 1 Introduced in season one 2.2. 2 Introduced in season two 2.3 Guest 2.3. 1 Introduced in season one 2.3. 2 Introduced in season two 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Writing 4.3 Casting 4.4 Filming 4.5 Visual effects 4.6 Music 4.6. 1 Soundtracks 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Audience viewership 6.2 Critical reception 6.2. 1 Season 1 6.2. 2 Season 2 6.3 Commentary 6.4 Awards and nominations 7 Other media 7.1 Beyond Stranger Things 7.2 Mobile video game 7.3 PlayStation VR game 7.4 Others 8 References 9 External links Premise Stranger Things is set in the fictional rural town of Hawkins , Indiana , during the early 1980s . The nearby Hawkins National Laboratory ostensibly performs scientific research for the United States Department of Energy , but secretly does experiments into the paranormal and supernatural , including those that involve human test subjects . Inadvertently , they have created a portal to an alternate dimension called `` the Upside Down '' . The influence of the Upside Down starts to affect the unknowing residents of Hawkins in calamitous ways . The first season begins in November 1983 , when Will Byers is abducted by a creature from the Upside Down . His mother , Joyce , and the town 's police chief , Jim Hopper , search for Will . At the same time , a young psychokinetic girl called Eleven escapes from the laboratory and assists Will 's friends , Mike , Dustin , and Lucas , in their own efforts to find Will . The second season is set a year later , starting in October 1984 . Will has been rescued , but few know of the details of the events . When it is discovered that Will is still being influenced by entities from the Upside Down , his friends and family learn there is a larger threat to their universe from the Upside Down . Cast and characters The Duffer Brothers , Shawn Levy and the main cast of season 2 of Stranger Things at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con International Main Winona Ryder as Joyce Byers , the mother of Will and Jonathan Byers . She is divorced from Lonnie Byers . David Harbour as Jim Hopper , chief of Hawkins Police Department . After his young daughter died of cancer , Hopper got divorced and lapsed into alcoholism . Finn Wolfhard as Mike Wheeler , son of Karen and Ted , younger brother of Nancy , and one of three friends of Will Byers . He is an intelligent and conscientious student and is committed to his friends . He develops romantic feelings for Eleven . Millie Bobby Brown as Eleven ( `` El '' ) , a young girl with psychokinetic abilities and a limited vocabulary . Her real name is Jane , the biological daughter of Terry Ives . After escaping from Hawkins Laboratory , where experiments were being performed on her , she befriends Mike , Dustin , and Lucas . She develops romantic feelings for Mike . Gaten Matarazzo as Dustin Henderson , one of Will 's friends . His cleidocranial dysplasia causes him to lisp . In the second season , he is proud of his new front teeth and is attracted to Max . Caleb McLaughlin as Lucas Sinclair , one of Will 's friends . He is wary of Eleven but later befriends her . In season two , he is one of Max 's love interests . Natalia Dyer as Nancy Wheeler , daughter of Karen and Ted and older sister of Mike . In season one , she is Steve Harrington 's girlfriend . In season two , she becomes Jonathan Byers ' girlfriend . Charlie Heaton as Jonathan Byers , the older brother of Will Byers and the son of Joyce Byers . He is a quiet teenager , an outsider at school , and an aspiring photographer . He is close with his mother and brother , and he becomes the boyfriend of Nancy Wheeler . Cara Buono as Karen Wheeler , mother of teenaged Nancy , middle schooler Mike , and toddler Holly . Matthew Modine as Martin Brenner , the scientist in charge of Hawkins Laboratory . He is manipulative and remote . He and his team are searching for Eleven . He reappears in season 2 briefly . Noah Schnapp as Will Byers , the younger brother of Jonathan Byers and the son of Joyce Byers . He is captured by a monster from the `` Upside Down '' , an alternate dimension discovered by Hawkins Laboratory scientists . Schnapp was promoted to series regular for the second season , after recurring in the first . Sadie Sink as Maxine `` Max '' Mayfield / `` Madmax '' , Billy 's younger stepsister , and a tomboy who catches the attention of both Lucas and Dustin . Joe Keery as Steve Harrington , a popular high school student and the boyfriend of Nancy Wheeler . He ostracizes Jonathan Byers , but later comes to befriend him . He begins as Nancy 's boyfriend but breaks up with her in season two . Keery was promoted to series regular for the second season , after recurring in the first . Dacre Montgomery as Billy Hargrove , Max 's violent and unpredictable older stepbrother . He challenges Steve 's popularity . Sean Astin as Bob Newby , a former schoolmate of Joyce and Hopper . In season two , he runs the Hawkins RadioShack and is Joyce 's boyfriend , putting him at odds with Hopper . Paul Reiser as Sam Owens , a Department of Energy executive . He replaces Brenner as director of Hawkins Laboratory . He is stubborn and committed to scientific research , yet empathetic to the residents of Hawkins . Recurring Introduced in season one Joe Chrest as Ted Wheeler , husband of Karen , father of teenager Nancy , middle schooler Mike , and toddler Holly . Rob Morgan as Powell , one of Hopper 's officers . He is serious and by the book . Shannon Purser as Barbara `` Barb '' Holland , best friend of Nancy Wheeler . She is concerned that her friendship with Nancy may be threatened by Nancy 's relationship with Steve . John Reynolds as Callahan , another of Hopper 's officers . Not nearly as serious as his partner , he still works hard in the search for Will Byers . Mark Steger as the Monster , a creature that exists in the Upside Down . Referred to as `` the Demogorgon '' by Mike , Lucas and Dustin . Catherine Dyer as Connie Frazier , Brenner 's FBI enforcer who has no qualms about murdering those who have come into contact with Eleven . Randy Havens as Scott Clarke , the boys ' teacher . He encourages their interest in science and technology and helps them whenever asked . Hugh Holub as the lead scientist at Hawkins Laboratory . Tobias Jelinek as the lead agent at Hawkins National Laboratory , who assists Brenner . Cade Jones as James , a school bully who hangs around with Troy . Anniston and Tinsley Price as Holly Wheeler , daughter of Karen and Ted , younger sister of Nancy and Mike . Susan Shalhoub Larkin as Florence ( `` Flo '' ) , the secretary at the Hawkins Police Station . Tony Vaughn as Russell Coleman , the principal at Hawkins Middle School . Peyton Wich as Troy , a school bully of Mike , Lucas , Dustin , and Will . Charles Lawlor as Donald Melvald , the owner of a general store where Joyce Byers works . Chester Rushing as Tommy H. , former friend of Steve , and boyfriend of Carol . Chelsea Talmadge as Carol , former friend of Steve , and girlfriend of Tommy . Robert Walker - Branchaud as an agent of Hawkins Laboratory who disguises himself as a repairman . Cynthia Barrett as Marsha Holland , Barbara Holland 's mother . Aimee Mullins as Terry Ives , a woman who claims her daughter , Jane , was stolen from her shortly after she gave birth , but she has since gone into a mental state where she is unaware of her surroundings . She is the biological mother of Eleven . Introduced in season two Linnea Berthelsen as Kali / Eight , a young woman with illusion manipulation abilities who , along with Eleven , was experimented on at the Hawkins Laboratory but later managed to escape . Vanathi Kalai Parthiban portrays a young Kali . Catherine Curtin as Claudia Henderson , Dustin 's mother . Brett Gelman as Murray Bauman , a former journalist that became a conspiracy theorist , who visits Hawkins to go after a cold case . Joe Davison as a technician at Hawkins Laboratory . Priah Ferguson as Erica Sinclair , Lucas ' younger sister . Guest Introduced in season one Ross Partridge as Lonnie Byers , the drunk , egotistical , selfish ex-husband of Joyce Byers and father of Jonathan and Will . He has a much younger girlfriend named Cynthia . Chris Sullivan as Benny Hammond , owner and chef of Benny 's Burgers , and friend of Hopper . Andrew Benator as a scientist at Hawkins Laboratory . Glennellen Anderson as Nicole , a classmate of Nancy , Steve and Jonathan . Pete Burris as the head of security at Hawkins Laboratory . Jerri Tubbs as Diane Hopper , Jim 's ex-wife . Amy Seimetz as Becky Ives , Terry 's sister who takes care of her . Elle Graham as Sarah Hopper , Jim and Diane 's daughter . Executive producer Shawn Levy cameos as a morgue worker . Introduced in season two Kai L. Greene as Funshine , a member of Kali 's crew . James Landry Hébert as Axel , a member of Kali 's crew . Anna Jacoby - Heron as Dottie , a member of Kali 's crew . Gabrielle Maiden as Mick , a member of Kali 's crew . Aaron Muñoz as Mr. Holland , Barbara 's father . Karen Ceesay as Mrs. Sinclair , Lucas and Erica 's mother . Drew Scheid as Nancy , Steve and Jonathan 's classmate . Pruitt Taylor Vince as Ray , a technician at Hawkins Laboratory who performed forcible electroshock therapy on Terry Ives , contributing to her deteriorated mental state . Arnell Powell as Mr. Sinclair , Lucas and Erica 's father . Will Chase as Neil Hargrove , Billy 's abusive father , Max 's stepfather , and Susan 's husband . Jennifer Marshall as Susan Hargrove , Max 's mother , Billy 's stepmother , and Neil 's wife . Episodes Season 1 ( 2016 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) On November 6 , 1983 , in a U.S. Department of Energy laboratory in the town of Hawkins , Indiana , a scientist is attacked by an unseen creature . While bicycling home from a Dungeons & Dragons session with his friends , 12 - year - old Will Byers encounters the creature and vanishes . The next day , a buzz - cut young girl wearing a hospital gown steals food from a local diner . The owner , Benny , takes pity on her and feeds her before calling social services . From a tattoo on her arm , he learns that her name is Eleven . A woman posing as a social worker arrives and murders Benny . Armed men search the diner for Eleven , but she escapes . Will 's mother Joyce believes she hears Will 's voice on a distorted phone call , but her phone short circuits . Will 's friends Mike , Dustin , and Lucas search for Will in the woods and find Eleven . `` Chapter Two : The Weirdo on Maple Street '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) The boys bring Eleven to Mike 's house , where she sleeps in the basement . The next day , Mike nicknames her `` El '' . She says that `` bad people '' are looking for her and refuses to meet Mike 's parents . Scientists from the laboratory find a substance oozing from the walls of Joyce 's home . At Mike 's home , Eleven recognizes and points out Will in a photo . Dustin and Lucas want to inform Mike 's parents about Eleven , but she uses psychokinesis to stop them . While searching for Will , Mr. Clarke , the boys ' science teacher , discovers a scrap of a hospital gown outside the laboratory grounds . Nancy goes with her friend Barb to a party at her boyfriend Steve 's house . Will 's brother Jonathan investigates the woods where Will went missing . Hearing screaming , he runs to help but finds only Steve , Nancy , and their friends roughhousing around Steve 's swimming pool . He secretly photographs them . Barb , left alone by the poolside , vanishes . Joyce receives another call from Will , hears music from his room , and sees something coming through the wall . `` Chapter Three : Holly , Jolly '' Shawn Levy Jessica Mecklenburg July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Barb wakes up in an empty and decaying pool . She screams for Nancy and attempts to climb out but is dragged down by something unseen . Joyce strings Christmas lights around her home to talk to Will , who can turn them on and off . Hawkins Lab director Dr. Martin Brenner allows Hopper to view the lab 's security camera footage . Hopper realizes it is fake . He and his deputies research Hawkins Lab , Brenner , and a woman named Terry Ives who claimed her daughter was taken by Brenner . Eleven has a flashback in which Brenner , whom she calls `` Papa , '' has her put in solitary confinement for refusing to telekinetically harm a cat . Nancy worries about Barb , who is missing . Steve and his friends discover Jonathan 's photographs . They destroy them and his camera . Nancy recovers a photo of Barb by the poolside and returns to Steve 's house to search for her . Nancy finds Barb 's car and sees the creature in the woods . Joyce establishes a code with Will using the lights , which he uses to tell her that he is alive but unsafe . He tells Joyce to run as a creature begins to climb through her wall . Will 's apparent body is discovered in the water at a quarry . `` Chapter Four : The Body '' Shawn Levy Justin Doble July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Eleven proves to the boys that Will is still alive by making contact through Mike 's walkie - talkie . Joyce goes to the morgue to view the body and refuses to believe it is Will . The boys give Eleven a makeover so they can sneak her into school . Joyce hears Will in her living room wall . Tearing away the wallpaper , she sees him behind a membrane . At school , Eleven uses Mr. Clarke 's ham radio to channel Will talking to his mother . Joyce demolishes the wall with an axe but reveals only her front porch . Nancy discovers a figure behind Barb in Jonathan 's photo . Jonathan realizes that the figure matches his mother 's description of the creature : a humanoid figure with long arms and no face . Nancy tells the police about her missing friend and subsequently admits to her mother that she slept with Steve . When she tells Steve about the police , she is irritated that he cares only about not getting in trouble with his father . Hopper confronts the state trooper who found Will 's body and beats him until he admits he was ordered to lie . Hopper goes to the morgue and finds that Will 's supposed body is a dummy . He breaks into Hawkins laboratory . 5 5 `` Chapter Five : The Flea and the Acrobat '' The Duffer Brothers Alison Tatlock July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Will 's father Lonnie assures Joyce her experiences are hallucinations . Hopper discovers a portal in the basement of the lab but is knocked out by the lab 's guards . He wakes at home and discovers a hidden microphone . Sheriff 's deputies inform Hopper that Barb 's car was found , but Hopper finds the state 's involvement suspicious . The boys determine Will is trapped in an alternate dimension Eleven calls the `` Upside Down , '' and he is being pursued by a monster similar to a Demogorgon . After Will 's funeral , science teacher Mr. Clarke tells the boys that a high - energy spacetime tear could create a passage between dimensions . Using their compasses , they search for a disruption in the Earth 's electromagnetic field . Eleven remembers encountering the creature during a lab experiment , and afraid , she redirects the compasses . Lucas notices and confronts her . Mike defends her , he and Lucas fight , and Eleven telekinetically flings Lucas off Mike . While Dustin and Mike tend to the unconscious Lucas , Eleven disappears . In the woods , Nancy and Jonathan find a wounded deer . The creature drags the deer away , and Nancy follows the trail of blood to a portal to the Upside Down . She crawls through and discovers the creature feasting upon the deer . She snaps a twig and draws the creature 's attention . 6 6 `` Chapter Six : The Monster '' The Duffer Brothers Jessie Nickson - Lopez July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Jonathan pulls Nancy back through the portal and saves her from the monster . Later , Steve sees them together through her bedroom window and assumes they are dating . Nancy and Jonathan resolve to kill the monster and purchase supplies from an army surplus store . During a fist fight with Steve , Jonathan inadvertently assaults a police officer and is arrested . Joyce and Hopper track down Terry Ives , who is catatonic and tended by her sister Becky . Becky explains that Terry underwent Project MKUltra testing while unknowingly pregnant ; she believed her daughter Jane was kidnapped by Brenner at birth . Joyce and Hopper conclude Eleven is likely Jane . Eleven shoplifts Eggo waffles . She recalls being asked to contact the monster and accidentally opening the portal to the Upside Down in the laboratory basement . While searching for Eleven , Mike and Dustin are ambushed by school bullies Troy and James . Troy holds Dustin at knifepoint and demands Mike make a suicidal jump into the lake where Will 's body was discovered . Mike jumps but is levitated to safety by Eleven , who scares away the bullies . Lucas realizes agents from the laboratory are heading to Mike 's house . 7 7 `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' The Duffer Brothers Justin Doble July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Lucas warns Mike via walkie - talkie that government agents are en route . Mike , Dustin , and Eleven flee . Eleven telekinetically flips a van that blocks their path , and the kids escape . Lucas reconciles with Mike and Eleven . Joyce and Hopper are called to the police station because of Jonathan 's assault . Jonathan and Nancy reveal their knowledge of the monster to Joyce and Hopper . The group contacts Mike and his friends and they rendezvous . They ask Eleven to search for Will and Barb , but her earlier feats have left her too weak to find them . To amplify Eleven 's powers , they break into the middle school and build a sensory - deprivation tank . Eleven finds Barb 's corpse with a slug - like creature crawling out of her mouth . With Joyce 's help , she finds Will alive , hiding in the Upside Down `` Castle Byers , '' his backyard fort . Hopper and Joyce break into Hawkins Laboratory but are apprehended by security guards . Nancy and Jonathan resolve to kill the monster and steal their hunting gear back from the police station . In the Upside Down , the monster breaks into the fort where Will is hiding . 8 8 `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' The Duffer Brothers Story by : Paul Dichter Teleplay by : The Duffer Brothers July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Hopper gives up Eleven 's location so that he and Joyce can enter the Upside Down . They find Will unconscious in the Upside - Down town library . They pull a tendril out of his throat , perform CPR , and revive him . Nancy and Jonathan booby - trap the Byers ' home , then cut their hands to attract the monster with their blood . Steve arrives , intending to apologize to Jonathan about their fight , but the monster attacks . The monster springs the trap but escapes back to the Upside Down . Eleven and the boys hide in the middle school . Mike asks Eleven to a school dance , the Snow Ball , and kisses her . The military storms the school to re-capture Eleven , but she kills them and collapses . As Brenner cradles her , the monster attacks , apparently killing him . The boys hide Eleven in a classroom . The monster corners them , but Eleven pins it against a wall . She says goodbye to Mike , disintegrates the monster , and vanishes . Mike is devastated at her disappearance . Will is hospitalized and reunited with his mother , brother , and friends . Hopper is reluctantly picked up by a black car . One month later , Nancy and Steve are back together , and both are friends with Jonathan . Hopper leaves Eggo waffles and other food in a box in the woods . Will coughs up a slug - like creature and has a vision of the world as the Upside Down , but he hides this from his family . Season 2 ( 2017 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 9 `` Chapter One : MADMAX '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) On October 28 , 1984 , Kali and her gang use her psychic powers to escape the police . Her wrist tattoo marks her as `` 008 . '' At the Hawkins arcade , Will has a vision of the Upside Down . Murray Bauman describes an elaborate conspiracy theory to Hopper . Hopper investigates a blight on Bob Merril 's pumpkin patch . Mr. Clarke introduces a new girl named Maxine ( `` Max '' ) to his class . At Hawkins Lab , Owens examines Will . He tells Joyce that Will is experiencing posttraumatic stress disorder . Nancy and Steve have dinner with Barb 's parents , who are selling their house to pay for Bauman 's investigation into Barb 's disappearance . Mike tries to contact with Eleven , still believing she is alive even 352 days after her disappearance . Dustin hears a noise from the trashcan outside his home , and Will has a vision of an enormous spidery creature in the Upside Down . Hopper goes home to a cabin in the woods , where Eleven accuses him of being late . 10 `` Chapter Two : Trick or Treat , Freak '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) In a flashback , Eleven awakens in the Upside Down middle school , having just destroyed the monster at the end of the first season . After escaping the Upside Down , she goes to Mike 's house . To avoid government agents , she hides in the woods . In the present , Eleven asks to go trick - or - treating , but Hopper says it 's too risky . Hopper learns the blight has spread to pumpkin patches all over town . Nancy wants to tell Barb 's parents about her death , but Steve insists it 's too dangerous . At a Halloween party that evening , Nancy gets drunk and tells Steve she does n't love him . Angered , Steve leaves , and asks Jonathan to take her home . Mike , Will , Dustin , Lucas , and Max go trick - or - treating . Will has a vision of a shadowy monster from the Upside Down trying to catch him . Mike admits to Will that he is still trying to contact Eleven . Eleven tries to contact Mike but fails . Dustin finds a creature in his trash can . 11 `` Chapter Three : The Pollywog '' Shawn Levy Justin Doble October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Dustin feeds the creature a 3 Musketeers chocolate bar and names it d'Artagnan ( `` Dart '' ) . In a flashback , Hopper leaves food in the woods for Eleven . She approaches him and moves into his grandfather 's hunting cabin . In the present , Hopper refuses to allow Eleven outside . Angry , she escapes and looks for Mike . Bob recounts a childhood nightmare to Will and encourages him to stand up to his fears . Nancy persuades Jonathan to help her tell Barb 's parents the truth . Hopper confronts Owens with evidence that the pumpkin blight comes from the lab . Dustin brings Dart to school and shows it to Will , Mike , Lucas , and Max . Will realizes Dart is from the Upside Down . Dart molts and escapes . Eleven sees Mike and Max arguing and mistakes it for flirting . Jealous , she makes Max fall off her skateboard . On a videotape Will made while trick - or - treating , Joyce discovers an image of the monster . Will finds Dart , triggering a vision of the Upside Down . Dustin recovers Dart . Following Bob 's advice , Will confronts the monster , but it invades his body . 12 `` Chapter Four : Will the Wise '' Shawn Levy Paul Dichter October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Joyce takes Will home . His temperature is strangely low , but he refuses a warm bath . Eleven returns to the cabin . She and Hopper fight , and Hopper grounds her . Will tells Joyce and Hopper that he 's connected to the Shadow Monster . Unable to explain in words , he makes a vast number of scribbles . Joyce and Hopper piece them together into a map . Nancy and Jonathan are caught by lab agents . Owens shows them the gate to the Upside Down . He says it can be contained but not destroyed , admits Barb died , and allows Nancy and Jonathan to go free . Secretly , Nancy records his confession . Billy warns Max to stay away from Lucas . Eleven finds Hopper 's notes on Hawkins Lab . Using her psychic powers , she contacts Terry Ives , who calls her `` Jane . '' Dustin discovers Dart devouring his cat and realizes Dart is a young Demogorgon . Following Will 's map , Hopper digs in Merril 's field and finds a tunnel corrupted by the Upside Down . 13 5 `` Chapter Five : Dig Dug '' Andrew Stanton Jessie Nickson - Lopez October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Vines trap Hopper in the infected tunnels . Will realizes Hopper is in danger . Lucas tells Max the truth about Will 's disappearance last year , but she does n't believe him . Jonathan and Nancy play Owens ' confession to Bauman . The three agree to publicize a watered down and more believable story about Barb dying from toxins released by the lab . Dustin traps Dart in his root cellar and recruits Steve to fight it . Owens and the lab scientists realize the soil from the infected pumpkin patches is part of a hive mind . Eleven hitchhikes to Terry 's house . She telepathically communicates with Terry , seeing images of another child kept in Hawkins Lab and of Terry being crippled by forced shock therapy . Bob figures out Hopper 's location , and he and Joyce enter the tunnels to rescue him . They are joined by scientists from Hawkins Lab . As the scientists burn the vines filling the tunnels , Will screams in agony and collapses . 14 6 `` Chapter Six : The Spy '' Andrew Stanton Kate Trefry October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Will is rushed to the lab , where he can not recognize Bob , Hopper , or Owens . Owens speculates that damaging the tunnels may be lethal to Will . He shows Hopper the lab basement , where an enormous gate to the Upside Down has been discovered under the floor . Dart molts again and escapes the root cellar . Nancy and Jonathan spend the night at Bauman 's and admit their feelings for each other . Lucas offers to prove to Max that his story is true , and he sneaks her out of her house . Steve offers Dustin dating tips . Steve , Dustin , Lucas and Max set a trap for Dart at the junkyard . Max opens up to Lucas about Billy 's anger over his father 's remarriage to Max 's mother . Dart , now the size of a large dog , arrives with a pack of adolescent Demogorgons and traps the four in a bus . Will announces he knows how to stop the Shadow Monster . Owens sends a team of soldiers into the tunnels , and the Demodogs leave the junkyard . Will apologizes , saying the Shadow Monster made him do it . The Demodogs ambush the soldiers , slaughter them , and climb into the lab . 15 7 `` Chapter Seven : The Lost Sister '' Rebecca Thomas Justin Doble October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) In Chicago , Eleven locates Kali , who is the girl from Terry 's memories . Kali can create illusions , and she leads a gang of outcasts who exact revenge on those who have hurt them . She teaches Eleven to channel her anger towards stronger powers . Eleven uses her powers to find Ray , the lab technician who performed shock therapy on Terry , and the gang breaks into his apartment . Ray claims Brenner is still alive , and he offers to lead Kali and Eleven to Brenner . They disbelieve him , and Kali tries to coax Eleven into killing Ray . When Eleven learns he has two daughters , she stops and prevents Kali from killing him . Back at their hideout , Kali conjures a vision of Brenner and demands that Eleven avenge their mother . Eleven visualizes Mike and Hopper and realizes they are in trouble . While Kali and her gang escape the police , Eleven returns to Hawkins . 16 8 `` Chapter Eight : The Mind Flayer '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) The Demodogs overwhelm the lab . Mike convinces Joyce to sedate Will so that the Shadow Monster can not track them . Mike , Will , Joyce , Hopper , Bob , and Owens shelter in the lab 's security room . Dustin , Steve , Lucas , and Max track the Demodogs to the lab , where they regroup with Nancy and Jonathan . When the power goes out , Bob resets the circuit breakers so they can escape . Owens stays behind and uses the security cameras to guide the others out . Mike , Will , Joyce , and Hopper escape , but Bob is killed by the Demodogs . The group retreat to the Byers ' house , where Dustin suggests that the Shadow Monster is a Mind Flayer . After disguising their location , they interrogate Will . Using Morse code , he taps out , `` CLOSE GATE . '' The house phone rings , and Will realizes where he is . The Mind Flayer sends a Demodog to the house , but , to everyone 's surprise , Eleven arrives and kills it . 17 9 `` Chapter Nine : The Gate '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) After finally reuniting with Mike , Eleven and Hopper head for the lab , where they find the gate guarded by Demodogs . Jonathan , Nancy , and Joyce take Will to Hopper 's cabin and overheat him , forcing the Mind Flayer out . Mike , Dustin , Lucas , and Max want to draw the Demodogs away from the gate , but Steve keeps them at the house for their own safety . Billy , forced by his abusive father to look for Max , arrives at the Byers house . He overpowers Steve in a fistfight , but Max sedates him , and the group leaves in Billy 's car . They start a fire in the tunnels , but Dart blocks their return . Dustin feeds Dart a 3 Musketeers bar , and Dart allows them to pass . Eleven channels her anger into closing the gate , and as the gate closes , the remaining monsters in Hawkins die . One month later , Hawkins Lab has shut down . Barb is given a funeral , and Owens provides Hopper a birth certificate for Eleven . The students attend the school 's winter dance , the Snow Ball . Max and Lucas kiss , as do Mike and Eleven . Nancy pities Dustin and dances with him . In the Upside Down , the Mind Flayer towers over the school . Production Development Ross ( left ) and Matt Duffer , the creators of the series Stranger Things was created by Matt and Ross Duffer , known professionally as The Duffer Brothers . The two had completed writing and producing their 2015 film Hidden , which they had tried to emulate the style of M. Night Shyamalan , however , due to changes at Warner Bros. , its distributor , the film did not see a wide release and the Duffers were unsure of their future . To their surprise , television producer Donald De Line approached them , impressed with Hidden 's script , and offered them the opportunity to work on episodes of Wayward Pines alongside Shyamalan . The brothers were mentored by Shyamalan during the episode 's production , so that when they finished , they felt they were ready to produce their own television series . The Duffer Brothers prepared a script that would essentially be similar to the series ' actual pilot episode , along with a 20 - page pitch book to help shop the series around for a network . They pitched the story to a number of cable networks , all of which rejected the script on the basis that they felt a plot centered around children as leading characters would not work , asking them to make it a children 's show or to drop the children and focus on Hopper 's investigation in the paranormal . In early 2015 , Dan Cohen , the VP of 21 Laps Entertainment , brought the script to his colleague Shawn Levy . They subsequently invited The Duffer Brothers to their office and purchased the rights for the series , giving full authorship of it to the brothers . After reading the pilot , the streaming service Netflix purchased the whole season for an undisclosed amount ; the show was subsequently announced for a planned 2016 release by Netflix in early April 2015 . The Duffer Brothers stated that at the time they had pitched to Netflix , the service had already gotten recognized for its original programming , such as House of Cards and Orange Is the New Black , with well - recognized producers behind them , and were ready to start giving upcoming producers like them a chance . The brothers started to write out the series and brought Levy and Cohen in as executive producers to start casting and filming . `` Montauk is an eight - hour sci - fi horror epic . Set in Long Island in 1980 and inspired by the supernatural classics of that era , we explore the crossroads where the ordinary meet the extraordinary ... emotional , cinematic and rooted in character , Montauk is a love letter to the golden age of Steven Spielberg and Stephen King - a marriage of human drama and supernatural fear . '' -- The Duffer Brothers ' original pitch for Montauk The book cover The Duffer Brothers ' created to pitch Montauk , inspired by Stephen King book covers such as Firestarter The series was originally known as Montauk , as the setting of the script was in Montauk , New York and nearby Long Island locations . The brothers had chosen Montauk as it had further Spielberg ties with the film Jaws , where Montauk was used for the fictional setting of Amity Island . After deciding to change the narrative of the series to take place in the fictional town of Hawkins instead , the brothers felt they could now do things to the town , such as placing it under quarantine , that they really could not envision with a real location . With the change in location , they had to come up with a new title for the series under direction from Netflix 's Ted Sarandos so that they could start marketing it to the public . The brothers started by using a copy of Stephen King 's Firestarter novel to consider the title 's font and appearance , and came up with a long list of potential alternatives . Stranger Things came about as it sounded similar to another King novel , Needful Things , though Matt noted they still had a `` lot of heated arguments '' over this final title . To pitch the series , The Duffers showcased images , footage and music from 1980s films such as E.T. the Extra Terrestrial , Close Encounters of the Third Kind , Poltergeist , Hellraiser , Stand by Me , Firestarter , A Nightmare on Elm Street and Jaws , in order to establish the tone of the series . With the critical success of the first season after its release in July 2016 , speculation on a possible second season was raised . The Duffer Brothers initially intended for Stranger Things to either be a standalone miniseries or an anthology series . They also considered the possibility of setting a potential second season ( which they refereed to as a ' sequel ' ) in the early 1990s and featuring an older version of the characters , along with all new characters , who are drawn back to Hawkins after supernatural events begin occurring again. . However , following the release of the first season , they realized that the likability of the characters - especially the children - was key to the series ' success , and they decided to set the second season in 1984 and focus on the same characters . By the end of July , The Duffer Brothers had outlined a plan for such a season if it was green - lit , and Netflix 's CEO Reed Hastings said in early August that the company `` would be dumb not to '' renew Stranger Things for a second season . On August 31 , 2016 , Netflix announced it had renewed Stranger Things for a second season of nine episodes , to be released in 2017 . The Duffer Brothers revealed that the series had been renewed for a second season before the first premiered . Regarding the decision to wait more than a month after the first season premiered to announce the renewal , Matt Duffer said , `` it actually ended up working because it had built up to this fever pitch . I guess that 's what ( Netflix ) were intending to do all the time . '' The Duffers wrote the second season to make the combined first and second season feel like a complete work , but setting elements in place to go forward with additional seasons if they are green - lit . While most of the story for the second season had been decided before the first season aired , the Duffers took in the audience reactions from the first season to adjust some of the details within the second season . They knew they would not have the same element of audience surprise as when the show aired anew , and were aware fans wanted to see certain elements , but Ross said `` ... the point is not to give everyone what they think they want . Because I do n't think they really know what they want . '' The Duffers felt that the second season should be treated more as a sequel rather than a continuation , and thus have opted to call the second Stranger Things 2 . This approach had some trepidation from Netflix , since the company felt movie sequels typically have a bad reputation , but the Duffers pointed out that there had been many successful sequels that surpassed the original film , and felt confident with this name . Despite revealing episode titles for the season in the announcement teaser in order `` to provide some hint of where we were going in season two without giving anything away , '' Matt Duffer stated that some of the titles would change , since there were some things `` we did n't want to put on there because we felt like it would give too much away , '' and because `` people are smart on the fucking internet '' with fan - created `` videos analyzing the chapter titles ... right on a lot '' of how the titles related to the plot of the season . In early October 2017 , the Duffers revealed the final titles for the first six episodes of the season . Levy noted in November 2016 that he and The Duffer Brothers had already begun planning a potential third season , saying , `` We are not gon na be caught off guard and we do n't wan na be making stuff up like the day before we have to write it and make it , so we are definitely optimistic and we have started thinking ahead . '' The Duffers anticipate having about four to five seasons to work with , but do want to `` have a really finite ending '' while the show is still at a height of success , according to Matt , rather than letting it draw out indefinitely . In August 2017 , the Duffers confirmed there would be a third season , with the likelihood of one more season following that , with Ross saying , `` We 're thinking it will be a four - season thing and then out '' . However , executive producer Shawn Levy later suggested that either four or five total seasons were possibilities , claiming that `` the truth is we 're definitely going four seasons and there 's very much the possibility of a fifth . Beyond that , it becomes I think very unlikely . '' Matt Duffer later commented that no official decision has been made , claiming that `` It 's hard , like four seems short , five seems long . So I do n't know what to do . '' In December 2017 , Netflix officially confirmed that they have greenlit the third season . Writing The idea of Stranger Things started with how the brothers felt they could take the concept of the 2013 film Prisoners , detailing the moral struggles a father goes through when his daughter is kidnapped , and expand it out over eight or so hours in a serialized television approach . As they focused on the missing child aspect of the story , they wanted to introduce the idea of `` childlike sensibilities '' they could offer , and toyed around with the idea of a monster that could consume humans . The brothers thought the combination of these things `` was the best thing ever '' . To introduce this monster into the narrative , they considered `` bizarre experiments we had read about taking place in the Cold War '' such as Project MKUltra , which gave a way to ground the monster 's existence in science rather than something spiritual . This also helped them to decide on using 1983 as the time period , as it was a year before the film Red Dawn came out , which focused on Cold War paranoia . Subsequently , they were able to use all their own personal inspirations from the 1980s , the decade they were born , as elements of the series , crafting it in the realm of science fiction and horror . The Duffer Brothers have cited as influence for the show ( among others ) : Stephen King novels ; films produced by Steven Spielberg , John Carpenter , Wes Craven , Robert Zemeckis , George Lucas and Guillermo del Toro ; films such as Alien and Stand by Me ; Japanese anime such as Akira and Elfen Lied ; and video games such as Silent Hill , The Last of Us , and Dark Souls . The Duffers also believe that they may have brought influences from other works unintentionally , including Beyond the Black Rainbow and D.A.R.Y.L. , discovered by reviewing fan feedback on the show . With Netflix as the platform , The Duffer Brothers were not limited to a typical 22 - episode format , opting for the eight - episode approach . They had been concerned that a 22 - episode season on broadcast television would be difficult to `` tell a cinematic story '' with that many episodes . Eight episodes allowed them to give time to characterization in addition to narrative development ; if they had less time available , they would have had to remain committed to telling a horror film as soon as the monster was introduced and abandon the characterization . Within the eight episodes , the brothers aimed to make the first season `` feel like a big movie '' with all the major plot lines completed so that `` the audience feels satisfied '' , but left enough unresolved to indicate `` there 's a bigger mythology , and there 's a lot of dangling threads at the end '' , something that could be explored in further seasons if Netflix opted to create more . Regarding writing for the children characters of the series , The Duffer Brothers considered themselves as outcasts from other students while in high school and thus found it easy to write for Mike and his friends , and particularly for Barb . Joyce was fashioned after Richard Dreyfuss ' character Roy Neary in Close Encounters of the Third Kind , as she appears `` absolutely bonkers '' to everyone else as she tries to find Will . Other characters , such as Billy in the second season , have more villainous attributes that are not necessarily obvious from the onset ; Matt explained that they took further inspiration from Stephen King for these characters , as King `` always has really great human villains '' that may be more malicious than the supernatural evil . According to David Harbour , writing for the third season was still occurring in December 2017 . Levy said the season would be less about Will , saying , `` We 're not going to put Will through hell for a third season in a row . He 'll be dealing with stuff , but he wo n't be at rock bottom ... We 're ( going to be ) dealing with forces of evil that are new . '' Casting The Duffers cast David Harbour as Chief Hopper believing this was his opportunity to have a lead character in a work . In June 2015 , it was announced that Winona Ryder and David Harbour had joined the series as Joyce and as the unnamed chief of police , respectively . The brothers ' casting director Carmen Cuba had suggested Ryder for the role of Joyce , which the two were immediately drawn to because of her predominance in the films of the 1980s . Levy believed Ryder could `` wretch up the emotional urgency and yet find layers and nuance and different sides of ( Joyce ) '' . Ryder praised that the show 's multiple storylines required her to act for Joyce as `` she 's out of her mind , but she 's actually kind of onto something '' , and that the producers had faith she could pull off the difficult role . The Duffer Brothers had been interested in Harbour before , who until Stranger Things primarily had smaller roles as villainous characters , and they felt that he had been `` waiting too long for this opportunity '' to play a lead , while Harbour himself was thrilled by the script and the chance to play `` a broken , flawed , anti-hero character '' . Additional casting followed two months later with Finn Wolfhard as Mike , Millie Bobby Brown in an undisclosed role , Gaten Matarazzo as Dustin , Caleb McLaughlin as Lucas , Natalia Dyer as Nancy , and Charlie Heaton as Jonathan . In September 2015 , Cara Buono joined the cast as Karen , followed by Matthew Modine as Martin Brenner a month later . Additional cast who recur for the first season include Noah Schnapp as Will , Shannon Purser as Barbara `` Barb '' Holland , Joe Keery as Steve Harrington , and Ross Partridge as Lonnie , among others . Actors auditioning for the children roles read lines from Stand By Me . The Duffer Brothers estimated they went through about a thousand different child actors for the roles . They noted that Wolfhard was already `` a movie buff '' of the films from the 1980s period and easily filled the role , while they found Matarazzo 's audition to be much more authentic than most of the other audition tapes , and selected him after a single viewing of his audition tape . As casting was started immediately after Netflix greenlit the show , and prior to the scripts being fully completed , this allowed some of the actor 's takes on the roles to reflect into the script . The casting of the young actors for Will and his friends had been done just after the first script was completed , and subsequent scripts incorporated aspects from these actors . The brothers said Modine provided significant input on the character of Dr. Brenner , whom they had not really fleshed out before as they considered him the hardest character to write for given his limited appearances within the narrative . In October 2016 , it was announced that Schnapp and Keery had been promoted to the main cast for the second season , after each recurring in the first season , and that Sadie Sink and Dacre Montgomery would join the main cast as Max and Billy , respectively . Ryder , Harbour , Wolfhard , Brown , Matarazzo , McLaughlin , Dyer and Heaton also return for the season . Sean Astin as Bob Newby and Paul Reiser as Sam Owens are also part of the main cast in the season . For Owens , The Duffer Brothers had referred to the character in their pitch to Netflix for the season as `` Paul Reiser '' , and specifically alluded to Reiser 's character Burke in Aliens , with Ross referencing James Cameron 's casting choice for that film , saying , `` ( Cameron ) thought people would inherently trust ( Reiser ) and it would be a twist '' . Reiser 's son was a fan of Stranger Things , and gave his father an early appreciation of the series , so that by when the production called his agent about the role , Reiser was excited for the part . Joining them in recurring roles are Linnea Berthelsen as Kali / Eight and Brett Gelman as Murray Bauman . The third season sees Ryder , Harbour , Wolfhard , Brown , Matarazzo , McLaughlin , Dyer , Heaton , Buono , Schnapp , Sink , Kerry and Montgomery return . Filming The brothers had desired to film the series around the Long Island area to match the initial Montauk concept . However , with filming scheduled to take place in November 2015 , it was difficult to shoot in Long Island in the cold weather , and the production started scouting locations in and around the Atlanta , Georgia area . The brothers , who grew up in North Carolina , found many places that reminded them of their own childhoods in that area , and felt the area would work well with the narrative shift to the fictional town of Hawkins , Indiana . The filming of the first season began in November 2015 and was extensively done in Atlanta , Georgia , with The Duffer Brothers and Levy handling the direction of individual episodes . Jackson served as the basis of the fictional town of Hawkins , Indiana . Other shooting locations included the Georgia Mental Health Institute as the Hawkins National Laboratory site , Bellwood Quarry , Patrick Henry High School in Stockbridge , Georgia , for the middle and high school scenes , Emory University 's Continuing Education Department , the former city hall in Douglasville , Georgia , Georgia International Horse Park , the probate court in Butts County , Georgia , Old East Point Library and East Point First Baptist Church in East Point , Georgia , Fayetteville , Georgia , Stone Mountain Park , Palmetto , Georgia , and Winston , Georgia . Set work was done at Screen Gem Studios in Atlanta . The series was filmed with a Red Dragon digital camera . Filming for the first season concluded in early 2016 . While filming , the brothers tried to capture shots that could be seen as homages to many of the 1980s references they recalled . Their goal was not necessarily to fill the work with these references , but instead make the series seem to the viewer as a 1980s film . They spent little time reviewing those works and instead went by memory . Matt further recognized that some of their filming homages were not purposely done but were found to be very comparable , as highlighted by a fan - made video comparing the show to several 1980s works side - by - side . Matt commented on the video that `` Some were deliberate and some were subconscious . '' The brothers recognized that many of the iconic scenes from these 1980s films , such as with Poltergeist , was about `` taking a very ordinary object that people deal with every day , their television set , and imbuing it with something otherworldly '' , leading to the idea of using the Christmas light strings for Will to communicate with Joyce . The brothers attributed much of the 1980s feel to set and costume designers and the soundtrack composers that helped to recreate the era for them . Lynda Reiss , the head of props , had about a $220,000 budget , similar to most films , to acquire artifacts of the 1980s , using eBay and searching through flea markets and estate sales around the Atlanta area . The bulk of the props were original items from the 1980s with only a few pieces , such as the Dungeons & Dragons books made as replicas . Costume designer Kimberly Adams - Galligan for the first season aimed for capturing authenticity of the clothes choices by the characters , such as reflecting that the Byers would likely use hand - me - down clothes compared to the other families ; in this case , while the costume department did distress the outfits for all the characters , they spent more time for Will 's clothes compared to Mike 's . Frequently , they needed to create outfits for the kids themselves since many were still growing during the time of filming , and could not readily acquire period fashion across a range of sizes . Director of photography Tim Ives shot the first season with Leica lens and the 6K Red Scarlet Dragon to `` make sure that our images had the soft and round tones that are in ' 80s films '' ; this is achieved through digital image processing . Ives said that these cameras allow them to create an adaptable quality to the recorded film that is adaptable to a wide range of viewing experiences , including support for newer and future television technologies such as high dynamic range video that was just becoming adopted at the time of filming . Filming for the second season began on November 7 , 2016 , once again in and around the Atlanta Metro area . While parts of Season 2 were set in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , these were actually filmed in downtown Atlanta , with skylines of Pittsburgh added in post-production . Andrew Stanton , director of Pixar 's Finding Nemo and WALL - E , directed the fifth and sixth episodes of the second season . Levy stated that Stanton was a big fan of the show and called up Levy , offering his directorial abilities for the show . Rebecca Thomas directed the seventh episode of the season . Unlike the first season , which they were able to film without any real security issues , the heightened awareness of the show required the producers to take significant steps to keep the show 's production in secret while filming the second season . They spoke to the production team of HBO 's Game of Thrones for tips and advice for securing filming sites , and have adopted code names for the series and various parts to allow the actors to speak to others without revealing details of the show 's plot . Kim Wilcox took over for costumes in the second season , finding many of the same problems with designing for the child actors that were aging . Furthermore , she wanted to create the 80 's aestetic but as reflected in a small rural town , with the trends of period slowly filtering into it rather that immediately jump on elements like neon colors . The second season concluded filming on June 2 , 2017 . Ives once again used Leica lens to film the season , while upgrading to the Red Weapon 8K S35 camera . Filming for the third season is expected to begin in mid-April 2018 . Visual effects To create the aged effect for the series , a film grain was added over the footage , which was captured by scanning in film stock from the 1980s . The Duffers wanted to scare the audience , but not to necessarily make the show violent or gory , following in line with how the 1980s Amblin Entertainment films drove the creation of the PG - 13 movie rating . It was `` much more about mood and atmosphere and suspense and dread than they are about gore '' , though they were not afraid to push into more scary elements , particularly towards the end of the first season . The brothers had wanted to avoid any computer - generated effects for the monster and other parts of the series and stay with practical effects . However , the six - month filming time left them little time to plan out and test practical effects rigs for some of the shots . They went with a middle ground of using constructed props including one for the monster whenever they could , but for other shots , such as when the monster bursts through a wall , they opted to use digital effects . Post-production on the first season was completed the week before it was released to Netflix . The title sequence uses closeups of the letters in the Stranger Things title with a red tint against a black background as they slide into place within the title . The sequence was created by the studio Imaginary Forces , formerly part of R / GA , led by creative director Michelle Doughtey . Levy introduced the studio to The Duffer Brothers , who explained their vision of the 1980s - inspired show , which helped the studio to fix the concept the producers wanted . Later , but prior to filming , the producers sent Imaginary Forces the pilot script , the synth - heavy background music for the titles , as well as the various book covers from King and other authors that they had used to establish the title and imagery , and were looking for a similar approach for the show 's titles , primarily using a typographical sequence . They took inspiration from several title sequences of works from the 1980s that were previously designed by Richard Greenberg under R / GA , such as Altered States and The Dead Zone . They also got input from Dan Perri , who worked on the title credits of several 1980s films . Various iterations included having letters vanish , to reflect the `` missing '' theme of the show , and having letters cast shadows on others , alluding to the mysteries , before settling into the sliding letters . The studio began working on the title sequence before filming , and took about a month off during the filming process to let the producers get immersed in the show and come back with more input . Initially they had been working with various fonts for the title and used close - ups of the best features of these fonts , but near the end the producers wanted to work with ITC Benguiat , requiring them to rework those shots . The final sequence is fully computer generated , but they took inspiration from testing some practical effects , such as using Kodalith masks as would have been done in the 1980s , to develop the appropriate filters for the rendering software . The individual episode title cards used a `` fly through '' approach , similar to the film Bullitt , which the producers had suggested to the studio . Music Main article : Music of Stranger Things The Stranger Things original soundtrack was composed by Michael Stein and Kyle Dixon of the electronic band Survive . It makes extensive use of synthesizers in homage to 1980s artists and film composers including Jean - Michel Jarre , Tangerine Dream , Vangelis , Goblin , John Carpenter , Giorgio Moroder , and Fabio Frizzi . According to Stein and Dixon , The Duffer Brothers had been fans of Survive 's music , and used their song `` Dirge '' for the mock trailer that was used to sell the show to Netflix . Once the show was green - lit , the Duffers contacted Survive around July 2015 to ask if they were still doing music ; the two provided the production team with dozens of songs from their band 's past to gain their interest , helping to land them the role . Once aboard , the two worked with producers to select some of their older music to rework for the show , while developing new music , principally with character motifs . The two had been hired before the casting process , so their motif demos were used and played over the actors ' audition tapes , aiding in the casting selection . The show 's theme is based on an unused work Stein composed much earlier that ended up in the library of work they shared with the production staff , who thought that with some reworking would be good for the opening credits . In addition to original music , Stranger Things features period music from artists including The Clash , Joy Division , Toto , New Order , The Bangles , Foreigner , Echo and the Bunnymen , Peter Gabriel , and Corey Hart , as well as excerpts from Tangerine Dream , John Carpenter , and Vangelis . In particular , The Clash 's `` Should I Stay or Should I Go '' was specifically picked to play at pivotal moments of the story , such as when Will is trying to communicate with Joyce from the Upside Down . Soundtracks Stranger Things ' original soundtrack , consisting of 75 songs from Stein and Dixon split across two volumes , was released by Lakeshore Records . Digital release and streaming options were released on August 10 and 19 , 2016 for the two volumes , respectively , while retail versions were available on September 16 and 23 , 2016 . Limited editions of the soundtrack on vinyl , in both individual and a boxed set , are set for release in July 2017 . A cassette version of the soundtrack , sold exclusively by Urban Outfitters , was released on July 14 , 2017 . The cassette packaging features a cardboard cover that emulates an old VHS sleeves , while the cassette case is made to look like a VHS tape . Both volumes were nominated individually for the Best Score Soundtrack Category for the 2017 Grammy Awards , though neither won . The soundtrack for the second season of Stranger Things was released digitally on October 20 , 2017 . The soundtrack , once again composed by Stein and Dixon , consists of 34 songs and was released by Lakeshore Records in the United States and Invada Records internationally . The soundtrack is intended to be released on physical formats , such as compact disc , vinyl , and cassette as well . On the soundtrack 's composition , Stein and Dixon together said that the score for the season introduces `` new styles of composition , while still revisiting old themes when appropriate ... We 've created new elements that are necessary to support the story , but still want to remain true to the sound of Season 1 . '' The first track from the soundtrack , `` Walkin ' in Hawkins '' , was released on October 12 . Release The first season consisted of eight one - hour - long episodes which were released worldwide on Netflix on July 15 , 2016 , in Ultra HD 4K . The second season , consisting of nine episodes , was released on October 27 , 2017 in HDR . A teaser for the second season , which also announced the release date , aired during Super Bowl LI . The third season is expected to consist of eight episodes . It is not expected to be released until late 2018 or early 2019 . Home Media The first season of Stranger Things was released on a Blu - ray / DVD combo pack exclusively to Target retailers on October 17 , 2017 , which includes a vintage VHS - inspired packaging . Reception Winona Ryder ( left ) was nominated for the Golden Globe , Satellite and Screen Actors Guild Award , while Millie Bobby Brown ( right ) was nominated for the Emmy Award and Screen Actors Guild Award for their work in the series . Audience viewership As Netflix does not reveal subscriber viewership numbers for any of their original series , Symphony Technology Group compiled data for the season based on people using software on their phones that measures television viewing by detecting a program 's sound . According to Symphony , within the first 35 days of release , Stranger Things averaged ratings around 14.07 million adults between the ages 18 -- 49 in the United States . This made it the third most - watched season of Netflix original content in the U.S. at the time behind the first season of Fuller House and fourth season of Orange Is the New Black . In a September 2016 analysis , Netflix found that Stranger Things `` hooked '' viewers by the second episode of the first season , indicating that the second episode was `` the first installment that led at least 70 percent of viewers who watched that episode to complete the entire first season of a show . '' In August 2017 , the marketing analytics firm Jumpshot determined the season was the seventh-most viewed Netflix season in the first 30 days after it premiered , garnering slightly more than 20 % of the viewers that the second season of Daredevil received , which was the most viewed season according to Jumpshot . Jumpshot , which `` analyzes click - stream data from an online panel of more than 100 million consumers '' , looked at the viewing behavior and activity of the company 's U.S. members , factoring in the relative number of U.S. Netflix viewers who watched at least one episode of the season . Critical reception Season 1 Season Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 94 % ( 70 reviews ) 76 ( 34 reviews ) 94 % ( 119 reviews ) 78 ( 33 reviews ) Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the first season an approval rating of 94 % based on 70 reviews , and a weighted average rating of 7.96 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus states , `` Exciting , heartbreaking , and sometimes scary , Stranger Things acts as an addictive homage to Spielberg films and vintage 1980s television . '' Review aggregator Metacritic gave the first season a normalized score of 76 out of 100 based on 34 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . IGN gave the score of 8 out of 10 and called the series `` Great '' , saying `` Stranger Things is an easy recommendation , offering viewers an atmospheric and endearing series that is a nostalgic throwback without feeling like a simple copy . '' In a review in the San Francisco Chronicle Dave Wiegand wrote : `` Stranger Things reminds us of a time marked by a kind of no - strings escapism . And as it does so , we find ourselves yearning for it because the Duffers have made it so irresistibly appealing . There may be other equally great shows to watch this summer , but I guarantee you wo n't have more fun watching any of them than you will watching Stranger Things . '' Joshua Alston of The A.V. Club also reviewed it positively saying , `` Balancing style and substance is always challenging for a series like Stranger Things , but the show is perfectly calibrated . It feels like watching a show produced during the era in which it 's set , but with the craft of today 's prestige television . '' Reviewing for HitFix , Alan Sepinwall said , `` Over the course of the eight hours , the story and characters take on enough life of their own so that the references do n't feel self - indulgent , and so that the series can be appreciated even if you do n't know the plot of E.T. or the title font of Stephen King 's early novels ( a huge influence on the show 's own opening credits ) by heart . '' Emily Nussbaum of The New Yorker also applauded the series and wrote , `` This is astoundingly efficient storytelling , eight hours that pass in a blink , with even minor characters getting sharp dialogue , dark humor , or moments of pathos . '' Television critic Mary McNamara of Los Angeles Times said , `` For the most part , and in absolute defiance of the odds , Stranger Things honors its source material in the best way possible : By telling a sweet ' n ' scary story in which monsters are real but so are the transformative powers of love and fealty . '' The Wall Street Journal 's Brian Kelly said , `` Matt Duffer and Ross Duffer , brothers and the show 's creators , have done their homework when it comes to ' 80s cinema . Whether you 're a fan of John Carpenter 's The Thing or The Goonies is more your speed , there 's plenty to like in Stranger Things . '' In a negative review , cultural critic Grafton Tanner called the series `` wish fulfillment '' and `` a window through which the present - shocked can gaze at a clichéd past . '' Similarly , Marinna Guzy of The Establishment wrote : `` When confronted with a story like Stranger Things , a recycled retelling of an old story being marketed as homage and good , clean nostalgia , one has to wonder whether or not studios and content creators like The Duffer Brothers ever ask themselves whether or not the story they are telling is the one that should be told . What purpose does Stranger Things serve beyond reinforcing the status quo in the media landscape and perpetuating the dangerous delusion that things were better way back when ? '' Season 2 On Rotten Tomatoes , the second season has an approval rating of 94 % based on 119 reviews , and an average rating of 7.79 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus states , `` Stranger Things ' slow - building sophomore season balances moments of humor and a nostalgic sweetness against a growing horror that 's all the more effective thanks to the show 's full - bodied characters and evocative tone . '' On Metacritic , the second season has a normalized score of 78 out of 100 , based on 33 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Commentary Shannon Purser 's performance as Barb received a great deal of attention from fans , and led to her being nominated for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series . Shortly after its release , Stranger Things gained a dedicated fanbase . One area of focus from these fans was the character of Barb , the nerdy friend and classmate of Nancy who is taken and killed by the monster early in the season . According to actress Shannon Purser , Barb `` was n't supposed to be a big deal '' , and The Duffer Brothers had not gone into great detail about the character since the focus was on finding Will . However , many fans sympathized with the character , with Laura Bradley of Vanity Fair suggesting that these people found that Barb would be a similar misfit in society , and `` looks more like someone you might actually meet in real life '' compared to the other characters , particularly Nancy , in the series . Hashtags such as `` # ImWithBarb '' and `` # JusticeforBarb '' grew in popularity after the series ' release , and several fan sites and forums were created to support her . While Purser did not return for the second season , The Duffer Brothers used the real - life `` Justice for Barb '' movement as inspiration for narrative at the start of the second season , with Nancy addressing the fact `` that no one ever cares about '' Barb . Purser and several media outlets took her nomination as Barb for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series in the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards as achieving `` Justice for Barb '' , highlighting how well her character was received . Another impact of the series has been an increase demand for Eggo waffles , as they are shown to be Eleven 's favorite food in several episodes and are seen as a representation of the show . The Kellogg Company , which manufactures Eggo , had not been part of the production prior to the first season 's release , but recognized the market impact of the series . It provided a vintage 1980s Eggo television advertisement for Netflix to use in its Super Bowl LI commercial , and is looking to become more involved with cross-promotion . Awards and nominations Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2016 Hollywood Music in Media Awards Best Main Title -- TV Show / Digital Streaming Series Kyle Dixon , Michael Stein Nominated Best Original Score -- TV Show / Miniseries Kyle Dixon , Michael Stein Nominated Outstanding Music Supervision -- Television Nora Felder Won American Film Institute Awards Top 10 TV Programs of the Year Stranger Things Won Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series Stranger Things Nominated Most Bingeworthy Show Stranger Things Nominated 2017 Golden Globe Awards Best Television Series -- Drama Stranger Things Nominated Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Winona Ryder Nominated Golden Tomato Awards Best - reviewed TV Sci - Fi / Fantasy / Horror Stranger Things 3rd place Best - reviewed New TV Show Stranger Things 8th place People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Show Stranger Things Nominated Favorite Premium Sci - Fi / Fantasy Series Stranger Things Nominated Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actress Millie Bobby Brown Nominated National Television Awards Best Period Drama Stranger Things Nominated Dorian Awards TV Drama of the Year Stranger Things Nominated TV Performance of the Year -- Actress Winona Ryder Nominated American Cinema Editors Awards Best Edited One Hour Series for Non-Commercial Television Dean Zimmerman `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated Kevin D. Ross `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' Nominated Producers Guild of America Awards Episodic Television , Drama The Duffer Brothers , Shawn Levy , Dan Cohen , Iain Paterson Won Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Winona Ryder Nominated Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Main cast Won Directors Guild of America Awards Outstanding Directorial Achievement for a Drama Series The Duffer Brothers `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode Marc Kolbe , Aaron Sims , Olcun Tan Nominated Art Directors Guild Awards One - Hour Period or Fantasy Single - Camera Television Series Chris Trujillo `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' , `` Chapter Three : Holly , Jolly '' , `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated SOC Lifetime Achievement Awards Camera Operator of the Year -- Television Bob Gorelick Nominated Grammy Awards Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media Stranger Things Volume 1 Nominated Stranger Things Volume 2 Nominated NME Awards Best TV Series Stranger Things Nominated Guild of Music Supervisors Awards Best Music Supervision in a Television Drama Nora Felder Won Cinema Audio Society Awards Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Television Series -- One Hour Chris Durfy , Joe Barnett , Adam Jenkins , Judah Getz , John Guentner `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' Nominated Satellite Awards Best Television Series -- Genre Stranger Things Nominated Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Winona Ryder Nominated Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing : TV Short Form -- Music David Klotz `` Chapter Three : Holly Jolly '' Won Best Sound Editing : TV Short Form -- FX / Foley Jacob McNaughton `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Make - Up Artists & Hair Stylists Guild Awards Best Period and / or Character Make - Up -- Television Amy L. Forsythe , Samantha Smith Nominated Best Period and / or Character Hair Styling -- Television Sarah Hindsgaul , Evelyn Roach Nominated Writers Guild of America Awards Drama Series Paul Dichter , Justin Doble , The Duffer Brothers , Jessica Mecklenburg , Jessie Nickson - Lopez , Alison Tatlock Nominated New Series Paul Dichter , Justin Doble , The Duffer Brothers , Jessica Mecklenburg , Jessie Nickson - Lopez , Alison Tatlock Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards Outstanding Period Television Series Kimberly Adams , Malgosia Turzanska Nominated IFMCA Awards Best Original Score for a Television Series Kyle Dixon , Michael Stein Nominated Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Digital TV Series or Film -- Young Actor Noah Schnapp Nominated Best Performance in a Digital TV Series or Film -- Young Actress Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Best Performance in a Digital TV Series or Film -- Teen Actor Gaten Matarazzo Nominated Caleb McLaughlin Nominated Finn Wolfhard Nominated Best Performance in a Digital TV Series or Film -- Teen Actress Natalia Dyer Nominated Empire Awards Best TV Series Stranger Things Nominated Location Managers Guild Awards Outstanding Locations in Period Television Tony Holley Nominated Shorty Awards Best TV Show Stranger Things Nominated Peabody Awards Best Entertainment Program Stranger Things Nominated Bram Stoker Awards Bram Stoker Award for Best Screenplay The Duffer Brothers `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated The Duffer Brothers `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated MTV Movie & TV Awards TV Show of the Year Stranger Things Won Best Actor in a TV Show Millie Bobby Brown Won Best Hero Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Best Villain The Demogorgon Nominated British Academy Television Awards Best International Program Matt Duffer , Ross Duffer , Shawn Levy , Dan Cohen Nominated Golden Trailer Awards Best Fantasy Adventure ( TV Spot / Trailer / Teaser for a series ) Stranger Things Won Best Sound Editing ( TV Spot / Trailer / Teaser for a series ) Stranger Things Nominated Saturn Awards Best New Media Television Series Stranger Things Won Best Actress on a Television Series Winona Ryder Nominated Best Younger Actor on a Television Series Millie Bobby Brown Won TCA Awards Program of the Year Stranger Things Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Drama Stranger Things Nominated Outstanding New Program Stranger Things Nominated Hugo Awards Best Dramatic Presentation , Long Form The Duffer Brothers Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Fantasy / Sci - Fi Series Stranger Things Nominated Choice Breakout Series Stranger Things Nominated Choice Breakout TV Star Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Finn Wolfhard Nominated Dragon Awards Best Science Fiction or Fantasy TV Series Stranger Things Won Gold Derby TV Awards Drama Series Stranger Things Won Drama Supporting Actor David Harbour Nominated Drama Supporting Actress Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Winona Ryder Nominated Breakthrough Performer of the Year Millie Bobby Brown Won Drama Episode Justin Doble , The Duffer Brothers `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' Nominated Paul Ditcher , The Duffer Brothers `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Ensemble of the Year Main cast Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Drama Series Stranger Things Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series David Harbour as Jim Hopper `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Millie Bobby Brown as Eleven `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series The Duffer Brothers `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series Nominated Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series Shannon Purser as Barb Holland `` Chapter Three : Holly , Jolly '' Nominated Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Period Program ( One Hour or More ) Chris Trujillo , William Davis , Jess Royal `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series Carmen Cuba , Tara Feldstein , Chase Paris Won Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series ( One Hour ) Tim Ives `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series Kevin D. Ross `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' Nominated Dean Zimmerman `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Won Outstanding Hairstyling for a Single - Camera Series Sarah Hindsgaul , Evelyn Roach `` Chapter Two : The Weirdo on Maple Street '' Nominated Outstanding Makeup for a Single - Camera Series ( Non-Prosthetic ) Myke Michaels , Teresa Vest `` Chapter Six : The Monster '' Nominated Outstanding Music Supervision Nora Felder `` Chapter Two : The Weirdo on Maple Street '' Nominated Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series Bradley North , Craig Henighan , Jordan Wilby , Jonathan Golodner , Tiffany S. Griffth , Sam Munoz , David Klotz , Noel Vought , Ginger Geary `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Won Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series ( One Hour ) Joe Barnett , Adam Jenkins , Chris Durfy , Bill Higley `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Outstanding Main Title Design Michelle Dougherty , Peter Frankfurt , Arisu Kashiwagi , Eric Demeusy Won Outstanding Original Main Title Theme Music Michael Stein , Kyle Dixon Won Outstanding Creative Achievement in Interactive Media within a Scripted Program Netflix , CBS Digital Stranger Things VR Experience Nominated Fangoria Chainsaw Awards Best TV Series Stranger Things Won Best TV Actress Millie Bobby Brown Won Best TV Supporting Actor David Harbour Nominated Best TV Supporting Actress Winona Ryder Won World Soundtrack Awards Best TV Composer of the Year Kyle Dixon , Michael Stein Nominated HPA Awards Outstanding Editing -- Television Dean Zimmerman `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Won Outstanding Sound -- Television Craig Henigham , Joe Barnett , Adam Jenkins , Jordan Wilby , Tiffany Griffith `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Won American Film Institute Awards Top 10 TV Programs of the Year Stranger Things Won 2018 Golden Tomato Awards Best - reviewed TV Sci - Fi / Fantasy / Horror Stranger Things Won Best - reviewed Returning TV Show Stranger Things 2nd place Golden Globe Awards Best Television Series -- Drama Stranger Things Nominated Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film David Harbour Nominated Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series Stranger Things Nominated Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series David Harbour Won NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Performance by a Youth Caleb McLaughlin Won Producers Guild of America Awards Episodic Television , Drama Iain Paterson , Shawn Levy , Dan Cohen , The Duffer Brothers , Rand Geiger , Justin Doble Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series David Harbour Nominated Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Main cast Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series Max Calder , Crystal Hooks , Kathryn Howard , Cal Johnson , Jason Kehler , Jo Jo Lambert , Anderson Martin , Lonnie R. Smith , Jr Nominated American Cinema Editors Awards Best Edited Drama Series for Non-Commercial Television Kevin D. Ross `` Chapter Nine : The Gate '' Nominated Art Directors Guild Awards One - Hour Period or Fantasy Single - Camera Television Series Chris Trujillo `` Chapter Six : The Spy '' , `` Chapter Eight : The Mind Flayer '' , `` Chapter Nine : The Gate '' Nominated Directors Guild of America Awards Outstanding Directorial Achievement for a Drama Series The Duffer Brothers `` Chapter Nine : The Gate '' Nominated SOC Lifetime Achievement Awards Camera Operator of the Year -- Television Bob Gorelick Won Guild of Music Supervisors Awards Best Music Supervision in a Television Promo Bobby Gumm , Michael Paquette Won Satellite Awards Best Television Series -- Genre Stranger Things Nominated Writers Guild of America Awards Drama Series Paul Dichter , Justin Doble , The Duffer Brothers , Jessica Mecklenburg , Jessie Nickson - Lopez , Alison Tatlock Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode Paul Graff , Christina Graff , Seth Hill , Joel Sevilla , Caius the Man `` Chapter Nine : The Gate '' Nominated Outstanding Created Environment in an Episode , Commercial , or Real - Time Project Saul Galbiati , Michael Maher , Seth Cobb , Kate McFadden `` Chapter Nine : The Gate '' Nominated NME Awards Best TV Series Stranger Things Won Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing : TV Short Form -- Music David Klotz `` Chapter Eight : The Mind Flayer '' Won Best Sound Editing : TV Short Form -- Dialogue / ADR Bradley North , Tiffany Griffith `` Chapter Eight : The Mind Flayer '' Nominated Best Sound Editing : TV Short Form -- FX / Foley Bradley North , Craig Hennigan , Jordan Wilby , Antony Zeller , Zane D. Bruce , Lindsay Pepper `` Chapter Eight : The Mind Flayer '' Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards Outstanding Period Television Series Kim Wilcox Pending Cinema Audio Society Awards Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Television Series -- One Hour Michael P. Clark , Joe Barnett , Adam Jenkins , Bill Higley , Anthony Zeller `` Chapter Eight : The Mind Flayer '' Pending Make - Up Artists & Hair Stylists Guild Awards Best Period and / or Character Make - Up -- Television Amy L. Forsythe , Jillian Erickson Pending Best Special Make - Up Effects -- Television Amy L. Forsythe , Jillian Erickson Pending Empire Awards Best TV Series Stranger Things Pending Best Actress in a TV Series Millie Bobby Brown Pending Other Media Beyond Stranger Things Logo for the aftershow With the release of the second season of the series , Netflix also released Beyond Stranger Things , an aftershow hosted by Jim Rash . The guests of the aftershow are composed of cast and crew from the series , including The Duffer Brothers and the series ' stars , to discuss the development and behind - the - scenes production of the series and its larger mythology . Unlike previous aftershows created by Embassy Row , such as Talking Dead and Talking Bad , Beyond Stranger Things is intended to be watched after a screening of the entire current season . No . Title Guests Video guests Original release date `` Mind Blown '' Shawn Levy , The Duffer Brothers , Finn Wolfhard , and Millie Bobby Brown David Harbour October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) `` Mad for Max '' Shawn Levy , The Duffer Brothers , Caleb McLaughlin , Gaten Matarazzo , and Sadie Sink None October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) `` Unlikely Allies '' Shawn Levy , The Duffer Brothers , Gaten Matarazzo , and Joe Keery None October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) `` Truth in Hawkins '' Joe Keery , Natalia Dyer , Charlie Heaton , and Brett Gelman David Harbour and Shannon Purser October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 5 `` The AV Club '' Caleb McLaughlin , Gaten Matarazzo , Noah Schnapp , Randy Havens , and Bill Nye Sean Astin October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 6 `` The New Class '' Sadie Sink , Brett Gelman , Dacre Montgomery , and Linnea Berthelsen Sean Astin and Paul Reiser October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 7 `` Closing the Gate '' Shawn Levy , The Duffer Brothers , Millie Bobby Brown , Noah Schnapp , and Natalia Dyer David Harbour , Sean Astin , and Eddie Tsang October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Mobile video game Netflix and BonusXP developed a free mobile game tie - in for Stranger Things , released to iOS and Android devices on October 4 , 2017 . The game uses a retro - pixel style of art , similar to games for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System . The game is loosely based on the Stranger Things story after season one , with the player starting as Chief of Police Jim Hopper looking for the missing boys . Once these characters are found , they become playable and have special abilities that allow the player to access more areas in the game . BonusXP had less than a year to complete the game . The team decided to make the game in a similar style to The Legend of Zelda because it `` was a perfect match because both ( Stranger Things and Zelda ) are about exploration , and it 's kind of a mysterious fit that fit the mood of the show , '' according to BonusXP president Dave Pottinger . The map of Hawkins in the game was based on a Google street view map of Jackson , Georgia where the series is filmed . In order to help keep the game a secret , BonusXP did not hire game testers for their quality assurance , instead having family members from the design team provide feedback ; this process helped create the two difficulty levels in the game . Completing the game gives players a clip from the Season 2 premiere episode of the show . The game was downloaded 3 million times in the first week , becoming a top download and receiving critical praise . With the release of season two , an update to the game added Max as a playable character , and a release for the Amazon Fire TV , which included controller support . PlayStation VR game Sony Interactive Entertainment has announced that it is working on a PlayStation 4 - exclusive game , based on Stranger Things , for their PlayStation VR peripheral . The company has since released a teaser showing the Christmas - lights - on - a-wall scenes . Others United States Representative David Cicilline compared the state of the nation during the presidency of Donald Trump to that of Stranger Things during a speech given in Congress on February 16 , 2017 , using a sign `` Trump Things '' in the same format as the title card of the show and saying `` Like the main characters in Stranger Things , we are now stuck in the Upside Down '' . As part of its release on Netflix on April 14 , 2017 , the cast of the rebooted version of Mystery Science Theater 3000 riffed on the first part of `` Chapter 1 '' of Stranger Things . Google used augmented reality ( AR ) `` stickers '' of Stranger Things characters to introduce its ARCore technology announced alongside its Pixel 2 phone in October 2017 . Sesame Street created a young audience - appropriate spoof of Stranger Things , called Sharing Things , released in November 2017 ; it featured Cookie Monster as the `` Cookiegorgon '' , Grover as Lucas , Ernie as Dustin , and included several nods to the narrative of the second season . References Jump up ^ Ho , Rodney ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` New Netflix drama series Stranger Things to shoot in Atlanta '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix to premiere original series Montauk in 2016 '' . Reuters. April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Caitlin ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Is Hawkins A Real Town ? ' Stranger Things ' Will Make You Nostalgic For These Other ' 80s Classics '' . Bustle . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things : Millie Bobby Brown to Return as Eleven in Season 2 '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 : Shawn Levy Confirms He 's Directing Again ; Teases Season 3 '' . Collider . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Tim ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things 2 returns to Upside Down with new monster , bigger story '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Time ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things 2 : Where is Eleven ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Tim ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things season 2 : Who 's in danger ? Who 's new ? The plot revealed ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Longeretta , Emily ( January 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Scoop : Sean Astin Playing Winona Ryder 's ' Boyfriend ' & More '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hime , Nelly ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things Season 2 Confirmed , Duffer Brothers Reveal Details '' . Nagame Digital . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` Scoop : Winona Ryder to Headline Untitled Netflix Supernatural Thriller '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( August 20 , 2015 ) . `` Duffer Bros. Netflix Supernatural Drama Series Sets Young Cast , Gets Title '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( September 1 , 2015 ) . `` Cara Buono Joins Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' ; Dean Cain In ' Lady Dynamite ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' Adds Matthew Modine to Cast ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . October 27 , 2015 . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Stranger Things ' executive producer confirms a major character 's fate '' . Business Insider . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Trailer : First Look At Netflix 's Supernatural Drama Starring Winona Ryder & Matthew Modine '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( October 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Netflix Series Adds Two New Regulars , Promotes Two For Season 2 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Crossan , Ashley ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : ' Stranger Things ' Actor Joe Keery on Season 2 , Steve 's Hair and Justice for Barb '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schwindt , Oriana ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Casts Sean Astin , Paul Reiser , Linnea Berthelsen '' . Variety . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Coates , Tyler ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` This 19 - Year - Old Unknown Actress Just Became an ' 80s Cult Icon '' . Esquire . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nyren , Erin ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Mark Steger on Portraying the Monster in ' Stranger Things ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Randall , Kayla ( November 2016 ) . `` Two young Louisiana actors are featured in two buzzed - about Netflix shows '' . 225 Baton Rouge . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kubai , Andy ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Real Life Conspiracy and Occult Connections '' . Screenrant.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Tim ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Meet the mysterious Stranger Things 2 character at the heart of Eleven 's episode '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schwindt , Oriana ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Adds Brett Gelman as Conspiracy Theorist '' . Variety . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lerner , Will ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' : There will be more of excellent Erica in Season 3 '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( September 1 , 2015 ) . `` Ross Patridge Joins cast of Stranger Things '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things Season 2 : Nashville Vet Will Chase Joins Cast as ( Spoiler ) '' . TVline . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mellor , Louisa ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Stranger Things spoiler - free review '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sternbergh , Adam ( August 20 , 2017 ) . `` Turned Upside Down '' . Vulture . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Grow , Kory ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' : How Two Brothers Created Summer 's Biggest TV Hit '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cohen , Finn ( August 14 , 2016 ) . `` Matt and Ross Duffer Discuss ' Stranger Things , ' a Nightmare on ' 80s Street '' . New York Times . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berkshire , Geoff ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' : Shawn Levy on Directing Winona Ryder , Netflix 's Viral Model '' . Variety . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Spangler , Todd ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Orders ' Montauk ' Supernatural Drama Series from ' Wayward Pines ' Duffer Twins '' . Variety . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Orders Supernatural Drama Series From Matt & Ross Duffer , Shawn Levy '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Miyamoto , Ken ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` How to Sell Your TV Series the Stranger Things Way '' . Screencraft . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Orders Supernatural Drama Series From Matt & Ross Duffer , Shawn Levy '' . Deadline . 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Jump up ^ Kimber , Tyree ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Strange Influences : Our Favorite Movie References From Stranger Things '' . Boomhowdy.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hutchinson , Sean ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Every ' 80s Pop Culture References in Stranger Things '' . Inverse . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Duffer Brothers Talk ' Stranger Things ' Influences , ' It ' Dreams and Netflix Phase 2 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` The cinematic influences behind Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' '' . ScreenerTV . July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yes , Stranger Things ' Upside Down was totally inspired by Silent Hill '' . GamesRadar+ . August 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Brinbaum , Debra ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' EPs on Season 2 : ' We Could Explore It If Netflix Wanted To ' '' . Variety . 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( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Cast Photo Reveals Who Returns From The Upside Down '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things 2 : Paul Reiser shares how top - secret role is connected to Aliens '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Stranger Things Season 3 Episode Count ( Finally ) Revealed '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ A. , Jonathan ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Atlanta Filmed ' Stranger Things ' Looks Amazing '' . Project Casting . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gross , Dough ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` New Netflix Show ' Stranger Things ' Films in Georgia '' . The Wrap . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Stranger Things ' shoots on Jackson square '' . Jackson Progress - Argus . November 24 , 2015 . 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Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walljasper , Matt ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` What 's filming in Atlanta now ? Stranger Things , The Quad , Jumanji , plus Shaq and Ludacris 's Christmas - themed PCM adventure '' . Atlanta . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walljasper , Matt ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` What 's filming in Atlanta now ? Jumanji , Stranger Things , The Quad , and a look at what 's in store for 2017 '' . Atlanta . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Owen , Rob ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Tuned In : ' Stranger Things 2 ' starts in Pittsburgh '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` Finding Dory director to helm 2 episodes of Stranger Things 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` How Game of Thrones influenced Stranger Things 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Molly ( June 3 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things Season 2 Wraps Filming '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ferrell , Sean Patrick ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` How the Stranger Things Titles Came Out So Perfectly Retro '' . Wired . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perkins , Will ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things ( 2016 ) '' . Art of the Title . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kaufman , Gil ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things Co-Composer Shares the Story Behind 2016 's Most Unlikely Musical Sensation '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things : 10 eerie electronic gems to hear if you loved the Netflix show '' . FACT Magazine : Music News , New Music . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Weingarten , Christopher ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' : Meet the Band Behind Show 's Creepy , Nostalgic Score '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Helen . `` An Interview With SURVIVE : The Mysterious Band Behind The Epic ' Stranger Things ' Score '' . NME . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mylnar , Phillip ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` Unpacking the ' 80s nostalgia of the ' Stranger Things ' soundtrack '' . Mashable . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Minsker , Evan ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Stranger Things Soundtrack Detailed '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yoo , Noah ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Inside the Spellbinding Sound of `` Stranger Things '' `` . Pitchfork . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sodomsky , Sam ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` '' Stranger Things '' Soundtracks Get Cool Vinyl Releases , Box Set `` . Pitchfork . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Galbraith , Alex ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` The ' Stranger Things ' Soundtrack Is Coming Out On A Cassette That Looks Like A Old VHS '' . Uproxx . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holub , Christian ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things soundtracks score Grammy nods '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cantrell , Liza ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Listen to a New Song From the Stranger Things Season 2 Soundtrack '' . Spin . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leight , Elisa ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Previews Season Two Soundtrack With Majestic New Song '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Unveils Premiere Dates For ' Orange Is The New Black , ' ' The Get Down , ' ' Flaked ' And Others '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things Season 2 Premiere Date , Huge Monster Threat Revealed '' . E ! Online . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things '' . Netflix . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's ' Marvel 's The Defenders ' Poised for Binge - Viewing Pop , Data Indicates '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things : Season 1 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( July 9 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things : Review '' . IGN . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wiegand , Dave ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` A thrilling echo of ' 80s sci - fi film in ' Stranger Things ' '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alston , Joshua ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's sci - fi throwback Stranger Things is yesterday 's summer blockbuster today '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' basks in ' 80s nostalgia , but does n't drown in it '' . HitFix . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nussbaum , Emily ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` '' STRANGER THINGS '' AND `` THE GET DOWN '' `` . The New Yorker . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` Earth tones , rotary phones and Winona Ryder : Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' is totally ' 80s '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ P. Kelly , Brian ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Review : Supernaturally Sinister ' 80s Homage '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tanner , Grafton ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things and the Nostalgia Industry '' . The Hong Kong Review of Books . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Guzy , Marinna ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' and the Perils of Nostalgia '' . The Establishment . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things : Season 2 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things : Season 2 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hogan , Michael ( December 17 , 2016 ) . `` Shannon Purser : ' People have actually had Barb 's face tattooed on their bodies ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` How the Internet Made Barb from Stranger Things Happen '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Drysdale , Jennifer ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : ' Stranger Things ' Star Shannon Purser Reacts to First Emmy Nom and Finally Getting Justice for Barb '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` An Emmy Nomination Is Truly Justice for Barb '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Erin ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` # JusticeForBarb : ' Stranger Things Shannon Purser receives Emmy nomination '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Ashely ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` Why Eleven From Stranger Things Is the Perfect National Waffle Day Mascot '' . Time . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sloane , Garrett ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Eggo 's Role In ' Stranger Things ' Turns Into Free Super Bowl Mention With More To Come '' . Advertising Age . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Music In Visual Media Nominees -- Hollywood Music In Media Awards -- HMMA '' . Hollywood Music in Media Awards . Jump up ^ `` HMMA Winners -- Hollywood Music In Media Awards -- HMMA '' . Hollywood Music in Media Awards . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` AFI Awards : TV Honorees Heavy On Freshmen ; ' This Is Us ' Lone Network Show '' . Jump up ^ `` HBO Leads Television Nominations For The 22nd Annual Critics ' Choice Awards with 22 Nominations '' . November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Winners & Nominees 2017 '' . The Golden Globes . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Best - reviewed TV Sci - Fi / Fantasy / Horror 2016 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Best - reviewed New TV Shows 2016 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards Nominees 2017 -- Full List '' . Deadline.com . November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The National Television Awards 2017 -- winners in full '' . Radio Times . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Moonlight ' Leads Gay and Lesbian Entertainment Critics ' Dorian Award Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Paul Sheehan ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` ACE Eddie Awards 2017 : Full list of nominations includes Oscar frontrunner ' La La Land ' '' . Gold Derby . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Producers Guild TV Awards : ' Westworld , ' ' Stranger Things , ' ' Atlanta ' Grab Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Seth ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` SAG Award Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick . `` DGA TV Awards Nominations : ' Stranger Things ' , ' Westworld ' & ' Atlanta ' On List ; Docus Include ' OJ : Made In America ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Leads Visual Effects Society Feature Competition With 7 Nominations As ' Doctor Strange , ' ' Jungle Book ' Grab 6 Each '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick . `` Art Directors Guild Awards Nominations : ' Rogue One ' , ' Game Of Thrones ' & More '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' La La Land ' Camera Operator Tops SOC Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy nominations 2017 : Beyoncé and R&B artists shine while rock suffers '' . The Guardian . December 6 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` VO5 NME Awards 2017 -- full winners ' list '' . NME . February 15 , 2017 . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guild of Music Supervisors Awards : The Complete Winners List '' . Billboard . February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Wins Cinema Audio Society Award for Sound Mixing '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Winners & Nominees '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Slack , Anne . `` 2017 : Winners '' . mpse.memberclicks.net . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Slack , Anne . `` 2017 : Television Short Form Nominees '' . www.mpse.org . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Suicide Squad , ' ' Star Trek Beyond ' Among Winners at Makeup Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwindt , Oriana ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` Writers Guild TV Nominations : ' Stranger Things , ' ' Westworld , ' ' This Is Us , ' ' Atlanta ' Break Through '' . Variety . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Period Television Series '' . costumedesignersguild.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IFMCA Award Nominations 2016 '' . filmmusiccritics.org . February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees -- Young Artist Awards '' . Young Artist Awards . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nugent , John ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Three Empire Awards 2017 : Rogue One , Tom Hiddleston And Patrick Stewart Win Big '' . Empire . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hidden Figures , ' ' La La Land ' Among Location Managers Guild Award Nominees '' . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Shorty Awards 2017 : Finalists '' . Variety . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment -- Peabody Awards : ' Atlanta , ' ' Lemonade , ' ' Stranger Things ' Among Finalists '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Bram Stoker Awards Final Ballot '' . Horror World . February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Here Are Your 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards Nominations : See The Full List '' . MTV News . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Robert ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Crown ' Leads BAFTA Television Award Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Trailer Awards Nominees : Warner Bros & ' Lego Batman ' Lead Pack '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder Woman ' Wins Top Prize at Golden Trailer Awards '' . Variety . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilyadov , Alex ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things , The Leftovers Among TCA Awards Nominees '' . IGN . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Osburn , Alex ( August 5 , 2017 ) . `` Handmaid 's Tale , Atlanta Lead TCA Award Winners '' . IGN . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Hugo Awards '' . The Hugo Awards . December 31 , 2016 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ceron , Ella . `` The Pretty Little Liars Were ALL Nominated for the Same EXACT Award '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 Reveal Second Wave of Nominations '' . E ! News . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Andrew ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` The 2017 Dragon Awards are a far - ranging sci - fi and fantasy reading list '' . The Verge . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Chris Beachum , Daniel Montgomery , Marcus James ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` 2017 Gold Derby TV Awards nominations : ' This is Us , ' ' Veep , ' ' The Leftovers , ' ' Stranger Things ' among top contenders '' . Goldderby . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Emmy Nominations 2017 Announced '' . IGN . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Emmy ® Awards Nominations For Programs Airing June 1 , 2016 -- May 31 , 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` Creative Arts Emmy Winners : ' Stranger Things , ' ' Westworld , ' ' Big Little Lies ' Win Big -- Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Never mind Oscar , here 's the 2017 FANGORIA Chainsaw Awards Nominees Ballot ! '' . FANGORIA ® . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rebecca , Rubin ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' La La Land , ' ' Stranger Things ' Among 2017 World Soundtrack Award Nominees '' . Variety . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` HPA Awards : ' Dunkirk ' Wins Best Editing in a Feature '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Awards 2017 '' . American Film Institute . December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best - reviewed TV Sci - Fi / Fantasy / Horror 2017 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . January 3 , 2018 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Best - reviewed Returning TV Shows 2017 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . January 3 , 2018 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes : Full list of nominees '' . BBC News . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( December 2 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix , FX 's ' Feud ' Lead Critics ' Choice TV Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ THR Staff ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` NAACP Image Awards : ' Marshall , ' ' Get Out , ' ' Girls Trip ' Dominate Film Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` PGA Awards Film & TV Nominations Unveiled '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` SAG Award Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick . `` SAG Awards ' Stunt Ensemble Nominees Include Fallen ' Walking Dead ' Stuntman '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Carolyn Giardina ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' Shape of Water , ' ' Baby Driver ' Among ACE Eddie Awards Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi , ' ' Dunkirk , ' ' Lady Bird ' Nab Art Directors Guild Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` DGA Announces Nominees for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Television , Commercials and Documentary for 2017 '' . Directors Guild of America . January 10 , 2018 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Press Releases '' . socawards.com . January 11 , 2017 . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lealos , Shawn S. ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` Complete list of nominees for the Guild of Music Supervisors Awards 2018 '' . AXS . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . TheWrap . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia . `` Writers Guild Award TV Nominations : ' The Americans , ' ' Handmaid 's Tale , ' ' GLOW ' Grab Multiple Mentions '' . Variety . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Visual Effects Society Awards : ' Apes , ' ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Lead Feature Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Paine , Andre ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` Lorde and Charli XCX top VO5 NME Awards 2018 nominations '' . NME . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Motion Picture Sound Editors Reveal Golden Reel Nominations '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nolfi , Joey . `` I , Tonya , Get Out earn Costume Designers Guild nominations '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 50th Annual CAS Awards Timeline '' . Cinema Audio Society . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guild Awards Nominations Announced '' . local706.org . January 5 , 2018 . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Travis , Ben ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Star Wars The Last Jedi and Thor Ragnarok Lead Empire Awards 2018 Nominations '' . Empire . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stedman , Alex ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Aftershow to Launch on Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Webster , Andrew ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` This Stranger Things mobile game will help prepare you for the Upside Down '' . The Verge . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` There 's an official Stranger Things video game and it looks retro cool '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gallagher , Danny ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` How an Allen Studio Won the Contract to Make the Top - Secret Stranger Things Game '' . Dallas Observer . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Beating The Stranger Things Game Reveals This Never - Before - Seen Clip From Season 2 '' . GameSpot . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` PS4 's PlayStation VR Getting Stranger Things Experience , See A Teaser Here '' . Jump up ^ Bowerman , Mary ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` Congressman compares Trump administration to ' Upside Down ' in ' Stranger Things ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Farokhmanesh , Megan ( April 15 , 2017 ) . `` Mystery Science Theater 3000 perfectly dunks on Stranger Things '' . The Verge . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Adi ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Google is turning Stranger Things characters into adorable augmented reality stickers '' . The Verge . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lenker , Maureen Lee ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` Sesame Street parodies Stranger Things with Cookiegorgon '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . 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Brown Chavis Hartley Herman Jones Metz Moore Sullivan Ventimiglia Watson Zeile Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- present ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stranger_Things&oldid=826616512 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television series 2010s American horror television series 2010s American mystery television series 2010s American science fiction television series 2016 American television series debuts Aftershows American science fiction television series American supernatural television series English - language television programs Fictional government investigations of the paranormal Horror drama television series Netflix original programming Parallel universes in fiction Psychic powers in fiction Telekinesis in fiction Television series set in 1983 Television series set in 1984 Television shows set in Indiana Thriller television series Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from January 2018 Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images Citation overkill Articles tagged with the inline citation overkill template from November 2017 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 03 : 10 . 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"\n\nNo.\noverall\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal release date\n\n\n1\n1\n\"Chapter One: The Vanishing of Will Byers\"\nThe Duffer Brothers\nThe Duffer Brothers\nJuly 15, 2016 (2016-07-15)\n\n\nOn November 6, 1983, in a U.S. Department of Energy laboratory in the town of Hawkins, Indiana, a scientist is attacked by an unseen creature. While bicycling home from a Dungeons & Dragons session with his friends, 12-year-old Will Byers encounters the creature and vanishes. The next day, a buzz-cut young girl wearing a hospital gown steals food from a local diner. The owner, Benny, takes pity on her and feeds her before calling social services. From a tattoo on her arm, he learns that her name is Eleven. A woman posing as a social worker arrives and murders Benny. Armed men search the diner for Eleven, but she escapes. Will's mother Joyce believes she hears Will's voice on a distorted phone call, but her phone short circuits. Will's friends Mike, Dustin, and Lucas search for Will in the woods and find Eleven.\n\n\n2\n2\n\"Chapter Two: The Weirdo on Maple Street\"\nThe Duffer Brothers\nThe Duffer Brothers\nJuly 15, 2016 (2016-07-15)\n\n\nThe boys bring Eleven to Mike's house, where she sleeps in the basement. The next day, Mike nicknames her \"El\". She says that \"bad people\" are looking for her and refuses to meet Mike's parents. Scientists from the laboratory find a substance oozing from the walls of Joyce's home. At Mike's home, Eleven recognizes and points out Will in a photo. Dustin and Lucas want to inform Mike's parents about Eleven, but she uses psychokinesis to stop them. While searching for Will, Mr. Clarke, the boys' science teacher, discovers a scrap of a hospital gown outside the laboratory grounds. Nancy goes with her friend Barb to a party at her boyfriend Steve's house. Will's brother Jonathan investigates the woods where Will went missing. Hearing screaming, he runs to help but finds only Steve, Nancy, and their friends roughhousing around Steve's swimming pool. He secretly photographs them. Barb, left alone by the poolside, vanishes. Joyce receives another call from Will, hears music from his room, and sees something coming through the wall.\n\n\n3\n3\n\"Chapter Three: Holly, Jolly\"\nShawn Levy\nJessica Mecklenburg\nJuly 15, 2016 (2016-07-15)\n\n\nBarb wakes up in an empty and decaying pool. She screams for Nancy and attempts to climb out but is dragged down by something unseen. Joyce strings Christmas lights around her home to talk to Will, who can turn them on and off. Hawkins Lab director Dr. Martin Brenner allows Hopper to view the lab's security camera footage. Hopper realizes it is fake. He and his deputies research Hawkins Lab, Brenner, and a woman named Terry Ives who claimed her daughter was taken by Brenner. Eleven has a flashback in which Brenner, whom she calls \"Papa,\" has her put in solitary confinement for refusing to telekinetically harm a cat. Nancy worries about Barb, who is missing. Steve and his friends discover Jonathan's photographs. They destroy them and his camera. Nancy recovers a photo of Barb by the poolside and returns to Steve's house to search for her. Nancy finds Barb's car and sees the creature in the woods. Joyce establishes a code with Will using the lights, which he uses to tell her that he is alive but unsafe. He tells Joyce to run as a creature begins to climb through her wall. Will's apparent body is discovered in the water at a quarry.\n\n\n4\n4\n\"Chapter Four: The Body\"\nShawn Levy\nJustin Doble\nJuly 15, 2016 (2016-07-15)\n\n\nEleven proves to the boys that Will is still alive by making contact through Mike's walkie-talkie. Joyce goes to the morgue to view the body and refuses to believe it is Will. The boys give Eleven a makeover so they can sneak her into school. Joyce hears Will in her living room wall. Tearing away the wallpaper, she sees him behind a membrane. At school, Eleven uses Mr. Clarke's ham radio to channel Will talking to his mother. Joyce demolishes the wall with an axe but reveals only her front porch. Nancy discovers a figure behind Barb in Jonathan's photo. Jonathan realizes that the figure matches his mother's description of the creature: a humanoid figure with long arms and no face. Nancy tells the police about her missing friend and subsequently admits to her mother that she slept with Steve. When she tells Steve about the police, she is irritated that he cares only about not getting in trouble with his father. Hopper confronts the state trooper who found Will's body and beats him until he admits he was ordered to lie. Hopper goes to the morgue and finds that Will's supposed body is a dummy. He breaks into Hawkins laboratory.\n\n\n5\n5\n\"Chapter Five: The Flea and the Acrobat\"\nThe Duffer Brothers\nAlison Tatlock\nJuly 15, 2016 (2016-07-15)\n\n\nWill's father Lonnie assures Joyce her experiences are hallucinations. Hopper discovers a portal in the basement of the lab but is knocked out by the lab's guards. He wakes at home and discovers a hidden microphone. Sheriff's deputies inform Hopper that Barb's car was found, but Hopper finds the state's involvement suspicious. The boys determine Will is trapped in an alternate dimension Eleven calls the \"Upside Down,\" and he is being pursued by a monster similar to a Demogorgon. After Will's funeral, science teacher Mr. Clarke tells the boys that a high-energy spacetime tear could create a passage between dimensions. Using their compasses, they search for a disruption in the Earth's electromagnetic field. Eleven remembers encountering the creature during a lab experiment, and afraid, she redirects the compasses. Lucas notices and confronts her. Mike defends her, he and Lucas fight, and Eleven telekinetically flings Lucas off Mike. While Dustin and Mike tend to the unconscious Lucas, Eleven disappears. In the woods, Nancy and Jonathan find a wounded deer. The creature drags the deer away, and Nancy follows the trail of blood to a portal to the Upside Down. She crawls through and discovers the creature feasting upon the deer. She snaps a twig and draws the creature's attention.\n\n\n6\n6\n\"Chapter Six: The Monster\"\nThe Duffer Brothers\nJessie Nickson-Lopez\nJuly 15, 2016 (2016-07-15)\n\n\nJonathan pulls Nancy back through the portal and saves her from the monster. Later, Steve sees them together through her bedroom window and assumes they are dating. Nancy and Jonathan resolve to kill the monster and purchase supplies from an army surplus store. During a fist fight with Steve, Jonathan inadvertently assaults a police officer and is arrested. Joyce and Hopper track down Terry Ives, who is catatonic and tended by her sister Becky. Becky explains that Terry underwent Project MKUltra testing while unknowingly pregnant; she believed her daughter Jane was kidnapped by Brenner at birth. Joyce and Hopper conclude Eleven is likely Jane. Eleven shoplifts Eggo waffles. She recalls being asked to contact the monster and accidentally opening the portal to the Upside Down in the laboratory basement. While searching for Eleven, Mike and Dustin are ambushed by school bullies Troy and James. Troy holds Dustin at knifepoint and demands Mike make a suicidal jump into the lake where Will's body was discovered. Mike jumps but is levitated to safety by Eleven, who scares away the bullies. Lucas realizes agents from the laboratory are heading to Mike's house.\n\n\n7\n7\n\"Chapter Seven: The Bathtub\"\nThe Duffer Brothers\nJustin Doble\nJuly 15, 2016 (2016-07-15)\n\n\nLucas warns Mike via walkie-talkie that government agents are en route. Mike, Dustin, and Eleven flee. Eleven telekinetically flips a van that blocks their path, and the kids escape. Lucas reconciles with Mike and Eleven. Joyce and Hopper are called to the police station because of Jonathan's assault. Jonathan and Nancy reveal their knowledge of the monster to Joyce and Hopper. The group contacts Mike and his friends and they rendezvous. They ask Eleven to search for Will and Barb, but her earlier feats have left her too weak to find them. To amplify Eleven's powers, they break into the middle school and build a sensory-deprivation tank. Eleven finds Barb's corpse with a slug-like creature crawling out of her mouth. With Joyce's help, she finds Will alive, hiding in the Upside Down \"Castle Byers,\" his backyard fort. Hopper and Joyce break into Hawkins Laboratory but are apprehended by security guards. Nancy and Jonathan resolve to kill the monster and steal their hunting gear back from the police station. In the Upside Down, the monster breaks into the fort where Will is hiding.\n\n\n8\n8\n\"Chapter Eight: The Upside Down\"\nThe Duffer Brothers\nStory by : Paul Dichter\nTeleplay by : The Duffer Brothers\nJuly 15, 2016 (2016-07-15)\n\n\nHopper gives up Eleven's location so that he and Joyce can enter the Upside Down. They find Will unconscious in the Upside-Down town library. They pull a tendril out of his throat, perform CPR, and revive him. Nancy and Jonathan booby-trap the Byers' home, then cut their hands to attract the monster with their blood. Steve arrives, intending to apologize to Jonathan about their fight, but the monster attacks. The monster springs the trap but escapes back to the Upside Down. Eleven and the boys hide in the middle school. Mike asks Eleven to a school dance, the Snow Ball, and kisses her. The military storms the school to re-capture Eleven, but she kills them and collapses. As Brenner cradles her, the monster attacks, apparently killing him. The boys hide Eleven in a classroom. The monster corners them, but Eleven pins it against a wall. She says goodbye to Mike, disintegrates the monster, and vanishes. Mike is devastated at her disappearance. Will is hospitalized and reunited with his mother, brother, and friends. Hopper is reluctantly picked up by a black car. One month later, Nancy and Steve are back together, and both are friends with Jonathan. Hopper leaves Eggo waffles and other food in a box in the woods. Will coughs up a slug-like creature and has a vision of the world as the Upside Down, but he hides this from his family.\n\n"
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-6935220564834506547 | England at the FIFA World Cup | England at the FIFA World Cup - wikipedia England at the FIFA World Cup The England national football team has competed at the FIFA World Cup since 1950 . The FIFA World Cup is the premier competitive international football tournament , first played in 1930 , whose finals stage has been held every four years since , except 1942 and 1946 , due to the Second World War . The tournament consists of two parts , the qualification phase and the final phase ( officially called the World Cup Finals ) . The qualification phase , which currently take place over the three years preceding the finals , is used to determine which teams qualify for the finals . The current format of the finals involves thirty - two teams competing for the title , at venues within the host nation ( or nations ) over a period of about a month . The World Cup Finals is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world , with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the 2006 Final . England did not enter the competition until 1950 , but have entered all eighteen subsequent tournaments . They have failed to qualify for the finals on three occasions , 1974 ( West Germany ) , 1978 ( Argentina ) and 1994 ( United States ) , and have failed to advance from the group stages on three occasions ; at the 1950 FIFA World Cup , the 1958 FIFA World Cup and the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Their best ever performance is winning the Cup in the 1966 tournament held in England , whilst they also finished in fourth place in 1990 , in Italy , and in 2018 in Russia . Other than that , the team have reached the quarter - finals on nine occasions , the latest of which were at the 2002 ( South Korea / Japan ) and the 2006 ( Germany ) . England are the only team not representing a sovereign state to win the World Cup , which they did in 1966 when they hosted the finals . They defeated West Germany 4 -- 2 after extra time to win the World Cup title . Since then , they have generally reached the knockout stages of almost every competition they have qualified for , including a fourth - place finish in the 1990 and 2018 World Cups . At the world cup , England have had more goalless draws than any other team . Contents 1 History 1.1 Brazil 1950 1.1. 1 1950 Finals 1.2 Switzerland 1954 1.2. 1 1954 Finals 1.3 Sweden 1958 1.4 Chile 1962 1.5 England 1966 1.6 Mexico 1970 1.7 West Germany 1974 1.8 Argentina 1978 1.9 Spain 1982 1.10 Mexico 1986 1.11 Italy 1990 1.12 United States 1994 1.13 France 1998 1.14 South Korea / Japan 2002 1.15 Germany 2006 1.16 South Africa 2010 1.17 Brazil 2014 1.18 Russia 2018 1.18. 1 2018 Finals 2 Records 2.1 By match 2.2 By opponent 3 Players ' honours 3.1 List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups 3.2 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups 3.3 List of England goals by tournament 3.4 List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup 4 Team awards and records 5 Refereeing 6 Notes and references 6.1 Notes 6.2 References History ( edit ) Brazil 1950 ( edit ) Main article : 1950 FIFA World Cup See also : 1949 -- 50 British Home Championship England 's first qualifying campaign for the FIFA World Cup doubled as the 1950 British Home Championship . The series kicked off for England on 15 October 1949 at Ninian Park , Cardiff , against Wales . Stan Mortensen gave England the lead after twenty two minutes , and just seven minutes later , Jackie Milburn doubled the lead . This was the first goal of Milburn 's hat trick , which left England 4 -- 0 up with 20 minutes to play . Mal Griffiths scored a consolation goal for Wales ten minutes from time , but England held on for a comfortable victory . A month later , England welcomed Ireland to Maine Road , and it began well for the home side as Jack Rowley scored inside six minutes . England were already 6 -- 0 up , thanks to Jack Froggatt , two for Stan Pearson , Stan Mortensen and a second from Rowley , by the time Ireland struck back through Samuel Smyth after 55 minutes . Rowley added a third and a fourth to his tally in the three minutes following Smyth 's goal , however , leaving the score at 8 -- 1 at the hour mark . The frantic scoring rate calmed down after that , with only one apeice before the final whistle , with Stan Pearson completing his brace for England 's ninth , and Bobby Brennan scoring for Ireland . It was not until May 1950 that England travelled to Hampden Park to face Scotland , who were also undefeated after their games against Ireland and Wales . With the top two from the group qualifying , both teams were guaranteed progression to the finals , and the game was solely for the honour of winning the British Home Championship , and the seeding advantage to be enjoyed upon reaching Brazil . A solitary goal from Roy Bentley gave England the victory , the title and the top spot in the group . 1950 finals ( edit ) England were seeded in pot one for the finals , which meant they were the favourites to progress from Group 2 , which also contained Spain , Chile and the United States . England 's campaign kicked off against Chile in Rio de Janeiro , and , as was expected , England cruised to a 2 -- 0 victory , courtesy of goals from Stan Mortensen and Wilf Mannion . Main article : United States v England ( 1950 FIFA World Cup ) Their troubles began four days later when they faced the Americans in Belo Horizonte in what has become one of the most famous matches of all time . Joe Gaetjens scored the only goal of the match to give the United States an unlikely victory , which has gone down as one of the World Cup 's greatest upsets . A myth arose that the English newspapers were so confident of an English victory that when the result was telegrammed back , they assumed a misprint and printed the score as 10 -- 1 in England 's favour . However , this has proven to be untrue . This left England in a sticky situation prior to their final match , against Spain in Rio . They needed to win , and for Chile to beat the United States to stand any chance of going through , and even then they would need the goal averages to fall in their favour . As it turned out , no such calculations were necessary , despite Chile 's victory , as Spain 's Zarra scored the only goal of the game , eliminating England from the competition . Switzerland 1954 ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : 1954 FIFA World Cup and 1953 -- 54 British Home Championship As with their first World Cup , England 's qualifying for the 1954 edition also constituted the 1953 -- 54 British Home Championship . They played Wales at Ninian Park as their first match once again , and the 4 -- 1 result was the same . However , unlike four years earlier , it was the home side that went into the lead , after twenty two minutes through Ivor Allchurch . Despite being 1 -- 0 down at half time , England scored four within eight minutes of the restart ; two each for Dennis Wilshaw and Nat Lofthouse . Goodison Park was the venue for England 's home clash against Ireland , who were newly renamed Northern Ireland . Harold Hassall got England off to a good start with a goal after just ten minutes . Eddie McMorran put the Irish back on terms just before the hour mark , but Hassall completed his brace six minutes later . Lofthouse completed a comfortable 3 -- 1 win for England . With the top two in the group qualifying for the finals , the final game between England and Scotland , at Hampden Park , settled nothing except the placings within the group , despite Scotland having dropped a point with a 3 -- 3 draw at home to Wales . Allan Brown put the home side ahead after just seven minutes , but it was all square again thanks to Ivor Broadis just four minutes later . Johnny Nicholls gave England the lead for the first time just after half time , and they began to extend a lead after Ronnie Allen 's 68th - minute goal . Jimmy Mullen made the game all but certain seven minutes from time , and although Willie Ormond scored a consolation for Scotland with just 1 minute to play , England topped the competition for the second time in a row . 1954 finals ( edit ) England were drawn in Group 4 for the finals , with hosts Switzerland , Italy and Belgium . In an odd twist , unique to the 1954 tournament , England and Italy , as the two seeded teams in the group , did not have to play each other . Equally , Switzerland and Belgium did not have to play each other . England 's first game in Switzerland was against Belgium in Basel , and they suffered a shock as Léopold Anoul put the Belgians into the lead after just five minutes . Ivor Broadis put the favourites back on terms just over twenty minutes later , and although Nat Lofthouse gave England the lead 10 minutes later , it was proving to be tougher than they had expected against the Belgians . Broadis scored his second just after the hour , but Henri Coppens hit back four minutes later to keep Belgium in the game at only 3 -- 2 down . Anoul completed his brace another four minutes after that to level the scores again . In another oddity peculiar to this World Cup , drawn matches in the group stage would go to extra time , and as such the teams played on with the score at 3 -- 3 . Just one minute into the added period , Lofthouse added a fourth for England and they seemed to have won it , but Jimmy Dickinson scored an own goal three minutes later to put the score back at 4 -- 4 . It stayed this way until the extra period was up , and as penalty shoot - outs were yet to be invented and replays were not used in the group , the match was recorded as a draw . England 's second and final group game was against the hosts in Bern . This proved to be an easier game for the Three Lions , and they scored one goal in each half ( from Jimmy Mullen and Dennis Wilshaw respectively ) to give them a comfortable win of 2 -- 0 . As Switzerland ( against England ) , Italy ( against Switzerland ) and Belgium ( against Italy ) had all lost one game , England progressed as group winners , along with Switzerland , who won a play - off against Italy . England faced the winners of group three and defending champions Uruguay in the quarter - finals . Carlos Borges gave the South Americans the lead inside 5 minutes , but Lofthouse put England back on terms ten minutes later . England were clearly struggling , but held on until just before half time , when Obdulio Varela gave the lead back Uruguay . Juan Alberto Schiaffino doubled the lead just after the break , but Tom Finney kept England 's foot in the door with his sixty seventh - minute goal . However , it was all over after Javier Ambrois restored the two goal lead with twelve minutes to play . The score remained at 4 -- 2 , and England were eliminated from the cup . Sweden 1958 ( edit ) Main article : 1958 FIFA World Cup For the first time , England had to play against countries other than the Home Nations to reach the Finals in Sweden . They were drawn against the Republic of Ireland and Denmark . In the qualifying round , England won three out of the four games and drew the other . Four months before the World Cup , Roger Byrne , Duncan Edwards , David Pegg and Tommy Taylor all lost their lives in the Munich air disaster while playing for Manchester United . At the finals , which is the only tournament to have seen all Home Nations take part , the Home Nations were all drawn in different groups . England were drawn against the Soviet Union ( 2 -- 2 ) , Brazil ( 0 -- 0 ) and Austria ( 2 -- 2 ) , who finished third in the 1954 World Cup . At the end of the group stage , Soviet Union and England each had three points , and had scored four goals and conceded four goals . This meant there was a play - off to decide the second - placed team in the group , the winner to qualify . England lost the play - off 1 -- 0 and were thus knocked out . The only consolation for England was that they were the only team to play the eventual winners Brazil and not lose . Chile 1962 ( edit ) Main article : 1962 FIFA World Cup The third World Cup which took place in South America , saw England qualify by successfully qualifying from the group , which contained Portugal and Luxembourg , defeating Luxembourg on both occasions , and defeating Portugal at home , and drawing in Lisbon . At the finals , England were drawn in a group with Hungary , Argentina and Bulgaria . England defeated Argentina 3 - 1 , thanks to goals from Ron Flowers , Bobby Charlton and Jimmy Greaves , before playing out a goalless draw with Bulgaria , and a 2 -- 1 defeat to Hungary . England finished in second place behind Hungary and played the winners of group 3 , defending champions Brazil , in the quarter - finals . Brazil scored first through Garrincha , before an equaliser for Gerry Hitchens before half time . However , second - half goals from Garrincha and Vavá meant Brazil won the game 3 -- 1 , and eliminated England from the competition . This defeat was manager Walter Winterbottom 's last game in charge . Winterbottom had led England to four World Cup Finals . From May 1963 , Alf Ramsey became the manager of England . England 1966 ( edit ) Main article : 1966 FIFA World Cup This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2018 ) In the 1966 World Cup Finals , England used their home advantage and , under Ramsey , won their first , and only , World Cup title . England played all their games at Wembley Stadium in London , which became the last time that the hosts were granted this privilege . After drawing 0 -- 0 in the opening game against former champions Uruguay , which started a run of four games all ending goalless . England then beat both France and Mexico 2 -- 0 and qualified for the quarter - finals . The quarter - finals saw England play Argentina , which ended in a 1 -- 0 win to England . This match saw the start of the rivalry between England and Argentina , when Argentinian Antonio Rattín was dismissed by German referee Rudolf Kreitlein in a very fierce game . A 2 -- 1 win against Portugal in the semi-final then followed . Portugal were the first team to score against England in the tournament . The final saw England play West Germany , with the result finishing in a 4 -- 2 win for England , after extra time . Mexico 1970 ( edit ) Main article : 1970 FIFA World Cup 1970 saw the first World Cup finals take place in North America and England qualified automatically for the tournament by winning the 1966 FIFA World Cup . England were drawn in a group with Romania , former world champions Brazil and Czechoslovakia . Each of the matches only saw one goal , with England defeating Romania and Czechoslovakia , and losing to Brazil . The quarter - final saw a repeat of the 1966 final , with England playing West Germany . England were hampered by the fact that first - choice goalkeeper Gordon Banks was ill , and Peter Bonetti played instead . England led 2 -- 0 with goals by Alan Mullery and Martin Peters , but in the 70th minute , Franz Beckenbauer pulled one goal back for West Germany . After Beckenbauer 's goal , Ramsey substituted Bobby Charlton , who overtook Billy Wright as England 's most capped player ever , with caps totalling 106 . Uwe Seeler equalised for the Germans in the eighty first minute , thereby taking the game into extra time . During extra time , Gerd Müller scored the winning goal for West Germany which saw the German side win 3 -- 2 . This turned out to be Charlton 's last game for England . West Germany 1974 ( edit ) Main article : 1974 FIFA World Cup qualification For the first time , England did not qualify for a World Cup . In a group with Olympic champions Poland and Wales , England could not overtake Poland . After only drawing at home to Wales 1 -- 1 and losing the first leg 2 -- 0 to Poland , meant that England had to beat Poland at home , whilst Poland only needed to draw . Poland managed to withstand England 's attacks in the first half , who had Martin Peters playing for them . Poland took the lead in the 57th minute with a goal from Jan Domarski . England equalised six minutes later , with a penalty converted by Allan Clarke . England were unable to score any more goals with goalkeeper Jan Tomaszewski keeping England at bay . Brian Clough had previously called Tomaszewski a `` clown '' . The commentator of the game then said `` it 's all over '' . Poland took this good form to the finals and ended in third place . After failing to qualify , Alf Ramsey resigned from his post and after a time , where Ramsey and his predecessor had lasted a total of 29 years , no manager was able to last in the job for longer than eight years . This ended when Bobby Robson became England manager . Argentina 1978 ( edit ) See also : 1978 FIFA World Cup qualification This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) England also did not qualify for the fourth World Cup which took place in South America . This time , England were denied by Italy , who had scored three more goals than England after both teams finished on the same points . Goals scored dictated who qualified after the head - to - head record between the two sides finished the same , following a 2 -- 0 home win for each team . The lower - ranked teams in the group were Finland and Luxembourg , but the size of the wins against them proved to be decisive . Nevertheless , Ron Greenwood was given a second chance in charge of England , after taking the role in 1977 . Spain 1982 ( edit ) Main article : 1982 FIFA World Cup 1982 saw the first time where the European Qualifying Rounds were divided into groups of five teams , where the top two teams qualify for the World Cup . Greenwood used his second chance and took England to Spain by finishing second behind Hungary and above Romania , Switzerland and Norway . At the finals , England won all three group games , defeating France 3 - 1 , with a brace from Bryan Robson , before beating Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 , with a Jozef Barmos own goal , and World Cup newcomers Kuwait 1 -- 0 , thanks to a Trevor Francis goal . The next round saw a second group stage consisting of three teams , a first time event at the World Cup . England drew with West Germany 0 -- 0 and after the Germans beat Spain 2 -- 1 , England then had to beat Spain with a two - goal difference to progress to the next round . England , however , only managed a 0 -- 0 draw against the Spanish . England remained unbeaten at the end of the tournament . After the World Cup , Ron Greenwood 's time as England manager ended , and he was replaced by Bobby Robson . Mexico 1986 ( edit ) Main article : 1986 FIFA World Cup This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1986 saw the second World Cup to take place in Mexico . England qualified for Mexico 1986 by winning four games and drawing four times against Northern Ireland , who qualified in second place , Romania , Finland and Turkey . In Mexico , England lost their opening game to Portugal 1 -- 0 and could only manage a goalless draw against Morocco . The final group game , however , saw England beat Poland 3 -- 0 , which is one of the three highest scores for England at the World Cup , with Gary Lineker scoring a hat - trick . This result took England to second place and finished behind Morocco . England then also beat Paraguay 3 -- 0 in the Round of 16 . In the quarter - finals , England renewed their rivalry with Argentina in a game that has become notorious for the Argentina goals , both scored by Diego Maradona . Maradona 's first goal , known as the Hand of God , was illegal and should not have counted , as he used his hand to punch the ball into the net . However , the referee missed this infringement , and ruled that the goal should stand . Maradona then made the score 2 - 0 , famously dribbling from inside Argentina 's half and around several English players before scoring . Gary Lineker pulled back the score to 2 - 1 , but England ran out of time to equalise , and were eliminated . Nevertheless , Lineker finished with the Golden Boot by scoring six goals and thereby becoming England 's first Golden Boot winner . Italy 1990 ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup By winning three and drawing three , England qualified for Italia ' 90 , the second World Cup to be held in Italy , scoring ten goals and conceding none . England were unbeaten through qualification , winning three games , and drawing the remaining three , but still finished second to Sweden , whom they drew with twice . England profited from Romania 's 3 -- 1 win over Denmark , who , had they won , would have qualified as the third - best second - placed team . West Germany and England were able to qualify for Italia ' 90 as the best second - placed teams in the groups with four teams . Because a few years previously saw English hooligans at European competition matches , England were forced to play their group games on Sardinia and Sicily . In group F , was the European champions Netherlands , the Republic of Ireland and Egypt and England . After opening the tournament with a 1 -- 1 draw against Ireland and a 0 -- 0 draw against the Dutch , England then beat Egypt 1 -- 0 . This was Egypt 's first appearance since the 1934 World Cup . England won the group with four points . In the next round , England had to play Belgium . The game went to extra time , and in the hundredth and nineteenth minute , David Platt scored the winning goal . England also had to play extra time against Cameroon in the quarter - finals . Cameroon were the first African team to have reached the quarter - finals . England opened the scoring through David Platt , but Cameroon quickly turned around the game to lead 2 - 1 . Lineker subsequently won and scored a penalty in the 83rd minute to ensure the game went to extra time . He then scored a second penalty , to see England reach the semi-finals . In the semi-finals , England met West Germany . There was no separating the two teams after 90 minutes , which made England the first team to have played extra time in three successive World Cup games . There was also no separating the two teams after extra time , thereby taking the game to penalties . Although English goalkeeper Peter Shilton dived the right way for every penalty , he was unable to save any . German goalkeeper Bodo Illgner , having failed to save any of England 's first three penalties , saved England 's fourth penalty , taken by Stuart Pearce . Olaf Thon then scored for Germany , meaning that England 's Chris Waddle would have to score his fifth penalty and hope that Shilton saved the Germans ' fifth penalty . However , Waddle 's penalty missed completely , going high over the crossbar , thereby resulting in England 's being knocked out of the competition . The third - place playoff between England and Italy saw England lose their only game of the tournament in normal time . Even though this was England 's best finish since the 1966 World Cup , Bobby Robson 's time as England manager had come to an end . United States 1994 ( edit ) Main article : 1994 FIFA World Cup qualification For the 1994 World Cup in the United States , under the leadership of new manager Graham Taylor , England surprisingly did not qualify for the tournament . In a group with six teams , England lost to Norway and the Netherlands , finishing third above Poland , Turkey and San Marino . England went into their final game with San Marino knowing they would need a seven - goal victory and for Poland to beat the Netherlands in the other match in order to qualify . In the game against San Marino , Davide Gualtieri scored against England after nine seconds , taking the lead for the outsiders . England went on to win 7 -- 1 , which was too small a goal margin . Additionally , despite the half - time score between the Poles and the Dutch being 1 - 1 , the Dutch went on to win 3 - 1 , meaning that however many goals England scored , they could still not qualify . Taylor 's tenure in charge ended and he was replaced by Terry Venables , who was dismissed after England lost the semi-final of Euro 1996 , hosted in England . France 1998 ( edit ) Main article : 1998 FIFA World Cup After missing out on the World Cup in 1994 , England , managed by Glenn Hoddle , qualified for the World Cup in France . England were drawn in Group 2 of UEFA qualifying with Italy , Poland , Georgia and Moldova . England beat Poland , Georgia and Moldova both home and away , but a home defeat to Italy in their fourth match meant they went into the final qualifier at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome just a point ahead of the Azzurri and only needing a draw to qualify automatically ; defeat would see them have to navigate a play - off to secure qualification . The match finished as a goalless draw and England finished top of the group . At the finals in France , England played in Group G. England defeated Tunisia 2 -- 0 in the first game , with goals from Alan Shearer and Paul Scholes . Their second match saw England lose 2 -- 1 to Romania ; despite an 81st - minute equaliser from Michael Owen , Dan Petrescu scored a winner shortly before injury time . In their final group game , England defeated Colombia 2 -- 0 in the decisive match , thanks to goals from midfielders Darren Anderton and David Beckham . England finished second in Group G , which saw them qualify for the last 16 phase , and play the winner of 1998 FIFA World Cup Group H , Argentina . In a fiery game containing six yellow cards and two penalties , David Beckham was controversially sent off in the 47th minute for what many felt was at most a yellow card offence , knocking over Diego Simeone . Gabriel Batistuta opened the scoring from the penalty spot in the fifth minute of the game , before an equaliser also from the spot by Alan Shearer four minutes later . England took the lead through Owen , in the 16th minute . Argentina drew level through Javier Zanetti in injury time of the first half . The game finished 2 - 2 , and , as neither team were able to find a winner in extra time , penalties were needed to decide the team that qualified to the next round . While David Seaman did save one penalty , Argentine goalkeeper Carlos Roa managed to save two , including the vital one from David Batty , thereby knocking England out of the World Cup . Beckham subsequently received death threats and was sent bullets in the post . South Korea / Japan 2002 ( edit ) Main article : 2002 FIFA World Cup In 2002 the World Cup took place in Asia for the first time . England , under its first ever foreign manager in Swedish Sven - Göran Eriksson , were able to qualify for the tournament . England were drawn in Group 9 , alongside Germany , Finland , Greece and Albania . In the last ever game in the original Wembley Stadium , ( which closed after the match ) England played Germany , losing 1 -- 0 , the only goal scored by Dietmar Hamann . The match was the last under the management of Kevin Keegan , who resigned at the end of the match , and was replaced by Eriksson . By beating Germany 5 -- 1 in Munich , England 's qualifying campaign was revitalised , and they qualified automatically , by drawing 2 -- 2 with Greece . Germany , who could only draw 0 -- 0 with Finland , had to play a play - off game against Ukraine , with England qualifying ahead winning the group . In Japan , England had to play against Eriksson 's homeland , Sweden , and both settled out for a 1 -- 1 draw . England and Beckham gained a measure of revenge for their previous 1998 defeat in defeating Argentina 1 - 0 , thanks to a Beckham penalty . However , England could only manage a disappointing 0 - 0 draw against Nigeria , meaning that although they were able to qualify for the second round , where they played Denmark , they qualified as runners up , which meant that they would meet favourites Brazil in the quarter - finals if they qualified . England played Denmark in the round of 16 defeating Denmark 3 -- 0 , thanks to goals from Micheal Owen , Rio Ferdinand , and Emile Heskey . England played four - time World Cup winners and 1998 runners - up Brazil in the quarter - finals . Despite leading through a Michael Owen goal , a mistake by David Seaman saw England lose 2 -- 1 , and Brazil won their fourth World Cup match against England , and went on to win the tournament . Germany 2006 ( edit ) Main article : 2006 FIFA World Cup England were drawn into Group 6 of European qualifying for the 2006 World Cup . The group featured other home nations in Wales , and Northern Ireland , as well as Poland ( who had eliminated England the last time the World Cup took place in Germany ) , Azerbaijan and Austria . England won eight of the 10 games , and qualified as group winners , in front of Portugal , despite drawing to Austria in Vienna , and losing to Northern Ireland in Belfast . In Germany , however , England were less convincing . England played in Group B , alongside Paraguay , Trinidad and Tobago , and Sweden . England started with a 1 -- 0 win against Paraguay ; which was won due to a 3rd minute own goal . The second game against first time qualifiers Trinidad and Tobago saw England have to wait until the 83rd minute for England to take the lead , with Peter Crouch opened the scoring with a goal many felt was illegal , and the second goal of the game coming in added time from Steven Gerrard . The last group game saw England play against Sweden , where an eventual 2 - 2 draw saw them qualify for the next round as group winners , thereby avoiding playing hosts Germany . In the last 16 stage , a free kick from David Beckham saw England win 1 -- 0 against Ecuador and reach the quarter - finals , where they faced Portugal . The game finished goalless , and England once again were knocked out on penalties and Portuguese goalkeeper Ricardo became the first goalkeeper to save three penalties in a penalty shoot - out . Ricardo saved from Frank Lampard , Steven Gerrard , and Jamie Carragher ; the only England player who successfully converted his penalty was Owen Hargreaves . Portugal won the shoot - out 3 - 1 , despite misses from Petit and Hugo Viana . This game was also Erickson 's final match as England manager . South africa 2010 ( edit ) Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Qualification for the first African World Cup went successfully for new England manager Fabio Capello , after previous manager Steve McClaren was unable to secure qualification to the Euro 2008 . By winning nine times and only losing to Ukraine , England qualified ahead of Croatia , Belarus , Kazakhstan and Andorra . England 's group was seen as a favourable one , containing comparatively much weaker teams . However , England opened up their campaign with a 1 -- 1 draw against the United States , thanks to a major error by goalkeeper Robert Green . They then drew 0 -- 0 against Algeria and were booed off the field by their own fans , drawing the ire of striker Wayne Rooney . England eventually qualified for the next round by beating Slovenia 1 -- 0 , but only qualified as runners up to the United States , thereby meaning they would draw favourites Germany . In the second round match , Germany took the lead after 20 minutes after goalkeeper Manuel Neuer played the ball down the pitch to Miroslav Klose , who opened the scoring . The score became 2 -- 0 to Germany after 32 minutes . Shortly after , England defender Matthew Upson scored a header . Later , Frank Lampard had a shot at goal which was disallowed despite crossing the line ; which was confirmed on replays . German goalkeeper Manuel Neuer admitted subsequently he knew the ball had crossed the line , but decided to deceive the referee . The German media reported it was `` revenge for Wembley '' , while the English media criticised FIFA 's refusal to implement goal - line technology . Ironically , despite his earlier opposition to goal - line technology , Sepp Blatter said that it should be introduced after a Ukrainian goal against England at Euro 2012 was ruled out . As England tried to equalise , Germany used this to their advantage and scored two more goals . This became Germany 's biggest win against England in a World Cup , winning 4 - 1 . Brazil 2014 ( edit ) Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup Under Roy Hodgson , who replaced Fabio Capello after Euro 2012 after a disagreement between Capello and The FA , England qualified for the second World Cup to be held in Brazil . Ukraine were again one of the opponents in the qualifying rounds . The other opponents included Montenegro , Poland , Moldova and San Marino . After winning six games and drawing four , England qualified unbeaten . The draw for the finals saw England have to play against Italy and Uruguay , both former world champions , which meant that it was the first ever time three World Champions were drawn in the same group , along with Costa Rica . England lost to Italy and Uruguay , and were thus knocked out after two games . The final match against Costa Rica finished as a goalless draw . This performance was statistically their worst ever performance at a World Cup , ending up with just one point after two losses to Uruguay and Italy and a goalless draw with Costa Rica in the dead rubber match , their lowest points total in the group stage of a world cup . Russia 2018 ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup England played in UEFA Group F in qualification for the 2018 World Cup , in a group of six with Slovakia , Slovenia , Scotland , Lithuania and Malta , with only the winner of the group guaranteed qualification . England went into the qualification process under manager Sam Allardyce , only for Allardyce to leave the post after just one game due to controversy regarding discussing breaking FIFA rules . Under Allardyce 's replacement , Gareth Southgate , England went undefeated throughout qualification , winning eight matches out of 10 , drawing with Slovenia 0 -- 0 in Ljubljana , and drawing 2 -- 2 with Scotland in Glasgow thanks to a 90th - minute equaliser from Harry Kane . This was the third successive major tournament that England were undefeated , having been undefeated in 2014 World Cup , and Euro 2016 qualifying . 2018 finals ( edit ) England national team at the 2018 World Cup in Russia Under Gareth Southgate , the England team began their tournament in group G against Tunisia . The game started well for England with a goal from Harry Kane in the 11th minute . Tunisia equalised through Sassi from the penalty spot in the 35th minute following a foul by Kyle Walker . Some controversy followed as various potential offences against Harry Kane , inside the penalty area were ignored by the referee and no VAR checks were carried out . England persevered and scored a second goal in the 91st minute , again by Harry Kane , resulting in a 2 -- 1 victory . In the second group stage match , England surpassed their record for goals scored in a World Cup match by beating Panama 6 - 1 . Jesse Lingard scored the third goal , John Stones scored the first and fourth goals and Harry Kane scored a hat - trick with the second , fifth and sixth goals . In the final group stage match , England narrowly lost 1 - 0 to Belgium . Adnan Januzaj scored the sole goal of the game ; but with both teams having fielded reserve teams , with England specificially making 9 changes . Before the game media outlets stating that a loss could potentially become beneficial , as the winner would be in the half of the draw with four of the top seven sides in the world . The result that meant Belgium topped the group and England finished second , setting up a last 16 clash with Group H winners Colombia . England played their last 16 match in the Otkritie Arena , Moscow , with the same team as against Tunisia . Harry Kane scored his sixth goal of the tournament , and the third penalty , after once again being fouled in the box from a corner , similarly as against Panama . The score remained at 1 - 0 , until stoppage time , where a header from Yerry Mina beat Jordan Pickford in goal to bring the game to extra time . Neither team managed to score in extra time , and the match went to penalties , which England won 4 - 3 . As well as being the first knockout match England had won at a major tournament since 2006 ( last defeating Ecuador in the last 16 ) ; it was the first time England won a World Cup penalty shoot - out . The match was notable for the heated atmosphere the game was played in , with a total of eight yellow cards being shown in the match . England played against Sweden in their quarter - final at Cosmos Arena , Samara on 7 July 2018 . They won the match 2 -- 0 , with defender Harry Maguire scoring his first England goal , a header scored from a corner , and Dele Alli a second header from close range . This would send them through to their third World Cup semi-final and their first since 1990 , and third overall . The team played Croatia in the semi-final , resulting in a 2 -- 1 loss after extra time . England would later finish fourth in the competition , the best result since 1990 . England would lose again to Belgium in the 3rd place playoff , thanks to goals from Thomas Meunier and Eden Hazard , despite a Eric Dier shot being cleared off the line by Toby Alderweireld . The tournament would see England score nine goals from set - pieces -- the most by a team in a single World Cup tournament since 1966 . Records ( edit ) Year Round Position GP D * GF GA GD 1930 Not a FIFA member 1934 1938 1950 Group stage 8th 0 0 1954 Quarter - finals 7th 8 8 0 1958 Group stage 11th 0 5 - 1 1962 Quarter - finals 8th 5 6 - 1 1966 Champions 1st 6 5 0 11 8 1970 Quarter - finals 8th 0 0 Did not qualify 1978 1982 Second group stage 6th 5 0 6 5 1986 Quarter - finals 8th 5 7 1990 Semi finals 4th 7 8 6 1994 Did not qualify 1998 Round of 16 9th 7 2002 Quarter - finals 6th 5 6 2006 Quarter - finals 7th 5 0 6 Round of 16 13th 5 - 2 2014 Group stage 26th 0 - 2 2018 Semi-finals 4th 7 12 8 2022 TBD 2026 Total 15 / 21 1 title 69 29 21 19 91 64 27 * Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks By match ( edit ) Year Round Against Score Scorers 1950 Group 2 Chile 2 -- 0 Mortensen , Mannion United States 0 -- 1 Spain 0 -- 1 1954 Group 4 Belgium 4 -- 4 ( aet ) Broadis ( 2 ) , Lofthouse ( 2 ) Switzerland 2 -- 0 Mullen , Wilshaw Quarter - final Uruguay 2 -- 4 Lofthouse , Finney 1958 Group 4 Soviet Union 2 -- 2 Kevan , Finney Brazil 0 -- 0 Austria 2 -- 2 Haynes , Kevan Play - off Soviet Union 0 -- 1 1962 Group 4 Hungary 1 -- 2 Flowers Argentina 3 -- 1 Flowers , Charlton , Greaves Bulgaria 0 -- 0 Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 3 Hitchens 1966 Group 1 Uruguay 0 -- 0 Mexico 2 -- 0 Charlton , Hunt France 2 -- 0 Hunt ( 2 ) Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 0 Hurst Semi-final Portugal 2 -- 1 Charlton ( 2 ) Final West Germany 4 -- 2 ( aet ) Hurst ( 3 ) , Peters 1970 Group 3 Romania 1 -- 0 Hurst Brazil 0 -- 1 Czechoslovakia 1 -- 0 Clarke Quarter - final West Germany 2 -- 3 ( aet ) Mullery , Peters 1982 Group 4 France 3 -- 1 Robson ( 2 ) , Mariner Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 Francis , Barmoš ( o.g. ) Kuwait 1 -- 0 Francis Group B Round 2 West Germany 0 -- 0 Spain 0 -- 0 1986 Group F Portugal 0 -- 1 Morocco 0 -- 0 Poland 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 3 ) Round of 16 Paraguay 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 2 ) , Beardsley Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 2 Lineker 1990 Group F Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Lineker Netherlands 0 -- 0 Egypt 1 -- 0 Wright Round of 16 Belgium 1 -- 0 ( aet ) Platt Quarter - final Cameroon 3 -- 2 ( aet ) Platt , Lineker ( 2 ) Semi-final West Germany 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Lineker Third - place play - off Italy 1 -- 2 Platt 1998 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 0 Shearer , Scholes Romania 1 -- 2 Owen Colombia 2 -- 0 Anderton , Beckham Round of 16 Argentina 2 -- 2 ( aet ) Shearer , Owen 2002 Group F Sweden 1 -- 1 Campbell Argentina 1 -- 0 Beckham Nigeria 0 -- 0 Round of 16 Denmark 3 -- 0 Ferdinand , Owen , Heskey Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 2 Owen 2006 Group B Paraguay 1 -- 0 Gamarra ( o.g. ) Trinidad and Tobago 2 -- 0 Crouch , Gerrard Sweden 2 -- 2 Cole , Gerrard Round of 16 Ecuador 1 -- 0 Beckham Quarter - final Portugal 0 -- 0 ( aet ) Group C United States 1 -- 1 Gerrard Algeria 0 -- 0 Slovenia 1 -- 0 Defoe Round of 16 Germany 1 -- 4 Upson 2014 Group D Italy 1 -- 2 Sturridge Uruguay 1 -- 2 Rooney Costa Rica 0 -- 0 2018 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 1 Kane ( 2 ) Panama 6 -- 1 Stones ( 2 ) , Kane ( 3 ) , Lingard Belgium 0 -- 1 Round of 16 Colombia 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Kane Quarter - final Sweden 2 -- 0 Maguire , Alli Semi-final Croatia 1 -- 2 ( aet ) Trippier Third - place play - off Belgium 0 -- 2 By opponent ( edit ) Country Played Won Drawn Lost GF GA GD Argentina 5 8 5 + 3 Germany 5 8 10 - 2 Brazil 0 6 - 4 Sweden 0 5 + 2 Belgium 5 7 - 2 Portugal 0 Uruguay 0 6 - 3 France 0 0 5 + 4 Paraguay 0 0 0 + 4 Tunisia 0 0 + 3 Czechoslovakia 0 0 0 + 3 Colombia 0 + 2 Romania 0 0 Soviet Union 0 - 1 United States 0 - 1 Spain 0 0 - 1 Italy 0 0 - 2 Panama 0 0 6 + 5 Poland 0 0 0 + 3 Denmark 0 0 0 + 3 Chile 0 0 0 + 2 Switzerland 0 0 0 + 2 Mexico 0 0 0 + 2 Trinidad and Tobago 0 0 0 + 2 Cameroon 0 0 + 1 Kuwait 0 0 0 + 1 Egypt 0 0 0 + 1 Ecuador 0 0 0 + 1 Slovenia 0 0 0 0 + 1 Austria 0 0 0 Republic of Ireland 0 0 0 Bulgaria 0 0 0 0 0 Morocco 0 0 0 0 0 Netherlands 0 0 0 0 0 Nigeria 0 0 0 0 0 Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 Costa Rica 0 0 0 0 0 Hungary 0 0 - 1 Croatia 0 0 - 1 Last update : 14 July 2018 Players ' honours ( edit ) List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups ( edit ) No . Name Matches World Cups Peter Shilton 17 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Terry Butcher 14 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Bobby Charlton 14 1958 , 1962 , 1966 , 1970 Ashley Cole 14 2002 , 2006 , 2010 Bobby Moore 14 1962 , 1966 , 1970 6 David Beckham 13 1998 , 2002 , 2006 7 Steven Gerrard 12 2006 , 2010 , 2014 Gary Lineker 12 1986 , 1990 Michael Owen 12 1998 , 2002 , 2006 10 Chris Waddle 11 1986 , 1990 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups ( edit ) No . Name Goals World Cups Gary Lineker 10 1986 ( 6 ) and 1990 ( 4 ) Harry Kane 6 2018 Geoff Hurst 5 1966 ( 4 ) and 1970 ( 1 ) Bobby Charlton 1962 ( 1 ) and 1966 ( 3 ) Michael Owen 1998 ( 2 ) and 2002 ( 2 ) 6 Nat Lofthouse 1954 Roger Hunt 1966 David Platt 1990 David Beckham 1998 , 2002 and 2006 Steven Gerrard 2006 ( 2 ) and 2010 11 Nine players Current as of 3 July 2018 after the match against Colombia List of England goals by tournament ( edit ) World Cup Goalscorer ( s ) 1950 Wilf Mannion , Stan Mortensen 1954 Nat Lofthouse ( 3 ) , Ivor Broadis ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Jimmy Mullen , Dennis Wilshaw 1958 Derek Kevan ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Johnny Haynes 1962 Ron Flowers ( 2 ) , Bobby Charlton , Jimmy Greaves , Gerry Hitchens 1966 Geoff Hurst ( 4 ) , Roger Hunt ( 3 ) , Bobby Charlton ( 3 ) , Martin Peters 1970 Allan Clarke , Geoff Hurst , Alan Mullery , Martin Peters 1982 Trevor Francis ( 2 ) , Bryan Robson ( 2 ) , Paul Mariner , Own Goal 1986 Gary Lineker ( 6 ) , Peter Beardsley 1990 Gary Lineker ( 4 ) , David Platt ( 3 ) , Mark Wright 1998 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , Alan Shearer ( 2 ) , Darren Anderton , David Beckham , Paul Scholes 2002 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Sol Campbell , Rio Ferdinand , Emile Heskey 2006 Steven Gerrard ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Joe Cole , Peter Crouch , Own Goal Jermain Defoe , Steven Gerrard , Matthew Upson 2014 Wayne Rooney , Daniel Sturridge 2018 Harry Kane ( 6 ) , John Stones ( 2 ) , Jesse Lingard , Harry Maguire , Dele Alli , Kieran Trippier List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup ( edit ) Historically , very few English World Cup squad members were playing for a club in a foreign league at the time of their selection to the national squad . Year Number ( Country ) Players ( Apps ) 1950 -- 1958 0 1962 1 ( Italy ) Gerry Hitchens ( 2 ) 1966 -- 1970 0 1982 1 ( West Germany ) Tony Woodcock ( 2 ) 1986 2 ( Italy ) Mark Hateley ( 3 ) , Ray Wilkins 1990 5 ( 4 in Scotland , 1 in France ) Terry Butcher ( 5 ) , Trevor Steven ( 3 ) , Gary Stevens ( 2 ) , Chris Woods ( 0 ) ; Chris Waddle ( 7 ) 1998 0 2002 1 ( Germany ) Owen Hargreaves ( 2 ) 2006 2 ( 1 Spain , 1 Germany ) David Beckham ( 5 ) ; Owen Hargreaves ( 4 ) 0 2014 1 ( Scotland ) Fraser Forster ( 0 ) 2018 0 Team awards and records ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Team Awards World Champions 1966 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1990 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1998 ( shared ) Individual Awards Golden Ball 1966 : Bobby Charlton Silver Ball 1966 : Bobby Moore Golden Boot 1986 : Gary Lineker Golden Boot 2018 : Harry Kane Bronze Boot 1966 : Geoff Hurst Golden Glove 1966 : Gordon Banks Best Young Player Award 1998 : Michael Owen Team Records Most penalty shoot - outs lost : 3 ( shared with Italy and Spain ) Biggest World Cup victory : 6 - 1 vs Panama , 2018 Group Stage Individual Records Only hattrick in a final : Geoff Hurst ( 1966 v West Germany ) Oldest captain : Peter Shilton ( age 40 years and 292 days , 1990 v Italy ) Most clean sheets : Peter Shilton ( 10 , 1982 - 1990 ) ( shared with Fabien Barthez ) Refereeing ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Four FIFA World Cup finals were officiated by English referees , more than by any other football association . The first Englishman to officiate a final , George Reader , is also the oldest World Cup referee to date , as he was 53 years and 236 days old at the 1950 decisive match between Uruguay and Brazil . The other final referees are William Ling ( 1954 ) , Jack Taylor ( 1974 ) and Howard Webb ( 2010 ) . Arthur Ellis , who was a linesman at the 1950 final , is part of an elite group of referees who has been called up for three consecutive World Cups ( 1950 -- 1958 ) . Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ England declined the chance , created and given to them when Austria withdrew from the tournament following the Anschluss , to take part in the 1938 FIFA World Cup . Jump up ^ Excluding the 1982 FIFA World Cup , which did not have formal quarter - finals , but instead had a second group stage that determined who would qualify for the semi-finals . Jump up ^ Belgium were ranked third , and Germany had already been eliminated . Only Switzerland ( 6 ) and Spain ( 10 ) would be on the loser 's half of the draw from the top 10 of the FIFA World Rankings Jump up ^ England had previously lost World Cup penalty shoot - outs in 1990 to West Germany , 1998 to Argentina and Portugal in 2006 . England 's penalty shoot - out record before the match was 1 -- 6 , with their only win against Spain in EURO 96 . Jump up ^ A total of six yellow cards for Colombia , and two for England . ^ Jump up to : England lost the penalty shoot - out Jump up ^ England won the penalty shoot - out References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jones , Ken ( 4 December 1997 ) . `` Football : It is possible to forget that England 's overall World Cup record is nothing much to shout about - Sport '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 22 November 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ 2006 FIFA World Cup TV Coverage Archived 14 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine . ( PDF ) , FIFA.com , Retrieved on 6 June 2007 Jump up ^ `` The full list of records broken by England at The euros '' . Goal.com. 25 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Sport - World Cup 2014 : Roy Hodgson hopeful for England 's future '' . bbc.co.uk. 24 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 27 December 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . 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Jump up ^ cestrian81 ( 21 December 2011 ) . `` England 1 - 1 Poland ( 1973 ) WCQ '' . Archived from the original on 26 January 2016 -- via YouTube . ^ Jump up to : Fifield , Dominic . `` England managers and off - field controversies : from Revie to Hodgson '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 6 July 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 FIFA World Cup Spain TM - Matches - England - France - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 5 January 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 FIFA World Cup Spain TM - Matches - England - Czechoslovakia - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 29 October 2017 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 FIFA World Cup Spain TM - Matches - England - Kuwait - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 30 January 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` WORLD CUP 1990 '' . allworldcup.narod.ru . Archived from the original on 7 December 2009 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . 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Jump up ^ Brodkin , Jon ( 18 June 2010 ) . `` World Cup 2010 : Wayne Rooney mocks booing fans in sarcastic aside '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Singer , Peter ( 29 June 2010 ) . `` Why is cheating OK in football ? - Peter Singer '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Association , Press ( 20 June 2012 ) . `` Euro 2012 : Sepp Blatter says goalline technology is ' a necessity ' '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Kelso , Paul ( 27 June 2010 ) . `` England v Germany : Frank Lampard 's ' goal ' reignites goal - line technology debate '' . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 -- via www.telegraph.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup TM Archive - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 23 May 2018 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sky Sports . `` World Cup : England out as Italy lose 1 -- 0 to Costa Rica in Recife in Group D '' . skysports.com/ . BSkyB . Archived from the original on 23 June 2014 . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Allardyce : England manager leaves after one match in charge '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 27 September 2016 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM - Matches - Scotland - England - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 14 October 2017 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ McGee , Nicholas ( 18 June 2018 ) . `` Captain Kane saves Three Lions '' . Goal.com . Archived from the original on 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England romp past Panama and into last 16 '' . FIFA.com. 24 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 23 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England 's game v Colombia ' biggest knockout game for decade ' '' . BBC Sport. 28 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Delaney , Miguel ( 28 June 2018 ) . `` Three Lions still left wondering how good they really are after deflating defeat '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 29 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup : England 's game v Colombia ' biggest knockout game for decade ' '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 29 June 2018 . Retrieved 29 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England still left wondering how good they really are after defeat to Belgium '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 29 June 2018 . Retrieved 29 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM - Matches - Colombia - England - FIFA.com '' . www.fifa.com . Archived from the original on 4 July 2018 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brashness of youth overcomes mental demons as England break penalty shoot - out hoodoo '' . ABC News . 4 July 2018 . Archived from the original on 3 July 2018 . 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Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 11 July 2018 ) . `` Croatia 2 England 1 '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 12 June 2018 . Retrieved 11 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup : England set new records in 6 - 1 victory over Panama '' . BBC Sport . England national football squads England squad -- 1950 FIFA World Cup GK Ditchburn GK Williams DF Aston DF Eckersley DF Ramsey DF Scott DF Taylor DF Wright ( c ) MF Baily MF Cockburn MF Dickinson MF Hughes MF Nicholson MF Watson FW Bentley FW Finney FW Mannion FW Matthews FW Milburn FW Mortensen FW Mullen Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1954 FIFA World Cup 1 Merrick 2 Staniforth 3 Byrne 4 Wright ( c ) 5 Owen 6 Dickinson 7 Matthews 8 Broadis 9 Lofthouse 10 Taylor 11 Finney 12 Burgin 13 Green 14 McGarry 15 Wilshaw 16 Quixall 17 Mullen 18 Chilton 19 Armstrong 20 Jezzard 21 Haynes 22 Hooper Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1958 FIFA World Cup 1 McDonald 2 Howe 3 Banks 4 Clamp 5 Wright ( c ) 6 Slater 7 Douglas 8 Robson 9 Kevan 10 Haynes 11 Finney 12 Hopkinson 13 Hodgkinson 14 Sillett 15 Clayton 16 Norman 17 Brabrook 18 Broadbent 19 Smith 20 Charlton 21 A'Court 22 Setters Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1962 FIFA World Cup 1 Springett 2 Armfield 3 Wilson 4 Robson 5 Swan 6 Flowers 7 Connelly 8 Greaves 9 Hitchens 10 Haynes ( c ) 11 Charlton 12 Hodgkinson 13 Kevan 14 Anderson 15 Norman 16 Moore 17 Douglas 18 Hunt 19 Peacock 20 Eastham 21 Howe 22 Adamson Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1966 FIFA World Cup winners ( 1st title ) 1 Banks 2 Cohen 3 Wilson 4 Stiles 5 J. Charlton 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Ball 8 Greaves 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Connelly 12 Springett 13 Bonetti 14 Armfield 15 Byrne 16 Peters 17 Flowers 18 Hunter 19 Paine 20 Callaghan 21 Hunt 22 Eastham Coach : Ramsey England squad -- 1970 FIFA World Cup 1 Banks 2 Newton 3 Cooper 4 Mullery 5 Labone 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Lee 8 Ball 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Peters 12 Bonetti 13 Stepney 14 Wright 15 Stiles 16 Hughes 17 J. Charlton 18 Hunter 19 Bell 20 Osgood 21 Clarke 22 Astle Coach : Ramsey England squad -- 1982 FIFA World Cup 1 Clemence 2 Anderson 3 Brooking 4 Butcher 5 Coppell 6 Foster 7 Keegan 8 Francis 9 Hoddle 10 McDermott 11 Mariner 12 Mills ( c ) 13 Corrigan 14 Neal 15 Rix 16 Robson 17 Sansom 18 Thompson 19 Wilkins 20 Withe 21 Woodcock 22 Shilton Coach : Greenwood England squad -- 1986 FIFA World Cup 1 Shilton 2 G.M. Stevens 3 Sansom 4 Hoddle 5 Martin 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Wilkins 9 Hateley 10 Lineker 11 Waddle 12 Anderson 13 Woods 14 Fenwick 15 G.A. Stevens 16 Reid 17 Steven 18 Hodge 19 Barnes 20 Beardsley 21 Dixon 22 Bailey Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1990 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Shilton 2 Stevens 3 Pearce 4 Webb 5 Walker 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Waddle 9 Beardsley 10 Lineker 11 Barnes 12 Parker 13 Woods 14 Wright 15 Dorigo 16 McMahon 17 Platt 18 Hodge 19 Gascoigne 20 Steven 21 Bull 22 Beasant Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1998 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Campbell 3 Le Saux 4 Ince 5 Adams 6 Southgate 7 Beckham 8 Batty 9 Shearer ( c ) 10 Sheringham 11 McManaman 12 Neville 13 Martyn 14 Anderton 15 Merson 16 Scholes 17 Lee 18 Keown 19 L. Ferdinand 20 Owen 21 R. Ferdinand 22 Flowers Coach : Hoddle England squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Mills 3 A. Cole 4 Sinclair 5 Ferdinand 6 Campbell 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Scholes 9 Fowler 10 Owen 11 Heskey 12 Brown 13 Martyn 14 Bridge 15 Keown 16 Southgate 17 Sheringham 18 Hargreaves 19 J. Cole 20 Vassell 21 Butt 22 James 23 Dyer Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup 1 Robinson 2 Neville 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard 5 Ferdinand 6 Terry 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Lampard 9 Rooney 10 Owen 11 J. Cole 12 Campbell 13 James 14 Bridge 15 Carragher 16 Hargreaves 17 Jenas 18 Carrick 19 Lennon 20 Downing 21 Crouch 22 Carson 23 Walcott Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 James 2 Johnson 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Dawson 6 Terry 7 Lennon 8 Lampard 9 Crouch 10 Rooney 11 J. Cole 12 Green 13 Warnock 14 Barry 15 Upson 16 Milner 17 Wright - Phillips 18 Carragher 19 Defoe 20 King 21 Heskey 22 Carrick 23 Hart Coach : Capello England squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Hart 2 Johnson 3 Baines 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Cahill 6 Jagielka 7 Wilshere 8 Lampard 9 Sturridge 10 Rooney 11 Welbeck 12 Smalling 13 Foster 14 Henderson 15 Oxlade - Chamberlain 16 Jones 17 Milner 18 Lambert 19 Sterling 20 Lallana 21 Barkley 22 Forster 23 Shaw Coach : Hodgson England squad -- 2018 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Pickford 2 Walker 3 Rose 4 Dier 5 Stones 6 Maguire 7 Lingard 8 Henderson 9 Kane ( c ) 10 Sterling 11 Vardy 12 Trippier 13 Butland 14 Welbeck 15 Cahill 16 Jones 17 Delph 18 Young 19 Rashford 20 Alli 21 Loftus - Cheek 22 Alexander - Arnold 23 Pope Coach : Southgate England national football team General The Football Association History Managers Captains Kits Venues Wembley Stadium 1923 stadium 2007 stadium Home venues St George 's Park ( Burton ) Statistics All - time record Records World Cup record European Championship record Hat - tricks Awards The FA England Awards The FA Women 's Football Awards Results Men 's 1872 -- 99 1900 -- 29 1930 -- 59 1960 -- 79 1980 -- 99 2000 -- 19 Unofficial matches Women 's 2010s Players World Cup & Euro Championship squads 10 + caps 4 -- 9 caps 2 -- 3 caps 1 cap Born outside England Other categories World Cups 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1982 1986 1990 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 European Championships 1968 1980 2000 2012 2016 Other tournaments British Home Championship ( 1884 -- 1984 ) Minor tournaments Noted rivalries Argentina Austria Belgium Brazil Denmark France Germany Hungary Italy Ireland Netherlands Poland Portugal Scotland Spain Sweden Switzerland Wales Culture Noted matches Band Songs Discography WAGs `` They think it 's all over '' Other FA teams Men 's England B England C Amateur ( defunct ) U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 Futsal Learning Disabilities Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Women 's Senior U-23 U-20 U-19 U-17 U-15 Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Countries at the FIFA World Cup Team appearances Teams with no appearances All - time table AFC Australia China Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kuwait North Korea Saudi Arabia South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF Algeria Angola Cameroon DR Congo Egypt Ghana Ivory Coast Morocco Nigeria Senegal South Africa Togo Tunisia CONCACAF Canada Costa Rica Cuba El Salvador Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay OFC New Zealand UEFA Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark East Germany England France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Considered a successor team by FIFA , or have competed under another name ( s ) . Have been member of multiple confederations . Team and national federation no longer exist . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=England_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=853673134 '' Categories : England at the FIFA World Cup Countries at the FIFA World Cup History of the England national football team Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links EngvarB from June 2018 Use dmy dates from June 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Articles needing additional references from July 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from July 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 07 : 56 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the last time england reached the semi final of a world cup | [
"\n\n\nYear\nRound\nPosition\nGP\nW\nD*\nL\nGF\nGA\nGD\n\n\n 1930\nNot a FIFA member\n\n\n 1934\n\n\n 1938\n\n\n 1950\nGroup stage\n8th\n3\n1\n0\n2\n2\n2\n0\n\n\n 1954\nQuarter-finals\n7th\n3\n1\n1\n1\n8\n8\n0\n\n\n 1958\nGroup stage\n11th\n4\n0\n3\n1\n4\n5\n-1\n\n\n 1962\nQuarter-finals\n8th\n4\n1\n1\n2\n5\n6\n-1\n\n\n 1966\nChampions\n1st\n6\n5\n1\n0\n11\n3\n8\n\n\n 1970\nQuarter-finals\n8th\n4\n2\n0\n2\n4\n4\n0\n\n\n 1974\nDid not qualify\n\n\n 1978\n\n\n 1982\nSecond group stage\n6th\n5\n3\n2\n0\n6\n1\n5\n\n\n 1986\nQuarter-finals\n8th\n5\n2\n1\n2\n7\n3\n4\n\n\n 1990\nSemi finals\n4th\n7\n3\n3\n1\n8\n6\n2\n\n\n 1994\nDid not qualify\n\n\n 1998\nRound of 16\n9th\n4\n2\n1\n1\n7\n4\n3\n\n\n 2002\nQuarter-finals\n6th\n5\n2\n2\n1\n6\n3\n3\n\n\n 2006\nQuarter-finals\n7th\n5\n3\n2\n0\n6\n2\n4\n\n\n 2010\nRound of 16\n13th\n4\n1\n2\n1\n3\n5\n-2\n\n\n 2014\nGroup stage\n26th\n3\n0\n1\n2\n2\n4\n-2\n\n\n 2018\nSemi-finals\n4th\n7\n3\n1\n3\n12\n8\n4\n\n\n 2022\nTBD\n\n\n 2026\n\n\nTotal\n15/21\n1 title\n69\n29\n21\n19\n91\n64\n27\n"
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-3316591276885988156 | Flag of India | Flag of India - wikipedia Flag of India Jump to : navigation , search `` Tiranga '' redirects here . For the Bollywood film , see Tirangaa . India Name Tiraṅgā ( meaning `` Tricolour '' ) Use National flag Proportion 2 : 3 Adopted 22 July 1947 ; 70 years ago ( 1947 - 07 - 22 ) Design A horizontal triband of India saffron , white , and India green ; charged with a navy blue wheel with 24 spokes in the centre Designed by Pingali Venkayya The National Flag of India is a horizontal rectangular tricolour of India saffron , white and India green ; with the Ashoka Chakra , a 24 - spoke wheel , in navy blue at its centre . It was adopted in its present form during a meeting of the Constituent Assembly held on 22 July 1947 , and it became the official flag of the Dominion of India on 15 August 1947 . The flag was subsequently retained as that of the Republic of India . In India , the term `` tricolour '' ( Hindi : तिरंगा , translit . Tiraṅgā ) almost always refers to the Indian national flag . The flag is based on the Swaraj flag , a flag of the Indian National Congress designed by Pingali Venkayya . By law , the flag is to be made of khadi , a special type of hand - spun cloth or silk , made popular by Mahatma Gandhi . The manufacturing process and specifications for the flag are laid out by the Bureau of Indian Standards . The right to manufacture the flag is held by the Khadi Development and Village Industries Commission , who allocates it to regional groups . As of 2009 , the Karnataka Khadi Gramodyoga Samyukta Sangha has been the sole manufacturer of the flag . Usage of the flag is governed by the Flag Code of India and other laws relating to the national emblems . The original code prohibited use of the flag by private citizens except on national days such as the Independence day and the Republic Day . In 2002 , on hearing an appeal from a private citizen , Naveen Jindal , the Supreme Court of India directed the Government of India to amend the code to allow flag usage by private citizens . Subsequently , the Union Cabinet of India amended the code to allow limited usage . The code was amended once more in 2005 to allow some additional use including adaptations on certain forms of clothing . The flag code also governs the protocol of flying the flag and its use in conjunction with other national and non-national flags . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design and construction details 2 Symbolism 3 History 4 Manufacturing process 5 Protocol 5.1 Display 5.2 Half - mast 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Design and construction details Sizes of the National Flag Flag size Length and width ( mm ) Size of Ashoka Chakra ( mm ) 6300 × 4200 1295 3600 × 2400 740 2700 × 1800 555 1800 × 1200 370 5 1350 × 900 280 6 900 × 600 185 7 450 × 300 90 8 225 × 150 40 9 150 × 100 25 According to the Flag code of India , the Indian flag has a ratio of two by three ( where the length of the flag is 1.5 times that of the width ) . All three stripes of the flag ( saffron , white and green ) are to be equal in width and length . The size of the Ashoka Chakra is not specified in the Flag code , but it has twenty - four spokes that are evenly spaced . In section 4.3. 1 of `` IS1 : Manufacturing standards for the Indian Flag '' , there is a chart that details the size of the Ashoka Chakra on the nine specific sizes of the national flag . In both the Flag code and IS1 , they call for the Ashoka Chakra to be printed or painted on both sides of the flag in navy blue . Below is the list of specified shades for all colours used on the national flag , with the exception of Navy Blue , from `` IS1 : Manufacturing standards for the Indian Flag '' as defined in the 1931 CIE Colour Specifications with illuminant C. The navy blue colour can be found in the standard IS : 1803 - 1973 . Materials 3.1. 2.2 : Colours Colour X Y Z Brightness India saffron ( Kesari ) 0.538 0.360 0.102 21.5 White 0.313 0.319 0.368 72.6 India green 0.288 0.395 0.317 8.9 Note that the values given in the table correspond to CIE 1931 color space . Approximate RGB values for use may be taken to be : India saffron # FF9933 , white # FFFFFF , India green # 138808 , navy blue # 000080 . Pantone values closest to this are 130 U , White , 2258 C and 2735 C . Symbolism Flag of India , New Delhi Gandhi first proposed a flag to the Indian National Congress in 1921 . The flag was designed by Pingali Venkayya . In the centre was a traditional spinning wheel , symbolising Gandhi 's goal of making Indians self - reliant by fabricating their own clothing . The design was then modified to include a white stripe in the centre for other religious communities , and provide a background for the spinning wheel . Subsequently , to avoid sectarian associations with the colour scheme , saffron , white and green were chosen for the three bands , representing courage and sacrifice , peace and truth , and faith and chivalry respectively . A few days before India became independent on 15 August 1947 , the specially constituted Constituent Assembly decided that the flag of India must be acceptable to all parties and communities . A modified version of the Swaraj flag was chosen ; the tricolour remained the same saffron , white and green . However , the charkha was replaced by the Ashoka Chakra representing the eternal wheel of law . The philosopher Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan , who later became India 's first Vice President and second President , clarified the adopted flag and described its significance as follows : `` Bhagwa or the Saffron denotes renunciation or disinterestedness . Our leaders must be indifferent to material gains and dedicate themselves to their work . The white in the centre is light , the path of truth to guide our conduct . The green shows our relation to ( the ) soil , our relation to the plant life here , on which all other life depends . The `` Ashoka Chakra '' in the centre of the white is the wheel of the law of dharma . Truth or satya , dharma or virtue ought to be the controlling principle of those who work under this flag . Again , the wheel denotes motion . There is death in stagnation . There is life in movement . India should no more resist change , it must move and go forward . The wheel represents the dynamism of a peaceful change . '' History A number of flags with varying designs were used in the period preceding the Indian Independence Movement by the rulers of different princely states ; the idea of a single Indian flag was first raised by the British rulers of India after the rebellion of 1857 , which resulted in the establishment of direct imperial rule . The first flag , whose design was based on western heraldic standards , were similar to the flags of other British colonies , including Canada and Australia ; its blue field included the Union Flag in the upper - left quadrant and a Star of India capped by the royal crown in the middle of the right half . To address the question of how the star conveyed `` Indianness '' , Queen Victoria created the Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India to honour services to the empire by her Indian subjects . Subsequently , all the Indian princely states received flags with symbols based on the heraldic criteria of Europe including the right to fly defaced British red ensigns . Flag of British India , 1880 -- 1947 In the early twentieth century , around the coronation of Edward VII , a discussion started on the need for a heraldic symbol that was representative of the Indian empire . William Coldstream , a British member of the Indian Civil Service , campaigned the government to change the heraldic symbol from a star , which he considered to be a common choice , to something more appropriate . His proposal was not well received by the government ; Lord Curzon rejected it for practical reasons including the multiplication of flags . Around this time , nationalist opinion within the realm was leading to a representation through religious tradition . The symbols that were in vogue included the Ganesha , advocated by Bal Gangadhar Tilak , and Kali , advocated by Aurobindo Ghosh and Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay . Another symbol was the cow , or Gau Mata ( cow mother ) . However , all these symbols were Hindu - centric and did not suggest unity with India 's Muslim population . Based on the Calcutta Flag , design of the `` Flag of Indian Independence '' raised by Bhikaji Cama on 22 August 1907 , at the International Socialist Conference in Stuttgart , Germany . The partition of Bengal ( 1905 ) resulted in the introduction of a new flag representing the Indian independence movement that sought to unite the multitude of castes and races within the country . The Vande Mataram flag , part of the Swadeshi movement against the British , comprised Indian religious symbols represented in western heraldic fashion . The tricolour flag included eight white lotuses on the upper green band representing the eight provinces , a sun and a crescent on the bottom red band , and the Vande Mataram slogan in Hindi on the central yellow band . The flag was launched in Calcutta bereft of any ceremony and the launch was only briefly covered by newspapers . The flag was not covered in contemporary governmental or political reports either , but was used at the annual session of the Indian National Congress . A slightly modified version was subsequently used by Madam Bhikaji Cama at the second International Socialist Congress in Stuttgart in 1907 . Despite the multiple uses of the flag , it failed to generate enthusiasm amongst Indian nationalists . Around the same time , another proposal for the flag was initiated by Sister Nivedita , a Hindu reformist and disciple of Swami Vivekananda . The flag consisted of a thunderbolt in the centre and a hundred and eight oil lamps for the border , with the Vande Mataram caption split around the thunderbolt . It was also presented at the Indian National Congress meeting in 1906 . Soon , many other proposals were initiated , but none of them gained attention from the nationalist movement . In 1909 , Lord Ampthill , former Governor of the Madras Presidency , wrote to The Times of London in the run up to Empire Day pointing out that there existed `` no flag representative of India as a whole or any Indian province ... Surely this is strange , seeing that but for India there would be no Empire . '' In 1916 , Pingali Venkayya submitted thirty new designs , in the form of a booklet funded by members of the High Court of Madras . These many proposals and recommendations did little more than keep the flag movement alive . The same year , Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak adopted a new flag as part of the Home Rule Movement . The flag included the Union Jack in the upper left corner , a star and crescent in the upper right , and seven stars displayed diagonally from the lower right , on a background of five red and four green alternating bands . The flag resulted in the first governmental initiative against any nationalistic flag , as a magistrate in Coimbatore banned its use . The ban was followed by a public debate on the function and importance of a national flag . In the early 1920s , national flag discussions gained prominence across most British dominions following the peace treaty between Britain and Ireland . In November 1920 , the Indian delegation to the League of Nations wanted to use an Indian flag , and this prompted the British Indian government to place renewed emphasis on the flag as a national symbol . Gandhi 's Flag , introduced at the Congress meeting in 1921 In April 1921 , Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi wrote in his journal Young India about the need for an Indian flag , proposing a flag with the charkha or spinning wheel at the centre . The idea of the spinning wheel was put forth by Lala Hansraj , and Gandhi commissioned Pingali Venkayya to design a flag with the spinning wheel on a red and green banner , the red colour signifying Hindus and the green standing for Muslims . Gandhi wanted the flag to be presented at the Congress session of 1921 , but it was not delivered on time , and another flag was proposed at the session . Gandhi later wrote that the delay was fortuitous since it allowed him to realise that other religions were not represented ; he then added white to the banner colours , to represent all the other religions . Finally , owing to the religious - political sensibilities , in 1929 , Gandhi moved towards a more secular interpretation of the flag colours , stating that red stood for the sacrifices of the people , white for purity , and green for hope . On 13 April 1923 , during a procession by local Congress volunteers in Nagpur commemorating the Jallianwala Bagh massacre , the Swaraj flag with the spinning wheel , designed by Pingali Venkayya , was hoisted . This event resulted in a confrontation between the Congressmen and the police , after which five people were imprisoned . Over a hundred other protesters continued the flag procession after a meeting . Subsequently , on the first of May , Jamnalal Bajaj , the secretary of the Nagpur Congress Committee , started the Flag Satyagraha , gaining national attention and marking a significant point in the flag movement . The satyagraha , promoted nationally by the Congress , started creating cracks within the organisation in which the Gandhians were highly enthused while the other group , the Swarajists , called it inconsequential . Finally , at the All India Congress Committee meeting in July , 1923 , at the insistence of Jawaharlal Nehru and Sarojini Naidu , Congress closed ranks and the flag movement was endorsed . The flag movement was managed by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel with the idea of public processions and flag displays by common people . By the end of the movement , over 1500 people had been arrested across all of British India . The Bombay Chronicle reported that the movement drew from diverse groups of society including farmers , students , merchants , labourers and `` national servants '' . While Muslim participation was moderate , the movement enthused women , who had hitherto rarely participated in the independence movement . While the flag agitation got its impetus from Gandhi 's writings and discourses , the movement received political acceptance following the Nagpur incident . News reports , editorials and letters to editors published in various journals and newspapers of the time attest to the subsequent development of a bond between the flag and the nation . Soon , the concept of preserving the honour of the national flag became an integral component of the independence struggle . While Muslims were still wary of the Swaraj flag , it gained acceptance among Muslim leaders of the Congress and the Khilafat Movement as the national flag . The Swaraj Flag , officially adopted by the Indian National Congress in 1931 Detractors of the flag movement , including Motilal Nehru , soon hailed the Swaraj flag as a symbol of national unity . Thus , the flag became a significant structural component of the institution of India . In contrast to the subdued responses of the past , the British Indian government took greater cognisance of the new flag , and began to define a policy of response . The British parliament discussed public use of the flag , and based on directives from England , the British Indian government threatened to withdraw funds from municipalities and local governments that did not prevent the display of the Swaraj flag . The Swaraj flag became the official flag of Congress at the 1931 meeting . However , by then , the flag had already become the symbol of the independence movement . A few days before India gained its independence in August 1947 , the Constituent Assembly was formed . To select a flag for independent India , on 23 June 1947 , the assembly set up an ad hoc committee headed by Rajendra Prasad and including Maulana Abul Kalam Azad , Sarojini Naidu , C. Rajagopalachari , K.M. Munshi and B.R. Ambedkar as its members . Indian Flag , the first stamp of independent India , released on 21 Nov 1947 , was meant for foreign correspondence . On 14 July 1947 , the committee recommended that the flag of the Indian National Congress be adopted as the National Flag of India with suitable modifications , so as to make it acceptable to all parties and communities . It was also resolved that the flag should not have any communal undertones . The spinning wheel of the Congress flag was replaced by the Chakra ( wheel ) from the Lion Capital of Ashoka . According to Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan , the chakra was chosen as it was representative of dharma and law . However , Jawaharlal Nehru explained that the change was more practical in nature , as unlike the flag with the spinning wheel , this design would appear symmetrical . Gandhi was not very pleased by the change , but eventually came around to accepting it . The flag was proposed by Nehru at the Constituent Assembly on 22 July 1947 as a horizontal tricolour of deep saffron , white and dark green in equal proportions , with the Ashoka wheel in blue in the centre of the white band . Nehru also presented two flags , one in Khadi - silk and the other in Khadi - cotton , to the assembly . The resolution was approved unanimously . It served as the national flag of the Dominion of India between 15 August 1947 and 26 January 1950 , and has served as the flag of the Republic of India since then . Manufacturing process A header of an Indian flag ( size 6 , date 2007 / 2008 ) certified by the ISI The design and manufacturing process for the national flag is regulated by three documents issued by the Bureau of Indian Standards ( BIS ) . All of the flags are made out of khadi cloth of silk or cotton . The standards were created in 1968 and were updated in 2008 . Nine standard sizes of the flag are specified by law . In 1951 , after India became a republic , the Indian Standards Institute ( now the BIS ) brought out the first official specifications for the flag . These were revised in 1964 to conform to the metric system which was adopted in India . The specifications were further amended on 17 August 1968 . The specifications cover all the essential requirements of the manufacture of the Indian flag including sizes , dye colour , chromatic values , brightness , thread count and hemp cordage . The guidelines are covered under civil and criminal laws and defects in the manufacturing process can result in punishments that include fines or jail terms . Khadi or hand - spun cloth is the only material allowed to be used for the flag , and flying a flag made of any other material is punishable by law with imprisonment up to three years , besides a fine . Raw materials for khadi are restricted to cotton , silk and wool . There are two kinds of khadi used : The first is the khadi - bunting which makes up the body of the flag , and the second is the khadi - duck , which is a beige - coloured cloth that holds the flag to the pole . The khadi - duck is an unconventional type of weave that meshes three threads into a weave , compared to the two threads used in conventional weaving . This type of weaving is extremely rare , and there are fewer than twenty weavers in India professing this skill . The guidelines also state that there should be exactly 150 threads per square centimetre , four threads per stitch , and one square foot should weigh exactly 205 grams ( 7.2 oz ) . There are four places in the country licensed to make the cloth for the national flag , they are in Karnataka , Marathwada , Barabanki in UP , and Banetha in Rajasthan . The woven khadi is obtained from two handloom units in the Dharwad and Bagalkot districts of northern Karnataka . Currently , Karnataka Khadi Gramodyoga Samyukta Sangha based in Hubli is the only licensed flag production and supply unit in India . Permission for setting up flag manufacturing units in India is allotted by the Khadi Development and Village Industries Commission , though the BIS has the power to cancel the licences of units that flout guidelines . The hand - woven khadi for the National Flag was initially manufactured at Garag , a small village in the Dharwad district . A Centre was established at Garag in 1954 by a few freedom fighters under the banner of Dharwad Taluk Kshetriya Seva Sangh and obtained the Centre 's licence to make flags . Once woven , the material is sent to the BIS laboratories for testing . After quality testing , the material , if approved , is returned to the factory . It is then separated into three lots which are dyed saffron , white and green . The Ashoka Chakra is screen printed , stencilled or suitably embroidered onto each side of the white cloth . Care also has to be taken that the chakra is completely visible and synchronised on both sides . Three pieces of the required dimension , one of each colour , are then stitched together according to specifications and the final product is ironed and packed . The BIS then checks the colours and only then can the flag be sold . Protocol Main article : Flag Code of India Correct horizontal and vertical display of the flag Display and usage of the flag is governed by the Flag Code of India , 2002 ( successor to the Flag Code -- India , the original flag code ) ; the Emblems and Names ( Prevention of Improper Use ) Act , 1950 ; and the Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act , 1971 . Insults to the national flag , including gross affronts or indignities to it , as well as using it in a manner so as to violate the provisions of the Flag Code , are punishable by law with imprisonment up to three years , or a fine , or both . Official regulation states that the flag must never touch the ground or water , or be used as a drapery in any form . The flag may not be intentionally placed upside down , dipped in anything , or hold any objects other than flower petals before unfurling . No sort of lettering may be inscribed on the flag . When out in the open , the flag should always be flown between sunrise and sunset , irrespective of the weather conditions . Prior to 2009 , the flag could be flown on a public building at night under special circumstances ; currently , Indian citizens can fly the flag even at night , subject to the restriction that the flag should be hoisted on a tall flagpole and be well - illuminated . The flag should never be depicted , displayed or flown upside down . Tradition also states that when draped vertically , the flag should not merely be rotated 90degrees , but also reversed . One `` reads '' a flag like the pages of a book , from top to bottom and from left to right , and after rotation the results should be the same . It is considered insulting to display the flag in a frayed or dirty state , and the same rule applies to the flagpoles and halyards used to hoist the flag , which should always be in a proper state of maintenance . The original flag code of India did not allow private citizens to fly the national flag except on national days such as Independence Day or Republic Day . In 2001 , Naveen Jindal , an industrialist used to the more egalitarian use of the flag in the United States where he studied , flew the Indian flag on his office building . The flag was confiscated and he was warned of prosecution . Jindal filed a public interest litigation petition in the High Court of Delhi ; he sought to strike down the restriction on the use of the flag by private citizens , arguing that hoisting the national flag with due decorum and honour was his right as a citizen , and a way of expressing his love for the country . At the end of the appeals process , the case was heard by the Supreme Court of India ; the court ruled in Jindal 's favour , asking the Government of India to consider the matter . The Union Cabinet of India then amended the Indian Flag Code with effect from 26 January 2002 , allowing private citizens to hoist the flag on any day of the year , subject to their safeguarding the dignity , honour and respect of the flag . It is also held that the code was not a statute and restrictions under the code ought to be followed ; also , the right to fly the flag is a qualified right , unlike the absolute rights guaranteed to citizens , and should be interpreted in the context of Article 19 of the Constitution of India . The original flag code also forbade use of the flag on uniforms , costumes and other clothing . In July 2005 , the Government of India amended the code to allow some forms of usage . The amended code forbids usage in clothing below the waist and on undergarments , and forbids embroidering onto pillowcases , handkerchiefs or other dress material . Disposal of damaged flags is also covered by the flag code . Damaged or soiled flags may not be cast aside or disrespectfully destroyed ; they have to be destroyed as a whole in private , preferably by burning or by any other method consistent with the dignity of the flag . Display Placement protocol for the Indian flag with another country 's flag The rules regarding the correct methods to display the flag state that when two flags are fully spread out horizontally on a wall behind a podium , their hoists should be towards each other with the saffron stripes uppermost . If the flag is displayed on a short flagpole , this should be mounted at an angle to the wall with the flag draped tastefully from it . If two national flags are displayed on crossed staffs , the hoists must be towards each other and the flags must be fully spread out . The flag should never be used as a cloth to cover tables , lecterns , podiums or buildings , or be draped from railings . Whenever the flag is displayed indoors in halls at public meetings or gatherings of any kind , it should always be on the right ( observers ' left ) , as this is the position of authority . So when the flag is displayed next to a speaker in the hall or other meeting place , it must be placed on the speaker 's right hand . When it is displayed elsewhere in the hall , it should be to the right of the audience . The flag should be displayed completely spread out with the saffron stripe on top . If hung vertically on the wall behind the podium , the saffron stripe should be to the left of the onlookers facing the flag with the hoist cord at the top . A flag procession The flag , when carried in a procession or parade or with another flag or flags , should be on the marching right or alone in the centre at the front . The flag may form a distinctive feature of the unveiling of a statue , monument , or plaque , but should never be used as the covering for the object . As a mark of respect to the flag , it should never be dipped to a person or thing , as opposed to regimental colours , organisational or institutional flags , which may be dipped as a mark of honour . During the ceremony of hoisting or lowering the flag , or when the flag is passing in a parade or in a review , all persons present should face the flag and stand at attention . Those present in uniform should render the appropriate salute . When the flag is in a moving column , persons present will stand at attention or salute as the flag passes them . A dignitary may take the salute without a head dress . The flag salutation should be followed by the playing of the national anthem . Indian Flag at the Red Fort , Delhi The privilege of flying the national flag on vehicles is restricted to the President , the Vice-President or the Prime Minister , Governors and Lieutenant Governors of states , Chief Ministers , Union Ministers , members of the Parliament of India and state legislatures of the Indian states ( Vidhan Sabha and Vidhan Parishad ) , judges of the Supreme Court of India and High Courts , and flag officers of the Army , Navy and Air Force . The flag has to be flown from a staff affixed firmly either on the middle front or to the front right side of the car . When a foreign dignitary travels in a car provided by government , the flag should be flown on the right side of the car while the flag of the foreign country should be flown on the left side . The flag should be flown on the aircraft carrying the President , the Vice-President or the Prime Minister on a visit to a foreign country . Alongside the National Flag , the flag of the country visited should also be flown ; however , when the aircraft lands in countries en route , the national flags of the respective countries would be flown instead . When carrying the president within India , aircraft display the flag on the side the president embarks or disembarks ; the flag is similarly flown on trains , but only when the train is stationary or approaching a railway station . When the Indian flag is flown on Indian territory along with other national flags , the general rule is that the Indian flag should be the starting point of all flags . When flags are placed in a straight line , the rightmost flag ( leftmost to the observer facing the flag ) is the Indian flag , followed by other national flags in alphabetical order . When placed in a circle , the Indian flag is the first point and is followed by other flags alphabetically . In such placement , all other flags should be of approximately the same size with no other flag being larger than the Indian flag . Each national flag should also be flown from its own pole and no flag should be placed higher than another . In addition to being the first flag , the Indian flag may also be placed within the row or circle alphabetically . When placed on crossed poles , the Indian flag should be in front of the other flag , and to the right ( observer 's left ) of the other flag . The only exception to the preceding rule is when it is flown along with the flag of the United Nations , which may be placed to the right of the Indian flag . When the Indian flag is displayed with non-national flags , including corporate flags and advertising banners , the rules state that if the flags are on separate staffs , the flag of India should be in the middle , or the furthest left from the viewpoint of the onlookers , or at least one flag 's breadth higher than the other flags in the group . Its flagpole must be in front of the other poles in the group , but if they are on the same staff , it must be the uppermost flag . If the flag is carried in procession with other flags , it must be at the head of the marching procession , or if carried with a row of flags in line abreast , it must be carried to the marching right of the procession . Half - mast The flag should be flown at half - mast as a sign of mourning . The decision to do so lies with the President of India , who also decides the period of such mourning . When the flag is to be flown at half mast , it must first be raised to the top of the mast and then slowly lowered . Only the Indian flag is flown half mast ; all other flags remain at normal height . The flag is flown half - mast nationwide on the death of the president , Vice-president or prime minister . It is flown half - mast in New Delhi and the state of origin for the Speaker of the Lok Sabha , Chief Justice of the Supreme Court , and Union Ministers . On deaths of Governors , Lt. Governors and Chief Ministers , the flag is flown at half - mast in the respective states and union territories . The Indian flag can not be flown at half - mast on Republic Day ( 26 January ) , Independence day ( 15 August ) , Gandhi Jayanti ( 2 October ) , National Week ( 6 -- 13 April ) or state formation anniversaries , except over buildings housing the body of the deceased dignitary . However , even in such cases , the flag must be raised to full - mast when the body is moved from the building . Observances of State mourning on the death of foreign dignitaries are governed by special instructions issued from the Ministry of Home Affairs in individual cases . However , in the event of death of either the Head of the State or Head of the Government of a foreign country , the Indian Mission accredited to that country may fly the national flag at half - mast . On occasions of state , military , central para-military forces funerals , the flag shall be draped over the bier or coffin with the saffron towards the head of the bier or coffin . The flag should not be lowered into the grave or burnt in the pyre . See also List of Indian flags Jana Gana Mana National Pledge ( India ) Footnotes ^ Jump up to : The current flag is an adaptation of Venkayya 's original design , but he is generally credited as the designer of the flag . Notes ^ Jump up to : `` Flag Code of India '' . Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India . 25 January 2006 . Archived from the original on 10 January 2006 . Retrieved 11 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` IS 1 ( 1968 ) : Specification for The National Flag of India ( Cotton Khadi , PDF version ) '' ( PDF ) . Government of India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 October 2016 . Retrieved 9 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bureau of Indian Standards ( 1968 ) . `` IS 1 : 1968 Specification for the national flag of India ( cotton khadi ) '' . Government of India . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Bureau of Indian Standards ( 1979 ) . `` IS 1 : 1968 Specification for the national flag of India ( cotton khadi ) , Amendment 2 '' . Government of India . ^ Jump up to : `` Flag code of India , 2002 '' . Fact Sheet . Press Information Bureau , Government of India . 4 April 2002 . Retrieved 11 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Wikipedia articles for the respective colour names Jump up ^ `` Flag of India '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . 2009 . Retrieved 2 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Heimer , Željko ( 2 July 2006 ) . `` India '' . Flags of the World . Retrieved 11 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Flag Code of India , 2002 '' . Press Information Bureau . Government of India . 3 April 2002 . Retrieved 23 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , p. 172 Jump up ^ Roy 2006 , p. 498 Jump up ^ Volker Preuß . `` British Raj Marineflagge '' ( in German ) . Retrieved 2005 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , p. 173 Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , p. 174 Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , pp. 175 -- 176 Jump up ^ Roy 2006 , pp. 498 -- 499 Jump up ^ `` A Flag for India '' . Luton Times and Advertiser. 21 May 1909 . Retrieved 27 August 2015 -- via British Newspaper Archive . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , pp. 176 -- 177 Jump up ^ Roy 2006 , p. 504 Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , pp. 177 -- 178 Jump up ^ Roy 2006 , pp. 503 -- 505 Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , pp. 181 -- 186 Jump up ^ NCERT Text book - CBSE - Class 10 - Social Science Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , pp. 187 -- 191 Jump up ^ Roy 2006 , p. 508 Jump up ^ India Postage Stamps 1947 -- 1988. ( 1989 ) Philately branch , Department of Posts , India . Jump up ^ Souvenir sheet of the Independence series of stamps , Indian Posts , 1948 Jump up ^ Jha 2008 , pp. 106 -- 107 Jump up ^ `` Indian Standards '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Indian Standards . Retrieved 29 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Vattam , Shyam Sundar ( 15 June 2004 ) . `` Why all national flags will be ' Made in Hubli ' '' . Deccan Herald . Archived from the original on 22 May 2006 . Retrieved 11 October 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Aruna Chandaraju ( 15 August 2004 ) . `` The Flag Town '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ Chandaraju , Aruna ( 15 August 2004 ) . `` The flag town '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Retrieved 17 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The tricolour weavers of Rajasthan 's Dausa are on the decline '' . 11 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Prevention of Insults To National Honour Act , 1971 '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 January 2017 . Retrieved 30 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Press Trust of India ( 24 December 2009 ) . `` Now , Indians can fly Tricolour at night '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 10 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` My Flag , My Country '' . Rediff.com. 13 June 2001 . Retrieved 15 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Union of India v. Navin Jindal '' . Supreme Court of India . Archived from the original on 24 December 2004 . Retrieved 1 July 2005 . Jump up ^ Chadha , Monica ( 6 July 2005 ) . `` Indians can wear flag with pride '' . BBC . Retrieved 18 February 2012 . References Virmani , Arundhati ( 2008 ) . A National Flag for India . Rituals , Nationalism and the Politics of Sentiment . Delhi , Permanent Black . pp. 356 p . ISBN 81 - 7824 - 232 - X . Virmani , Arundhati ( August 1999 ) . `` National Symbols under Colonial Domination : The Nationalization of the Indian Flag , March -- August 1923 '' . Past & Present. 164 : 169 -- 197 . doi : 10.1093 / past / 164.1. 169 . JSTOR 651278 ... Roy , Srirupa ( August 2006 ) . `` A Symbol of Freedom : The Indian Flag and the Transformations of Nationalism , 1906 -- '' . Journal of Asian Studies . 65 ( 3 ) . ISSN 0021 - 9118 . OCLC 37893507 . Jha , Sadan ( 25 October 2008 ) . `` The Indian National Flag as a site of daily plebiscite '' . Economic and Political Weekly : 102 -- 111 . ISSN 0012 - 9976 . OCLC 1567377 ... `` Indian Standards '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Indian Standards . Retrieved 1 July 2005 . `` India '' . Flags of the World . Retrieved 30 June 2005 . `` India : Historical Flags '' . Flags of the World . Retrieved 30 June 2005 . `` Flying the real tricolour '' . Rediff.com . Retrieved 1 July 2005 . `` My Flag , My Country '' . Rediff.com . Retrieved 1 July 2005 . Royle , Trevor ( 1997 ) . The Last Days of the Raj . John Murray . p. 217 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7195 - 5686 - 9 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to National flag of India . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Flag Code of India `` National Flag '' . National Portal of India . Government of India . Archived from the original on 26 January 2010 . Retrieved 8 February 2010 . `` History of Indian Tricolour '' . National Portal of India . Government of India . Archived from the original on 9 August 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 15 . `` Flag Code of India '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Home Affairs ( India ) . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the meaning of indian flag colours in hindi | [
"Gandhi first proposed a flag to the Indian National Congress in 1921. The flag was designed by Pingali Venkayya. In the centre was a traditional spinning wheel, symbolising Gandhi's goal of making Indians self-reliant by fabricating their own clothing. The design was then modified to include a white stripe in the centre for other religious communities, and provide a background for the spinning wheel. Subsequently, to avoid sectarian associations with the colour scheme, saffron, white and green were chosen for the three bands, representing courage and sacrifice, peace and truth, and faith and chivalry respectively.[7]",
"Gandhi first proposed a flag to the Indian National Congress in 1921. The flag was designed by Pingali Venkayya. In the centre was a traditional spinning wheel, symbolising Gandhi's goal of making Indians self-reliant by fabricating their own clothing. The design was then modified to include a white stripe in the centre for other religious communities, and provide a background for the spinning wheel. Subsequently, to avoid sectarian associations with the colour scheme, saffron, white and green were chosen for the three bands, representing courage and sacrifice, peace and truth, and faith and chivalry respectively.[7]",
"Gandhi first proposed a flag to the Indian National Congress in 1921. The flag was designed by Pingali Venkayya. In the centre was a traditional spinning wheel, symbolising Gandhi's goal of making Indians self-reliant by fabricating their own clothing. The design was then modified to include a white stripe in the centre for other religious communities, and provide a background for the spinning wheel. Subsequently, to avoid sectarian associations with the colour scheme, saffron, white and green were chosen for the three bands, representing courage and sacrifice, peace and truth, and faith and chivalry respectively.[7]"
] | [
"courage and sacrifice",
"peace and truth",
"faith and chivalry"
] |
7165668402034289118 | Pokémon the Movie: I Choose You! | Pokémon the Movie : I Choose You ! - Wikipedia Pokémon the Movie : I Choose You ! Jump to : navigation , search Pokémon the Movie : I Choose You ! Japanese release poster , designed and illustrated by Yoshitoshi Shinomiya Japanese 劇場 版 ポケットモンスター キミ に きめ た ! Hepburn Gekijō - ban Poketto Monsutā Kimi ni kimeta ! Literally Pocket Monsters the Movie : I Choose You ! Directed by Kunihiko Yuyama Produced by Satoshi Shimohira Susumu Matsuyama Atsushi Chiku Hidenaga Katakami Screenplay by Shoji Yonemura Based on Pokémon : Indigo League by Satoshi Tajiri Ken Sugimori Takeshi Shudo Narrated by Unsho Ishizuka Music by Shinji Miyazaki Cinematography Aya Aoshima Edited by Toshio Henmi Production company OLM Distributed by Toho Release date July 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 06 ) ( Japan Expo ) July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) ( Japan ) Running time 98 minutes Country Japan Language Japanese Box office ¥ 3.18 billion ( US $29.1 million ) Pokémon the Movie : I Choose You ! , known in Japan as Pocket Monsters the Movie : I Choose You ! ( 劇場 版 ポケットモンスター キミ に きめ た ! , Gekijō - ban Poketto Monsutā Kimi ni kimeta ! ) is a Japanese adventure anime film produced by OLM . Released as the twentieth Pokémon movie and the first film in the Sun and Moon series , it acts as a loose retelling of the original Indigo League saga of the show , released to commemorate the anime 's twentieth anniversary . It premiered at Japan Expo in France on July 6 , 2017 and was released in Japan on July 15 , 2017 . Fathom Events will release the film as a limited theatrical run in the rest of the world on November 5 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Returning cast 2.2 New characters 3 Development 4 Music 5 Release and promotion 6 Reception 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) There is a world that is inhabited by mysterious and powerful creatures called Pocket Monsters , or Pokémon for short . For the time eternal , both humans and Pokémon have interacted with each other , befriended each other and fought alongside each other in tournaments . In the small town of Pallet Town in the Kanto region , a brash 10 - year old trainer named Ash Ketchum dreams of becoming a Pokémon Trainer to travel across the world and earn the title of `` Pokémon Master '' . But when he is late to picking up his first Pokémon from the town 's local Professor and ends up with an unruly Pikachu , his life as a Pokémon Trainer begins in a rather fun but challenging way as Ash must forge his bond with his new friend as well as discovering the secrets of the world they 're living in . As Ash begins to earn Pikachu 's trust on the first day of their journey together , they witness the Legendary Pokémon Ho - Oh fly overhead , and pick up one of its feathers . From there , Ash and Pikachu promise to find Ho - Oh again as they travel the Kanto region , meeting up with new friends Sorrel and Verity on Ash 's journey to become a Pokémon Master . Cast ( edit ) Returning cast ( edit ) Character Voice Actor ( Japan ) Voice Actor ( US ) Ash Ketchum ( Satoshi ) Rica Matsumoto Sarah Natochenny Pikachu Ikue Ōtani Professor Samuel Oak ( Professor Yukinari Okido ) Narrator Unshō Ishizuka Carter Cathcart ( Oak ) Rodger Parsons ( Narrator ) Jessie ( Musashi ) Megumi Hayashibara Michele Knotz James ( Kojiro ) Shin - ichiro Miki N / A Meowth ( Nyarth ) Inuko Inuyama N / A Nurse Joy Shoko Nakagawa N / A Jigglypuff ( Purin ) Mika Kanai Rachael Lillis Giovanni ( Sakaki ) Kenta Miyake N / A New characters ( edit ) Ho - Oh , the mysterious Rainbow Pokémon who is once seen by Ash and Pikachu . Known extensively in legends , it was sought after by some Trainers , including an old man named Bonzi . Kōichi Yamadera as Marshadow , the Gloomdweller Pokémon who is not known to show itself to people and thus a few only knew its existence . It mysteriously travels with Ash and his friends . Kanata Hongō as Sorrel ( Souji ) , a young Trainer who aims to become a Pokémon Professor . He is seen with a Lucario . Shiori Sato as Verity ( Makoto ) , Cynthia 's daughter and an energetic Trainer who travels alongside Ash and Sorrel . She has a Piplup as her starter Pokémon . Arata Furuta as Bonzi , a mysterious old man who knows about the Legendary Pokémon Ho - Oh and is determined to chase it at any costs . Ryōta Ōsaka as Cross , an arrogant trainer who believes strength is everything and aims to become the ultimate Trainer . He is seen with an Incineroar and Midnight Form Lycanroc . Development ( edit ) The film was officially revealed during the December 15 broadcast of TV Tokyo 's Oha Suta program , revealing a teaser trailer and poster of the film . This early content revealed Ash and Pikachu alongside the Legendary Pokémon Ho - Oh , showing that the film would act as a retelling of the first season , exploring some of the important plot points of the series . Ho - Oh 's appearance in the film was also detailed to be important to the film 's storyline . A second trailer for the film was revealed at the March 1 broadcast of Oha Suta , revealing remade scenes from the first episode and its official English title . It was then officially posted on the official YouTube page the next day . Later on , the film 's second official trailer , which also featured a new version of the original Japanese opening theme , `` Mesaze Pokémon Master '' , was previewed on April 7 , 2017 . The next day , the producers announced that the current last Pokémon in the Pokédex , Marshadow , would debut in the film alongside several other brand - new characters . As the film is not a direct remake , it diverts itself from the original season that it is based on , and features an original story . Two days before the film 's release , Yoshitoshi Shinomiya , who draw background art for Kara no Kyoukai : Mirai Fukuin and Fate / stay night : Unlimited Blade Works released a new poster for the film . With the film confirmed to be initially released at the French Japan Expo 2017 , Western fans requested for the film to be released in theaters in the United States . This was eventually confirmed to be released by Fathom Events as a limited release across November 4 and 5 , 2017 . In Australia , the film was also confirmed to be released by Event Cinemas across November 11 and 12 , 2017 . Some fans also requested that voice actress Veronica Taylor should reprise her role as the English voice of Ash Ketchum for the film , but it was later confirmed that the current set of voice actors would stay on . The title of the film is also a reference to the first episode of the anime , Pokémon - I Choose You ! . Music ( edit ) Shinji Miyazaki , who had composed the anime and collaborated with Yuyama on the movies , composed the film 's musical score . The film 's opening song is titled Aim to Be a Pokémon Master - 20th Anniversary - ( めざせ ポケモン マスター - 20th Anniversary - , Mezase Pokemon Master - 20th Anniversary - ) by Rica Matsumoto while the ending is titled Oración 's Theme ~ Let 's Walk Together ~ ( オラシオン の テーマ ~ 共に 歩 こう ~ , Orashion no Tēma ~ Tomoni Arukou ~ ) by Asuca Hayashi . For the international version , Ed Goldfarb composed the film 's musical score , replacing the tracks in the original Japanese version . Release and promotion ( edit ) The movie premiered at Japan Expo in France on July 6 , 2017 , and officially released in Japanese theaters on July 15 , 2017 . Advanced pre-orders the movie tickets across limited time periods allowed moviegoers to receive a serial code to obtain one of the six special Pikachu in Pokémon Sun and Moon , each wearing one of Ash 's signature hats from each anime season . These Pikachu were holding an exclusive Pikashunium Z - Crystal . Also , both Marshadow and Ho - Oh were distributed during the film 's release in Japan . Merchandise coinciding with the film was also released . Bandai will release official Poké Ball Breath Mint Cases in both regular and Premium - Bandai versions to coincide with the film 's release . The first set will be released in August 2017 , and the second is scheduled for release in September 2017 , with pre-orders started on April 23 , 2017 . Bandai also released S.H. Figuarts figures of Ash and the Team Rocket trio on July 2017 , while Good Smile Company also announced they will release a Nendoroid of Ash in December 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Some older fans of the anime expressed negative criticism over the film on social media due to the exclusion of Misty and Brock in favor of two new companions , with one saying `` It 's almost like Brock and Misty never existed '' . As shown at the film 's first screening at the 2017 Japan Expo , most of the main characters from the first six series were delegated to cameos , which also caused some criticism from older fans . Despite this , reviews of the movie were mostly positive . Callum May of Anime News Network called the film a `` Pokémon movie for classic Pokémon fans '' and `` While it features new Pokémon from Sun and Moon like Lycanroc and Incineroar , many of the stories and references are from the series 20 years ago , repurposed into far more emotionally moving encounters . '' It was also praised for having a stronger narrative than the other movies in the franchise , but often criticized on Sorrel and Verity 's personalities , calling them `` more like bystanders of someone else 's story , and the attempts at creating backstories for them are n't built up at all . '' The film also topped Japanese box office records , earning first place and grossing more than 516 million yen ( US $4.61 million ) in the first two days , beating Gintama on its premiere . The movie earned ¥ 2.14 billion ( $19.6 million ) in its fourth week and remained at the sixth position . In its fifth week it grossed US $22 million and climbed up to the fourth position before being dethroned by Transformers : The Last Knight . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 「 ポケモン 映画 20 周年 記念 ビジュアル 」 が 解禁 ! アニメイト タイムズ '' . Animate Times ( in Japanese ) . animateLAB . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pokémon the Movie : I Choose You ! Film Opens at # 1 , Live - Action Gintama at # 2 '' . Anime News Network . July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pokémon the Movie 20 : I Choose You ! '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` World Premiere : The 20th Pokémon Movie '' . Japan Expo . SEFA Event. 24 May 2017 . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 20 作 目 は 何 か が 違う ... ... ! ? 『 劇場 版 ポケットモンスター キミ に きめ た ! 』 2017 年 7 月 15 日 公開 決定 、 トレーラー が 公開 '' . Famitsu ( in Japanese ) . Gzbrain. 15 December 2016 . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pokémon the Movie : I Choose You ! '' . Fathom Events . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bulbapedia - Verity '' . Jump up ^ `` New Pokémon I Choose You ! Film Announced ( Updated ) '' . Anime News Network . 14 December 2016 . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 劇場 版 ポケモン 新作 タイトル は 「 キミ に きめ た ! 」 、 ポスター に ホウオウ の 姿 '' . Natalie ( in Japanese ) . Natasha , Inc. 15 December 2016 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Frank , Allegra ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` Pokémon 's next movie takes Ash back to the beginning '' . Polygon . Jump up ^ Baseel , Casey ( 2 March 2017 ) . `` Here 's the first trailer for the Pokémon reboot / remake anime movie ( Video ) '' . SoraNews24 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pokémon I Choose You ! Anime Film 's 2nd Trailer Reveals Guest Cast , New Mythical Pokémon '' . Anime News Network . 8 April 2017 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Frank , Allegra ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` Pokémon 's next movie revisits the show 's first season before shaking everything up '' . Polygon . Jump up ^ Yoshitoshi , Shinomiya ( 13 July 2017 ) . `` 映画 『 劇場 版 ポケットモンスター キミ に きめ た ! 』 ( 7 月 15 日 公開 ) 「 ポケモン 映画 20 周年 記念 ビジュアル 」 の 情報 が 解禁 され まし た . '' . Shinomiya Yoshitoshi ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoffer , Christian ( 14 May 2017 ) . `` Fans Clamor for Veronica Taylor to Return as Ash Ketchum for New Pokemon Movie '' . WWG . Pop Culture Media . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Paul ( 3 July 2017 ) . `` Pokémon Reprises `` The Rise of Darkrai '' Song for 20th Summer Movie `` . Crunchyroll . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldfarb , Ed ( 2017 - 09 - 02 ) . `` For 20 years of Pokémon , Ash and Pikachu 's origin story is in theaters 11 / 5 & 11 / 6 . Excited to be part of it. http://bit.ly/pokemon-film '' . @ edgoldfarbmusic . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 08 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Casey ( 15 March 2017 ) . `` A Special Hat - Wearing Ash Pikachu Is Headed To Japan For Pokémon Sun & Moon '' . Siliconera . Curse . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Baseel , Casey ( 20 April 2017 ) . `` Poké Ball breath mint holder series will keep you from being a smelly Pokémon otaku '' . SoraNews24 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Become a Pokémon Master with Bandai 's Poké Ball Collection ! '' . Tokyo Otaku Mode. 21 April 2017 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Dennison , Kara ( 23 April 2017 ) . `` Premium Bandai Now Offering Real * Pokéballs '' . Crunchyroll . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` S.H. Figuarts Brings Ash and Team Rocket Together Again ! '' . Tokyo Otaku Mode. 2 March 2017 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Kahotan ( 12 July 2017 ) . `` Nendoroid Ash & Pikachu ( Pokémon ) '' . Kahotan 's Blog . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Sounders , Mike ( 13 July 2017 ) . `` Still not a Pokemon champion Ash Ketchum is now available in Nendoroid form , with a catch '' . Destructoid . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoffer , Christian ( 10 July 2017 ) . `` New Pokemon Movie Just Erased Two Key Characters from Ash 's Past '' . WWG . Pop Culture Media . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Ashcraft , Brian ( 10 July 2017 ) . `` New Pokémon Movie Rewrites History , Ditches Brock And Misty '' . Kotaku . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Hemmings , Hannah Mylrea ( 11 July 2017 ) . `` Brock and Misty are being written out of Pokémon , and these people 's childhoods are ruined '' . NME . Time Inc . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ May , Callum ( 17 July 2017 ) . `` Pokémon the Movie : I Choose You ! '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 国内 映画 ランキング : 2017 年 7 月 18 日 発表 ( 毎週 火曜 更新 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Eiga.com . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 国内 映画 ランキング : 2017 年 8 月 7 日 発表 ( 毎週 火曜 更新 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Eiga.com . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Japanese movie website Pokemon.co.jp movie website Pokémon the Movie : I Choose You ! on IMDb Pokémon the Movie : I Choose You ! ( anime ) at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia Pokémon Nintendo Game Freak Satoshi Tajiri Ken Sugimori Junichi Masuda Creatures Inc . 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'' Adventures on the Orange Islands The Johto Journeys Johto League Champions Master Quest Advanced Generation Advanced Advanced Challenge Advanced Battle Battle Frontier Diamond and Pearl Diamond and Pearl DP : Battle Dimension DP : Galactic Battles DP : Sinnoh League Victors Best Wishes Black & White BW : Rival Destinies BW : Adventures in Unova BW : Adventures in Unova and Beyond XY XY Kalos Quest XY & Z Sun and Moon Sun and Moon Specials Mewtwo Returns Chronicles The Mastermind of Mirage Pokémon Origins Generations Films Original The First Movie 2000 4Ever Heroes Advanced Generation Jirachi Wish Maker Destiny Deoxys Lucario and the Mystery of Mew Pokémon Ranger and the Temple of the Sea Diamond and Pearl The Rise of Darkrai Giratina and the Sky Warrior Arceus and the Jewel of Life Zoroark : Master of Illusions Best Wishes Black -- Victini and Reshiram & White -- Victini and Zekrom Kyurem vs. the Sword of Justice Genesect and the Legend Awakened XY Diancie and the Cocoon of Destruction Hoopa and the Clash of Ages Volcanion and the Mechanical Marvel Sun and Moon I Choose You ! Manga series ( Volume list ) Pocket Monsters Pokémon Adventures Magical Pokémon Journey The Electric Tale of Pikachu Battle Frontier Ginji 's Rescue Team Pokémon Diamond and Pearl Adventure ! Pocket Monsters RéBURST Pokémon Black and White Characters TV series Ash Ketchum Pikachu Brock Misty Team Rocket Meowth Others Pokémon Adventures Pokémon species Controversies Burger King recall Black and Blue Controversial episodes `` Dennō Senshi Porygon '' Fandom Pokémon Apokélypse Pokémon Sage Pokémon Uranium Twitch Plays Pokémon Other Gameplay of Pokémon Pikachu ( sculpture ) Pokémon Live ! Trading Card Game Trading Figure Game Universe Theme songs `` Pokémon Theme '' Lavender Town Play ! Pokémon Poképark Pokémon : Tenth Anniversary Pokémon Junior Super Smash Bros . 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( 2017 -- present ) Beyblade Burst God ( 2017 -- present ) The Snack World ( 2017 -- present ) 100 % Pascal - sensei ( 2017 -- present ) PriPri Chii - chan ! ! ( 2017 -- present ) Atom : The Beginning ( 2017 ) Tomica Hyper Rescue Drive Head Kidō Kyūkyū Keisatsu ( 2017 -- present ) Films Pokémon : The First Movie ( 1998 ) Pokémon : The Movie 2000 ( 1999 ) Pokémon 3 : The Movie ( 2000 ) Pokémon 4Ever ( 2001 ) Pokémon Heroes ( 2002 ) Pokémon : Jirachi Wish Maker ( 2003 ) Pokémon : Destiny Deoxys ( 2004 ) Blade of the Phantom Master ( 2004 ) Pokémon : Lucario and the Mystery of Mew ( 2005 ) Pokémon Ranger and the Temple of the Sea ( 2006 ) Dōbutsu no Mori ( 2006 ) Pokémon : The Rise of Darkrai ( 2007 ) Tamagotchi : The Movie ( 2007 ) Pokémon : Giratina and the Sky Warrior ( 2008 ) Tamagotchi : Happiest Story in the Universe ! ( 2008 ) Pokémon : Arceus and the Jewel of Life ( 2009 ) Professor Layton and the Eternal Diva ( 2009 ) Pokémon : Zoroark : Master of Illusions ( 2010 ) Inazuma Eleven : Saikyō Gundan Ōga Shūrai ( 2010 ) Pokémon the Movie : Black -- Victini and Reshiram and White -- Victini and Zekrom ( 2011 ) Inazuma Eleven GO : Kyūkyoku no Kizuna Gurifon ( 2011 ) Pokémon the Movie : Kyurem vs. the Sword of Justice ( 2012 ) Inazuma Eleven GO vs. Danbōru Senki W ( 2012 ) Pokémon the Movie : Genesect and the Legend Awakened ( 2013 ) Eiga Hana Kappa Hana - sake ! Pakkaan Cho no Kuni no Daiboken ( 2013 ) Pokémon the Movie : Diancie and the Cocoon of Destruction ( 2014 ) Yo - kai Watch : The Movie ( 2014 ) Pokémon the Movie : Hoopa and the Clash of Ages ( 2015 ) Yo - kai Watch : Enma Daiō to Itsutsu no Monogatari da Nyan ! 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does the new pokemon movie come out | [
"\n\nRelease date\n\n\n\n\nJuly 6, 2017 (2017-07-06) (Japan Expo)\nJuly 15, 2017 (2017-07-15) (Japan)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
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"July 15, 2017"
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9001143381337056744 | Plumbing | Plumbing - wikipedia Plumbing Jump to : navigation , search A complex arrangement of rigid steel piping and stop valves regulate flow to various parts of the building Plumbing is any system that conveys fluids for a wide range of applications . Plumbing uses pipes , valves , plumbing fixtures , tanks , and other apparatuses to convey fluids . Heating and cooling ( HVAC ) , waste removal , and potable water delivery are among the most common uses for plumbing , but it is not limited to these applications . The word derives from the Latin for lead , plumbum , as the first effective pipes used in the Roman era were lead pipes . In the developed world , plumbing infrastructure is critical to public health and sanitation . Boilermakers and pipefitters are not plumbers , although they work with piping as part of their trade , but their work can include some plumbing . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Systems 3 Water pipes 3.1 History 4 Difference between pipes and tubes 4.1 Materials 4.1. 1 Steel 4.1. 2 Copper 4.1. 3 Plastic 4.2 Gallery 5 Components 5.1 Sealants 6 Equipment and tools 7 Problems 8 Regulation 9 See also 10 References 11 Notes 12 Further reading 13 External links History ( edit ) See also : History of plumbing and Sanitation in ancient Rome Roman lead pipe with a folded seam , at the Roman Baths in Bath , England Plumbing originated during ancient civilizations such as the Greek , Roman , Persian , Indian , and Chinese cities as they developed public baths and needed to provide potable water and wastewater removal , for larger numbers of people . Standardized earthen plumbing pipes with broad flanges making use of asphalt for preventing leakages appeared in the urban settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization by 2700 BC . The Romans used lead pipe inscriptions to prevent water theft . The word `` plumber '' dates from the Roman Empire . The Latin for lead is plumbum . Roman roofs used lead in conduits and drain pipes and some were also covered with lead , lead was also used for piping and for making baths . Plumbing reached its early apex in ancient Rome , which saw the introduction of expansive systems of aqueducts , tile wastewater removal , and widespread use of lead pipes . With the Fall of Rome both water supply and sanitation stagnated -- or regressed -- for well over 1,000 years . Improvement was very slow , with little effective progress made until the growth of modern densely populated cities in the 1800s . During this period , public health authorities began pressing for better waste disposal systems to be installed , to prevent or control epidemics of disease . Earlier , the waste disposal system had merely consisted of collecting waste and dumping it on the ground or into a river . Eventually the development of separate , underground water and sewage systems eliminated open sewage ditches and cesspools . Most large cities today pipe solid wastes to sewage treatment plants in order to separate and partially purify the water , before emptying into streams or other bodies of water . For potable water use , galvanized iron piping was commonplace in the United States from the late 1800s until around 1960 . After that period , copper piping took over , first soft copper with flared fittings , then with rigid copper tubing utilizing soldered fittings . The use of lead for potable water declined sharply after World War II because of increased awareness of the dangers of lead poisoning . At this time , copper piping was introduced as a better and safer alternative to lead pipes . Systems ( edit ) Copper piping system in a building The major categories of plumbing systems or subsystems are : potable cold and hot tap water supply plumbing drainage venting sewage systems and septic systems with or without hot water heat recycling and graywater recovery and treatment systems Rainwater , surface , and subsurface water drainage fuel gas piping hydronics , i.e. heating and cooling systems utilizing water to transport thermal energy , as in district heating systems , like for example the New York City steam system . Water pipes ( edit ) Not to be confused with Hookah or Bong . A system of copper water tubes used in a radiator heating system . A water pipe is a pipe or tube , frequently made of plastic or metal , that carries pressurized and treated fresh water to a building ( as part of a municipal water system ) , as well as inside the building . History ( edit ) Main article : History of water supply and sanitation Old water pipe , remnant of the Machine de Marly near Versailles , France For many centuries , lead was the favoured material for water pipes , because its malleability made it practical to work into the desired shape . ( Such use was so common that the word `` plumbing '' derives from plumbum , the Latin word for lead . ) This was a source of lead - related health problems in the years before the health hazards of ingesting lead were fully understood ; among these were stillbirths and high rates of infant mortality . Lead water pipes were still widely used in the early 20th century , and remain in many households . In addition , lead - tin alloy solder was commonly used to join copper pipes , but modern practice uses tin - antimony alloy solder instead , in order to eliminate lead hazards . Despite the Romans ' common use of lead pipes , their aqueducts rarely poisoned people . Unlike other parts of the world where lead pipes cause poisoning , the Roman water had so much calcium in it that a layer of plaque prevented the water contacting the lead itself . What often causes confusion is the large amount of evidence of widespread lead poisoning , particularly amongst those who would have had easy access to piped water . This was an unfortunate result of lead being used in cookware and as an additive to processed food and drink , for example as a preservative in wine . Roman lead pipe inscriptions provided information on the owner to prevent water theft . Wooden pipes were used in London and elsewhere during the 16th and 17th centuries . The pipes were hollowed - out logs , which were tapered at the end with a small hole in which the water would pass through . The multiple pipes were then sealed together with hot animal fat . They were often used in Montreal and Boston in the 1800s , and built - up wooden tubes were widely used in the USA during the 20th century . These pipes , used in place of corrugated iron or reinforced concrete pipes , were made of sections cut from short lengths of wood . Locking of adjacent rings with hardwood dowel pins produced a flexible structure . About 100,000 feet of these wooden pipes were installed during WW2 in drainage culverts , storm sewers and conduits , under highways and at army camps , naval stations , airfields and ordnance plants . Cast iron and ductile iron pipe was long a lower - cost alternative to copper , before the advent of durable plastic materials but special non-conductive fittings must be used where transitions are to be made to other metallic pipes , except for terminal fittings , in order to avoid corrosion owing to electrochemical reactions between dissimilar metals ( see galvanic cell ) . Bronze fittings and short pipe segments are commonly used in combination with various materials . Difference between pipes and tubes ( edit ) Typical PVC municipal water main being installed in Ontario , Canada A plastic water pipe being installed . Note that the inner tube is actually transporting the water , while the outer tube only serves as a protective casing The difference between pipes and tubes is simply in the way it is sized . PVC pipe for plumbing applications and galvanized steel pipe for instance , are measured in IPS ( iron pipe size ) . Copper tube , CPVC , PeX and other tubing is measured nominally , which is basically an average diameter . These sizing schemes allow for universal adaptation of transitional fittings . For instance , 1 / 2 '' PeX tubing is the same size as 1 / 2 '' copper tubing. 1 / 2 '' PVC on the other hand is not the same size as 1 / 2 '' tubing , and therefore requires either a threaded male or female adapter to connect them . When used in agricultural irrigation , the singular form `` pipe '' is often used as a plural . Pipe is available in rigid `` joints '' , which come in various lengths depending on the material . Tubing , in particular copper , comes in rigid hard tempered `` joints '' or soft tempered ( annealed ) rolls . PeX and CPVC tubing also comes in rigid `` joints '' or flexible rolls . The temper of the copper , that is whether it is a rigid `` joint '' or flexible roll , does not affect the sizing . The thicknesses of the water pipe and tube walls can vary . Pipe wall thickness is denoted by various schedules or for large bore polyethylene pipe in the UK by the Standard Dimension Ratio ( SDR ) , defined as the ratio of the pipe diameter to its wall thickness . Pipe wall thickness increases with schedule , and is available in schedules 20 , 40 , 80 , and higher in special cases . The schedule is largely determined by the operating pressure of the system , with higher pressures commanding greater thickness . Copper tubing is available in four wall thicknesses : type DWV ( thinnest wall ; only allowed as drain pipe per UPC ) , type ' M ' ( thin ; typically only allowed as drain pipe by IPC code ) , type ' L ' ( thicker , standard duty for water lines and water service ) , and type ' K ' ( thickest , typically used underground between the main and the meter ) . Because piping and tubing are commodities , having a greater wall thickness implies higher initial cost . Thicker walled pipe generally implies greater durability and higher pressure tolerances . Wall thickness does not affect pipe or tubing size . 1 / 2 '' L copper has the same outer diameter as 1 / 2 '' K or M copper . The same applies to pipe schedules . As a result , a slight increase in pressure losses is realized due to a decrease in flowpath as wall thickness is increased . In other words , 1 foot of 1 / 2 '' L copper has slightly less volume than 1 foot of 1 / 2 M copper . Materials ( edit ) Water systems of ancient times relied on gravity for the supply of water , using pipes or channels usually made of clay , lead , bamboo , wood , or stone . Hollowed wooden logs wrapped in steel banding were used for plumbing pipes , particularly water mains . Logs were used for water distribution in England close to 500 years ago . US cities began using hollowed logs in the late 1700s through the 1800s . Today , most plumbing supply pipe is made out of steel , copper , and plastic ; most waste ( also known as `` soil '' ) out of steel , copper , plastic , and cast iron . The straight sections of plumbing systems are called `` pipes '' or `` tubes '' . A pipe is typically formed via casting or welding , whereas a tube is made through extrusion . Pipe normally has thicker walls and may be threaded or welded , while tubing is thinner - walled and requires special joining techniques such as brazing , compression fitting , crimping , or for plastics , solvent welding . These joining techniques are discussed in more detail in the piping and plumbing fittings article . Steel ( edit ) Main article : Galvanized pipe Galvanized steel potable water supply and distribution pipes are commonly found with nominal pipe sizes from ⁄ inch ( 9.5 mm ) to 2 inches ( 51 mm ) . It is rarely used today for new construction residential plumbing . Steel pipe has National Pipe Thread ( NPT ) standard tapered male threads , which connect with female tapered threads on elbows , tees , couplers , valves , and other fittings . Galvanized steel ( often known simply as `` galv '' or `` iron '' in the plumbing trade ) is relatively expensive , and difficult to work with due to weight and requirement of a pipe threader . It remains in common use for repair of existing `` galv '' systems and to satisfy building code non-combustibility requirements typically found in hotels , apartment buildings and other commercial applications . It is also extremely durable and resistant to mechanical abuse . Black lacquered steel pipe is the most widely used pipe material for fire sprinklers and natural gas . Most typical single family home systems wo n't require supply piping larger than ⁄ inch ( 19 mm ) due to expense as well as steel piping 's tendency to become obstructed from internal rusting and mineral deposits forming on the inside of the pipe over time once the internal galvanizing zinc coating has degraded . In potable water distribution service , galvanized steel pipe has a service life of about 30 to 50 years , although it is not uncommon for it to be less in geographic areas with corrosive water contaminants . Copper ( edit ) Main article : Copper tubing Copper pipe and tubing was widely used for domestic water systems in the latter half of the twentieth century . Demand for copper products has fallen due to the dramatic increase in the price of copper , resulting in increased demand for alternative products including PEX and stainless steel . Plastic ( edit ) Main article : Plastic pipework Plastic hot and cold supply piping for a sink Plastic pipe is in wide use for domestic water supply and drain - waste - vent ( DWV ) pipe . Principal types include : Polyvinyl chloride ( PVC ) was produced experimentally in the 19th century but did not become practical to manufacture until 1926 , when Waldo Semon of BF Goodrich Co. developed a method to plasticize PVC , making it easier to process . PVC pipe began to be manufactured in the 1940s and was in wide use for Drain - Waste - Vent piping during the reconstruction of Germany and Japan following WWII . In the 1950s , plastics manufacturers in Western Europe and Japan began producing acrylonitrile butadiene styrene ( ABS ) pipe . The method for producing cross-linked polyethylene ( PEX ) was also developed in the 1950s . Plastic supply pipes have become increasingly common , with a variety of materials and fittings employed . PVC / CPVC -- rigid plastic pipes similar to PVC drain pipes but with thicker walls to deal with municipal water pressure , introduced around 1970 . PVC stands for polyvinyl chloride , and it has become a common replacement for metal piping . PVC should be used only for cold water , or for venting . CPVC can be used for hot and cold potable water supply . Connections are made with primers and solvent cements as required by code . PP -- The material is used primarily in housewares , food packaging , and clinical equipment , but since the early 1970s has seen increasing use worldwide for both domestic hot and cold water . PP pipes are heat fused , being unsuitable for the use of glues , solvents , or mechanical fittings . PP pipe is often used in green building projects . PBT -- flexible ( usually gray or black ) plastic pipe which is attached to barbed fittings and secured in place with a copper crimp ring . The primary manufacturer of PBT tubing and fittings was driven into bankruptcy by a class - action lawsuit over failures of this system . However , PB and PBT tubing has since returned to the market and codes , typically first for `` exposed locations '' such as risers . PEX -- cross-linked polyethylene system with mechanically joined fittings employing barbs , and crimped steel or copper rings . Polytanks -- plastic polyethylene cisterns , underground water tanks , above ground water tanks , are usually made of linear polyethylene suitable as a potable water storage tank , provided in white , black or green . Aqua -- known as PEX - Al - PEX , for its PEX / aluminum sandwich , consisting of aluminum pipe sandwiched between layers of PEX , and connected with modified brass compression fittings . In 2005 , a large number of these fittings were recalled . Present - day water - supply systems use a network of high - pressure pumps , and pipes in buildings are now made of copper , brass , plastic ( particularly cross-linked polyethylene called PEX , which is estimated to be used in 60 % of single - family homes ) , or other nontoxic material . Due to its toxicity , most cities moved away from lead water - supply piping by the 1920s in the United States , although lead pipes were approved by national plumbing codes into the 1980s , and lead was used in plumbing solder for drinking water until it was banned in 1986 . Drain and vent lines are made of plastic , steel , cast - iron , or lead . Gallery ( edit ) Monument to water pipe in Mytishchi ( Russia ) A specific water pipe made for use with pressure vessels . The pipe can sustain high pressure - water and is relatively small Concrete water pipe Connecting to an existing water line ( white pipe ) with a stainless steel tapping sleeve and valve ( red ) . A concrete thrust block is being formed behind the new connection . Components ( edit ) A variety of stainless steel plumbing components commonly used to connect various pipes and devices together See also : Piping and plumbing fittings , Valves , and Plumbing fixtures In addition to lengths of pipe or tubing , pipe fittings are used in plumbing systems , such as valves , elbows , tees , and unions . Pipe and fittings are held in place with pipe hangers and strapping . Plumbing fixtures are exchangeable devices using water that can be connected to a building 's plumbing system . They are considered to be `` fixtures '' , in that they are semi-permanent parts of buildings , not usually owned or maintained separately . Plumbing fixtures are seen by and designed for the end - users . Some examples of fixtures include water closets ( also known as toilets ) , urinals , bidets , showers , bathtubs , utility and kitchen sinks , drinking fountains , ice makers , humidifiers , air washers , fountains , and eye wash stations . Sealants ( edit ) Threaded pipe joints are sealed with thread seal tape or pipe dope . Many plumbing fixtures are sealed to their mounting surfaces with plumber 's putty . Equipment and tools ( edit ) A plumber tightening the fitting on a gas supply line . Plumbing equipment includes devices often hidden behind walls or in utility spaces which are not seen by the general public . It includes water meters , pumps , expansion tanks , back flow preventers , water filters , UV sterilization lights , water softeners , water heaters , heat exchangers , gauges , and control systems . There are many tools a plumber needs to do a good plumbing job . While many simple plumbing tasks can be completed with a few common hand held tools , other more complex jobs require specialised tools , designed specifically to make the job easier . Specialized plumbing tools include pipe wrenches , flaring pliers , pipe vise , pipe bending machine , pipe cutter , dies and joining tools such as soldering torches and crimp tools . New tools have been developed to help plumbers fix problems more efficiently . For example , plumbers use video cameras for inspections of hidden leaks or problems , they use hydro jets , and high pressure hydraulic pumps connected to steel cables for trench-less sewer line replacement . Flooding from excessive rain or clogged sewers may require specialized equipment , such as a heavy duty pumper truck designed to vacuum raw sewage . Problems ( edit ) Bacteria have been shown to live in `` premises plumbing systems '' . The latter refers to the `` pipes and fixtures within a building that transport water to taps after it is delivered by the utility '' . Community water systems have been known for centuries to spread waterborne diseases like typhoid and cholera , however `` opportunistic premises plumbing pathogens '' have been recognized only more recently ; Legionella pneumophila discovered in 1976 , Mycobacterium avium , and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are the most commonly tracked bacteria , which people with depressed immunity can inhale or ingest and may become infected with . These opportunistic pathogens can grow for example in faucets , shower heads , water heaters and along pipe walls . Reasons that favor their growth are `` high surface - to - volume ratio , intermittent stagnation , low disinfectant residual , and warming cycles '' . A high surface - to - volume ratio , i.e. a relatively large surface area allows the bacteria to form a biofilm , which protects them from disinfection . Regulation ( edit ) A pipe wrench for holding and turning pipe Much of the plumbing work in populated areas is regulated by government or quasi-government agencies due to the direct impact on the public 's health , safety , and welfare . Plumbing installation and repair work on residences and other buildings generally must be done according to plumbing and building codes to protect the inhabitants of the buildings and to ensure safe , quality construction to future buyers . If permits are required for work , plumbing contractors typically secure them from the authorities on behalf of home or building owners . In the United Kingdom the professional body is the Chartered Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering ( educational charity status ) and it is true that the trade still remains virtually ungoverned ; there are no systems in place to monitor or control the activities of unqualified plumbers or those home owners who choose to undertake installation and maintenance works themselves , despite the health and safety issues which arise from such works when they are undertaken incorrectly ; see Health Aspects of Plumbing ( HAP ) published jointly by the World Health Organization ( WHO ) and the World Plumbing Council ( WPC ) . WPC has subsequently appointed a representative to the World Health Organization to take forward various projects related to Health Aspects of Plumbing . In the United States , plumbing codes and licensing are generally controlled by state and local governments . At the national level , the Environmental Protection Agency has set guidelines about what constitutes lead - free plumbing fittings and pipes , in order to comply with the Safe Drinking Water Act . Some widely used Standards in the United States are : ASME A112. 6.3 -- Floor and Trench Drains ASME A112. 6.4 -- Roof , Deck , and Balcony Drains ASME A112. 18.1 / CSA B125. 1 -- Plumbing Supply Fittings ASME A112. 19.1 / CSA B45. 2 -- Enameled Cast Iron and Enameled Steel Plumbing Fixtures ASME A112. 19.2 / CSA B45. 1 -- Ceramic Plumbing Fixtures See also ( edit ) Active fire protection Copper pipe Domestic water system Double - walled pipe EPA Lead and Copper Rule Fire hose Flange Garden hose Heat pipe Hose MS Pipe , MS Tube Passive fire protection Pipe Pipe fitting Pipe network analysis Pipeline transport Piping and plumbing fittings Plastic pipework Plastic pressure pipe systems Plumbing & Drainage Institute Plumbosolvency Sanitation in ancient Rome Tube Victaulic Water supply network References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Muscroft , Steve ( 2016 - 03 - 14 ) . Plumbing . Elsevier . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Blankenbaker , Keith . Modern Plumbing . Goodheart Willcox . Jump up ^ `` What Is The Origin Of The Word `` plumbing '' ? `` . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . May 12 , 1942 . Retrieved December 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Health Aspects of Plumbing '' . Jump up ^ Plumbing : the Arteries of Civilization , Modern Marvels video series , The History Channel , AAE - 42223 , A&E Television , 1996 Jump up ^ `` Archaeologists Urge Pentagon To Keep Soldiers From Destroying '' . Herald - Journal . Mar 19 , 2003 . Retrieved December 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Teresi et al. 2002 Jump up ^ Pulsifer , Notes For a History of Lead , New York University Press , 1888 pp. 132 , 158 Jump up ^ Middleton , The Remains of Ancient Rome , Vol. 2 , A & C Black , 1892 Jump up ^ Historical production and uses of lead . ila-lead.org ^ Jump up to : Kavanaugh , Sean . `` History of Plumbing Pipe and Plumbing Material '' . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Public Notice . Lead Contamination Informative City Ok Moscow Water System '' . Moscow - Pullman Daily News . August 12 , 1988 . Retrieved December 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Basic Plumbing System '' . Retrieved 4 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lead in Drinking Water '' . Epa.gov . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Hansen , Roger . `` WATER AND WASTEWATER SYSTEMS IN IMPERIAL ROME '' . Waterhistory.org . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Lead Poisoning : http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/wine/leadpoisoning.html ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Wooden water pipe '' . BBC . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Types of Pipe Material '' . Virginia 's Community Colleges . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Worldwide Market for Industrial and Domestic Water Equipment as of 2010 . PwC . March 2012 . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Difference between Pipes and Tubes '' . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wall thickness does not affect pipe o '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 3 , 2013 . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.cispi.org/products/types.aspx Cast Iron Soil Pipe Institute Jump up ^ `` What 's the difference between PVC and CPVC pipe ? '' . Jump up ^ Bidisha Mukherjee . `` Polypropylene Properties and Uses '' . Buzzle . Jump up ^ `` Walking The Talk '' . pmengineer.com . Jump up ^ Copper Tube Handbook , the Copper Development Association , New York , USA , 2006 Jump up ^ California 's PEX Battle Continues . Builderonline.com ^ Jump up to : Macek , MD. ; Matte , TD. ; Sinks , T. ; Malvitz , DM . ( Jan 2006 ) . `` Blood lead concentrations in children and method of water fluoridation in the United States , 1988 -- 1994 '' . Environ Health Perspect. 114 ( 1 ) : 130 -- 4 . doi : 10.1289 / ehp. 8319 . PMC 1332668 . PMID 16393670 . Jump up ^ Rabin , Richard ( 2017 - 03 - 06 ) . `` The Lead Industry and Lead Water Pipes `` A MODEST CAMPAIGN '' `` . American Journal of Public Health . 98 ( 9 ) : 1584 -- 1592 . doi : 10.2105 / AJPH. 2007.113555 . ISSN 0090 - 0036 . PMC 2509614 . PMID 18633098 . Jump up ^ Uniform Plumbing Code , IAPMO Jump up ^ International Plumbing Code , ICC Jump up ^ `` Miscellaneous Valves '' . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2009 . Retrieved December 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Basic Plumbing Principles '' . The Evening Independent . November 10 , 1926 . Retrieved December 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Key To Pop - up Drain Is Fresh Plumber 's Putty '' . Daily News . January 12 , 2003 . Retrieved December 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Plumbing Tool Kit Jump up ^ Carol Potera ( August 2015 ) . `` Plumbing Pathogens : A Fixture in Hospitals and Homes '' . Environ Health Perspectives ;. 123 ( 8 ) . doi : 10.1289 / ehp. 123 - A217 . PMC 4528999 . ^ Jump up to : Joseph O. Falkinham III ; Elizabeth D. Hilborn ; Matthew J. Arduino ; Amy Pruden ; Marc A. Edwards ( August 2015 ) . `` Epidemiology and Ecology of Opportunistic Premises Plumbing Pathogens : Legionella pneumophila , Mycobacterium avium , and Pseudomonas aeruginosa '' . Environ Health Perspectives ;. 123 ( 8 ) . doi : 10.1289 / ehp. 1408692 . Jump up ^ `` The Chartered Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering ( CIPHE ) '' . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Plumbing Council '' . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` WHO Health aspects of plumbing '' . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Plumbing Council '' . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2009 . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Section 1417 of the Safe Drinking Water Act : Prohibition on Use of Lead Pipes , Solder , and Flux '' . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Materials used to make water pipes are polyvinyl chloride , polypropylene , polyethylene , ductile iron , cast iron , steel , copper and formerly lead . Further reading ( edit ) Teresi , Dick ( 2002 ) . Lost Discoveries : The Ancient Roots of Modern Science -- from the Babylonians to the Maya . New York : Simon & Schuster . pp. 351 -- 352 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 83718 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Plumbing at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of plumbing at Wiktionary Quotations related to Plumbing at Wikiquote Plumbing at Wikibooks ATSDR Case Studies in Environmental Medicine : Lead Toxicity U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Lead Water Pipes and Infant Mortality in Turn - of - the - Century Massachusetts Case Studies in Environmental Medicine - Lead Toxicity ToxFAQs : Lead LCCN : sh85103551 BNF : cb11933155r ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plumbing&oldid=828065815 '' Categories : Plumbing Building engineering Bathrooms Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from March 2014 Articles containing Latin - language text Wikipedia articles that may have off - topic sections All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano ქართული മലയാളം 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська ייִדיש 粵語 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 10 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did they stop using lead solder in plumbing | [
"The use of lead for potable water declined sharply after World War II because of increased awareness of the dangers of lead poisoning. At this time, copper piping was introduced as a better and safer alternative to lead pipes.[11][12]"
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-63158432259950884 | This Is What It Feels Like | This Is What It Feels Like - wikipedia This Is What It Feels Like Jump to : navigation , search For the Banks song , see Goddess ( Banks album ) . `` This Is What It Feels Like '' Single by Armin van Buuren featuring Trevor Guthrie from the album Intense Released 29 April 2013 Format CD digital download Length 3 : 25 Label Armada Songwriter ( s ) Armin van Buuren Benno de Goeij Jenson Vaughan Trevor Guthrie John Ewbank Producer ( s ) Armin van Buuren Benno de Goeij Jenson Vaughan Armin van Buuren singles chronology `` Waiting For The Night '' ( 2013 ) `` This Is What It Feels Like '' ( 2013 ) `` Beautiful Life '' ( 2013 ) `` Waiting For The Night '' ( 2013 ) `` This is What It Feels Like '' ( 2013 ) `` Beautiful Life '' ( 2013 ) Remixes cover `` This Is What It Feels Like '' is a song by Dutch DJ and record producer Armin van Buuren . It features the vocals from Canadian singer and songwriter Trevor Guthrie . The song was released in the Netherlands by Armada Music as a digital download on 29 April 2013 as the second single from van Buuren 's fifth studio album Intense . It became a top 10 hit in ten countries . In the Netherlands , the song peaked at number 3 on the Dutch Top 40 . `` This Is What It Feels Like '' became van Buuren 's first top 10 hit in the United Kingdom , peaking at number 6 on the UK Singles Chart . The song was written by Armin van Buuren , Benno de Goeij , Jenson Vaughan , Trevor Guthrie and John Ewbank. Van Buuren wrote the instrumental with de Goeij and Ewbank in 2012 . Trevor Guthrie wrote the lyrics with Jenson Vaughan , and it was inspired by Guthrie 's neighbor who was diagnosed with a brain tumor . `` This Is What It Feels Like '' was nominated for the 2014 Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording . Contents ( hide ) 1 Music video 2 Track listing 3 Charts and certifications 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Certifications 3.3 Year - end charts 4 Release history 5 Jason Benoit version 5.1 Music video 5.2 Chart performance 6 References Music video ( edit ) A music video to accompany the release of `` This is What It Feels Like '' was first released onto YouTube on 17 March 2013 . The video also has a guest appearance from Ron Jeremy . As of September 2017 , it has received over 84 million views . Track listing ( edit ) Digital downloads `` This Is What It Feels Like '' -- 3 : 25 `` This Is What It Feels Like '' ( Extended Mix ) -- 5 : 16 `` This Is What It Feels Like '' ( W&W Remix ) -- 6 : 16 `` This Is What It Feels Like '' ( David Guetta Remix ) -- 5 : 28 `` This Is What It Feels Like '' ( Antillas and Dankann Remix ) -- 5 : 44 `` This Is What It Feels Like '' ( Antillas and Dankann Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 34 `` This Is What It Feels Like '' ( Giuseppe Ottaviani Remix ) -- 6 : 38 `` This Is What It Feels Like '' ( Giuseppe Ottaviani Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 55 `` This Is What It Feels Like '' ( John Ewbank Classical Remix ) -- 3 : 12 UK CD single `` This Is What It Feels Like '' -- 3 : 25 `` This Is What It Feels Like '' ( Extended Mix ) -- 5 : 16 `` This Is What It Feels Like '' ( W&W Remix ) -- 6 : 16 `` Waiting for the Night '' -- 3 : 03 German CD single `` This Is What It Feels Like '' -- 3 : 25 `` This Is What It Feels Like '' ( David Guetta Remix ) -- 5 : 28 Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 13 Australia Dance ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 7 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 8 Belgium Dance ( Ultratop Flanders ) 7 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 17 Belgium Dance ( Ultratop Flanders ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 6 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 11 France ( SNEP ) 170 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 42 Hungary ( Dance Top 40 ) 32 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 9 Ireland ( IRMA ) 32 Israel ( Media Forest ) 8 Mexico Ingles Airplay ( Billboard ) 31 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Poland ( Dance Top 50 ) 30 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 31 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 15 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 6 UK Dance ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 96 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 31 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 35 US Hot Dance / Electronic Songs ( Billboard ) 10 US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 2x Platinum 189,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 15,000 Netherlands ( NVPI ) 7 × Platinum 150,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 85 Australia Dance ( ARIA ) 18 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 38 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 37 Belgium Dance ( Ultratop Flanders ) 27 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 90 Belgium Dance ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 17 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 19 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 59 Italy ( FIMI ) 84 Netherlands ( Mega Single Top 100 ) 7 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 59 US Dance / Electronic Songs ( Billboard ) 23 Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Netherlands 29 April 2013 Digital download Armada United Kingdom 3 May 2013 6 May 2013 CD single Germany 31 May 2013 Jason Benoit version ( edit ) `` This Is What It Feels Like '' Single by Jason Benoit Released 10 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 10 ) Genre Country Length 3 : 47 Label Sky Hit Songwriter ( s ) Armin van Buuren Benno de Goeij Jenson Vaughan Trevor Guthrie John Ewbank Producer ( s ) Brandon DeMarco Dave Thompson Jason Benoit singles chronology `` This Is What It Feels Like '' ( 2013 ) `` Crazy Kinda Love '' ( 2014 ) `` This Is What It Feels Like '' ( 2013 ) `` Crazy Kinda Love '' ( 2014 ) `` This Is What It Feels Like '' was covered by Canadian country music artist Jason Benoit and released through Sky Hit Records , under license to Sony Music Canada , as Benoit 's debut single on 10 September 2013 . His rendition reached number 46 on the Billboard Canada Country chart . It received positive reviews for Benoit 's `` strong vocal performance '' was also included on the compilation album , Country Heat 2014 . Music video ( edit ) An official lyric video was uploaded to Benoit 's Vevo channel on 4 October 2013 . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position Canada Country ( Billboard ) 46 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Anthems - Ultimate Singles Collected ( booklet ) . Armin van Buuren . Armada Music . 2014 . ARMA395 . Jump up ^ `` GRAMMY.com '' . Grammy Awards . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 03 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Armin van Buuren feat . Trevor Guthrie - This Is What It Feels Like ( Official Video HD ) on YouTube Jump up ^ This Is What It Feels Like ( Limited Signed Edition ) ( CD Single ) : Amazon.co.uk : Music Jump up ^ This Is What It Feels Like : Amazon.de : Musik Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Armin van Buuren feat . Trevor Guthrie -- This Is What It Feels Like '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Report : Issue 1225 '' ( PDF ) . ARIA . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Armin van Buuren feat . Trevor Guthrie -- This Is What It Feels Like '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ultratop.be -- Armin van Buuren feat . Trevor Guthrie -- This Is What It Feels Like '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ultratop.be -- Armin van Buuren feat . Trevor Guthrie -- This Is What It Feels Like '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Armin van Buuren -- Chart history '' Canadian Hot 100 for Armin van Buuren . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201331 into search . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Armin van Buuren feat . Trevor Guthrie -- This Is What It Feels Like '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Armin van Buuren feat . Trevor Guthrie -- This Is What It Feels Like '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Dance Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 24 , 2013 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` ( ( ( artist ) ) ) -- ( ( ( song ) ) ) Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Jump up ^ `` Mexico Ingles Airplay '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Armin van Buuren feat . Trevor Guthrie search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Dance Top 50 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201334 into search . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Armin van Buuren feat . Trevor Guthrie -- This Is What It Feels Like '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Armin van Buuren feat . Trevor Guthrie -- This Is What It Feels Like '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Official Dance Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Armin van Buuren -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Armin van Buuren . Jump up ^ `` Armin van Buuren -- Chart history '' Billboard Pop Songs for Armin van Buuren . Jump up ^ `` Armin van Buuren -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs for Armin van Buuren . Jump up ^ `` Armin van Buuren -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Dance / Electronic Songs for Armin van Buuren . Jump up ^ `` Armin van Buuren -- Chart history '' Billboard Dance / Mix Show Airplay for Armin van Buuren . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2013 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Armin van Buuren -- This Is What It Feels Like '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ Bliss , Karen ( January 10 , 2014 ) . `` Canada 's Digital Music Sales Rise in 2013 Unlike the U.S. ; Eminem , Robin Thicke Among Top Selling Artists '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Armin van Buuren feat . Trevor Guthrie -- This Is What It Feels Like '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 13 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch single certifications -- Armin van Buuren feat . Trevor Guthrie -- This Is What It Feels Like '' ( in Dutch ) . Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld - en geluidsdragers . Retrieved 13 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Singles 2013 '' . ARIA Charts . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 50 Dance Singles 2013 '' . ARIA Charts . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` JAHRESHITPARADE SINGLES 2013 '' ( in German ) . Austrian Charts Portal . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` JAAROVERZICHTEN 2013 : Singles '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop ( NL ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` JAAROVERZICHTEN 2013 : Dance '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop ( NL ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RAPPORTS ANNUELS 2013 : Singles '' ( in French ) . Ultratop ( FR ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RAPPORTS ANNUELS 2013 : Dance '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop ( FR ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 : 2013 Year - End Charts '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MAHASZ Rádiós TOP 100 - radios 2013 '' ( in Hungarian ) . MAHASZ . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CLASSIFICHE ANNUALI 2013 TOP OF THE MUSIC BY FIMI GfK '' ( in Italian ) . FIMI . January 9 , 2014 . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch charts portal '' ( in Dutch ) . Mega Single Top 100 . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts : 2013 '' ( PDF ) . UKChartsPlus via Official Charts Company . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dance / Electronic Songs : 2013 Year - End Charts '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ iTunes - Music - This Is What It Feels Like ( feat . Trevor Guthrie ) ( Remixes ) by Armin van Buuren . NL Jump up ^ iTunes - Music - This Is What It Feels Like ( feat . Trevor Guthrie ) ( Remixes ) by Armin van Buuren . UK Jump up ^ `` This Is What It Feels Like - Single by Jason Benoit '' . iTunes Store ( Canada ) . iTunes Store . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Search '' . Billboard Canada Country for Jason Benoit . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Doole , Kerry ( 11 September 2013 ) . `` Jason Benoit - This Is What It Feels Like - Single Review '' . New Canadian Music . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Country Heat 2014 by Various Artists '' . iTunes Store ( Canada ) . Apple Inc . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ JasonBenoitVEVO ( 4 October 2013 ) . `` Jason Benoit - This Is What It Feels Like '' . YouTube . Google . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Benoit -- Chart history '' Billboard Canada Country for Jason Benoit . ( hide ) Armin van Buuren Studio albums 76 Shivers Imagine Mirage Intense Embrace Remix albums Imagine -- The Remixes Mirage -- The Remixes Intense -- The More Intense Edition Compilation albums 10 Years Armin Anthems - Ultimate Singles Collected The Best of Armin Only DJ Mixes A State of Trance A State of Trance 2004 A State of Trance 2005 A State of Trance 2006 A State of Trance 2007 A State of Trance 2008 A State of Trance 2009 A State of Trance 2010 A State of Trance 2011 A State of Trance 2012 A State of Trance 2013 A State of Trance 2014 A State of Trance 2015 A State of Trance 2016 A State of Trance 2017 A State of Trance Year Mix A State of Trance Year Mix 2004 A State of Trance Year Mix 2005 A State of Trance Year Mix 2006 A State of Trance Year Mix 2007 A State of Trance Year Mix 2008 A State of Trance Year Mix 2009 A State of Trance Year Mix 2010 A State of Trance Year Mix 2011 A State of Trance Year Mix 2012 A State of Trance Year Mix 2013 A State of Trance Year Mix 2014 A State of Trance Year Mix 2015 A State of Trance Year Mix 2016 Universal Religion Universal Religion Chapter 1 Universal Religion Chapter 2 Universal Religion Chapter 3 Universal Religion Chapter 4 Universal Religion Chapter 5 Universal Religion Chapter 6 Universal Religion Chapter 7 Video games Armin van Buuren : In the Mix Related articles Discography A State of Trance A State of Trance special events Armin Only Armada Music Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=This_Is_What_It_Feels_Like&oldid=802364857 '' Categories : 2013 singles Armin van Buuren songs 2013 songs Songs written by Armin van Buuren Songs written by Jenson Vaughan Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Hungarian - language sources ( hu ) Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarydance Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Irish Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Polishdance Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for UKdance Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceelectronic Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceairplay Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Netherlands Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadacountry Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 18 : 24 . About Wikipedia | who sings this is what it feels like | [
"\"This Is What It Feels Like\" is a song by Dutch DJ and record producer Armin van Buuren. It features the vocals from Canadian singer and songwriter Trevor Guthrie. The song was released in the Netherlands by Armada Music as a digital download on 29 April 2013 as the second single from van Buuren's fifth studio album Intense. It became a top 10 hit in ten countries. In the Netherlands, the song peaked at number 3 on the Dutch Top 40. \"This Is What It Feels Like\" became van Buuren's first top 10 hit in the United Kingdom, peaking at number 6 on the UK Singles Chart."
] | [
"Trevor Guthrie"
] |
7812002640330686829 | 9 to 5 (Sheena Easton song) | 9 to 5 ( Sheena Easton song ) - wikipedia 9 to 5 ( Sheena Easton song ) Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with `` 9 to 5 '' ( Dolly Parton song ) , which charted the same year . `` 9 to 5 '' Single by Sheena Easton from the album Take My Time B - side `` Moody ( My Love ) '' Released 16 May 1980 ( UK ) February 1981 ( US ) Format 7 '' Recorded 1980 Genre Pop Length 3 : 20 Label EMI Songwriter ( s ) Florrie Palmer Producer ( s ) Christopher Neil Sheena Easton singles chronology `` Modern Girl '' ( 1980 ) `` 9 to 5 '' ( 1980 ) `` One Man Woman '' ( 1980 ) `` Modern Girl '' ( 1980 ) `` 9 to 5 ( Morning Train ) '' ( 1980 ) `` One Man Woman '' ( 1980 ) `` 9 to 5 '' ( or `` Morning Train '' ) is the title of a popular song written by British songwriter Florrie Palmer and recorded by Sheena Easton in 1980 , becoming her biggest hit . It peaked at number three in the United Kingdom in August 1980 and was certified gold . It was released in the United States in February 1981 , where it reached number one , becoming Easton 's only number one chart - topper . Easton had released one single prior to `` 9 to 5 '' : `` Modern Girl '' . This had failed to chart highly , but after exposure on the BBC documentary , The Big Time , Pop Singer , both `` 9 to 5 '' and `` Modern Girl '' were propelled into the top ten at the same time , making her the second female artist ( after Ruby Murray ) to achieve this feat . `` 9 to 5 '' became a top three hit and was one of the best - selling singles of the year . Early in 1981 , EMI Records decided to launch Easton in the US and released `` 9 to 5 '' as her debut single . The title of the song was changed to `` Morning Train ( Nine to Five ) '' to avoid confusion with the Dolly Parton song of the same name , which charted nearly simultaneously with Easton 's record . Easton 's song went to # 1 on both the U.S. pop and adult contemporary charts ; it remained at the top for two weeks on Billboard 's pop chart . On Billboard 's 1981 year - end charts , it came in as the twelfth - biggest pop and thirteenth - biggest AC hit of the year 1981 . It also topped the RPM magazine pop and AC charts in Canada , reigning over the former for two weeks in May 1981 . The song is about a woman who waits at home all day for her man to come home from work . The music video was filmed on the Bluebell Railway , a heritage line running between East and West Sussex in England . The video stars London and South Western Railway No. 488 , a preserved LSWR 0415 Class locomotive . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chart performance 1.1 Weekly singles charts 1.2 Year - end charts 2 Other versions 3 John Peel 's Record Box 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly singles charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1980 - 81 ) Peak position Australia ( KMR ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 8 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 14 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Spain ( AFYVE ) 21 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Radio & Records CHR / Pop Airplay Chart US Billboard Adult Contemporary US Cash Box Top 100 Chart ( 2008 ) Peak position Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 98 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1980 ) Rank UK 22 Chart ( 1981 ) Rank Australia 7 Canada 14 New Zealand 12 U.S. Billboard 12 U.S. Cash Box 24 Other versions ( edit ) Easton re-recorded the song ( `` El Primer Tren '' ) for her Spanish - language album Todo Me Recuerda a Tí , in 1983 for the Latin markets . Swedish - born Norwegian singer Elisabeth Andreassen covered the song in Swedish , as `` Han pendlar varje dag '' ( `` He commutes every day '' ) with the new lyrics by Olle Bergman , on her 1981 album Angel of the Morning . This version also stayed at Svensktoppen for 9 weeks during the period 21 February - 18 April 1982 , with a chart peak of # 4 . Also in 1981 , the Bulgarian - French singer Sylvie Vartan recorded a French cover of the song entitled `` L'amour , c'est comme une cigarette '' ( Love is like a cigarette ) , with lyrics entirely unrelated to the Easton original . The song was featured in the 8th and 9th seasons of the NBC sitcom Seinfeld . In `` The Bizarro Jerry '' ' Cosmo Kramer ( Michael Richards ) accidentally begins working at a financial services company . The song is played during a montage of Kramer 's `` work '' experience . In `` The Butter Shave '' , George Costanza ( Jason Alexander ) gets a job at a playground equipment company and the boss thinks he 's handicapped due to his use of a cane as he had learned to walk again following the events in `` The Summer of George '' . George takes advantage of this and the song is played during a montage . Idols South Africa winner Anke Pietrangeli covered the song on her album Tribute to the Great Female Vocalists in 2009 . John Peel 's record Box ( edit ) It was revealed in the documentary John Peel 's Record Box that British radio DJ John Peel loved the record so much that he kept two copies of it in a small wooden box of his 142 favourite singles . See also ( edit ) Cashbox Top 100 number - one singles of 1981 List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1981 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ BPI - search Sheena Easton ( Certification and UK release date ) Archived May 11 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Biography : Sheena Easton - The Official Website '' . Sheena Easton . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Sheena Easton -- 9 to 5 ( Morning Train ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Singles Chart -- Search for song '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2009 . Retrieved July 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Sheena Easton search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Sheena Easton -- 9 to 5 ( Morning Train ) '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Sheena Easton -- 9 to 5 ( Morning Train ) '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Sheena Easton '' . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 5 / 16 / 81 '' . Tropicalglen.com. 1981 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 1982 - UK Music Charts '' . Uk-charts.top-source.info . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Forum - Top 100 End of Year AMR Charts - 1980s ( ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 1981 The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Nztop40.co.nz. 1981 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1981 / Top 100 Songs of 1981 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The CASH BOX Year End Charts : 1981 '' . Jump up ^ `` Angel of the morning - Svensk mediedatabas '' . Smdb.kb.se . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Svensktoppen '' ( TXT ) . Sr.se. 1982 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Niel Bekker . `` Anke - Tribute to the Great Female Vocalists '' . Channel24.co.za . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Anthony ( 2005 - 10 - 30 ) . `` Revealed : John Peel 's 142 favourite records '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 27 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Antmusic '' by Adam and the Ants Australian Kent Music Report number - one single 27 April 1981 - 4 May 1981 Succeeded by `` Jealous Guy '' by Roxy Music Preceded by `` Kiss on My List '' by Daryl Hall and John Oates US Billboard Hot 100 number - one single May 2 , 1981 -- May 9 , 1981 Succeeded by `` Bette Davis Eyes '' by Kim Carnes Preceded by `` Angel of the Morning '' by Juice Newton US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary number - one single May 2 , 1981 - May 15 , 1981 Succeeded by `` Sukiyaki '' by A Taste of Honey Preceded by `` 9 to 5 '' by Dolly Parton Canadian RPM number - one single May 2 , 1981 - May 9 , 1981 Succeeded by `` Angel of the Morning '' by Juice Newton Preceded by `` Being with You '' by Smokey Robinson New Zealand Singles Chart number one 12 June 1981 Succeeded by `` Love Will Tear Us Apart '' by Joy Division ( hide ) Sheena Easton Studio albums Take My Time You Could Have Been with Me Madness , Money & Music Best Kept Secret A Private Heaven Todo Me Recuerda a Ti Do You No Sound But a Heart The Lover in Me What Comes Naturally No Strings My Cherie Freedom Home Fabulous Singles `` Modern Girl '' `` 9 to 5 '' `` One Man Woman '' `` Kisses '' `` For Your Eyes Only '' `` You Could Have Been with Me '' `` We 've Got Tonight '' `` Telefone ( Long Distance Love Affair ) '' `` Me Gustas Tal Como Eres '' `` Strut '' `` Sugar Walls '' `` Swear '' `` Jimmy Mack '' `` U Got the Look '' `` The Lover in Me '' `` 101 '' `` The Arms of Orion '' `` What Comes Naturally '' Related articles Discography Book : Sheena Easton Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=9_to_5_(Sheena_Easton_song)&oldid=813860789 '' Categories : 1980 singles 1981 singles Sheena Easton songs Elisabeth Andreassen songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in New Zealand RPM Top Singles number - one singles Song recordings produced by Christopher Neil Songs about trains 1980 songs EMI Records singles Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Swiss Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 5 December 2017 , at 16 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote my baby takes the morning train | [
"\"9 to 5\" (or \"Morning Train\") is the title of a popular song written by British songwriter Florrie Palmer and recorded by Sheena Easton in 1980, becoming her biggest hit. It peaked at number three in the United Kingdom in August 1980 and was certified gold.[1] It was released in the United States in February 1981, where it reached number one, becoming Easton's only number one chart-topper."
] | [
"Florrie Palmer"
] |
-1142880728706387194 | Matthew Lloyd | Matthew Lloyd - Wikipedia Matthew Lloyd For other people with the same name , see Matthew Lloyd ( disambiguation ) . Matthew Lloyd Lloyd in 2005 Full name Matthew James Lloyd Nickname ( s ) Lloydy , Lordo Date of birth ( 1978 - 04 - 16 ) 16 April 1978 ( age 40 ) Place of birth Melbourne , Victoria Original team ( s ) Western Jets ( TAC Cup ) Draft 1995 Pre-Season Draft Height 192 cm ( 6 ft 4 in ) Weight 92 kg ( 203 lb ) Position ( s ) Full - forward Playing career Years Club Games ( Goals ) 1995 -- 2009 Essendon 270 ( 926 ) Representative team honours Years Team Games ( Goals ) 1997 -- 1999 Victoria 3 ( 8 ) International team honours 2001 Australia 2 ( 4 ) Playing statistics correct to the end of 2009 . Career highlights 3 × Coleman Medal : 2000 , 2001 , 2003 12 × Essendon leading goalkicker : 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 5 × All - Australian team : 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 AFL premiership : 2000 Goal of the Year : 2007 Mark of the Year : 2008 Essendon Captain : 2006 -- 2009 Jim Stynes Medal : 2001 AFL Rising Star nominee : 1996 Champions of Essendon : No. 22 Australian Football Hall of Fame Sources : AFL Tables , AustralianFootball.com Matthew James Lloyd ( born 16 April 1978 ) is a former professional Australian rules footballer , who played for the Essendon Football Club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . A highly decorated full - forward , Lloyd 's AFL 's honours include being the seventh all time leading goalkicker in the history of AFL , seventh - highest , with three Coleman Medals as leading goalkicker in the league , AFL life membership , as well as winning both the Mark of the Year and Goal of the Year awards . Among his representative honours are five All - Australian selections , three times representing the Victoria State of Origin team , as well as twice representing Australia in International rules football . Lloyd has kicked over 100 goals in a season -- twice . He also belongs to the small group of players whose first kick in the AFL resulted in a goal . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 AFL 2.2 State of Origin 3 Career highlights 3.1 Performances against the Sydney Swans 4 Injuries 5 Brad Sewell incident 6 Statistics 7 Honours and achievements 8 Retirement 9 Media work 10 Coaching career 11 Personal life 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Early life ( edit ) Matthew Lloyd was born in Melbourne in 1978 to parents John ( a former VFL footballer who played 29 games for the Carlton Football Club from 1965 -- 1967 ) and Bev Lloyd . The Lloyds moved to Scotland for three years because of John 's work , and it was there that Matthew picked up rugby and soccer playing for his Currie club . Lloyd attended St Martin De Porres Parish Primary School in Avondale Heights before moving to St Bernards College , Essendon . He supported the Fitzroy Football Club when he was young because in the first game he attended , Fitzroy player Bernie Quinlan kicked nine goals . Career ( edit ) AFL ( edit ) Lloyd was drafted into the AFL as a 16 - year - old in the 1995 Pre-season Draft as a `` compensatory selection '' that was awarded to Essendon by the AFL in return for losing Todd Ridley to the newly formed Fremantle Football Club . The Bombers picked up what would be one of their all - time greats for a relative pittance in the draft . Lloyd was heralded as a future football star after his AFL debut in Round 14 , 1995 , where he scored a goal with his first kick in league football and three for the match . The key features of Lloyd 's game were his powerful marks on the lead ( particularly overhead ) , his use of his body in a defensive capacity and accurate goal kicking , particularly from set shots on his left foot . He converted a large majority of set shots inside the 50 - metre arc and kicked further than 50 metres on a regular basis . Lloyd was known for his ritual when taking set shots at goal . Almost every time he took time to go far back on the mark , pull both his socks up , then grab some grass and throw it into the air to measure the wind and take a very long run up before kicking . In 2006 , the AFL introduced a `` shot clock '' to limit the amount of time that players had to take set shots ; although Lloyd 's ritual was not the longest in the league its quirks made it so well known that the rule became commonly known as the `` Lloyd Rule '' . Lloyd adjusted his ritual to fit into the new rule , and still retained the most famous aspect ( throwing grass ) until the end of his career . Lloyd 's goalscoring ability enabled him to top the Essendon goal scoring every year from 1997 to 2009 , except for 2006 when he only played three games due to a serious hamstring injury . Lloyd in the 2007 AFL season Lloyd was selected in the All - Australian team on five occasions ( 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 ) , won the Coleman Medal for kicking the most goals in the regular season three times ( 2000 , 2001 and 2003 ) and twice kicked more than 100 goals in a completed season ( 109 in 2000 and 105 in 2001 ; on both occasions he reached the milestone during the finals ) . Lloyd was a member of Essendon 's 2000 premiership team and was captain of Essendon from 2006 to 2009 . He was recognised for his achievements at Essendon in 2002 when he was ranked the 22nd greatest player ever to play for the club in the `` Champions of Essendon '' list . Lloyd was appointed Essendon captain ahead of the 2006 season , after James Hird elected to stand down following the side 's disappointing 2005 season . Lloyd 's first match as Essendon captain resulted in a 27 - point win over the defending premiers Sydney , where he kicked eight goals ( six of them in the first quarter alone ) . It would be the only win that Essendon would enjoy under Lloyd 's captaincy until exactly a year later . As well as being the top all - time goal scorer , captain and life member at Essendon , Lloyd was part of its 2000 premiership team . In 2013 Lloyd was inducted as a member of the Australian Football Hall of Fame and as a Legend in the Essendon Football Club Hall of Fame . State of Origin ( edit ) Lloyd had a successful State of Origin career , kicking 8 goals in 3 games . He first played for Victoria in 1997 , against South Australia , kicking 3 goals , including a snap kick along the ground from near the boundary line , which went one way then curved back another . In 1998 Lloyd kicked two goals against The Allies , in Brisbane . Lloyd last played for Victoria in 1999 against South Australia in the second - last ever State of Origin game , kicking 3 goals and being named in the best players . Career highlights ( edit ) In Round 20 2007 Lloyd kicked a backheel goal whilst surrounded by opponents and was awarded the 2007 Goal of the Year . In Round 18 against the Melbourne Demons , Lloyd took a spectacular mark above five players to win the 2008 Mark of the Year . A haul of eight goals in that match gave Lloyd his best return since Round 1 , 2006 . Performances against the Sydney Swans ( edit ) In Round 3 , 1999 , Lloyd , aged just 21 at the time , kicked a record 13 goals against the Sydney Swans at the MCG , kicking the first goal of the game and breaking John Coleman 's record for most goals kicked by an Essendon player against the Swans . In his first game as Essendon captain , also playing against the Sydney Swans , Lloyd kicked eight goals ( six in the first quarter against his opponent , Leo Barry ) He kicked a total of 69 goals playing against the Swans , including the aforementioned 13 in 1999 and eight in the first round of the 2006 season . Injuries ( edit ) During Essendon 's 1996 preliminary final against the Sydney Swans in Sydney , Lloyd ruptured his spleen . He suffered a large amount of blood loss and spent 10 days in intensive care in a Sydney hospital . In Round 6 , 2002 against Fremantle , Lloyd ruptured a tendon in his right ring finger when it was caught in his opponents guernsey . It required surgery to be reattached and he was out for eight weeks . Lloyd returned in Round 14 against the Western Bulldogs when Steven Kretiuk controversially targeted his injured hand . Midway through the third quarter of the Essendon vs Bulldogs match on 16 April 2006 ( which happened to be Lloyd 's 28th birthday ) , opponent Brian Harris accidentally fell on Lloyd as he tried to mark the ball . Lloyd walked off the ground with the aid of trainers and did not return for the rest of the match . Following scans , a week later it was revealed that the hamstring tendon had been snapped off the bone . Surgery to repair the career - threatening injury took place which ruled him out for the rest of the season . Lloyd 's absence from the team was felt hard , as the Bombers finished near the foot of the ladder at season 's end . As Lloyd was captain of Essendon and was unable to play for the remainder of the season ( his first year in fact ) , David Hille was promoted to team captain in Lloyd 's absence . Lloyd made a successful comeback against Adelaide at AAMI Stadium in Round 1 , 2007 . He kicked two goals while working further up the ground , putting to rest any concerns about his injured hamstring . Essendon beat Adelaide by 31 points . Brad Sewell incident ( edit ) In Round 22 , 2009 Lloyd ended Hawthorn 's finals hopes when he hit Brad Sewell with a heavy bump that left him unconscious and with facial injuries , and led to a brawl between the two teams . In the bitter aftermath of the match , Hawthorn 's Campbell Brown called Lloyd `` one of the biggest snipers in the game '' and said that `` his time is coming '' , . Hawthorn coach Alastair Clarkson threatened Lloyd and abused an interchange steward and had to be restrained by Hawthorn football manager Mark Evans as the teams left the field . AFL CEO Andrew Demetriou defended Lloyd 's reputation , Clarkson was fined for his comments and later apologised for the outburst . Essendon went on to win the match by 22 points after trailing by 17 points at the time of the incident , and in the week after the match , Lloyd was given a six - match suspension by the match review panel for the hit on Sewell . This was reduced to four matches after he decided not to appeal the sanction . Lloyd only served one match of his suspension , Essendon 's elimination final loss to Adelaide at AAMI Stadium , before announcing his retirement on 23 September 2009 . Statistics ( edit ) Legend G Goals B Behinds K Kicks H Handballs D Disposals M Marks T Tackles Led the league for the season only Led the league after finals only Led the league after season and finals Season Team No . Games Totals Averages ( per game ) 1995 Essendon 18 5 7 6 31 17 48 22 1.4 1.2 6.2 3.4 9.6 4.4 0.2 Essendon 18 11 18 7 78 34 112 46 11 1.6 0.6 7.1 3.1 10.2 4.2 1.0 1997 Essendon 18 20 63 33 212 125 272 125 17 3.2 1.7 10.6 3.0 13.6 6.3 0.9 1998 Essendon 18 23 70 38 249 77 326 156 24 3.0 1.7 10.8 3.3 14.2 6.8 1.0 1999 Essendon 18 22 87 40 239 54 293 142 22 4.0 1.8 10.9 2.5 13.3 6.5 1.0 2000 Essendon 18 25 109 60 323 68 391 186 21 4.4 2.4 12.9 2.7 15.6 7.4 0.8 2001 Essendon 18 21 105 36 244 49 293 158 23 5.0 1.7 11.6 2.3 14.0 7.5 1.1 2002 Essendon 18 16 47 29 143 40 183 96 11 2.9 1.8 8.9 2.5 11.4 6.0 0.7 2003 Essendon 18 22 93 30 204 66 270 140 21 4.2 1.4 9.3 3.0 12.3 6.4 1.0 Essendon 18 24 96 39 228 49 277 134 35 4.0 1.6 9.5 2.0 11.5 5.6 1.5 2005 Essendon 18 20 59 29 181 51 232 104 23 3.0 1.5 9.1 2.6 11.6 5.2 1.2 2006 Essendon 18 13 34 17 51 23 4.3 1.0 11.2 5.7 17.0 7.7 0.3 2007 Essendon 18 19 62 31 214 59 273 124 33 3.3 1.6 11.3 3.1 14.4 6.5 1.7 2008 Essendon 18 21 62 16 199 83 282 144 35 3.0 0.8 9.5 4.0 13.4 6.9 1.7 2009 Essendon 18 18 35 27 131 88 219 104 26 1.9 1.5 7.3 4.9 12.2 5.8 1.4 Career 270 926 424 2710 812 3522 1704 304 3.4 1.6 10.0 3.0 13.0 6.3 1.1 Honours and achievements ( edit ) Brownlow Medal votes Season Votes 1995 0 1997 7 1998 5 1999 9 2000 14 2001 15 2002 6 2003 14 10 2005 2006 2007 0 2008 5 2009 Total 97 Team AFL Premiership ( Essendon ) : 2000 McClelland Trophy ( Essendon ) : 1999 , 2000 , 2001 Pre-Season Cup ( Essendon ) : 2000 Individual Coleman Medal : 2000 , 2001 , 2003 All - Australian : 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 Essendon F.C. Leading Goalkicker : 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 Essendon F.C. Captain : 2006 - 2009 Australian Representative Honours in International Rules Football : 2001 Jim Stynes Medal : 2001 Goal of the Year : 2007 Alex Jesaulenko Medal - Mark of the Year : 2008 AFL Rising Star Nominee : 1996 ( Round 19 ) Champions of Essendon - No. 22 Australian Football Hall of Fame inductee Retirement ( edit ) On 23 September 2009 , Lloyd announced his retirement to a packed media conference at the Essendon Football Club Hall of Fame . Although he had been offered another contract , Lloyd said that `` now is my time from a physical and mental point of view '' and that he would `` ... prefer to go a year too early than a year too late . '' To celebrate Lloyd 's career , the Coventry End of Docklands Stadium has been renamed the Lloyd End for Essendon home games . In 2009 , Lloyd was appointed assistant coach at the AIS - AFL Academy however he ruled out applying for an AFL coaching position . Media work ( edit ) Lloyd co-hosted children 's AFL show Auskick'n Around on Fox Footy Channel with Brad Johnson from the Western Bulldogs from 2003 until it was cancelled at the end of 2005 . In 2006 Lloyd had a weekly spot as a panelist on Fox Footy 's White Line Fever and after being forced to spend extended time off the field because of injury , he became recognised for his informative views on all things football -- his roles included being a special comments commentator on Triple M 's football coverage as well as more regular appearances on The AFL Footy Show , as a panelist . In 2009 Lloyd appeared as a regular panelist on a new show , One Week at a Time , as well as doing special comments on Network Ten and writing a regular column for The Age newspaper . Following his retirement Lloyd has been heavily involved in the media . Lloyd signed with the Network Ten AFL team as an expert commentator for the 2010 and 2011 AFL seasons on Channel Ten and One HD ( he had already provided special commentary during various matches of the 2009 AFL season for the network ) , until Ten Sport lost the rights at the end of the 2011 AFL season . He also worked for radio station SEN , was a co-host of The Game Plan on One HD during 2011 and continued working for The Age . Lloyd 's autobiography ( co-authored with Andrew Clarke ) , Straight Shooter , was released in July 2011 . After Network Ten lost the AFL broadcasting rights , Lloyd joined the Nine Network for 2012 to be a panelist on The Footy Show and The Sunday Footy Show . He also left SEN to join 3AW 's AFL special comments team . In 2013 , he joined Footy Classified as a panelist alongside Gary Lyon , Craig Hutchison and Caroline Wilson ; as well as continuing his regular roles on The Sunday Footy Show and 3AW Football . Lloyd is also a recurring panelist on The Footy Show . Coaching career ( edit ) On 14 November 2014 it was announced that Lloyd would return to the Essendon Football Club as a part - time forwards coach , working closely with the club 's forwards . Personal life ( edit ) Lloyd 's parents are John and Bev Lloyd . John Lloyd played 29 games for Carlton from 1965 -- 1967 and coached the Braybrook Football Club to three premierships . The family moved to Scotland for three years because of John Lloyd 's work and it was there that Lloyd played rugby and soccer for his Currie club . Lloyd has two older brothers , Simon , who is an assistant coach at the Geelong Football Club , and Brad , who is a former Hawthorn player ( and former captain of the Williamstown Football Club ) and now national recruiting manager for the Fremantle Football Club , as well as one older sister , Kylie , who is the Unit Manager at The Footy Show . On 9 November 2002 , Lloyd married his childhood sweetheart , Lisa - Marie Caparello , usually known as `` Lisa '' , at Xavier College Chapel . Their wedding was covered by New Idea magazine and a documentary of the day , titled One Day In November , was also aired on Fox Footy Channel . Lisa Lloyd appeared on The Footy Show 's singing competition , Screamers , in 2005 and was also a regular presenter on Fox Footy 's Living With Footballers . The Lloyds have three children ; Jaeda Ruby ( born December 2006 ) , Kira Grace ( born September 2009 ) and Jacob Matthew ( born November 2012 ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.couriermail.com.au/sport/afl/the-end-hit-lloydy-with-thud/story-e6frepf6-1225778920861 Jump up ^ http://www.heraldsun.com.au/afl/teams/lay-off-lloydy/story-e6frf9l6-1111116596784 Jump up ^ Matthew Lloyd ( @ MatthewLloyd18 ) ( 22 April 2013 ) . `` '' @ JakeBourke : @ stevesmithffx @ crammj @ matthewlloyd18 It 's actually ' Lordo ' , folks . No idea why . Billy accidentally called me that , it stuck '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Lloyd to be inducted as AFL life Member '' . Essendonfc.com.au . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Lloyd Awarded Goal Of The Year '' . Essendonfc.com.au. 2007 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Lloyd Wins Mark Of The Year '' . Essendonfc.com.au . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Bomber Matthew Lloyd Recalls Reunions Amid Crush '' . Heraldsun.com.au . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ St Bernard 's Old Collegians Wall of Fame Jump up ^ `` Unforgettable time for Lloyd '' . Afl.com.au. 2007 - 02 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Lloyd Rule to speed up goalkicking '' . Smh.com.au . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Coleman Medal - Previous Winners '' . Afl.com.au. 4 January 2012 . Archived from the original on 24 September 2012 . Retrieved 25 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Champions of Essendon '' . Essendonfc.com.au . Archived from the original on 12 August 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Lloyd to lead Bombers - ABC News ( Australian Broadcasting Corporation ) ^ Jump up to : Bombers upset Swans - ABC News ( Australian Broadcasting Corporation ) Jump up ^ `` A Record Breaking Performance '' . Essendonfc.com.au. 2003 - 08 - 10 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Len ( 28 September 2005 ) . `` Lloyd tips a new era for Bombers '' . The Age . Jump up ^ `` Lloyd A Life Member '' . Essendonfc.com.au. 2004 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Lloyd joins AFL elite '' . news.com.au. 2013 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Essendon greats honoured '' . essendonfc.com.au. 2013 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Costa Sports ( 2015 - 04 - 18 ) , That Was the Season That Was 1997 AFL , retrieved 2016 - 03 - 31 Jump up ^ Costa Sports ( 2015 - 04 - 18 ) , That Was the Season That Was 1997 AFL , retrieved 2016 - 03 - 31 Jump up ^ `` Digitised Resource Viewer '' . cedric.slv.vic.gov.au . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Best goal and mark of the year announced '' . Theaustralian.com.au. 2012 - 02 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Seven controversial moments of Essendon champ and Hall of Fame inductee Matthew Lloyd , Herald Sun , 5 June 2013 Jump up ^ Matthew Lloyd , AFL Tables Jump up ^ `` Caring Dons laud dedicated docs '' . Heraldsun.com.au . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Review on Kretiuk incident '' . Theage.com.au . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Lloyd Injury Shock '' . Essendonfc.com.au. 2006 - 04 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Lloyd Shattered By Hamstring Injury '' . Abc.net.au. 2006 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Matthew Lloyd bump fires up Essendon '' . Heraldsun.com.au . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Matthew Lloyd clashes with Brad Sewell footage '' . YouTube . 2009 - 08 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Barrett , Damian ( 2009 - 08 - 30 ) . `` Brown Slams Lloyd The ' Sniper ' '' . Foxsports.com.au . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` What Clarkson Said To Lloyd '' . Heraldsun.com.au . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Matthew Lloyd No Sniper '' . Adelaidenow.com.au. 2009 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Alastair Clarkson fined for Matthew Lloyd comments '' . Heraldsun.com.au . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Clarkson sorry for post-match outburst '' . Au.news.yahoo.com. 2009 - 08 - 31 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Lloyd , Bombers accept penalties '' . Heraldsun.com.au . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ http://afltables.com/afl/stats/players/M/Matthew_Lloyd0.html Jump up ^ `` Lloyd requests more time '' . Essendonfc.com.au . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Lloyd quits '' . Afl.com.au. 2009 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Honour a fitting end for Matthew Lloyd '' . Heraldsun.com.au . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Lloyd and O'Loughlin Lend Support To Emerging Talent '' . Ausport.gov.au . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ http://www.theadvocate.com.au/news/local/sport/football-australian-rules/lloyds-coaching-aspirations-on-hold/2370200.aspx Jump up ^ `` OneHD : Matthew Lloyd profile '' . Archived from the original on 23 July 2011 . Jump up ^ The Age : Matthew Lloyd Jump up ^ `` Lloyd 's Final Stand For The Bombers '' . Heraldsun.com.au . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` A fear of failure was my greatest spur from the very start '' . Theage.com.au . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Channel 9 signs Matthew Lloyd '' . Heraldsun.com.au . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Lloyd Back In for 2015 , Essendon Football Club official website , 14 November 2014 Jump up ^ `` Assistant coaching role for Simon Lloyd '' . Fremantlefc.com.au. 2010 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` National Recruiting Manager appointed '' . Fremantlefc.com.au. 2008 - 02 - 20 . Archived from the original on 6 July 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Support our latest Bomber star '' . Essendonfc.com.au. 2005 - 04 - 28 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Living With Footballers '' . The Age . 2004 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Lloyd Family Grows By One '' . Essendonfc.com.au. 2006 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Another baby girl for Lloyd '' . Heraldsun.com.au . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Lloyd family welcomes baby boy '' . Essendon footy Club . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 28 . Further reading ( edit ) Lloyd , Matthew ( 2011 ) . Matthew Lloyd : Straight Shooter . Random House Australia . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86471 - 293 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Matthew Lloyd . Matthew Lloyd 's profile on the official website of the Essendon Football Club Matthew Lloyd 's playing statistics from AFL Tables Essendon Past Players Profile : Matthew Lloyd Coleman Medal winners The Coleman Medal was established in 1981 , with retrospective awards dating back to 1955 . Prior to that , the award was known as the Leading Goalkicker Medal . 1955 : Rayson 1956 : Young 1957 : Collins 1958 : Brewer 1959 : Evans 1960 : Evans 1961 : Carroll 1962 : Wade 1963 : Peck 1964 : Peck 1965 : Peck 1966 : Fordham 1967 : Wade 1968 : Hudson 1969 : Wade 1970 : Hudson 1971 : Hudson 1972 : McKenna 1973 : McKenna 1974 : Wade 1975 : Matthews 1976 : Donohue 1977 : Hudson 1978 : Templeton 1979 : Templeton 1980 : Roach 1981 : Roach 1982 : Blight 1983 : Quinlan 1984 : Quinlan 1985 : Beasley 1986 : Taylor 1987 : Lockett 1988 : Dunstall 1989 : Dunstall 1990 : Longmire 1991 : Lockett 1992 : Dunstall 1993 : Ablett 1994 : Ablett 1995 : Ablett 1996 : Lockett 1997 : Modra 1998 : Lockett 1999 : Cummings 2000 : Lloyd 2001 : Lloyd 2002 : Neitz 2003 : Lloyd 2004 : Gehrig 2005 : Gehrig 2006 : Fevola 2007 : Brown 2008 : Franklin 2009 : Fevola 2010 : Riewoldt 2011 : Franklin 2012 : Riewoldt 2013 : Roughead 2014 : Franklin 2015 : Kennedy 2016 : Kennedy 2017 : Franklin 2018 : Riewoldt Essendon Football Club 2000 AFL premiers Essendon 19.21 ( 135 ) defeated Melbourne 11.9 ( 75 ) , at the Melbourne Cricket Ground 1 . M. Johnson 2 . Mercuri 5 . Hird ( c ) 6 . Wellman 7 . Solomon 8 . Bewick 9 . Ramanauskas 11 . Hardwick 13 . Long 14 . J. Johnson 16 . Barnard 18 . Lloyd 21 . Wallis 22 . Barnes 24 . Misiti 25 . Lucas 26 . Heffernan 27 . Alessio 29 . Moorcroft 31 . Fletcher 32 . Blumfield 33 . Caracella Coach : Sheedy Captains of the Essendon Football Club 1897 -- 1900 : Stuckey 1901 -- 1902 : Collins 1903 -- 1904 : Anderson 1904 : Gavin 1905 : Robinson 1906 : J. McKenzie 1907 -- 1909 : Griffith 1910 : Belcher 1911 : Smith 1912 -- 1915 : Belcher 1918 : Baring 1919 : Belcher 1920 -- 1921 : Ogden 1922 -- 1924 : Barker 1925 -- 1928 : Maher 1929 -- 1930 : Beckton 1931 -- 1933 : Campbell 1934 -- 1935 : Forbes 1936 -- 1937 : Baggott 1937 : Forbes 1938 : Webster 1939 -- 1950 : Reynolds 1951 -- 1957 : Hutchison 1958 -- 1964 : Clarke 1965 -- 1968 : Fraser 1969 : D. McKenzie 1970 -- 1971 : Davis 1972 -- 1975 : Tuddenham 1976 : Moss 1977 -- 1979 : Fletcher 1980 -- 1981 : Madden 1982 : N. Daniher 1983 -- 1988 : T. Daniher 1989 -- 1991 : T. Watson 1992 -- 1995 : Thompson 1996 -- 1997 : O'Donnell 1998 -- 1999 : Hird 1999 : Long 2000 -- 2005 : Hird 2006 -- 2009 : Lloyd 2010 -- 2015 : J. Watson 2016 : Goddard 2017 -- : Heppell Essendon Football Club leading goalkickers 1897 : Waugh 1898 : Moore 1899 : Cleghorn 1900 : Thurgood 1901 : Hiskins 1902 : Thurgood 1903 : M. Madden 1904 : M. Madden 1905 : Barker 1906 : Yeo 1907 : Martin 1908 : Smith 1909 : Shea 1910 : B. Armstrong 1911 : L. Armstrong 1912 : Kirby 1913 : Kirby 1914 : Lumsden 1915 : Walker 1918 : Hall 1919 : Walsh 1920 : McDonald 1921 : McDonald 1922 : Moriarty 1923 : Stockdale 1924 : Jenkins 1925 : Jenkins 1926 : Stockdale 1927 : Vosti 1928 : Stockdale 1929 : Forbes / Johnson 1930 : Forbes 1931 : Freyer 1932 : Freyer 1933 : Freyer 1934 : Freyer 1935 : Forbes 1936 : Freyer 1937 : Forbes 1938 : T. Reynolds 1939 : T. Reynolds 1940 : Bryce 1941 : T. Reynolds 1942 : T. Reynolds 1943 : D. Reynolds 1944 : Powell 1945 : Brittingham 1946 : Brittingham 1947 : Leehane 1948 : Hutchison 1949 : Coleman 1950 : Coleman 1951 : Coleman 1952 : Coleman 1953 : Coleman 1954 : Coleman 1955 : Mitchell 1956 : Willey 1957 : Gallagher 1958 : Birt 1959 : Evans 1960 : Evans 1961 : Mitchell 1962 : Payne 1963 : Payne 1964 : Mitchell 1965 : Fordham 1966 : Fordham 1967 : Noonan 1968 : Noonan 1969 : Noonan 1970 : Blethyn 1971 : Noonan 1972 : Blethyn 1973 : Noonan 1974 : Noonan 1975 : Noonan 1976 : Blethyn 1977 : Crow 1978 : Primmer 1979 : T. Daniher 1980 : S. Madden 1981 : Buhagiar 1982 : S. Madden 1983 : T. Daniher 1984 : Salmon 1985 : Harvey 1986 : Ezard 1987 : Salmon 1988 : Salmon 1989 : Salmon 1990 : Salmon 1991 : S. Madden 1992 : Salmon 1993 : Salmon 1994 : Cummings 1995 : Hird 1996 : Hird 1997 : Lloyd 1998 : Lloyd 1999 : Lloyd 2000 : Lloyd 2001 : Lloyd 2002 : Lloyd 2003 : Lloyd 2004 : Lloyd 2005 : Lloyd 2006 : Lucas 2007 : Lloyd 2008 : Lloyd 2009 : Lloyd 2010 : Monfries 2011 : Crameri 2012 : Crameri 2013 : Crameri 2014 : J. Daniher 2015 : J. Daniher 2016 : J. Daniher 2017 : J. Daniher 2018 : Stringer 1998 All - Australian team Defenders David King ( North Melbourne ) Ashley McIntosh ( West Coast ) Glenn Archer ( North Melbourne ) Nathan Buckley ( Collingwood ) Sean Wellman ( Essendon ) Nigel Smart ( Adelaide ) Midfielders Matthew Knights ( Richmond ) Scott West ( Western Bulldogs ) Shane Crawford ( Hawthorn ) Forwards Paul Hudson ( Western Bulldogs ) Wayne Carey ( Kangaroos ) ( Captain ) Mark Ricciuto ( Adelaide ) Ben Cousins ( West Coast ) Tony Lockett ( Sydney ) Matthew Lloyd ( Essendon ) Followers Peter Everitt ( St Kilda ) Todd Viney ( Melbourne ) Robert Harvey ( St Kilda ) Interchange Chris Grant ( Western Bulldogs ) Andrew McLeod ( Adelaide ) Shaun Rehn ( Adelaide ) Anthony Stevens ( North Melbourne ) Coach Terry Wallace ( Western Bulldogs ) 1999 All - Australian team Defenders Jason Akermanis ( Brisbane ) Justin Leppitsch ( Brisbane ) Ben Hart ( Adelaide ) Byron Pickett ( Kangaroos ) Stephen Silvagni ( Carlton ) Andrew McKay ( Carlton ) Midfielders Brad Johnson ( Western Bulldogs ) Nathan Buckley ( Collingwood ) Wayne Schwass ( Sydney ) Forwards Mark Mercuri ( Essendon ) Wayne Carey ( Kangaroos ) ( Captain ) Michael Voss ( Brisbane ) Ben Cousins ( West Coast ) Matthew Lloyd ( Essendon ) Matthew Richardson ( Richmond ) Followers Matthew Allan ( Carlton ) Robert Harvey ( St Kilda ) Shane Crawford ( Hawthorn ) Interchange Peter Bell ( Fremantle ) Nathan Burke ( St Kilda ) Wayne Campbell ( Richmond ) Chris Grant ( Western Bulldogs ) Coach Denis Pagan ( Kangaroos ) 2000 All - Australian team Defenders Damien Hardwick ( Essendon ) Dustin Fletcher ( Essendon ) Andrew Kellaway ( Richmond ) Andrew McKay ( Carlton ) Darren Gaspar ( Richmond ) Simon Goodwin ( Adelaide ) Midfielders Scott West ( Western Bulldogs ) Brett Ratten ( Carlton ) Scott Camporeale ( Carlton ) Forwards Andrew McLeod ( Adelaide ) Wayne Carey ( Kangaroos ) ( Captain ) James Hird ( Essendon ) Jeff Farmer ( Melbourne ) Matthew Lloyd ( Essendon ) Michael O'Loughlin ( Sydney ) Followers Steven King ( Geelong ) Anthony Koutoufides ( Carlton ) Nathan Buckley ( Collingwood ) Interchange Lance Whitnall ( Carlton ) Brent Harvey ( Kangaroos ) Mark Ricciuto ( Adelaide ) Brad Johnson ( Western Bulldogs ) Coach Kevin Sheedy ( Essendon ) 2001 All - Australian team Defenders Gavin Wanganeen ( Port Adelaide ) Jonathan Hay ( Hawthorn ) Darren Gaspar ( Richmond ) Joel Smith ( Hawthorn ) Sean Wellman ( Essendon ) Andrew McKay ( Carlton ) Midfielders Jason Akermanis ( Brisbane ) Brett Ratten ( Carlton ) Nathan Buckley ( Collingwood ) Forwards Michael Voss ( Brisbane ) Warren Tredrea ( Port Adelaide ) James Hird ( Essendon ) ( Captain ) Brad Ottens ( Richmond ) Matthew Lloyd ( Essendon ) Ben Cousins ( West Coast ) Followers Matthew Primus ( Port Adelaide ) Simon Black ( Brisbane ) Andrew McLeod ( Adelaide ) Interchange Nathan Brown ( Bulldogs ) Simon Goodwin ( Adelaide ) Jason Johnson ( Essendon ) Nigel Lappin ( Brisbane ) Coach Leigh Matthews ( Brisbane ) 2003 All - Australian team Defenders Gavin Wanganeen ( Port Adelaide ) Matthew Scarlett ( Geelong ) Joel Smith ( Hawthorn ) Rohan Smith ( Western Bulldogs ) Justin Leppitsch ( Brisbane Lions ) Nigel Lappin ( Brisbane Lions ) Midfielders Lenny Hayes ( St Kilda ) Michael Voss ( Brisbane Lions ) ( Captain ) Paul Williams ( Sydney ) Forwards Matthew Pavlich ( Fremantle ) Warren Tredrea ( Port Adelaide ) Mark Ricciuto ( Adelaide ) Phillip Matera ( West Coast ) Matthew Lloyd ( Essendon ) Chris Tarrant ( Collingwood ) Followers Adam Goodes ( Sydney ) Nathan Buckley ( Collingwood ) Peter Bell ( Fremantle ) Interchange James Hird ( Essendon ) Michael Gardiner ( West Coast ) Paul Hasleby ( Fremantle ) Robert Harvey ( St Kilda ) Coach Leigh Matthews ( Brisbane Lions ) Alex Jesaulenko Medal Mark of the Year 1970 : Jesaulenko 1971 : Ruscuklic 1972 : Knights 1973 : Atkinson 1974 : Picken 1975 : Knights 1976 : Picken 1977 : Knights 1978 : Baker 1979 : Roach 1980 : Teasdale 1981 : Bosustow 1982 : Raines 1983 : Hunter 1984 : Banks 1985 : Ablett 1986 : Buckenara 1987 : Capper 1988 : Silvagni 1989 : Lynch 1990 : Mitchell 1991 : Allison 1992 : Winmar 1993 : Modra 1994 : Ablett 1995 : Smith 1996 : Hart 1997 : Modra 1998 : Abraham 1999 : Lappin 2000 : Modra 2001 : Moorcroft 2002 : Brown 2003 : Tarrant 2004 : Sampi 2005 : McPharlin 2006 : Ottens 2007 : Newton 2008 : Lloyd 2009 : Burton 2010 : Jurrah 2011 : Krakouer 2012 : Howe 2013 : Elliott 2014 : Wingard 2015 : Naitanui 2016 : Daw 2017 : Daniher AFL Goal of the Year 2001 : Merenda 2002 : Akermanis 2003 : Kerr 2004 : Wells 2005 : Judd 2006 : Betts 2007 : Lloyd 2008 : Davis 2009 : C. Rioli 2010 : Franklin 2011 : Ballantyne 2012 : Yarran 2013 : Franklin 2014 : White 2015 : Betts 2016 : Betts 2017 : D. Rioli 1996 AFL Rising Star nominees Rd 1 : Primus Rd 2 : Bandy Rd 3 : Darcy Rd 4 : Harding Rd 5 : Simpson Rd 6 : Grant Rd 7 : Schauble Rd 8 : Carter Rd 9 : Schofield Rd 10 : Chick Rd 11 : Yze Rd 12 : Cousins Rd 13 : Biddiscombe Rd 14 : Hunter Rd 15 : King Rd 16 : Morrison Rd 17 : Bell Rd 18 : McPherson Rd 19 : Lloyd Rd 20 : Toia Rd 21 : Farmer Rd 22 : Callaghan Italics denote winner Jim Stynes Medal winners 1998 : Silvagni 1999 : Akermanis 2000 : Hird 2001 : Lloyd 2002 : Kellaway 2003 : Harvey 2004 : Brown 2005 : McLeod 2006 : O'Keefe 2008 : Simpson 2010 : Swan 2011 : Kelly 2013 : McGrath 2014 : Hodge 2015 : Taylor 2017 : Fyfe Australian squad -- 1998 International Rules Series Buckley Camporeale Campbell Carey ( c ) Crawford Eagleton Stoneham Farmer Hart Harvey Holland Johnson Lloyd Neitz Rehn Ricciuto Silvagni ( gk ) Smart Smith Stevens Stynes Viney Wellman Coach : Matthews Australian squad -- 2001 International Rules Series Black Bowden Bradley Caracella Chick Francou Gaspar ( gk ) Goodes Goodwin Hardwick Harvey Hay Johnson King M. Lappin N. Lappin Lloyd Maxfield McLeod Nicks Ottens Ramanauskas Smith Stevens Tredrea Voss ( c ) White Coach : Lyon Victorian team -- 1997 State of Origin Archer Brown Burke Colbert Everitt Grant Harford Harvey Johnson Jones King Lappin Lewis Lloyd Loewe Mansfield Ratten Salmon Sexton Silvagni Smith Stevens Coach : Matthews Victorian team -- 1998 State of Origin Archer Blakey Burke Campbell Colbert Dunkley Everitt Hart Hocking Johnson King Knights Loewe Lloyd Lucas Mansfield McGrath Mercuri Peckett Sholl Smith Stevens Thompson White Coach : Matthews Victorian team -- 1999 State of Origin Allan Burke Campbell Croad Everitt Grant Harvey Hocking Johnson King Koutoufides Lappin Lekkas Leoncelli Leppitsch Lloyd Morrison Ratten Riccardi Schwarz Silvagni Smith Thompson West Coach : Walls 1995 AFL pre-season draft 1 . Paul Roos 2 . Greg Madigan 4 . Jason Ramsey 5 . Glen Coghlan 6 . Ross Lyon 7 . Peter Vardy 8 . Mark Fraser 9 . Stuart Wigney 10 . Dermott Brereton 11 . Richard Taylor 12 . Jose Romero 13 . Matt Clape 14 . Shaun Smith 15 . Keenan Reynolds 16 . Derek Hall 17 . Paul Peos 18 . Anthony Mellington 19 . Mark Kennedy 20 . Shannon Corcoran 21 . Tyson Edwards 22 . Tim Darcy 23 . Mark McQueen 24 . Nick Hider 25 . Tony Woods 26 . Paul Dimattina 27 . Glenn Manton 28 . Martin Heppell 29 . Glenn Gorman 30 . Dean Talbot 31 . Jason Spinks 32 . Simon Atkins 33 . Matthew Banks 34 . Ryan Aitken 35 . Michael Johnston 36 . Alan Thorpe 37 . Andrew Nichol Comp . Matthew Lloyd Comp . Adam Houlihan Comp . Steven King Comp . Stuart Cochrane Comp . Chad Morrison Comp . David Cockatoo - Collins Comp . David McEwan Uncontr . Andrew Wills Uncontr . Jason Norrish Uncontr . Brendan Krummel Uncontr . Todd Ridley Uncontr . Peter Mann Uncontr . Stephen O'Reilly Uncontr . Ben Allan Comp = compensation pick , Uncontr = uncontracted selection Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matthew_Lloyd&oldid=855126214 '' Categories : Essendon Football Club players Coleman Medal winners All - Australians ( AFL ) Victorian State of Origin players Champions of Essendon People educated at St. Bernard 's College , Melbourne 1978 births Living people Australian rules footballers from Victoria ( Australia ) Western Jets players Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees Australia international rules football team players Hidden categories : Use Australian English from May 2011 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from May 2011 Pages using Wikidata property P3546 Pages using Wikidata property P3547 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 August 2018 , at 03 : 49 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who has kicked the most goals for essendon football club | [
"As well as being the top all-time goal scorer,[15] captain[16] and life member[17] at Essendon, Lloyd was part of its 2000 premiership team.\n"
] | [
"Lloyd"
] |
-2013771895881100950 | Charioteer of Delphi | Charioteer of Delphi - wikipedia Charioteer of Delphi The Charioteer of Delphi , 478 or 474 BC , Delphi Museum . Charioteer of Delphi , close up head detail . The Charioteer of Delphi , also known as Heniokhos ( Greek : Ηνίοχος , the rein - holder ) , is one of the best - known statues surviving from Ancient Greece , and is considered one of the finest examples of ancient bronze sculptures . The life - size ( 1.8 m ) statue of a chariot driver was found in 1896 at the Sanctuary of Apollo in Delphi . It is now in the Delphi Archaeological Museum . Contents 1 Background 2 Design and completeness 3 Style 4 The Delphos gown 5 Gallery 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) Further information : Sculpture and Bronze sculpture The statue was set up at Delphi to commemorate the victory of the tyrant Polyzalus of Gela in Sicily and his chariot in the Pythian Games of 470 BC , which were held at Delphi in honor of Pythean Apollo . It has also been suggested that the complex was actually commemorating the victory of Polyzalos ' brother , Hieron , at the Pythian Games of 470 BC in analogy to his ex voto after his victory at the Olympic Games . It was originally part of a larger group of statuary , including the chariot , at least four horses and possibly two grooms . Some fragments of the horses were found with the statue . The masterpiece has been associated with the sculptor Pythagoras of Samos who lived and worked in Sicily , as well as with the sculptor Calamis . The Sicilian cities were very wealthy compared with most of the cities of mainland Greece and their rulers could afford the most magnificent offerings to the gods , also the best horses and drivers . It is unlikely , however , the statue itself comes from Sicily . The name of the sculptor is unknown , but for stylistic reasons it is believed that the statue was cast in Athens . It has certain similarities of detail to the statue known as the Piraeus Apollo , which is known to be of Athenian origin . An inscription on the limestone base of the statue shows that it was dedicated by Polyzalus , the tyrant of Gela , a Greek colony in Sicily , as a tribute to Apollo for helping him win the chariot race . The inscription reads : ( P ) OLUZALOS MA nETHÊK ( EN ) ... ) ON AES EUONUM APOLL ( ON ) , which is reconstructed to read `` Polyzalus dedicated me ... Make him prosper , honoured Apollo . '' Design and completeness ( edit ) External video Charioteer of Delphi , ( 3 : 38 ) , Smarthistory Most bronze statues from ancient times were melted down for their raw materials or were naturally corroded , but the Charioteer survived because it was buried under a rock - fall at Delphi , which probably destroyed the site in 373 B.C. . Some freestanding bronze statues , however , including the charioteer , have been rediscovered in the 20th century . Although the Charioteer is the last remaining bronze sculpture from Delphi , the figure exhibited a similar bluish appearance which after a century of indoor exposure turned greenish . The lower torso still preserves a bluish coloration . The Charioteer is almost intact except that his left forearm and some details on the head are missing including the copper inlays on the lips and most of the silver eyelashes and headband . The statue is one of the few Greek bronzes to preserve the inlaid glass eyes . Greek bronzes were cast in sections and then assembled . When discovered , the statue was in three pieces -- head and upper torso , lower torso , and right arm . The figure is of a very young man , as is shown by his soft side - curls . Like modern jockeys , chariot racers were chosen for their lightness , but also needed to be tall , so they were frequently teenagers . It seems that it represents a teenager from a noble family of his time . As we know , aristocratic chariot racers selected their drivers from glorious noble families to race their chariot in the Panhellenic games . The Charioteer wears the customary long tunic , ( the xystin ) , reaching down to his ankles . A wide belt tightens the tunic high above the waist , while two other bands pass as suspenders over the shoulders , under the arms and criss - cross in the back . This is the analavos which keeps the garment from billowing in the wind during the race . The deep vertical pleats in the lower part of the tunic emphasize the Charioteer 's solid posture , resembling also the fluting of an Ionic column . On the upper part of the body , however , the pleats are wavy , diagonal or curved . This contrast in the garment representation is also followed by the body 's contrapuntal posture , so that the statue does not show any rigidity , but looks perfectly mobile and almost real . The entire statue is as if it is animated by a gradual shift to the right starting from the solid stance of the feet and progressing sequentially through the body passing the hips , chest and head to end up at its gaze . The hands are spread out holding the reins , with the long and thin fingers tightening -- together with the reins -- a cylindrical object , the riding crop . The Charioteer is not portrayed during the race , as in this case his movement would be more intense , but in the end of the race , after his victory , when -- being calm and full of happiness -- he makes the victory lap in the hippodrome . His attractive gemstone eyes evoke what Classical period Greeks called ethos and balance . His motion is instantaneous , but also eternal . In spite of the great victory , there are no shouts , but a calm inner power . The face and the body do not have the features of arrogance , but those of calm self - confidence . Unusually for this era , the Charioteer is clothed head to foot . Most athletes at this time would have competed , and been depicted nude . The young man would certainly have been of a lower status than his master Polyzalos , and Honour and Fleming have speculated that he may have been a household slave whom it was not appropriate to depict in the nude . Style ( edit ) Stylistically , the Charioteer is classed as `` Early Classical '' or `` Severe '' ( see Greek art ) . The statue is more naturalistic than the kouroi of the Archaic period , but the pose is still very rigid when compared with later works of the Classical period . One departure from the Archaic style is that the head is inclined slightly to one side . The naturalistic rendering of his feet was greatly admired in ancient times . The introverted expression does away with the old ' Archaic smile ' . The Delphos gown ( edit ) In about 1907 , some ten years after the discovery of the Charioteer , Mariano Fortuny y Madrazo , a Spanish artist - designer based in Venice , created a finely pleated silk dress that he named the Delphos gown after the statue , whose robes it closely resembled . These gowns are considered important pieces of early 20th century fashion and art objects in their own right . A Delphos gown was , in 2003 , the only fashion garment in the collection of the Museum of Modern Art , New York . Gallery ( edit ) Detail of the statue 's head , showing the inlaid eyes . Fragments and drawing of Charioteer . Detail of the statue 's head and arm . Back view of the Charioteer . Position in the museum References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Janson , H.W. ( 1995 ) History of Art . 5th edn . Revised and expanded by Anthony F. Janson . London : Thames & Hudson , p. 142 . ISBN 0500237018 ^ Jump up to : Honour , H. and J. Fleming , ( 2009 ) A World History of Art . 7th edn . London : Laurence King Publishing , pp. 132 - 135 . ISBN 9781856695848 Jump up ^ `` Western Sculpture '' . Britannica Academic . October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mircea , Magda , Frank , Walter A. ( Summer 2005 ) . `` Plutarch 's Report on the Blue Patina of Bronze Statues at Delphi : A Scientific Explanation '' . Journal of the American Institute for Conservation . Jump up ^ Ροζίνα Κολώνια , Το Αρχαιολογικό Μουσείο Δελφών , Κοινωφελές Ίδρυμα Ιωάννη Σ . Λάτση , Ολκός , 2006 , σελ. 256 - 257 . Archived 2015 - 04 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Βαγγέλη Πεντάζου - Μαρίας Σαρλά , Δελφοί , Β . Γιαννίκος - Β . Καλδής Ο. Ε. , 1984 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Martin , Richard ; Selkirk , Harold Koda ; photographs by Neil ( 1993 ) . Infra - apparel . New York : Metropolitan Museum of Art . ISBN 9780870996764 . Jump up ^ Cumming , Valerie ; Cunnington , C.W. ; Cunnington , P.E. ( 2010 ) . The dictionary of fashion history . Oxford : Berg . p. 64 . ISBN 9781847887382 . Jump up ^ Antonelli , Paola ( 2003 ) . Objects of design from the Museum of Modern Art . New York : Museum of Modern Art . ISBN 0870706969 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Charioteer of Delphi . Charioteer of Delphi . Ancient Greece . Charioteer of Delphi . University of Saskatchewan . Michael Scott . `` Delphi : The Bellybutton of the Ancient World '' . 21 : 42 minutes in . BBC 4 . Retrieved 23 Nov 2010 . Missing or empty series = ( help ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charioteer_of_Delphi&oldid=825447168 '' Categories : 5th - century BC Greek sculptures Ancient chariot racing Carriage drivers Collection of the Delphi Archaeological Museum Ancient Greek athletic art Ancient Greek bronze statues of the classical period Bronze sculptures in Greece Archaeological discoveries in Greece Statues in Greece Sculptures of men in Greece Sculptures in Delphi 1896 archaeological discoveries Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing Greek - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Pages with citations lacking titles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara Français Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių Nederlands Norsk Polski Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Українська 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 February 2018 , at 13 : 17 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the charioteer is a famous bronze statue showing | [
"The figure is of a very young man, as is shown by his soft side-curls. Like modern jockeys, chariot racers were chosen for their lightness, but also needed to be tall, so they were frequently teenagers. It seems that it represents a teenager from a noble family of his time. As we know, aristocratic chariot racers selected their drivers from glorious noble families to race their chariot in the Panhellenic games. The Charioteer wears the customary long tunic, (the xystin), reaching down to his ankles. A wide belt tightens the tunic high above the waist, while two other bands pass as suspenders over the shoulders, under the arms and criss-cross in the back. This is the analavos which keeps the garment from billowing in the wind during the race.\nThe deep vertical pleats in the lower part of the tunic emphasize the Charioteer’s solid posture, resembling also the fluting of an Ionic column. On the upper part of the body, however, the pleats are wavy, diagonal or curved. This contrast in the garment representation is also followed by the body’s contrapuntal posture, so that the statue does not show any rigidity, but looks perfectly mobile and almost real. The entire statue is as if it is animated by a gradual shift to the right starting from the solid stance of the feet and progressing sequentially through the body passing the hips, chest and head to end up at its gaze. The hands are spread out holding the reins, with the long and thin fingers tightening – together with the reins – a cylindrical object, the riding crop. The Charioteer is not portrayed during the race, as in this case his movement would be more intense, but in the end of the race, after his victory, when – being calm and full of happiness – he makes the victory lap in the hippodrome. His attractive gemstone eyes evoke what Classical period Greeks called ethos and balance. His motion is instantaneous, but also eternal. In spite of the great victory, there are no shouts, but a calm inner power. The face and the body do not have the features of arrogance, but those of calm self-confidence.[5]\n"
] | [
"a teenager from a noble family of his time"
] |
-8361796256621464946 | FIFA World Cup awards | FIFA World Cup awards - wikipedia FIFA World Cup awards This article is about the men 's senior tournament . For the women 's tournament , see FIFA Women 's World Cup awards . At the end of each FIFA World Cup final tournament , several awards are presented to the players and teams which have distinguished themselves in various aspects of the game . Contents ( hide ) 1 Awards 2 Golden Ball 3 Golden Boot 4 Golden Glove 5 Best Young Player Award 6 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 7 Man of the Match 8 Most Entertaining Team 9 All - Star Team 10 References 11 External links Awards ( edit ) There are currently five post-tournament awards , and one given during the tourney : the Golden Ball ( currently commercially termed `` adidas Golden Ball '' ) for best player , first awarded in 1982 ; the Golden Boot ( currently commercially termed `` adidas Golden Boot '' , previously known as the `` adidas Golden Shoe '' from 1982 to 2006 ) for top goal scorer , first awarded in 1982 ; the Golden Glove Award ( currently commercially termed `` adidas Golden Glove '' ; previously known as the `` Lev Yashin Award '' from 1994 to 2006 ) for best goalkeeper , first awarded in 1994 ; the Best Young Player ( currently commercially termed as `` Hyundai Best Young Player '' ) award for best player under 21 years of age at the start of the calendar year , first awarded in 2006 ; the FIFA Fair Play Trophy for the team that advanced to the second round with the best record of fair play , first awarded in 1970 ; the Man of the Match Award ( currently commercially termed as `` Budweiser Man of the Match '' ) for outstanding performance during each game of the tournament , first awarded in 2002 . Two other awards were given between 1994 and 2006 : The Most Entertaining Team award for the team that has entertained the public the most , during the World Cup final tournament , as determined by a poll of the general public ; An All - Star Team comprising the best players of the tournament chosen by the technical study group . Golden Ball ( edit ) The Golden Ball award is presented to the best player at each FIFA World Cup finals , with a shortlist drawn up by the FIFA technical committee and the winner voted for by representatives of the media . Those who finish as runners - up in the vote receive the Silver Ball and Bronze Ball awards as the second and third most outstanding players in the tournament respectively . The current award was introduced in the 1982 FIFA World Cup , sponsored by Adidas and France Football , though fifa.com also lists in their player articles as `` golden ball winners '' Kempes , Cruyff , Pelé , Bobby Charlton , Garrincha and Didi for 1978 , 1974 , 1970 , 1966 , 1962 and 1958 respectively . Barcelona is the only club that its players have won the Golden Ball a record 3 times ( Johan Cruyff in 1974 , Romário in 1994 , Lionel Messi in 2014 ) . Best Player ( no award ) World Cup Best Player 2nd Best Player 3rd Best Player 1930 Uruguay José Nasazzi Guillermo Stábile José Leandro Andrade 1934 Italy Giuseppe Meazza Matthias Sindelar Oldřich Nejedlý 1938 France Leônidas Silvio Piola György Sárosi 1950 Brazil Zizinho Juan Alberto Schiaffino Ademir 1954 Switzerland Ferenc Puskás Sándor Kocsis Fritz Walter 1958 Sweden Didi Pelé Just Fontaine 1962 Chile Garrincha Josef Masopust Leonel Sánchez 1966 England Bobby Charlton Bobby Moore Eusébio 1970 Mexico Pelé Gérson Gerd Müller 1974 West Germany Johan Cruyff Franz Beckenbauer Kazimierz Deyna 1978 Argentina Mario Kempes Paolo Rossi Dirceu Adidas Golden Ball World Cup Golden Ball Silver Ball Bronze Ball 1982 Spain Paolo Rossi Falcão Karl - Heinz Rummenigge 1986 Mexico Diego Maradona Harald Schumacher Preben Elkjær Larsen 1990 Italy Salvatore Schillaci Lothar Matthäus Diego Maradona 1994 United States Romário Roberto Baggio Hristo Stoichkov 1998 France Ronaldo Davor Šuker Lilian Thuram 2002 Korea / Japan Oliver Kahn Ronaldo Hong Myung - bo 2006 Germany Zinedine Zidane Fabio Cannavaro Andrea Pirlo 2010 South Africa Diego Forlán Wesley Sneijder David Villa 2014 Brazil Lionel Messi Thomas Müller Arjen Robben 2018 Russia Luka Modrić Eden Hazard Antoine Griezmann Golden Boot ( edit ) The Golden Boot or Golden Shoe Award goes to the top goalscorer of the FIFA World Cup . While every World Cup had a ranking of the goalscorers , the first time an award was given was in 1982 , under the name Golden Shoe . It was rechristened Golden Boot in 2010 . FIFA sometimes lists the top goalscorers of previous Cups among the Golden Boot winners . If there is more than one player with the same number of goals , since 1994 the tie - breaker goes to the player without a penalty goal , if none has a penalty then the tie breaker goes to the person with more assists - with the FIFA Technical Study Group deciding whether an assist is to be counted as such . If there is still more than one player , the tie - breaker since 2006 goes to the player who has played the least amount of time . Top Goalscorer ( no award ) World Cup Top goalscorer Goals Runners - up Goals Third place Goals 1930 Uruguay Guillermo Stábile 8 Pedro Cea 5 Bert Patenaude 1934 Italy Oldřich Nejedlý 5 Edmund Conen Angelo Schiavio None 1938 France Leônidas 7 György Sárosi Gyula Zsengellér Silvio Piola 5 None 1950 Brazil Ademir 8 Óscar Míguez 5 Alcides Ghiggia Chico Estanislau Basora Telmo Zarra 1954 Switzerland Sándor Kocsis 11 Josef Hügi Max Morlock Erich Probst 6 None 1958 Sweden Just Fontaine 13 Pelé Helmut Rahn 6 None 1962 Chile Flórián Albert Valentin Ivanov Garrincha Vavá Dražan Jerković Leonel Sánchez None None 1966 England Eusébio 9 Helmut Haller 6 Valeriy Porkujan Geoff Hurst Ferenc Bene Franz Beckenbauer 1970 Mexico Gerd Müller 10 Jairzinho 7 Teófilo Cubillas 5 1974 West Germany Grzegorz Lato 7 Andrzej Szarmach Johan Neeskens 5 None 1978 Argentina Mario Kempes 6 Teófilo Cubillas 5 Rob Rensenbrink 5 Golden Shoe World Cup Golden Shoe Goals Silver Shoe Goals Bronze Shoe Goals 1982 Spain Paolo Rossi 6 Karl - Heinz Rummenigge 5 Zico 1986 Mexico Gary Lineker 6 Emilio Butragueño Careca Diego Maradona 5 None 1990 Italy Salvatore Schillaci 6 Tomáš Skuhravý 5 Roger Milla Gary Lineker 1994 United States Oleg Salenko Hristo Stoichkov 6 None Kennet Andersson Romário 5 1998 France Davor Šuker 6 Gabriel Batistuta Christian Vieri 5 None 2002 South Korea / Japan Ronaldo 8 Miroslav Klose Rivaldo 5 None 2006 Germany Miroslav Klose 5 Hernán Crespo Ronaldo Golden Boot World Cup Golden Boot Goals Silver Boot Goals Bronze Boot Goals 2010 South Africa Thomas Müller 5 David Villa 5 Wesley Sneijder 5 2014 Brazil James Rodríguez 6 Thomas Müller 5 Neymar 2018 Russia Harry Kane 6 Antoine Griezmann Romelu Lukaku FIFA initially credited Nejedlý with only four goals , which would make him joint top scorer with Angelo Schiavio of Italy and Edmund Conen of Germany . However , FIFA changed it to five goals in November 2006 , making Nejedlý the outright top scorer . FIFA initially credited Leônidas with eight goals . However , in November 2006 , FIFA confirmed that in the quarter - final tie against Czechoslovakia , he had scored once , not twice as FIFA had originally recorded , meaning he had scored only seven goals in total . There was controversy regarding the number of goals Brazilian Ademir had scored in 1950 , as a result of incomplete data concerning the Final Round game Brazil vs. Spain ( 6 -- 1 ) . The 5 -- 0 goal had been credited to Jair , but is now credited to Ademir Salenko is the only player to win the award playing for a team that were eliminated in the group stages . His six goals are the only international goals he ever scored . Despite the assist tiebreaker , Salenko and Stoichkov remained tied with 6 goals and one assist each , and both received the Golden Shoe . Romário and Andersson surpassed the other two players with five goals ( Jürgen Klinsmann and Roberto Baggio ) by having three assists each . Both runners - up had the same number of assists , and each received the Silver Shoe . During the tournament , after the group stage match against Costa Rica , Ronaldo logged a protest against the crediting of a goal as an own goal , and FIFA granted him the change . Eight players had scored three goals . Ronaldo , Crespo and Zinedine Zidane stood out for having one assist , and then the two recipients were determined by less playtime ( 308 minutes for Crespo , 411 for Ronaldo , 559 for Zidane ) . Müller , Villa , Sneijder and Diego Forlán tied with five goals . Müller won by virtue of having more assists ( 3 ) than the rest ( each had one ) . Villa won the Silver Boot due to playing fewer minutes than Sneijder , and Sneijder won the Bronze Boot due to having played fewer minutes than Forlán . Neymar , Lionel Messi and Robin van Persie all had four goals in the tournament . Neymar received the Bronze Boot for playing fewer minutes than his competitors . Griezmann , Lukaku , Denis Cheryshev , Cristiano Ronaldo and Kylian Mbappé tied with 4 goals . Griezmann won the Silver Boot by virtue of having more assists ( 2 ) than the rest ( Lukaku had one , the rest had zero ) . Lukaku won the Bronze Boot due to having more assists ( one ) than Cheryshev , Ronaldo or Mbappé ( zero ) . Golden Glove ( edit ) The Golden Glove Award is awarded to the best goalkeeper of the tournament . The award was introduced with the name Lev Yashin Award in 1994 , in honor of the late Soviet goalkeeper . The FIFA Technical Study Group recognises the top goalkeeper of the tournament based on the player 's performance throughout the final competition . Although goalkeepers have this specific award for their position , they are still eligible for the Golden Ball as well , as when Oliver Kahn was awarded in 2002 . Although the Golden Glove Award was first awarded in 1994 , every All - Star Team in World Cups prior to 1998 except 1990 included only one goalkeeper . In the event of a tie , the Golden Glove Award goes to the goalkeeper who progressed furthest in the competition . The next tiebreakers are saves made , then minutes played . World Cup Goalkeeper ( s ) included in the All - Star Team 1930 Uruguay Enrique Ballestrero 1934 Italy Ricardo Zamora 1938 France František Plánička 1950 Brazil Roque Máspoli 1954 Switzerland Gyula Grosics 1958 Sweden Harry Gregg 1962 Chile Viliam Schrojf 1966 England Gordon Banks 1970 Mexico Ladislao Mazurkiewicz 1974 West Germany Sepp Maier 1978 Argentina Ubaldo Fillol 1982 Spain Dino Zoff 1986 Mexico Jean - Marie Pfaff 1990 Italy Luis Gabelo Conejo Sergio Goycochea The Yashin Award was first awarded in 1994 . World Cup Yashin Award winner 1994 United States Michel Preud'homme 1998 France Fabien Barthez 2002 Korea / Japan Oliver Kahn 2006 Germany Gianluigi Buffon The award was renamed the Golden Glove Award in 2010 . World Cup Golden Glove Award winner 2010 South Africa Iker Casillas 2014 Brazil Manuel Neuer 2018 Russia Thibaut Courtois Best Young player award ( edit ) The Best Young Player award was awarded for the first time at the 2006 World Cup in Germany and given to Germany 's Lukas Podolski . The award is given to the best player in the tournament who is at most 21 years old . For the 2018 World Cup , this meant that the player had to have been born on or after 1 January 1997 . The election took place on FIFA 's official World Cup website with the help of The FIFA Technical Study Group . FIFA organised a survey on the Internet for users to choose the `` best young player '' of the World Cup , between 1958 and 2002 , named the best young player of each tournament . With 61 % of the overall vote , the winner was Pelé , who finished ahead of the Peruvian Teófilo Cubillas , the best young player at Mexico 1970 , and England 's Michael Owen , who reached similar heights at France 98 . World Cup Best Young Player Age 1958 Sweden Pelé 17 1962 Chile Flórián Albert 20 1966 England Franz Beckenbauer 20 1970 Mexico Teófilo Cubillas 21 1974 West Germany Władysław Żmuda 20 1978 Argentina Antonio Cabrini 20 1982 Spain Manuel Amoros 21 1986 Mexico Enzo Scifo 20 1990 Italy Robert Prosinečki 21 1994 United States Marc Overmars 21 1998 France Michael Owen 18 2002 Korea / Japan Landon Donovan 20 The Best Young Player Award was first awarded in 2006 . World Cup Best Young Player Award Age 2006 Germany Lukas Podolski 21 2010 South Africa Thomas Müller 20 2014 Brazil Paul Pogba 21 2018 Russia Kylian Mbappé 19 FIFA Fair play trophy ( edit ) The FIFA Fair Play Trophy is given to the team with the best record of fair play during the World Cup final tournament since 1970 . Only teams that qualified for the second round are considered . The winners of this award earn the FIFA Fair Play Trophy , a diploma , a fair play medal for each player and official , and $50,000 worth of football equipment to be used for youth development . The appearance of the award was originally a certificate . From 1982 to 1990 , it had been a golden trophy based on Sport Billy , a football - playing cartoon character from 1982 who became an icon for FIFA Fair play . Ever since 1994 , it is simply a trophy with an elegant footballer figure . Peru was the first nation to win the award after receiving no yellow or red cards in the 1970 FIFA World Cup held in Mexico . Peru 's FIFA Fair Play trophy award . Peru won the award after receiving no yellow or red cards in the tournament . World Cup FIFA Fair Play Trophy Winners 1970 Mexico Peru 1974 West Germany West Germany 1978 Argentina Argentina 1982 Spain Brazil 1986 Mexico Brazil 1990 Italy England 1994 United States Brazil 1998 France England France 2002 Korea / Japan Belgium 2006 Germany Brazil Spain 2010 South Africa Spain 2014 Brazil Colombia 2018 Russia Spain Man of the Match ( edit ) The Man of the Match award picks the outstanding player in every game of the tournament since 2002 . While the inaugural two editions were chosen by the technical group , the Man of the Match is since 2010 picked by an online poll on FIFA 's website . World Cup Most Man of the Match wins Wins 2002 South Korea / Japan Rivaldo 2006 Germany Andrea Pirlo 2010 South Africa Wesley Sneijder 2014 Brazil Lionel Messi 2018 Russia Antoine Griezmann Eden Hazard Harry Kane Luka Modrić Total awards As of 15 July 2018 Rank Player Country MoM WC with awards Arjen Robben Netherlands 6 2006 , 2010 , 2014 Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal 2010 , 2014 , 2018 Lionel Messi Argentina 2010 , 2014 , 2018 Luis Suárez Uruguay 5 2010 , 2014 , 2018 5 Eden Hazard Belgium 2014 , 2018 Keisuke Honda Japan 2010 , 2014 James Rodríguez Colombia 2014 , 2018 Miroslav Klose Germany 2002 , 2006 Park Ji - sung South Korea 2002 , 2006 , 2010 Thomas Müller Germany 2010 , 2014 Wesley Sneijder Netherlands By Country As of 15 July 2018 Rank Country MoM Players Brazil 22 14 Germany 12 France 17 11 Spain 16 10 5 Argentina 15 8 6 England 14 12 7 Mexico 12 10 Netherlands 9 South Korea 11 7 Portugal 6 United States 7 Most Entertaining Team ( edit ) The FIFA Award for the Most Entertaining Team is a subjectively awarded prize for the team that had done the most to entertain the public with a positive approach to the game , organised through public participation in a poll starting in 1994 . World Cup Most Entertaining Team Award 1994 United States Brazil 1998 France France 2002 Korea / Japan South Korea 2006 Germany Portugal 2010 South Africa Germany 2014 Brazil Colombia All - Star Team ( edit ) The All - Star Team is a team of the best performers at the respective World Cup finals . The ways in which the FIFA All - Star team members have been chosen has varied from year to year . A technical study group consisting of journalists - mostly of Europe and South America - and experts has historically chosen the team . However , in 1994 FIFA decided to add an official squad , chosen by the FIFA technical group and under the brand name MasterCard All - Star Team . The All - Star team wound up dropped prior to the 2010 tournament - coincidentally , three years after FIFA changed its sponsorship from MasterCard to Visa . All Star Team World Cup Goalkeepers Defenders Midfielders Forwards 1930 Uruguay Enrique Ballestrero José Nasazzi Milutin Ivković Luis Monti Álvaro Gestido José Leandro Andrade Pedro Cea Héctor Castro Héctor Scarone Guillermo Stábile Bert Patenaude 1934 Italy Ricardo Zamora Jacinto Quincoces Eraldo Monzeglio Luis Monti Attilio Ferraris Leonardo Cilaurren Giuseppe Meazza Raimundo Orsi Enrique Guaita Matthias Sindelar Oldřich Nejedlý 1938 France František Plánička Pietro Rava Alfredo Foni Domingos da Guia Michele Andreolo Ugo Locatelli Silvio Piola Gino Colaussi György Sárosi Gyula Zsengellér Leônidas 1950 Brazil Roque Máspoli Erik Nilsson José Parra Víctor Rodríguez Andrade Obdulio Varela Bauer Alcides Ghiggia Jair Zizinho Ademir Juan Alberto Schiaffino 1954 Switzerland Gyula Grosics Ernst Ocwirk Djalma Santos José Santamaría Fritz Walter József Bozsik Nándor Hidegkuti Zoltán Czibor Helmut Rahn Ferenc Puskás Sándor Kocsis 1958 Sweden Harry Gregg Djalma Santos Bellini Nílton Santos Danny Blanchflower Didi Gunnar Gren Raymond Kopa Pelé Garrincha Just Fontaine 1962 Chile Viliam Schrojf Djalma Santos Cesare Maldini Valery Voronin Karl - Heinz Schnellinger Mário Zagallo Zito Josef Masopust Vavá Garrincha Leonel Sánchez 1966 England Gordon Banks George Cohen Bobby Moore Vicente Silvio Marzolini Franz Beckenbauer Mário Coluna Bobby Charlton Flórián Albert Uwe Seeler Eusébio 1970 Mexico Ladislao Mazurkiewicz Carlos Alberto Atilio Ancheta Franz Beckenbauer Giacinto Facchetti Gérson Rivellino Bobby Charlton Pelé Gerd Müller Jairzinho 1974 West Germany Sepp Maier Ruud Krol Paul Breitner Elias Figueroa Franz Beckenbauer Berti Vogts Wolfgang Overath Kazimierz Deyna Johan Neeskens Rob Rensenbrink Johan Cruyff Grzegorz Lato 1978 Argentina Ubaldo Fillol Berti Vogts Ruud Krol Daniel Passarella Alberto Tarantini Dirceu Teófilo Cubillas Rob Rensenbrink Roberto Bettega Paolo Rossi Mario Kempes 1982 Spain Dino Zoff Luizinho Júnior Claudio Gentile Fulvio Collovati Zbigniew Boniek Falcão Michel Platini Zico Paolo Rossi Karl - Heinz Rummenigge 1986 Mexico Jean - Marie Pfaff Josimar Manuel Amoros Júlio César Jan Ceulemans Jean Tigana Michel Platini Diego Maradona Preben Elkjær Larsen Emilio Butragueño Gary Lineker 1990 Italy Sergio Goycochea Luis Gabelo Conejo Andreas Brehme Paolo Maldini Franco Baresi Diego Maradona Lothar Matthäus Dragan Stojković Paul Gascoigne Salvatore Schillaci Roger Milla Jürgen Klinsmann MasterCard All Star Team World Cup Goalkeepers Defenders Midfielders Forwards 1994 United States Michel Preud'homme Jorginho Márcio Santos Paolo Maldini Dunga Krasimir Balakov Gheorghe Hagi Tomas Brolin Romário Hristo Stoichkov Roberto Baggio 1998 France ( 1 ) Fabien Barthez José Luis Chilavert Roberto Carlos Marcel Desailly Lilian Thuram Frank de Boer Carlos Gamarra Dunga Rivaldo Michael Laudrup Zinedine Zidane Edgar Davids Ronaldo Davor Šuker Brian Laudrup Dennis Bergkamp 2002 Korea / Japan ( 2 ) Oliver Kahn Rüştü Reçber Roberto Carlos Sol Campbell Fernando Hierro Hong Myung - bo Alpay Özalan Rivaldo Ronaldinho Michael Ballack Claudio Reyna Yoo Sang - chul Ronaldo Miroslav Klose El Hadji Diouf Hasan Şaş 2006 Germany Gianluigi Buffon Jens Lehmann Ricardo Roberto Ayala John Terry Lilian Thuram Philipp Lahm Fabio Cannavaro Gianluca Zambrotta Ricardo Carvalho Zé Roberto Patrick Vieira Zinedine Zidane Michael Ballack Andrea Pirlo Gennaro Gattuso Luís Figo Maniche Hernán Crespo Thierry Henry Miroslav Klose Luca Toni Francesco Totti In addition to the 16 of the All - Star Team , 6 reserves were listed : Edwin van der Sar , Juan Sebastián Verón , Thierry Henry , Jay - Jay Okocha , Michael Owen , and Christian Vieri . Again there were seven reserves : Iker Casillas , Cafu , Dietmar Hamann , Joaquín , Hidetoshi Nakata , Landon Donovan , and Marc Wilmots . In 2010 , an equivalent of the All Star Team was an online poll to FIFA.com Club members named `` Dream Team '' , sponsored by Yingli . The Dream Team poll returned the following edition sponsored by Oi . Dream Team World Cup Goalkeepers Defenders Midfielders Forwards Manager 2010 South Africa Iker Casillas Philipp Lahm Sergio Ramos Carles Puyol Maicon Xavi Bastian Schweinsteiger Wesley Sneijder Andrés Iniesta David Villa Diego Forlán Vicente del Bosque 2014 Brazil Manuel Neuer Marcelo Mats Hummels Thiago Silva David Luiz Ángel Di María Toni Kroos James Rodríguez Lionel Messi Thomas Müller Neymar Joachim Löw While FIFA did not release an official list for 2014 , official sponsor Castrol published a team of the tournament based on their Castrol Performance Index , which evaluates players ' performances through statistical data . Castrol Index Top 11 World Cup Goalkeepers Defenders Midfielders Forwards 2014 Brazil Manuel Neuer Marcos Rojo Mats Hummels Thiago Silva Stefan de Vrij Oscar Toni Kroos Philipp Lahm James Rodríguez Arjen Robben Thomas Müller Only two players have been named in three separate All - Star teams which selection only included the starting eleven : Djalma Santos in 1954 , 1958 and 1962 , Franz Beckenbauer in 1966 , 1970 and 1974 . Philipp Lahm also achieved it in 2006 , 2010 and 2014 . However , the 2006 edition listed 23 players and 2014 had two All - Star team listed . Lahm 's name has only been in one of these . 21 players have been named in two separate All - Star teams : Luis Monti ( 1930 and 1934 ; representing Argentina and Italy respectively ) ; Garrincha ( 1958 and 1962 ) ; Pelé ( 1958 and 1970 ) ; Bobby Charlton ( 1966 and 1970 ) ; Ruud Krol and Rob Rensenbrink ( 1974 and 1978 ) ; Berti Vogts ( 1974 and 1978 ) ; Paolo Rossi ( 1978 and 1982 ) ; Michel Platini ( 1982 and 1986 ) ; Diego Maradona ( 1986 and 1990 ) ; Paolo Maldini ( 1990 and 1994 ) ; Dunga ( 1994 and 1998 ) ; Roberto Carlos , Rivaldo , and Ronaldo ( 1998 and 2002 ) ; Lilian Thuram and Zinedine Zidane ( 1998 and 2006 ) ; Michael Ballack and Miroslav Klose ( 2002 and 2006 ) . Pelé hold the record of the longest time between being named in two separate All - Star teams by 12 years apart ( 1958 and 1970 ) . Uruguay in 1930 and 1950 , Spain in 2010 and Germany in 2014 are the only teams to have had a player in every position on the All - Star Team . Germany and Italy achieved it in 2006 , however , the 2006 edition listed 23 players . Uruguay in 1930 and Italy in 2006 have the most players selected in the All - Star Team with 7 players each . However , the 1930 selection only had 11 players overall , while the 2006 selection had 23 . 37 different Brazilian players have been named in All - Star teams , Brazil is also the nation with most nominations with 44 nominees in every position except goalkeeper . Only two Asian players have been named in All - Star teams , Hong Myung - bo and Yoo Sang - chul of South Korea . Another Asian player Hidetoshi Nakata has been named in reserves . All three players were selected in 2002 . Similarly , only two African players have been named in All - Star teams , Roger Milla from Cameroon in 1990 and El Hadji Diouf from Senegal in 2002 . Only one player on the victorious 1986 Argentina team , Diego Maradona , was selected in that year 's All - Star team . Uniquely , brothers Brian Laudrup and Michael Laudrup were both selected for the All Star Team from Denmark in 1998 . Similarly , Cesare Maldini and Paolo Maldini are the only father and son players that were both selected for the All Star Team from Italy , in 1962 and 1990 , 1994 respectively . Uniquely , Argentinian compatriots Diego Maradona ( 1979 and 1986 ) and Lionel Messi ( 2005 and 2014 ) are the only players that won the Golden Ball award at both FIFA World Cup and FIFA World Youth Championship . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA World Cup : Awards '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA eliminates official World Cup All - Star team '' . USA Today . 21 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : 1982 FIFA World Cup Technical Report , page 222 : Paolo Rossi wins both adidas / France Football World Cup Trophies Jump up ^ `` Golden Ball winners in World Cup history '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup Best Players ( Golden Ball ) '' . Topend Sports . Retrieved 23 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` adidas Golden Ball '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 22 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cups : Awards '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 June 2016 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Champions at a Glance '' . FIFA . p. 14 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` adidas Golden Shoe - FIFA World Cup TM Final '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Romario is voted the top player of World Cup ' 94 and winner of the FIFA / adidas Golden Ball award ; Salenko and Stoichkov tie as leading scorers for World Cup USA ' 94 '' . Business Wire. 17 July 1994 . ( FIFA ) has announced Oleg Salenko ( Russia ) and Hristo Stoichkov ( Bulgaria ) as ( ... ) winners of the prestigious adidas Golden Shoe award ( ... ) who made six goals and one assist each . Kennet Andersson ( Sweden ) with 5 goals and 3 assists , will receive a Bronze replica of the Predator ( ... ) Throughout World Cup ' 94 , three points were awarded for each goal scored and one point for each assist leading to a goal , with a maximum of two assists per goal . Assists are only taken into account if two or more players scored the same number of goals . Jump up ^ Bryan , Rebecca ( 11 July 1994 ) . `` Football by the numbers '' . Los Angeles : Agence France Presse . the assist has gained enough ground to earn a place in the calculations for the Golden Boot award , which in every previous World Cup has been awarded solely on the basis of goals scored . Under the formula , players get three points for a goal , and one point for an assist . `` We made a two - point difference because we do not want someone who did not score winning the award , '' a FIFA official said . Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil -- Awards -- adidas Golden Boot '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup : Statistics '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA World Cup Technical Report '' ( PDF ) . FIFA Technical Group . 2014 . p. 177 . TOP GOALSCORERS 1930 - 2014 Jump up ^ `` 1978 FIFA World Cup Argentina -- Awards '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 FIFA World Cup Mexico : Awards '' . 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo voted Best Player at France 98 '' . FIFA.com. 27 July 1998 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` An unforgettable football festival with several winners '' . FIFA.com. 31 October 2002 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Official FIFA Awards : Zidane wins adidas Golden Ball award '' . FIFA.com. 10 July 2006 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Bert Patenaude credited with first hat trick in FIFA World Cup history '' . Fifa.com . Retrieved 20 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report ; Brazil -- Spain 6 : 1 '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 26 March 2013 . Retrieved 9 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Most World Cup goals '' . Sportskeeda . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1994 FIFA World Cup Technical Report '' ( PDF ) . FIFA Technical Group . 1994 . p. 82 . In Kenneth Andersson they had one of the most prolific scorers in their ranks - he was jointly awarded the `` Bronze Shoe '' for the third best goal - scorer , together with Brazil 's Romário . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo handed fourth goal '' . Sky Sports . Archived from the original on 1 May 2011 . Retrieved 12 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany - Statistics - Players - Top goals '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Boot '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 17 March 2012 . Retrieved 9 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Boot '' . FIFA . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Boot '' . FIFA . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : FIFA.com . `` FIFA World Cup TM Archive - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hyundai Young Player Award '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Best Young Player Award '' . footballdatabase.com . Retrieved 11 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Pele , Best Young Player Ever '' . newagebd.com . Archived from the original on 21 August 2009 . Retrieved 11 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Muller named Hyundai Best Young Player '' . FIFA.com. 9 March 2011 . Retrieved 9 June 2012 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com ( 14 July 2014 ) . `` Hyundai Young player award : Paul Pogba '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden consolation for magical Modric '' . FIFA.com. 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` XXI . Special awards and protocol '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . p. 52 . Retrieved 19 October 2008 . Jump up ^ David Goldblatt and Jean Will . A History of the World Cup in 24 Objects ( PDF ) . De Montfort University , Leicester . p. 18 . Jump up ^ 1982 Technical Report , page 222 : `` Sport Billy - the FIFA Fair Play Trophy '' Jump up ^ `` FIFA Award Trophies '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` España campeón , del fair play , en Sudáfrica 2010 '' . Peru.com. 14 July 2010 . Retrieved 20 October 2011 . Jump up ^ 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea / Japan : Report and Statistics , p. 44 : `` Marketing and Partners '' and p. 49 : `` Budweiser Man of the Match '' Jump up ^ `` Man of the Match '' . 2006 FIFA World Cup Official Website ( Yahoo ! ) . Archived from the original on 11 July 2006 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 15 June 2010 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man of the Match Rules '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Korea Republic win Most Entertaining Team Award '' . FIFA.com. 22 June 2014 . Retrieved 26 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Users declare Portugal most entertaining team '' . FIFA.com. 22 June 2014 . Retrieved 26 June 2014 . Jump up ^ ( ( cite web url = https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/worldcup/southafrica2010/news/newsid=31888/ title = Germany win Most Entertaining Team Award publisher = FIFA.com date = 22 June 2014 accessdate = 26 June 2014 ) ) Jump up ^ ( ( cite web url = https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/worldcup/brasil2014/news/newsid=31888/ title = Colombia win Most Entertaining Team Award publisher = FIFA.com date = 22 June 2014 accessdate = 26 June 2014 ) ) Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup All - Star Team -- Football world Cup All Star Team '' . Football.sporting99.com . Archived from the original on 30 June 2016 . Retrieved 28 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` WORLD CUP ' 94 ; Romario and Baggio Among First All - Star Cast '' . The New York Times . 16 July 1994 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA eliminates official World Cup All - Star team - USATODAY.com '' . usatoday30.usatoday.com . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com . `` FIFA Tournaments - Players & Coaches - Elias FIGUEROA - Player Profile - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA Technical Study Group designates MasterCard All - Star Team '' . FIFA.com. 10 July 1998 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea / Japan : Report and Statistics , p. 106 : `` MasterCard All - Star Team '' Jump up ^ `` The FIFA TSG nominates 23 players for the MasterCard All - Star squad '' . FIFA.com. 7 July 2006 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : FIFA.com ( 15 July 2010 ) . `` Spaniards dominate Dream Team '' . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : FIFA.com ( 15 July 2014 ) . `` Dream Team winners earn Sony prizes '' . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Castrol Index Top 11 '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original on 19 December 2014 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Bibliography `` 1982 FIFA World Cup Technical Report '' ( PDF ) . FIFA Technical Group . 1982 . `` 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea / Japan : Report and Statistics '' ( PDF ) . FIFA Technical Group . 2002 . External links ( edit ) FIFA World Cup Awards on FIFA website FIFA World Cup Golden Ball Best Player 1930 : Nasazzi 1934 : Meazza 1938 : Leônidas 1950 : Zizinho 1954 : Puskás 1958 : Didi 1962 : Garrincha 1966 : Charlton 1970 : Pelé 1974 : Cruijff 1978 : Kempes Golden Ball 1982 : Rossi 1986 : Maradona 1990 : Schillaci 1994 : Romário 1998 : Ronaldo 2002 : Kahn 2006 : Zidane 2010 : Forlán 2014 : Messi 2018 : Modrić Golden Ball was first awarded in 1982 . FIFA World Cup Silver Ball 2nd Best Player 1930 : Stábile 1934 : Sindelar 1938 : Piola 1950 : Schiaffino 1954 : Kocsis 1958 : Pelé 1962 : Masopust 1966 : Moore 1970 : Gérson 1974 : Beckenbauer 1978 : Rossi Silver Ball 1982 : Falcão 1986 : Schumacher 1990 : Matthäus 1994 : Baggio 1998 : Šuker 2002 : Ronaldo 2006 : Cannavaro 2010 : Sneijder 2014 : Müller 2018 : Hazard Silver Ball was first awarded in 1982 . FIFA World Cup Bronze Ball 3rd Best Player 1930 : Andrade 1934 : Nejedlý 1938 : Sárosi 1950 : Ademir 1954 : Walter 1958 : Fontaine 1962 : Sánchez 1966 : Eusébio 1970 : Müller 1974 : Deyna 1978 : Dirceu Bronze Ball 1982 : Rummenigge 1986 : Elkjær 1990 : Maradona 1994 : Stoichkov 1998 : Thuram 2002 : Hong Myung - bo 2006 : Pirlo 2010 : Villa 2014 : Robben 2018 : Griezmann Bronze Ball was first awarded in 1982 . FIFA World Cup -- Golden Boot winners Top scorer 1930 : Stábile 1934 : Nejedlý 1938 : Leônidas 1950 : Ademir 1954 : Kocsis 1958 : Fontaine 1962 : Albert , Garrincha , Ivanov , Jerković , Sánchez & Vavá Golden Shoe 1966 : Eusébio 1970 : G. Müller 1974 : Lato 1978 : Kempes 1982 : Rossi 1986 : Lineker 1990 : Schillaci 1994 : Salenko & Stoichkov 1998 : Šuker 2002 : Ronaldo 2006 : Klose Golden Boot 2010 : T. Müller 2014 : J. Rodríguez 2018 : Kane Golden Shoe was first awarded in 1966 Golden Boot was first awarded in 2010 FIFA World Cup Golden Glove All - Star Team Goalkeeper 1930 : Ballestrero 1934 : Zamora 1938 : Plánička 1950 : Máspoli 1954 : Grosics 1958 : Gregg 1962 : Schrojf 1966 : Banks 1970 : Mazurkiewicz 1974 : Maier 1978 : Fillol 1982 : Zoff 1986 : Pfaff 1990 : Goycochea Yashin Award 1994 : Preud'homme 1998 : Barthez 2002 : Kahn 2006 : Buffon Golden Glove 2010 : Casillas 2014 : Neuer 2018 : Courtois Golden Glove was first awarded in 1994 . FIFA World Cup Best Young Player Best Young Player 1958 : Pelé 1962 : Albert 1966 : Beckenbauer 1970 : Cubillas 1974 : Żmuda 1978 : Cabrini 1982 : Amoros 1986 : Scifo 1990 : Prosinečki 1994 : Overmars 1998 : Owen 2002 : Donovan Best Young Player Award 2006 : Podolski 2010 : Müller 2014 : Pogba 2018 : Mbappé Best Young Player was first awarded in 2006 . FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . 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-5931800836318917006 | The Number of the Beast (song) | The Number of the Beast ( song ) - wikipedia The Number of the Beast ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` The Number of the Beast '' Single by Iron Maiden from the album The Number of the Beast B - side 1982 `` Remember Tomorrow '' ( live ) 2005 CD `` The Number of the Beast '' ( live ) `` Hallowed Be Thy Name '' ( live ) 2005 7 '' `` The Number of the Beast '' ( live ) 2005 12 '' `` The Number of the Beast '' ( live ) `` Remember Tomorrow '' Released 26 April 1982 3 January 2005 Recorded 1981 Genre Heavy metal Length 4 : 49 Label EMI Songwriter ( s ) Steve Harris Producer ( s ) Martin Birch Iron Maiden singles chronology `` Run to the Hills '' ( 1982 ) `` The Number of the Beast '' ( 1982 ) `` Flight of Icarus '' ( 1983 ) `` Run to the Hills '' ( 1982 ) `` The Number of the Beast '' ( 1982 ) `` Flight of Icarus '' ( 1983 ) `` Rainmaker '' ( 2003 ) Rainmaker 2003 `` The Number of the Beast '' ( 2005 ) The Number of the Beast2005 `` The Trooper '' ( live ) ( 2005 ) String Module Error : Match not found2005 The Number of the Beast track listing `` 22 Acacia Avenue '' ( 4 ) `` The Number of the Beast '' ( 5 ) `` Run to the Hills '' ( 6 ) For other uses , see Number of the Beast ( disambiguation ) . `` The Number of the Beast '' is a song by the English heavy metal band Iron Maiden . It is Iron Maiden 's seventh single release , and the second single from their 1982 studio album of the same name . It was reissued in 2005 and also prior to that in 1990 in The First Ten Years box set on CD and 12 '' vinyl , in which it was combined the previous single , `` Run to the Hills '' . Upon release in 1982 , the song caused controversy in the United States where its religious subject matter caused outrage amongst religious groups . In spite of this , it remains one of the band 's more popular songs , reaching No. 18 in the UK singles charts , and has been performed on almost all of their concert tours . Additionally , the song has been covered numerous times and has appeared in several video games and films . Contents ( hide ) 1 Writing and recording 2 Single details 3 Legacy 4 Controversy 5 Track listing 6 Personnel 7 Chart performance 7.1 Notes 8 References Writing and recording ( edit ) According to the song 's writer , bassist and band - founder Steve Harris , it was inspired by a nightmare he had after watching the film Damien : Omen II , in addition to the poem Tam o ' Shanter by Robert Burns . The song opens with a spoken word passage , read by English actor Barry Clayton , which quotes Revelation 12 : 12 and Revelation 13 : 18 . According to lead vocalist , Bruce Dickinson , the band originally asked Vincent Price to read the intro , but decided to hire Clayton after Price refused to do it for anything less than £ 25,000 . The track is known for its very long , high - pitched and guttural wail at the end of the intro , which AllMusic describes as `` the most blood - curdling Dickinson scream on record '' . In the Classic Albums documentary based on The Number of the Beast album , Dickinson states that it came about through frustration with producer Martin Birch , who forced him to sing the introduction repeatedly for hours on end . Single details ( edit ) The single 's cover is the last of three singles to feature Riggs ' depiction of Satan , which debuted on the cover of the `` Purgatory '' single . The cover of The Number of the Beast is the aftermath to the cover of the `` Run to the Hills '' single where Eddie and Satan are depicted in battle . The single was also released in red vinyl . The live version of `` Remember Tomorrow '' was recorded during the Killer World Tour in Padua , Italy on 29 October 1981 with Bruce Dickinson on vocals . Dickinson had sung live for the first time on an Iron Maiden tour only three nights earlier , on 26 October in Bologna , a month and a half following the dismissal of previous vocalist Paul Di'Anno . It is also the last single to feature Clive Burr on drums , as he was replaced by Nicko McBrain at the end of The Beast on the Road tour in 1982 . In 2005 , to tie in with the 2004 DVD The History of Iron Maiden -- Part 1 : The Early Days , `` The Number of the Beast '' was re-released , along with live versions of the song and `` Hallowed Be Thy Name '' , recorded in 2002 . Legacy ( edit ) `` The Number of the Beast '' is one of the band 's most popular songs , appearing at No. 7 on VH1 's 40 Greatest Metal Songs and No. 6 in Martin Popoff 's book `` The Top 500 Heavy Metal Songs of All Time '' , in the list was compiled from 15,000 votes submitted by musicians , music journalists and the general public . Since its release , the song has been covered by Avulsed , Iced Earth , Sinergy , Powderfinger , Djali Zwan ( whose version was used for the soundtrack of the cult film Spun ) , The Iron Maidens and many other bands . In addition , it was covered on a String Quartet Tribute to the band . This song has featured in video games , such as Tony Hawk 's Pro Skater 4 , Guitar Hero III : Legends of Rock , and can be downloaded to Rock Band ( originally offered as a cover version , the original master recording complete with spoken introduction was also uploaded along with `` Run to the Hills '' and a live performance version of `` Hallowed Be Thy Name '' ) . On top of this , it can be heard in the film Murder by Numbers and the British TV series Sherlock . Controversy ( edit ) In addition to the album 's artwork and title , the song was a prominent target of religious groups in the United States who accused Iron Maiden of being a Satanic group . The controversy led to organised burnings of the group 's albums as well as several protests during their 1982 tour , although this would only serve to give the band more publicity . Steve Harris has since commented that the accusations made against them were `` mad . They completely got the wrong end of the stick . They obviously had n't read the lyrics . They just wanted to believe all that rubbish about us being Satanists . '' On their following album , Piece of Mind , the band placed a backmasked message at the beginning of the song `` Still Life , '' in which the band 's drummer , Nicko McBrain , gives a drunken impression of Idi Amin . According to McBrain , the message , in which he says `` Do n't meddle wid t'ings yo do n't understand '' , was directed at those who had labelled Iron Maiden as devil worshippers , commenting , `` We thought , if people were going to be stupid about this sort of thing , we might as well give them something to be really stupid about , you know ? '' On top of the accusations of Satanism , when `` The Number of the Beast '' 's music video was first shown on MTV , Eddie 's appearance at the end was edited out after complaints from frightened viewers . Track listing ( edit ) 1982 7 '' UK single ( EMI 5287 ) 1990 CD single Also on red or clear vinyl ( EMI 5287 ) , 12 '' ( 1A K052 - 1076386 ) & cassette ( EMI TC IM3 ) Side one No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` The Number of the Beast '' Steve Harris 4 : 49 Side two No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Remember Tomorrow '' ( live in Padua , Italy , 29 October 1981 ) Harris , Paul Di'Anno 5 : 26 2005 Enhanced CD ( EMS 666 ) Compact Disc No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` The Number of the Beast '' Harris 4 : 53 2 . `` The Number of the Beast '' ( live at the Brixton Academy , London , 19 -- 21 March 2002 ) Harris 4 : 48 3 . `` Hallowed Be Thy Name '' ( live at the Brixton Academy , London , 19 -- 21 March 2002 ) Harris 7 : 39 4 . `` The Number of the Beast '' ( VIDEO ) Harris Unknown 5 . `` The Number of the Beast '' ( VIDEO - live at the Brixton Academy , London , 19 -- 21 March 2002 ) Harris 4 : 48 2005 7 '' Red Vinyl ( EM 666 ) Side one No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` The Number of the Beast '' Harris 4 : 49 No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` The Number of the Beast '' ( live at the Brixton Academy , London , 19 -- 21 March 2002 ) Harris 4 : 48 2005 12 '' Picture Disc ( 12EM 666 ) Side one No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` The Number of the Beast '' Harris 4 : 49 Side two No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` The Number of the Beast '' ( live at the Brixton Academy , London , 19 -- 21 March 2002 ) Harris 4 : 48 2 . `` Remember Tomorrow '' Harris , Di'Anno 5 : 26 Personnel ( edit ) Production credits are adapted from the 7 inch vinyl and reissue picture disc covers . Iron Maiden Bruce Dickinson -- lead vocals Dave Murray -- guitar Adrian Smith -- guitar Janick Gers -- guitar ( live - 2005 ) Steve Harris -- bass guitar Clive Burr -- drums Nicko McBrain -- drums ( live - 2005 ) Production Martin Birch -- producer , engineer Derek Riggs -- cover illustration Kevin Shirley -- mixing ( live - 2005 ) Tony Newton -- mixing ( live - 2005 ) Chart performance ( edit ) Single Chart ( 1982 ) Peak position Album `` The Number of the Beast '' UK Singles Chart 18 The Number of the Beast Irish Singles Chart 19 Single Chart ( 1990 ) Peak position Album `` Run to the Hills / The Number of the Beast '' UK Albums Chart -- Single Chart ( 2005 ) Peak position Album `` The Number of the Beast '' Finnish Singles Chart -- French Singles Chart 78 German Singles Chart 76 Irish Singles Chart 11 Italian Singles Chart 5 Norwegian Singles Chart 13 Swedish Singles Chart 40 Swiss Singles Chart 42 UK Singles Chart Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Re-release of both singles as part of The First Ten Years box set . Exceeded the length limit of the UK Singles chart . Jump up ^ Re-release of original studio version along with 2002 live version . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wall , Mick ( 2004 ) . Iron Maiden : Run to the Hills , the Authorised Biography ( 3rd ed . ) . Sanctuary Publishing . p. 224 . ISBN 1 - 86074 - 542 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Classic Albums : Iron Maiden -- The Number of the Beast ( DVD ) . Eagle Vision . 4 December 2001 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 Mightiest Intros in Metal '' . NME. 12 May 2011 . Retrieved 2 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bruce Dickinson : Iron Maiden on tour in 2005 '' . Blabbermouth.net. 8 June 2004 . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Review : The Number of the Beast '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 1 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Neil ( 2014 ) . Killers : The Origins of Iron Maiden 1975 - 1983 . Soundcheck Books . p. 115 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9575700 - 2 - 3 . Jump up ^ Wall , Mick ( 2004 ) . Iron Maiden : Run to the Hills , the Authorised Biography ( 3rd ed . ) . Sanctuary Publishing . p. 219 . ISBN 1 - 86074 - 542 - 3 . Jump up ^ Wall , Mick ( 2004 ) . Iron Maiden : Run to the Hills , the Authorised Biography ( 3rd ed . ) . Sanctuary Publishing . p. 240 . ISBN 1 - 86074 - 542 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Maiden To Release ' The Number of the Beast ' '' . Blabbermouth.net. 16 November 2004 . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` VH1 40 Greatest Metal Songs '' , 1 -- 4 May 2006 , VH1 Channel , reported by VH1.com ; last accessed 10 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Popoff , Martin ( 1 October 2002 ) . The Top 500 Heavy Metal Songs of All Time . ECW Press . Jump up ^ `` Avulsed - Discography '' . Metal Storm . Retrieved 18 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Tribute to the Gods '' . Iced Earth . Retrieved 13 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A Tribute to the Beast ' '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 6 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Metre ' : Powderfinger '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 8 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Djali Zwan Official Myspace '' . Myspace . Retrieved 13 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Iron Maidens discography '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 4 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Anatomy of Evil : A string quartet tribute to Iron Maiden '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 24 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tony Hawk 's Pro Skater 4 soundtrack '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 24 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guitar Hero 3 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 13 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Maiden '' . RockBand.com . Retrieved 24 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Murder by Numbers Soundtrack '' . IMDb . Retrieved 24 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Louisa Mellor ( 17 January 2017 ) . `` Sherlock : 38 nerdy spots in The Final Problem '' . Den of Geek . ^ Jump up to : Young , Simon . `` Raising Hell '' . Kerrang ! Legends ( 2 ) : 32 . Jump up ^ The History of Iron Maiden -- Part 1 : The Early Days ( DVD ) . EMI. 23 November 2004 . Jump up ^ Wall , Mick ( 2004 ) . Iron Maiden : Run to the Hills , the Authorised Biography ( 3rd ed . ) . Sanctuary Publishing . p. 228 . ISBN 1 - 86074 - 542 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Wall , Mick ( 2004 ) . Iron Maiden : Run to the Hills , the Authorised Biography ( 3rd ed . ) . Sanctuary Publishing . p. 246 . ISBN 1 - 86074 - 542 - 3 . Jump up ^ Various dates in Iron Maiden history Jump up ^ `` The Number of the Beast '' 7 Inch Single ( Media notes ) . Iron Maiden . EMI. 26 April 1982 . Jump up ^ `` The Number of the Beast '' Reissue Picture Disc ( Media notes ) . Iron Maiden . EMI. 3 January 2005 . ^ Jump up to : `` Iron Maiden Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 1 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Search the charts '' . IRMA . Irishcharts.ie . Retrieved 3 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` UK Albums Archive - 17 March 1990 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 10 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Maiden discography '' . Finland 's Official List . finnishcharts.com . Retrieved 11 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Maiden discography '' . SNEP . lescharts.com . Retrieved 11 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Maiden German singles '' . Media Control Charts . Musicline.de . Retrieved 11 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Maiden discography '' . IRMA . Irish - charts. con . Retrieved 11 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Maiden discography '' . FIMI . Italiancharts.com . Retrieved 11 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Maiden discography '' . VG - lista . Norwegiancharts.com . Retrieved 11 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Maiden discography '' . Sverigetopplistan . Swedishcharts.com . Retrieved 11 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Maiden - ' The Number of the Beast ' '' . Swiss Music Charts . Retrieved 11 October 2011 . Iron Maiden Steve Harris Dave Murray Adrian Smith Bruce Dickinson Nicko McBrain Janick Gers Doug Sampson Paul Di'Anno Dennis Stratton Clive Burr Blaze Bayley ( details ) Studio albums Iron Maiden Killers The Number of the Beast Piece of Mind Powerslave Somewhere in Time Seventh Son of a Seventh Son No Prayer for the Dying Fear of the Dark The X Factor Virtual XI Brave New World Dance of Death A Matter of Life and Death The Final Frontier The Book of Souls Live albums Live After Death A Real Live One A Real Dead One Live at Donington Maiden England A Real Live Dead One Rock in Rio BBC Archives Beast over Hammersmith Death on the Road Flight 666 En Vivo ! The Book of Souls : Live Chapter Extended plays The Soundhouse Tapes Live ! ! + one Maiden Japan No More Lies Compilations Best of the Beast Ed Hunter Best of the ' B ' Sides Edward the Great The Essential Iron Maiden Somewhere Back in Time From Fear to Eternity Box sets The First Ten Years Eddie 's Head Eddie 's Archive Video albums Live at the Rainbow Video Pieces Behind the Iron Curtain Live After Death 12 Wasted Years Maiden England The First Ten Years ( From There to Eternity ) Donington Live 1992 Raising Hell Classic Albums : Iron Maiden -- The Number of the Beast Rock in Rio Visions of the Beast The History of Iron Maiden -- Part 1 : The Early Days Death on the Road Flight 666 En Vivo ! The Book of Souls : Live Chapter Singles `` Running Free '' `` Sanctuary '' `` Women in Uniform '' `` Twilight Zone '' `` Purgatory '' `` Run to the Hills '' `` The Number of the Beast '' `` Flight of Icarus '' `` The Trooper '' `` 2 Minutes to Midnight '' `` Aces High '' `` Wasted Years '' `` Stranger in a Strange Land '' `` Can I Play with Madness '' `` The Evil That Men Do '' `` The Clairvoyant ( live ) '' `` Infinite Dreams ( live ) '' `` Holy Smoke '' `` Bring Your Daughter ... to the Slaughter '' `` Be Quick or Be Dead '' `` From Here to Eternity '' `` Wasting Love '' `` Fear of the Dark ( live ) '' `` Hallowed Be Thy Name ( live ) '' `` Man on the Edge '' `` Lord of the Flies '' `` Virus '' `` The Angel and the Gambler '' `` Futureal '' `` The Wicker Man '' `` Out of the Silent Planet '' `` Wildest Dreams '' `` Rainmaker '' `` The Reincarnation of Benjamin Breeg '' `` Different World '' `` El Dorado '' `` Speed of Light '' `` Empire of the Clouds '' Other songs `` Satellite 15 ... The Final Frontier '' Tours Supporting `` Metal for Muthas Tour '' `` British Steel Tour '' `` Unmasked Tour '' `` World Wide Blitz Tour '' `` Blackout Tour '' `` Special Forces Tour '' Headlining `` Iron Maiden Tour '' `` Killer World Tour '' `` The Beast on the Road '' `` World Piece Tour '' `` World Slavery Tour '' `` Somewhere on Tour '' `` Seventh Tour of a Seventh Tour '' `` No Prayer on the Road '' `` Fear of the Dark Tour '' `` Real Live Tour '' `` The X Factour '' `` Virtual XI World Tour '' `` The Ed Hunter Tour '' `` Brave New World Tour '' `` Give Me Ed ... ' Til I 'm Dead Tour '' `` Dance of Death World Tour '' `` Eddie Rips Up the World Tour '' `` A Matter of Life and Death Tour '' `` Somewhere Back in Time World Tour '' `` The Final Frontier World Tour '' `` Maiden England World Tour '' `` The Book of Souls World Tour '' `` Legacy of the Beast World Tour '' Related Articles Members Discography Tours Songs Awards and nominations Eddie Tribute albums Bands Urchin Psycho Motel Samson The Entire Population of Hackney The Iron Maidens People Kevin Shirley Derek Riggs Rod Smallwood Andy Taylor Martin Birch Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Number_of_the_Beast_(song)&oldid=800869694 '' Categories : 1982 singles Iron Maiden songs Songs about the Devil Songs written by Steve Harris ( musician ) Music based on the Bible 1981 songs EMI Records singles Obscenity controversies in music Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with Module : String errors Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Track listings with deprecated parameters Track listings with input errors Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara Français Hrvatski Italiano Magyar Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 05 : 07 . About Wikipedia | who sang 666 the number of the beast | [
"\"The Number of the Beast\" is a song by the English heavy metal band Iron Maiden. It is Iron Maiden's seventh single release, and the second single from their 1982 studio album of the same name. It was reissued in 2005 and also prior to that in 1990 in The First Ten Years box set on CD and 12\" vinyl, in which it was combined the previous single, \"Run to the Hills\"."
] | [
"Iron Maiden"
] |
-7451436088343558916 | Heat (1995 film) | Heat ( 1995 film ) - wikipedia Heat ( 1995 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Heat Theatrical release poster Directed by Michael Mann Produced by Michael Mann Art Linson Written by Michael Mann Starring Al Pacino Robert De Niro Tom Sizemore Diane Venora Amy Brenneman Ashley Judd Mykelti Williamson Wes Studi Ted Levine Jon Voight Val Kilmer Music by Elliot Goldenthal Cinematography Dante Spinotti Edited by Dov Hoenig Pasquale Buba William Goldenberg Tom Rolf Production companies Regency Enterprises Forward Pass Distributed by Warner Bros . Release date December 15 , 1995 ( 1995 - 12 - 15 ) Running time 170 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $60 million Box office $187.4 million Heat is a 1995 American crime film written , produced and directed by Michael Mann , and starring Robert De Niro , Al Pacino , and Val Kilmer . De Niro plays Neil McCauley , a professional thief , while Pacino plays Lt. Vincent Hanna , a LAPD robbery - homicide detective tracking down McCauley 's crew . The story is based on the former Chicago police officer Chuck Adamson 's pursuit during the 1960s of a criminal named McCauley , after whom De Niro 's character is named . Heat is a remake by Mann of a TV series he had worked on , the pilot of which was released as a TV movie , L.A. Takedown in 1989 . Heat was a critical and commercial success , grossing $67 million in the United States and $187 million worldwide ( about $295 million in 2017 ) against a $60 million budget . It was well received by critics . The film - critic aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports 86 % positive reviews , calling the film `` an engrossing crime drama that draws compelling performances from its stars and confirms Michael Mann 's mastery of the genre . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Development 3.1 Factual basis 3.2 Canceled TV series 4 Production 4.1 Pre-production 4.2 Filming 5 Release 5.1 Box office 5.2 Home media 5.3 Reception 6 Impact 7 Soundtrack album 8 Video game 9 References 10 External links Plot Neil McCauley , a career criminal , hires Waingro to help him rob $1.6 million in bearer bonds from an armored car . During the heist , Waingro impulsively kills a guard , infuriating McCauley . When his crew , Chris Shiherlis , Michael Cheritto and Trejo , attempt to kill Waingro , he escapes . McCauley 's fence , Nate , suggests he sell the stolen bonds back to their original owner , money launderer Roger Van Zant. Van Zant agrees , but instructs his men to ambush McCauley at the meeting . McCauley survives the ambush and vows revenge against Van Zant . LAPD Lieutenant Vincent Hanna , working with Sergeant Drucker and Detectives Sammy Casals , Mike Bosko , and Danny Schwartz , investigate the heist and identify McCauley 's crew as the perpetrators . They discover their next target to be a precious metals depository . The unit stakes out the depository and observe the crime in progress , but inadvertently alert McCauley to their presence . McCauley abandons the burglary . Hanna , dissatisfied with the lack of evidence , lets McCauley 's crew escape . Despite the increased police surveillance , McCauley 's crew agrees to one last brazen bank robbery worth $12 million to secure their financial futures . Waingro approaches Van Zant with information about eliminating McCauley 's crew . McCauley starts a relationship with Eady , a designer he meets in a cafe . Hanna moves into a hotel after learning his wife Justine is having an affair . Hanna pulls over McCauley on the freeway and invites him to coffee . Face - to - face , the aging professionals bond over their personal problems . Hanna 's concern for his depressed stepdaughter Lauren and his string of failed marriages due to work , and McCauley 's solitary life of a career criminal which , forbidding attachment and requiring mobility , makes his romantic relationships tenuous . Both men reaffirm their commitment to their work and to using lethal force if necessary to stop the other . After coffee , Hanna discovers that McCauley 's crew have evaded their surveillance . When Trejo withdraws from the robbery , McCauley recruits ex-convict Donald Breedan into the crew . Hanna 's unit receives a confidential tip and interrupt McCauley 's crew in the middle of their bank robbery . In the ensuing gunfight , several police officers , including Bosko , are killed , while McCauley 's crew loses Breedan and Cheritto . Shiherlis is wounded , but escapes with McCauley . McCauley leaves Shiherlis with a doctor to treat his wounds . He breaks into Trejo 's house to find Trejo near death . Trejo reveals that Waingro alerted Van Zant to their bank robbery , who subsequently informed the police . McCauley finishes off Trejo at his own request , then kills Van Zant at his home . McCauley approaches Eady , who has accepted his criminal activities , with a plan to flee to New Zealand . Hanna orders police surveillance on Waingro and leaks his location to criminal channels , suspecting McCauley will attempt to kill him before leaving town . Shiherlis ' estranged wife Charlene is detained in a police safehouse , where Drucker threatens her with criminal charges if she does n't betray Shiherlis to police . Charlene agrees , but when Shiherlis shows up in disguise , she surreptitiously warns him , allowing Shiherlis to slip through the dragnet . Hanna finds Lauren unconscious in his hotel room from a suicide attempt and rushes her to the hospital . McCauley and Eady drive to the airport when he receives word of Waingro 's location at a nearby hotel . Initially dismissive , McCauley decides to risk his freedom for revenge . He infiltrates the hotel , pulling a fire alarm to distract security and confronts Waingro before killing him . Moments away from escape , he notices Hanna approaching through the crowds and is forced to abandon Eady for his freedom . Hanna chases McCauley into a field outside the LAX freight terminal . In the cat - and - mouse shootout , McCauley is exposed , and Hanna mortally wounds him . Near death , McCauley offers his hand to Hanna , who takes it , and reverently watches his adversary die . Cast Al Pacino as Lt. Vincent Hanna Robert De Niro as Neil McCauley Val Kilmer as Chris Shiherlis Jon Voight as Nate Tom Sizemore as Michael Cheritto Diane Venora as Justine Hanna Amy Brenneman as Eady Ashley Judd as Charlene Shiherlis Mykelti Williamson as Detective Sgt . Drucker Wes Studi as Detective Sammy Casals Ted Levine as Detective Mike Bosko Dennis Haysbert as Donald Breedan William Fichtner as Roger Van Zant Natalie Portman as Lauren Gustafson Tom Noonan as Kelso Kevin Gage as Waingro Hank Azaria as Alan Marciano Danny Trejo as Trejo Henry Rollins as Hugh Benny Jerry Trimble as Danny Schwartz Ricky Harris as Albert Torena Tone Lōc as Richard Torena Jeremy Piven as Dr. Bob Xander Berkeley as Ralph De Niro was the first cast member to get the film script , showing it to Pacino who also wanted to be a part of the film . De Niro believed Heat was a `` very good story , had a particular feel to it , a reality and authenticity . '' Xander Berkeley had played Waingro in L.A. Takedown , an earlier rendition of Mann 's script for Heat . He was cast in a minor role in Heat . In 2016 , Pacino revealed that his character was under the influence of cocaine throughout the whole film . In order to prepare the actors for the roles of McCauley 's crew , Mann took Kilmer , Sizemore and De Niro to Folsom State Prison to interview actual career criminals . While researching her role , Ashley Judd met several former prostitutes who became housewives . Development Factual basis Heat is based on the true story of a real Neil McCauley , a calculating criminal and ex-Alcatraz inmate who was tracked down by Detective Chuck Adamson in 1964 . Neil McCauley was raised in Wisconsin where his father worked as steam fitter to provide his family with a middle - class life . The normalcy of Neil 's youth faded following the adoption of another child and his father 's death in 1928 . At 14 , he quit school to find work to support his mother and five siblings . The McCauleys soon relocated to Chicago . In Chicago , McCauley began his criminal career after his mother began drinking heavily . By the time he was 20 , he had already done three stints in county jail for larceny . In 1961 , McCauley was transferred from Alcatraz to McNeil , as mentioned in the film , and he was released in 1962 . Upon his release , he immediately began planning new heists . With ex-cons Michael Parille and William Pinkerton they used bolt cutters and drills to burglarize a manufacturing company of diamond drill bits , a scene which is closely recreated in the film . Detective Chuck Adamson , upon whom Al Pacino 's character is largely based , began keeping tabs on McCauley 's crew around this time , knowing that he had become active again . The two even met for coffee once , just as portrayed in the film . Their dialogue in the script was almost exactly word for word the conversation that McCauley and Adamson had . The next time the two would meet , guns would be drawn , just as the movie portrays . On March 25 , 1964 , McCauley and members of his regular crew followed an armored car that delivered money to a Chicago grocery store . Once the drop was made , three of the robbers entered the store . They threatened the clerks and stole money bags worth $10,000 before they sped off amid a hail of police gunfire . McCauley 's crew was unaware that Adamson and eight other detectives had blocked off all potential exits , and when the getaway car turned down an alley and the bandits saw the blockade , they realized they were trapped . All four suspects exited the vehicle and began firing . Two of his crew , men named Breaden and Parille , were slain in an alley while a third man , Polesti ( on whom Chris Shiherlis is very loosely based ) , shot his way out and escaped . McCauley was shot to death on the lawn of a nearby home . He was 50 years old and the prime suspect in several burglaries . Polesti was caught days later and sent to prison . As of 2011 Polesti was still alive . Adamson went on to a successful career as a television and film producer , and died in 2008 at age 71 . Michael Mann 's 2009 film Public Enemies stated in its end credits `` In memory of Chuck Adamson '' . As an additional inspiration for Hanna , in an 1995 interview Mann cited an unnamed man working internationally against drug cartels . Additionally , the character of Nate , played by Jon Voight , is closely based on real - life former career criminal and fence turned writer Edward Bunker , who served as a consultant to Mann on the film . Canceled TV series Main article : L.A. Takedown In 1979 , Mann wrote a 180 - page draft of Heat . He re-wrote it after making Thief in 1981 hoping to find a director to make it and mentioning it publicly in a promotional interview for his 1983 film The Keep . In the late 1980s , he offered the film to his friend , film director Walter Hill , who turned him down . Following the success of Miami Vice and Crime Story , Mann was to produce a new crime television show for NBC . He turned the script that would become Heat into a 90 - minute pilot for a television series featuring the Los Angeles Police Department Robbery -- Homicide division , featuring Scott Plank in the role of Hanna and Alex McArthur playing the character of Neil McCauley , renamed to Patrick McLaren . The pilot was shot in only nineteen days , atypical for Mann . The script was abridged down to almost a third of its original length , omitting many subplots that made it into Heat . The network was unhappy with Plank as the lead actor , and asked Mann to recast Hanna 's role . Mann declined and the show was cancelled and the pilot aired on August 27 , 1989 as a television film entitled L.A. Takedown. which was later released on VHS and DVD in Europe . Production This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2014 ) Pre-production In April 1994 , Mann was reported to have abandoned his earlier plan to shoot a biopic of James Dean in favor of directing Heat , producing it with Art Linson . The film was marketed as the first on - screen appearance of Robert De Niro and Al Pacino together in the same scene -- both actors starred in The Godfather Part II , but owing to the nature of their roles , they were never seen in the same scene . Pacino and De Niro were Mann 's first choices for the roles of Hanna and McCauley , respectively , and they both immediately agreed to act . Mann assigned Janice Polley , a former collaborator on The Last of the Mohicans , as the film 's location manager . Scouting locations lasted from August to December 1994 . Mann requested locations which did not appear on film before , in which Polley was successful -- fewer than 10 of the 85 filming locations were previously used . The most challenging shooting location proved to be Los Angeles International Airport , with the film crew almost missing out due to a threat to the airport by the Unabomber . To make the long shootout more realistic they hired British ex-Special Air Service special forces sergeant Andy McNab as a technical weapons trainer and adviser . He designed a weapons training curriculum to train the actors for three months using live ammunition before shooting with blanks for the actual take and worked with training them for the bank robbery . Filming Principal photography for Heat lasted 107 days . All of the shooting was done on location , Mann deciding not to use a soundstage . Release Box Office Heat was released on December 15 , 1995 , and opened # 3 in the box office with $8,445,656 opening weekend in 1,325 theaters ( behind Jumanji and Toy Story respectively ) . It grossed $67,436,818 in United States box offices , and $120 million in foreign box offices . Heat was ranked the # 25 highest - grossing film of 1995 . Home Media Heat was released on VHS in June 1996 . Due to its running time , the film had to be released on two cassettes . A DVD release followed in 1999 . A two - disc special - edition DVD was released in 2005 , featuring an audio commentary by Michael Mann , deleted scenes , and numerous documentaries detailing the film 's production . This edition contains the original theatrical cut . The initial Blu - ray Disc was released on November 10 , 2009 , featuring a high - definition film transfer , supervised by Mann . Among the disc extras were Mann 's audio commentary , a one - hour documentary about the making of the film and ten minutes worth of scenes cut from the film . As well as approving the look of the transfer , Mann also recut two scenes slightly differently , referring to them as `` new content changes '' . A Director 's Definitive Edition Blu - Ray was released on May 9 2017 by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment , who acquired the distribution rights to the film through their part - ownership of Regency back in 2015 . Sourced from a 4K remaster of the film supervised by Mann , the two disc set contains all the extras from the 2009 Blu - ray , along with two filmmakers panels from 2015 and 2016 discussing the movie with the filmmakers . Reception Rotten Tomatoes , a review aggregator , reports that 86 % of 78 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review ; the average rating is 7.8 / 10 . The film 's critical consensus reads , `` Though Al Pacino and Robert De Niro share but a handful of screen minutes together , Heat is an engrossing crime drama that draws compelling performances from its stars -- and confirms Michael Mann 's mastery of the genre . '' Metacritic gives the film a score of 76 out of 100 , based on 22 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Roger Ebert gave the film 31⁄2 stars out of 4 , writing : `` It 's not just an action picture . Above all , the dialogue is complex enough to allow the characters to say what they 're thinking : They are eloquent , insightful , fanciful , poetic when necessary . They 're not trapped with cliches . Of the many imprisonments possible in our world , one of the worst must be to be inarticulate -- to be unable to tell another person what you really feel . '' Simon Cote of The Austin Chronicle called the film `` one of the most intelligent crime - thrillers to come along in years '' , and said Pacino and De Niro 's scenes together were `` poignant and gripping '' . Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times called the film a `` sleek , accomplished piece of work , meticulously controlled and completely involving . The dark end of the street does n't get much more inviting than this . '' Todd McCarthy of Variety wrote , `` Stunningly made and incisively acted by a large and terrific cast , Michael Mann 's ambitious study of the relativity of good and evil stands apart from other films of its type by virtue of its extraordinarily rich characterizations and its thoughtful , deeply melancholy take on modern life . '' Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave it a B − rating , saying that `` Mann 's action scenes ( ... ) have an existential , you - are - there jitteriness , '' but called the heist - planning and Hanna 's investigation scenes `` dry , talky . '' The film was nominated for the American Film Institute 's `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills '' list . Impact The explicit nature of several of the film 's scenes was cited as the model of a spate of robberies since its release . This included armored car robberies in South Africa , Colombia , Denmark , and Norway and most famously the 1997 North Hollywood shootout , in which Larry Phillips , Jr. and Emil Mătăsăreanu robbed the North Hollywood branch of the Bank of America and , similarly to the film , were confronted by the LAPD as they left the bank . This shootout is considered one of the longest and bloodiest events of its type in American police history . Both robbers were killed , and eleven police officers and seven civilians were injured during the shootout . Heat was widely referenced during the coverage of the shootout . For his film The Dark Knight , director Christopher Nolan drew inspiration in his portrayal of Gotham City from Heat in order `` to tell a very large , city story or the story of a city '' . Heat was one of the inspirations behind the video game Grand Theft Auto V , notably the mission `` Blitz Play '' where the crew blocks and then knocks over an armored car in order to rob it . In March 2016 , Mann announced that he is developing a Heat prequel novel as part of launching his company Michael Mann Books . Soundtrack album Heat : Music from the Motion Picture Soundtrack album by various artists Released December 19 , 1995 ( 1995 - 12 - 19 ) Genre Classical , Avant - garde , Modernist , Jazz fusion , Electronica , Alternative rock Length 68 : 52 Label Warner Bros . 9 46144 - 2 Producer Matthias Gohl Elliot Goldenthal chronology Batman Forever ( 1995 ) Batman Forever 1995 Heat ( 1995 ) Michael Collins ( 1996 ) Michael Collins 1996 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Filmtracks.com Musicfromthemovies AllMusic Main article : Heat ( soundtrack ) On December 19 , 1995 , Warner Bros. Records released a soundtrack album on cassette and CD to accompany the film , entitled Heat : Music from the Motion Picture . The album was produced by Matthias Gohl . It contains a 29 - minute selection of the film score composed by Elliot Goldenthal , as well as songs by other artists such as U2 and Brian Eno ( collaborating as Passengers ) , Terje Rypdal , Moby , and Lisa Gerrard . Heat used an abridged instrumental rendition of the Joy Division song `` New Dawn Fades '' by Moby , which also features in the same form on the soundtrack album . Mann reused the Einstürzende Neubauten track `` Armenia '' in his 1999 film The Insider . The film ends with Moby 's `` God Moving Over the Face of the Waters '' , a different version of which was included at the end of the soundtrack album . Mann and Goldenthal decided on an atmospheric situation for the film soundtrack . Goldenthal used a setup consisting of multiple guitars , which he termed `` guitar orchestra '' , and thought it brought the film score closer to a European style . The soundtrack was noted for lack of a central theme . Christian Clemmensen of Filmtracks.com criticized the omission from the album of much music heard in the film due to the film 's length , but praised the album as a decent listening experience , and Goldenthal 's score as `` psychologically engaging and intellectually challenging '' , believing it to be one of Goldenthal 's best . AllMusic called it a `` soundtrack for the mind ( ... ) full of twists and turns '' . Musicfromthemovies.com thought of the album as uncharacteristic for Goldenthal 's style , calling the atmosphere `` absolutely electrifying '' . No . Title Writer ( s ) Performer Length 1 . `` Heat '' Elliot Goldenthal Kronos Quartet 7 : 41 2 . `` Always Forever Now '' ( from Original Soundtracks 1 , 1995 ) U2 ; Brian Eno Passengers 6 : 54 3 . `` Condensers '' Elliot Goldenthal Elliot Goldenthal 2 : 35 4 . `` Refinery Surveillance '' Elliot Goldenthal Kronos Quartet 1 : 45 5 . `` Last Nite '' ( from Blue , 1987 ) Terje Rypdal Terje Rypdal & The Chasers 3 : 29 6 . `` Ultramarine '' ( from Cobalt Blue , 1992 ) Michael Brook Michael Brook 4 : 35 7 . `` Armenia '' ( from Zeichnungen des Patienten O.T. , 1983 ) Blixa Bargeld ; F.M. Einheit Einstürzende Neubauten 4 : 58 8 . `` Of Helplessness '' Elliot Goldenthal Elliot Goldenthal 2 : 39 9 . `` Steel Cello Lament '' Elliot Goldenthal Elliot Goldenthal 1 : 43 10 . `` Mystery Man '' ( from The Singles Collection , 1989 ) Terje Rypdal Terje Rypdal & The Chasers 4 : 39 11 . `` New Dawn Fades '' ( from I Like to Score , 1997 ) Ian Curtis ; Peter Hook ; Stephen Morris ; Bernard Sumner Moby 2 : 51 12 . `` Entrada & Shootout '' Elliot Goldenthal Elliot Goldenthal 1 : 49 13 . `` Force Marker '' Brian Eno Brian Eno 3 : 36 14 . `` Coffee Shop '' Elliot Goldenthal Elliot Goldenthal 1 : 38 15 . `` Fate Scrapes '' Elliot Goldenthal Elliot Goldenthal 1 : 34 16 . `` La Bas : Song of the Drowned ( Edited Version ) '' ( from The Mirror Pool , 1995 ) Lisa Gerrard Lisa Gerrard 3 : 10 17 . `` Gloradin '' ( from The Mirror Pool , 1995 ) Lisa Gerrard Lisa Gerrard 3 : 56 18 . `` Run Uphill '' Elliot Goldenthal Elliot Goldenthal 2 : 51 19 . `` Predator Diorama '' Elliot Goldenthal Kronos Quartet 2 : 40 20 . `` Of Separation '' Elliot Goldenthal Elliot Goldenthal 2 : 21 21 . `` God Moving Over the Face of the Waters '' ( from Everything Is Wrong , 1995 ) Richard Hall Moby 6 : 58 Video game A video game based on the film was announced at E3 2006 , under development by Gearbox Software for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 . During E3 2009 , it was revealed that Gearbox did not have the license of the film to make the game , as this was being optioned to be sold . Michael Mann , director of the film , was reported to be involved with the game . In a 2009 interview Randy Pitchford , President , CEO , and co-founder of Gearbox Software , said that development of the game had been halted and the IP could potentially be available to another developer saying : `` In a nutshell , we 're nowhere . We have passionate game makers that would love to do it . We 've got filmmakers that think it 's a great idea that would love to see it done . We have publishing partners that would love to publish it . But we have no time . That 's the limiting factor . Because of the situation , we 're not keeping the IP locked down anymore . So if somebody else were in a spot where they could do it , and everybody was comfortable with that , then conceivably that could happen . '' References Jump up ^ `` Heat ( 1995 ) '' ( in French ) . JP 's Box - Office . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Heat ( 1995 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : McCarthy , Todd ( December 5 , 1995 ) . `` Review : Heat '' . Variety . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ George M. Thomas ( 27 February 2005 ) . `` He 's a Goofy Goober ; ' Heat ' '' . Akron Beacon Journal . ^ Jump up to : `` Heat ( 1995 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 14 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lafrance , J.D. ( November 19 , 2010 ) . `` Heat '' . Radiator Heaven . Blogger . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Mann , Michael ( director , writer ) ( August 27 , 1989 ) . L.A. Takedown ( Television film ) . NBC . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` Christopher Nolan interviewed Robert De Niro and Al Pacino about Heat '' . The Independent . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wael Khairy . `` Crime in the emptiness of Los Angeles '' . rogerebert.com . ^ Jump up to : Rybin , Steven ( 2007 ) . The Cinema of Michael Mann . Lexington Books . ^ Jump up to : DVD Extra Interview with Michael Mann ; The Making of Heat Jump up ^ `` We 've got them all ! ! ! '' . scrappygraphics.com . Jump up ^ `` Adamson , Chuck '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . March 2 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Tatara , Paul . `` Heat ( 1995 ) '' . Turner Classic Movies . Turner Broadcasting System . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Edward Bunker '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 26 July 2005 . Jump up ^ Mann , Michael ( director , writer ) ( March 19 , 2008 ) . L.A. Takedown ( DVD ) . Concorde Video . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( 5 April 1994 ) . `` Mann prepping De Niro - Pacino pic '' . Variety . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Mann , Michael ( Director ) ( 22 February 2005 ) . Making of Heat ( DVD , part of Heat -- Two - Disc Special Edition ) format = requires url = ( help ) ( Documentary ) . Warner Home Video . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Klimek , Chris ( January 15 , 2015 ) . `` The long warm - up to Heat '' . The Dissolve . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Heat Shootout Behind the Scenes Feature . YouTube . 8 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for December 15 - 17 , 1995 '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved 10 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Heat ( 1995 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Tuckman , Jeff ( June 21 , 1996 ) . `` Pacino and De Niro shoot up the screen in explosive ' Heat ' On video '' . Daily Herald . Retrieved 29 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Nichols , Peter M. ( April 19 , 1996 ) . `` Home Video '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Mann , Michael ( director ) ( 1 November 1999 ) . Heat ( DVD ) . Warner Home Video . Jump up ^ `` ' Heat ' Rewind DVD comparison '' . Jump up ^ `` Heat Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com. 10 November 2009 . Retrieved 11 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Kenneth , Brown ( 4 November 2009 ) . `` Heat Blu - ray Review '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved 11 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Heat ' Home Theater Forum Blu - ray review '' . Jump up ^ `` Heat Director 's Definitive Blu - ray Edition Detailed '' . blu-ray.com . Retrieved 25 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Heat ( 1995 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Heat : : Reviews '' . RogerEbert.com. 15 December 1995 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Heat '' . The Austin Chronicle . September 22 , 1997 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Critic Reviews for Heat '' . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( 22 December 1995 ) . `` Heat Review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 14 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills Nominees '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Jump up ^ `` Just Blame The Heat '' . Free.financialmail.co.za . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ McDermott , Jeremy ( 2003 - 08 - 05 ) . `` Life imitates art in Colombia robbery '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The big coup '' . Translate.google.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Kenneth ( 2013 ) . `` Capital Implications : the Function of Labor in the Video Art of Juan Devis and Yoshua Okon '' . Digital Media , Cultural Production and Speculative Capitalism . Routledge . p. 49 . ISBN 9781317982319 . Jump up ^ James , Nick ( 2002 ) . Heat . Macmillan Publishers . pp. 74 -- 76 . ISBN 9780851709383 . Jump up ^ Stax ( December 6 , 2007 ) . `` IGN interviews Christopher Nolan '' . IGN Movies . Ziff Davis . Retrieved June 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Petit , Carolyn ( October 8 , 2013 ) . `` Taking Scores : Heat and Grand Theft Auto V '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 13 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr , Mike ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Michael Mann Launches Book Imprint ; ' Heat ' Prequel Novel A Priority '' . Deadline.com . ^ Jump up to : Clemmensen , Christian ( 11 August 2003 ) . `` Heat '' . Filmtracks.com . Retrieved 11 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Heat '' . Musicfromthemovies.com . Retrieved 11 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McDonald , Steven . `` Heat : Music from the Motion Picture - Original Soundtrack '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 11 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Lisa Gerrard -- The Insider '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 11 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldwasser , Dan ( January 2000 ) . `` The Sweet Revenge of Elliot Goldenthal '' . Soundtrack.Net . Retrieved 11 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Dunham , Jeremy ( 12 May 2006 ) . `` E3 2006 : Regency Brings the Heat '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` E3 2009 : Borderlands Stage Demo '' . GameSpot. 2009 - 06 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Thorsen , Tor ( 2009 - 08 - 02 ) . `` Gearbox keeping Heat on ice '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 22 . External links Heat on IMDb Heat at AllMovie Heat at Box Office Mojo Heat at Rotten Tomatoes Heat at Metacritic Heat . Work and genre Jump Cut magazine , by J.A. Lindstrom , no . 43 , July 2000 , pp. 21 -- 37 De Niro and Pacino Star in a Film . Together , from The New York Times ( hide ) Films directed by Michael Mann The Jericho Mile ( 1979 ) Thief ( 1981 ) The Keep ( 1983 ) Manhunter ( 1986 ) L.A. Takedown ( 1989 ) The Last of the Mohicans ( 1992 ) Heat ( 1995 ) The Insider ( 1999 ) Ali ( 2001 ) Collateral ( 2004 ) Miami Vice ( 2006 ) Public Enemies ( 2009 ) Blackhat ( 2015 ) VIAF : 316753687 GND : 4718421 - 8 SUDOC : 178774537 BNF : cb16969939g ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heat_(1995_film)&oldid=798549039 '' Categories : 1995 films English - language films 1990s action thriller films 1990s crime drama films 1990s crime thriller films 1990s heist films 1990s thriller drama films American films American action thriller films American crime drama films American crime thriller films American heist films American thriller drama films Films about organized crime in the United States Police detective films Fictional portrayals of the Los Angeles Police Department Films set in Los Angeles Films shot in California Warner Bros. films Films directed by Michael Mann Film scores by Elliot Goldenthal Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Pages using citations with format and no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles to be expanded from September 2014 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 September 2017 , at 14 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what was the first movie to feature al pacino and robert deniro on screen together | [
"In April 1994, Mann was reported to have abandoned his earlier plan to shoot a biopic of James Dean in favor of directing Heat, producing it with Art Linson. The film was marketed as the first on-screen appearance of Robert De Niro and Al Pacino together in the same scene – both actors starred in The Godfather Part II, but owing to the nature of their roles, they were never seen in the same scene.[17] Pacino and De Niro were Mann's first choices for the roles of Hanna and McCauley, respectively, and they both immediately agreed to act.[18]"
] | [
"Heat"
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6769510278349785788 | Disney's Grand Californian Hotel & Spa | Disney 's Grand Californian hotel & Spa - wikipedia Disney 's Grand Californian hotel & Spa Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( July 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article contains content that is written like an advertisement . Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view . ( August 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Disney 's Grand Californian Hotel & Spa The hotel 's entrance Location Disneyland Resort , Anaheim , California , United States Opened January 2 , 2001 ; 17 years ago ( January 2 , 2001 ) Theme American Craftsman Rooms 948 Suites 44 Operator Walt Disney Parks , Experiences and Consumer Products ( The Walt Disney Company ) Website Official Website Villas 71 Disneyland Resort Theme parks Disneyland Disney California Adventure Hotels Disneyland Hotel Disney 's Grand Californian Hotel & Spa Disney 's Paradise Pier Hotel Other attractions Downtown Disney Napa Rose Trader Sam 's Enchanted Tiki Bar World of Disney Disneyland Monorail System Disney 's Grand Californian Hotel & Spa ( also known as the Grand Californian ) is a hotel located at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim , California . The hotel was constructed as part of a major expansion of the Disneyland Resort in 2001 . It was built by The Walt Disney Company and has been operated by The Walt Disney Company since its inception . This luxury hotel is designed to celebrate the early 20th Century Arts and Crafts era , showcasing the architectural style of Northern California . It also features a Disney Vacation Club wing that opened in September 2009 . The hotel has a private entrance to Disney California Adventure Park . In 2017 , Disney completely remodeled the rooms , along with the lobby . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 1.1 Theme park entry 1.2 History 1.2. 1 The Villas at Disney 's Grand Californian Hotel 2 References 2.1 Books 3 External links Description ( edit ) Designed by architect Peter Dominick of 4240 Architecture Inc. ( formerly part of Urban Design Group Inc . ) , it is based on the Arts and Crafts movement of the early 1900s . The hotel has 948 rooms , in addition to 44 suites and 71 villas . Arts & Crafts architecture of the hotel Craftsman homes often have a garden theme . For the Grand Californian , the theme was taken from a garden idea and scaled up so that the garden became a forest . The reception hall is based on the interior of the Swedenborgian Church in San Francisco , increased in scale to accommodate the large reception desk . The central lobby is a living room done in immense scale with a massive fireplace and vast arching beams overhead , and furnished with chairs and sofas arranged around small coffee tables . View of hotel from Disney California Adventure Many of the items found throughout the hotel have been handcrafted by modern practitioners of the Arts and Crafts movement using traditional techniques . Some early Roycroft items are on display in the lobby . Some of the hotel 's rooms are tributes to various Craftsman - era architects and designers . For instance , two of the guest suites , as well as the California Boardroom , pay homage to Frank Lloyd Wright ; the Napa Rose restaurant features a rose motif in the glass design which was inspired by Charles Rennie MacKintosh . The Storytellers Cafe features a large tile mural that is a reproduction of an original design by the Gladding , McBean Company for a Robin Hood Room in the Wilmington , California , public library . Its name is based on Disney 's Grand Floridian Resort & Spa , its sister resort and Walt Disney World 's flagship resort hotel . The two hotels do not share themes , though , as the Grand Californian is a Craftsman theme , while the Grand Floridian is of a Victorian theme . It does , however , share many thematic elements with Disney 's Wilderness Lodge ( also designed by Dominick ) with its national park lodge theming at Walt Disney World . Theme park entry ( edit ) The hotel has an entrance to Disney California Adventure park , located at the Grizzly Peak area . History ( edit ) The hotel opened on January 2 , 2001 . At about 3 : 00 am on December 28 , 2005 , a Christmas tree in the main lobby caught fire after electric maintenance workers replaced lights on the tree . All 2,300 guests at the hotel were evacuated within four minutes . The fire was contained by the hotel 's sprinkler system and by the Anaheim Fire Department . Two guests were treated for minor injuries , one of which was a severe headache . Guests were returned to their rooms by 7 : 00 am ; some were sent to other hotels in the area . In response to a growing demand for guest accommodations in Anaheim , the Disneyland Resort announced on September 18 , 2007 an expansion of Disney 's Grand Californian Hotel & Spa that would increase accommodations by more than 30 percent and include the first Disney Vacation Club villas in Anaheim . The 2.5 - acre ( 10,000 m ) expansion on the hotel 's south side added more than 200 new hotel rooms and 50 two - bedroom equivalent vacation villas and marked the West Coast debut of Disney Vacation Club , Disney 's vacation - ownership program . During this expansion and renovation , a new swimming pool was added as well as a 300 space underground parking garage . Peter Dominick of 4240 Architecture Inc. , architect for the original Disney 's Grand Californian Hotel & Spa designed the ambitious expansion to compliment his existing hotel . It reflects the same California Arts & Crafts architecture of the existing hotel , which immerses guests in a turn - of - the - 20th - century California experience . The project was completed in September 2009 . With the completion of this major expansion , Disney 's Grand Californian Hotel & Spa became the third largest hotel in Orange County , up from its previous fourth place standing . The villas at Disney 's Grand Californian hotel ( edit ) The Disney Vacation Club villas , added as part of the hotel 's expansion , include kitchens , living and dining areas and other home - like amenities . The guest rooms feature the same decor as the hotel rooms in the original structure and continue the Californian Craftsman motif . Storytellers Cafe entrance A view of the three pools and Disney California Adventure in 2006 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Daveland Grand Californian Page '' . davelandweb.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Cain , Sandi ( September 18 , 2007 ) . `` Disney Expanding Grand Californian Hotel '' . Orange County Business Journal . Books ( edit ) Winter , Robert ; Vertikoff , Alexander ( 2004 ) . Craftsman Style , pp 227 -- 233 . New York : Harry N. Abrams , Inc . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 4336 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Disney 's Grand Californian Hotel & Spa . Official website Disneyland Resort - Grand Californian Hotel & Spa , Design Inspirations from the Architect ( hide ) Disneyland Resort Theme parks Disneyland current attractions past attractions Disney California Adventure current attractions past attractions Hotels Disneyland Hotel Paradise Pier Hotel Grand Californian Hotel and Spa Resort area Downtown Disney ESPN Zone World of Disney Trader Sam 's Enchanted Tiki Bar Napa Rose Disneyland Monorail System Anaheim Resort Anaheim Resort Transportation Team Disney Anaheim People Corey Burton Marc Davis Roy O. Disney Walt Disney Ron Dominguez Greg Emmer Joe Fowler Paul Frees Ed Grier Cynthia Harriss Art Linkletter Jack Lindquist Michael Eisner Matt Ouimet Paul Pressler Thurl Ravenscroft Herbert Ryman Jack Wagner Jack Wrather Events Happiest Homecoming on Earth Magic Music Days Weddings Other Incidents E ticket Fastpass PhotoPass Disneyland , Inc . Stanford Research Institute Partners Federal Credit Union Voluntears Related articles Walt Disney Imagineering Walt Disney Creative Entertainment Anaheim Anaheim Rapid Connection Walt Disney Parks and Resorts The Walt Disney Company Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Disney%27s_Grand_Californian_Hotel_%26_Spa&oldid=830848668 '' Categories : Hotels in Disneyland Resort Buildings and structures in Anaheim , California Tourist attractions in Anaheim , California Arts and Crafts architecture in California American Craftsman architecture in California Hotel buildings completed in 2001 Hotels established in 2001 Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing style editing from July 2011 All articles needing style editing Articles needing additional references from August 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles with a promotional tone from August 2011 All articles with a promotional tone Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français עברית Scots 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 March 2018 , at 07 : 20 . About Wikipedia | when did disney's grand californian hotel open | [
"\n\nDisney's Grand Californian Hotel & Spa\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThe hotel's entrance\n\n\n\nLocation\nDisneyland Resort, Anaheim, California, United States\n\n\nCategory\n\n\n\nOpened\nJanuary 2, 2001; 17 years ago (January 2, 2001)\n\n\nTheme\nAmerican Craftsman\n\n\nRooms\n948\n\n\nSuites\n44\n\n\nOperator\nWalt Disney Parks, Experiences and Consumer Products\n(The Walt Disney Company)\n\n\nWebsite\nOfficial Website\n\n\nVillas\n71\n\n"
] | [
"January 2, 2001"
] |
8858998506240575985 | Chief of the Air Staff (Nigeria) | Chief of the Air staff ( nigeria ) - wikipedia Chief of the Air staff ( nigeria ) The Chief of the Air Staff ( CAS ) is the professional head of the Nigerian Air Force . The following have served as Chief of the Air Staff : Year Rank Name 1963 -- 1965 Colonel Gerhard Kahtz 1965 -- 1966 Colonel Wolfgang Thimmig 1966 -- 1967 Lieutenant Colonel George T Kurubo 1967 -- 1969 Colonel Shittu Alao 1969 -- 1975 Brigadier Emmanuel E Ikwue 1975 -- 1980 Air Vice-Marshal John Nmadu Yisa - Doko 1980 -- 1983 Air Vice-Marshal Abdullahi Dominic Bello 1983 -- 1990 Air Marshal Ibrahim Mahmud Alfa 1990 -- 1992 Air Vice-Marshal Nuraini Yussuff 1992 -- 1993 Air Marshal Akin Dada 1993 -- 1996 Air Vice Marshal Femi John Femi 1996 -- 1998 Air Marshal Nsikak - Abasi Essien Eduok 1999 -- 2001 Air Marshal Isaac Alfa 2001 -- 2006 Air Marshal Jonah Wuyep 2006 -- 2008 Air Marshal Paul Dike 2008 -- 2010 Air Marshal Oluseyi Petinrin 2010 - 2012 Air Marshal Mohammed Dikko Umar 2012 - 2014 Air Marshal Alex Sabundu Badeh 2014 - 2015 Air Marshal Adesola Nunayon Amosu 2015 - Air Marshal Sadique Abubakar References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Military , law enforcement and intelligence agencies of Nigeria Military Nigerian Armed Forces Nigerian Army Chief of Army Staff Nigerian Navy Chief of Naval Staff Nigerian Air Force Chief of Air Staff Ministry of Defence Defence Minister Chief of the Defence Staff Law enforcement Nigeria Police Force National Drug Law Enforcement Agency Nigerian Mobile Police Economic and Financial Crimes Commission Intelligence State Security Service National Intelligence Agency Defence Intelligence Agency Chief of Defence Intelligence Federal Investigation and Intelligence Bureau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chief_of_the_Air_Staff_(Nigeria)&oldid=841859249 '' Categories : Air force chiefs of staff Nigerian Air Force Nigerian military appointments Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018 , at 14 : 57 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the chief of air staff in nigeria | [
"\n\n\nYear\n\nRank\n\nName\n\n\n1963–1965\n\nColonel\n\nGerhard Kahtz\n\n\n1965–1966\n\nColonel\n\nWolfgang Thimmig\n\n\n1966–1967\n\nLieutenant Colonel\n\nGeorge T Kurubo\n\n\n1967–1969\n\nColonel\n\nShittu Alao\n\n\n1969–1975\n\nBrigadier\n\nEmmanuel E Ikwue\n\n\n1975–1980\n\nAir Vice-Marshal\n\nJohn Nmadu Yisa-Doko\n\n\n1980–1983\n\nAir Vice-Marshal\n\nAbdullahi Dominic Bello\n\n\n1983–1990\n\nAir Marshal\n\nIbrahim Mahmud Alfa\n\n\n1990–1992\n\nAir Vice-Marshal\n\nNuraini Yussuff\n\n\n1992–1993\n\nAir Marshal\n\nAkin Dada\n\n\n1993–1996\n\nAir Vice Marshal\n\nFemi John Femi\n\n\n1996–1998\n\nAir Marshal\n\nNsikak-Abasi Essien Eduok\n\n\n1999–2001\n\nAir Marshal\n\nIsaac Alfa\n\n\n2001–2006\n\nAir Marshal\n\nJonah Wuyep\n\n\n2006–2008\n\nAir Marshal\n\nPaul Dike\n\n\n2008–2010\n\nAir Marshal\n\nOluseyi Petinrin\n\n\n2010-2012\n\nAir Marshal\n\nMohammed Dikko Umar\n\n\n2012 -2014\n\nAir Marshal\n\nAlex Sabundu Badeh\n\n\n2014 - 2015\n\nAir Marshal\n\nAdesola Nunayon Amosu\n\n\n2015 -\n\nAir Marshal\n\nSadique Abubakar\n"
] | [
"Sadique Abubakar"
] |
7851853028087365184 | Blowing Rock, North Carolina | Blowing Rock , North Carolina - wikipedia Blowing Rock , North Carolina Town in North Carolina , United States Blowing Rock , North Carolina Town Seal Nickname ( s ) : The Crown of the Blue Ridge Location of Blowing Rock , North Carolina Coordinates : 36 ° 7 ′ 47 '' N 81 ° 40 ′ 21 '' W / 36.12972 ° N 81.67250 ° W / 36.12972 ; - 81.67250 Coordinates : 36 ° 7 ′ 47 '' N 81 ° 40 ′ 21 '' W / 36.12972 ° N 81.67250 ° W / 36.12972 ; - 81.67250 Country United States State North Carolina Counties Watauga , Caldwell Government Type Council - Manager Mayor Charlie Sellers Area Total 3.1 sq mi ( 7.9 km ) Land 3.0 sq mi ( 7.8 km ) Water 0.04 sq mi ( 0.1 km ) Elevation 3,566 ft ( 1,087 m ) Population ( 2010 ) Total 1,241 Estimate ( 2016 ) 1,288 Density 410 / sq mi ( 160 / km ) Time zone Eastern ( EST ) ( UTC - 5 ) Summer ( DST ) EDT ( UTC - 4 ) ZIP code 28605 Area code ( s ) 828 FIPS code 37 - 06500 GNIS feature ID 1009487 Website townofblowingrock.com Blowing Rock is a town in Watauga and Caldwell counties in the U.S. state of North Carolina . The population was 1,241 at the 2010 census . The Caldwell County portion of Blowing Rock is part of the Hickory -- Lenoir -- Morganton Metropolitan Statistical Area , while the Watauga County portion is part of the Boone Micropolitan Statistical Area . Contents 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 3 Demographics 4 Attractions 5 Media 6 Infrastructure 7 Notable people 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Before 1752 , when Bishop August Gottlieb Spangenberg of the Moravian Church visited the Blowing Rock , the windy cliffs of the area were home to the Cherokee and the Catawba Native American tribes . After the mid-18th century , when hardy Scots - Irish pioneers began to settle in the region , the mountain passes from southern Virginia into Kentucky attracted many colonists , farmers , hunters , and trappers who continued south to the mountains of North Carolina . The first family to settle in Blowing Rock were the Greenes , who were established by the mid-19th century on a site that would become the Green Park Hotel property . Other early settlers in Blowing Rock included the Hayes , Coffey , Bolick , Estes and Storie families . During the American Civil War the mountains of North Carolina often witnessed fierce guerrilla warfare between groups of pro-Confederate and pro-Union fighters . To keep their families safe , men leaving for service in the Confederate Army often sent them to Blowing Rock , which became a local refuge from the fighting . After the Civil War many of these veterans would join their families and remain in the Blowing Rock area . At the same time , summer residents began to come up from the nearby city of Lenoir to enjoy the cool fresh air and magnificent mountain views . Seeing the potential of their village to become a haven for well - to - do tourists , the residents of Blowing Rock had their village incorporated into a town on March 11 , 1889 . The town 's first mayor was `` Uncle '' Joe Clarke , and the town initially had a population of about 300 . As word traveled to other parts of the South about the merits of Blowing Rock , more visitors began to arrive , first camping out , and later taking rooms at boarding houses such as the Hayes and Martin houses on Main Street . Eventually there were more visitors than the existing boarding houses could handle , and so many homes were turned into hotels . The first hotel in Blowing Rock was the Watauga Hotel , built in 1884 ; the hotel added cottages in 1888 . The Green Park Hotel opened in 1891 , followed eight years later by the Blowing Rock Hotel . Walter Alexander , a prominent local resident , touted the clean air and healthy environment of Blowing Rock ; in 1922 he opened his own hotel , called Mayview Manor . As the tourist economy became Blowing Rock 's main industry in the late 19th century , the town was forced to adapt to meeting the needs of tourists . The need for cleaner and better streets ( most streets then were simply dirt tracks ) led to the paving of the town 's streets and highways . Another issue involved the need to build fences to keep farm animals from wandering into town and disturbing visitors - at the time most farms in the area were not fenced . In 1896 the town passed an ordinance which required local farmers to fence in their livestock . The introduction of the automobile and improved roads early in the 20th century further eased the journey to Blowing Rock , and visitors began to arrive from as far away as Florida . Today Blowing Rock remains a tourist destination for visitors from all over the United States . Due to the town 's well - to - do , out - of - state summertime residents , Blowing Rock has restaurants , hotels , golf courses , and other dubious attractions . A recent priority for Blowing Rock 's residents has been to preserve and protect the town 's historic structures and maintaining the small - town charm and scenery that has attracted so many people for the last 150 years . In addition to the Green Park Inn , the Bollinger - Hartley House , East Tennessee and Western North Carolina Railroad Locomotive No. 12 , Gragg House , Green Park Historic District , Randall Memorial Building , Former , Vardell Family Cottages Historic District , Westglow , and Moses Cone 's Flat Top Manor are listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Geography ( edit ) The rocky outcropping of Blowing Rock Looking southeast at sunset over the foothills of the Blue Ridge Blowing Rock is located in southern Watauga County at 36 ° 7 ′ 47 '' N 81 ° 40 ′ 21 '' W / 36.12972 ° N 81.67250 ° W / 36.12972 ; - 81.67250 ( 36.129663 , - 81.672566 ) , in the Blue Ridge Mountains . The southernmost portion of the town , including the actual Blowing Rock cliff , is located in Caldwell County . The town is located on the crest of the Blue Ridge . Most of the town lies just north of the crest , with waters draining north to the Middle Fork of the New River and thence to the Ohio River valley , while to the south of the ridgecrest , waters flow via the Johns River to the Catawba River valley and eventually to the Atlantic Ocean in South Carolina . According to the United States Census Bureau , the town has a total area of 3.1 square miles ( 7.9 km ) . 3.0 square miles ( 7.7 km ) of the area is land , and 0.04 square miles ( 0.1 km ) , or 1.49 % of the total area , is water . Climate ( edit ) The town 's elevation of 3,500 to 3,600 feet ( 1,100 to 1,100 m ) above sea level results in cooler summer temperatures than lowland areas to the east and south . Daytime temperatures in the summer rarely rise above 80 ° F ( 27 ° C ) . Temperatures in the winter are much colder and harsher than would be expected in a southern state . Daytime highs can frequently fall into the 20s or lower . Snow , sleet , and freezing rain are all common in the winter months . Springtime in Blowing Rock is cool and generally pleasant . Rainfall is moderate ; thunderstorms are occasional , and rarely severe . hide Climate data for Blowing Rock , North Carolina Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 69 ( 21 ) 74 ( 23 ) 74 ( 23 ) 85 ( 29 ) 87 ( 31 ) 89 ( 32 ) 92 ( 33 ) 91 ( 33 ) 88 ( 31 ) 80 ( 27 ) 80 ( 27 ) 69 ( 21 ) 92 ( 33 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 38 ( 3 ) 42 ( 6 ) 49 ( 9 ) 59 ( 15 ) 66 ( 19 ) 73 ( 23 ) 76 ( 24 ) 74 ( 23 ) 69 ( 21 ) 60 ( 16 ) 51 ( 11 ) 42 ( 6 ) 58 ( 15 ) Daily mean ° F ( ° C ) 29 ( − 2 ) 33 ( 1 ) 40 ( 4 ) 49 ( 9 ) 57 ( 14 ) 64 ( 18 ) 68 ( 20 ) 66 ( 19 ) 60 ( 16 ) 51 ( 11 ) 42 ( 6 ) 34 ( 1 ) 49 ( 10 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 20 ( − 7 ) 24 ( − 4 ) 30 ( − 1 ) 39 ( 4 ) 47 ( 8 ) 55 ( 13 ) 59 ( 15 ) 58 ( 14 ) 51 ( 11 ) 41 ( 5 ) 33 ( 1 ) 25 ( − 4 ) 40 ( 5 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 24 ( − 31 ) − 11 ( − 24 ) − 5 ( − 21 ) 12 ( − 11 ) 23 ( − 5 ) 33 ( 1 ) 43 ( 6 ) 39 ( 4 ) 31 ( − 1 ) 17 ( − 8 ) − 7 ( − 22 ) − 14 ( − 26 ) − 24 ( − 31 ) Source : The Weather Channel Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1900 331 -- 1910 261 − 21.1 % 1920 338 29.5 % 1930 503 48.8 % 1940 654 30.0 % 1950 661 1.1 % 1960 711 7.6 % 1970 801 12.7 % 1980 1,337 66.9 % 1,257 − 6.0 % 2000 1,418 12.8 % 1,241 − 12.5 % Est. 2016 1,288 3.8 % U.S. Decennial Census As of the census of 2000 , there were 1,418 people , 663 households , and 387 families residing in the town . The population density was 477.9 people per square mile ( 184.3 / km2 ) . There were 1,524 housing units at an average density of 513.6 per square mile ( 198.1 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the town was 97.95 % White , 0.35 % African American , 0.21 % Native American , 0.35 % Asian , 0.07 % from other races , and 1.06 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.63 % of the population . There are 663 households , of which 16.9 % have children under the age of 18 living with them , 52.3 % were married couples living together , 4.5 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 41.5 % were non-families . 35.4 % of all households were made up of individuals and 14.6 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.03 persons and the average family size was 2.59 . The population consists of 15.0 % under the age of 18 , 4.9 % from 18 to 24 , 20.0 % from 25 to 44 , 34.1 % from 45 to 64 , and 26.0 % 65 years or older . The median age is 51 years . For every 100 females , there were 86.8 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 80.4 males . The median income for a household in the town was $54,271 , and the median income for a family was $66,979 . Males had a median income of $45,417 compared to $27,361 for females . The per capita income for the town was $34,294 . About 2.9 % of families and 9.1 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 16.1 % of those under age 18 and 6.5 % of those age 65 or over . Attractions ( edit ) The observation deck at the Blowing Rock The town of Blowing Rock takes its name from an unusual rock formation which juts over 1,500 feet ( 460 m ) above the Johns River gorge . Due to the rock 's shape and size , wind currents from the gorge often blow vertically , causing light objects to float upwards into the sky . Blowing Rock is the site of Glen Burney Falls and Glen Marie Falls . The Blowing Rock area was once fought over by the Cherokee and Catawba Native American tribes . According to legend , two lovers - one from each tribe - were walking near the rocks when the man received a notice to report to his village and go into battle . When his lover urged him to stay with her , he became so distraught that he threw himself off the blowing rock into the gorge . The woman prayed to the Great Spirit to return her lover , and the Spirit complied by sending a gust of wind which blew the man back up the cliff and landed him safely on the blowing rock itself . This story of course is fictional but it was used as a draw for the attraction . In the 1980s , a billboard in Wilkesboro for Blowing Rock showed two Indians holding hands , one standing on the rock and one `` floating '' . Today `` The Blowing Rock '' is a tourist attraction and is known for its superb views of the surrounding Blue Ridge Mountains . Another tourist attraction in Blowing Rock is the Tweetsie Railroad theme park , which is home to the only remaining fully functional steam engine train in North Carolina . Visitors to Tweetsie can ride the train for 3 miles ( 5 km ) and enjoy the mountain scenery ; the park also contains traditional amusement - park rides and attractions . Other attractions in the Blowing Rock area include the elegant and historic Green Park Inn , Mystery Hill where visitors can experience a natural gravitational anomaly that causes objects suspended in mid air to take more force to move one direction than the other - Mystery Hill is also home to the Moon and Irene Mullins Arrowhead Collection with over 52,000 arrowheads on display , the Blowing Rock Country Club , and the Blowing Rock Art & History Museum . On the nearby Blue Ridge Parkway is Moses Cone Memorial Park , which offers scenic views of the surrounding mountains . The park contains the Moses Cone Manor and Estate , and features two large lakes surrounded by forests and trails . These trails wind for miles , and were once carriage trails for the Cone family . Adjacent to the park is the Blowing Rock Equestrian Preserve , where visitors can board their horses convenient to the trails ; there are 25 miles ( 40 km ) of riding and carriage trails in the park . Annual festivals and events in Blowing Rock include the `` Art In The Park '' festival , a monthly summertime ( May - Oct ) event in downtown Blowing Rock where artists set up booths to sell their work to tourists ; the Fourth of July festival and parade ; Blowing Rock Winterfest in November ; the Blue Ridge Wine and Food Festival in April ; Christmas in the Park and Lighting of the Town festivities , including a Holiday Parade ; the Symphony by the Lake at Chetola Resort ; and the Blowing Rock Charity Horse Show which has been a tradition for 84 years . It is the longest continuously run horse show in the United States . The show features some of the best horse riders in the Eastern United States . Media ( edit ) The Blowing Rocket newspaper covers Blowing Rock . The newspaper is owned by Tennessee - based Jones Media publishing company and is a sister publication of the Watauga Democrat in Boone . Blowing Rock News is a digital - only news publication focused on Blowing Rock and its surrounding communities . Infrastructure ( edit ) Most services are available either in Blowing Rock or in Boone , approximately 8 miles ( 13 km ) away . The town is served by U.S. Highways 221 and 321 as well as the Blue Ridge Parkway . US 221 leads southwest 18 miles ( 29 km ) to Linville and 53 miles ( 85 km ) to Marion . US 321 leads southeast 21 miles ( 34 km ) to Lenoir and 37 miles ( 60 km ) to Hickory . The two highways together lead north to Boone . For other transportation facilities , consult Boone , North Carolina and Watauga County , North Carolina . Notable people ( edit ) Author Tom Robbins was born in Blowing Rock in 1932 and moved in 1943 to Burnsville , North Carolina . He recounts some early memories of Blowing Rock in Wild Ducks Flying Backward and in his 2014 `` memoir '' Tibetan Peach Pie . Blowing Rock is also home to a group referred to as `` The Mormish Council '' . Blowing Rock is the home of artists of all types , many of whom use the local scenery for their work . Jan Karon , a native of nearby Lenoir , moved to Blowing Rock in the late 1980s to write fiction . Her bestselling Mitford series of novels is set in a small town based on Blowing Rock ; she calls the town `` Mitford '' . Ralph T. Troy , the mayor of Monroe , Louisiana , from 1972 to 1976 , later relocated to North Carolina and resided in Blowing Rock . See also ( edit ) North Carolina portal Blowing Rock ( land feature ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . 2007 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Geographic Identifiers : 2010 Demographic Profile Data ( G001 ) : Blowing Rock town , North Carolina '' . U.S. Census Bureau , American Factfinder . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The state chronicle . ( Raleigh , N.C. ) '' . 1891 - 06 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 19 -- via chroniclingamerica.loc.gov . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2010 - 07 - 09 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ `` National Register of Historic Places Listings '' . Featured Property : Flat Top Estate . National Park Service . Jump up ^ `` US Gazetteer files : 2010 , 2000 , and 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . 2011 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Monthly Averages for Blowing Rock , NC '' . Weather.com. 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Census.gov . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Blowing Rock , North Carolina . Blowing Rock travel guide from Wikivoyage Town of Blowing Rock official website Blowing Rock Chamber of Commerce Blowing Rock Tourism Development Authority The Blowing Rocket newspaper Municipalities and communities of Caldwell County , North Carolina , United States County seat : Lenoir Cities Hickory ‡ Lenoir Towns Blowing Rock ‡ Cajah 's Mountain Gamewell Granite Falls Hudson Rhodhiss ‡ Sawmills Village Cedar Rock CDP Northlakes Unincorporated communities Collettsville Patterson Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Municipalities and communities of Watauga County , North Carolina , United States County seat : Boone Towns Beech Mountain ‡ Blowing Rock ‡ Boone Seven Devils ‡ CDPs Cove Creek Foscoe Valle Crucis Unincorporated communities Aho Bamboo Deep Gap Meat Camp Sherwood Shulls Mill Sugar Grove Vilas Zionville Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties State of North Carolina Raleigh ( capital ) Topics Climate Geography State Parks Wildlife History Media Newspapers Radio TV North Carolinians Politics Government Law Tourist attractions Seal of North Carolina Society Culture Music Sports Crime Demographics Economy Education Elections Gambling Regions Western Foothills High Country Piedmont Metrolina ( Charlotte ) Piedmont Triad Triangle Eastern Sandhills Cape Fear Crystal Coast Inner Banks Outer Banks Largest cities Asheville Cary Chapel Hill Charlotte Concord Durham Fayetteville Gastonia Greensboro Greenville High Point Jacksonville Raleigh Wilmington Winston ‐ Salem Smaller cities Albemarle Apex Asheboro Burlington Conover Eden Elizabeth City Garner Goldsboro Graham Havelock Henderson Hendersonville Hickory Kannapolis Kings Mountain Kinston Laurinburg Lenoir Lexington Lumberton Monroe Morganton New Bern Newton Reidsville Roanoke Rapids Rocky Mount Salisbury Sanford Shelby Statesville Thomasville Wake Forest Wilson Major towns Beaufort Boone Brevard Carrboro Clayton Cornelius Dunn Fuquay - Varina Harrisburg Holly Springs Hope Mills Huntersville Indian Trail Kernersville Knightdale Leland Matthews Midland Mint Hill Mooresville Morehead City Morrisville Mount Pleasant Oxford Shallotte Smithfield Southern Pines Tarboro Waynesville Winterville Counties Alamance Alexander Alleghany Anson Ashe Avery Beaufort Bertie Bladen Brunswick Buncombe Burke Cabarrus Caldwell Camden Carteret Caswell Catawba Chatham Cherokee Chowan Clay Cleveland Columbus Craven Cumberland Currituck Dare Davidson Davie Duplin Durham Edgecombe Forsyth Franklin Gaston Gates Graham Granville Greene Guilford Halifax Harnett Haywood Henderson Hertford Hoke Hyde Iredell Jackson Johnston Jones Lee Lenoir Lincoln Macon Madison Martin McDowell Mecklenburg Mitchell Montgomery Moore Nash New Hanover Northampton Onslow Orange Pamlico Pasquotank Pender Perquimans Person Pitt Polk Randolph Richmond Robeson Rockingham Rowan Rutherford Sampson Scotland Stanly Stokes Surry Swain Transylvania Tyrrell Union Vance Wake Warren Washington Watauga Wayne Wilkes Wilson Yadkin Yancey Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blowing_Rock,_North_Carolina&oldid=849071411 '' Categories : Towns in North Carolina Towns in Caldwell County , North Carolina Towns in Watauga County , North Carolina The Unifour Populated places established in 1889 Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles with short description Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Bân - lâm - gú Català Español Euskara فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Volapük 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 July 2018 , at 09 : 30 ( UTC ) . 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"Blowing Rock is a town in Watauga and Caldwell counties in the U.S. state of North Carolina. The population was 1,241 at the 2010 census.[4]\n",
"Blowing Rock is a town in Watauga and Caldwell counties in the U.S. state of North Carolina. The population was 1,241 at the 2010 census.[4]\n"
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"Caldwell"
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6650203508131032335 | Hans (Disney) | Hans ( Disney ) - wikipedia Hans ( Disney ) Jump to : navigation , search Hans Frozen character First appearance Frozen Created by Chris Buck Jennifer Lee Voiced by Santino Fontana Information Occupation Regent of Arendelle ( briefly ) Title Prince of the Southern Isles Relatives The King and Queen of the Southern Isles ( parents ) Twelve older brothers Prince Hans of the Southern Isles is a fictional character from Walt Disney Animation Studios ' 53rd animated film , Frozen . Hans is voiced by Santino Fontana in the film , and later portrayed by Tyler Jacob Moore in the live action television series Once Upon a Time . Hans is the thirteenth prince of the Southern Isles . Knowing that he will be unable to inherit the throne of his own country , he concocts a scheme to usurp the throne of another kingdom through marriage . Although he is portrayed as honest and noble throughout most of the film , he is later revealed to be cold , calculating , and cruel in nature . Hans ' villainy is a plot twist in Frozen , revealed in the film 's final act . Despite the acclaim that the film has received , Hans ' betrayal has been the subject of mixed reception from some critics . While the character 's mastery of trickery and Fontana 's performance have been praised , Hans ' villainous reveal has been criticized for being too upsetting and confusing for the film 's younger viewers . However , others have considered the character 's shift in personality to be a valuable lesson that children can learn from . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 1.1 Origins and concept 1.2 Voice 1.2. 1 Other voices 1.3 Design and characterization 2 Appearances 2.1 Frozen 2.2 Frozen Fever 2.3 Once Upon a Time 3 Reception 4 References Development ( edit ) Origins and concept ( edit ) The Disney studio made their first attempts to adapt Hans Christian Andersen 's fairytale , The Snow Queen , as early as 1943 , when Walt Disney considered the possibilities to produce a biography film of the author . However , the story and the characters proved to be too symbolic and implicit that they posed unsolvable problems to Disney and his animators . Later on , other Disney executives had made efforts to translate this material to the big screen , however these proposals were all shelved due to similar issues . Voice ( edit ) Santino Fontana provided both the singing and speaking voice of Hans . He is voiced in Frozen and Frozen Fever by Santino Fontana . On playing the role , Fontana stated `` It 's pretty great ... When I wanted to be an actor , I always think of like trying to get to the place of the floor is lava , that feeling of like you 're a little kid ... If I can get to that place of finding like here 's what I 'm playing like a kid ... And the great thing about animation is you 're not limited by anything physical or even logical . '' Other voices ( edit ) Mustafa Rashad ( Arabic ) is Nesma Mahgoub 's ( Arabic Elsa ) fiancé , and he got chosen for Hans ' role accidentally : he was coming to pick Nesma up from the studio while she was still recording ; Gihan Elnaser , dubbing director in charge of the Arabic version , asked him to do a test for Hans ' role , and chose him . Guillaume Beaujolais ( European French ) originally auditioned for Olaf 's singing voice . Ninou Fratellini , French managing director , asked him to try Hans as she thought his voice was close to Santino Fontana 's , and he eventually got that role . Since 2013 , some local TV stations have been dubbing the movie in their local languages ( namely : Albanian , Arabic TV , Karachay - Balkar , Persian and Tagalog ) . ( hide ) Hans ' dubbers worldwide Language Dialogues Singing Arabic مصطفى رشاد ( Mustafa Rashad ) Brazilian Portuguese Olavo Cavalheiro ( pt ) Bulgarian Владимир Михайлов ( Vladimir Mikhaĭlov ) Canadian French Nicolas Charbonneaux - Collombet ( fr ) Charles Pomerlo Cantonese 張裕 東 ( Jeung Yue Dung ) ( zh ) 杜偉恆 ( Do Wai Hang ) Castilian Spanish David Robles Tony Menguiano Catalan Ivan Labanda ( ca ) Chinese Mandarin 劉 北辰 ( Liú Běi - Chén ) 張江 ( Zhāng Jiāng ) Croatian Dušan Bućan ( hr ) Nikola Marjanović Czech Ondřej Brzobohatý ( cs ) Danish Christian Lund Dutch Oren Schrijver ( nl ) English Santino Fontana Estonian Andero Ermel European French Guillaume Beaujolais European Portuguese Paulo Vintém ( pt ) Diogo Pinto Finnish Tuukka Leppänen ( fi ) Flemish Jelle Cleymans ( nl ) German Robin Kahnmeyer ( de ) Manuel Straube ( de ) Greek Δημήτρης Μάριζας ( Dimítris Márizas ) Μπάμπης Αλεξανδρόπουλος ( Bábis Alexandópoulos ) Hebrew לירון לב ( Liron Lev ) ( he ) Hindi Rajesh Shukla Ryan Dias Hungarian Pál Tamás ( hu ) Icelandic Orri Huginn Ágústsson Indonesian Kamal Nasution Italian Giuseppe Russo Japanese 津田 英佑 ( Tsuda Eisuke ) ( ja ) Kazakh Жасұлан Ерболат ( Jasulan Erbolat ) Korean 최원형 ( Choi Won - Hyeong ) 윤승욱 ( Yun Seong - Uk ) Latin American Spanish Hugo Serrano Latvian Juris Jope Lithuanian Vytautas Leistrumas Malaysian Lokman Aslam ( ms ) Norwegian Anders Baasmo Christiansen Polish Grzegorz Kwiecień ( pl ) Marcin Jajkiewicz Romanian `` Jorge '' George Papagheorghe ( ro ) Russian Дима Билан ( Dima Bilan ) Serbian Никола Булатовић ( Nikola Bulatović ) Slovak Michal Klučka Adam Ďurica ( sk ) Slovene Klemen Slakonja Swedish Erik Segerstedt Taiwanese Mandarin 王辰驊 ( Wáng Chén - Huá ) ( zh ) 謝文德 ( Xiè Wén - Dé ) ( zh ) Thai สุ วีระ บุญรอด ( Suwira Bunrot ) ( th ) Turkish Gökhan Özdemir Bülent Tekakpınar Ukrainian Володимир Остапчук ( Volodymyr Ostapčuk ) Артем Кондратюк ( Artem Kondratiuk ) Vietnamese Nguyễn Thành Thiên Bảo Nguyễn Xuân Lân Design and characterization ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Usually the hero or heroine of the film undergoes a transformation ( e.g. Aladdin goes from street rat to prince , Cinderella from servant to princess ) . In Frozen , Hans goes from a courtly charmer to power - hungry villain . According to Hyrum Osmond , one of the supervising animators for Hans , Hans initially appears as a handsome , dashing character . The crew wanted the audience to fall in love with him and the relationship he could have with Anna . Then they 'd got to turn him around towards the climax and make it a big shock . According to Lino Di Salvo , Hans is a chameleon who adapts to any environment to make the other characters comfortable . And one of the biggest challenges in designing Hans , according to Bill Schwab , character design supervisor , was to make sure that they covered all aspects of his personality without fully tipping their hand to the audience . He shares similar personalities with various Disney villains : Notably , Lady Tremaine for the way he treats Anna near the climax of the end . He shares Ratigan from The Great Mouse Detective , Frollo from The Hunchback of Notre Dame , Scar from The Lion King , and Jafar 's from Aladdin , intentions for wanting to murder their respective rulers and instill themselves as king ( which only Ratigan , Frollo and Hans was able to almost fulfill , while Jafar decided he would force Jasmine to marry him and not kill her . On the other hand , Scar had succeeded in killing Mufasa and taking over as king until he was finally foiled by Simba who forced his confession during their fight ) . He shares similarities to Gaston from Beauty and the Beast in which they were the youngest villains to appear and having the towns fall in love with them . However , the main difference is that Belle quickly saw Gaston for who he is and distrusted him , whereas Hans gained Anna 's trust before betraying her . Afterwards , he left a lasting and negative impact on Anna when she realizes that the warning Elsa , and later Kristoff , originally gave her about falling in love with someone she does not know was true . Hyrum Osmond , one of the film 's supervising animators , later revealed that during the `` Love Is an Open Door '' musical sequence , a brief moment where Hans , belting out a high note under a waterfall , closes his eyes and raises his arm , was a parody of a signature move by Donny Osmond , of whom Hyrum is a nephew . Appearances ( edit ) Frozen ( edit ) Main article : Frozen ( 2013 film ) Once the Southern Isles is given word of Queen Elsa 's coronation , Hans is the royal representative that attends in honor of his kingdom . Along with the other invited royalty , he arrives on the day of the event and is first seen arriving in Arendelle on his horse , Sitron , who accidentally runs into Princess Anna when she crashes into his horse , and falls into a rowboat . Using grace and charm , Hans immediately woos the lovesick princess , with Anna almost immediately falling for him due to his wondrous looks and undeniable charisma . Moments later , Hans attends Queen Elsa 's crowning , waving to Anna as he watches alongside the other visiting royals and dignitaries . Later on that night , a ball is held in honor of the new queen and Hans appears at the celebration party , soon finding and inviting Anna for a romantic waltz after coincidentally bumping into her once again . During their time together , Hans learns of Anna 's longing of having someone special in her life , with her sister apparently developing a dislike of being around her by suddenly shutting Anna out one day when they were kids , to which Hans openly relates to , only furthering Anna 's connection with him . And with this , Hans promises to never shut Anna out , unlike Elsa , much to the princess ' absolute joy . By the end of their tour , Hans works up the courage to propose , with Anna agreeing in a heartbeat . The two head back to the royal throne room , where the party is being held , to ask for Elsa 's blessing . Elsa coldly refuses , denying Anna marrying someone she just met , and subsequently ends the party . Suspecting he has an ulterior motive for wanting to marry Anna , she orders Hans to leave out of frustration . Heartbroken , Anna confronts her sister , but this accidentally exposes Elsa 's abilities to conjure up ice and snow , much to Hans ' shock , along with everyone else 's . The Duke of Weselton immediately declares Elsa a monster , and orders his men to capture her . Elsa flees , accidentally causing an eternal winter over Arendelle while doing so , with Anna and Hans chasing after her until she runs across the surface of the fjord . Anna volunteers to go after Elsa , but Hans objects to her going by herself , considering it too dangerous . However , Anna insists that Hans stay behind to take care of Arendelle during her absence , to which the prince eventually agrees . It does not take long for Arendelle to turn into an icy wasteland . However , through it all , Hans proved to be a worthy ruler , winning the hearts of Arendelle 's citizens , gaining their trust and loyalty through his seemingly benevolent and caring ways . Hans does so by distributing free cloaks to the public and setting up soup lines in the palace . The Duke of Weselton is furious that Hans is giving away Arendelle 's tradeable goods . Scolding Hans , the Duke then openly expresses his suspicion over Anna and Elsa , believing they 're conspiring together to doom them all . Hans immediately snaps and threatens to punish the Duke for treason if he does n't silence himself . Just then , Anna 's horse returns , riderless , making Hans believe Anna is in danger . With the royal guards and the Duke 's men , Hans leads a rescue mission for Anna and a hunt for Elsa . A few days later , the army arrives at Elsa 's ice palace . As they are approaching the front steps , Elsa 's snowlem bouncer , Marshmallow , disguised as a pile of snow by the staircase , suddenly attacks him . While Hans and his army battle Marshmallow , the Duke 's two guards make their way inside to take on Elsa . Hans manages to defeat Marshmallow by slicing his leg off , sending him plunging into a gorge . With him out of the way , Hans and the others rush inside to find Anna , but she is nowhere in sight . Instead , they find Elsa merely seconds away from killing the Duke 's two guards . Hans is able to stop her , freeing the two thugs . However , one of the thugs attempts to shoot her with his bolt , but Hans interferes and causes the bolt to shoot upward and shatter the hook on a massive chandelier , which crashes down and manages to knock Elsa unconscious . Captured , Elsa is imprisoned in Arendelle 's dungeon . Hans decides to pay Elsa a visit , asking her to put an end to the winter . However , Elsa confesses she has no idea how and asks to be released . Hans claims he will do what he can . Anna suddenly returns and desperately begs Hans for a kiss . The two are given privacy , Anna explains that during her journey , Elsa froze her heart , and only an act of true love can save her from freezing to death . Hans smirks and rejects Anna . Confused , Anna tries to understand what 's going on , but Hans simply explains his entire plot to marry her , arrange an `` accident '' for Elsa , and become king of Arendelle through marriage . Anna tries to stop him , but she is far too weak . After informing her his next move is to kill Elsa and bring back summer , Hans leaves Anna to die , locking the door and trapping her within to prevent others from finding her or prevent her from escaping and interfering . Hans then returns to the Duke and the other dignitaries . He tells them Anna was killed by Elsa , but is unaware that Olaf foiled him by helping Anna escape . He sentences Elsa to death for high treason . Meanwhile , through her magic , Elsa manages to escape her cell by freezing her shackles until they become so brittle that they break , then freezing the wall of her cell until it collapses . Hans chases after her into the frozen fjords as a harsh blizzard consumes the kingdom . He eventually stumbles upon her , and claims to her she can not escape all the horrible things she has already done . Elsa pleads for mercy , and asks him to take care of her sister for her , to which Hans responds by telling her that Anna has died from Elsa freezing her heart ( or so Hans thinks , since Olaf has found Anna and helped her escape ) . Elsa collapses , and whilst she is distracted , Hans pulls out his sword and prepares to stab her . As he is swinging , Anna suddenly arrives and jumps in front of Hans 's sword path , completely freezing solid just before Hans ' blade strikes her and shatters . Anna 's freezing causes a forceful blast , knocking Hans off his feet and rendering him unconscious . When he awakens several moments later , he finds Arendelle thawed and peace restored . Enraged by what Hans did to Anna and what he was doing to Elsa , Kristoff approaches Hans intending to attack him , but Anna intervenes . Instead , Anna confronts Hans , and the sight of Anna alive and well confuses Hans , prompting him to ask how she survived the frozen heart curse . She turns her back to him , much to Hans ' disbelief , then , in a swift movement , turns around again and punches him in the face and off the side of a ship . Humiliated and defeated , Hans is last seen imprisoned on a ship heading back to the Southern Isles . According to the French dignitary , Hans is set to receive an ultimate ( and unspecified ) punishment from his older brothers . Frozen Fever ( edit ) Hans briefly makes an appearance in Frozen Fever where he is seen cleaning up horse manure in the Southern Isles as part of his punishment from his family in his actions against Queen Elsa and Arendelle . After Elsa sneezes , she creates a large snowball that flies over to the Southern Isles and accidentally catapults Hans into a pile of manure , causing all the horses in the stable to laugh at his misfortune . Once Upon a Time ( edit ) Hans Once Upon a Time character First appearance `` A Tale of Two Sisters '' Last appearance `` Heroes and Villains '' Created by Edward Kitsis and Adam Horowitz Portrayed by Tyler Jacob Moore Information Family King and Queen of the Southern Isles ( parents ) Hans appears in the fourth season of Once Upon a Time and is played by Tyler Jacob Moore . In the fourth season premiere , `` A Tale of Two Sisters '' , Elsa reminds Anna that Hans and his older brothers still have a grudge against Arendelle for his treatment two years earlier and have been looking for a chance to repay Anna and Elsa for this ever since . In the third episode `` Rocky Road , '' Hans and his brothers have gathered outside of Arendelle with an army and he reveals a plan to his brothers to capture Elsa with a magical urn . Hans finds Elsa and Kristoff in the cave with the urn and holds Kristoff hostage in order to force Elsa to give him the urn . After retrieving the urn , Hans tries to use it to imprison Elsa , but inadvertently releases the Snow Queen instead . The Snow Queen , upset that Hans called Elsa a monster , freezes him while his brothers flee the cave . Elsa and Anna later discover his frozen body untouched in the palace 's east - wing room . He is later thawed out after 30 years ( Arendelle was frozen by the Snow Queen . ) and he becomes the new king of Arendelle . His first order was to have Anna and Kristoff arrested , and with help from Blackbeard he places the two into a trunk and sends them to their death at the bottom of the ocean , not knowing that Elsa , using Anna 's necklace as a locator spell , brings the two to Storybrooke . However , soon after the Snow Queen sacrifices herself hence breaking the spell of shattered sight , Elsa , Anna and Kristoff return to Arendelle via a magical portal and quickly retake their throne and kingdom ( with it implied that Anna once again punches Hans in the face , this time in the eye ) . Reception ( edit ) While the film has largely received critical acclaim , critics were divided on the reveal of Hans ' duplicity . Gina Dalfonzo from The Atlantic questioned the reveal 's age - appropriateness , saying , `` Children will , in their lifetimes , necessarily learn that not everyone who looks or seems trustworthy is trustworthy -- but Frozen 's big twist is a needlessly upsetting way to teach that lesson . '' Other critics disagreed - Melissa Leon from The Daily Beast said , `` Anna is being ridiculous . But unlike Snow White or Sleeping Beauty , the world of Frozen knows that . It uses Anna 's ill - thought - out engagement to show exactly why the cliché is unrealistic and absurd -- in her case , it even proves dangerous as ... her charming prince turns out to be a two - faced villain . '' Alyssa Rosenberg of ThinkProgress took a moderate position , arguing , `` Rather than declaring Prince Charming fantasies good or bad , I think Frozen is part of a tradition of adding heft to Prince Charming himself . And that 's a good thing . ( ... ) Frozen might have been a dud if Hans had only been a jerk . But , so help me , I found myself with some sympathy for the guy . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hill , Jim ( October 18 , 2013 ) . `` Countdown to Disney `` Frozen '' : How one simple suggestion broke the ice on the `` Snow Queen '' 's decades - long story problems `` . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ White , Cindy ( October 11 , 2013 ) . `` Inside Disney 's Frozen : Q&A with the Directors '' . Geek Mom . Retrieved 21 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Wright , Gary ( November 24 , 2013 ) . `` Frozen in Time : Disney 's Adaptation of a Literary Classic '' . Rotoscoper . Retrieved 21 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Santino Fontana talks about his role as Prince Hans in Frozen # DisneyFrozenEvent '' . cincomom.com. 2013 . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hans '' . Charguigou . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Guillaume Beaujolais '' . Charguigou . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Disney Albania ( 2015 - 12 - 11 ) , Frozen - Let It Go - Albanian Version Mbretëresha e Dëborës - Dubluar në Shqip , retrieved 2016 - 08 - 24 Jump up ^ Lucas Zúñiga ( 2016 - 06 - 26 ) , Frozen - Let It Go ( Karachay ) ( Movie Version ) , retrieved 2016 - 08 - 24 Jump up ^ Glory Tehran ( 2014 - 10 - 16 ) , Frozen Persian Dub - Behind the Mic - Glory دوبله گلوری , retrieved 2016 - 08 - 24 Jump up ^ `` Synchresis Inc . Dubbing Philippines '' . Synchresis Inc . Dubbing Philippines . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ McDaniel , Matt ( March 18 , 2014 ) . `` ' Frozen ' Secret Reference ( With a Famous Family Connection ) Revealed '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tyler Jacob Moore Cast as Frozen 's Prince Hans on Once Upon a Time E ! Online , Retrieved July 29 , 2014 Jump up ^ Once Upon a Time , season 4 episode 1 , A Tale of Two Sisters Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( 1 December 2013 ) . `` Boys Do n't Run Away From These Princesses '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Dalfonzo , Gina ( 10 December 2013 ) . `` Frozen 's Cynical Twist on Prince Charming '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 10 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Leon , Melissa ( 29 November 2013 ) . `` Disney 's Sublimely Subversive ' Frozen ' Is n't Your Typical Princess Movie '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 10 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Alyssa ( 29 January 2014 ) . `` How Disney 's ' Frozen ' Gets Its Bad Prince Charming Right '' . Think Progress . Retrieved 10 March 2014 . Disney portal Fictional characters portal ( hide ) Disney 's Frozen Films Frozen accolades Frozen Fever ( short ) Olaf 's Frozen Adventure ( short ) Characters Anna Elsa Kristoff Olaf Hans Theatre Frozen ( musical ) Music `` Frozen Heart '' `` Do You Want to Build a Snowman ? '' `` For the First Time in Forever '' `` Love Is an Open Door '' `` Let It Go '' `` Reindeer ( s ) Are Better Than People '' `` In Summer '' `` Fixer Upper '' `` Making Today a Perfect Day '' Attractions Frozen Ever After For the First Time in Forever : A Frozen Sing - Along Celebration Frozen -- Live at the Hyperion Video games Frozen : Olaf 's Quest Frozen Free Fall Related `` The Snow Queen '' The Story of Frozen : Making a Disney Animated Classic Once Upon a Time `` There 's No Place Like Home '' season 4 The Art of Frozen Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_(Disney)&oldid=799637565 '' Categories : Disney 's Frozen characters Fictional characters introduced in 2013 Fictional princes Once Upon a Time ( TV series ) characters Hidden categories : Interlanguage link template link number Interlanguage link template existing link Articles needing additional references from December 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 8 September 2017 , at 22 : 57 . 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"Prince Hans of the Southern Isles is a fictional character from Walt Disney Animation Studios' 53rd animated film, Frozen. Hans is voiced by Santino Fontana in the film, and later portrayed by Tyler Jacob Moore in the live action television series Once Upon a Time."
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"Santino Fontana"
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6612768071903056577 | Table of contents | Table of contents - Wikipedia Table of contents Jump to : navigation , search For information on Wikipedia 's Help : Magic words . For Wikipedia 's tables of contents , see Portal : Contents . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A table of contents A table of contents , usually headed simply `` Contents '' and abbreviated informally as TOC , is a list , usually found on a page before the start of a written work , of its chapter or section titles or brief descriptions with their commencing page numbers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Earliest use 2 Form 3 Examples 4 References 5 Notes Earliest Use ( edit ) Pliny the Elder credits Quintus Valerius Soranus ( d . 82 B.C. ) as the first author to provide a table of contents to help readers navigate a lengthy work . Pliny 's own table of contents for his encyclopedic Historia naturalis ( `` Natural History '' ) may be viewed online in Latin and in English ( following dedication ) . Form ( edit ) A table of contents usually includes the titles or descriptions of the first - level headers , such as chapter titles in longer works , and often includes second - level or section titles ( A-heads ) within the chapters as well , and occasionally even third - level titles ( subsections or B - heads ) . The depth of detail in tables of contents depends on the length of the work , with longer works having less . Formal reports ( ten or more pages and being too long to put into a memo or letter ) also have a table of contents . Within an English - language book , the table of contents usually appears after the title page , copyright notices , and , in technical journals , the abstract ; and before any lists of tables or figures , the foreword , and the preface . Printed tables of contents indicate page numbers where each part starts , while digital ones offer links to go to each part . The format and location of the page numbers is a matter of style for the publisher . If the page numbers appear after the heading text , they might be preceded by characters called leaders , usually dots or periods , that run from the chapter or section titles on the opposite side of the page , or the page numbers might remain closer to the titles . In some cases , the page number appears before the text . If a book or document contains chapters , articles , or stories by different authors , their names usually appear in the table of contents . Matter preceding the table of contents is generally not listed there . However , all pages except the outside cover are counted , and the table of contents is often numbered with a lowercase Roman numeral page number . Many popular word processors , such as Microsoft Word , WordPerfect , and StarWriter are capable of automatically generating a table of contents if the author of the text uses specific styles for chapter titles , headings , subheadings , etc . Examples ( edit ) Example with leaders : Chapter 1 : Getting Started ... 1 Introduction ... 2 Next Steps ... 3 Example without leaders : Chapter 1 : Getting Started 1 Introduction 2 Next Steps 3 Example with authors : 1 . Introduction to Biology Arthur C. Smith 1 2 . Microbiology Susan Jones 10 3 . Advances in Biotechnology T.C. Chang 24 Example with descriptive text : Chapter 1 3 In which we first meet our hero and heroine , attend a gala feast , and begin an unexpected journey . Chapter 2 12 The journey takes an unusual turn , and new villains are discovered . References ( edit ) The Chicago Manual of Style ( 15th Edition ) Gerald J. Alred ; Charles T. Brusaw ; Walter E. Oliu ( 2003 ) . Handbook of Technical Writing . ISBN 0 - 312 - 30923 - 6 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pliny the Elder , preface 33 , Historia naturalis ; John Henderson , `` Knowing Someone Through Their Books : Pliny on Uncle Pliny ( Epistles 3.5 ) , '' Classical Philology 97 ( 2002 ) , p. 275 . ( hide ) Book design General page layout and typography choices Fonts Front and back covers Buckram Leather Anthropodermic bibliopegy Treasure binding Endpapers Marbled Front matter Half title bastard title Frontispiece Title page Edition notice Dedication Epigraph Table of contents List of figures List of tables Foreword Preface Acknowledgments Introduction Prologue Printer 's mark Body matter , which may include : Body text Chapters Parts Sections Tipped - in pages Back matter Afterword Conclusion Epilogue Outro Postscript Appendix / Addendum Glossary Bibliography Index Errata Colophon Postface Other elements Bookplate or ex-librīs Catchword Die cutting Fore - edge painting Pop - ups Thumb index Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Table_of_contents&oldid=810209822 '' Categories : Technical communication Book design Index ( publishing ) Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2012 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Svenska தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017 , at 23 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the table of contents located in a book | [
"A table of contents, usually headed simply \"Contents\" and abbreviated informally as TOC, is a list, usually found on a page before the start of a written work, of its chapter or section titles or brief descriptions with their commencing page numbers."
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"usually found on a page before the start of a written work"
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-1327746003125158165 | Over the Rainbow | Over the Rainbow - wikipedia Over the Rainbow Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1939 song . For other uses , see Over the Rainbow ( disambiguation ) . `` Over the Rainbow '' Song by Judy Garland Published 1939 Genre Ballad Composer ( s ) Harold Arlen Lyricist ( s ) E.Y. Harburg `` Over the Rainbow '' is a ballad , with music by Harold Arlen and lyrics by Yip Harburg . It was written for the movie The Wizard of Oz and was sung by actress Judy Garland , in her starring role as Dorothy Gale . It won the Academy Award for Best Original Song and became Garland 's signature song , as well as one of the most enduring standards of the 20th century . About five minutes into the film , Dorothy sings the song after failing to get Aunt Em , Uncle Henry , and the farmhands to listen to her relate an unpleasant incident involving her dog , Toto , and the town spinster , Miss Gulch ( Margaret Hamilton ) . Aunt Em tells her to `` find yourself a place where you wo n't get into any trouble '' . This prompts her to walk off by herself , musing to Toto , `` Some place where there is n't any trouble . Do you suppose there is such a place , Toto ? There must be . It 's not a place you can get to by a boat , or a train . It 's far , far away . Behind the moon , beyond the rain ... '' , at which point she begins singing . Contents ( hide ) 1 Influence and legacy 2 The Wizard of Oz 3 Original Garland recordings 4 Lyrics 5 International artists 6 Other versions 6.1 In singles and albums 6.2 In films and TV shows 7 Israel Kamakawiwoʻole version 8 Eva Cassidy version 8.1 Track listings 8.2 Chart performance 9 Danielle Hope version 9.1 Track listings 9.2 Chart performance 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Influence and legacy ( edit ) The song is number one on the `` Songs of the Century '' list compiled by the Recording Industry Association of America and the National Endowment for the Arts . The American Film Institute also ranked the song the greatest movie song of all time on the list of `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs '' . The very first artist to record the song was actually big band singer Bea Wain , but MGM prohibited the release until The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) had opened and audiences heard Judy Garland perform it . It was adopted ( along with Irving Berlin 's 1942 hit `` White Christmas '' ) by American troops in Europe in World War II , as a symbol of the United States . In April 2005 , the United States Postal Service issued a commemorative stamp recognizing lyricist Yip Harburg 's accomplishments ; it features the opening lyric from the song . The song was used as an audio wakeup call in the STS - 88 space shuttle mission in Flight Day 4 , which was dedicated to astronaut Robert D. Cabana from his daughter , Sara . The song was honored with the 2014 Towering Song Award by the Songwriters Hall of Fame and was sung at its dinner on June 12 , 2014 by Jackie Evancho . In April 2016 , The Daily Telegraph listed the song as number 8 on its list of the 100 greatest songs of all time . In March 2017 , Garland 's original rendition of the song was selected for preservation in the National Recording Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or artistically significant '' . The Wizard of Oz ( edit ) The song 's sequence and the entirety of the Kansas scenes were directed by King Vidor , though he was not credited . The song was initially deleted from the film after a preview in San Luis Obispo , because MGM chief executive Louis B. Mayer and producer Mervyn LeRoy thought it `` slowed down the picture '' and that `` the song sounds like something for Jeanette MacDonald , not for a little girl singing in a barnyard '' . However , the persistence of associate producer Arthur Freed and Garland 's vocal coach / mentor Roger Edens to keep it in the film eventually paid off - it is for this sequence that the film is best known and remembered . At the start of the film , part of the song is played by the MGM orchestra over the opening credits . A reprise of it was deleted after being filmed . An additional chorus was to be sung by Dorothy while she was locked in the Witch 's castle , helplessly awaiting death as the hourglass ran out . However , although the visual portion of that reprise is presumably lost , the soundtrack of it survives and was included in the 2 - CD Deluxe Edition of the film 's soundtrack , released by Rhino Entertainment in 1995 . In that extremely intense and fear - filled rendition , Dorothy cries her way through it , unable to finish , concluding with a tear - filled , `` I 'm frightened , Auntie Em , I 'm frightened ! '' This phrase was retained in the film and is followed immediately by Aunt Em 's brief appearance in the crystal ball , where she is soon replaced by the visage of the witch ( Hamilton ) , mocking and taunting Dorothy before turning toward the camera to cackle . Another instrumental version is played in the underscore in the final scene , and over the closing credits . Original Garland recordings ( edit ) `` Over the Rainbow '' from The Wizard of Oz A sample of the original version of `` Over the Rainbow '' from The Wizard of Oz , sung by Judy Garland . Problems playing this file ? See media help . On October 7 , 1938 , Judy Garland first recorded the song on the MGM soundstages , using an arrangement by Murray Cutter . In September 1939 , a studio recording of the song , not from the actual film soundtrack , was recorded and released as a single by Decca Records . In March 1940 , that same recording was included on a Decca 78 - RPM four - record studio cast album entitled The Wizard of Oz . Although this is not the version of the song featured in the film , Decca would continue to re-release the so - called `` Cast Album '' well into the 1960s after it was re-issued as a single - record 33 ⁄ RPM LP . It was not until 1956 , when MGM released the true soundtrack album from the film , that the film version of the song was made available to the public . The 1956 soundtrack release was timed to coincide with the television premiere of the film . The soundtrack version has been re-released several times over the years , including in a `` Deluxe Edition '' from Rhino Records in 1995 . ' Over the Rainbow ' has become part of my life . It 's so symbolic of everybody 's dreams and wishes that I 'm sure that 's why some people get tears in their eyes when they hear it . I 've sung it thousands of times and it 's still the song that 's closest to my heart . `` '' -- Judy Garland , in a letter to Harold Arlen Following the film 's release in 1939 , the song became Garland 's signature song and she would perform it for the next 30 years , until her death in 1969 . She performed it without altering it , singing exactly as she did for the film . She explained her fidelity by saying that she was staying true to the character of Dorothy and to the message of really being somewhere over the rainbow . In 2017 , Garland 's recorded rendition of the film was selected for preservation in the National Recording Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or artistically significant '' . Lyrics ( edit ) An introductory verse ( `` When all the world is a hopeless jumble ... '' ) that was not used in the film is often used in theatrical productions of The Wizard of Oz and is included in the piano sheet music book of songs from the film . It was also used in renditions by Frank Sinatra , by Doris Day on her album Hooray For Hollywood ( 1958 ) ( Vol. 1 ) , by Tony Bennett on his albums Tony Bennett Sings a String of Harold Arlen ( 1961 ) and Here 's to the Ladies ( 1995 ) , by Ella Fitzgerald , by Sarah Vaughan , and by Norma Waterson , among others . Garland herself sang the introductory verse only once , on a 1948 radio broadcast of The Louella Parsons Show . Lyrics for a second verse ( `` Once by a word only lightly spoken ... '' ) appear in the British edition of the sheet music . International artists ( edit ) The first German version in English language was recorded by the Swing Orchestra Heinz Wehner ( 1908 -- 1945 ) in March 1940 in Berlin . Wehner , at this time a international well - known German Swing Artist , also took over the vocals . The first German version in German language was sung by Inge Brandenburg ( 1929 -- 1999 ) in 1960 . Other versions ( edit ) In singles and albums ( edit ) Doo - wop group the Demensions charted the song to number 16 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1960 . Patti LaBelle and the Bluebelles recorded the song in 1966 and it was featured on the Bluebelles ' album of the same name , their first studio album with Atlantic Records . Australian band Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs ' version topped the Australian music charts in 1965 and a later revision of the song also charted in 1974 following Billy Thorpe 's blues - based revival of the song at the 1973 Sunbury Pop Festival . Matchbox reached number 15 on the UK singles chart in 1980 with the song -- You Belong to Me ( medley ) `` . Patti LaBelle recorded a solo version of the song in a contemporary R&B / gospel - influenced version that was featured as the final song on LaBelle 's 1981 album , The Spirit 's in It . Sam Harris 's winning version of the song on the first season of Star Search in 1983 , combined on a single with `` Hearts on Fire '' reached number 67 in the UK singles chart in 1985 . A music video was made for his version . Marusha reached number 3 on the German singles charts in 1994 with her dance version . Cosmic Gate sampled this track for their single `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow '' , which was released in 2000 . Cliff Richard reached number 11 on the UK singles chart in 2001 with `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow / What a Wonderful World '' . Katharine McPhee , an American Idol runner - up , covered the song in 2006 . The single peaked at number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The Glee cast reached number 43 on the US singles chart and number 30 on the UK singles chart in 2010 with their version . Nicholas David , a contestant on the third season of the US version of The Voice , charted the song to number 96 in 2012 , with sales of 48,000 copies . The Christian Hard Rock group David and the Giants sampled the song on their song `` Noah '' on their 1978 album This One 's for You . Ariana Grande covered the song at the One Love Manchester benefit concert held on 4 June 2017 for the victims of the 2017 Manchester Arena bombing and added it to her Dangerous Woman Tour setlist after the benefit show . Hibari Misora released a Japanese language version of the song titled Niji no Kanata Ni ( 虹 の 彼方 に ) . Allan Sherman sang a parody of it , called `` Overweight People '' . In films and TV shows ( edit ) In the film Third Finger , Left Hand ( 1940 ) with Myrna Loy , Melvyn Douglas , and Raymond Walburn , the tune played throughout the film in short sequences . In the film The Philadelphia Story ( 1940 ) , James Stewart sings the song while carrying Katharine Hepburn through the gardens , at 77 minutes . Two years after the release of The Wizard of Oz , the tune appeared throughout the film I Wake Up Screaming ( 1941 ) , starring Betty Grable and Victor Mature . The song can also be heard in an ironic context in the Vincent Price horror film , Dr. Phibes Rises Again ( 1972 ) . The Sam Harris version was featured in an episode of Beavis and Butt - head , in which Beavis reacts in horror to the music video while Butt - head turns up the volume just to humorously torture the former . A version sung by Olivia Newton - John is used in the 1997 movie Face / Off , directed by John Woo . Director Nora Ephron used two different versions of the song in her movies Sleepless in Seattle ( 1993 ) and You 've Got Mail ( 1998 ) . They 're by Ray Charles and Harry Nilsson , but only Nilsson 's is included on a soundtrack release of the films . Mariah Carey perfromed this song as a medley with `` If I Only Knew '' as a tribute to her godmother , Patti Labelle in the Essence Awards in 1998 . Jane Monheit 's version is used over the end credits of `` Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow '' ( 2004 ) . A version of the song was featured in an episode of The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy , in which Mandy sings the song in a deadpan tone while she performs as Dorothy from The Wizard of Oz . In the film 9 ( 2009 ) , the original song is played . The song was featured at the end of the Scrubs episode `` My Way Home '' . The song was sung by the `` Worthless Peons '' ( played by the Blanks ) in a cappella format . The song was the final of many references to The Wizard of Oz in the episode . Israel Kamakawiwoʻole version ( edit ) Main article : Somewhere Over the Rainbow / What a Wonderful World `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow / What a Wonderful World '' Single by Israel Kamakawiwoʻole from the album Facing Future Released 1993 Format CD single Recorded 1988 Label Mountain Apple Company Songwriter ( s ) E.Y. Harburg , Bob Thiele , George David Weiss Audio sample `` Somewhere over the Rainbow / What a Wonderful World '' file help Israel Kamakawiwoʻole 's album Facing Future , released in 1993 , included a ukulele medley of the song and Louis Armstrong 's `` What a Wonderful World '' . It reached number 12 on Billboard 's Hot Digital Tracks chart the week of January 31 , 2004 ( for the survey week ending January 18 , 2004 ) . In the UK , it was released as a single under the title `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow '' . It entered the UK Official Singles Chart in April 2007 at number 68 . In Germany , the single also returned to the German Singles Chart in September 2010 . After only 2 weeks on that chart , it had already received gold status for having sold 150,000 copies . In October 2010 , it reached No. 1 in the German charts and 2011 it has been certified 5x Gold for selling more than 750,000 copies . It stayed 12 non-consecutive weeks at the top spot and was the most successful single in Germany in 2010 . As of March 2012 , it 's the 2nd best - selling download ever in Germany with digital sales between 500,000 and 600,000 . In France , it debuted at number 4 in December 2010 and reached number one . In the USA , it was certified Platinum for 1,000,000 downloads sold . To date it has sold over 4.2 million digital copies as of October 2014 . In Switzerland , it received Platinum , too , for 30,000 copies sold . This version of the song has been used in several commercials , films and television programs including Finding Forrester , Meet Joe Black , 50 First Dates , Son of the Mask , Snakes on a Plane , Charmed , South Pacific , Cold Case , ER , Life on Mars , Horizon , and Scrubs . The Kamakawiwoʻole version of the song was covered by the cast of Glee on the season one finale , `` Journey , '' and included on the extended play Glee : The Music , Journey to Regionals , charting at number 30 in the UK , 31 in Canada and Ireland , 42 in Australia , and 43 in the US . Cliff Richard recorded his own version of the medley based on this one with a medley of `` Over the Rainbow / What A Wonderful World '' released as a single from the album Wanted , which charted in the UK in 2001 and Aselin Debison recorded the medley for her 2002 album Sweet is the Melody . This version of the song was recorded in 1988 , in Honolulu in just one take . Israel called the recording studio at 3 am . He was given 15 minutes to arrive by Milan Bertosa . Bertosa is quoted to say '' And in walks the largest human being I had seen in my life . Israel was probably like 500 pounds . And the first thing at hand is to find something for him to sit on . '' The building security found Israel a big steel chair . `` Then I put up some microphones , do a quick sound check , roll tape , and the first thing he does is ' Somewhere Over the Rainbow . ' He played and sang , one take , and it was over . '' Eva Cassidy version ( edit ) `` Over the Rainbow '' Single by Eva Cassidy from the album ' The Other Side / Songbird ' Released 29 January 2001 ( UK ) Format CD single Recorded Label Blix Street Composer ( s ) Harold Arlen Lyricist ( s ) E.Y. Harburg Eva Cassidy recorded a version of the song for the 1992 Chuck Brown / Eva Cassidy album The Other Side . After her death in 1996 , it was included in her posthumously - released compilation album Songbird , released in 1998 and was released as a CD single in 2001 . It was popularized by the BBC on BBC Radio 2 and on the television show Top of the Pops 2 ; the latter featured a video recording of Cassidy performing it . This publicity helped push sales of the compilation album Songbird to number 1 in the UK charts . Her recording was selected by the BBC in the UK for their Songs of the Century album in the year 1999 . Her performance of it at Blues Alley was published for the first time in January 2011 on her Simply Eva album . One of the versions that Eva Cassidy recorded of Over The Rainbow is used in the opening credits of Nick Cassavetes ' film Alpha Dog . Track listings ( edit ) CD single `` Over the Rainbow '' `` Dark End of the Street '' Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 2001 ) Peak Position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 42 Danielle Hope version ( edit ) `` Over the Rainbow '' Single by Danielle Hope Released 23 May 2010 ( UK ) Format Digital download , CD single Recorded Genre Pop Length 2 : 58 Label Polydor Records Composer ( s ) Harold Arlen Lyricist ( s ) E.Y. Harburg Danielle Hope , the winner of the Wizard of Oz - themed BBC talent show Over the Rainbow , released a cover version of the song . It was released by digital download on 23 May 2010 and a CD single was released on 31 May 2010 . As it was recorded before a winner was announced , runners - up Lauren Samuels and Sophie Evans also recorded versions of it . These were both later made available for download on 6 June 2010 . All three finalists appeared on the CD single 's B - side : a Wizard of Oz medley . The single was a charity record , raising money for both the BBC Performing Arts Fund and Prostate UK . Track listings ( edit ) UK digital download `` Over the Rainbow '' -- 2 : 58 CD single `` Over the Rainbow '' `` The Wizard of Oz medley '' -- Sophie Evans , Danielle Hope and Lauren Samuels Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 2010 ) Peak Position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 29 See also ( edit ) Musical selections in The Wizard of Oz List of 1930s jazz standards List of best - selling singles List of best - selling singles in the United States References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 134 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/bea-wain-dead-big-band-singer-was-100-1031758 Jump up ^ http://www.mercurynews.com/2017/06/07/somewhere-over-the-rainbow-a-classic-now-linked-to-a-tragedy/ Jump up ^ `` NASA Human Spaceflight Database - STS - 88 Wakeup Calls '' . Jump up ^ Shriver , Jerry ( June 13 , 2014 ) . `` Songwriters gala links old and new with a ' Rainbow ' '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` 100 greatest songs of all time '' . ^ Jump up to : `` National Recording Registry Picks Are `` Over the Rainbow '' `` . Library of Congress . March 29 , 2016 . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Movie - Post-Production and Premiere - OzWiki '' . Thewizardofoz.info . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Oz Soundtracks ( MGM label ) '' . The Judy Room . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Oz ( Rhino Movie Music label ) '' . The Judy Room . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ The Wonderful World of Oz Documentary - The Wizard of Oz ( 3 - Disc Collector 's Edition DVD , 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Garland , Judy . `` The Wizard of Oz ( Decca label ) '' . The Judy Room . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Scott Brogan . `` Judy Garland MP3 's '' . Thejudyroom.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Over the Rainbow . London : Francis , Day , & Hunter , Ltd . Jump up ^ Dick McBougall , DownBeat 12 / 1937 Jump up ^ Over the Rainbow , Swing - Orchester Heinz Wehner , engl . Refraingesang Heinz Wehner , Telefunken A 10101 , Matrizennummer 24836 , recorded March 23 , 1940 Jump up ^ Wenn Du in meinen Träumen ( Over The Rainbow ) , Inge Brandenburg mit dem NDR - Tanzorchester , recorded November 2 , 1960 Jump up ^ Milosheff , Peter ( March 24 , 2010 ) . `` The Demensions , White Doo Wop From The Bronx '' . The Bronx Times . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pop Archives accessed June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Billboard Hot 100 Week of 22 December 2012 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 14 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` David and the Giants , This Ones For You - Noah Lyrics '' . lyrics.christiansunite.com . Retrieved 21 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Iasimone , Ashley ( 4 June 2017 ) . `` One Love Manchester : Ariana Grande Opens Benefit Concert With ' Be Alright , ' Joins Black Eyed Peas for ' Where Is the Love ? ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Savorelli , Antonio ( 2010 ) . Beyond Sitcom : New Directions in American Television Comedy . McFarland . ISBN 9780786458431 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Billboard , page 65 ( 7 February 2004 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( ' Over the Rainbow ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` Musik - Jahrescharts : `` Sanfter Riese '' und der Graf setzen sich durch - media control `` . Media-control.de . Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` '' Poker Face '' knackt 500.000 er - Download - Marke - media control `` . Media-control.de . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 600.000 Verkäufe : Michel Teló legt Download - Rekord hin - media control '' . Media-control.de. 2012 - 03 - 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ musicline.de Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum Searchable Database - November 22 , 2012 '' . RIAA . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Gary Trust ( October 21 , 2014 ) . `` Ask Billboard : The Weird Connections Between Mary Lambert '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Die Offizielle Schweizer Hitparade und Music Community '' . Hitparade.ch . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Flandez , Raymund ( June 9 , 2010 ) . `` ' Glee ' Season One Finale , ' Journey : ' TV Recap '' . The Wall Street Journal . Les Hinton . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Glee is number 1 Again '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . May 26 , 2010 . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive : 26th June 2010 '' . The Official Charts Company . June 26 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2011 . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 : Week of June 26 , 2010 ( Biggest Jump ) '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . June 26 , 2010 . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Music Charts Archive : Top 50 Singles , Week Ending 17 June 2010 '' . Chart Track . GfK . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The ARIA Report : Week Commencing July 12 , 2010 '' ( PDF ) ( 1064 ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . July 12 , 2010 . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : Week of June 26 , 2010 ( Biggest Jump ) '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . June 26 , 2010 . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Israel Kamakawiwo'ole : The Voice Of Hawaii '' . 50 Great Voices . NPR. 6 December 2010 . Archived from the original on 9 March 2011 . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . Then I put up some microphones , do a quick sound check , roll tape , and the first thing he does is ' Somewhere Over the Rainbow . ' He played and sang , one take , and it was over . Jump up ^ `` Eva Cassidy : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Winning Dorothy to release ' Rainbow ' '' . Retrieved 21 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Danielle Hope ( ' Over the Rainbow ' ) '' . Retrieved 27 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Danielle Hope : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . External links ( edit ) The Judy Garland Online Discography Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Judy Garland Discography Performances Songs Awards and honors Studio albums Miss Show Business Judy Alone Judy in Love The Letter That 's Entertainment ! The Garland Touch Live albums Garland at the Grove Judy at Carnegie Hall Judy Garland Live ! `` Live '' at the London Palladium Judy Garland at Home at the Palace : Opening Night Soundtracks Summer Stock A Star Is Born Gay Purr - ee I Could Go On Singing Other Biographies As gay icon Rufus Does Judy at Carnegie Hall Rufus ! Rufus ! Rufus ! Does Judy ! Judy ! Judy ! : Live from the London Palladium Liza Minnelli The Judy Monologues ( 2010 play ) The Wizard of Oz Elements `` Surrender Dorothy '' Ruby slippers Music `` Over the Rainbow '' `` Ding - Dong ! The Witch Is Dead '' `` We 're Off to See the Wizard '' `` If I Only Had a Brain '' `` Optimistic Voices '' `` The Merry Old Land of Oz '' `` If I Were King of the Forest '' `` The Jitterbug '' ( cut from final film ) Versions , sequels , and adaptations Stage musicals : 1942 , 1987 , 2011 The Wizard of Oz in Concert : Dreams Come True On television Was Apocalypse Oz Off to See the Wizard Journey Back to Oz The Wiz The Wizard of Oz ( TV series ) Return to Oz ( 1985 ) Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz Wicked Oz the Great and Powerful Legends of Oz : Dorothy 's Return Tom and Jerry : Back to Oz Lost In Oz Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz Games Arcade game Pinball Video game Related The Making of The Wizard of Oz Friend of Dorothy Over the Rainbow Dark Side of the Rainbow Meco Plays The Wizard of Oz Lego Dimensions L. Frank Baum The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Academy Award for Best Original Song 1930s `` The Continental '' Music : Con Conrad Lyrics : Herb Magidson ( 1934 ) `` Lullaby of Broadway '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Al Dubin ( 1935 ) `` The Way You Look Tonight '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Dorothy Fields ( 1936 ) `` Sweet Leilani '' Music and Lyrics : Harry Owens ( 1937 ) `` Thanks for the Memory '' Music : Ralph Rainger Lyrics : Leo Robin ( 1938 ) `` Over the Rainbow '' Music : Harold Arlen Lyrics : E.Y. Harburg ( 1939 ) 1940s `` When You Wish upon a Star '' Music : Leigh Harline Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1940 ) `` The Last Time I Saw Paris '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1941 ) `` White Christmas '' Music and lyrics : Irving Berlin ( 1942 ) `` You 'll Never Know '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Mack Gordon ( 1943 ) `` Swinging on a Star '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Johnny Burke ( 1944 ) `` It Might as Well Be Spring '' Music : Richard Rodgers Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1945 ) `` On the Atchison , Topeka and the Santa Fe '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1946 ) `` Zip - a-Dee - Doo - Dah '' Music : Allie Wrubel Lyrics : Ray Gilbert ( 1947 ) `` Buttons and Bows '' Music : Jay Livingston Lyrics : Ray Evans ( 1948 ) `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' Music and Lyrics : Frank Loesser ( 1949 ) 1950s `` Mona Lisa '' Music and Lyrics : Ray Evans and Jay Livingston ( 1950 ) `` In the Cool , Cool , Cool of the Evening '' Music : Hoagy Carmichael Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1951 ) `` High Noon ( Do Not Forsake Me , Oh My Darlin ' ) '' Music : Dimitri Tiomkin Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1952 ) `` Secret Love '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1953 ) `` Three Coins in the Fountain '' Music : Jule Styne Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1954 ) `` Love Is a Many Splendored Thing '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1955 ) `` Que Sera , Sera ( Whatever Will Be , Will Be ) '' Music and Lyrics : Jay Livingston and Ray Evans ( 1956 ) `` All the Way '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1957 ) `` Gigi '' Music : Frederick Loewe Lyrics : Alan Jay Lerner ( 1958 ) `` High Hopes '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1959 ) 1960s `` Never on Sunday '' Music and Lyrics : Manos Hatzidakis ( 1960 ) `` Moon River '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1961 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1962 ) `` Call Me Irresponsible '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1963 ) `` Chim Chim Cher - ee '' Music and Lyrics : Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman ( 1964 ) `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' Music : Johnny Mandel Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1965 ) `` Born Free '' Music : John Barry Lyrics : Don Black ( 1966 ) `` Talk to the Animals '' Music and lyrics : Leslie Bricusse ( 1967 ) `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' Music : Michel Legrand Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1968 ) `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' Music : Burt Bacharach Lyrics : Hal David ( 1969 ) 1970s `` For All We Know '' Music : Fred Karlin Lyrics : Robb Royer and Jimmy Griffin ( 1970 ) `` Theme from Shaft '' Music and Lyrics : Isaac Hayes ( 1971 ) `` The Morning After '' Music and Lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1972 ) `` The Way We Were '' Music : Marvin Hamlisch Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1973 ) `` We May Never Love Like This Again '' Music and Lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1974 ) `` I 'm Easy '' Music and Lyrics : Keith Carradine ( 1975 ) `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' Music : Barbra Streisand Lyrics : Paul Williams ( 1976 ) `` You Light Up My Life '' Music and Lyrics : Joseph Brooks ( 1977 ) `` Last Dance '' Music and Lyrics : Paul Jabara ( 1978 ) `` It Goes Like It Goes '' Music : David Shire Lyrics : Norman Gimbel ( 1979 ) 1980s `` Fame '' Music : Michael Gore Lyrics : Dean Pitchford ( 1980 ) `` Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' Music and Lyrics : Burt Bacharach , Carole Bayer Sager , Christopher Cross and Peter Allen ( 1981 ) `` Up Where We Belong '' Music : Jack Nitzsche and Buffy Sainte - Marie Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1982 ) `` Flashdance ... What a Feeling '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Keith Forsey and Irene Cara ( 1983 ) `` I Just Called to Say I Love You '' Music and Lyrics : Stevie Wonder ( 1984 ) `` Say You , Say Me '' Music and Lyrics : Lionel Richie ( 1985 ) `` Take My Breath Away '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Tom Whitlock ( 1986 ) `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Music : Franke Previte , John DeNicola and Donald Markowitz Lyrics : Franke Previte ( 1987 ) `` Let the River Run '' Music and Lyrics : Carly Simon ( 1988 ) `` Under the Sea '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1989 ) 1990s `` Sooner or Later ( I Always Get My Man ) '' Music and Lyrics : Stephen Sondheim ( 1990 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1991 ) `` A Whole New World '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1992 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' Music and Lyrics : Bruce Springsteen ( 1993 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' Music : Elton John Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1994 ) `` Colors of the Wind '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1995 ) `` You Must Love Me '' Music : Andrew Lloyd Webber Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1996 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' Music : James Horner Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1997 ) `` When You Believe '' Music and Lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1998 ) `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' Music and Lyrics : Phil Collins ( 1999 ) 2000s `` Things Have Changed '' Music and Lyrics : Bob Dylan ( 2000 ) `` If I Did n't Have You '' Music and Lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2001 ) `` Lose Yourself '' Music : Eminem , Jeff Bass and Luis Resto Lyrics : Eminem ( 2002 ) `` Into the West '' Music and Lyrics : Fran Walsh , Howard Shore and Annie Lennox ( 2003 ) `` Al otro lado del río '' Music and Lyrics : Jorge Drexler ( 2004 ) `` It 's Hard out Here for a Pimp '' Music and Lyrics : Juicy J , Frayser Boy and DJ Paul ( 2005 ) `` I Need to Wake Up '' Music and Lyrics : Melissa Etheridge ( 2006 ) `` Falling Slowly '' Music and Lyrics : Glen Hansard and Markéta Irglová ( 2007 ) `` Jai Ho '' Music : A.R. Rahman Lyrics : Gulzar ( 2008 ) `` The Weary Kind '' Music and Lyrics : Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) 2010s `` We Belong Together '' Music and Lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2010 ) `` Man or Muppet '' Music and Lyrics : Bret McKenzie ( 2011 ) `` Skyfall '' Music and Lyrics : Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) `` Let It Go '' Music and Lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2013 ) `` Glory '' Music and Lyrics : John Stephens and Lonnie Lynn ( 2014 ) `` Writing 's on the Wall '' Music and Lyrics : James Napier and Sam Smith ( 2015 ) `` City of Stars '' Music : Justin Hurwitz Lyrics : Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) Kylie Minogue songs Singles discography Kylie `` I Should Be So Lucky '' `` The Loco - Motion '' `` Je ne sais pas pourquoi '' `` It 's No Secret '' `` Got to Be Certain '' `` Turn It into Love '' Enjoy Yourself `` Hand on Your Heart '' `` Would n't Change a Thing '' `` Never Too Late '' `` Tears on My Pillow '' `` Especially for You '' Rhythm of Love `` Better the Devil You Know '' `` Step Back in Time '' `` What Do I Have to Do '' `` Shocked '' Let 's Get to It `` Word Is Out '' `` Give Me Just a Little More Time '' `` Finer Feelings '' `` If You Were with Me Now '' `` I Guess I Like It Like That '' Greatest Hits `` What Kind of Fool ( Heard All That Before ) '' `` Celebration '' Kylie Minogue `` Confide in Me '' `` Put Yourself in My Place '' `` Where Is the Feeling ? '' Impossible Princess `` Too Far '' `` Cowboy Style '' `` Some Kind of Bliss '' `` Did It Again '' `` Breathe '' Light Years `` Spinning Around '' `` On a Night Like This '' `` Your Disco Needs You '' `` Please Stay '' `` Butterfly '' `` Kids '' Fever `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' `` In Your Eyes '' `` Love at First Sight '' `` Come into My World '' Body Language `` Slow '' `` Red Blooded Woman '' `` Chocolate '' Ultimate Kylie `` I Believe in You '' `` Giving You Up '' X `` 2 Hearts '' `` Wow '' `` In My Arms '' `` Speakerphone '' `` All I See '' `` The One '' Aphrodite `` All the Lovers '' `` Get Outta My Way '' `` Put Your Hands Up ( If You Feel Love ) '' `` Aphrodite '' `` Better than Today '' A Kylie Christmas `` Let It Snow '' `` Santa Baby '' The Abbey Road Sessions `` Flower '' Kiss Me Once `` Into the Blue '' `` I Was Gonna Cancel '' `` Sexercize '' `` Beautiful '' Kylie + Garibay `` Black and White '' Kylie Christmas `` It 's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year '' `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' `` Winter Wonderland '' `` Christmas Wrapping '' `` Only You '' `` Every Day 's Like Christmas '' `` I 'm Gonna Be Warm This Winter '' `` 2000 Miles '' `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' `` 100 Degrees '' Snow Queen Edition `` Stay Another Day '' `` At Christmas '' `` Wonderful Christmastime '' `` I Wish It Could Be Christmas Everyday '' `` Christmas Lights '' `` Everybody 's Free ( To Feel Good ) '' `` Night Fever '' Golden `` Dancing '' Other songs `` Keep on Pumpin ' It '' `` Where the Wild Roses Grow '' `` GBI ( German Bold Italic ) '' `` Sometime Samurai '' `` Lhuna '' `` Everybody Hurts '' `` Higher '' `` Timebomb '' `` Skirt '' `` Whistle '' `` Limpido '' `` Golden Boy '' `` Crystallize '' `` Right Here , Right Now '' `` The Other Boys '' `` This Wheel 's on Fire '' Book Portal WikiProject Cliff Richard singles discography 1950s `` Move It '' ( 1958 ) `` High Class Baby '' ( 1958 ) `` Livin ' Lovin ' Doll '' ( 1959 ) `` Mean Streak '' ( 1959 ) `` Living Doll '' ( 1959 ) `` Travellin ' Light '' ( 1959 ) 1960s `` Please Do n't Tease '' ( 1960 ) `` I Love You '' ( 1960 ) `` A Girl Like You '' ( 1961 ) `` When the Girl in Your Arms ... '' ( 1961 ) `` The Young Ones '' / `` We Say Yeah '' ( 1962 ) `` I 'm Lookin ' Out the Window '' / `` Do You Want to Dance ? '' ( 1962 ) `` It 'll Be Me '' ( 1962 ) `` The Next Time '' / `` Bachelor Boy '' ( 1962 ) `` Summer Holiday '' ( 1963 ) `` Lucky Lips '' ( 1963 ) `` It 's All in the Game '' ( 1963 ) `` I Only Have Eyes for You '' ( 1964 ) `` Constantly ( L'Edera ) '' ( 1964 ) `` The Twelfth of Never '' ( 1964 ) `` The Minute You 're Gone '' ( 1965 ) `` Blue Turns to Grey '' ( 1966 ) `` Visions '' ( 1966 ) `` All My Love '' ( 1967 ) `` Congratulations '' ( 1968 ) `` Girl , You 'll Be a Woman Soon '' ( 1968 ) `` Marianne '' ( 1968 ) `` Early in the Morning '' ( 1969 ) 1970s `` Sunny Honey Girl '' ( 1971 ) `` Power to All Our Friends '' ( 1973 ) `` Honky Tonk Angel '' ( 1975 ) `` Miss You Nights '' ( 1976 ) `` Devil Woman '' ( 1976 ) `` Green Light '' ( 1979 ) `` We Do n't Talk Anymore '' ( 1979 ) 1980s `` Carrie '' ( 1980 ) `` Dreamin ' '' ( 1980 ) `` Suddenly '' ( 1980 ) `` A Little in Love '' ( 1980 ) `` Daddy 's Home '' ( live ) ( 1981 ) `` True Love Ways '' ( live ) ( 1983 ) `` Baby You 're Dynamite '' / `` Ocean Deep '' ( 1984 ) `` Donna '' ( 1984 US ) `` Two to the Power of Love '' ( 1984 ) `` Living Doll '' ( 1986 ) `` All I Ask of You '' ( 1986 ) `` Mistletoe and Wine '' ( 1988 ) `` The Best of Me '' ( 1989 ) `` I Just Do n't Have the Heart '' ( 1989 ) `` Lean On You '' ( 1989 ) `` Whenever God Shines His Light '' ( 1989 ) 1990s `` Stronger Than That '' ( 1990 ) `` Silhouettes '' ( live ) ( 1990 ) `` From a Distance '' ( live ) ( 1990 ) `` Saviour 's Day '' ( 1990 ) `` Scarlet Ribbons '' ( 1991 ) `` We Should Be Together '' ( 1991 ) `` Peace in Our Time '' ( 1993 ) `` All I Have to Do Is Dream '' ( live ) / `` Miss You Nights '' ( 1994 ) `` Ca n't Keep this Feeling In '' ( 1998 ) `` The Millennium Prayer '' ( 1999 ) 2000s `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow '' / `` What a Wonderful World '' ( medley ) ( 2001 ) `` Yesterday Once More '' ( 2006 ) `` Move It '' ( 2006 ) `` When I Need You '' ( 2007 ) `` Mistletoe and Wine '' ( re-entry ) ( 2008 ) `` Thank You for a Lifetime '' ( 2008 ) `` Singing the Blues '' ( 2009 ) 2010s `` Rip It Up '' ( 2013 ) `` Since I Lost My Baby '' ( 2014 ) `` Roll Over Beethoven '' ( 2016 ) `` Blue Suede Shoes '' ( 2017 ) Book : Cliff Richard Jerry Lee Lewis Studio albums Jerry Lee Lewis Jerry Lee 's Greatest Soul My Way The Golden Cream of the Country Who 's Gonna Play This Old Piano ? Southern Roots : Back Home to Memphis Last Man Standing Mean Old Man Rock & Roll Time Collaborations Class of ' 55 ( with Johnny Cash , Carl Perkins and Roy Orbison ) Million Dollar Quartet ( with Johnny Cash , Carl Perkins and Elvis Presley ) Live albums Live at the Star Club , Hamburg The Survivors Live Last Man Standing Live Soundtrack albums Jamboree ( 1957 ) American Hot Wax ( 1978 ) Great Balls of Fire ! ( 1989 ) Dick Tracy ( 1990 ) Compilation albums All Killer , No Filler : The Anthology Songs `` Baby Baby Bye Bye '' `` Baby , Hold Me Close '' `` Breathless '' `` Chantilly Lace '' `` Cold , Cold Heart '' `` Come as You Were '' `` Crazy Arms '' `` Do n't Let Me Cross Over '' ( with Linda Gail Lewis ) `` Down the Line '' `` End of the Road '' `` Great Balls of Fire '' `` Hi - Heel Sneakers '' `` High School Confidential '' `` I 'm So Lonesome I Could Cry '' `` In the Mood '' `` Invitation to Your Party '' `` It 'll Be Me '' `` Jackson '' ( with Linda Gail Lewis ) `` Lewis Boogie '' `` Me and Bobby McGee '' `` One Has My Name ( The Other Has My Heart ) '' `` One Minute Past Eternity '' `` She Even Woke Me Up to Say Goodbye '' `` She Still Comes Around ( To Love What 's Left of Me ) '' `` Sixteen Candles '' `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow '' `` Sweet Little Sixteen '' `` There Must Be More to Love Than This '' `` To Make Love Sweeter for You '' `` Turn On Your Love Light '' `` What 's Made Milwaukee Famous ( Has Made a Loser Out of Me ) '' `` What 'd I Say '' `` When He Walks on You ( Like You Have Walked On Me ) '' `` Whole Lotta Shakin ' Goin ' On '' `` Would You Take Another Chance on Me '' `` You Win Again '' Filmography Jamboree ( 1957 ) High School Confidential ( 1958 ) American Hot Wax ( 1978 ) Family Mickey Gilley Linda Gail Lewis Carl McVoy Jimmy Swaggart Related articles Discography Great Balls of Fire ! Walk the Line Kenny Lovelace Mack Vickery Willie Nelson singles discography 1950s and 1960s 1957 `` No Place For Me '' / `` Lumberjack '' 1959 `` Man With the Blues '' / `` The Storm Has Just Begun '' 1960 `` What a Way to Live '' / `` Misery Mansion '' `` Nite Life '' / `` Rainy Day Blues '' 1961 `` The Part Where I Cry '' / `` Mr. Record Man '' 1962 `` Willingly '' / `` Chain of Love '' `` Touch Me '' / `` Where My House Lives '' `` Wake Me When It 's Over '' / `` There 's Gonna Be Love In My House '' `` You Dream About Me '' / `` Is This My Destiny '' 1963 `` Half a Man '' / `` The Last Letter '' `` Take My Word '' / `` Feed it a Memory '' 1964 `` How Long is Forever '' / `` You Took My Happy Away '' `` Am I Blue '' / `` There 'll Be No Teardrops Tonight '' `` River Boy '' / `` Opportunity to Cry '' `` I Never Cared For You '' / `` You Left Me ( A Long Time Ago ) '' `` Pretty Paper '' / `` What A Merry Christmas This Could Be '' 1965 `` She 's Not For You '' / `` Permanently Lonely '' `` Healing Hands of Time '' / `` One Day at the Time '' `` I Just Ca n't Let You Say Goodbye '' / `` And So Will You , My Love '' 1966 `` One In A Row '' / `` San Antonio Rose '' `` Colombus Stockade Blues '' / `` He Sits at my Table '' `` I 'm Still Not Over You '' / `` I Love You Because '' 1967 `` The Party 's Over '' / `` Make Way for a Better Man '' `` Blackjack County Chain '' / `` Some Other World '' `` San Antonio '' / `` To Make a Long Story Short '' 1968 `` Little Things '' / `` Sweet Memories '' `` Good Times '' / `` Where Do You Stand '' `` Johnny One Time '' / `` She 's Still Gone '' 1969 `` Bring Me Sunshine '' / `` Do n't Say Love or Nothing '' `` I Hope So '' / `` Right or Wrong '' 1970s 1970 `` Once More With Feeling '' / `` Who Do I Know in Dallas '' `` Laying My Burdens Down '' / `` Truth Number One '' 1971 `` I 'm a Memory '' / `` Fire and Rain '' `` Yesterday 's Wine '' / `` Me and Paul '' 1972 `` Words Do n't Fit the Picture '' / `` A Moment '' 1973 `` Shotgun Willie '' ( mono ) / `` Sad Songs and Waltzes '' `` Stay All Night ( Stay a Little Longer ) '' / `` Devil in a Sleepin ' Bag '' `` I Still Ca n't Believe You 're Gone '' / `` Heaven and Hell '' `` Bloody Mary Morning '' / `` After the Fire is Gone '' ( with Tracy Nelson ) `` Sister 's Comin ' Home '' ( mono ) / `` Pick Up The Tempo '' `` Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain '' / `` Bandera '' 1976 `` Remember Me ( When the Candle Lights Are Gleaming ) '' / `` Time of the Preacher '' `` I 'd Have to Be Crazy '' ( mono ) / `` Amazing Grace '' `` If You 've Got the Money I 've Got the Time '' / `` The Sound in Your Mind '' 1977 `` Uncloudy Day '' / `` Precious Memories '' `` I Love You A Thousand Ways '' / `` Mom and Dad 's Waltz '' 1978 `` Georgia on My Mind '' / `` On The Sunny Side Of The Street '' `` Blue Skies '' / `` Moonlight in Vermont '' `` All of Me '' / `` Unchained Melody '' 1979 `` Whiskey River '' / `` Under the Double Eagle '' `` September Song '' / `` Do n't Get Around Much Anymore '' `` White Christmas '' / `` Blue Christmas '' 1980s 1980 `` Help Me Make It Through the Night '' / `` The Pilgrim , Chapter 33 '' `` My Heroes Have Always Been Cowboys '' / `` Rising Stars '' `` Midnight Rider '' / `` So You Think You 're A Cowboy '' `` On the Road Again '' / `` Jumpin ' Cotton Eyed Joe '' ( performed by Johnny Gimble ) 1981 `` Angel Flying Too Close to the Ground '' / `` I Guess I 've Come to Live Here in Your Eyes '' `` Mona Lisa '' / `` Twinkle , Twinkle Little Star '' `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter '' / `` Over the Rainbow '' `` Heartaches of a Fool '' / `` Uncloudy Day '' 1982 `` Always on My Mind '' / `` The Party 's Over '' `` Let It Be Me '' / `` Permanently Lonely '' `` Last Thing I Needed First Thing This Morning '' / `` Old Fords and a Natural Stone '' `` Little Old Fashioned Karma '' / `` Beer Barrel Polka '' `` Why Do I Have to Choose '' / `` Would You Lay with Me ( In a Field of Stone ) '' `` Take It to the Limit '' / `` Till I Gain Control Again '' `` Without a Song '' 1984 `` City of New Orleans ( Unedited version ) '' / `` Why Are You Pickin ' On Me '' 1985 `` Forgiving You Was Easy '' / `` You Would n't Cross the Street '' `` Me and Paul '' / `` I Let My Mind Wander '' 1986 `` Living in the Promiseland '' / `` Bach Minuet in G '' `` I 'm Not Trying to Forget You '' / `` I 've Got the Craziest Feeling '' `` Partners After All '' / `` Home Away From Home '' `` Heart of Gold '' / `` So Much Like My Dad '' `` Island in the Sea '' / `` There Is No Easy Way '' 1988 `` Nobody There But Me '' / `` Wake Me When It 's Over '' `` Spanish Eyes '' ( with Julio Iglesias ) / `` Ole Buttermilk Sky '' `` Twilight Time '' / `` Ac - Cent - Tchu - Ate the Positive '' `` Nothing I Can Do About It Now '' / `` If I Were a Painting '' `` There You Are '' / `` Spirit '' `` Is The Better Part Over '' / `` Mr. Record Man '' 1990s `` The Highway '' / `` Spirit '' `` Ai n't Necessarily So '' / `` I Never Cared For You '' ( `` Ai n't Necessarily So '' also on CD Single ) 1991 `` The Piper Came Today '' / `` ( I Do n't Have a Reason ) To Go To California Anymore '' ( `` The Piper Came Today '' also on CD Single ) `` Ten With a Two '' / `` You Decide '' 1993 `` Graceland '' `` Still is Still Moving to Me '' / `` Valentine '' 1995 `` Turn Me Loose and Let Me Swing '' 1998 `` I Never Cared for You '' 2000s and 2010s 2002 `` Mendocino County Line '' ( with Lee Ann Womack ) / `` Maria ( Shut Up and Kiss Me ) '' ( Both single tracks released on CD and 7 '' record ) 2003 `` Wurlitzer Prize '' ( with Norah Jones ) `` Beer for My Horses '' ( with Toby Keith ) 2005 `` I 'm a Worried Man '' ( with Toots Hibbert ) `` The Harder They Come '' 2006 `` You Do n't Know Me '' `` Cowboys Are Frequently , Secretly Fond of Each Other '' 2008 `` Gravedigger '' `` You Do n't Think I 'm Funny Anymore '' 2011 `` The Scientist '' 2012 `` Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die '' `` Just Breathe '' `` Come On Back Jesus '' 2013 `` From Here to the Moon and Back '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` Grandma 's Hands '' ( with Mavis Staples ) `` It Wo n't Be Long '' ( with The Secret Sisters ) `` Somewhere Between '' ( with Loretta Lynn ) 2014 `` The Wall '' `` Bring It On '' `` Laws of Nature '' `` Who 'll Buy My Memories '' 2015 `` It 's All Going to Pot '' Book : Willie Nelson Category : Willie Nelson Israel Kamakawiwoʻole Studio albums Ka ' Ano'i ( 1990 ) Facing Future ( 1993 ) E Ala E ( 1995 ) N Dis Life ( 1996 ) Compilation albums Alone in IZ World ( 2001 ) Wonderful World ( 2009 ) Songs `` Over the Rainbow '' `` What a Wonderful World '' `` Kaleohano '' `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow / What a Wonderful World '' Related Mākaha Sons VIAF : 180865957 LCCN : no99041403 GND : 7863238 - 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"\"Over the Rainbow\" is a ballad, with music by Harold Arlen and lyrics by Yip Harburg.[1] It was written for the movie The Wizard of Oz and was sung by actress Judy Garland, in her starring role as Dorothy Gale.[1] It won the Academy Award for Best Original Song and became Garland's signature song, as well as one of the most enduring standards of the 20th century."
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-7579535395089926164 | Leviathan | Leviathan - wikipedia Leviathan Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the biblical creature . For other uses , see Leviathan ( disambiguation ) . The Destruction of Leviathan by Gustave Doré ( 1865 ) Leviathan ( / lɪˈvaɪ. əθən / ; Hebrew : לִוְיָתָן , Modern Livyatan , Tiberian Liwyāṯān ) is a sea monster referenced in the Hebrew Bible in the Book of Job , Psalms , and Isaiah . The Leviathan of the Book of Job is a reflection of the older Canaanite Lotan , a primeval monster defeated by the god Hadad . Parallels to the role of Mesopotamian Tiamat defeated by Marduk have long been drawn in comparative mythology , as have been wider comparisons to dragon and world serpent narratives such as Indra slaying Vrtra or Thor slaying Jörmungandr , but Leviathan already figures in the Hebrew Bible as a metaphor for a powerful enemy , notably Babylon ( Isaiah 27 : 1 ) , and some scholars have pragmatically interpreted it as referring to large aquatic creatures , such as the crocodile . The word later came to be used as a term for `` great whale '' as well as of sea monsters in general . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology and origins 2 Hebrew Bible 3 Judaism 4 Christianity 5 Modern reception 5.1 Satanic Bible 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links Etymology and origins ( edit ) See also : Lotan , Tannin ( monster ) , Tiamat , Tehom , and Chaoskampf The name לִוְיָתָן is a derivation from the root לוה lvh `` to twine ; to join '' , with an adjectival suffix ן - , with a literal meaning of `` wreathed , twisted in folds '' . Both the name and the mythological figure are a direct continuation of the Ugaritic sea monster Lôtān , one of the servants of the sea god Yammu defeated by Hadad in the Baal Cycle . The Ugaritic account has gaps , making it unclear whether some phrases describe him or other monsters at Yammu 's disposal such as Tunannu ( the Biblical Tannin ) . Most scholars agree on describing Lôtān as `` the fugitive serpent '' ( bṯn brḥ ) but he may or may not be `` the wriggling serpent '' ( bṯn ʿqltn ) or `` the mighty one with seven heads '' ( šlyṭ d. šbʿt rašm ) . His role seems to have been prefigured by the earlier serpent Têmtum whose death at the hands Hadad is depicted in Syrian seals of the 18th -- 16th century BCE . Sea serpents feature prominently in the mythology of the Ancient Near East . They are attested by the 3rd millennium BCE in Sumerian iconography depicting the god Ninurta overcoming a seven - headed serpent . It was common for Near Eastern religions to include a Chaoskampf : a cosmic battle between a sea monster representing the forces of chaos and a creator god or culture hero who imposes order by force . The Babylonian creation myth describes Marduk 's defeat of the serpent goddess Tiamat , whose body was used to create the heavens and the earth . Hebrew Bible ( edit ) The Leviathan is mentioned six times in the Tanakh , in Job 3 : 8 , Job 40 : 15 -- 41 : 26 , Amos 9 : 3 , Psalm 74 : 13 -- 23 , Psalm 104 : 26 and Isaiah 27 : 1 . Job 41 : 1 -- 34 is dedicated to describing him in detail : `` Behold , the hope of him is in vain ; shall not one be cast down even at the sight of him ? '' In Psalm 74 , God is said to `` break the heads of Leviathan in pieces '' before giving his flesh to the people of the wilderness . In Psalm 104 , God is praised for having made all things , including Leviathan , and in Isaiah 27 : 1 , he is called the `` tortuous serpent '' who will be killed at the end of time . The mention of the Tannins in the Genesis creation narrative ( translated as `` great whales '' in the King James Version ) and Leviathan in the Psalm do not describe them as harmful but as ocean creatures who are part of God 's creation . The element of competition between God and the sea monster and the use of Leviathan to describe the powerful enemies of Israel may reflect the influence of the Mesopotamian and Canaanite legends or the contest in Egyptian mythology between the Apep snake and the sun god Horus . Alternatively , the removal of such competition may have reflected an attempt to naturalize Leviathan in a process that demoted it from deity to demon to monster . Judaism ( edit ) Leviathan the sea - monster , with Behemoth the land - monster and Ziz the air - monster . `` And on that day were two monsters parted , a female monster named Leviathan , to dwell in the abysses of the ocean over the fountains of the waters . But the male is named Behemoth , who occupied with his breast a waste wilderness named Duidain . '' ( 1 Enoch 60 : 7 -- 8 ) Later Jewish sources describe Leviathan as a dragon who lives over the Sources of the Deep and who , along with the male land - monster Behemoth , will be served up to the righteous at the end of time . The Book of Enoch ( 60 : 7 -- 9 ) describes Leviathan as a female monster dwelling in the watery abyss ( as Tiamat ) , while Behemoth is a male monster living in the desert of Dunaydin ( `` east of Eden '' ) . When the Jewish midrash ( explanations of the Tanakh ) were being composed , it was held that God originally produced a male and a female leviathan , but lest in multiplying the species should destroy the world , he slew the female , reserving her flesh for the banquet that will be given to the righteous on the advent of the Messiah Rashi 's commentary on Genesis 1 : 21 repeats the tradition : `` Leviathan '' ( 1983 ) a painting by Michael Sgan - Cohen , the Israel Museum Collection , Jerusalem the ... sea monsters : The great fish in the sea , and in the words of the Aggadah ( B.B. 74b ) , this refers to the Leviathan and its mate , for He created them male and female , and He slew the female and salted her away for the righteous in the future , for if they would propagate , the world could not exist because of them . הַתַּנִינִם is written . ( I.e. , the final `` yud , '' which denotes the plural , is missing , hence the implication that the Leviathan did not remain two , but that its number was reduced to one . ) -- ( from Gen. Rabbah 7 : 4 , Midrash Chaseroth V'Yetheroth , Batei Midrashoth , vol 2 , p. 225 ) . In the Talmud Baba Bathra 75a it is told that the Leviathan will be slain and its flesh served as a feast to the righteous in ( the ) Time to Come , and its skin used to cover the tent where the banquet will take place . The festival of Sukkot ( Festival of Booths ) therefore concludes with a prayer recited upon leaving the sukkah ( booth ) : `` May it be your will , Lord our God and God of our forefathers , that just as I have fulfilled and dwelt in this sukkah , so may I merit in the coming year to dwell in the sukkah of the skin of Leviathan . Next year in Jerusalem . '' The enormous size of the Leviathan is described by Johanan bar Nappaha , from whom proceeded nearly all the aggadot concerning this monster : `` Once we went in a ship and saw a fish which put his head out of the water . He had horns upon which was written : ' I am one of the meanest creatures that inhabit the sea . I am three hundred miles in length , and enter this day into the jaws of the Leviathan ' '' . When the Leviathan is hungry , reports Rabbi Dimi in the name of Rabbi Johanan , he sends forth from his mouth a heat so great as to make all the waters of the deep boil , and if he would put his head into Paradise no living creature could endure the odor of him . His abode is the Mediterranean Sea ; and the waters of the Jordan fall into his mouth . In a legend recorded in the Midrash called Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer it is stated that the fish which swallowed Jonah narrowly avoided being eaten by the Leviathan , which eats one whale each day . The body of the Leviathan , especially his eyes , possesses great illuminating power . This was the opinion of Rabbi Eliezer , who , in the course of a voyage in company with Rabbi Joshua , explained to the latter , when frightened by the sudden appearance of a brilliant light , that it probably proceeded from the eyes of the Leviathan . He referred his companion to the words of Job xli. 18 : `` By his neesings a light doth shine , and his eyes are like the eyelids of the morning '' ( B.B. l.c. ) . However , in spite of his supernatural strength , the leviathan is afraid of a small worm called `` kilbit '' , which clings to the gills of large fish and kills them ( Shab . 77b ) . In the eleventh century piyyut ( religious poem ) , Akdamut , recited on Shavuot ( Pentecost ) , it is envisioned that , ultimately , God will slaughter the Leviathan , which is described as having `` mighty fins '' ( and , therefore , a kosher fish , not an inedible snake or crocodile ) , and it will be served as a sumptuous banquet for all the righteous in Heaven . Christianity ( edit ) Leviathan in the fresco The Last Judgment ; painted by Giacomo Rossignolo , c. 1555 Although Leviathan and Behemoth are not mentioned by name in the New Testament , they are alluded to in Revelation 13 where two kindred beasts rise up from the sea ( Leviathan ) and out of the earth ( Behemoth ) . Leviathan can also be used as an image of Satan , endangering both God 's creatures -- by attempting to eat them -- and God 's creation -- by threatening it with upheaval in the waters of Chaos . St. Thomas Aquinas described Leviathan as the demon of envy , first in punishing the corresponding sinners ( Secunda Secundae Question 36 ) . Peter Binsfeld likewise classified Leviathan as the demon of envy , as one of the seven Princes of Hell corresponding to the seven deadly sins . Leviathan became associated with , and may originally have referred to , the visual motif of the Hellmouth , a monstrous animal into whose mouth the damned disappear at the Last Judgement , found in Anglo - Saxon art from about 800 , and later all over Europe . The Revised Standard Version of the Bible suggests in a footnote to Job 41 : 1 that Leviathan may be a name for the crocodile , and in a footnote to Job 40 : 15 , that Behemoth may be a name for the hippopotamus . Young Earth Creationists have also identified Leviathan and Behemoth with dinosaurs . Modern reception ( edit ) The word Leviathan has come to refer to any sea monster , and from the early 17th century has also been used of overwhelmingly powerful people or things ( comparable to Behemoth or Juggernaut ) , influentially so by Hobbes ' book ( 1651 ) . As a term for sea monster , it has also been used of great whales in particular , e.g. in Herman Melville 's Moby - Dick . In Modern Hebrew , the word now simply means `` whale '' . Lord Tennyson wrote a sonnet , `` The Kraken '' ( 1830 ) , which describes the massive creature that dwells at the bottom of the sea . Below the thunders of the upper deep ; Far far beneath in the abysmal sea , His ancient , dreamless , uninvaded sleep The Kraken sleepeth : faintest sunlights flee About his shadowy sides ; above him swell Huge sponges of millennial growth and height ; And far away into the sickly light , From many a wondrous grot and secret cell Unnumber 'd and enormous polypi Winnow with giant arms the slumbering green . There hath he lain for ages , and will lie Battening upon huge seaworms in his sleep , Until the latter fire shall heat the deep ; Then once by man and angels to be seen , In roaring he shall rise and on the surface die . Satanic Bible ( edit ) Anton Szandor LaVey in his Satanic Bible ( 1969 ) has Leviathan representing the element of Water and the direction of west , listing it as one of the Four Crown Princes of Hell . This association was inspired by the demonic hierarchy from The Book of the Sacred Magic of Abra - Melin the Mage . The Church of Satan uses the Hebrew letters at each of the points of the Sigil of Baphomet to represent Leviathan . Starting from the lowest point of the pentagram , and reading counter-clockwise , the word reads `` לִוְיָתָן '' . Transliterated , this is ( LVIThN ) Leviathan . See also ( edit ) Adamastor Apep Aspidochelone Bakunawa Behemoth Book of Job in Byzantine illuminated manuscripts Christian demons in popular culture Jörmungandr Kraken Lernaean Hydra Leviathan in popular culture Lilith Lotan Ouroboros Rahab ( Egypt ) Shesha Tannin ( monster ) Tarasque Tiamat Ziz References ( edit ) This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Singer , Isidore ; et al. , eds. ( 1901 -- 1906 ) . `` Leviathan '' . Jewish Encyclopedia . New York : Funk & Wagnalls Company . Jump up ^ Cirlot , Juan Eduardo ( 1971 ) . A Dictionary of Symbols ( 2nd ed . ) . Dorset Press . p. 186 . ^ Jump up to : Wilhelm Gesenius , Samuel Prideaux Tregelles ( trans . ) Hebrew and Chaldee lexicon to the Old Testament ( 1879 ) . Jump up ^ Uehlinger ( 1999 ) , p. 514 . ^ Jump up to : Herrmann ( 1999 ) , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Heider ( 1999 ) . ^ Jump up to : Uehlinger ( 1999 ) , p. 512 . ^ Jump up to : K. van der Toorn , Bob Becking , Pieter Willem van der Horst , eds. ( 1999 ) . Dictionary of deities and demons in the Bible . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . pp. 512 -- 14 . Retrieved 13 July 2012 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Hermann Gunkel , Heinrich Zimmern ; K. William Whitney Jr. , trans. , Creation And Chaos in the Primeval Era And the Eschaton : A Religio - historical Study of Genesis 1 and Revelation 12 . ( Grand Rapids : MI : Erdmans , 1895 , 1921 , 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Enuma Elish , Tablet IV , lines 104 -- 105 , 137 -- 138 , 144 from Alexander Heidel ( 1963 ) ( 1942 ) , Babylonian Genesis , 41 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Jewish Publication Society translation ( 1917 ) . Jump up ^ Gen. 1 : 21 . Jump up ^ Gen. 1 : 21 ( KJV ) . Jump up ^ Ps. 104 . Jump up ^ For example , in Isaiah 27 : 1 . Jump up ^ Watson , R.S. ( 2005 ) . Chaos Uncreated : A Reassessment of the Theme of `` chaos '' in the Hebrew Bible . Walter de Gruyter . ISBN 3110179938 , ISBN 9783110179934 Jump up ^ Baba Bathra 74b Jump up ^ Chabad . `` Rashi 's Commentary on Genesis '' . Retrieved 25 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Finkel , Avraham ( 1993 ) . The Essence of the Holy Days : Insights from the Jewish Sages . Northvale , N.J. : J. Aronson . p. 99 . ISBN 0 - 87668 - 524 - 6 . OCLC 27935834 . ^ Jump up to : Baba Bathra 75a Jump up ^ Bekorot 55b ; Baba Bathra 75a Jump up ^ Hirsch , Emil G. ; Kaufmann Kohler ; Solomon Schechter ; Isaac Broydé . `` Leviathan and Behemoth '' . JewishEncyclopedia.com . Retrieved 3 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Labriola , Albert C. ( 1982 ) . `` The Medieval View of History in Paradise Lost '' . In Mulryan , John . Milton and the Middle Ages . Bucknell University Press . pp. 115 -- 34 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8387 - 5036 - 0 . p. 127 . Jump up ^ Link , Luther ( 1995 ) . The Devil : A Mask Without a Face . London : Reaktion Books . pp. 75 -- 6 . ISBN 0 - 948462 - 67 - 1 . Jump up ^ Hofmann , Petra ( 2008 ) . Infernal Imagery in Anglo - Saxon Charters ( PDF ) ( Thesis ) . St Andrews . pp. 143 -- 44 . Jump up ^ The Holy Bible Revised Standared Version . New York : Thomas Nelson and Sons . 1959 . pp. 555 -- 56 Jump up ^ `` Genesis Park , Room 1 : The Dinosaurs '' . Genesispark.com . Retrieved 13 July 2012 . Taylor , Paul S. ( 13 February 2008 ) . `` Were Dinosaurs alive after Babel ? '' . Answersingenesis.org . Retrieved 13 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Kraken '' ( 1830 ) `` . www.victorianweb.org . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The History of the Origin of the Sigil of Baphomet and its Use in the Church of Satan '' . Church of Satan website . Retrieved 3 September 2009 . Bibliography ( edit ) Heider , George C. ( 1999 ) , `` Tannîn '' , Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible , 2nd ed. , Grand Rapids : Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing , pp. 834 -- 836 . Herrmann , Wolfgang ( 1999 ) , `` Baal '' , Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible , 2nd ed. , Grand Rapids : Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing , pp. 132 -- 139 . Uehlinger , C. ( 1999 ) , `` Leviathan '' , Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible , 2nd ed. , Grand Rapids : Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing , pp. 511 -- 515 . External links ( edit ) Look up leviathan in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . ' Sea monster ' whale fossil unearthed . Named Leviathan by scientists 30 June 2010 . Putting God on Trial -- The Biblical Book of Job contains a major section on the literary use of Leviathan . Job 41 : 1 -- 41 : 34 ( KJV ) The fossilised skull of a colossal `` sea monster '' has been unearthed along the UK 's Jurassic Coast . 27 October 2009 ' Sea monster ' whale fossil unearthed 30 June 2010 Enuma Elish ( Babylonian creation epic ) Philologos concordance page Text of the Leviathan passage from Job 40 and 41 ( hide ) Book of Job Job In Islam In rabbinic literature People and entities Job 's family members Jemima Keziah Keren - happuch Job 's friends and supporters Bildad Elihu Zophar Eliphaz Behemoth Jobab ben Zerah Leviathan Rahab Ziz Related religious texts Testament of Job In art Films Adam 's Apples ( 2005 ) The Reverend ( 2011 ) A Serious Man ( 2009 ) Leviathan ( 2014 ) Literature Answer to Job ( 1952 analysis ) God 's Favorite ( 1974 play ) J.B. ( 1958 play ) Job ( 1930 novel ) Job 's Passion ( 1981 play ) Job 's Wife ( 2002 play ) Silverlock ( 1949 novel ) Other Byzantine illuminated manuscripts Job ( Bronze sculpture by Judith Shea ) William Blake 's Illustrations of the Book of Job Other Tomb of Job Wikimedia Commons Media Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leviathan&oldid=806880362 '' Categories : Animals in the Bible Biblical figures in rabbinic literature Book of Job Chaos gods Demons in Christianity Monsters Dragons Legendary serpents Mythic aquatic creatures Jewish legendary creatures Jewish mythology Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Use dmy dates from October 2010 Articles containing Hebrew - language text Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia without a Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 18 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does it talk about leviathan in the bible | [
"Leviathan (/lɪˈvaɪ.əθən/; Hebrew: לִוְיָתָן, Modern Livyatan, Tiberian Liwyāṯān) is a sea monster referenced in the Hebrew Bible in the Book of Job, Psalms, and Isaiah.",
"Leviathan (/lɪˈvaɪ.əθən/; Hebrew: לִוְיָתָן, Modern Livyatan, Tiberian Liwyāṯān) is a sea monster referenced in the Hebrew Bible in the Book of Job, Psalms, and Isaiah.",
"Leviathan (/lɪˈvaɪ.əθən/; Hebrew: לִוְיָתָן, Modern Livyatan, Tiberian Liwyāṯān) is a sea monster referenced in the Hebrew Bible in the Book of Job, Psalms, and Isaiah."
] | [
"Book of Job",
"Psalms",
"Isaiah"
] |
8610026762639889706 | Seven Wonders of the Ancient World | Seven Wonders of the Ancient World - wikipedia Seven Wonders of the Ancient World This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 8 June 2018 . `` 7 Wonders of the Ancient World '' redirects here . For the video game , see 7 Wonders of the Ancient World ( video game ) . The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World ( from left to right , top to bottom ) : Great Pyramid of Giza , Hanging Gardens of Babylon , Temple of Artemis , Statue of Zeus at Olympia , Mausoleum at Halicarnassus , Colossus of Rhodes , and the Lighthouse of Alexandria Timeline and map of the Seven Wonders . Dates in bold green and dark red are of their construction and destruction , respectively . The Seven Wonders of the World or the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World is a list of remarkable constructions of classical antiquity given by various authors in guidebooks or poems popular among ancient Hellenic tourists . Although the list , in its current form , did not stabilise until the Renaissance , the first such lists of seven wonders date from the 1st - 2nd century BC . The original list inspired innumerable versions through the ages , often listing seven entries . Of the original Seven Wonders , only one -- the Great Pyramid of Giza ( also called the Pyramid of Khufu , after the pharaoh who built it ) , the oldest of the ancient wonders -- remains relatively intact . The Colossus of Rhodes , the Lighthouse of Alexandria , the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus , the Temple of Artemis and the Statue of Zeus were all destroyed . The location and ultimate fate of the Hanging Gardens are unknown , and there is speculation that they may not have existed at all . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Scope 3 Wonders 4 Influence 4.1 Arts and architecture 4.2 Modern lists 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Background The Greek conquest of much of the known western world in the 4th century BC gave Hellenistic travellers access to the civilizations of the Egyptians , Persians , and Babylonians . Impressed and captivated by the landmarks and marvels of the various lands , these travellers began to list what they saw to remember them . Instead of `` wonders '' , the ancient Greeks spoke of `` theamata '' ( θεάματα ) , which means `` sights '' , in other words `` things to be seen '' ( Τὰ ἑπτὰ θεάματα τῆς οἰκουμένης ( γῆς ) Tà heptà theámata tēs oikoumenēs ( gēs ) ) . Later , the word for `` wonder '' ( `` thaumata '' θαύματα , `` wonders '' ) was used . Hence , the list was meant to be the Ancient World 's counterpart of a travel guidebook . The first reference to a list of seven such monuments was given by Diodorus Siculus . The epigrammist Antipater of Sidon who lived around or before 100 BC , gave a list of seven such monuments , including six of the present list ( substituting the walls of Babylon for the lighthouse ) : I have gazed on the walls of impregnable Babylon along which chariots may race , and on the Zeus by the banks of the Alpheus , I have seen the hanging gardens , and the Colossus of the Helios , the great man - made mountains of the lofty pyramids , and the gigantic tomb of Mausolus ; but when I saw the sacred house of Artemis that towers to the clouds , the others were placed in the shade , for the sun himself has never looked upon its equal outside Olympus . -- Greek Anthology IX. 58 The Great Pyramid of Giza , the only one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World still standing Another 2nd century BC observer , who claimed to be the mathematician Philo of Byzantium , wrote a short account entitled The Seven Sights of the World . However , the incomplete surviving manuscript only covered six of the supposedly seven places , which agreed with Antipater 's list . Earlier and later lists by the historian Herodotus ( 484 BC -- ca . 425 BC ) and the architect Callimachus of Cyrene ( ca . 305 -- 240 BC ) , housed at the Museum of Alexandria , survived only as references . The Colossus of Rhodes was the last of the seven to be completed , after 280 BC , and the first to be destroyed , by an earthquake in 226 / 225 BC . Hence , all seven existed at the same time for a period of less than 60 years . Scope The list covered only the sculptural and architectural monuments of the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern regions , which then comprised the known world for the Greeks . Hence , extant sites beyond this realm were not considered as part of contemporary accounts . The primary accounts , coming from Hellenistic writers , also heavily influenced the places included in the wonders list . Five of the seven entries are a celebration of Greek accomplishments in the arts and architecture ( the exceptions being the Pyramids of Giza and the Hanging Gardens of Babylon ) . Wonders Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Google Maps Download coordinates as : KML GPX Name Date of construction Builders Date of destruction Cause of destruction Modern location Great Pyramid of Giza 2584 -- 2561 BC Egyptians Still in existence , majority of façade gone Giza Necropolis , Egypt 29 ° 58 ′ 45.03 '' N 31 ° 08 ′ 03.69 '' E / 29.9791750 ° N 31.1343583 ° E / 29.9791750 ; 31.1343583 ( Great Pyramid of Giza ) Hanging Gardens of Babylon ( existence unresolved ) c. 600 BC ( evident ) Babylonians or Assyrians After 1st century AD Unknown Hillah or Nineveh , Iraq 32 ° 32 ′ 08 '' N 44 ° 25 ′ 39 '' E / 32.5355 ° N 44.4275 ° E / 32.5355 ; 44.4275 ( Hanging Gardens of Babylon ) Temple of Artemis at Ephesus c. 550 BC ; and again at 323 BC Greeks , Lydians 356 BC ( by Herostratus ) AD 262 ( by the Goths ) Arson by Herostratus , plundering Near Selçuk , Turkey 37 ° 56 ′ 59 '' N 27 ° 21 ′ 50 '' E / 37.94972 ° N 27.36389 ° E / 37.94972 ; 27.36389 ( Temple of Artemis at Ephesus ) Statue of Zeus at Olympia 466 -- 456 BC ( temple ) 435 BC ( statue ) Greeks 5th -- 6th centuries AD Disassembled and reassembled at Constantinople ; later destroyed by fire Olympia , Greece 37 ° 38 ′ 16.3 '' N 21 ° 37 ′ 48 '' E / 37.637861 ° N 21.63000 ° E / 37.637861 ; 21.63000 ( Statue of Zeus at Olympia ) Mausoleum at Halicarnassus 351 BC Greeks , Persians , Carians 12th -- 15th century AD Earthquakes Bodrum , Turkey 37 ° 02 ′ 16 '' N 27 ° 25 ′ 27 '' E / 37.0379 ° N 27.4241 ° E / 37.0379 ; 27.4241 ( Mausoleum at Halicarnassus ) Colossus of Rhodes 292 -- 280 BC Greeks 226 BC 226 BC Rhodes earthquake Rhodes , Greece 36 ° 27 ′ 04 '' N 28 ° 13 ′ 40 '' E / 36.45111 ° N 28.22778 ° E / 36.45111 ; 28.22778 ( Colossus of Rhodes ) Lighthouse of Alexandria c. 280 BC Greeks , Ptolemaic Egyptians AD 1303 -- 1480 1303 Crete earthquake Alexandria , Egypt 31 ° 12 ′ 50 '' N 29 ° 53 ′ 08 '' E / 31.21389 ° N 29.88556 ° E / 31.21389 ; 29.88556 ( Lighthouse of Alexandria ) Influence A map showing the locations of the seven wonders of the ancient world Arts and Architecture In this painting by Maerten van Heemskerck , the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World are depicted as a background for the abduction of Helen by Paris . The Walters Art Museum The seven wonders on Antipater 's list won praises for their notable features , ranging from superlatives of the highest or largest of their types , to the artistry with which they were executed . Their architectural and artistic features were imitated throughout the Hellenistic world and beyond . The Greek influence in Roman culture , and the revival of Greco - Roman artistic styles during the Renaissance caught the imagination of European artists and travellers . Paintings and sculptures alluding to Antipater 's list were made , while adventurers flocked to the actual sites to personally witness the wonders . Legends circulated to further complement the superlatives of the wonders . Modern lists Of Antipater 's wonders , the only one that has survived to the present day is the Great Pyramid of Giza . Its brilliant white stone facing had survived intact until around 1300 AD , when local communities removed most of the stonework for building materials . The existence of the Hanging Gardens has not been proven , although theories abound . Records and archaeology confirm the existence of the other five wonders . The Temple of Artemis and the Statue of Zeus were destroyed by fire , while the Lighthouse of Alexandria , Colossus , and tomb of Mausolus were destroyed by earthquakes . Among the artifacts to have survived are sculptures from the tomb of Mausolus and the Temple of Artemis in the British Museum in London . Still , the listing of seven of the most marvellous architectural and artistic human achievements continued beyond the Ancient Greek times to the Roman Empire , the Middle Ages , the Renaissance and to the modern age . The Roman poet Martial and the Christian bishop Gregory of Tours had their versions . Reflecting the rise of Christianity and the factor of time , nature and the hand of man overcoming Antipater 's seven wonders , Roman and Christian sites began to figure on the list , including the Colosseum , Noah 's Ark and Solomon 's Temple . In the 6th century , a list of seven wonders was compiled by St. Gregory of Tours : the list included the Temple of Solomon , the Pharos of Alexandria and Noah 's Ark . Modern historians , working on the premise that the original Seven Ancient Wonders List was limited in its geographic scope , also had their versions to encompass sites beyond the Hellenistic realm -- from the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World to the Seven Wonders of the World . Indeed , the `` seven wonders '' label has spawned innumerable versions among international organizations , publications and individuals based on different themes -- works of nature , engineering masterpieces , constructions of the Middle Ages , etc . Its purpose has also changed from just a simple travel guidebook or a compendium of curious places , to lists of sites to defend or to preserve . See also Eighth Wonder of the World , about attempted additions to the famous ancient list . Wonders of the World , about similar lists made throughout the ages . Seven Wonders of the World ( 1956 film ) References ^ Jump up to : `` The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World '' . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Past : World History '' . ^ Jump up to : Paul Lunde ( May -- June 1980 ) . `` The Seven Wonders '' . Saudi Aramco World . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Clayton , Peter ; Martin J. Price ( 1990 ) . The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World . Routledge . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 05036 - 4 . Jump up ^ Diodorus Siculus . Bibliotheca Historica , Books I-V. 2.11. 5 : Perseus Project , Tufts University . Jump up ^ Clayton , Peter A. ; Price , Martin ( 2013 - 08 - 21 ) . The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World . Routledge . p. 158 . ISBN 9781136748097 . Retrieved 25 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Greek Anthology , Volume III . Book 9 , chapter 58 : Perseus Project , Tufts University . Jump up ^ Biographical Dictionary Volume III . Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge . 1843 . p. 48 . Retrieved 25 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Clayton , Peter A. ; Price , Martin ( 2013 - 08 - 21 ) . The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World . Routledge . p. 10 . ISBN 9781136748103 . Retrieved 25 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : The New Encyclopædia Britannica Micropædia Volume 10 . USA : Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc. 1995 . p. 666 . ISBN 0 - 85229 - 605 - 3 . Jump up ^ There is some conjecture as to whether the Hanging Gardens actually existed , or were purely legendary ( see Finkel , Irving ( 1988 ) `` The Hanging Gardens of Babylon , '' In The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World , Edited by Peter Clayton and Martin Price , Routledge , New York , pp. 38 ff . ISBN 0 - 415 - 05036 - 7 ) . Jump up ^ Kostof , Spiro ( 1985 ) . A History of Architecture . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 9 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503473 - 2 . Jump up ^ Gloag , John ( 1969 ) ( 1958 ) . Guide to Western Architecture ( Revised ed . ) . The Hamlyn Publishing Group . p. 362 . Jump up ^ `` Panorama with the Abduction of Helen Amidst the Wonders of the Ancient World '' . The Walters Art Museum . Jump up ^ `` Wonders of Europe '' . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Stephanie Dalley ( 2013 ) , The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon : an elusive World wonder traced . OUP ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 966226 - 5 Jump up ^ Clayton , Peter and Price , Martin : The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World ( Routledge , 1988 ) , pp. 162 -- 163 . Library resources about Seven Wonders of the Ancient World Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Further reading Clayton , Peter A. , and Martin Price . The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World . New York : Dorset , 1989 . Deliyannis , Deborah Mauskopf . `` The mausoleum of Theoderic and the Seven Wonders of the World . '' Journal of Late Antiquity 3 , no . 2 ( 2010 ) : 365 - 85 . D'Epiro , Peter , and Mary Desmond Pinkowish . What Are the Seven Wonders of the World ? and 100 Other Great Cultural Lists . New York : Anchor Books / Doubleday , 1988 . Jordan , Paul . The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World . Harlow , UK : Longman , 2002 . Mueller , Artur . The seven wonders of the world : Five thousand years of culture and history in the ancient world . New York : McGraw - Hill , 1968 . Romer , John , and Elizabeth Romer . The Seven Wonders of the World : A History of the Modern Imagination . 1st American ed . New York : Henry Holt , 1995 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Seven Wonders of the World . `` Seven Ancient Wonders of the World '' on The History Channel website . Also includes links to medieval , modern and natural wonders . Parkin , Tim , Researching Ancient Wonders : A Research Guide , from the University of Canterbury , New Zealand . -- a collection of books and Internet resources with information on seven ancient wonders . `` Eternal wonder of humanity 's first great achievements '' , by Jonathan Glancey in The Guardian , 10 March 2007 hide Seven Wonders of the Ancient World The Seven Wonders Great Pyramid of Giza Hanging Gardens of Babylon Statue of Zeus at Olympia Temple of Artemis Mausoleum at Halicarnassus Colossus of Rhodes Lighthouse of Alexandria Related Wonders of the World Seven Wonders of the World ( 1956 film ) BNE : XX528818 BNF : cb12132325w ( data ) GND : 4121670 - 2 LCCN : sh85120421 SUDOC : 02977084X Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seven_Wonders_of_the_Ancient_World&oldid=845044042 '' Categories : Ancient history Former buildings and structures Cultural lists Ancient technology World Heritage Sites Seven Wonders of the Ancient World History of construction Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 贛 語 ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî ລາວ Latgaļu Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Монгол Nederlands नेपाली Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Patois Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray 吴语 粵語 Zeêuws 中文 85 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 June 2018 , at 23 : 15 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which of the seven wonders of the ancient world was destroyed in an earthquake | [
"\n\nName\nDate of construction\nBuilders\nDate of destruction\nCause of destruction\nModern location\n\n\nGreat Pyramid of Giza\n2584–2561 BC\nEgyptians\nStill in existence, majority of façade gone\nGiza Necropolis, Egypt\n29°58′45.03″N 31°08′03.69″E / 29.9791750°N 31.1343583°E / 29.9791750; 31.1343583 (Great Pyramid of Giza)\n\n\nHanging Gardens of Babylon\n(existence unresolved)[11]\nc. 600 BC (evident)\nBabylonians or Assyrians\nAfter 1st century AD\nUnknown\nHillah or Nineveh, Iraq\n32°32′08″N 44°25′39″E / 32.5355°N 44.4275°E / 32.5355; 44.4275 (Hanging Gardens of Babylon)\n\n\nTemple of Artemis at Ephesus\nc. 550 BC; and again at 323 BC\nGreeks, Lydians\n356 BC (by Herostratus)\nAD 262 (by the Goths)\nArson by Herostratus, plundering\nNear Selçuk, Turkey\n37°56′59″N 27°21′50″E / 37.94972°N 27.36389°E / 37.94972; 27.36389 (Temple of Artemis at Ephesus)\n\n\nStatue of Zeus at Olympia\n466–456 BC (temple)\n435 BC (statue)\nGreeks\n5th–6th centuries AD\nDisassembled and reassembled at Constantinople; later destroyed by fire\nOlympia, Greece\n37°38′16.3″N 21°37′48″E / 37.637861°N 21.63000°E / 37.637861; 21.63000 (Statue of Zeus at Olympia)\n\n\nMausoleum at Halicarnassus\n351 BC\nGreeks,[12][13] Persians, Carians\n12th–15th century AD\nEarthquakes\nBodrum, Turkey\n37°02′16″N 27°25′27″E / 37.0379°N 27.4241°E / 37.0379; 27.4241 (Mausoleum at Halicarnassus)\n\n\nColossus of Rhodes\n292–280 BC\nGreeks\n226 BC\n226 BC Rhodes earthquake\nRhodes, Greece\n36°27′04″N 28°13′40″E / 36.45111°N 28.22778°E / 36.45111; 28.22778 (Colossus of Rhodes)\n\n\nLighthouse of Alexandria\nc. 280 BC\nGreeks, Ptolemaic Egyptians\nAD 1303–1480\n1303 Crete earthquake\nAlexandria, Egypt\n31°12′50″N 29°53′08″E / 31.21389°N 29.88556°E / 31.21389; 29.88556 (Lighthouse of Alexandria)\n\n",
"\n\nName\nDate of construction\nBuilders\nDate of destruction\nCause of destruction\nModern location\n\n\nGreat Pyramid of Giza\n2584–2561 BC\nEgyptians\nStill in existence, majority of façade gone\nGiza Necropolis, Egypt\n29°58′45.03″N 31°08′03.69″E / 29.9791750°N 31.1343583°E / 29.9791750; 31.1343583 (Great Pyramid of Giza)\n\n\nHanging Gardens of Babylon\n(existence unresolved)[11]\nc. 600 BC (evident)\nBabylonians or Assyrians\nAfter 1st century AD\nUnknown\nHillah or Nineveh, Iraq\n32°32′08″N 44°25′39″E / 32.5355°N 44.4275°E / 32.5355; 44.4275 (Hanging Gardens of Babylon)\n\n\nTemple of Artemis at Ephesus\nc. 550 BC; and again at 323 BC\nGreeks, Lydians\n356 BC (by Herostratus)\nAD 262 (by the Goths)\nArson by Herostratus, plundering\nNear Selçuk, Turkey\n37°56′59″N 27°21′50″E / 37.94972°N 27.36389°E / 37.94972; 27.36389 (Temple of Artemis at Ephesus)\n\n\nStatue of Zeus at Olympia\n466–456 BC (temple)\n435 BC (statue)\nGreeks\n5th–6th centuries AD\nDisassembled and reassembled at Constantinople; later destroyed by fire\nOlympia, Greece\n37°38′16.3″N 21°37′48″E / 37.637861°N 21.63000°E / 37.637861; 21.63000 (Statue of Zeus at Olympia)\n\n\nMausoleum at Halicarnassus\n351 BC\nGreeks,[12][13] Persians, Carians\n12th–15th century AD\nEarthquakes\nBodrum, Turkey\n37°02′16″N 27°25′27″E / 37.0379°N 27.4241°E / 37.0379; 27.4241 (Mausoleum at Halicarnassus)\n\n\nColossus of Rhodes\n292–280 BC\nGreeks\n226 BC\n226 BC Rhodes earthquake\nRhodes, Greece\n36°27′04″N 28°13′40″E / 36.45111°N 28.22778°E / 36.45111; 28.22778 (Colossus of Rhodes)\n\n\nLighthouse of Alexandria\nc. 280 BC\nGreeks, Ptolemaic Egyptians\nAD 1303–1480\n1303 Crete earthquake\nAlexandria, Egypt\n31°12′50″N 29°53′08″E / 31.21389°N 29.88556°E / 31.21389; 29.88556 (Lighthouse of Alexandria)\n\n",
"\n\nName\nDate of construction\nBuilders\nDate of destruction\nCause of destruction\nModern location\n\n\nGreat Pyramid of Giza\n2584–2561 BC\nEgyptians\nStill in existence, majority of façade gone\nGiza Necropolis, Egypt\n29°58′45.03″N 31°08′03.69″E / 29.9791750°N 31.1343583°E / 29.9791750; 31.1343583 (Great Pyramid of Giza)\n\n\nHanging Gardens of Babylon\n(existence unresolved)[11]\nc. 600 BC (evident)\nBabylonians or Assyrians\nAfter 1st century AD\nUnknown\nHillah or Nineveh, Iraq\n32°32′08″N 44°25′39″E / 32.5355°N 44.4275°E / 32.5355; 44.4275 (Hanging Gardens of Babylon)\n\n\nTemple of Artemis at Ephesus\nc. 550 BC; and again at 323 BC\nGreeks, Lydians\n356 BC (by Herostratus)\nAD 262 (by the Goths)\nArson by Herostratus, plundering\nNear Selçuk, Turkey\n37°56′59″N 27°21′50″E / 37.94972°N 27.36389°E / 37.94972; 27.36389 (Temple of Artemis at Ephesus)\n\n\nStatue of Zeus at Olympia\n466–456 BC (temple)\n435 BC (statue)\nGreeks\n5th–6th centuries AD\nDisassembled and reassembled at Constantinople; later destroyed by fire\nOlympia, Greece\n37°38′16.3″N 21°37′48″E / 37.637861°N 21.63000°E / 37.637861; 21.63000 (Statue of Zeus at Olympia)\n\n\nMausoleum at Halicarnassus\n351 BC\nGreeks,[12][13] Persians, Carians\n12th–15th century AD\nEarthquakes\nBodrum, Turkey\n37°02′16″N 27°25′27″E / 37.0379°N 27.4241°E / 37.0379; 27.4241 (Mausoleum at Halicarnassus)\n\n\nColossus of Rhodes\n292–280 BC\nGreeks\n226 BC\n226 BC Rhodes earthquake\nRhodes, Greece\n36°27′04″N 28°13′40″E / 36.45111°N 28.22778°E / 36.45111; 28.22778 (Colossus of Rhodes)\n\n\nLighthouse of Alexandria\nc. 280 BC\nGreeks, Ptolemaic Egyptians\nAD 1303–1480\n1303 Crete earthquake\nAlexandria, Egypt\n31°12′50″N 29°53′08″E / 31.21389°N 29.88556°E / 31.21389; 29.88556 (Lighthouse of Alexandria)\n\n"
] | [
"Lighthouse of Alexandria",
"Colossus of Rhodes",
"Mausoleum at Halicarnassus"
] |
8935708519037298174 | Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas | Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas - wikipedia Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song . For Kurt Nilsen album , see Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas ( album ) . For the House episode , see Merry Little Christmas . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' Song by Judy Garland in the 1944 musical Meet Me in St. Louis Released 1944 ( 1944 ) Genre Traditional pop Composer ( s ) Hugh Martin Lyricist ( s ) Ralph Blane `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' , a song written by Hugh Martin and Ralph Blane , was introduced by Judy Garland in the 1944 MGM musical Meet Me in St. Louis . Frank Sinatra later recorded a version with modified lyrics . In 2007 , ASCAP ranked `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' the third most performed Christmas song during the preceding five years that had been written by ASCAP members . In 2004 it finished at No. 76 in AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs rankings of the top tunes in American cinema . Contents ( hide ) 1 Meet Me in St. Louis 2 Lyrics 3 Songwriting collaboration controversy 4 The Victors 5 Sam Smith version 5.1 Track listing 5.2 Charts 6 Judy Garland version 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Meet Me in St. Louis ( edit ) The song was written while Martin was vacationing in a flat in the neighborhood of Southside in Birmingham , Alabama , that his father Hugh Martin designed for his mother as a honeymoon cottage . Located at 1919 South 15th Avenue ( just down the street from his birthplace at 1900 South 14th Avenue ) , the house became the home of Martin and his family in 1923 . The song first appeared in a scene in Meet Me in St. Louis , in which a family is distraught by the father 's plans to move to New York City for a job promotion , leaving behind their beloved home in St. Louis , Missouri , just before the long - anticipated 1904 World 's Fair begins . In a scene set on Christmas Eve , Judy Garland 's character , Esther , sings the song to cheer up her despondent five - year - old sister , Tootie , played by Margaret O'Brien . Lyrics ( edit ) Some of the original lyrics that were penned by Martin were rejected before filming began . They were : Have yourself a merry little Christmas It may be your last Next year we may all be living in the past Have yourself a merry little Christmas Pop that champagne cork Next year we may all be living in New York No good times like the olden days Happy golden days of yore Faithful friends who were dear to us Will be near to us no more But at least we all will be together If the Lord allows From now on , we 'll have to muddle through somehow So have yourself a merry little Christmas now When presented with the original draft lyric , Garland , her co-star Tom Drake and director Vincente Minnelli criticized the song as depressing , and asked Martin to change the lyrics . Though he initially resisted , Martin made several changes to make the song more upbeat . For example , the lines `` It may be your last / Next year we may all be living in the past '' became `` Let your heart be light / Next year all our troubles will be out of sight '' . Garland 's version of the song , which was also released as a single by Decca Records , became popular among United States troops serving in World War II ; her performance at the Hollywood Canteen brought many soldiers to tears . In 1957 , Frank Sinatra asked Martin to revise the line `` Until then we 'll have to muddle through somehow . '' He told Martin , `` The name of my album is A Jolly Christmas . Do you think you could jolly up that line for me ? '' Martin 's new line was `` Hang a shining star upon the highest bough . '' Martin made several other alterations , changing the song 's focus to a celebration of present happiness , rather than anticipation of a better future . On The Judy Garland Show Christmas Special , Garland sings the song to her children Joey and Lorna Luft with Sinatra 's alternate lyrics . The lyrics Garland sang in Meet Me in St. Louis have been recorded with only slight variations by a number of artists , including Sinatra ( in 1950 and 1963 single recordings ) , Bing Crosby ( in I Wish You a Merry Christmas ) , Doris Day ( in The Doris Day Christmas Album ) , Ella Fitzgerald ( in Ella Wishes You a Swinging Christmas ) , The Pretenders ( in the first A Very Special Christmas compilation ) , James Taylor ( in October Road ) , and Luther Vandross ( in This Is Christmas ) . In 2001 , Martin , occasionally active as a pianist with religious ministries since the 1980s , wrote an entirely new set of lyrics to the song with John Fricke , `` Have Yourself a Blessed Little Christmas , '' a religious version of the secular Christmas standard . The song was recorded by gospel female vocalist Del Delker with Martin accompanying her on piano . In 2002 , NewSong lead singer Michael O'Brien noted the line `` through the years , we all will be together if the Lord allows , '' which was part of the original song , was purged and replaced with `` if the fates allow '' to remove religious reference when the song was released . He noted while a pastor in a California church in 1990 that he had met Martin , who played piano at the church where O'Brien was serving for an evening , and the pastor was told , `` That 's the original way I wrote it , so I want you to sing it this way . '' Songwriting collaboration controversy ( edit ) Although Ralph Blane is credited with writing the music for many of Martin 's songs , Martin claimed in his autobiography that he wrote both music and lyrics to all of the songs in Meet Me in St. Louis and that `` all of the so - called Martin and Blane songs , ( except for Best Foot Forward ) , were written entirely by me ( solo ) without help from Ralph or anybody else . '' His explanation for allowing Blane equal credit for the songs was : `` I was reasonably content to let him receive equal screen credit , sheet music credit , ASCAP royalties , etc. , mainly because this bizarre situation was caused by my naive and atrocious lack of business acumen . '' The Victors ( edit ) Frank Sinatra 's third recording of the song , backed by popular Hollywood arranger Gus Levene and his orchestra , was controversially used by director Carl Foreman in his 1963 anti-war film The Victors as the soundtrack backdrop ( along with the carol `` Hark ! The Herald Angels Sing '' ) to the execution by firing squad of a G.I. deserter in a bleak , snowy field on Christmas Eve -- a scene inspired by the real - life execution of Pvt . Eddie Slovik in 1945 . The New York Times film reviewer , while recognising the power of the scene , complained that `` the device itself is almost as specious and sentimental as what ( Foreman ) is trying to mock '' . Sam Smith version ( edit ) `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' Single by Sam Smith Released December 6 , 2014 Format Digital download Genre Pop Length 2 : 50 Label Capitol Songwriter ( s ) Ralph Blane Hugh Martin Sam Smith singles chronology `` Like I Can '' ( 2014 ) `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' ( 2014 ) `` Lay Me Down '' ( 2015 ) `` Like I Can '' ( 2014 ) `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' ( 2014 ) `` Lay Me Down '' ( 2015 ) On December 6 , 2014 , English singer Sam Smith released a cover version on the song . The song debuted at number 90 on the Billboard Hot 100 , the first time a version of the song has charted on the Hot 100 . In Australia , the song charted at number 63 , the second time a version of the song has charted , after Michael Bublé 's version reached number 98 in 2011 . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' -- 2 : 50 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 -- 18 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 63 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 69 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 53 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 66 Canada AC ( Billboard ) 8 Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) 49 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 96 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 34 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 62 Ireland ( IRMA ) 60 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 33 Norway ( VG - lista ) 27 Portugal ( AFP ) 91 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 57 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 68 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 38 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 74 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 65 US Billboard Hot 100 90 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 6 US Holiday 100 ( Billboard ) 9 Judy Garland version ( edit ) Judy Garland 's 1944 version reached No. 27 in Billboard charts . See also ( edit ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 2016 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Studwell , William Emmett ( 1995 ) . `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' . The Christmas carol reader . Routledge . p. 136 . ISBN 1 - 56023 - 872 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` ASCAP Announces Top 25 Holiday Songs '' ( Press release ) . ASCAP . November 12 , 2007 . Retrieved December 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Hugh Martin '' . Jump up ^ Martin , Hugh ( 2010 ) . The Boy Next Door . Trolley Press . pp. 9 -- 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 615 - 36507 - 7 . Jump up ^ Dirks , Tim ( 1996 ) . `` Meet Me in St. Louis ( 1944 ) '' . The Greatest Films . Retrieved December 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Martin , Hugh ( 2010 ) . The Boy Next Door . Trolley Press . pp. 196 -- 197 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 615 - 36507 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Willman , Chris ( December 22 , 2006 ) . `` There 's Something About Merry '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Collins , Ace ( 2001 ) . Stories Behind the Best - Loved Songs of Christmas . Grand Rapids , Michigan : Zondervan . pp. 78 -- 79 . ISBN 0 - 310 - 23926 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` The Christmas Special '' . The Judy Garland Show . Season 1 . Episode 15 . Los Angeles . December 22 , 1963 . 1 : 54 minutes in . CBS . CBS Television City . Jump up ^ `` The Carpenter and the King '' . The Voice of Prophesy . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2010 . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ CBS.COM -- The Christmas Shoes Archived August 8 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . from CBS ^ Jump up to : Martin , Hugh ( 2010 ) . The Boy Next Door . Trolley Press . pp. 390 -- 392 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 615 - 36507 - 7 . Jump up ^ Leigh , Spencer ( September 25 , 2015 ) . Frank Sinatra : An Extraordinary Life . McNidder and Grace Limited . p. 335 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85716 - 088 - 1 . Jump up ^ The Grim Message of War : Foreman 's ' The Victors ' at Two Theaters , by Bosley Crowther , New York Times , December 20 , 1963 Jump up ^ Gary , Trust ( December 19 , 2014 ) . `` Hot 100 Chart Moves : Sam Smith Brings ' Merry Little Christmas ' to Chart for First Time '' . Billboard magazine . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( December 20 , 2014 ) . `` ARIA Singles : Mark Ronson and Bruno Mars Stay At No 1 '' . Noise11 . Noise Network . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Music - Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas - Single by Sam Smith '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Apple Inc . December 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The ARIA Report : Issue 1295 ( Week Commencing 22 December 2014 ) '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . p. 4 . Retrieved December 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Sam Smith -- Have Yourself A Merry Little Christmas '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Sam Smith -- Have Yourself A Merry Little Christmas '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Smith Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Smith Chart History ( Canada AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Smith Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201552 , 53 into search . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 40 Uge 52 , 2017 '' . Hitlisten . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Sam Smith -- Have Yourself A Merry Little Christmas '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IRMA -- Irish Charts '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Sam Smith -- Have Yourself A Merry Little Christmas '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VG - lista -- Topp 20 Single uke 52 , 2017 '' . VG - lista . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Sam Smith -- Have Yourself A Merry Little Christmas '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved 5 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201552 , 53 into search . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sverigetopplistan -- Sveriges Officiella Topplista '' . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Sam Smith -- Have Yourself A Merry Little Christmas '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Smith Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Smith Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Smith -- Chart Results : Holiday 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1986 ) . Joel Whitburn 's Pop Memories 1890 - 1954 . Wisconsin , USA : Record Research Inc. p. 170 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 083 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Entertainment Weekly article -- with the history of the song 's lyrics , including three different versions Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Sam Smith Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums In the Lonely Hour The Thrill of It All Remix albums The Lost Tapes -- Remixed Extended plays Nirvana Singles `` Bad Day All Week '' `` When It 's Alright '' `` Lay Me Down '' `` Money on My Mind '' `` Stay with Me '' `` I 'm Not the Only One '' `` Like I Can '' `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' `` Writing 's on the Wall '' `` Too Good at Goodbyes '' `` Pray '' `` Burning '' `` One Last Song '' Featured singles `` Latch '' `` La La La '' `` Moments '' `` Omen '' Other songs `` Safe with Me '' Tours In the Lonely Hour Tour The Thrill of It All Tour Michael McDonald Studio albums If That 's What It Takes ( 1982 ) No Lookin ' Back ( 1985 ) Take It to Heart ( 1990 ) Blink of an Eye ( 1993 ) Blue Obsession ( 2000 ) Motown ( 2003 ) Motown Two ( 2004 ) Soul Speak ( 2008 ) Wide Open ( 2017 ) Compilation albums Sweet Freedom ( 1986 ) Singles `` I Keep Forgettin ' ( Every Time You 're Near ) '' `` No Lookin ' Back '' `` Sweet Freedom '' `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' `` Reach Out , I 'll Be There '' `` Baby I Need Your Lovin ' '' `` Stop , Look , Listen ( To Your Heart ) '' `` Deck the Halls / Jingle Bells '' `` Walk On By '' `` ( Your Love Keeps Lifting Me ) Higher and Higher '' `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas ! '' Record labels Warner Bros . Reprise Universal Music Group Motown Related articles Discography The Doobie Brothers Toto Amy Holland Josh Groban Studio albums Josh Groban ( 2001 ) Closer ( 2003 ) Awake ( 2006 ) Noël ( 2007 ) Illuminations ( 2010 ) All That Echoes ( 2013 ) Stages ( 2015 ) Live albums Awake Live ( 2008 ) Compilation albums A Collection ( 2008 ) Singles `` To Where You Are '' `` You Raise Me Up '' `` Believe '' `` You Are Loved ( Do n't Give Up ) '' `` I 'll Be Home for Christmas '' `` Ave Maria '' `` The Prayer '' `` Hidden Away '' `` Você Existe Em Mim '' `` Higher Window '' `` Brave '' `` I Believe ( When I Fall in Love It Will Be Forever ) '' Other songs `` All I Ask of You '' `` Sous le ciel de Paris '' Concert tours Closer Tour ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Awake Tour ( 2007 ) Straight to You Tour ( 2011 ) All That Echoes World Tour ( 2013 ) Summer Symphony Tour ( 2014 ) Josh Groban on Stage ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Related articles Discography Katharine McPhee Discography Filmography Studio albums Katharine McPhee Unbroken Christmas Is the Time to Say I Love You Hysteria I Fall in Love Too Easily Compilation albums American Idol Season 5 : Encores Soundtrack albums Barbie & the Diamond Castle Tinker Bell The Music of Smash Bombshell Singles `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow / My Destiny '' `` Over It '' `` Love Story '' `` Had It All '' `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' `` Lick My Lips '' `` Night and Day '' Smash singles `` Let Me Be Your Star '' `` The 20th Century Fox Mambo '' `` Touch Me '' `` A Thousand and One Nights '' `` Never Give All the Heart '' `` Smash ! '' `` Do n't Forget Me '' Tours `` American Idols LIVE ! Tour 2006 '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Have_Yourself_a_Merry_Little_Christmas&oldid=841952343 '' Categories : 1944 songs 2014 singles Capitol Records singles Songs written by Ralph Blane Songs written by Hugh Martin Judy Garland songs Frank Sinatra songs Glen Campbell songs Josh Groban songs Sam Smith ( singer ) songs Songs from Meet Me in St. Louis American Christmas songs Jazz compositions in G - flat major Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from January 2013 Articles needing additional references from December 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Euskara Français Italiano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Русский Simple English Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 May 2018 , at 05 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote have yourself a merry little christmas | [
"\"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas\", a song written by Hugh Martin and Ralph Blane, was introduced by Judy Garland in the 1944 MGM musical Meet Me in St. Louis. Frank Sinatra later recorded a version with modified lyrics. In 2007, ASCAP ranked \"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas\" the third most performed Christmas song during the preceding five years that had been written by ASCAP members.[2] In 2004 it finished at No. 76 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs rankings of the top tunes in American cinema.",
"\"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas\", a song written by Hugh Martin and Ralph Blane, was introduced by Judy Garland in the 1944 MGM musical Meet Me in St. Louis. Frank Sinatra later recorded a version with modified lyrics. In 2007, ASCAP ranked \"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas\" the third most performed Christmas song during the preceding five years that had been written by ASCAP members.[2] In 2004 it finished at No. 76 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs rankings of the top tunes in American cinema."
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"Hugh Martin",
"Ralph Blane"
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-3762377193911501693 | Vanity 6 | Vanity 6 - wikipedia Vanity 6 Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Vanity 6 Left to right : Brenda Bennett , Vanity , and Susan Moonsie ; 1983 . Background information Origin Minneapolis , Minnesota , U.S. Genres R&B pop funk rock synthpop Years active 1981 -- 1983 Labels Warner Bros . Associated acts Prince The Revolution The Time Apollonia 6 Past members Vanity ( deceased ) Brenda Bennett Susan Moonsie Vanity 6 was an American female vocal trio assembled by American musician Prince in mid -- 1981 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Formation 2 Career 2.1 Dissension and dissolution 3 Apollonia 6 4 Later life 5 Discography 5.1 Albums 5.2 Singles 6 Scheduled for Vanity 6 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) Formation ( edit ) In 1981 , Prince , himself a rising musical star , suggested that his three female friends -- his girlfriend Susan Moonsie , Boston native Brenda Bennett , and Jamie Shoop form a girl group that would be called `` The Hookers '' . Prince 's vision was that the three women would perform in lingerie and sing sensual songs with lyrics about sex and fantasy . Prince had been wanting to mentor a girl singer or group since the late -- 1970s when he saw the film A Star is Born with Barbra Streisand and Kris Kristofferson . The original trio recorded a few demos before Prince met the then named Denise Matthews , a model and Canadian B movie actress , in January 1980 . Matthews was Rick James ' date at the American Music Awards when Prince persuaded her to join his girl group . Prince was so taken by her charisma that he decided she would be the perfect frontwoman for his `` Hookers '' project . Matthews was eventually re-christened Vanity . Prince had originally suggested that she use the stage name `` Vagina , '' but instead they agreed upon `` Vanity . '' Other versions of the story suggest that it was Prince himself who coined the name `` Vanity , '' as he said that looking at her was like looking in a mirror at the female version of himself . Around this time , Prince and Vanity began a romantic relationship . With Vanity 's arrival , Shoop was dropped from the group . Career ( edit ) With the new trio finalized , Prince renamed the group Vanity 6 . He provided the group , now dressed in lingerie and high heels , with provocative songs ( although within the album credits , group members were sometimes given sole writing credits ) . Their first single , `` He 's So Dull '' , was a minor hit in Australia and the Netherlands , and appeared in the film National Lampoon 's Vacation . The second single , `` Nasty Girl '' , was a hit on both the U.S. R&B chart , peaking at number 7 , and U.S. Dance chart ( where it hit number one ) , and it also made an appearance on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart . `` Nasty Girl '' was a top 10 hit in the Netherlands , and a top 20 hit in the Flanders region of Belgium . The song was featured in the film Beverly Hills Cop , although it was not included on the soundtrack . `` Nasty Girl '' was also featured in the 1983 sex - comedy Private School . During the group 's existence , members sometimes provided backing vocals on Prince 's albums . Dissension and dissolution ( edit ) The third single , `` Drive Me Wild '' , was another minor hit . Music videos were shot for all three singles . Their self - titled album , Vanity 6 ( which would turn out to be their only release ) was eventually certified gold . The group opened up on the 1999 Tour , between 1982 and 1983 , which also featured The Time and Prince , as the headliner . The fact that The Time played behind a curtain during the Vanity 6 performance , caused a rift between the bands and friction within those friendships . To the other group members ' dismay , Prince chose Vanity to pose with him for a Richard Avedon photograph used on the cover of an issue of Rolling Stone magazine . The issue also contained a two - page Avedon photo of Vanity 6 . In 1983 , Vanity recorded a demo for a new song , `` Sex Shooter '' , and started reading for her lead role in Purple Rain opposite Prince . Prior to the shooting of the movie , later in 1983 , Vanity abruptly decided to leave the Prince camp and relinquish her role in the film . Many reasons were given for her sudden departure , including money , the end of their romantic relationship , and , most importantly , Vanity having been offered a lucrative solo deal from Motown Records . Apollonia 6 ( edit ) Vanity was replaced in Purple Rain by Patricia Kotero , who would adopt the stage name Apollonia . She also inherited the lead role in Vanity 6 , which was renamed Apollonia 6 , alongside Bennett and Moonsie . The new trio recorded what would be their only album , Apollonia 6 in 1984 . Later life ( edit ) In 1994 , former front woman Vanity overdosed on crack cocaine and suffered from near - fatal renal failure . Upon recovering , she renounced her stage name and music and became a born again Christian . Vanity died on February 15 , 2016 -- aged 57 -- from sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis , a complex form of a kidney disease . Discography ( edit ) Albums ( edit ) 1982 : Vanity 6 -- US # 45 Singles ( edit ) 1982 : `` He 's So Dull '' b / w `` Make - Up '' -- AUS # 92 , NED # 44 1982 : `` Nasty Girl '' b / w `` Drive Me Wild '' -- US # 101 , BEL ( Flanders ) # 11 , NED # 7 1982 : `` Drive Me Wild '' b / w `` 3 × 2 = 6 '' 1982 : `` Bite the Beat '' b / w `` 3 × 2 = 6 '' Scheduled for Vanity 6 ( edit ) A number of songs were in fact intended for the Vanity 6 follow up album , but due to Vanity 's departure , these songs ended up performed by others . `` Sex Shooter '' was released by Apollonia 6 . Vanity 6 did in fact record at least one version of this song which has been leaked on the internet extensively . The arrangement on this version is sparse and somewhat loose in performance which may indicate that this version was merely a rehearsal or demo version . `` 17 Days '' , the B - side to Prince 's `` When Doves Cry '' , ended up being released by Prince , with Bennett 's background vocals still on the recording . `` G - Spot '' , which ended up on Jill Jones debut album . The Vanity 6 / Prince demo has been leaked on the internet as well . `` Vibrator '' , which has been leaked extensively online . This song features Prince in a comedic sketch as well as Jill Jones . The song is about Vanity feeling ignored by her lover only to find solace with her ( actual quote from the song ) `` body massager '' which midway through the song loses power prompting Vanity to go purchase batteries at 2 different stores . The song is set in three distinct parts : 1 ) verse and chorus portions then 2 ) the comedic sketch and finally 3 ) Vanity achieving an orgasm with her vibrator . `` Manic Monday '' , which Prince offered to and was eventually recorded by The Bangles for their album Different Light . See also ( edit ) List of artists who reached number one on the US Dance chart References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gelt , Jessica ( February 15 , 2016 ) . `` Prince protege Denise ' Vanity ' Matthews dies at 57 '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Norment , Lynn ( November 1987 ) . `` Prince 's Intriguing Women '' . Ebony . Vol. 43 no . 1 . p. 168 . ISSN 0012 - 9011 . Jump up ^ Leon , Darren ( June 9 , 1985 ) . `` Vanity sheds ' nasty girl ' image in film '' ( PDF ) . Monmouth . p. 5 . Jump up ^ Perrone , Pierre ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Vanity : Prince protégée who fronted the synth - pop trio Vanity 6 , fell prey to drug abuse and became a born - again Christian '' . The Independent . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2005 ) . Bubbling Under The Billboard Hot 100 1959 -- 2004 ( 2nd ed . ) . Menomonee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 277 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 162 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Do It All Night : The Story of Prince 's Dirty Mind Pitchfork '' . pitchfork.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Her Romance with Prince Hit the Rocks , but Vanity 's Singing Career Is Going Grrr - Eat '' . 15 Oct 1984 . ^ Jump up to : Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 ( Illustrated ed . ) . St. Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . p. 320 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` dutchcharts.nl > Discografie Vanity 6 '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Vanity at AllMusic ^ Jump up to : `` Ultratop > Vanity 6 -- Nasty Girl '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Rettenmund , Matthew ( 1996 ) . Totally Awesome 80s : A Lexicon Of the Music , Videos , Movies , TV shows , Stars , and Trends Of That Decadent Decade . Macmillan . p. 57 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 14436 - 9 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : `` UKmix > Forums > Chart Chat > Chart Analysis > Chart Histories ( page 209 ) '' . imgur.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 20 . External links ( edit ) Vanity 6 at AllMusic Vanity 6 Vanity Brenda Bennett Susan Moonsie Studio albums Vanity 6 Soundtrack albums Girl 6 Singles `` Nasty Girl '' Related articles Vanity Prince Apollonia 6 The Time Jesse Johnson Girl 6 Prince Discography Albums Singles Videography Unreleased projects Awards and nominations Associates Concerts Prince Tour Dirty Mind Tour Controversy Tour 1999 Tour Purple Rain Tour Parade Tour Sign o ' the Times Tour Lovesexy Tour Nude Tour Diamonds and Pearls Tour Act I and II Interactive Tour The Ultimate Live Experience Love 4 One Another Charities Tour Jam of the Year Tour New Power Soul Tour Hit n Run Tour A Celebration One Nite Alone ... Tour World Tour 2003 Musicology Live 2004ever Per4ming Live 3121 The Earth Tour : 21 Nights in London 20Ten Tour Welcome 2 Live Out Loud Tour Hit n Run Tour Piano & A Microphone Tour Filmography Purple Rain Under the Cherry Moon Sign o ' the Times Graffiti Bridge Videography Prince and the Revolution : Live Diamonds and Pearls Video Collection The Hits Collection 3 Chains o ' Gold Rave Un2 the Year 2000 Live at the Aladdin Las Vegas Video games Prince Interactive Stage productions Glam Slam Ulysses Billboards Associated companies Paisley Park Records NPG Records Related The Revolution The New Power Generation 3rdeyegirl The Time Vanity 6 Apollonia 6 The Family Madhouse Mazarati Mayte Garcia ( first wife ) Manuela Testolini ( second wife ) John L. Nelson ( father ) Tyka Nelson ( sister ) NPG Music Club Minneapolis sound Purplish Rain Book : Prince LCCN : n96016552 ISNI : 0000 0001 1507 2945 GND : 10038232 - 0 BNF : cb139072789 ( data ) MusicBrainz : 8f8f8cad - 974f - 4029 - 9014 - 1da7cc1861c7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vanity_6&oldid=822430148 '' Categories : Vanity 6 American funk musical groups American pop girl groups American synthpop groups Feminist musicians Musical groups established in 1981 Musical groups disestablished in 1983 Musical trios Musical groups from Minnesota Warner Bros. Records artists Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Articles needing additional references from July 2014 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from January 2013 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2007 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 26 January 2018 , at 09 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many members were in her group vanity 6 | [
"In 1981, Prince, himself a rising musical star, suggested that his three female friends—his girlfriend Susan Moonsie, Boston native Brenda Bennett, and Jamie Shoop form a girl group that would be called \"The Hookers\". Prince's vision was that the three women would perform in lingerie and sing sensual songs with lyrics about sex and fantasy. Prince had been wanting to mentor a girl singer or group since the late–1970s when he saw the film A Star is Born with Barbra Streisand and Kris Kristofferson.[citation needed]"
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"three"
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-5087834440385070069 | Wicked (musical) | Wicked ( musical ) - wikipedia Wicked ( musical ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the musical . For the Broadway cast recording , see Wicked ( musical album ) . For the novel , see Wicked ( Maguire novel ) . Wicked The Untold Story of the Witches of Oz Official poster of the original Broadway production Music Stephen Schwartz Lyrics Stephen Schwartz Book Winnie Holzman Basis Wicked : The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West by Gregory Maguire Premiere May 28 , 2003 : Curran Theatre , San Francisco Productions 2003 San Francisco 2003 Broadway 2005 First US Tour 2006 West End 2009 Second US Tour 2009 Tokyo 2013 First UK and Ireland Tour 2018 Second UK and Ireland Tour 2019 Film adaptation Various international productions ( see below ) Awards Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Musical Outer Critics Circle Award for Outstanding Broadway Musical Wicked : The Untold Story of the Witches of Oz is a Broadway musical with music and lyrics by Stephen Schwartz and book by Winnie Holzman . It is based on the 1995 Gregory Maguire novel Wicked : The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West , an alternative telling of the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz and L. Frank Baum 's classic 1900 story , The Wonderful Wizard of Oz . The musical is told from the perspective of the witches of the Land of Oz ; its plot begins before and continues after Dorothy 's arrival in Oz from Kansas , and it includes several references to the 1939 film and Baum 's novel . Wicked tells the story of two unlikely friends , Elphaba ( the Wicked Witch of the West ) and Galinda ( whose name later changes to Glinda the Good Witch ) , who struggle through opposing personalities and viewpoints , rivalry over the same love - interest , reactions to the Wizard 's corrupt government and , ultimately , Elphaba 's public fall from grace . Produced by Universal Stage Productions in coalition with Marc Platt , Jon B. Platt and David Stone , with direction by Joe Mantello and choreography by Wayne Cilento , the original production of Wicked premiered on Broadway at the Gershwin Theatre in October 2003 , after completing pre-Broadway tryouts at San Francisco 's Curran Theatre in April 2003 . Its original stars included Idina Menzel as Elphaba , Kristin Chenoweth as Glinda , and Joel Grey as the Wizard . The original Broadway production won three Tony Awards and six Drama Desk Awards , while its original cast album received a Grammy Award . Wicked celebrated its tenth anniversary on Broadway on October 30 , 2013 . On December 4 , 2016 , Wicked performed its 5,462 nd performance with a 2 : 00 p.m. matinee , making Wicked the 8th longest - running Broadway show , passing Beauty and the Beast . A typical performance runs for approximately two hours and 30 minutes , plus a 15 - minute intermission . The success of the Broadway production has spawned several other productions worldwide , including various North American productions , a long - running Laurence Olivier Award -- nominated West End production and a series of international productions . Since its 2003 debut , Wicked has broken box office records around the world , currently holding weekly - gross - takings records in Los Angeles , Chicago , St. Louis , and London . In the week ending January 2 , 2011 , the London , Broadway and both North American touring productions simultaneously broke their respective records for the highest weekly gross . In the final week of 2013 , the Broadway production broke this record again , earning $3.2 million . The West End production and the North American tour have each been seen by over two million patrons . In March 2016 , Wicked surpassed $1 billion in total Broadway revenue , joining both The Phantom of the Opera and The Lion King as the only Broadway shows to do so . In July 2017 , Wicked surpassed The Phantom of the Opera as Broadway 's second - highest - grossing show , trailing only The Lion King . Contents ( hide ) 1 Inception and development 2 Plot 3 Cast 3.1 Original casts 3.2 Casts 4 Musical numbers 5 Music and recordings 5.1 Music analysis 5.2 Recordings 5.3 Orchestration 6 Productions 6.1 Original Broadway production 6.2 North American productions 6.3 London 6.4 U.K. and Ireland Tours 6.5 International Tour 6.6 Australian productions 6.7 Subsequent international productions 7 Film adaptation 8 Response 8.1 Awards and nominations 8.2 Critical reception 8.3 Commercial reception 8.4 Behind the Emerald Curtain 9 In popular culture 10 References 11 External links Inception and development ( edit ) Wicked composer and lyricist Stephen Schwartz Composer and lyricist Stephen Schwartz discovered writer Gregory Maguire 's 1995 novel Wicked : The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West while on vacation and saw its potential for a dramatic adaptation . Maguire , however , had released the rights to Universal Pictures , who had planned to develop a live - action feature film . In 1998 , Schwartz persuaded Maguire to release the rights to a stage production while also making what Schwartz called an `` impassioned plea '' to Universal producer Marc Platt to realise Schwartz 's own intended adaptation . Persuaded , Platt signed on as joint producer of the project with Universal and David Stone . The novel , described as a political , social and ethical commentary on the nature of good and evil , takes place in the Land of Oz , in the years leading to Dorothy 's arrival . The story centers on Elphaba , the misunderstood , smart , and fiery girl of emerald - green skin who grows up to become the notorious Wicked Witch of the West and Galinda , the beautiful , blonde , popular girl who grows up to become Glinda the Good Witch of the South . The story is divided into five different sections based on the plot location and presents events , characters and situations from L. Frank Baum 's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1900 ) and its 1939 film adaptation in new ways . It is designed to set the reader thinking about what it really is to be ' Wicked ' , and whether good intentions with bad results are the same as bad intentions with bad results . Schwartz considered how best to condense the novel 's dense and complicated plot into a sensible script . To this end , he collaborated with Emmy Award -- winning writer Winnie Holzman to develop the outline of the plot over the course of a year while meeting with producer Marc Platt to refine the structural outline of the show , spinning an original stage piece rather than creating a strict adaptation of Maguire 's work . While the draft followed Maguire 's idea of retelling the story of the 1939 film from the perspective of its main villain , the storyline of the stage adaptation `` goes far afield '' from the novel . As Holzman observed in an interview with Playbill , `` It was ( Maguire 's ) brilliant idea to take this hated figure and tell things from her point of view , and to have the two witches be roommates in college , but the way in which their friendship develops -- and really the whole plot -- is different onstage . '' Schwartz justified the deviation , saying `` Primarily we were interested in the relationship between Galinda -- who becomes Glinda -- and Elphaba ... the friendship of these two women and how their characters lead them to completely different destinies . '' In addition to this change in focus , other major plot modifications include Fiyero 's appearance as the scarecrow , Elphaba 's survival at the end , Nessarose using a wheelchair instead of being born without arms , Boq having a continuing love interest for Glinda - and eventually becoming the Tin Woodman instead of Nick Chopper , the complete cutting of Elphaba 's years in the Vinkus , the deletion of Liir 's birth , Fiyero not having a wife and children , and Doctor Dillamond not being murdered . The book , lyrics and score for the musical were developed through a series of readings . For these developmental workshops , Kristin Chenoweth , the Tony Award -- winning actress whom Stephen Schwartz had in mind while composing the music for the character , joined the project as Glinda . Stephanie J. Block played Elphaba in all of the workshops , ( she was the original Elphaba in the 1st National Tour and joined the Broadway cast later on ) before fellow performer Idina Menzel was cast in the role in late 2000 . In early 2000 , the creators recruited New York producer David Stone , who began the transition of the workshop production into a full Broadway production . Joe Mantello was brought in as director and Wayne Cilento as choreographer while Tony Award -- winning designer Eugene Lee created the set and visual style for the production based on both W.W. Denslow 's original illustrations for Baum 's novels and Maguire 's concept of the story being told through a giant clock . Costume designer Susan Hilferty created a `` twisted Edwardian '' style through more than 200 costumes , while lighting designer Kenneth Posner used more than 800 individual lights to give each of the 54 distinct scenes and locations `` its own mood '' . By April 2003 , a full cast had been assembled and the show readied its debut . The Curran Theatre in San Francisco , where Wicked made its debut On May 28 , 2003 , the first performance of Wicked was held at the Curran Theatre in San Francisco , as the start of SHN pre-Broadway tryouts . After officially opening on June 10 , 2003 , it ran there for the month and finished on June 29 , 2003 . Audience reaction was mostly positive and although critics tended to compliment the aesthetic and spectacle of the show , they disparaged the state of its book , score , and choreography . Dennis Harvey of Variety commented positively of the `` sleekly directed '' , `` snazzily designed '' and `` smartly cast '' production yet still disapproved of its `` mediocre '' book , `` trite '' lyrics and `` largely generic '' music while Karen D'Souza of the San Jose Mercury News wrote that `` Style over substance is the real theme in this Emerald City . '' Noting mixed response , the creative team started making extensive changes , tweaking it before its transfer to Broadway . Winnie Holzman stated , `` Stephen ( Schwartz ) wisely had insisted on having three months to rewrite in - between the time we closed in San Francisco and when we were to go back into rehearsals in New York . That was crucial ; that was the thing that made the biggest difference in the life of the show . That time is what made the show work . '' Elements of the book were rewritten while several songs underwent minor transformations . This included the excision of `` Which Way is the Party ? '' , the introductory song to the character Fiyero , which was subsequently replaced by `` Dancing Through Life '' in Schwartz 's fear that the former failed to be a clear `` statement of Fiyero 's philosophy of life '' . In addition , there was concern that Menzel 's Elphaba `` got a little overshadowed '' by Chenoweth 's Glinda . San Francisco Chronicle critic Robert Hurwitt wrote , `` Menzel 's brightly intense Elphaba the Wicked Witch ( needs ) a chance of holding her own alongside Chenoweth 's gloriously , insidiously bubbly Glinda '' , so the creative team set about making her character `` more prominent '' . On the subject of the Broadway revisions , Schwartz recalled , `` It was clear there was work to be done and revisions to be made in the book and the score . The critical community was , frankly , very helpful to us . We learned a lot from the reviews , which were honest and constructive in the aggregate , unlike New York , where the critics make up their minds before they come to the theatre . '' On October 30 , 2003 , the musical opened on Broadway . Plot ( edit ) Act One The Ozians are cheering that the Wicked Witch of the West , Elphaba , is dead ( `` No One Mourns the Wicked '' ) . Glinda arrives and an Ozian asks her if she and Elphaba were friends . She admits that they knew each other , which surprises all of the Ozians , leading Glinda to tell them the story of how they became best friends . She also tells them her name was Galinda before she changed it . A flashback starts with a scene in a school , Shiz , where Elphaba arrives . Elphaba was the daughter of the governor of Munchkinland - but it is heavily implied that she is the product of an affair between the governor 's wife and a mysterious stranger and his bottle of `` green elixir . '' Elphaba was born with green skin . Her father despised her and showered his affection on her younger sister , Nessarose , who is disabled and uses a wheelchair . The two sisters both go to Shiz University , where the pretty and popular Galinda is also in their class ( `` Dear Old Shiz '' ) . As their father says goodbye , he gives Nessarose a pair of silver slippers . The headmistress , Madame Morrible , decides to take Nessarose under her protection , despite Elphaba 's objections . Elphaba is now without a roommate and ends up with Galinda , to the disgust of both . Elphaba attempts to take back her sister as she is wheeled away , and her frustration manifests itself physically in an explosion . Madame Morrible recognizes that she has special powers and decides to teach her sorcery - and to teach no one else , even though Galinda had her heart set on studying magic at school . She even tells Elphaba that her powers might allow her to work with the Wonderful Wizard of Oz , something which Elphaba has dreamed of ( `` The Wizard and I '' ) . All of this does little to endear Elphaba to Galinda and the feeling is mutual ( `` What is this Feeling ? '' ) . They clash constantly , even in their classes , such as their history class with Dr. Dillamond . Dr. Dillamond is the only Animal professor at the university and is beginning to suffer from discrimination , even from the students , which is shown when someone writes `` Animals should be seen and not heard '' on the chalkboard . He tells Elphaba that there is a conspiracy to stop the Animals from speaking , and she wants to let the Wizard know , for he would surely stop it ( `` Something Bad '' ) . Meanwhile , a young roguish prince , Fiyero , has arrived at Shiz . Galinda is charmed when Fiyero shares his life philosophy ( `` Dancing Through Life '' ) . They all decide to have a party that evening . Boq , a Munchkin that has developed a crush on Galinda , tries to invite her to the party , but she convinces him instead to ask Nessarose out of pity , leaving her free to go with Fiyero . Nessarose is delighted and tells her sister how she and Boq are meant to be together and how Galinda helped it happen . When Galinda offers Elphaba a hat to wear to the party , Elphaba begins to wonder if she was wrong about her roommate . At the party that evening , Boq tries to tell Nessarose the real reason he invited her , but is unable to hurt her feelings . She is becoming infatuated with him . Madame Morrible arrives to tell Galinda that she can join her sorcery class , at Elphaba 's request . Elphaba herself arrives , wearing the hat Galinda gave her , a witch 's hat . The other students laugh and stare while Elphaba awkwardly dances on her own . Galinda feels terrible , and goes to dance with Elphaba . Soon everyone joins them , and the two girls look at each other in a new light . Back in their room , they continue to bond . Galinda tells Elphaba of her plans to marry Fiyero even though he has n't proposed and Elphaba confesses that her father blames her for the death of her mother , who died birthing Nessarose . Galinda decides that she will help Elphaba become popular and she gives her roommate the nickname `` Elphie '' ( `` Popular '' ) . When Elphaba arrives at class the next day , Fiyero sees Galinda 's influence , and tells Elphaba that she does n't need to change . Dr. Dillamond enters to tell the class that he is leaving - he is no longer permitted to teach . Elphaba wants to help , but no one will stand up with her . The students are introduced to the new technological advancement of the cage , which will keep Animals controlled , so that they never learn to speak . Elphaba 's outrage can not be contained , and in the ensuing chaos , she and Fiyero grab the Lion cub ( `` Cowardly Lion '' ) in the cage and escape . Fiyero is confused about what he has just seen and what he is doing , but he is caught up in Elphaba 's passion . She begins to fall in love with him and they share a moment before he has to leave to free the lion cub . Elphaba reminds herself that it 's pointless to wish for something to happen between them ( `` I 'm Not that Girl '' ) . Madame Morrible comes and tells her that the Wizard has asked to meet her . Nessarose and Galinda come to see her off , and Fiyero meets her too . Galinda tries to win his respect by changing her name to `` Glinda '' , in solidarity with Dr. Dillamond . But Fiyero barely notices , saying goodbye to Elphaba . It is suggested that her feelings for him are mutual . Elphaba invites Glinda to the Emerald City with her ( `` One Short Day '' ) . At last , the two girls stand in front of the Wizard . He turns out to be not quite as terrifying as they thought ( `` A Sentimental Man '' ) . He promises Elphaba that he will grant her request if she proves herself . Madame Morrible appears - she is the Wizard 's new `` Press Secretary '' . She gives Elphaba an ancient book of spells , called the `` Grimmerie , '' which only the magically gifted can read . Elphaba is asked to try a levitation spell on the Wizard 's monkey servant , Chistery . However , the spell does n't go the way Elphaba plans when Chistery sprouts wings , and she realizes that the Wizard is the one behind the suppression of the Animals . Elphaba has been tricked , and instead of just performing the spell on one monkey , she actually performed the spell on all of them . Elphaba realizes that the Wizard is not who she thought he was - he has no powers ; he is merely a charlatan who can not read the Grimmerie . He offers her and Glinda everything they 've ever wanted if they will help him , but Elphaba is unable to comply . She runs away , and in order to prevent the truth from getting out , Madame Morrible spreads reports that Elphaba is `` wicked , '' not to be trusted , and claims that Elphaba is the one behind the animal mischief . This only reaffirms Elphaba 's belief that she must not let anyone hold her down ; she must go on her own to do what 's best for her . She performs a spell on a broom and flies . ( `` Defying Gravity '' ) . Act Two Some time later , Elphaba 's opposition of the Wizard 's regime has earned her the title `` The Wicked Witch of the West '' . Glinda has become the smiling public front of the Wizard 's regime , given the title `` Glinda the Good '' and positioned by Morrible as the nation 's defender against the Witch . A press conference to celebrate Fiyero 's appointment as Captain of the Guard ( a position he has accepted in order to find Elphaba ) is hijacked by the crowd 's panicked rumors about the Witch , including an idiotic story that she will be melted by water . Fiyero is furious and not calmed by Glinda 's insistence that Elphaba does not want to be found . He is further shocked when Morrible announces his engagement to Glinda . This is news to Fiyero and he storms off . Glinda attempts to keep a cheerful front for the press , but it is clear she realizes her dream life has come at a great price ( `` Thank Goodness '' ) . Elphaba pays a visit to Nessarose , who is now the governor of Munchkinland following the death of their father , who Nessarose says `` died of shame '' when he heard what Elphaba did . Nessarose has taken away the rights of the Munchkins in a desperate attempt to keep Boq at her side . Elphaba tries to convince her sister to side with her against the Wizard , but Nessarose is more concerned with her own problems . Elphaba tries to help by giving Nessarose the power to walk by turning the silver slippers into the `` Ruby Slippers '' . Convinced that Boq must love her now , Nessarose calls for him , but he only sees this as proof that she does n't need him any more . Furious , Nessarose takes Elphaba 's spell book and tries to cast a spell to make Boq fall in love with her . However , the spell backfires , making her the `` Wicked Witch of the East '' , shrinking Boq 's heart . Elphaba must work another spell to save his life , if in a slightly different condition than he was before . When Boq awakens , he is horrified at his new state as a man made of tin , and Nessarose tells him it was Elphaba who did this to him . Elphaba returns to the Wizard 's palace to free the monkey servants and comes across the Wizard himself . He tries once again to convince her to work with him , telling her that he is not evil - just a mediocre man who came into his position by chance , led to stay by the reverence of the Ozians , and he offers to redeem Elphaba 's reputation ( `` Wonderful '' ) . She is almost won over , until she sees Dr. Dillamond , who has lost the power of speech . She vows to fight the Wizard until the end . Fiyero and the guards enter , followed by Glinda . Fiyero helps Elphaba escape , and decides to escape with her , leaving Glinda behind . Though she was broken - hearted , Glinda reminds the Wizard and Madame Morrible that the way to recapture Elphaba is to make her think her sister is in trouble , and she will be sure to come to her rescue . She mourns that Fiyero does not love her ( `` I 'm Not that Girl , Reprise '' ) . Elphaba and Fiyero are both taken by surprise by the strength of their feelings for each other , and promise to be together always ( `` As Long As You 're Mine '' ) . Their happiness is interrupted when Elphaba suddenly has a vision of a house flying through the sky and Nessarose being in pain . Before Elphaba leaves to investigate , Fiyero tells her about a castle that his family owns that she can stay in . Glinda and Elphaba meet again at the site where Nessarose has been crushed by a house with a girl named Dorothy inside . Fueled by the rivalry over Fiyero , the two have a heated argument . The guards arrive , and Elphaba guesses that Glinda arranged for all of this . Fiyero arrives as well , and holds Glinda hostage until Elphaba can escape . Glinda realizes that Fiyero does truly love Elphaba , and tells the guards not to hurt him , but they do n't listen as they escort Fiyero to the field where they can interrogate him into revealing where Elphaba has fled to so they can recapture her . Elphaba tries to cast a spell to save his life and protect him from injury , but is frustrated by the limitations of her power . She decides that from this point on , she will live up to her reputation as the Wicked Witch of the West ( `` No Good Deed '' ) . Meanwhile , the citizens of Oz , spurred on by Madame Morrible and Boq 's testimony , band together to help rescue Dorothy from the clutches of the Wicked Witch of the West . Glinda has realized Morrible , who can control the weather , is responsible for Nessarose 's death , but when she confronts her , Morrible tells her that there is blood on her hands as well and advises her to smile and wave . Glinda flees in horror to warn Elphaba as the angry mob sets out to Kiamo Ko to kill Elphaba . ( `` March of the Witch Hunters '' ) . Back at Kiamo Ko , Elphaba has already captured Dorothy , refusing to release her until she relinquishes Nessarose 's slippers -- the only things left of her dead sister . Glinda travels to Elphaba 's castle to warn her of the danger and persuade her to let Dorothy go . Elphaba refuses until she suddenly receives a letter saying that Fiyero has died . The two women forgive each other for all grievances , acknowledging they have both made mistakes . To help her in her future , Elphaba gives the Grimmerie to Glinda . The two friends embrace for the last time before saying goodbye forever , and acknowledge that they are who they are because of each other ( `` For Good '' ) . As the mob arrives at the castle , Elphaba tells Glinda to hide , and she watches from the shadows as Dorothy throws a bucket of water on Elphaba , who appears to melt away . Grief - stricken , Glinda sees that all that remains of her friend is her black hat and the small bottle of green elixir which she had slept with under her pillow . In the Emerald City , Glinda confronts the Wizard with Elphaba 's bottle , which he recognizes as identical to his own . He was Elphaba 's biological father , and the cause of her green skin . He breaks down in agony , and Madame Morrible surmises that Elphaba 's powers were so strong because she was a child of two worlds . Glinda orders the Wizard to leave Oz and sends Madame Morrible to prison for murdering Nessarose . Meanwhile , back at the castle , Fiyero ( now a scarecrow ) comes to the spot where Elphaba was melted . Making sure that no one is observing , he knocks on the floor and out from a trap door steps Elphaba , very much alive ; the entire thing was a ruse to convince her enemies of her death and to ensure her future with Fiyero , who was transformed into the scarecrow by her spell in the process . Before leaving , Elphaba regrets that she 'll never see Glinda again and tell her that she and Fiyero are alive . Simultaneously , returning to the musical 's starting point , Glinda reports to the people of Oz that the Wicked Witch of the West has been killed and promises to properly earn her title as Glinda the Good . As the people celebrate and Glinda mourns , Elphaba and Fiyero leave Oz behind . ( `` Finale '' ) Cast ( edit ) Original casts ( edit ) Characters Broadway West End 1st National Tour 2nd National Tour Elphaba Idina Menzel Stephanie J. Block Marcie Dodd Glinda Kristin Chenoweth Helen Dallimore Kendra Kassebaum Heléne Yorke Fiyero Norbert Leo Butz Adam Garcia Derrick Williams Colin Donnell The Wizard Joel Grey Nigel Planer David Garrison Tom McGowan Madame Morrible Carole Shelley Miriam Margolyes Carol Kane Marilyn Caskey Boq Christopher Fitzgerald James Gillan Logan Lipton Ted Ely Nessarose Michelle Federer Katie Rowley Jones Jenna Leigh Green Kristine Reese Doctor Dillamond William Youmans Martin Ball Timothy Britten Parker David DeVries Elphaba ( Standby ) Eden Espinosa Kerry Ellis N / A Carrie Manolakos Glinda ( Standby ) Laura Bell Bundy Annalene Beechey N / A N / A Notes Kristy Cates began the 1st National Tour as Elphaba on March 8 , 2005 , while Block was out due to injury , and Block returned to the role on March 25 , 2005 . Victoria Matlock became the first standby for Elphaba on the first national tour on March 8 , 2006 . Laura Bell Bundy became the first standby for Glinda on Broadway in November 2003 . Neither US national tour has / had a Glinda standby . Stephanie J. Block read the part of Elphaba while the show was being developed , but was eventually replaced by Menzel , who already had a Tony nomination under her belt . Casts ( edit ) In January 2005 , Saycon Sengbloh became the first African - American woman to play the role of Elphaba when she took over as the standby for Elphaba . Since then , four other African - American women have covered the role ( Brandi Chavonne Massey , Dan'yelle Williamson , Lilli Cooper and Emmy Raver - Lampman ) , but none have to date played the role full - time . Alexia Khadime , a British actress of Caribbean descent played Elphaba in London from 2008 - 2010 . Louise Dearman is the only actress to date to have played both Glinda and Elphaba , having played Glinda from 2010 -- 2011 and Elphaba from 2012 - 2013 , both in the West End production . Marcie Dodd is the only actress to date to have played both Elphaba and Nessarose when she starred as Elphaba on Broadway after playing Nessarose in Los Angeles . Gina Beck was the first performer to play Glinda on both sides of the Atlantic ( West End and 1st National Tour productions ) . Willemijn Verkaik , who had created the role of Elphaba for the German and Dutch productions previously , joined the Broadway production for a limited run in 2013 , becoming the first actress to have appeared in three different language productions . Later that year , she transferred to the London company and made her West End debut . Jackie Burns and Rachel Tucker are the longest - running Broadway and West End Elphabas respectively . Katie Rose Clarke and Savannah Stevenson are the longest running Broadway and West End Glindas respectively . Jennifer DiNoia has played the role in four countries ( seven productions ) , more than any other actress and became the fourth actress to have played the role on both Broadway and the West End . Miriam Margolyes is the only actress to date to have played Madame Morrible in the West End ( original cast ) and on Broadway , when she repeated her performance at the Gershwin in 2008 . Tom McGowan is the only actor to date to have played The Wizard on both Broadway and the West End , when he joined the London company in 2015 . Willemijn Verkaik , Dee Roscioli , Rachel Tucker and Jemma Rix have each performed as Elphaba over 1000 times . Willemijn Verkaik is the longest running Elphaba , having played the role over 2,000 times . Danna Paola is the youngest actress to play the role of Elphaba at 18 years old at the time of opening , with Sabrina Weckerlin ( Stand - By for the German production ) being the second youngest at 21 years old . Katie Rowley Jones has played Nessarose more times than any other actress . She spent seven years in the role ( 2006 - 2008 , 2012 - 2017 ) . In July 2017 , Sophie Evans became the youngest actress to play the role of Glinda on the West End , aged 24 at the start of her contract . Musical numbers ( edit ) Act I # 1 -- `` Overture '' ( segues to # 2 ) -- Orchestra , then Citizens of Oz ( ensemble ) and Glinda # 2 -- `` No One Mourns the Wicked '' -- Glinda and Citizens of Oz ( ensemble ) , Elphaba 's Mother , Elphaba 's Father , Midwife , Salesman ( prerecorded for click - track section ) # 2A -- `` Elphaba 's Entrance '' ( segues to # 3 ) -- Orchestra # 3 -- `` Dear Old Shiz '' -- Students ( ensemble ) and Glinda # 3A -- `` Jeweled Shoes '' -- Orchestra , Elphaba ( speaking ) , Elphaba 's Father ( speaking ) , Nessarose ( speaking ) # 3B -- `` Let Her Go ! '' -- Orchestra # 4 -- `` The Wizard and I '' ( applause segue to # 5 ) -- Madame Morrible and Elphaba # 5 -- `` What is this Feeling ? '' -- Galinda , Elphaba , and Students # 6 -- `` Something Bad '' ( segues to # 6A ) -- Doctor Dillamond , Elphaba , Madame Morrible ( speaking ) # 6A -- `` Into Courtyard '' -- Orchestra # 7 -- `` Dancing Through Life '' ( segues to # 7A ) -- Fiyero , Boq , Nessarose , Madame Morrible ( speaking ) , Galinda , Pfannee ( speaking ) , Shenshen ( speaking ) # 7A -- `` The Ozdust Dance '' -- Orchestra , then Boq , Nessarose , Madame Morrible ( speaking ) , Galinda ( speaking ) , Fiyero ( speaking ) # 8 -- `` Elphaba 's Dance '' -- Orchestra , then Students ( ensemble ) . # 9 -- `` Popular '' ( segues to # 9A ) -- Glinda , Elphaba ( speaking ) # 9A -- `` After Popular '' -- Orchestra # 9B -- `` Save the Lion ' '' -- Orchestra # 10 -- `` I 'm Not That Girl ( segues to # 13 ) -- Elphaba ( no # 11 , # 12 ) # 13 -- `` The Wizard and I ~ Reprise '' ( segues to # 14 ) -- Elphaba , Madame Morrible , Conductor ( speaking ) , Nessarose ( speaking ) , Galinda ( speaking ) , Boq ( speaking ) # 14 -- `` One Short Day '' -- Elphaba , Glinda , and Citizens of the Emerald City / Show Chorus ( ensemble ) , Palace Guard ( speaking ) # 14A -- `` I Am Oz '' -- Oz Head / Wizard ( speaking ) , Elphaba ( speaking ) , Glinda ( speaking ) # 15 -- `` A Sentimental Man '' -- Wizard , Elphaba ( speaking ) , Glinda ( speaking ) # 16 -- `` Monkey Reveal '' ( attaca # 17 ) -- Elphaba , Madame Morrible ( speaking ) , Glinda ( speaking ) , Wizard / Head , Guards ( speaking ) # 17 -- `` Defying Gravity '' -- Elphaba , Glinda , Guards , and Citizens of Oz ( ensemble ) ° In the CD Recordings , # 1 and # 2 are collectively known as `` No One Mourns the Wicked '' ; # 2A and # 3 are combined into `` Dear Old Shiz '' ; # 7 , # 7A , and # 8 are mixed and edited into one track , collectively titled `` Dancing Through Life '' . # 13 and # 14 are combined into the track `` One Short Day '' . Act II # 17A -- `` Act II Opening '' ( segue to # 18 ) -- Orchestra , Ensemble , Glinda ( speaking ) # 18 -- `` Thank Goodness ~ Part 1 '' ( segue to # 18A ) -- Glinda , Crowd ( ensemble ) , Madame Morrible , Fiyero ( speaking ) # 18A -- `` Thank Goodness ~ Part 2 '' ( segue to # 18B ) -- Glinda , Madame Morrible , Fiyero ( speaking ) , Crowd ( ensemble ) , # 18B -- `` Thank Goodness ~ Part 3 '' ( applause segue to # 18C ) -- Glinda , Crowd ( ensemble ) # 18C -- `` After Thank Goodness '' -- Orchestra , Boq ( speaking ) # 18D -- `` There 's Elphaba ! '' -- Orchestra , Elphaba ( speaking ) # 18E -- `` Wicked Witch of the East ~ Intro '' ( segue to # 19 ) -- Nessarose ( speaking ) , Elphaba ( speaking ) # 19 -- `` Wicked Witch of the East '' ( segue to # 19A ) -- Nessarose , Elphaba , Boq , # 19A -- `` Ballroom Transition '' -- Orchestra # 20 -- `` Wonderful '' ( attaca # 20A ) -- Wizard , Elphaba # 20A -- `` Set Free The Monkeys '' ( attaca # 20B ) -- Elphaba ( speaking ) , Wizard ( speaking ) # 20B -- `` Dillamond Discovered '' -- Elphaba ( speaking ) , Wizard ( speaking ) , Guard ( speaking ) , Doctor Dillamond ( speaking / `` bleating '' ) , Fiyero ( speaking ) # 21 -- `` I 'm Not That Girl ~ Reprise '' ( segue # 22 ) -- Wizard ( speaking ) , Madame Morrible ( speaking ) , Glinda # 22 -- `` As Long As You 're Mine '' -- Elphaba , Fiyero # 22A -- `` The Cyclone '' -- Orchestra , Elphaba ( speaking ) , Fiyero ( speaking ) , Glinda ( speaking ) # 22B -- `` Fiyero ! '' ( attaca # 23 ) -- Orchestra , Glinda ( speaking ) , Guard ( speaking ) # 23 -- `` No Good Deed '' -- Elphaba # 24 -- `` March of the Witch - Hunters '' -- Ensemble , Boq , Lion , Glinda ( speaking ) , Madame Morrible ( speaking ) , Elphaba ( speaking ) # 24A -- `` The Letter '' -- Orchestra , Elphaba ( speaking ) , Glinda ( speaking ) # 24B -- `` For Good ~ Intro * '' ( attaca # 25 ) -- Elphaba ( speaking ) , Glinda ( speaking ) # 25 -- `` For Good * '' -- Elphaba , Glinda # 26 -- `` The Melting '' -- Elphaba ( speaking ) , Glinda ( speaking ) , Ensemble , Chistery ( speaking ) # 27 -- `` A Sentimental Man ~ Reprise '' -- Wizard ( pre-recorded and live ) , Morrible ( speaking ) , Glinda ( speaking ) # 28 -- `` Finale '' -- Glinda , Morrible ( speaking ) , Ensemble , Scarecrow ( speaking ) , Elphaba # 29 -- `` Bows / Exits '' -- Orchestra ° In the CD Recordings , # 17A , # 18 , # 18A , and # 18B are mixed and edited into one track , collectively titled `` Thank Goodness '' ; # 24B and # 25 are combined into the track titled `` For Good '' . Music and Recordings ( edit ) Music analysis ( edit ) The Wicked overture The first 15 bars of the overture ; note the identical chord progression to `` As Long as You 're Mine '' Problems playing this file ? See media help . The score of Wicked is heavily thematic , bearing in some senses more resemblance to a film score than a traditional musical score . While many musical scores employ new motifs and melodies for each song with little overlap , Schwartz integrated a handful of leitmotifs throughout the production . Some of these motifs indicate irony -- for example , when Galinda presents Elphaba with a `` ghastly '' hat in `` Dancing through Life '' , the score reprises a theme from `` What is this Feeling ? '' a few scenes earlier , in which Elphaba and Glinda had espoused their mutual loathing . Two musical themes in Wicked run throughout the score . Although Schwartz rarely reuses motifs or melodies from earlier works , the first -- Elphaba 's theme -- came from The Survival of St. Joan , on which he worked as musical director . `` I always liked this tune a lot and I never could figure out what to do with it , '' he remarked in an interview in 2004 . The chord progression that he first penned in 1971 became a major theme of the show 's orchestration . By changing the instruments that carry the motif in each instance , Schwartz enables the same melody to convey different moods . In the overture , the tune is carried by the orchestra 's brass section , with heavy percussion . The result is , in Schwartz ' own words , `` like a giant shadow terrorizing you '' . When played by the piano with some electric bass in `` As Long As You 're Mine '' , however , the same chord progression becomes the basis for a romantic duet . And with new lyrics and an altered bridge , the theme forms the core of the song `` No One Mourns the Wicked '' and its reprises . Schwartz uses the `` Unlimited '' theme as the second major motif running through the score . Although not included as a titled song , the theme appears as an interlude in several of the musical numbers . In a tribute to Harold Arlen , who wrote the score for the 1939 film adaptation , the `` Unlimited '' melody incorporates the first seven notes of the song `` Over the Rainbow . '' Schwartz included it as an inside joke as , `` according to copyright law , when you get to the eighth note , then people can come and say , ' Oh you stole our tune . ' And of course obviously it 's also disguised in that it 's completely different rhythmically . And it 's also harmonized completely differently ... It 's over a different chord and so on , but still it 's the first seven notes of ' Somewhere Over the Rainbow ' '' . Schwartz further obscured the motif 's origin by setting it in a minor key in most instances . This also creates contrast in the songs in which it forms a part , for example in `` Defying Gravity '' , which is written primarily in the key of D - flat major . In the song `` The Wicked Witch of the East '' , however , when Elphaba finally uses her powers to let her sister walk , the `` Unlimited '' theme is played in a major key . Recordings ( edit ) See also : Wicked ( musical album ) A cast recording of the original Broadway production was released on December 16 , 2003 , by Universal Music . All of the songs featured on stage are present on the recording with the exception of `` The Wizard and I ( Reprise ) '' and `` The Wicked Witch of the East '' . The short reprise of `` No One Mourns the Wicked '' that opens Act II is attached to the beginning of `` Thank Goodness '' . The music was arranged by Stephen Oremus , who was also the conductor and musical director and James Lynn Abbott , with orchestrations by William David Brohn . The recording received the Grammy Award for Best Musical Show Album in 2005 and was certified platinum by the RIAA on November 30 , 2006 . The album was certified double platinum on November 8 , 2010 . A fifth - anniversary special edition of the original Broadway cast recording was released on October 28 , 2008 , with a bonus CD including tracks from the Japanese and German cast recordings , `` Making Good '' -- a song later replaced by `` The Wizard and I '' -- sung by Stephanie J. Block with Schwartz at the piano , `` I 'm Not that Girl '' by Kerry Ellis ( featuring Brian May on guitar ) , Menzel 's dance mix of `` Defying Gravity '' and `` For Good '' sung by LeAnn Rimes and Delta Goodrem . A German recording of the Stuttgart production was released on December 7 , 2007 , featuring a track listing and arrangements identical to those of the Broadway recording . The Japanese cast recording was released on July 23 , 2008 , featuring the original Tokyo cast . It is notable for being the only Cast Album of the show that includes Glinda 's Finale dialogue . Orchestration ( edit ) A comparison between the original and reduced ( written for the 2005 national tour ) orchestrations Original Reduced Reed 1 : Piccolo , Flute , Alto Flute , Recorder , Pennywhistle in D Reed 2 : Oboe , English Horn , Bass Oboe Reed 3 : B ♭ Clarinet , E ♭ clarinet , Bass Clarinet , Soprano Saxophone Reed 4 : Flute , Clarinet , Bass Clarinet , Bassoon , Baritone Saxophone Reed 1 : Piccolo , Flute , Alto Flute , Soprano Recorder Reed 2 : Oboe , English horn Reed 3 : B ♭ Clarinet , E ♭ Clarinet , Bass Clarinet , Soprano Saxophone 2 Horns 2 Trumpets ( doubling as Flügel in many pieces ) 2 Trombones ( 1 Tenor , 1 Bass ) 1 Horn 2 Trumpets ( doubling as Flügel in many pieces ) 1 Trombone ( mainly Tenor , but also doubling as Bass ) Drum Set ( including : Snare , Bass Drum , Kick Drum , 4 Toms , Crash Cymbal , China Cymbal , Sizzle Cymbal , Ride Cymbal , Tambourine , and other auxiliary items . Drum Set ( including : Snare , Bass Drum , Kick Drum , 4 Toms , Crash Cymbal , China Cymbal , Sizzle Cymbal , Ride Cymbal , Tambourine , and other auxiliary items . Percussion ( including : Glockenspiel , Vibraphone , Timpani , Chimes / Tubular Bells , Crotales , TamTam , gongs , Taiko Drums , Triangle , and other various instruments ) Percussion ( including : Glockenspiel , Vibraphone , Timpani , Chimes / Tubular Bells , Crotales , TamTam , gongs , Taiko Drums , Triangle , and other various instruments ) Guitar 1 ( Electric , Acoustic , E-bow , Banjo , and Mandolin ) Guitar 2 ( Electric , Acoustic , Banjo , 12 - String , and E-bow ) Guitar ( Electric , Acoustic , Classical , E-bow , Banjo , 12 - String , and Mandolin ) Violin 1 , Violin 2 , Viola , Cello , Bass ( doubling electric and fretless ) Violin , Cello , Bass ( doubling electric ) 1 Harp 3 Keyboards ( Piano , Rhodes / Suitcase , Electronic Piano , Strings , various Brass and Woodwind instruments , and other various sounds and combinations of sounds ) 4 Keyboards ( Piano , Rhodes / Suitcase , Electronic Piano , Strings , various Brass and Woodwind instruments , Sampled Harp Glissandi , and other combinations of sounds ) Productions ( edit ) Production Venue / Location Opening Night Closing Night Notes San Francisco Curran Theatre June 10 , 2003 June 29 , 2003 Debut production . Pre-Broadway try - out ; cast transferred to Broadway Broadway George Gershwin Theatre October 30 , 2003 Currently running Longest running production so far ; original cast recording released 1st North American National Tour Various March 31 , 2005 March 15 , 2015 First location : Toronto , Canada . Opening night delayed due to the injury of Stephanie J. Block ; one of the longest - running Broadway musical tours in the US Chicago Ford Center - Oriental Theatre July 13 , 2005 January 25 , 2009 Transferred to 2nd North American National Tour West End Apollo Victoria Theatre September 27 , 2006 Currently running British premiere of Wicked . First full official production outside the US Los Angeles Pantages Theatre February 21 , 2007 January 11 , 2009 Transferred to San Francisco Tokyo The Dentsu - Shiki Theatre June 17 , 2007 September 6 , 2009 First Japanese - language replica production ( cast recording released ) ; Transferred to Osaka Stuttgart Palladium Theater November 15 , 2007 January 29 , 2010 First German - language production ( cast recording released ) ; Transferred to Oberhausen Melbourne Regent Theatre July 12 , 2008 August 9 , 2009 First Australian production ; Transferred to Sydney San Francisco Orpheum Theatre February 6 , 2009 September 5 , 2010 Second Californian production 2nd North American National Tour Various March 12 , 2009 Currently running First location : Fort Myers , Florida . Sydney Capitol Theatre September 12 , 2009 September 26 , 2010 Transferred to Australian National Tour Osaka Osaka Shiki Theatre October 11 , 2009 February 13 , 2011 Transferred to Fukuoka Oberhausen Metronom Theater March 5 , 2010 September 2 , 2011 Helsinki Helsinki City Theatre August 26 , 2010 May 4 , 2011 First non-replica production Copenhagen Det Ny Teater January 12 , 2011 May 29 , 2011 Non-replica production Australian National Tour QPAC , Brisbane Festival Centre , Adelaide Burswood Theatre , Perth January 25 , 2011 September 11 , 2011 Opening night delayed due to the Queensland floods ; transferred to Asian National Tour Fukuoka Canal City Theatre April 3 , 2011 August 28 , 2011 Transferred to Nagoya Nagoya Shin Nagoya Musical Theater September 25 , 2011 September 2 , 2012 Asian National Tour Grand Theater , Singapore / Bluesquare Samsung Electronics Hall December 9 , 2011 October 7 , 2012 English - language production ; Transferred to Australasian National Tour Scheveningen AFAS Circus Theater November 6 , 2011 January 11 , 2013 First Dutch - language production Tokyo The Dentsu - Shiki Theatre August 3 , 2013 November 16 , 2014 First revival production UK / IRE National Tour Various September 17 , 2013 July 25 , 2015 First location : Manchester , England Final location : Salford , England Australasian National Tour The Civic , Auckland , New Zealand CCP Main Theater , Manila , Philippines Melbourne , Sydney , Brisbane , Perth ; Australia September 21 , 2013 June 28 , 2015 First location : Auckland , New Zealand . Mexico City Teatro Telcel October 17 , 2013 January 18 , 2015 First Spanish - language replica production . Seoul Charlotte Theater November 22 , 2013 October 5 , 2014 First Korean - language replica production São Paulo Teatro Renault March 4 , 2016 December 18 , 2016 First Portuguese - language , first South American replica production ; holds the record for largest stage ever used by a production of Wicked . Sapporo Hokkaido Shiki Theatre May 3 , 2016 Currently running Daegu Keimyung Arts Center May 18 , 2016 June 19 , 2016 First Korean - language revival production Cast transferred to Seoul Seoul Opera Theater at Seoul Arts Center July 12 , 2016 August 28 , 2016 First Korean - language revival production International Tour The Alhambra Theatre , Bradford Grand Theater , Singapore Lyric Theatre ( HKAPA ) , Hong Kong The Theatre at Solaire , Manila Shanghai Cultural Square , Shanghai Tianqiao Performing Arts Center , Beijing Guangzhou Opera House , Guangzhou Zorlu Performans Sanatları Merkezi , Istanbul July 13 , 2016 July 2 , 2017 English - language production Original Broadway production ( edit ) The original Broadway production has been at the Gershwin Theatre since its opening in 2003 . Wicked officially opened on June 10 , 2003 at the Curran Theatre in San Francisco , after previews began on May 28 , in a pre-Broadway tryout presented by SHN . The cast included Kristin Chenoweth as Glinda , Idina Menzel as Elphaba , Robert Morse as the Wizard , Norbert Leo Butz as Fiyero , Michelle Federer as Nessarose , Carole Shelley as Madame Morrible , John Horton as Doctor Dillamond , and Kirk McDonald as Boq while Stephanie J. Block , who originally read the role of Elphaba in workshop development , served as an ensemble member and understudied the lead role . The tryout closed on June 29 , 2003 , and after extensive retooling , the musical began previews on Broadway at the Gershwin Theatre on October 8 , 2003 , and made its official premiere on October 30 . Most of the original production team and cast members remained with the show , with the exception of some minor ensemble changes and the replacement of Robert Morse with Joel Grey as the Wizard , John Horton with William Youmans as Doctor Dillamond and Kirk McDonald with Christopher Fitzgerald as Boq , while Eden Espinosa and Laura Bell Bundy were added as standbys for Elphaba and Glinda respectively . North American productions ( edit ) In 2005 , the first national tour of Wicked ( called the `` Emerald City Tour '' by the producers ) started in Toronto , Ontario , and has since visited numerous cities throughout the United States and Canada . Stephanie J. Block was set to open the tour as Elphaba with previews beginning March 8 , but after having sustained a minor injury in rehearsal , Kristy Cates temporarily took her place . Previews were therefore postponed until the following day . After some delay , Block made her debut on March 25 , and the tour officially opened on March 31 . The original touring cast also included Kendra Kassebaum as Glinda , Derrick Williams as Fiyero , Jenna Leigh Green as Nessarose , Carol Kane as Madame Morrible , Timothy Britten Parker as Doctor Dillamond , Logan Lipton as Boq , and David Garrison as the Wizard . After a decade of shows , the tour concluded at the Pantages Theatre in Los Angeles on March 15 , 2015 . The tour played 4,160 performances at 124 engagements , and grossed over $790 million ( an average of $1.5 million a week ) . It was seen by 10.3 million people in 55 cities . The closing cast included Jennifer DiNoia as Elphaba , Chandra Lee Schwartz as Glinda , Nick Adams as Fiyero , Kim Zimmer as Madam Morrible , Tim Kazurinsky as The Wizard , Jenny Florkowski as Nessarose , Tom Flynn as Doctor Dillamond and Etai Benson as Boq . Wicked ran at the Orpheum Theatre in San Francisco for almost two years . While the original touring cast intended to play a limited engagement from April 29 to June 12 , 2005 at the Oriental Theatre in Chicago , producers decided to extend it to an open - ended run , making it the first non-Broadway sit - down production of Wicked . Opening at the same Chicago theatre the day after the touring production had finished , the original Chicago cast included Ana Gasteyer as Elphaba , Kate Reinders as Glinda , Rondi Reed as Madame Morrible , Kristoffer Cusick as Fiyero , Telly Leung as Boq , Heidi Kettenring as Nessarose and Gene Weygandt as the Wizard . The production closed on January 25 , 2009 , after over 1,500 performances . The touring production returned to Chicago for a special engagement at the Cadillac Palace Theatre from December 1 , 2010 to January 23 , 2011 . In celebration of the musical 's 10th anniversary , the tour played an eight - week return engagement , returning to the Oriental Theatre , from October 30 through December 21 , 2013 . An open - ended production also appeared in Los Angeles , California at the Pantages Theatre . Performances began on February 10 , 2007 , with an official opening on February 21 . Megan Hilty and original Broadway standby Eden Espinosa were Glinda and Elphaba respectively while Carol Kane was Madame Morrible , Timothy Britten Parker was Doctor Dillamond , Jenna Leigh Green was Nessarose , Adam Wylie was Boq , Kristoffer Cusick was Fiyero , and John Rubinstein was the Wizard . The production closed on January 11 , 2009 , after 791 performances and 12 previews . The first national touring production returned to the Pantages Theatre for a limited engagement from November 30 , 2011 until January 29 , 2012 . Another engagement played at the Pantages Theatre for an extended run lasting from December 10 , 2014 until the tour 's closing performance on March 15 , 2015 . This LA production was also featured in `` Something Wicked This Way Comes '' , a 2007 episode of Ugly Betty , as the Broadway production of Wicked , which is a major setting and plot point of the episode . A San Francisco production of Wicked officially opened February 6 , 2009 , at SHN 's Orpheum Theatre , following previews from January 27 . The cast included Teal Wicks as Elphaba , Kendra Kassebaum as Glinda , Nicolas Dromard as Fiyero , Carol Kane as Madame Morrible , David Garrison as the Wizard , Deedee Magno Hall as Nessarose , Tom Flynn as Doctor Dillamond , and Eddy Rioseco as Boq . The production closed on September 5 , 2010 , after 672 performances and 12 previews with Marcie Dodd as Elphaba and Alli Mauzey as Glinda . The first national touring company ended their second San Francisco engagement at the Orpheum Theatre , which ran January 23 -- February 17 , 2013 . The second national tour of Wicked ( called the `` Munchkinland Tour '' ) began in 2009 with previews on March 7 and official opening night on March 12 at the Barbara B. Mann Performing Arts Hall in Fort Myers , Florida . Like the first , this touring production has since visited numerous cities throughout North America . The original cast starred Marcie Dodd as Elphaba , Heléne Yorke as Glinda , Colin Donnell as Fiyero , Kristine Reese as Nessarose , Marilyn Caskey as Madame Morrible , David deVries as Doctor Dillamond , Ted Ely as Boq and Tom McGowan as the Wizard . London ( edit ) Since its opening , the London production has played at the Apollo Victoria Theatre The West End production began previews at the Apollo Victoria Theatre from September 7 , and officially opened on September 27 , 2006 . The production is currently booking until May 28 , 2018 and celebrated its fifth anniversary in 2011 with a special curtain call featuring former West End cast members . The London production was tailored slightly for a British audience , including minor creative changes to dialogue , choreography and special effects . A majority of these changes were later incorporated into all productions of Wicked . The changes include Elphaba meeting Fiyero when he first arrives at Shiz University . In addition , the waltz between Elphaba and the Wizard during Wonderful was removed . The West End production reunited the show 's original creative team with Idina Menzel , who had originated the role of Elphaba in the Broadway production . Original London cast members included Helen Dallimore as Glinda , Miriam Margolyes as Madame Morrible , Adam Garcia as Fiyero , Martin Ball as Doctor Dillamond , James Gillan as Boq , Katie Rowley Jones as Nessarose and Nigel Planer as the Wizard . After her limited engagement , Menzel was succeeded by Kerry Ellis , who became the first British woman to play the role of Elphaba and the following year , the second actress to play Elphaba on both Broadway and in the West End productions . An autism - friendly performance was given on 14 May 2016 in conjunction with the National Autistic Society . Wicked London celebrated its 10th anniversary on September 27 , 2016 , with Rachel Tucker reprising her role . The cast also included Suzie Mathers and Anita Dobson . UK and Ireland tours ( edit ) The show began its first national tour of the UK and Ireland on September 12 , 2013 at the Palace Theatre in Manchester , where it is played to November 16 . It then played Dublin in 2013 , and in 2014 , Milton Keynes , Cardiff , Glasgow , Leeds , Birmingham , Liverpool , Southampton and Edinburgh . In 2015 , the tour visited Plymouth , Bristol , Sunderland and Aberdeen , before concluding in Salford on July 25 , 2015 . The original cast comprised former West End standby Nikki Davis - Jones as Elphaba , with former ensemble member of the West End production , Emily Tierney , as Glinda . Alongside them were Liam Doyle as Fiyero , Marilyn Cutts as Madame Morrible , Carina Gillespie as Nessarose and George Ure , who was reprising his role as Boq from the West End production . For the first time , the roles of The Wizard and Doctor Dillamond were played by a single actor , Dale Rapley . At the time , the only other actor to play both roles in a single performance was London 's David Stoller in November 2008 , but this was only due to the absence of several actors . Another former West End standby , Ashleigh Gray , took over as Elphaba for the tour 's second contract run , making her the second actress after Davis - Jones to have played the role in both the West End and the UK touring production . Originally , Davis - Jones was due to leave in order to return to the London company and lead its cast , however , it was later announced that , towards the end of her run in August 2014 she had withdrawn from the tour and subsequently would not be appearing in the West End . A second UK and Ireland Tour is due to begin in December 2017 and continue to run until at least January 2019 . Aaron Sidwell was announced as Fiyero in August 2017 with the rest of the cast due to be announced September 2017 . International tour ( edit ) Wicked 's first International Tour opened on July 13 , 2016 at the Alhambra Theatre in Bradford , England . Jacqueline Hughes stars as Elphaba with Jodie Steele as her alternate , with Carly Anderson as Glinda and Bradley Jaden as Fiyero . A large portion of the cast are alumni from the previous UK and Ireland tour . After its stop in Bradford , the tour moved to Asia , first playing at the Grand Theater in Singapore . It then moved to the Lyric Theatre ( HK Academy of Performing Arts ) in Hong Kong , marking the first ever professional production of Wicked in Hong Kong . It is currently playing in Manila at The Theatre Solaire , marking Manila 's first professional production of Wicked . After its stop in Manila , the tour will head to Shanghai , Beijing , Guangzhou , and Istanbul . Further dates are unconfirmed . Australian productions ( edit ) Australian productions have played at the Regent Theatre , Melbourne ( left ) and the Capitol Theatre , Sydney ( right ) An Australian production officially opened on July 12 , 2008 , with previews commencing June 27 at the Regent Theatre in Melbourne . Amanda Harrison was originally cast as Elphaba , with Lucy Durack as Glinda . The original cast consisted of Rob Mills as Fiyero , Anthony Callea as Boq , Rob Guest as the Wizard , Maggie Kirkpatrick as Madame Morrible , Penny McNamee as Nessarose and Rodney Dobson as Doctor Dillamond . Guest unexpectedly died months into the Melbourne season , with the role being taken up by Bert Newton . Closing in Melbourne August 9 , 2009 , the show transferred to Sydney 's Capitol Theatre . Previews began on September 5 , 2009 , with the official opening on September 12 . Shortly into the run , Harrison was forced to leave the role of Elphaba , so current standby Jemma Rix and Australian theatre veteran Pippa Grandison began to share the role , each appearing in four shows per week . Eventually , it was confirmed that she would not be returning to the cast . Closing in Sydney September 26 , 2010 , the production embarked on a national Australian tour which began at the QPAC Lyric Theatre in Brisbane . After a two - week delay due to the Queensland floods , performances began January 25 , 2011 , and ran until April 2 . Rix became the sole lead Elphaba with David Harris joining as the new Fiyero . The touring production then moved to the Festival Centre in Adelaide , running from April 14 until June 4 , 2011 , with the final leg of the tour playing the Burswood Theatre in Perth , from June 19 to September 11 , 2011 , wrapping up more than three years of performances in Australia . An Asian tour began at Singapore 's Grand Theater in Marina Bay from December 6 , 2011 with Suzie Mathers taking over as Glinda opposite Rix . After the Singapore engagement of the tour closed April 22 , 2012 , performances began in Seoul , Korea from May 31 through October 6 , 2012 . The show then made its premiere in New Zealand , with previews taking place on September 17 , 2013 , and the official opening night on September 21 . The Auckland run concluded on November 24 , 2013 , where it played the Civic Theatre . The cast then moved on to the Main Theater of the Cultural Center of the Philippines in Manila on a limited run from January 22 through March 9 , 2014 after having been extended from its original closing date . At the time of the Wicked 's 10th Anniversary on Broadway , the show announced it would return to Australia for a commemorative national tour , beginning in Melbourne on May 10 , 2014 . Lucy Durack returned as Glinda , with Jemma Rix continuing as Elphaba . The final cast included Suzie Mathers ( who had returned once Durack announced her pregnancy ) as Glinda , Steve Danielsen as Fiyero , Simon Gallaher as the Wizard , Edward Grey as Boq , Emily Cascarino as Nessarose , Glen Hogstrom as Doctor Dillamond and original cast members Jemma Rix as Elphaba and Maggie Kirkpatrick as Madame Morrible . After seven years and close to 2,000 performances across 8 different cities internationally , Wicked closed indefinitely at the Burswood Theatre in Perth on June 28 , 2015 . Subsequent international productions ( edit ) A condensed thirty - minute version of the musical played at Universal Studios Japan in Osaka , Japan . Australian Jemma Rix was part of the original cast , alternating the role of Elphaba with Jillian Giaachi and Taylor Jordan . The show , which opened on July 12 , 2006 , featured the preliminary storyline of Act 1 but Fiyero , Madame Morrible , Boq , Nessarose and Doctor Dillamond were absent and there were considerable changes in sets and costumes . The final performance took place on January 11 , 2011 . The first replicated non-English production opened in Tokyo , Japan , on June 17 , 2007 with Hamada Megumi as Elphaba and Numao Miyuki as Glinda . The production closed on September 6 , 2009 , in preparation for its transfer to Osaka . After opening on October 11 , 2009 , the Osaka production closed on February 13 , 2011 , featuring Ebata Masae as Elphaba with Tomada Asako as Glinda . The production then moved again to Fukuoka on April 2 , 2011 where its original stars were Ebata Masae ( Elphaba ) and Numao Miyuki ( Glinda ) . After its closure in Fukuoka on August 28 , 2011 , the production re-located to Nagoya with performances beginning September 23 . It starred Masae Ebata and Asako Tomada as Elphaba and Glinda , respectively . Wicked re-opened in Tokyo at the Dentsu Shiki Theatre on August 3 , 2013 . The production closed on November 16 , 2014 . And the Production re-located to Sapporo in May 2016 . Renault Theater ( pt ) , stage of the Brazilian version of `` Wicked '' in São Paulo Renamed Wicked : Die Hexen von Oz ( Wicked : The Witches of Oz ) , the German production of Wicked began previews on November 1 , 2007 and opened on November 15 , at the Palladium Theater in Stuttgart . Willemijn Verkaik played Elphaba , Lucy Scherer played Glinda , Mark Seibert played Fiyero , Angelika Wedekind was Madame Morrible , Nicole Radeschnig was Nessarose , Stefan Stara was Boq , Michael Gunther was Doctor Dillamond , and Carlo Lauber played the Wizard . The production was produced by Stage Entertainment and closed on January 29 , 2010 , and transferred to Oberhausen where previews began at the Metronom Theater am CentrO on March 5 , 2010 , with an opening night of March 8 . The cast featured Willemijn Verkaik as Elphaba , Joana Fee Würz as Glinda , Barbara Raunegger as Madame Morrible , Mathias Edenborn as Fiyero , Janine Tippl as Nessarose , Ben Darmanin as Boq , Thomas Wissmann as Doctor Dillamond , and Carlo Lauber as the Wizard . Willemijn Verkaik left the role of Elphaba in February 2011 , after being consistently billed as lead for almost three and a half years between the Stuttgart and Oberhausen productions . The Oberhausen production closed on September 2 , 2011 . A brand new production , notable for not being a replica of the original Broadway staging , opened at the City Theatre in Helsinki , Finland on August 26 , 2010 after a preview performance took place on August 24 . Directed by Hans Berndtsson , the production stars Maria Ylipää as Elphaba , Anna - Maija Tuokko as Glinda , Tuukka Leppänen as Fiyero , Ursula Salo as Madame Morrible , Vuokko Hovatta as Nessarose , Antti Lang as Boq , Heikki Sankari as Doctor Dillamond , and Eero Saarinen as the Wizard . The second non-replicated production ran in Copenhagen , Denmark from January 12 until May 29 , 2011 , and was presented by Det Ny Teater . The cast included Annette Heick as Glinda , Maria Lucia Heiberg Rosenberg as Elphaba , John Martin Bengtsson as Fiyero , Marianne Mortensen as Madame Morrible , Anais Lueken as Nessarose , Kim Hammelsvang Henriksen as Boq , Kristian Boland as Doctor Dillamond and Steen Springborg as the Wizard . A Dutch - language production began previews at the Circustheater in Scheveningen , The Netherlands on October 26 , 2011 and was produced by Joop van den Ende Theaterproducties / Stage Entertainment . The official opening took place on November 6 . Willemijn Verkaik reprises her role of Elphaba from the German productions , becoming the first actress to play the role in two different languages . She is joined by Chantal Janzen as Glinda , Jim Bakkum as Fiyero , Pamela Teves as Madame Morrible , Christanne de Bruijn as Nessarose , Niels Jacobs as Boq , Jochem Feste Roozemond as Doctor Dillamond and Bill van Dijk in the role of the Wizard . As musicals do not usually run for a long open - ended run in the Netherlands , closing night took place as announced on January 11 , 2013 , following a 14 - month run . The first Spanish - language production opened in Mexico City , Mexico on October 17 , 2013 , following previews from October 10 . Produced by OCESA Teatro , the replica production plays at the Teatro Telcel . Former child star , Danna Paola , shares the role of Elphaba with Ana Cecilia Anzaldúa , making the 18 - year - old Paola the youngest actress in history to take on the role . They are both joined by Cecilia de la Cueva and Majo Pérez as Glinda , Jorge Lau as Fiyero , Anahi Allué as Madame Morrible , Marisol Meneses as Nessarose , Adam Sadwing as Boq and Beto Torres as Doctor Dillamond . Eugenio Montessoro was originally cast as the Wizard , but was replaced during previews by Paco Morales , for unknown reasons . Sebastian Treviño and Estibalitz Ruiz are recurrent Boq and Nessa Understudies and play the roles once a week . The first Korean - language production began performances in Seoul on November 22 , 2013 and is an all - new replica production . This production , located at the Charlotte Theater in Songpa , ran from November 22 , 2013 , to October 5 , 2014 . In November 2015 , the company `` Time For Fun '' , a leading company in the entertainment market in Latin America , announced the adaptation of the musical in Brazil , that debuted in March 2016 at the Renault Theatre in São Paulo . It is the largest stage that the musical has been mounted on yet . Film adaptation ( edit ) A film adaptation of Wicked had been in talks since 2004 , though producers were waiting for a dip in the stage musical 's earnings . Since 2012 , Universal Studios were reported to be producing the film with Stephen Daldry as director and Winnie Holzman , who wrote the musical 's book , to pen the screenplay . After long development , Universal announced in 2016 that the film will be released in theaters on December 20 , 2019 . Daldry is still scheduled to direct it , and the script is to be co-written by the musical 's creators , Holzman and Schwartz . According to Broadway.com , as of July 21 , 2016 , there is `` No word yet on casting . '' Response ( edit ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by the musical Wicked The original Broadway production of Wicked was nominated for 10 Tony Awards in 2004 , including Best Musical ; Book ; Orchestrations ; Original Score ; Choreography ; Costume Design ; Lighting Design ; Scenic Design while receiving two nominations for Best Actress -- for Menzel and Chenoweth . Menzel won the Best Actress award , and the show also won the Tony Awards for Best Scenic Design and Best Costume Design , notably losing Best Book , Original Score and ultimately Best Musical to Avenue Q. The same year , the show won 6 Drama Desk Awards out of 11 nominations , including Outstanding Musical , Book , Director and Costume Design in addition to winning 4 Outer Critics Circle Awards out of 10 nominations . The original Broadway cast recording also received the 2005 Grammy Award for Best Musical Show Album . Subsequent productions have received awards and nominations . The West End production received 5 Laurence Olivier Award nominations and later won the Audience Award for Most Popular Show at the 2010 award ceremony . The original Australian production received 6 Helpmann Awards out of 12 nominations , including Best Musical . Wicked was named the Best Musical of the Decade by Entertainment Weekly magazine and hailed `` a cultural phenomenon '' by Variety magazine . While not technically an `` award '' , the character of Elphaba was named 79th on Entertainment Weekly 's list of The 100 Greatest Characters of the Past 20 Years . Critical reception ( edit ) Touring cast members in the curtain call at a show in Omaha , Nebraska The Broadway production opened on October 30 , 2003 , to mixed to positive reviews from theatre critics . Menzel and Chenoweth received nearly unanimous praise for their performances as Elphaba and Glinda . Both USA Today and Time Magazine gave the Broadway production of Wicked very positive reviews , with Richard Zoglin of Time saying , `` If every musical had a brain , a heart and the courage of Wicked , Broadway really would be a magical place . '' Elysa Gardner of USA Today described it as `` the most complete , and completely satisfying , new musical I 've come across in a long time . '' Conversely , Ben Brantley in the New York Times loved the production but panned the show itself , calling it a `` sermon '' that `` so overplays its hand that it seriously dilutes its power , '' with a `` generic '' score . He noted that Glinda is such a showy role that the audience ends up rooting for her rather than the `` surprisingly colorless '' Elphaba , who is `` nominally '' the hero . Despite these mixed reviews , interest in Wicked spread quickly by word - of - mouth , leading to record - breaking success at the box office , as described below . Speaking to The Arizona Republic in 2006 , Schwartz commented , `` What can I say ? Reviews are reviews ... I know we divided the critics . We did n't divide the audience , and that 's what counts . '' International productions have opened to similarly ambivalent critical reception . The West End production opened to a slightly more upbeat response . The majority of critics have appreciated the spectacle of the lavish production , and the `` powerhouse '' performances of actors in the roles of the two witches . However , contemporaries have characterized the production as overblown , occasionally preachy , and suffering from more hype than heart . Although Charles Spencer of The Daily Telegraph described it as `` at times ... a bit of a mess , '' he praised Holzman 's script , described Kenneth Posner 's lighting design as `` magical '' and lauded Menzel 's Elphaba and Helen Dallimore 's Glinda . Michael Billington of The Guardian gave it three out of five stars and remarked on the competence of all the lead actors ; however , he complained that Wicked was `` all too typical of the modern Broadway musical : efficient , knowing and highly professional but more like a piece of industrial product than something that genuinely touches the heart or mind '' . Paul Taylor of The Independent gave extremely negative remarks to his viewing of the London production , calling the attempt at topical political allegory `` well - meaning but also melodramatic , incoherent and dreadfully superficial '' while deploring the acting , songs and book , concluding that `` the production manages to feel at once overblown and empty . '' Commercial reception ( edit ) Playing at the Oriental Theatre for more than three years , the Chicago production continually broke box - office records . Since its opening in 2003 , the original Broadway production of Wicked has broken the house record at the Gershwin Theatre twenty times . It regularly grosses in excess of $1.6 million each week , making it one of the most lucrative productions on Broadway . With a $14 million capitalization , the Broadway production took 15 months to break even , earning back its initial investment by December 21 , 2004 . In its first year , it grossed more than $56 million . In the week ending January 1 , 2006 , Wicked broke the record , previously held by the musical The Producers , for the highest weekly box office gross in Broadway history , earning $1,610,934 . It has gone on to break its own record numerous times , reaching $1,715,155 in November 2006 , $1,839,950 , during the 2007 Christmas week , $2,086,135 for the week ending November 29 , 2009 , $2,125,740 just a few weeks later for the eight performances ending January 3 , 2010 , and over $2.2 million in the week ending January 2 , 2011 . In the first week of 2012 , the Broadway production broke a record again , earning $2.7 million . Wicked once again broke this record in the final week of 2012 when it grossed $2.9 million . In the final weekend of 2013 , Wicked became the first musical to gross $3 million in one week . Wicked 's productions across North America and abroad have been equally financially successful . The Los Angeles production took the local weekly gross record , again from a performance of The Producers , bringing in $1,786,110 in the week ending March 4 , 2007 . The production joined its Broadway counterpart in setting a new record over Christmas 2007 with $1,949,968 , with records also set in Chicago ( $1,418,363 ) , and St Louis ( $2,291,608 ) , to bring the collective gross of the seven worldwide productions to a world record - breaking $11.2 million . A new suite of records were set over Christmas 2010 , with house records broken in San Francisco ( $1,485,692 ) , Providence ( $1,793,764 ) and Schenectady ( $1,657,139 ) as well as Broadway , bringing the musical 's one - week gross in North America alone to $7,062,335 . Wicked played to more than 2 million visitors in Chicago with a gross of over $200 million , making it the highest - grossing show in Chicago history by June 2007 . With an opening - week gross of $1,400,000 , it continually set records and became the longest - running Broadway musical in Chicago history . Producer David Stone told Variety , `` we thought it ( the Chicago production ) would run 18 months , then we 'd spend a year in Los Angeles and six months in San Francisco ... but sales stayed so strong that the producers created another road show and kept the show running in Chicago . '' In addition , over 2.2 million saw the touring production in its first two years , which grossed over $155 million The Los Angeles production grossed over $145 million and was seen by more than 1.8 million patrons . Over the 672 performances of the San Francisco production , Wicked sold over 1 million tickets with a cumulative gross of over $75 million . While the Broadway production of Wicked welcomed its 5 millionth audience member on September 29 , 2010 , The Los Angeles production played at the Pantages Theatre for almost two years , grossing more than $145 million . International productions of Wicked have matched the extremely positive reception at the box - office . Although West End theatres do not publish audited weekly grosses , the West End production of Wicked claimed to take the record for highest one - week gross in December 2006 , taking £ 761,000 in the week ending December 30 . On June 23 , 2008 , the producers reported that over 1.4 million people had seen the London production since its opening , and grosses had topped £ 50 million ; The same reports stated that the show has consistently been one of the two highest - grossing shows in the West End . For the week commencing December 27 , 2010 , the London production grossed £ 1,002,885 , the highest single - week gross in West End theatre history , with over 20,000 theatregoers attending the nine performances of Wicked that week . The Melbourne production broke Australian box - office records , selling 24,750 tickets in three hours during pre-sales and grossing over $1.3 million on the first business day after its official opening . On April 27 , 2009 , the production passed the milestone of 500,000 patrons . When it transferred to Sydney , the production broke `` all previous weekly box office records for a musical at the Capitol Theatre , grossing $1,473,775.70 '' in one week during October 2009 . In the week ending October 17 , 2010 , Wicked became only the third musical in Broadway history to exceed $500 million in total gross . By seats sold on Broadway , it ranks tenth of all time . As of September 2011 , Wicked 's North American and international companies have cumulatively grossed nearly $2.5 billion and have been seen by nearly 30 million people worldwide . The original production still runs today and currently stands as the 11th longest - running Broadway show in history . Wicked celebrated its 1,000 th performance on Broadway on March 23 , 2006 . Several other productions have also reached the 1,000 th performance milestone , including the first North American touring company on August 15 , 2007 , the Chicago company on November 14 , 2007 , the West End company on February 14 , 2009 , the Australian company on May 7 , 2011 and the second North American touring company on August 4 , 2011 . Behind the Emerald Curtain ( edit ) The success of the Broadway production has led to the development of an auxiliary show , Behind the Emerald Curtain , created by Sean McCourt -- an original Broadway production cast member who played the Witch 's Father , among other roles , in addition to understudying the Wizard and Doctor Dillamond , before taking over the latter principal role -- and Anthony Galde who was a long - running swing in the Broadway company from 2004 to 2012 . The tour features a ninety - minute behind - the - scenes look at the props , masks , costumes and sets used in the show , and includes a question - and - answer session with the cast members . The Broadway tour is currently led by McCourt and long - running ensemble member and Glinda understudy Lindsay K. Northen . The tour also featured in the Los Angeles , San Francisco and Chicago sit - down productions , and were each run by different long - serving cast members of the show . The tour provides a behind the scenes look at what goes into putting on the show every day . Participants get a first hand account of what it is like to be a part of the massive production that Wicked is . In Popular culture ( edit ) The success of Wicked has made several of the show 's songs popular and has resulted in references to the show , characters , and songs in popular culture . The Broadway production has been featured in episodes of television programs , including Brothers & Sisters and The War at Home . For filming purposes , the Pantages Theatre in Los Angeles doubled for the Gershwin Theatre on Broadway in Ugly Betty in an episode titled `` Something Wicked This Way Comes '' in which Betty , the show 's protagonist , goes to see Wicked on a date and accidentally stops the show . In the previous episode `` Brothers '' , Betty gets tickets to see Wicked and discusses with a friend how much she relates to Elphaba 's outcast status in a popularity and beauty - oriented environment ; In addition , The Simpsons episode `` Donnie Fatso '' sees Homer Simpson and Moe Szyslak accidentally sneak into a Springfield production of the show while the South Park episode `` Broadway Bro Down '' features Wicked and other musicals and have these shows contain subliminal messaging . In the episode , these messages persuade women into performing oral sex upon their spouse or boyfriend . The television series Glee has featured covers of songs from Wicked four times : firstly in the `` Wheels '' episode where two students ( Rachel and Kurt ) compete for a lead solo , using the song `` Defying Gravity '' , secondly in the `` New York '' episode where the same students duet on the Gershwin stage and sing `` For Good '' , on the show 's 100th episode , where three students sing `` Defying Gravity '' together and in the series ' penultimate episode , the same students sing `` Popular '' . On the show New Girl , a main character ( Winston ) sings the songs `` Popular '' and `` Defying Gravity '' on a trip to Mexico . A clip of the song `` Popular '' also plays in the 2009 movie Zombieland . Entertainer John Barrowman sang a version of `` The Wizard and I '' ( retitled `` The Doctor and I ) on his 2008 UK tour , with adapted lyrics referring to his Doctor Who and Torchwood character Jack 's affection for The Doctor . Kerry Ellis , who played Elphaba in the West End and on Broadway , recorded `` I 'm Not that Girl '' for the fifth anniversary edition of the original Broadway cast recording . She also recorded her own rock version of `` Defying Gravity '' . Both songs were produced by British musician Brian May and were featured on her extended play Wicked in Rock ( 2008 ) and debut album Anthems ( 2010 ) . She performed her version of `` Defying Gravity '' at the 2008 Royal Variety Performance alongside May on guitar . A dance remix of her rock version of `` Defying Gravity '' was later released in 2011 . Louise Dearman , who has played both Elphaba and Glinda in the West End , released an acoustic version of `` Defying Gravity '' for the Wicked edition of her album Here Comes the Sun . Her former co-star and London Elphaba Rachel Tucker also covered `` Defying Gravity '' on her debut album The Reason ( 2013 ) . Rapper Drake and singer Mika both sampled the musical 's song in their songs `` Popular '' and `` Popular Song '' respectively . American band Wheatus released an EP ' The Lightning EP ' in their ' Pop , Songs & Death ' series that was inspired by Wicked with heavy influences throughout including lyrics in `` Real Girl '' such as `` You were the perfect colour , Bright green lady '' with Elphaba and Scarecrow - like characters in the video . The cover art for the album was also bright green and included an Elphaba - style hat . Media as diverse as the anime series Red Garden , the daytime drama Passions and the Buffy the Vampire Slayer graphic novels have all parodied Wicked 's songs and characters . At the start of the second of three episodes of the miniseries , Tin Man ( another adaptation of Baum 's Ozian universe ) , protagonist DG refers to her father as `` Popsicle '' vice the more common names `` Pop '' or `` Pappi '' , echoing Galinda in her letter home at the start of `` What is this Feeling ? '' . Also , in the second episode of the ABC Family drama series Huge , one of the characters wears a `` Shiz University '' athletic Dept T - shirt , while Wicked and its `` long lines '' have been mentioned in the Nickelodeon series iCarly . The Broadway musical Shrek the Musical parodies the show 's Act I finale with `` What 's Up , Duloc ? '' ; character Lord Farquaad re-enacts `` Defying Gravity '' by proclaiming `` No one 's gon na bring me down '' followed by the legato belt while atop his castle . The end of the song `` Killer Instinct '' in Bring It On the Musical parodies the closing notes of `` No One Mourns the Wicked . '' The Oscar - winning song `` Let It Go '' from the successful 2013 Disney film Frozen , that also won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature , had been compared to `` Defying Gravity '' due to its similar theme and similar singing style , and was sung by the original Elphaba Idina Menzel . Willemijn Verkaik voiced the Dutch and German versions of the role of Elsa in Frozen and sang Let It Go in these two languages . This became another role originally played by Idina Menzel that Willemijn Verkaik played , following her success in the German , Dutch and English language productions of Wicked . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Wicked '' . Internet Broadway Database . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Longest Runs on Broadway '' . Playbill . August 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wicked : The Show '' . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . `` '' Wicked Breaks Record for Highest - Grossing Week in Broadway History Archived January 5 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. `` . Playbill . January 4 , 2011 . Retrieved March 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Press release ( January 4 , 2011 ) . `` Wicked Sets New Box Office Record with a Single Week Gross of over £ 1 Million , Crowning a Record - Breaking 2010 Archived July 24 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . '' . wickedthemusical.co.uk . Retrieved March 9 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wicked Becomes First Broadway Musical to Gross Over $3 Million in One Week '' . playbillBroadwayworld.com . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2014 . Retrieved January 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McPhee , Ryan . `` Wicked Surpasses The Phantom of the Opera as Second - Highest - Grossing Show in Broadway History '' , Playbill , July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Bucchino and the Origins of Wicked '' . MusicalSchwartz.com . 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Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 14 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.westendtheatre.com/52465/news/alice-fearn-and-sophie-evans-to-head-west-end-cast-of-wicked/ ^ Jump up to : `` Wicked -- Musical Themes '' . MusicalSchwartz.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Defying Gravity '' . Musicnotes.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Wicked ( CD liner ) . Original Broadway Cast . Universal Music . 2003 . Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth ( February 13 , 2005 ) . `` Wicked 's Cast Album Wins Grammy Award '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2007 . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` WICKED Original Cast Recording Certified Platinum '' . BroadwayWorld.com . November 30 , 2006 . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` WICKED Cast Album Goes Double Platinum '' . BroadwayWorld.com . November 8 , 2010 . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . 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March 9 , 2015 . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( March 23 , 2005 ) . `` Wicked To Have Open - Ended Chicago Run '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2008 . Retrieved January 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kleiman , Kelly . `` Wicked '' . Aisle Say Chicago . Retrieved January 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( January 25 , 2009 ) . `` Wicked Ends Lengthy Chicago Sit - Down Engagement Jan. 25 '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2009 . Retrieved January 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Wicked '' Archived February 10 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... Broadwayinchicago.com Jump up ^ Jones , Chris ( December 4 , 2010 ) . `` Sing - a-long - a ' Wicked ' '' . Chicago Tribune Jump up ^ Wicked Will Return to Chicago for Eight - Week Run Archived April 7 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Playbill , Retrieved December 4 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Wicked Cities -- Los Angeles '' . Wicked The Musical . Retrieved November 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( January 4 , 2007 ) . `` John Rubinstein and Carol Kane Set for L.A. Wicked '' Archived June 4 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Playbill . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( January 11 , 2009 ) . `` Wicked Ends Lengthy Los Angeles Run Jan. 11 '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2012 . Retrieved January 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ' Billy Elliot , ' ' Memphis , ' ' La Cage ' Coming to Pantages Theatre in 2011 -- 12 '' . Jump up ^ `` WICKED Adds Six Weeks of Performances to 2015 Hollywood Pantages Run '' . Broadway World . September 30 , 2014 . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( February 6 , 2009 ) . `` Wicked , with Wicks and Kassebaum , Opens in San Francisco Feb. 6 '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2009 . Retrieved March 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( December 16 , 2008 ). `` Kassebaum and Wicks Will Head Cast of San Francisco Wicked '' Archived December 18 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... Playbill . Jump up ^ `` Dromard , Flynn , Hall and Rioseco Will Join Kassebaum and Wicks in San Fran Wicked '' Playbill . January 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ BWW News Desk. `` ' Wicked ' To End San Francisco Run '' . broadwayworld.com. April 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Wicked 's Second North American Tour Launches March 7 '' . Playbill . March 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dodd , Yorke , Caskey and McGowan To Star in Wicked 's Second North American Tour '' Archived February 12 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... Playbill . February 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Photo Flash : West End 's WICKED Celebrates 5th Birthday ! '' . Broadwayworld.com . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( December 1 , 2006 ) . `` Diva Talk : Chatting with Wicked and Rags Star Eden Espinosa '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2007 . They 're going to implement the changes made for ( the ) London ( production of Wicked ) in the L.A. company . Jump up ^ `` Idina Menzel to Star in London 's Wicked '' . playbill.com . Playbill. April 21 , 2006 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2014 . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Porteous , Jacob ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` Wicked to Host Dedicated Autism - Friendly Performance '' . London Theatre Direct . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wicked to Go on the U.K. Road in September 2013 '' . playbill . November 5 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2012 . Retrieved November 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tierney , Doyle and Davis - Jones Confirmed For WICKED UK Tour ! Retrieved June 7 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` All Change For WICKED 's Elphabas ; Nikki Davis - Jones Out Of Tour And West End '' . broadwayworld.com . August 29 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.wickedthemusical.co.uk/uk-tour/tour-dates Jump up ^ `` Wicked Musical '' . Front Row King . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2011 . Retrieved November 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( February 12 , 2008 ) . `` Harrison , Durack , Guest , Mills , Callea and Kirkpatrick To Star in Australia 's Wicked '' . Playbill . Retrieved February 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( October 2 , 2008 ) . `` Theatre Great Rob Guest Dies after Suffering a Stroke '' . Herald Sun . Australia . Retrieved October 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Troy Dodds ( 30 December 2009 ) . `` Amanda Harrison will return '' . Aussie Theatre . Retrieved 6 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Bryce Hallett ( 9 February 2010 ) . `` Wicked effect on star 's voice forces her to call it quits '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 6 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Litchfield , Neil . `` Meet the Rising Wicked Witch of the West . '' . Stage Whispers . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` David Harris Becomes the New Fiyero for ' Wicked ' Australia '' Archived December 9 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... broadwayiswicked.com . November 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ James , Erin ( August 22 , 2011 ) . `` Major Musicals : Openings and Closings '' . Retrieved August 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McRae , Ross . `` Magical farewell as Wicked closes '' . Yahoo7 . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singapore Website '' . Wicked Singapore . Retrieved August 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Something Wicked Is Coming To Singapore ! '' ( PDF ) . Wicked Singapore . Retrieved August 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Marina Bay Sands - Event Synopsis '' . Entertainment.marinabaysands.com . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wicked coming to Auckland '' . voxy.co.nz . Jump up ^ `` Time to get Wicked ! Opening date : Jan. 22 , 2014 '' . philstar.com . Jump up ^ `` Manila run of ' Wicked ' extended to March 9 '' . ABS-CBNnews.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` WICKED Begins 10th Anniversary Tour '' . Wicked the Musical . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WICKED has a new Glinda ! '' . Wicked the Musical . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Simon Gallaher to Join WICKED in Perth & Brisbane '' . Broadway World . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Papain , Jessie . `` Wicked ends on a high note '' . Yahoo ! 7 . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Attractions , ' Wicked ' listing '' Archived July 16 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Universal Studios Japan . Retrieved December 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ( What are these ? ) ( December 9 , 2010 ) . `` 10th Anniversary for Universal Japan '' . Blooloop.com . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2010 . Retrieved December 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 劇団 四季 四季 なび gation 02 - ウィキッド '' ( in Japanese ) . Shiki Theatre Company . February 25 , 2009 . Retrieved May 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ongoing Productions '' . shiki.jp . Jump up ^ `` Die Vampire kehren zurück '' ( March 19 , 2009 ) Archived March 23 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . in Stuttgarter Zeitung ( in German ) Jump up ^ Wicked -- Oberhausen , stage-entertainment.de , June 18 , 2009 Archived September 1 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` ' Wicked ' in Finland '' . musicalschwartz.com . Retrieved December 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wicked ' Goes to Denmark , 2010 -- 2011 '' . BroadwayWorld.com . December 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Medvirkende -- Det Ny Teater '' . Detnyteater.dk . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2010 . Retrieved December 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Roberta Valentini Wird Die Neue Elphaba In Oberhausen '' ( in German ) . stage-entertainment.de . Archived September 5 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Wicked '' . Cartelera de Teatro DF . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2015 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 28 . 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The Hollywood Reporter . May 18 , 2004 . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Drama Desk Award Winners '' . Drama Desk Awards . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations Announced for 2007 Laurence Olivier Awards '' . The Society of London Theatre . January 18 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Spring Awakening , Cat on a Hot Tin Roof and Wicked Win Olivier Awards '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2010 . Retrieved December 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` WICKED Named ' Best Stage Musical ' of the Decade by Entertainment Weekly ; August : Osage County Best Play '' . Broadwayworld.com . Retrieved December 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Broadway Gals Elphaba , Mimi and Violet Among Entertainment Weekly 's Top 100 Characters '' . Broadway.com . May 28 , 2010 . Retrieved December 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Wicked reviews '' . 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Jump up ^ Taylor , Paul ( September 28 , 2006 ) . `` First Night : Wicked , Apollo Victoria , London '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved August 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Broadway Grosses -- ' Wicked ' '' broadwayworld.com Jump up ^ Ku , Andrew ( November 5 , 2007 ) . `` Broadway Grosses '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2007 . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Wicked on Broadway '' . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Wicked Has Highest Box Office Gross for Any Show in History -- $1,610,934 '' . BroadwayWorld.com . January 3 , 2006 . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Wicked Smashes Broadway Weekly Box Office Record '' . BroadwayWorld.com . November 27 , 2006 . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Official : WICKED Becomes the Highest Weekly Grossing Broadway Musical in History '' . broadwayworld.com . broadwayworld.com . November 30 , 2009 . Retrieved November 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` WICKED Breaks Own Record : Becomes the Highest Grossing Show in History Over Christmas Week '' . Broadwayworld.com . Retrieved December 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` WICKED Shatters Own Record for Highest Grossing Bway Show '' . Broadwayworld.com . Retrieved March 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` WICKED Sets New Broadway and Touring Records in 2012 '' . Broadwayworld.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wicked Breaks Los Angeles Box Office Records '' . BroadwayWorld.com . March 5 , 2007 . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ George , Doug ( January 3 , 2008 ) . `` It 's a Wicked Good Week '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved January 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wicked ' Shatters Box Office Records Worldwide '' . Jump up ^ `` Wicked Smashes Records , Earning $11.2 Million in One Week '' . Broadway.com . January 2 , 2008 . Retrieved January 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` WICKED Breaks Its Own Box Office Record To Become The Highest Grossing Show In Broadway History '' . Broadwayworld.com . Retrieved December 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Carter , Kelley L. ( November 14 , 2009 ) . `` ' Wicked ' Actor Ready for 1,000 More Shows '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved November 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Wicked Now Longest - Running Musical in Chicago History '' . Broadwayworld.com . Wisdom Digital Media . June 21 , 2007 . Retrieved January 11 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wicked Hits 1000th Chicago Performance Nov. 14 '' . BroadwayWorld.com . November 7 , 2007 . Retrieved January 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Wicked Now Longest - Running Musical in Chicago History '' . BroadwayWorld.com . June 21 , 2007 . Retrieved November 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Oxman , Steven ( January 22 , 2007 ) . `` Touring Shows Stay in the Loop : Broadway in Chicago Boost Economy '' . Variety . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Wicked Tickets '' . ticketdove.com . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2012 . Retrieved February 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wicked Bids LA Farewell , Leaves Happy Fans and Broken Records in Its Wake '' . BroadwayWorld.com . January 12 , 2009 . Retrieved January 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wiegand , David ( April 26 , 2010 ) . `` Curtain To Close on ' Wicked ' After 660 Performances '' . San Francisco Chronicle . p . E3 . Jump up ^ `` Photo Coverage : WICKED Celebrates 5 Million and Going Strong ! '' . Broadwayworld.com . Retrieved December 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Shenton , Mark ( October 31 , 2006 ) . `` Spinning the Grosses ... and Spinning the Gossip '' . The Stage . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Wicked ' Sets Record ' for West End '' . BBC News . October 31 , 2006 . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harriet Thorpe in Morrible in West End Wicked April 14 '' . Wicked The Musical ( UK ) . February 20 , 2008 . Retrieved April 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The hit musical Wicked reaches £ 50 million gross and continues to break records '' . West End production official site . June 23 , 2008 . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2008 . Retrieved July 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Wicked Sets New Box Office Record For London Theatres '' . Jump up ^ `` WICKED SETS NEW BOX OFFICE RECORD WITH A SINGLE WEEK GROSS OF OVER £ 1 MILLION , CROWNING A RECORD - BREAKING 2010 '' . Wicked the Musical . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2011 . Retrieved March 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wicked ' News '' wickedthemusical.com.au Archived July 22 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Wicked welcomes ist 500,000 th patron ! '' . Retrieved May 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dodds , Troy. `` ' Wicked ' Breaks Records '' Archived December 6 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... Aussietheatre.com.au . October 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Grosses , Cumulative '' . Broadwayworld.com Jump up ^ `` WICKED - The Broadway Musical - Australia '' . Wickedthemusical.com.au . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wicked Flies to 1,000 th Broadway Performance , March 23 '' . BroadwayWorld.com . March 16 , 2006 . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( August 15 , 2007 ) . `` Wicked Tour Celebrates 1,000 th Performance Aug. 15 '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2007 . Retrieved February 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` WICKED CELEBRATES 1000th PERFORMANCE 14 FEBRUARY '' . Wicked Official website . February 16 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2009 . Retrieved April 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` WICKED -- The Broadway Musical -- Australia '' . Wickedthemusical.com.au . May 6 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2011 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wicked 2nd National Tour ( FANPAGE ) '' . Facebook . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Emerald Curtain '' . Broadway in Chicago . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2008 . Retrieved January 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Emerald Curtain official website '' . Behind the Emerald Curtain . Retrieved November 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Matriarchy '' . Brothers & Sisters . Season 1 . Episode 23 . 2007 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` WICKED GETS UGLY '' . London Theatre Direct . 30 October 2007 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Something Wicked This Way Comes '' . Ugly Betty . Season 2 . Episode 6 . November 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Brothers '' . Ugly Betty . Season 1 . Episode 15 . February 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mika samples Wicked 's `` Popular '' in song about bullying and homophobia Archived May 18 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , Retrieved September 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` At Every Window '' . Red Garden . Season 1 . Episode 5 . October 31 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Whedon , Joss ( w ) , Jeanty , Georges ( p ) , Owens , Andy ( i ) . `` Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eight '' The Long Way Home v3 , 1 ( May 21 , 2007 ) , Dark Horse Comics Jump up ^ Tin Man episode 2 , December 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Killer Instinct Bring it on the Musical . YouTube . September 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Frozen ' : Defying meteorology '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Wicked ( musical ) Official production sites North America UK Japan Netherlands Singapore Behind the Emerald Curtain Official UK Facebook Page Official UK Twitter Profile Wicked at the Internet Broadway Database Wicked at Playbill Vault Wicked at MusicalSchwartz.com , the official Stephen Schwartz fan site 9 Things You Probably Did n't Know About Wicked the Musical The Wicked Years by Gregory Maguire Books Wicked Son of a Witch A Lion Among Men Out of Oz Characters Elphaba Glinda Wizard of Oz Boq Nessarose Stage adaptation Wicked awards and nominations album Songs `` No One Mourns the Wicked '' `` Dear Old Shiz '' `` The Wizard and I '' `` What is this Feeling ? 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Neill Jack Snow Rachel Cosgrove Payes Eloise Jarvis McGraw Dick Martin Alexander Volkov Gregory Maguire Sherwood Smith Roger S. Baum Illustrators William Wallace Denslow Frank Kramer Dirk Gringhuis Dick Martin Eric Shanower William Stout Adaptations and other derivative works Films The Fairylogue and Radio - Plays ( 1908 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1910 ) Dorothy and the Scarecrow in Oz ( 1910 ) The Land of Oz ( 1910 ) John Dough and the Cherub ( 1910 ) The Patchwork Girl of Oz ( 1914 ) The Magic Cloak of Oz ( 1914 ) His Majesty , the Scarecrow of Oz ( 1914 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1925 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1933 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Return to Oz ( 1964 ) The Wonderful Land of Oz ( 1969 ) Ayşecik ve Sihirli Cüceler Rüyalar Ülkesinde ( 1971 ) Journey Back to Oz ( 1974 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1975 ) The Wiz ( 1978 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1982 ) Return to Oz ( 1985 ) Dorothy Meets Ozma of Oz ( 1987 ) The Dreamer of Oz : The L. Frank Baum Story ( 1990 ) Lion of Oz ( 2000 ) The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz ( 2005 ) Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) Dorothy and the Witches of Oz ( 2011 ) After the Wizard ( 2011 ) Oz the Great and Powerful ( 2013 ) Legends of Oz : Dorothy 's Return ( 2014 ) Ozland ( 2014 ) Guardians of Oz ( 2015 ) Tom and Jerry : Back to Oz ( 2016 ) Stage The Wizard of Oz ( 1902 ) The Woggle - Bug ( 1905 ) The Tik - Tok Man of Oz ( 1913 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1942 ) The Wiz ( 1974 ) The Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1981 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1987 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 2000 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) The Woodsman ( 2012 ) Television Tales of the Wizard of Oz ( 1961 ) Off to See the Wizard ( 1967 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1986 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1990 ) The Oz Kids ( 1996 ) Lost in Oz ( 2002 ) Once Upon a Time ( since 2011 ) The Wiz Live ! 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( 1987 ) The Wonderful Galaxy of Oz ( 1990 ) Twister ( 1994 ) The Dark Tower IV : Wizard and Glass ( 1997 ) Tin Man ( 2007 ) Dorothy Must Die ( 2014 ) The Wicked Will Rise ( 2015 ) The Wicked Years Wicked Son of a Witch A Lion Among Men Out of Oz Wicked ( musical ) Characters Others Rainbow Road to Oz MÄR The Wizard of Oz ( pinball ) The Wizard of Oz ( arcade game ) Related The International Wizard of Oz Club The Baum Bugle Portal Laurence Olivier Audience Award for Most Popular Show The Phantom of the Opera ( 2002 ) Wicked ( 2010 ) We Will Rock You ( 2011 ) Les Misérables ( 2012 ) Billy Elliot the Musical ( 2013 ) Les Misérables ( 2014 ) Wicked ( 2015 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 2016 ) GND : 7863196 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wicked_(musical)&oldid=802202653 '' Categories : 2003 musicals Broadway musicals Laurence Olivier Award - winning musicals Musicals based on novels Oz in stage and film productions West End musicals The Wicked Years Fantasy theatre Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles containing Japanese - language text CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Articles with German - language external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Use mdy dates from February 2015 Pages with timeline metadata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Interlanguage link template link number Good articles Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Sicilianu Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 17 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who has played fiyero in wicked on broadway | [
"Wicked officially opened on June 10, 2003 at the Curran Theatre in San Francisco, after previews began on May 28, in a pre-Broadway tryout presented by SHN.[51] The cast included Kristin Chenoweth as Glinda, Idina Menzel as Elphaba, Robert Morse as the Wizard, Norbert Leo Butz as Fiyero, Michelle Federer as Nessarose, Carole Shelley as Madame Morrible, John Horton as Doctor Dillamond, and Kirk McDonald as Boq[16][52] while Stephanie J. Block, who originally read the role of Elphaba in workshop development, served as an ensemble member and understudied the lead role.[53] The tryout closed on June 29, 2003, and after extensive retooling,[16] the musical began previews on Broadway at the Gershwin Theatre on October 8, 2003, and made its official premiere on October 30. Most of the original production team and cast members remained with the show, with the exception of some minor ensemble changes and the replacement of Robert Morse with Joel Grey as the Wizard, John Horton with William Youmans as Doctor Dillamond and Kirk McDonald with Christopher Fitzgerald as Boq,[54] while Eden Espinosa and Laura Bell Bundy were added as standbys for Elphaba and Glinda respectively."
] | [
"Norbert Leo Butz"
] |
-9141057748170916699 | .300 Winchester Magnum | . 300 Winchester Magnum - wikipedia . 300 Winchester Magnum Jump to : navigation , search . 300 Winchester Magnum . 300 Winchester Magnum ( center ) flanked by its parent cartridges : the . 338 Winchester Magnum ( left ) and the . 375 H&H Magnum ( right ) . Type Rifle , Large game Place of origin United States Production history Designer Winchester Repeating Arms Company Designed 1963 Specifications Parent case . 375 H&H Magnum Case type Belted , bottleneck Bullet diameter . 308 in ( 7.8 mm ) Neck diameter . 339 in ( 8.6 mm ) Shoulder diameter . 489 in ( 12.4 mm ) Base diameter . 513 in ( 13.0 mm ) Rim diameter . 532 in ( 13.5 mm ) Rim thickness . 049 in ( 1.2 mm ) Case length 2.62 in ( 67 mm ) Overall length 3.34 in ( 85 mm ) Case capacity 93.8 gr H O ( 6.08 cm ) Rifling twist 1 : 10 ( 254 mm ) Primer type Large rifle magnum Maximum pressure ( C.I.P. ) 62,366 psi ( 430.00 MPa ) Maximum pressure ( SAAMI ) 64,000 psi ( 440 MPa ) Maximum CUP 54,000 CUP Ballistic performance Bullet mass / type Velocity Energy 165 gr ( 10.7 g ) GMX 3,260 ft / s ( 990 m / s ) 3,893 ft ⋅ lbf ( 5,278 J ) 180 gr ( 11.7 g ) BT 3,146 ft / s ( 959 m / s ) 3,972 ft ⋅ lbf ( 5,385 J ) 190 gr ( 12.3 g ) BTSP 3,083 ft / s ( 940 m / s ) 4,027 ft ⋅ lbf ( 5,460 J ) 200 gr ( 13.0 g ) Partition 3,029 ft / s ( 923 m / s ) 4,092 ft ⋅ lbf ( 5,548 J ) 220 gr ( 14.3 g ) Sierra MatchKing ( HPBT ) 2,850 ft / s ( 870 m / s ) 3,908 ft ⋅ lbf ( 5,299 J ) Test barrel length : 24 inches ( 61 cm ) Source ( s ) : Accurate Powders load guide v3. 5 Hodgdon powders achieve approx 100fps less . The . 300 Winchester Magnum ( also known as . 300 Win Mag or 300WM ) ( 7.62 × 67mm ) is a belted , bottlenecked magnum rifle cartridge that was introduced by Winchester Repeating Arms Company in 1963 . The . 300 Winchester Magnum is a magnum cartridge designed to fit in a standard rifle action . It is based on the . 375 H&H Magnum , which has been blown out , shortened , and necked down to accept a . 30 caliber ( 7.62 mm ) bullet . The . 300 Winchester is extremely versatile and has been adopted by a wide range of users including hunters , target shooters , military units , and law enforcement departments . Hunters found the cartridge to be an effective all - around choice with bullet options ranging from the flatter shooting 165 grain to the harder hitting 200 + grain selections available from the factory . The . 300 Win Mag remains the most popular . 30 caliber magnum with American hunters , despite being surpassed in performance by the more powerful . 300 and . 30 - 378 Weatherby Magnums and the newer . 300 Remington Ultra Magnum . It is a popular selection for hunting moose , elk , and bighorn sheep as it can deliver better long range performance with better bullet weight than most other . 30 caliber cartridges . Military and law enforcement departments adopted the cartridge for long range sniping and marksmanship . As a testament to its accuracy , since its introduction it has gone on to win several 1,000 - yard ( 910 m ) competitions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cartridge history 2 Design and specifications 3 Cartridge dimensions 4 Performance 5 Sporting applications and usage 6 Military and law enforcement applications 6.1 Military and law enforcement firearms 7 Criticism 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Cartridge history ( edit ) Prior to the design of the . 300 Winchester Magnum there were several cartridges that provided what could be best described as a magnum level of energy . The heritage of . 30 caliber ( 7.62 mm ) magnums can be traced back to the . 30 Newton in 1913 and to the . 300 H&H Magnum in 1925 . Beginning with the . 270 Weatherby Magnum in 1943 , Roy Weatherby introduced a line of cartridges based on a standard length ( 2.5 in ( 63.50 mm ) ) magnum case . This was accomplished by taking the . 30 Super Belted Rimless H&H case and having it blown out ( reducing the taper ) and shortened so that it could be cycled through a standard length bolt - action rifle . Then in 1944 he designed the . 300 Weatherby Magnum , which essentially was an improved version of the . 30 Super Belted Rimless H&H , a close variant of the . 300 H&H Magnum . The Weatherby 's standard length magnum case was soon noticed . In 1958 Winchester introduced three cartridges -- the . 264 Winchester Magnum , . 338 Winchester Magnum and the . 458 Winchester Magnum , all based on the shortened and blown out . 375 H&H Magnum case . The popular . 30 caliber 's omission from that lineup was not missed . Wildcatters soon produced the . 30 - 338 Winchester and Norma Projektilfabrik , who were by now manufacturing ammunition for Weatherby , took the standard length basic Weatherby brass and necked it down to . 30 caliber ( 7.62 mm ) and called it the . 308 Norma Magnum . The . 300 Winchester Magnum was introduced in 1963 by Winchester for use in the Model 70 rifle . The introduction of the . 300 Winchester Magnum was not unforeseen ; rather , its introduction was anticlimactic . Winchester developed the . 300 Winchester Magnum by taking the . 338 Winchester Magnum , which was introduced in 1958 , and moved the shoulder forward by 4.0 millimetres ( 0.156 in ) and lengthening it by 3.0 millimetres ( 0.120 in ) . This caused the cartridge to have a neck shorter than the diameter of the bullet . There has been some speculation that if the cartridge was released earlier , the dimensions of the cartridge would have matched the . 30 - 338 Winchester wildcat cartridge . Since its introduction the cartridge has remained extremely popular . The . 300 Winchester Magnum 's high availability in popular rifles such as Winchester 's Model 70 and Remington Model 700 made the cartridge a popular choice among the shooting public . Although the . 300 H&H Magnum , . 30 - 338 Winchester Magnum and the . 308 Norma Magnum had a head start on the . 300 Winchester Magnum these cartridges soon faded into obsolescence . Only the . 300 Winchester Magnum was to survive as a readily available cartridge . Other cartridges , while available , are more expensive . Design and specifications ( edit ) The . 300 Winchester uses the same case head design of the . 375 H&H Magnum , its parent cartridge . The taper of the cartridge was reduced to provide the cartridge with more volume so as to increase its potential powder capacity . The lengthening of the case and the move of the shoulder forward over the . 338 Winchester Magnum allowed for the reaming of the . 308 Norma Magnum or . 30 - 338 Winchester chamber to dimensions of the . 300 Winchester Magnum . The down side was a neck which was shorter than the caliber of the bullet it fired , which meant that the bullet had to be seated more deeply in the case . Cartridge dimensions ( edit ) The ammunition standards organizations SAAMI ( Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers ' Institute ) and C.I.P. ( Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes à Feu Portatives ) have provided specifications for the . 300 Winchester Magnum cartridge . Almost no divergence between C.I.P. and SAAMI dimensional values exist for this cartridge . The case volume will vary from manufacturer to manufacturer to such a degree the reloading software suite QuickLOAD provides five differing cartridge case capacities , that for reloading purposes significantly differ between manufacturers . The SAAMI specification . 300 Winchester Magnum case capacity is 91.5 grains of H O ( 5.93 ml ) . For four ammunition manufacturers the cartridge case capacities are provided as : Remington 88.0 grains of H O ( 5.70 ml ) Federal 92.0 grains of H O ( 5.96 ml ) Winchester 93.8 grains of H O ( 6.08 ml ) Norma 95.5 grains of H O ( 6.19 ml ) . 300 Winchester Magnum SAAMI cartridge dimensions . All sizes in inches ( in ) and millimeters ( mm ) . The projectile diameter should be 0.309 in ( 7.85 mm ) SAAMI recommends a bore diameter of 7.6 millimetres ( 0.300 in ) and a groove diameter of 7.8 millimetres ( 0.308 in ) . SAAMI recommended a six - groove barrel with each groove being 2.8 millimetres ( 0.110 in ) wide . Recommended twist ratio is 1 : 10 ( 254 mm ) . C.I.P. defines the common rifling twist rate for this cartridge as 254 mm ( 1 in 10 in ) , 6 grooves , Ø lands = 7.62 mm ( 0.300 in ) , Ø grooves = 7.82 mm ( 0.308 in ) , land width = 2.79 mm ( 0.110 in ) , and the primer type is large rifle magnum . The SAAMI Maximum Average Pressure ( MAP ) for this cartridge is 441.3 MPa ( 64,000 psi ) piezo pressure ( 54,000 CUP ) . According to the official C.I.P. ( Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes à Feu Portatives ) rulings the . 300 Winchester Magnum can handle up to 430.00 MPa ( 62,366 psi ) P piezo pressure . In C.I.P. regulated countries every rifle cartridge combo has to be proofed at 125 % of this maximum C.I.P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers . This means that . 300 Winchester Magnum chambered arms in C.I.P. regulated countries are currently ( 2013 ) proof tested at 494.50 MPa ( 71,721 psi ) PE piezo pressure . Performance ( edit ) The Winchester 's factory ammunition for the . 300 Winchester Magnum is capable of 990 m / s ( 3,260 ft / s ) with the 150 - grain ( 9.7 g ) bullet and 910 m / s ( 3,000 ft / s ) with the 12 - gram ( 180 gr ) bullet , however old Western `` Power Point '' soft point can reach past 1,000 metres per second ( 3,400 ft / s ) with 9.7 g ( 150 gr ) projectiles . The maximum point blank range for the 9.7 g ( 150 gr ) bullet is 291 metres ( 318 yd ) yards when zeroed at 250 metres ( 270 yd ) . The maximum point blank range for the 12 g ( 180 gr ) bullet is 300 yards when zeroed at 232 metres ( 254 yd ) . The ability to zero the . 300 Winchester Magnum and shoot without hold over to 270 metres ( 300 yd ) makes the cartridge one of the flatter shooting cartridges . Cartridge Criteria Muzzle 100 - yard ( 91 m ) 200 - yard ( 180 m ) 300 - yard ( 270 m ) 400 - yard ( 370 m ) 500 - yard ( 460 m ) . 308 Winchester ( Winchester -- SXP308 ) 150 gr ( 9.7 g ) Velocity 2,825 ft / s ( 861 m / s ) 2,616 ft / s ( 797 m / s ) 2,417 ft / s ( 737 m / s ) 2,226 ft / s ( 678 m / s ) 2,044 ft / s ( 623 m / s ) 1,871 ft / s ( 570 m / s ) Energy 2,658 ft ⋅ lbf ( 3,604 J ) 2,279 ft ⋅ lbf ( 3,090 J ) 1,945 ft ⋅ lbf ( 2,637 J ) 1,650 ft ⋅ lbf ( 2,240 J ) 1,392 ft ⋅ lbf ( 1,887 J ) 1,166 ft ⋅ lbf ( 1,581 J ) . 30 - 06 Springfield ( Remington -- PRA3006B ) 165 gr ( 10.7 g ) Velocity 2,800 ft / s ( 850 m / s ) 2,597 ft / s ( 792 m / s ) 2,403 ft / s ( 732 m / s ) 2,217 ft / s ( 676 m / s ) 2,039 ft / s ( 621 m / s ) 1,870 ft / s ( 570 m / s ) Energy 2,872 ft ⋅ lbf ( 3,894 J ) 2,470 ft ⋅ lbf ( 3,350 J ) 2,115 ft ⋅ lbf ( 2,868 J ) 1,800 ft ⋅ lbf ( 2,400 J ) 1,523 ft ⋅ lbf ( 2,065 J ) 1,281 ft ⋅ lbf ( 1,737 J ) . 300 Winchester Magnum ( Winchester -- SXP300WM ) 180 gr ( 12 g ) Velocity 3,000 ft / s ( 910 m / s ) 2,819 ft / s ( 859 m / s ) 2,646 ft / s ( 807 m / s ) 2,479 ft / s ( 756 m / s ) 2,318 ft / s ( 707 m / s ) 2,163 ft / s ( 659 m / s ) Energy 3,597 ft ⋅ lbf ( 4,877 J ) 3,176 ft ⋅ lbf ( 4,306 J ) 2,797 ft ⋅ lbf ( 3,792 J ) 2,455 ft ⋅ lbf ( 3,329 J ) 2,147 ft ⋅ lbf ( 2,911 J ) 1,869 ft ⋅ lbf ( 2,534 J ) . 300 Weatherby Magnum ( Weatherby -- N300180ACB ) 180 gr ( 12 g ) Velocity 3,250 ft / s ( 990 m / s ) 3,051 ft / s ( 930 m / s ) 2,861 ft / s ( 872 m / s ) 2,678 ft / s ( 816 m / s ) 2,503 ft / s ( 763 m / s ) 2,335 ft / s ( 712 m / s ) Energy 4,223 ft ⋅ lbf ( 5,726 J ) 3,721 ft ⋅ lbf ( 5,045 J ) 3,271 ft ⋅ lbf ( 4,435 J ) 2,868 ft ⋅ lbf ( 3,888 J ) 2,505 ft ⋅ lbf ( 3,396 J ) 2,179 ft ⋅ lbf ( 2,954 J ) Values courtesy of respective manufacturers The . 30 caliber is the most popular caliber in the United States . So it is not surprising that the widest range of bullets available is in the . 30 caliber . The most useful bullet weights for the . 300 Winchester Magnum are those weighing between 150 -- 200 grains ( 9.7 -- 13.0 g ) . However , bullets weighing between 7.1 -- 16.2 g ( 110 -- 250 gr ) are available to the reloader for the . 300 Winchester Magnum . Compared with the 30 - 06 Springfield the . 300 Winchester Magnum provides a nearly 300 ft / s ( 90 m / s ) increase in velocity . This translates to about 20 % greater energy advantage over the 30 - 06 Springfield cartridge . Due to the short neck , heavier bullets particularly those weighing greater than 13 grams ( 200 gr ) and mono - metal bullets such as the Barnes X bullets will need to be seated more deeply into the cartridge . As the bullet will take up volume which could have been taken by the propellant velocity advantages diminish as the weight of the bullet increases . The . 300 Winchester Magnum is known for its accuracy and has been used for 910 - metre ( 1,000 yd ) and 1,000 - metre ( 1,100 yd ) competitions . While in hunting situations such accuracy is unnecessary , such accuracy does aid in the extending the range of the cartridge . Taken together with its performance it remains one of the most useful and popular cartridges today . Although cartridges such as the . 30 - 378 Weatherby Magnum , . 300 Remington Ultra Magnum and the . 300 Weatherby Magnum all exceed performance of the . 300 Winchester Magnum none of these cartridges can be chambered in a standard length action . Few . 30 caliber ( 7.62 mm ) standard length cartridges can match the performance and versatility of the . 300 Winchester Magnum . The down side to this performance is recoil . The amount of recoil the cartridge generates is a step up from the non-magnum . 30 caliber ( 7.62 mm ) cartridges . Its recoil is about 30 % greater than that of the . 30 - 06 Springfield , which is known as a ' stout ' cartridge . This would put the . 300 Winchester Magnum at the upper limit of what most shooters can shoot comfortably for extended shooting sessions . As a rough comparison , the recoil of the . 300 Winchester Magnum is roughly comparable to a 12 gauge shotgun shooting 1 oz . slugs . This greater recoil can make the . 300 Winchester Magnum , despite its inherent accuracy advantages , a harder cartridge to shoot accurately , when compared to non-magnum . 30 caliber cartridges such as the . 30 - 06 Springfield or the . 308 Winchester . On the other hand , recoil is subjective ( some are more sensitive to it than others ) and one can get used to it with practice . Also , many rifles available today now have effective recoil attenuating features built into them , such as muzzle compensators and energy absorbing stocks and butt - pads , that can significantly lessen recoil as it is felt by the shooter . Sporting applications and usage ( edit ) Game Class vs 6 inch Maximum Point Blank Range comparing various 300 Winchester Magnum cartridges The . 300 Winchester Magnum is powerful enough to hunt any North American Game Animal . It is particularly useful when hunting the members of the ungulate family such as elk and moose and is a popular cartridge among hunters for these class 3 game species . Elk can weigh as much as 450 kilograms ( 1,000 lb ) and moose 640 kilograms ( 1,400 lb ) . Bullet weights of 10.7 -- 13.0 grams ( 165 -- 200 gr ) are the preferred choices for these game species . Controlled expansion bullets such as the Nosler Partition or Barnes X are preferred rather than more lightly constructed bullets for these larger species of ungulate . Bullets weighing 9.7 -- 10.7 g ( 150 -- 165 gr ) are adequate for smaller deer such as the mule deer and white tail deer . With its velocity , low bullet drop and ability to retain usable energy at an extended range , the . 300 Winchester Magnum comes into its element when hunting sheep . Be it for chamois in the Alps , bighorn in the Rockies , argali in the Pamirs or mouflon in the Caucasus the cartridge is an excellent choice for the sheep hunter . . 300 Winchester Magnum makes a good rifle for dangerous class 3 game such as bear . Both the black and grizzly bears are hunted using the cartridge . Many consider the . 300 Winchester Magnum to be on the lighter side of what is required for the largest bears but hunters have had success with the cartridge against these large bruins . Sectional Density vs Ballistic Coefficient comparing various 300 Winchester Magnum cartridges Due to its ability to shoot flat and carry its energy efficiently the cartridge is one of the more favored rounds for African plains game . With bullets of good sectional density and ballistic coefficients the cartridge possesses the long range performance necessary to take large game species at extended ranges . The . 300 Winchester Magnum can be used to hunt everything from the dik - dik to the giant eland . It is an excellent cartridge choice for all plains game under 680 kilograms ( 1,500 lb ) . The . 300 Win Mag sees use in long - range benchrest shooting competitions and has been adopted by law enforcement marksmen and by a few specific branches of the U.S. Military for use by snipers . Maximum effective range is generally accepted to be 1,210 yards ( 1,110 m ) with ammunition incorporating low - drag projectiles . Sub 1 minute - of - angle ( MOA ) accuracy out to 1,000 yards ( 910 m ) is not unusual in precision - built rifles firing match - grade ammunition . Recoil from the . 300 Win Mag is noticeably higher than the well - known and popular . 30 - 06 Springfield . Subsequently , Remington has made low - recoil rounds called `` Managed - Recoil '' available for the . 300 Win Mag , which recoil less while providing performance similar to the . 30 - 06 Springfield . Military and law enforcement applications ( edit ) M2010 Enhanced Sniper Rifle reconfigured M24 Sniper Weapon System chambered in . 300 Winchester Magnum . The U.S. government purchased MK 248 MOD 1 . 300 Winchester Magnum match - grade ammunition in 2009 for use in adapted M24 Sniper Weapon Systems and other . 300 Winchester Magnum sniper rifles like the U.S. Navy Mk. 13s . This ammunition was developed as a . 300 Winchester Magnum Match Product Improvement ( PIP ) and uses the 220 gr ( 14.26 g ) Sierra MatchKing Hollow Point Boat Tail ( HPBT ) very - low - drag bullet fired at a nominal muzzle velocity of 2,850 ft / s plus or minus 50 ft / s ( 869 m / s ± 15.2 m / s ) . According to the U.S. Navy this ammunition should increase the maximum effective range of . 300 Winchester Magnum sniper rifle systems to 1,500 yards ( 1,370 m ) , decrease wind deflection on bullets in flight and use Hodgdon H1000 , a reduced muzzle flash propellant that remains temperature stable across an operational temperature range of − 25 ° F to + 165 ° F ( − 32 ° C to 74 ° C ) . The 3.55 in ( 90.2 mm ) long MK 248 MOD 1 or alike ammunition is not offered commercially , since it exceeds SAAMI standards for overall length and maximum chamber pressure . According to JBM Ballistics , using the G7 ballistic coefficient provided by Bryan Litz , and a Weapon Employment Zone ( WEZ ) analysis of the XM2010 rifle with various . 300 Winchester Magnum ammunition types by Bryan Litz , the MK 248 MOD 1 . 300 Winchester Magnum cartridge , when fired at its nominal muzzle velocity of 869 m / s ( 2,850 ft / s ) , should have 1,286 to 1,289 m ( 1,406 to 1,410 yd ) supersonic range under International Standard Atmosphere conditions at sea level ( air density ρ = 1.225 kg / m ) . In January 2014 , the U.S. Department of Defense annual testing report found that the older A191 or MK 248 Mod 0 . 300 Winchester Magnum service round loaded with aerodynamically less efficient 190 gr ( 12.32 g ) Sierra MatchKing Hollow Point Boat Tail ( HPBT ) bullets fired from the XM2010 demonstrated adequate performance and lethality . Live fire tests were conducted in March 2013 against ballistics gelatin , light material barriers , and other targets to determine the projectile 's ability to perforate targets . This was the first time the Pentagon 's Director , Operational Test and Evaluation ( DOT&E ) tested the round , which can hit targets out to 1,200 m ( 1,312 yd ) . Several companies , among them HS precision , Kimber and Remington manufacture rifles chambered for the . 300 Winchester Magnum specifically targeted at law enforcement agencies . The Chattanooga Police Department and Minot Police Department S.W.A.T units and the L.A. County Sheriffs Department 's Special Enforcement Bureau which have adopted the . 300 Winchester Magnum in some capacity . Due to the power and performance of the . 300 Winchester Magnum cartridge the cartridge is more likely to be employed by specialist units within a police department rather than as a general service weapon issued to law enforcement agents . Military and law enforcement firearms ( edit ) Standard issue Bundeswehr G22 Finland : Sako TRG - 42 Germany : Bundeswehr G22 United Kingdom : Accuracy International AWM US : Mk. 13 Sniper Weapon System US : M2010 Enhanced Sniper Rifle US : M86 sniper rifle US : Armalite Model AR - 30 US : Remington Model 700 Police Long Action tactical rifle US : Savage Model 110BA US : Weatherby TRR Threat Response Rifle Criticism ( edit ) The . 300 Winchester Magnum was designed with a neck which is shorter than the diameter of its bullet . If Winchester had released the cartridge prior to 1960 the cartridge would have been similar to the . 30 - 338 Winchester wildcat cartridge . However , by the time Winchester got around to designing their own . 300 the . 308 Norma Magnum and the . 30 - 338 were already on the scene . To help differentiate it from the other . 300 magnums and to allow for the chambers of the standard length . 300 magnums to be rebored to the . 300 Winchester Magnum chamber dimensions , Winchester moved the shoulder forward and lengthened the cartridge slightly . This created the much criticized short neck of the . 300 Winchester Magnum . The short neck was thought to hinder accuracy because it would prevent the alignment of cartridge to the bore but this is rarely an issue either today or when the cartridge was designed . The fact that the cartridge has gone to win many 1,000 - yard ( 910 m ) matches puts this criticism to rest . See also ( edit ) 7 mm caliber . 30 - 06 Springfield . 300 Winchester Short Magnum List of crew - served weapons of the U.S. Armed Forces List of rifle cartridges Table of handgun and rifle cartridges Sectional density References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Accurate Powders load guide v3. 5 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ 2002 , Lyman Reloading Handbook , 48th Edition Jump up ^ Haviland , John ( September 2007 ) . ``. 300 Winchester Magnum '' . Rifle -- The Sporting Firearms Journal . 39 , Number 5 ( 233 ) : 34,101 . ISSN 0162 - 3583 . ^ Jump up to : Hermansen , Carl ( July 15 , 2008 ) . `` Shooting : The . 300 Winchester Magnum '' . huntingillustrated.com . Christensen 's Hunting Illustrated . Retrieved October 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Frank C. ( 2006 ) ( 1965 ) . Skinner , Stan , ed . Cartridges of the World ( 11th ed . ) . Gun Digest Books . p. 66 . ISBN 0 - 89689 - 297 - 2 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Steve , ed. ( 2007 ) . `` 300 Winchester Magnum '' . Hornady Handbook of Cartridge Reloading ( 7th ed . ) . Grand Island , NE : Hornady Manufacturing Company . p. 978 . Archived from the original ( Hardback ) on July 27 , 2010 . Retrieved September 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ SAAMI drawing . 300 Winchester Magnum Jump up ^ ANSI / SAAMI Velocity & Pressure Data : Centerfire Rifle Archived July 15 , 2013 , at WebCite Jump up ^ C.I.P. TDDC datasheet 300 Win . Mag . Jump up ^ Hawks , Chuck . `` Rifle Recoil Table '' . Rifle Information Page . Guns and Shooting Online . Retrieved 3 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Cartridges of the World . Iola , WI , USA : Krause Publications . 2014 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4402 - 4265 - 6 . Jump up ^ Boddington , Craig . `` The Sheep Rifle '' . Rifle Shooter . Petersen 's Publishing . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Ken ( 18 October 2010 ) . `` Top cartridges & bullets for black bears '' . Outdoor Canada . Toronto , ON : Cottage Life Media . Retrieved 30 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Ott , Justin ( 29 October 2013 ) . `` Bear Hunting '' . huntingtipsandtricks.com . HuntingTipsAndTricks.com . Retrieved 29 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Hawks , Chuck ( 2012 ) . `` Bear Rifles '' . chuckhawks.com . Guns and Shooting Online . Retrieved 30 November 2013 . Jump up ^ DETAIL SPECIFICATION CARTRIDGE , . 300 WINCHESTER MAGNUM MATCH , MK 248 MOD 1 DODIC AB43 , NSN 1305 - 01 - 568 - 7504 Revision A March 17 , 2009 Archived July 22 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ U.S. Navy Small Arms Ammunition Advancements Jump up ^ $49.9 M U.S. Contract for 300 Winchester Magnum Ammo Jump up ^ Advances in U.S. Sniping Ammunition : From Vietnam to Afghanistan by John Plaster - Thursday , September 12 , 2013 Jump up ^ JBM Ballistics freeware online ballistic calculator Archived September 26 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Weapon Employment Zone ( WEZ ) Analysis of the XM - 2010 Rifle With Various Ammunition Types by Bryan Litz , Applied Ballistics LLC Jump up ^ Pentagon 's Top Tester Gives Sniper Round Passing Grade - Kitup.Military.com , 31 January 2014 Jump up ^ `` Special Weapons and Tactics Team '' . specwarnet.net . Retrieved September 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Dave ( August 2009 ) . `` Magnum force : Kimber 's police tactical rifle now chambers the potent . 300 Winchester Magnum '' . Retrieved September 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Eugene Nielsen ( 2000 ) . `` Barrel Length and Precision Rifle '' . tacticaloperations.com . S.W.A.T. Archived from the original on October 24 , 2010 . Retrieved September 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 300 Winchester Magnum '' . norma.cc . Norma Precision AB . Retrieved October 24 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) 300 Winchester Magnum : How Does Barrel Length Change Velocity - A 16 '' 300 Win Mag ? Wikimedia Commons has media related to . 300 Winchester Magnum . ( hide ) Winchester firearms and cartridges Rifles Lever - action Henry rifle Model 1866 Model 1873 Model 1876 Model 1886 Model 1892 Model 1894 Model 1895 Model 53 Model 55 Model 64 Model 65 Model 71 Model 88 Model 150 Model 250 Model 255 Model 9422 Bolt - action Model 1878 Hotchkiss Model 1895 Lee Navy Model 1900 Model 1902 Model 1904 Model 43 Model 47 Model 51 Imperial Model 52 Model 54 Model 56 Model 57 Model 58 Model 59 Model 60 Model 60A Model 67 Model 68 Model 69 Model 70 Model 72 Model 75 Model 121 Model 131 Model 141 Model 320 Model 325 Model 670 Model 770 Pump - action Model 1890 Model 1906 Model 61 Model 62 Model 62A Model 270 Semi-automatic Model 1903 Model 1905 Model 1907 Model 1910 Model 30 Model 63 Model 74 Model 77 Model 100 Model 190 Model 490 Full - automatic Olin / Winchester FAL Model 1917 Falling - block action Model 1885 Shotguns Pump - action Model 1893 Model 1897 Model 1912 Model 25 Model 42 Model 1200 Model 1300 Lever - action Model 1887 Model 1901 Model 9410 Single - shot Model 20 Model 36 Model 37 Model 37A Model 41 Double - barrel Model 21 Model 24 Model 96 Model 101 Semi-automatic Model 1911 SL Model 40 Model 50 Model 59 Model 1400 Model 1500 SX - 1 Cartridges . 17 Winchester Super Magnum . 22 Magnum ( WMR ) . 218 Bee . 219 Zipper . 22 Hornet . 220 Swift . 223 Winchester Super Short Magnum . 225 Winchester . 243 Winchester . 243 Winchester Super Short Magnum . 25 - 20 WCF . 25 - 20 Winchester . 256 Winchester Magnum . 25 - 35 Winchester . 25 Winchester Super Short Magnum . 264 Winchester Magnum . 270 Winchester . 270 Winchester Short Magnum 7mm Winchester Short Magnum . 284 Winchester . 30 - 30 Winchester . 307 Winchester . 308 Winchester . 300 Winchester Short Magnum . 300 Winchester Magnum . 32 Winchester Special . 32 - 20 Winchester . 325 Winchester Short Magnum . 33 Winchester . 338 Winchester Magnum . 345 Winchester Self - Loading . 348 Winchester . 35 Winchester . 35 Winchester Self - Loading . 351 Winchester Self - Loading . 356 Winchester . 358 Winchester . 375 Winchester . 38 - 40 Winchester . 38 - 55 Winchester . 38 - 56 WCF . 38 - 72 Winchester . 40 - 60 Winchester . 40 - 72 Winchester . 401 Winchester Self - Loading . 405 Winchester . 44 Henry . 44 - 40 Winchester . 45 - 60 Winchester . 45 - 75 Winchester . 458 Winchester Magnum . 50 - 110 Winchester Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=.300_Winchester_Magnum&oldid=837382657 '' Categories : Magnum rifle cartridges Pistol and rifle cartridges Winchester Magnum rifle cartridges Military cartridges Hidden categories : Webarchive template webcite links Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from February 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Magyar Norsk Polski Русский Suomi Türkçe 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 13 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the range of a 300 win mag | [
"The .300 Win Mag sees use in long-range benchrest shooting competitions and has been adopted by law enforcement marksmen and by a few specific branches of the U.S. Military for use by snipers. Maximum effective range is generally accepted to be 1,210 yards (1,110 m) with ammunition incorporating low-drag projectiles. Sub 1 minute-of-angle (MOA) accuracy out to 1,000 yards (910 m) is not unusual in precision-built rifles firing match-grade ammunition."
] | [
"1,210 yards (1,110 m)"
] |
-1510678934932086478 | Neil Patrick Harris | Neil Patrick Harris - wikipedia Neil Patrick Harris Jump to : navigation , search Neil Patrick Harris Harris in September 2014 ( 1973 - 06 - 15 ) June 15 , 1973 ( age 44 ) Albuquerque , New Mexico , U.S. Residence Harlem , New York , U.S. Occupation Actor comedian magician singer Years active 1988 -- present Spouse ( s ) David Burtka ( m . 2014 ) Children Neil Patrick Harris ( born June 15 , 1973 ) is an American actor , comedian , magician , and singer , known primarily for his comedy roles on television and his dramatic and musical stage roles . On television , he is known for playing the title character on Doogie Howser , M.D. ( 1989 -- 1993 ) , Barney Stinson on How I Met Your Mother ( 2005 -- 2014 , for which he was nominated for four Emmy Awards ) , and Count Olaf on A Series of Unfortunate Events ( 2017 onward ) . Harris is also known for his role as the title character in Joss Whedon 's musical Dr. Horrible 's Sing - Along Blog ( 2008 ) and a fictional version of himself in the Harold & Kumar film series ( 2004 -- 2011 ) . His other films include Starship Troopers ( 1997 ) , Beastly ( 2011 ) , The Smurfs ( 2011 ) , The Smurfs 2 ( 2013 ) , A Million Ways to Die in the West ( 2014 ) , and Gone Girl ( 2014 ) . In 2014 , he starred in the title role in Hedwig and the Angry Inch on Broadway , for which he won the 2014 Tony Award for Best Leading Actor in a Musical . Harris has hosted the Tony Awards in 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , and 2013 , for which he won several special class Emmy Awards . He also hosted the Primetime Emmy Awards in 2009 and 2013 , and hosted the 87th Academy Awards in 2015 , thus making him the first openly gay man to host the Academy Awards . Harris was named one of Time magazine 's 100 Most Influential People in 2010 . He is married to David Burtka . In 2010 , they had two children through surrogacy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Film 2.2 Stage 2.3 Television 2.4 Magic 2.5 Other media 3 Personal life 4 Philanthropy 5 Discography 5.1 Cast recordings 5.2 Singles 6 Filmography 6.1 Film 6.2 Television 6.3 Theater 6.4 Web 6.5 Video games 7 Bibliography 8 Awards and nominations 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Early life Neil Patrick Harris interviewed by Emily Expo at the Calgary Expo 2015 Harris was born in Albuquerque , New Mexico and grew up Ruidoso , New Mexico , with his elder brother and their parents , Sheila Gail ( née Scott ; born 1946 ) and Ronald Gene Harris ( born 1946 ) . His parents were lawyers and also ran a restaurant . He attended La Cueva High School in Albuquerque , graduating with high honors in 1991 . Career Harris at the 2008 Comic Con in San Diego , California Film Harris began his career as a child actor and was discovered by playwright Mark Medoff at a drama camp in Las Cruces , New Mexico . Medoff later cast him in the 1988 drama film Clara 's Heart , starring Whoopi Goldberg based on the novel of the same name by Joseph Olshan . Clara 's Heart earned Harris a Golden Globe nomination . The same year , he starred in Purple People Eater , a children 's fantasy . Harris ' first film role as an adult was 1995 's Animal Room , although he portrayed a teenager . His subsequent film work has included supporting roles in The Next Best Thing , Undercover Brother , and Starship Troopers . Harris plays a fictionalized , hyper - womanising , lewd version of himself , in many ways a polar - opposite to his actual self , in the Harold and Kumar stoner comedy films Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle , Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay , and A Very Harold & Kumar 3D Christmas . In 2010 , Harris provided voice acting for the role of the adult Dick Grayson ( Nightwing ) in the animated film Batman : Under the Red Hood and the beagle Lou in the film Cats & Dogs : The Revenge of Kitty Galore . The same year , he played the lead in the indie comedy The Best and the Brightest . On March 7 , 2010 , he made a surprise appearance at the 82nd Academy Awards , delivering the opening musical number . He starred in the films The Smurfs ( 2011 ) and The Smurfs 2 ( 2013 ) . In 2014 , Harris showed a more serious side in Gone Girl , directed by David Fincher . Harris co-starred in the film as Desi Collings , the wealthy and obsessed ex-boyfriend of Amy Dunne , played by Rosamund Pike . Harris has said : `` I was pinching myself at the opportunity '' to work with Fincher , he received general praise from critics for his performance , as did the film . On February 22 , 2015 , Harris hosted the 87th Academy Awards ; it was his first time hosting the ceremony , and the first time an openly gay man hosted the Academy Awards . Stage Harris has worked on Broadway in both musical and dramatic roles . He played Tobias Ragg in the 2001 concert performances of Sweeney Todd . In 2002 , he performed beside Anne Heche in Proof . In 2003 , he took the role of the Emcee in Cabaret alongside Deborah Gibson and Tom Bosley . As a result of his critically acclaimed performance in Cabaret , Harris was named the top - drawing headliner in the role of the Emcee by GuestStarCasting.com , outranking fellow celebrity stars John Stamos and Alan Cumming . In 2004 , he performed the dual role of the Balladeer and Lee Harvey Oswald on Broadway in the musical revival of Stephen Sondheim 's Assassins . He also sang the role of Charles ( first played by Anthony Perkins ) on the Nonesuch recording of Sondheim 's Evening Primrose and portrayed Mark Cohen in the 1997 touring company of the musical Rent , a role he satirized on the January 10 , 2009 , episode of Saturday Night Live , which he hosted . In 2010 , Harris directed a production of the rock musical Rent at the Hollywood Bowl ; he cast his Beastly co-star Vanessa Hudgens as Mimi . In 2011 , Harris played the lead role of Bobby in Stephen Sondheim 's Company with the New York Philharmonic in concert , opposite Patti LuPone and others . The same year , he directed The Expert at the Card Table at Broad Stage 's Edye in Santa Monica , California . Harris has hosted the Tony Awards four times : the 63rd Tony Awards on June 7 , 2009 , 65th Tony Awards on June 12 , 2011 , the 66th Tony Awards on June 10 , 2012 , and the 67th Tony Awards on June 9 , 2013 . Only Dame Angela Lansbury , with five ceremonies , has hosted the Tony Awards more times . Hosting the Tony Awards has earned him three Emmy Awards ; in 2010 , 2012 , and 2013 for the 63rd , 65th , and 66th respectively . A week after hosting the Tonys , it was announced that Harris would portray the titular role in the first Broadway production of the rock musical Hedwig and the Angry Inch , which he did from March through August 2014 . Harris went on to win the 2014 Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical . Television Beginning in 1989 , Harris played the title role of a child prodigy doctor in Doogie Howser , M.D. , for which he was nominated for a Golden Globe . After the show 's four - season run ended in 1993 , Harris played a number of guest roles on television series , including Murder She Wrote . From 1999 to 2000 , he starred with Tony Shalhoub in the NBC sitcom Stark Raving Mad , which lasted 22 episodes . He has played lead roles in a number of made - for - television features including Snowbound : The Jim and Jennifer Stolpa Story in 1994 , My Ántonia in 1995 , The Christmas Wish in 1998 , Joan of Arc in 1999 , The Wedding Dress in 2001 , and The Christmas Blessing in 2005 . From 2005 to 2014 , Harris played Barney Stinson , a serial womanizer , in the CBS ensemble sitcom How I Met Your Mother . The role earned him Emmy nominations every year from 2007 to 2010 . In 2008 , Harris guest - starred on Sesame Street as the Sesame Street Fairy Shoe Person . In 2009 , he hosted the 7th Annual TV Land Awards and appeared as a guest judge on Season 9 of American Idol . Harris hosted the 61st Primetime Emmy Awards on September 20 , 2009 . On August 21 , 2010 , he won two Emmy Awards at the Creative Arts Emmy Awards ceremony , one of which was for his guest performance in the television series Glee . Harris hosted the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards on September 22 , 2013 , marking his second time hosting the event . After a preview at the San Diego Comic - Con , a musical episode of Batman : The Brave and the Bold featuring Harris as the villainous Music Meister premiered on October 23 , 2009 , on Cartoon Network . As a character who could make anyone do his bidding by singing , he spent most of the episode singing several original songs . In 2010 , Harris filmed a pilot episode for an American adaptation of the British game show The Cube as host , though it was not picked up to series . In 2014 , Harris turned down the chance to replace David Letterman as host of the Late Show on CBS , stating that he feared he would get bored of the repetition that hosting a nightly talk show would entail . He also rejected the suggestion of replacing Craig Ferguson as host of The Late Late Show on the same grounds . On September 15 , 2015 , Best Time Ever with Neil Patrick Harris , a live variety series hosted by Harris on NBC , made its debut but was cancelled after an eight - episode run . On January 15 , 2016 , Netflix cast Harris in the television adaptation of A Series of Unfortunate Events , in which he stars as Count Olaf , the main antagonist . On March 31 , 2017 , NBC picked up Harris ' game show titled Genius Junior , the format will test the smarts of the most brilliant children in the country . Harris will serve as host and executive producer . The series received a 10 - episode order and will debut sometime in the 2017 -- 2018 season . Magic Harris is a fan of magic , like his character on How I Met Your Mother . His character in American Horror Story : Freak Show was also a magician . Harris ' Glee character performed magic as well . He previously served as the President of the Board of Directors of Hollywood 's Magic Castle . Harris won the Tannen 's Magic Louis Award in 2006 and hosted the 2008 World Magic Awards on October 11 , 2008 . Additionally , Harris and partner David Burtka were guests of honor for a Top Chef Masters episode which took place at the Magic Castle . Other media In 2007 , Harris worked with Mike Nelson on an audio commentary for RiffTrax . The two `` riffed '' on the film Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory . Harris is a big fan of the cult TV series Nelson worked on , Mystery Science Theater 3000 . Harris was interviewed for a 1992 Comedy Central special This Is MST3K hosted by Penn Jillette about the series and its fans . In 2008 , Harris played the title role in Joss Whedon 's musical web series Dr. Horrible 's Sing - Along Blog alongside Nathan Fillion and Felicia Day . The first episode of the series debuted on July 15 , 2008 . He has also provided his voice for the Disney California Adventure Park attraction California Screamin ' . On December 11 , 2010 , Harris hosted the Spike Video Game Awards . In October 2014 , Harris released a memoir titled Neil Patrick Harris : Choose Your Own Autobiography , which is structured like a Choose Your Own Adventure book . His autobiography spent two weeks on The New York Times Best Seller List . His debut middle - grade novel , The Magic Misfits , is scheduled for release in September 2017 and is planned to be the first book in a series of the same name . Personal life Harris with his husband David Burtka at his ceremony to receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on September 15 , 2011 Harris confirmed that he is gay on November 4 , 2006 , by saying , `` I am happy to dispel any rumors or misconceptions and am quite proud to say that I am a very content gay man living my life to the fullest and feel most fortunate to be working with wonderful people in the business I love . '' Harris attended the Emmy Awards in September 2007 with his fiancé David Burtka , later confirming the relationship . In an interview on The Ellen DeGeneres Show , Harris said his relationship with Burtka began in 2004 . On August 14 , 2010 , Harris announced that he and Burtka were expecting twins via a surrogate mother . Their son , Gideon Scott , and daughter , Harper Grace , were born in October 2010 . Following the passage of the Marriage Equality Act in New York on June 24 , 2011 , Harris and Burtka announced their engagement via Twitter , stating that they had proposed to each other five years earlier but kept the engagement secret until same - sex marriage became legal . On September 8 , 2014 , Harris announced on his Twitter page that David Burtka and he were married over the weekend in Italy . Pamela Fryman , the long - time director of How I Met Your Mother , officiated the wedding while Elton John performed at the reception . Harris lives in New York City in the Upper Manhattan neighborhood of Harlem . Philanthropy Alongside his acting career , Harris has supported and contributed to various charities , organization , and foundations . These include : AIDS Healthcare Foundation Alex 's Lemonade Stand Foundation American Cancer Society organization Broadway Cares / Equity Fights AIDS organization Children International organization Clothes Off Our Back Foundation Elton John AIDS Foundation Entertainment Industry Foundation Feeding America organization First Book organization Food on Foot charity Global Green organization Hope North organization International Myeloma Foundation LeBron James Family Foundation Live Out Loud organization Los Angeles Mission organization Motion Picture and Television Fund Foundation Noreen Fraser Foundation Project Angel Food organization Real Medicine Foundation Stand Up To Cancer organization Susan G. Komen for the Cure organization The Trevor Project organization . In October 2014 , Harris attended a dinner for the Elton John AIDS Foundation and in September 2016 , he and his husband were the honorary hosts of a culinary cookout to help raise money for the Alex 's Lemonade Stand Foundation . Discography Cast recordings Year Album title Notes 2001 Evening Primrose Studio Cast Assassins Revival Cast Recording 2006 Wall to Wall : Stephen Sondheim Concert Cast 2008 Dr. Horrible 's Sing - Along Blog Original Cast Recording 2009 Batman : The Brave and the Bold -- Mayhem of the Music Meister Original Cast Recording 2014 Hedwig and the Angry Inch Original Broadway Cast Recording Singles Year Single Peak chart positions Sales Album AUS CAN IRE UK US `` Nothing Suits Me Like a Suit '' 113 76 -- 50 -- -- How I Met Your Mother season 5 `` Dream On '' ( featuring Matthew Morrison ) 91 24 44 47 26 84,000 ( US ) Glee : The Music , Volume 3 Showstoppers Filmography Film Year Title Role Notes 1988 Clara 's Heart David Hart 1988 Purple People Eater Billy Johnson 1995 Animal Room Arnold Mosk 1997 Starship Troopers Carl Jenkins 1998 The Proposition Roger Martin 2000 Next Best Thing , The The Next Best Thing David 2002 The Mesmerist Benjamin 2002 Undercover Brother Lance Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle Neil Patrick Harris 2008 Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay Neil Patrick Harris 2008 Beyond All Boundaries 1st Lt. David Hettema ( voice ) Documentary 2008 Justice League : The New Frontier Barry Allen / The Flash ( voice ) Direct - to - DVD 2009 Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs Steve ( voice ) Cats & Dogs : The Revenge of Kitty Galore Lou the Beagle ( voice ) The Best and the Brightest Jeff Batman : Under the Red Hood Dick Grayson / Nightwing ( voice ) Direct - to - DVD 2011 Beastly Will Fratalli 2011 Smurfs , The The Smurfs Patrick Winslow 2011 Very Harold & Kumar 3D Christmas , AA Very Harold & Kumar 3D Christmas Neil Patrick Harris 2011 The Muppets Himself Cameo 2012 American Reunion Celebrity Dance - Off Host Cameo 2013 The Smurfs 2 Patrick Winslow 2013 Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2 Steve the Monkey ( voice ) 2014 A Million Ways to Die in the West Foy 2014 Gone Girl Desi Collings 2017 Downsizing Television Year Title Role Notes 1988 Too Good to Be True Danny Harland Television film 1989 Hallmark Hall of Fame Lonnie Tibbetts Episode : `` Home Fires Burning '' 1989 B.L. Stryker Buder Campbell Episode : `` Blues for Buder '' 1989 Cold Sassy Tree Will Tweedy / Narrator Television film 1989 Home Fires Burning Lonnie Tibbits Television film 1989 ! 1989 -- 1993 Doogie Howser , M.D. Douglas `` Doogie '' Howser 97 episodes 1990 The Earth Day Special Doogie Howser Television film 1991 Stranger in the Family Steve Thompson Television film 1991 Blossom The `` Charming '' Derek Slade Episode : `` Blossom -- A Rockumentary '' 1991 Simpsons , The The Simpsons Himself as Bart Simpson ( voice ) Episode : `` Bart the Murderer '' 1992 Roseanne Dr. Doogie Howser Episode : `` Less Is More '' 1992 Captain Planet and the Planeteers Todd Andrews ( voice ) Episode : `` A Formula for Hate '' 1992 Capitol Critters Max ( voice ) 13 episodes 1993 Quantum Leap Mike Hammond Episode : `` Return of the Evil Leaper -- October 8 , 1956 '' 1993 Murder , She Wrote Tommy Remsen Episode : `` Lone Witness '' 1993 Family Torn Apart , AA Family Torn Apart Brian Hannigan Television film Snowbound : The Jim and Jennifer Stolpa Story Jim Stolpa Television film 1995 The Man in the Attic Edward Broder Television film 1995 Not Our Son Paul Kenneth Keller Television film 1995 My Antonia Jimmy Burden Television film 1995 Legacy of Sin : The William Coit Story William Coit Television film Outer Limits , The The Outer Limits Howie Morrison Episode : `` From Within '' 1997 Homicide : Life on the Street Alan Schack Episode : `` Valentine 's Day '' 1998 The Christmas Wish Will Martin Television film 1999 Joan of Arc The Dauphin 2 episodes 1999 ! 1999 -- 2000 Stark Raving Mad Henry McNeeley 22 episodes 2000 Will & Grace Bill Episode : `` Girls , Interrupted '' 2001 Static Shock Johnny Morrow / Replay ( voice ) Episode : `` Replay '' 2001 Son of the Beach Loverboy Episode : `` Queefer Madness '' 2001 Legend of Tarzan , The The Legend of Tarzan Moyo ( voice ) Episode : `` Tarzan and the Challenger '' 2001 Ed Joe Baxter Episode : `` Replacements '' 2001 The Wedding Dress Travis Cleveland Television film 2002 Touched by an Angel Jonas Episode : `` The Princeless Bride '' 2002 Justice League Ray Thompson ( voice ) 2 episodes 2003 Boomtown Peter Corman Episode : `` Monster 's Brawl '' 2003 Spider - Man : The New Animated Series Peter Parker / Spider - Man ( voice ) 13 episodes Law & Order : Criminal Intent John Tagman Episode : `` Want '' 2005 Numb3rs Ethan Burdick Episode : `` Prime Suspect '' 2005 Jack & Bobby Prof. Preston Phelps Episode : `` Querida Grace '' 2005 Christmas Blessing , The The Christmas Blessing Nathan Andrews Television film 2005 ! 2005 -- 2014 How I Met Your Mother Barney Stinson 208 episodes ; directed episode : `` Jenkins '' 2006 Me , Eloise ( voice ) Episode : `` Eloise Goes to School '' 2007 ! 2007 -- 2009 Family Guy Barney Stinson ( voice ) 2 episodes 2008 Sesame Street The Fairy Shoeperson Episode : `` Telly 's New Shoes '' 2009 Saturday Night Live Himself ( host ) Episode : `` Neil Patrick Harris / Taylor Swift '' 2009 Batman : The Brave and the Bold The Music Meister ( voice ) Episode : `` Mayhem of the Music Meister ! '' 2009 Carrie Underwood : An All - Star Holiday Special Ace ( voice ) Television film 2009 -- 2012 Robot Chicken Various roles ( voice ) 3 episodes 2009 7th Annual TV Land Awards Himself ( host ) Television special 2009 63rd Tony Awards Himself ( host ) Television special 2009 61st Primetime Emmy Awards Himself ( host ) Television special 2009 Yes , Virginia Dr. Philip O'Hanlon ( voice ) Television special Glee Bryan Ryan Episode : `` Dream On '' 2010 ! 2010 -- 2015 Penguins of Madagascar , The The Penguins of Madagascar Dr. Blowhole ( voice ) 3 episodes 2010 Spike Video Game Awards Himself ( host ) Television special 2011 Take Two with Phineas and Ferb Himself 2 episodes 2011 Brain Games Narrator ( voice ) 3 episodes 2011 ! 2011 -- 2013 Adventure Time Prince Gumball ( voice ) 2 episodes 2011 65th Tony Awards Himself ( host ) Television special 2012 66th Tony Awards Himself ( host ) Television special 2013 67th Tony Awards Himself ( host ) Television special 2013 65th Primetime Emmy Awards Himself ( host ) Television special 2013 Disney Parks Christmas Day Parade Himself ( host ) Television special 2014 Under the Gunn Himself ( guest judge ) Episode : `` Finale '' 2014 RuPaul 's Drag Race Himself ( guest judge ) Episode : `` Drag My Wedding '' 2015 American Horror Story : Freak Show Chester Creb 2 episodes 2015 87th Academy Awards Himself ( host ) Television special 2015 Ant and Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway Himself ( guest announcer ) Episode # 12.5 2015 America 's Got Talent Himself ( guest judge ) Episode : `` Judge Cuts 1 '' 2015 Best Time Ever with Neil Patrick Harris Himself ( host ) 8 episodes ; also writer and executive producer 2017 -- present A Series of Unfortunate Events Count Olaf 8 episodes ; also producer 2017 Mystery Science Theater 3000 Neville LaRoy Episode : `` Avalanche '' Theater Year Title Role Notes 1997 Rent Mark Cohen National Tour 1998 Romeo and Juliet Romeo Montague Old Globe Theatre 2001 Sweeney Todd Tobias Ragg San Francisco Symphony Orchestra concert version 2002 Proof Hal Manhattan Theatre Club 2003 Cabaret Emcee Stephen Sondheim Theatre Paris Letter , The The Paris Letter Young Anton / Burt Sarris Roundabout Theatre Assassins Lee Harvey Oswald / The Balladeer Roundabout Theatre 2005 Tick , Tick ... BOOM ! Jon Menier Chocolate Factory 2006 All My Sons Chris Keller Geffen Playhouse 2006 Amadeus Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Hollywood Bowl Rent N / A Directed Hollywood Bowl 2011 Company Robert New York Philharmonic Concert Version 2011 A Snow White Christmas The Magic Mirror El Portal Theater 2014 Nothing to Hide N / A Director Romulus Linney Courtyard Theatre 2014 Hedwig and the Angry Inch Hedwig Belasco Theatre Web Year Title Role Notes 2008 Dr. Horrible 's Sing - Along Blog Dr. Horrible / Billy 3 episodes 2008 Prop 8 : The Musical A Very Smart Fellow Short film 2012 Neil 's Puppet Dreams Neil Patrick Harris 7 episodes ; also co-creator , writer and executive producer Video games Year Title Role 2008 Saints Row 2 Veteran Child ( voice ) 2009 Eat Lead : The Return of Matt Hazard Wallace `` Wally '' Wellesley ( voice ) Rock of the Dead Unnamed character ( voice ) Spider - Man : Shattered Dimensions Peter Parker / Spider - Man ( voice ) 2013 Saints Row IV Veteran Child ( voice ) Bibliography Harris , Neil Patrick ( 2014 ) . Neil Patrick Harris : Choose Your Own Autobiography . Crown Archetype . ISBN 978 - 0385346993 . Harris , Neil Patrick ( 2017 ) . The Magic Misfits . Little , Brown Books for Young Readers . ISBN 978 - 0316391825 . Awards and nominations Year Award Title Result 1989 Young Artist Award Best Leading Young Actor in a Feature Film Clara 's Heart Nominated Golden Globe Award Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role -- Motion Picture Nominated 1990 Young Artist Award Best Young Actor Starring in a Television Series Doogie Howser , M.D. Won People 's Choice Award Favorite Male Performer in a New TV Series Won Favorite Male TV Performer Nominated Viewers for Quality Television Award Best Actor in a Quality Comedy Series Nominated 1991 Young Artist Award Best Young Actor Starring in a Television Series Won 1992 Won Golden Globe Award Best Actor -- Television Series Musical or Comedy Nominated 2007 Teen Choice Award Choice TV Actor : Comedy How I Met Your Mother Nominated Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Nominated 2008 People 's Choice Award Favorite Scene Stealing Star Nominated Teen Choice Award Choice TV Actor : Comedy Nominated Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Nominated 2009 Golden Globe Award Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Nominated TCA Award Individual Achievement in Comedy Nominated Teen Choice Award Choice TV Actor : Comedy Nominated Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Nominated Streamy Award Best Male Actor in a Comedy Web Series Dr. Horrible 's Sing - Along Blog Won Satellite Award Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film How I Met Your Mother Nominated Golden Globe Award Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Nominated Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Nominated Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series Glee Won Outstanding Special Class Program 63rd Tony Awards Won Spike Video Game Award Best Performance by a Human Male Spider - Man : Shattered Dimensions Won Satellite Award Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film How I Met Your Mother Nominated 2011 People 's Choice Award Favorite TV Comedy Actor Won Favorite TV Guest Star Glee Nominated Critics ' Choice Television Award Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series How I Met Your Mother Won Satellite Award Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film How I Met Your Mother Nominated 2012 People 's Choice Award Favorite TV Comedy Actor Won TV Guide Award Favorite Actor Nominated Teen Choice Award Choice TV Actor : Comedy Nominated Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Special Class Program 65th Tony Awards Won 2013 66th Tony Awards Won Webby Award Best Comedy : Long Form or Series Neil 's Puppet Dreams Nominated People 's Choice Award Favorite TV Comedy Actor How I Met Your Mother Nominated 2014 Nominated Favorite TV Bromance Nominated Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Award Favorite Movie Actor The Smurfs 2 Nominated Drama Desk Award Outstanding Actor in a Musical Hedwig and the Angry Inch Won Drama League Award Distinguished Performance Won Outer Critics Circle Award Outstanding Actor in a Musical Nominated Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Special Class Special Disney Parks Christmas Day Parade Nominated Hasty Pudding Theatricals Hasty Pudding Man of the Year Won Tony Award Best Actor in a Musical Hedwig and the Angry Inch Won Dorian Award TV Musical Performance of the Year 67th Tony Awards Nominated Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Special Class Program Won 2015 Alliance of Women Film Journalists Award Best Depiction of Nudity , Sexuality , or Seduction Gone Girl Nominated Grammy Award Best Musical Theater Album Hedwig and the Angry Inch Nominated Saturn Award Best Guest Performance in a Television Series American Horror Story : Freak Show Nominated Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Special Class Program 87th Academy Awards Nominated See also LGBT culture in New York City References ^ Jump up to : `` Neil Patrick Harris profile '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mark Kennedy , AP Drama Writer ( June 10 , 2013 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris once again proves a Tony Awards host with ' fantastic instincts ' '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Staff . `` Neil Patrick Harris wows as Oscars host '' . Mobi.iafrica.com . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The 2010 Time 100 '' . Time . Retrieved October 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Patrick Harris : Choose Your Own Autobiography by Neil Patrick Harris - Excerpt '' . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Keveney , Bill ( September 13 , 2009 ) . `` Host Neil Patrick Harris gives Emmys a bit of awesomeness '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Alpha Chi Omega '' Greek Life , uagreeks.uark.edu ; accessed November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How Neil Patrick Harris Met Himself '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Finding Your Roots , February 23 , 2016 , PBS Jump up ^ Belcher , David ( April 18 , 2004 ) . `` Killer parts : Albuquerque 's Neil Patrick Harris is back on Broadway with two roles in controversial ' Assassins ' '' , Albuquerque Journal . pg . F1 . Jump up ^ `` Anytime with Bob Kushell feat . Neil Patrick Harris '' . Anytime with Bob Kushell . Season 1 . Episode 3 . January 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Patrick Harris Lands Two Film Roles '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Patrick Harris on Gone Girl : ' I was pinching myself ' '' . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gray , Tim ( October 15 , 2014 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris to Host the Oscars '' . Variety . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Preston Scott Reed ( September 2 , 2005 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris and John Stamos Lead Emcee Rankings '' . Dime - Co . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Wada , Karen ( April 9 , 2010 ) . `` Vanessa Hudgens to star in Rent at the Hollywood Bowl this summer '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rialto Chatter : Patti LuPone to Join Neil Patrick Harris in NY Philharmonic 's Company in April ? '' . January 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Charles ( July 17 , 2011 ) . `` Theater review : The Expert at the Card Table at the Broad Stage 's Edye '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( July 1 , 2009 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris Lands Hopping to Emmys '' . Variety . Retrieved July 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Patrick Harris Returning As Tony Awards Host '' . NY1 . Retrieved 9 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Keveney , Bill ( September 20 , 2013 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris is happy to host the Emmys '' . USA TODAY . Jump up ^ `` Neil Patrick Harris to Star in ' Hedwig and the Angry Inch ' on Broadway '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . June 17 , 2013 . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Broadway League . `` Hedwig and the Angry Inch - IBDB : The official source for Broadway Information '' . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Galuppo , Mia ( June 8 , 2014 ) . `` Tonys : Neil Patrick Harris Wins Best Lead Actor in a Musical '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Michael ( July 21 , 2008 ) . `` TCA Weekend Update : Neil Patrick Harris , `` The Starter Wife '' and more ! `` . Retrieved November 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sesame Street Enters 39th Season '' . Sesame Workshop . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Graham , Mark ( July 23 , 2008 ) . `` NPH Sweeps The Clouds Away As The Shoe Fairy On Sesame Street '' . Defamer . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Martin , Denise ( August 25 , 2009 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris signs on to guest judge American Idol '' . Los Angeles Times blogs . Retrieved September 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dream On '' . Glee . Series 1 . Episode 19 . May 18 , 2010 . Fox . Retrieved May 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 65th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2013 ) '' . Archive of American Television . Jump up ^ `` Emmys : Neil Patrick Harris Explains In Memoriam Changes '' . Access Hollywood . September 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Staff ( October 23 , 2009 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris is on Batman tonight ( and he sings ! ) '' . TV Squad . Retrieved February 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Adalian , Josef ( 28 January 2010 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris Steps Into ' The Cube ' for CBS '' . The Wrap . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Randee Dawn ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris turned down ' Late Show ' job , fearing boredom '' . Today Show . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best Time Ever With Neil Patrick Harris : Cancelled by NBC ; No Season Two '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Borys Kit , Lesley Goldberg ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris to Star in Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' as Showrunner Exits '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kate Stanhope , Lesley Goldberg ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` NBC Greenlights ' Genius Junior ' Game Show Hosted by Neil Patrick Harris '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Academy of Magical Arts Board of Directors and Board of Trustees '' . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory '' . RiffTrax . Retrieved July 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Joss Whedon Interview : The Web Has Been Wonderful For `` Horrible '' `` . Tubefilter . July 15 , 2008 . Retrieved July 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hey , That Sounds Like Neil Patrick Harris '' . Disney Parks blogsite . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Patrick Harris To Host Spike TV 's 2010 `` Video Game Awards '' `` . Spike Press Center . December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hardcover Nonfiction Books - Best Sellers - November 9 , 2014 - The New York Times '' . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ Shoffel , Jessica ( 2015 - 10 - 07 ) . `` Litlle , Brown Books for Young Readers to Publish Neil Patrick Harris 's Debut Middle Grade Series -- The Magic Misfits '' ( PDF ) . www.hachettebookgroup.com . Little , Brown and Company . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ Harris , Neil Patrick ( 2017 - 09 - 19 ) . The Magic Misfits . S.l. : Little , Brown Books for Young Readers . ISBN 9780316391825 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Neil Patrick Harris tells People He is Gay '' . People . November 3 , 2006 . Retrieved March 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Thomson , Katherine ( September 13 , 2007 ) . `` Watch : Neil Patrick Harris Tells Ellen About Going To The Emmys Since Coming Out '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved March 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Neil Patrick Harris ( @ ActuallyNPH ) ( August 16 , 2010 ) . `` So , get this : David and I are expecting twins this fall . We 're super excited / nervous / thrilled . Hoping the press can respect our privacy ... '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Hartenstein , Meena ( August 15 , 2010 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris to be dad to twins with fiancé David Burtka , actor announces on Twitter '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Neil Patrick Harris ( @ ActuallyNPH ) ( October 15 , 2010 ) . `` Babies ! ! On 10 / 12 , Gideon Scott and Harper Grace entered the Burtka - Harris fold . All of us are happy , healthy , tired , and a little pukey . '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Neil Patrick Harris Welcomes ' Happy , Healthy ' Twins '' . People . October 15 , 2010 . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ June 25 , 2011 ( @ ActuallyNPH ) ( March 4 , 2012 ) . `` David and I did propose to each other , but over five years ago ! We 've been wearing engagement rings for ages , waiting for an available date . '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Neil Patrick Harris announces secret engagement '' . Digital Spy . June 25 , 2011 . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ September 8 , 2014 ( @ ActuallyNPH ) ( March 4 , 2012 ) . `` Guess what ? @ DavidBurtka and I got married over the weekend . In Italy . Yup , we put the ' n ' and ' d ' in ' husband '. pic.twitter.com/R09ibF41rt '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` They 're married ! Neil Patrick Harris weds partner of 10 years David Burtka during intimate ceremony in Italy '' . Dailymail . Jump up ^ `` Neil Patrick Harris dishes about his wedding day '' . CBS News . Jump up ^ `` Neil Patrick Harris Marries David Burtka '' . People . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Elizabeth ( September 8 , 2014 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris Marries David Burtka '' . People . Retrieved September 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Spero , Jesse ( September 8 , 2014 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris & David Burtka Wed In Italy '' . Access Hollywood . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bueno , Antoinette ( September 8 , 2014 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris Marries David Burtka '' . ET Online . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Gould Keil . `` Neil Patrick Harris and fiancé purchase stunning Fifth Ave . townhouse '' . New York Post . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charities & foundations supported '' . Look to the Stars . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yes , They Plan Some Halloween Fun '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Patrick Harris Hosts a Charity Picnic in L.A. '' . People Magazine . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( May 26 , 2010 ) . `` ' Glee ' Stops the Show at No. 1 , Stones Come in Second On Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New Batman DVD to peek out from ' Under the Red Hood ' '' . Latimes . February 9 , 2010 . Retrieved May 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ A Matter of Time : The Unauthorized Back to the Future Lexicon Page 125 Jump up ^ Champion , Lindsay . `` Magic Extravaganza Nothing to Hide Headed Off - Broadway , Directed by Neil Patrick Harris '' . Broadway.com . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Saints Row '' . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Neil Patrick Harris . Neil Patrick Harris on IMDb Neil Patrick Harris at the Internet Broadway Database Neil Patrick Harris at Internet Off - Broadway Database Neil Patrick Harris on Twitter Neil Patrick Harris at DMOZ 2011 interview with The Sondheim Review ( show ) Media offices Preceded by Ellen DeGeneres Host of Academy Awards 2015 Succeeded by Chris Rock Preceded by Whoopi Goldberg Host of Tonys 2009 Succeeded by Sean Hayes Preceded by Sean Hayes Host of Tonys 2011 , 2012 , 2013 Succeeded by Hugh Jackman Preceded by Vanessa L. Williams Host of TV Land Awards 2009 Succeeded by Tim Allen No single host Host of Spike Video Game Awards Succeeded by Zachary Levi Preceded by Rino Romano Voice or portrayal of Spider - Man 2003 Succeeded by Josh Keaton Hosts of the Academy Awards ceremonies 1929 -- 50 Douglas Fairbanks / William C. deMille ( 1929 ) William C. deMille ( 1930 ) Conrad Nagel ( 1930 ) Lawrence Grant ( 1931 ) Lionel Barrymore / Conrad Nagel ( 1932 ) Will Rogers ( 1934 ) Irvin S. Cobb ( 1935 ) Frank Capra ( 1936 ) George Jessel ( 1937 ) Bob Burns ( 1938 ) None ( 1939 ) Bob Hope ( 1940 ) Bob Hope ( 1941 ) None ( 1942 ) Bob Hope ( 1943 ) Jack Benny ( 1944 ) Bob Hope / John Cromwell ( 1945 ) Bob Hope / James Stewart ( 1946 ) Jack Benny ( 1947 ) Dick Powell / Agnes Moorehead ( 1948 ) Robert Montgomery ( 1949 ) Paul Douglas ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 75 Fred Astaire ( 1951 ) Danny Kaye ( 1952 ) Bob Hope / Conrad Nagel ( 1953 ) Donald O'Connor / Fredric March ( 1954 ) Bob Hope / Thelma Ritter ( 1955 ) Jerry Lewis / Claudette Colbert / Joseph L. Mankiewicz ( 1956 ) Jerry Lewis / Celeste Holm ( 1957 ) Bob Hope / David Niven / Donald Duck / James Stewart / Jack Lemmon / Rosalind Russell ( 1958 ) Bob Hope / David Niven / Tony Randall / Mort Sahl / Laurence Olivier / Jerry Lewis ( 1959 ) Bob Hope ( 1960 ) Bob Hope ( 1961 ) Bob Hope ( 1962 ) Frank Sinatra ( 1963 ) Jack Lemmon ( 1964 ) Bob Hope ( 1965 ) Bob Hope ( 1966 ) Bob Hope ( 1967 ) Bob Hope ( 1968 ) None ( 1969 ) None ( 1970 ) None ( 1971 ) Helen Hayes / Alan King / Sammy Davis Jr . / Jack Lemmon ( 1972 ) Carol Burnett / Michael Caine / Charlton Heston / Rock Hudson ( 1973 ) John Huston / Burt Reynolds / David Niven / Diana Ross ( 1974 ) Sammy Davis Jr . / Bob Hope / Shirley MacLaine / Frank Sinatra ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Goldie Hawn / Gene Kelly / Walter Matthau / George Segal / Robert Shaw ( 1976 ) Warren Beatty / Ellen Burstyn / Jane Fonda / Richard Pryor ( 1977 ) Bob Hope ( 1978 ) Johnny Carson ( 1979 ) Johnny Carson ( 1980 ) Johnny Carson ( 1981 ) Johnny Carson ( 1982 ) Liza Minnelli / Dudley Moore / Richard Pryor / Walter Matthau ( 1983 ) Johnny Carson ( 1984 ) Jack Lemmon ( 1985 ) Alan Alda / Jane Fonda / Robin Williams ( 1986 ) Chevy Chase / Goldie Hawn / Paul Hogan ( 1987 ) Chevy Chase ( 1988 ) None ( 1989 ) Billy Crystal ( 1990 ) Billy Crystal ( 1991 ) Billy Crystal ( 1992 ) Billy Crystal ( 1993 ) Whoopi Goldberg ( 1994 ) David Letterman ( 1995 ) Whoopi Goldberg ( 1996 ) Billy Crystal ( 1997 ) Billy Crystal ( 1998 ) Whoopi Goldberg ( 1999 ) Billy Crystal ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Steve Martin ( 2001 ) Whoopi Goldberg ( 2002 ) Steve Martin ( 2003 ) Billy Crystal ( 2004 ) Chris Rock ( 2005 ) Jon Stewart ( 2006 ) Ellen DeGeneres ( 2007 ) Jon Stewart ( 2008 ) Hugh Jackman ( 2009 ) Alec Baldwin / Steve Martin ( 2010 ) James Franco / Anne Hathaway ( 2011 ) Billy Crystal ( 2012 ) Seth MacFarlane ( 2013 ) Ellen DeGeneres ( 2014 ) Neil Patrick Harris ( 2015 ) Chris Rock ( 2016 ) Jimmy Kimmel ( 2017 ) Jimmy Kimmel ( 2018 ) Hosts of the Tony Awards ceremonies 1947 -- 1960 Brock Pemberton ( 1947 ) Bert Lytell / Hiram Sherman / Harry Hirshfield ( 1948 ) Brock Pemberton / James Sauter ( 1949 ) None ( 1950 ) James Sauter ( 1951 ) Helen Hayes ( 1952 ) Faye Emerson ( 1953 ) James Sauter ( 1954 ) Helen Hayes ( 1955 ) Jack Carter ( 1956 ) Bud Collyer ( 1957 ) Bud Collyer ( 1958 ) Bud Collyer ( 1959 ) Eddie Albert ( 1960 ) 1961 -- 1980 Phil Silvers ( 1961 ) Ray Bolger / Robert Preston ( 1962 ) Abe Burrows / Robert Morse ( 1963 ) Sidney Blackmer ( 1964 ) Tom Bosley / José Ferrer / Van Johnson ( 1965 ) George Abbott / Ginger Rogers ( 1966 ) Mary Martin / Robert Preston ( 1967 ) Angela Lansbury / Peter Ustinov ( 1968 ) Diahann Carroll / Alan King ( 1969 ) Julie Andrews / Shirley MacLaine / Walter Matthau ( 1970 ) Lauren Bacall / Angela Lansbury / Anthony Quayle / Anthony Quinn ( 1971 ) Deborah Kerr / Henry Fonda / Peter Ustinov ( 1972 ) Rex Harrison / Celeste Holm ( 1973 ) Peter Falk / Florence Henderson / Robert Preston / Cicely Tyson ( 1974 ) Larry Blyden / George S. Irving / Larry Kert / Carol Lawrence / Michele Lee / Bernadette Peters / Bobby Van ( 1975 ) Eddie Albert / Richard Burton / Jane Fonda / Diana Rigg / George C. Scott / Trish Van Devere ( 1976 ) Jack Albertson / Bea Arthur / Buddy Ebsen / Damon Evans / Jean Stapleton / Leslie Uggams ( 1977 ) None ( 1978 ) Jane Alexander / Henry Fonda / Liv Ullmann ( 1979 ) Mary Tyler Moore / Jason Robards ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 2000 Ellen Burstyn / Richard Chamberlain ( 1981 ) Tony Randall ( 1982 ) Richard Burton / Lena Horne / Jack Lemmon ( 1983 ) Julie Andrews / Robert Preston ( 1984 ) None ( 1985 ) None ( 1986 ) Angela Lansbury ( 1987 ) Angela Lansbury ( 1988 ) Angela Lansbury ( 1989 ) Kathleen Turner ( 1990 ) Julie Andrews / Jeremy Irons ( 1991 ) Glenn Close ( 1992 ) Liza Minnelli ( 1993 ) Anthony Hopkins / Amy Irving ( 1994 ) Nathan Lane / Glenn Close / Gregory Hines ( 1995 ) Nathan Lane ( 1996 ) Rosie O'Donnell ( 1997 ) Rosie O'Donnell ( 1998 ) None ( 1999 ) Rosie O'Donnell ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2020 Nathan Lane / Matthew Broderick ( 2001 ) Bernadette Peters / Gregory Hines ( 2002 ) Hugh Jackman ( 2003 ) Hugh Jackman ( 2004 ) Hugh Jackman ( 2005 ) None ( 2006 ) None ( 2007 ) Whoopi Goldberg ( 2008 ) Neil Patrick Harris ( 2009 ) Sean Hayes ( 2010 ) Neil Patrick Harris ( 2011 ) Neil Patrick Harris ( 2012 ) Neil Patrick Harris ( 2013 ) Hugh Jackman ( 2014 ) Kristin Chenoweth / Alan Cumming ( 2015 ) James Corden ( 2016 ) Kevin Spacey ( 2017 ) Awards for Neil Patrick Harris Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Neil Patrick Harris ( 2011 ) Ty Burrell ( 2012 ) Simon Helberg ( 2013 ) Andre Braugher ( 2014 ) T.J. Miller ( 2015 ) Andre Braugher ( 2016 ) Louie Anderson ( 2016 ) Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actor in a Musical John Cullum ( 1975 ) Ian Richardson ( 1976 ) Lenny Baker ( 1977 ) Ken Page ( 1978 ) Len Cariou ( 1979 ) Jim Dale ( 1980 ) Kevin Kline ( 1981 ) George Hearn ( 1984 ) Ron Richardson ( 1985 ) George Rose ( 1986 ) Robert Lindsay ( 1987 ) Michael Crawford ( 1988 ) Jason Alexander ( 1989 ) James Naughton ( 1990 ) Jonathan Pryce ( 1991 ) Gregory Hines / Nathan Lane ( 1992 ) Brent Carver ( 1993 ) Boyd Gaines ( 1994 ) Vernel Bagneris ( 1995 ) Nathan Lane ( 1996 ) Robert Cuccioli ( 1997 ) Alan Cumming ( 1998 ) Brent Carver ( 1999 ) Brian Stokes Mitchell ( 2000 ) Nathan Lane ( 2001 ) John Lithgow ( 2002 ) Antonio Banderas / Harvey Fierstein ( 2003 ) Hugh Jackman ( 2004 ) Norbert Leo Butz ( 2005 ) John Lloyd Young ( 2006 ) Raúl Esparza ( 2007 ) Paulo Szot ( 2008 ) Brian d'Arcy James ( 2009 ) Douglas Hodge ( 2010 ) Norbert Leo Butz ( 2011 ) Danny Burstein ( 2012 ) Billy Porter ( 2013 ) Neil Patrick Harris / Jefferson Mays ( 2014 ) Robert Fairchild ( 2015 ) Danny Burstein ( 2016 ) Andy Karl ( 2017 ) Drama League 's Distinguished Performance Award Katharine Cornell ( 1935 ) Helen Hayes ( 1936 ) Maurice Evans ( 1937 ) Cedric Hardwicke ( 1938 ) Raymond Massey ( 1939 ) Paul Muni ( 1940 ) Paul Lukas ( 1941 ) Judith Evelyn ( 1942 ) Alfred Lunt ( 1943 ) Lynn Fontanne ( 1944 ) Mady Christians ( 1945 ) Louis Calhern ( 1946 ) Ingrid Bergman ( 1947 ) Judith Anderson ( 1948 ) Robert Morley ( 1949 ) Grace George ( 1950 ) Claude Rains ( 1951 ) Julie Harris ( 1952 ) Shirley Booth ( 1953 ) Josephine Hull ( 1954 ) Viveca Lindfors ( 1955 ) David Wayne ( 1956 ) Eli Wallach ( 1957 ) Ralph Bellamy ( 1958 ) Cyril Ritchard ( 1959 ) Jessica Tandy ( 1960 ) Hume Cronyn ( 1961 ) Paul Scofield ( 1962 ) Charles Boyer ( 1963 ) Alec Guinness ( 1964 ) John Gielgud ( 1965 ) Richard Kiley ( 1966 ) Rosemary Harris ( 1967 ) Zoe Caldwell ( 1968 ) Alec McCowen ( 1969 ) James Stewart ( 1970 ) Anthony Quayle ( 1971 ) Eileen Atkins / Claire Bloom ( 1972 ) Alan Bates ( 1973 ) Christopher Plummer ( 1974 ) John Wood ( 1975 ) Eva Le Gallienne ( 1976 ) Tom Courtenay ( 1977 ) Frank Langella ( 1978 ) Frances Sternhagen ( 1979 ) Roy Scheider ( 1980 ) Ian McKellen ( 1981 ) Milo O'Shea ( 1982 ) Edward Herrmann / Kate Nelligan ( 1983 ) Jeremy Irons ( 1984 ) Derek Jacobi ( 1985 ) Bernadette Peters ( 1986 ) James Earl Jones ( 1987 ) John Lithgow ( 1988 ) Pauline Collins ( 1989 ) Robert Morse ( 1990 ) Stockard Channing ( 1991 ) Glenn Close ( 1992 ) Stephen Rea ( 1993 ) Sam Waterston ( 1994 ) Cherry Jones ( 1995 ) Uta Hagen ( 1996 ) Charles Durning / Bebe Neuwirth ( 1997 ) Brian Stokes Mitchell ( 1998 ) Kathleen Chalfant ( 1999 ) Eileen Heckart ( 2000 ) Mary - Louise Parker / Gary Sinise ( 2001 ) Liam Neeson ( 2002 ) Harvey Fierstein ( 2003 ) Hugh Jackman ( 2004 ) Norbert Leo Butz ( 2005 ) Christine Ebersole ( 2006 ) Liev Schreiber ( 2007 ) Patti LuPone ( 2008 ) Geoffrey Rush ( 2009 ) Alfred Molina ( 2010 ) Mark Rylance ( 2011 ) Audra McDonald ( 2012 ) Nathan Lane ( 2013 ) Neil Patrick Harris ( 2014 ) Chita Rivera ( 2015 ) Lin - Manuel Miranda ( 2016 ) Ben Platt ( 2017 ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series Roscoe Lee Browne ( 1986 ) John Cleese ( 1987 ) Cleavon Little ( 1989 ) Jay Thomas ( 1990 ) Jay Thomas ( 1991 ) No award ( 1992 ) David Clennon ( 1993 ) Martin Sheen ( 1994 ) Carl Reiner ( 1995 ) Tim Conway ( 1996 ) Mel Brooks ( 1997 ) Mel Brooks ( 1998 ) Mel Brooks ( 1999 ) Bruce Willis ( 2000 ) Derek Jacobi ( 2001 ) Anthony LaPaglia ( 2002 ) Gene Wilder ( 2003 ) John Turturro ( 2004 ) Bobby Cannavale ( 2005 ) Leslie Jordan ( 2006 ) Stanley Tucci ( 2007 ) Tim Conway ( 2008 ) Justin Timberlake ( 2009 ) Neil Patrick Harris ( 2010 ) Justin Timberlake ( 2011 ) Jimmy Fallon ( 2012 ) Bob Newhart ( 2013 ) Jimmy Fallon ( 2014 ) Bradley Whitford ( 2015 ) Peter Scolari ( 2016 ) Dave Chappelle ( 2017 ) Hasty Pudding Men of the Year 1967 -- 2000 Bob Hope ( 1967 ) Paul Newman ( 1968 ) Bill Cosby ( 1969 ) Robert Redford ( 1970 ) James Stewart ( 1971 ) Dustin Hoffman ( 1972 ) Jack Lemmon ( 1973 ) Peter Falk ( 1974 ) Warren Beatty ( 1975 ) Robert Blake ( 1976 ) Johnny Carson ( 1977 ) Richard Dreyfuss ( 1978 ) Robert De Niro ( 1979 ) Alan Alda ( 1980 ) John Travolta ( 1981 ) James Cagney ( 1982 ) Steven Spielberg ( 1983 ) Sean Connery ( 1984 ) Bill Murray ( 1985 ) Sylvester Stallone ( 1986 ) Mikhail Baryshnikov ( 1987 ) Steve Martin ( 1988 ) Robin Williams ( 1989 ) Kevin Costner ( 1990 ) Clint Eastwood ( 1991 ) Michael Douglas ( 1992 ) Chevy Chase ( 1993 ) Tom Cruise ( 1994 ) Tom Hanks ( 1995 ) Harrison Ford ( 1996 ) Mel Gibson ( 1997 ) Kevin Kline ( 1998 ) Samuel L. Jackson ( 1999 ) Billy Crystal ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Anthony Hopkins ( 2001 ) Bruce Willis ( 2002 ) Martin Scorsese ( 2003 ) Robert Downey Jr. ( 2004 ) Tim Robbins ( 2005 ) Richard Gere ( 2006 ) Ben Stiller ( 2007 ) Christopher Walken ( 2008 ) James Franco ( 2009 ) Justin Timberlake ( 2010 ) Jay Leno ( 2011 ) Jason Segel ( 2012 ) Kiefer Sutherland ( 2013 ) Neil Patrick Harris ( 2014 ) Chris Pratt ( 2015 ) Joseph Gordon - Levitt ( 2016 ) Ryan Reynolds ( 2017 ) Streamy Awards Winners for Best Actor Performance 2009 : Neil Patrick Harris ( comedy ) / Alessandro Juliani ( drama ) 2010 : Zach Galifianakis ( comedy ) / Mark Gantt ( drama ) 2013 : Ken Marino ( comedy ) / Xander Berkeley ( drama ) 2014 : David Milchard ( comedy ) / Joey Graceffa ( drama ) 2015 : James Van Der Beek 2016 : Chris Kendall Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical 1948 -- 1975 Paul Hartman ( 1948 ) Ray Bolger ( 1949 ) Ezio Pinza ( 1950 ) Robert Alda ( 1951 ) Phil Silvers ( 1952 ) Thomas Mitchell ( 1953 ) Alfred Drake ( 1954 ) Walter Slezak ( 1955 ) Ray Walston ( 1956 ) Rex Harrison ( 1957 ) Robert Preston ( 1958 ) Richard Kiley ( 1959 ) Jackie Gleason ( 1960 ) Richard Burton ( 1961 ) Robert Morse ( 1962 ) Zero Mostel ( 1963 ) Bert Lahr ( 1964 ) Zero Mostel ( 1965 ) Richard Kiley ( 1966 ) Robert Preston ( 1967 ) Robert Goulet ( 1968 ) Jerry Orbach ( 1969 ) Cleavon Little ( 1970 ) Hal Linden ( 1971 ) Phil Silvers ( 1972 ) Ben Vereen ( 1973 ) Christopher Plummer ( 1974 ) John Cullum ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 George Rose ( 1976 ) Barry Bostwick ( 1977 ) John Cullum ( 1978 ) Len Cariou ( 1979 ) Jim Dale ( 1980 ) Kevin Kline ( 1981 ) Ben Harney ( 1982 ) Tommy Tune ( 1983 ) George Hearn ( 1984 ) No award ( 1985 ) George Rose ( 1986 ) Robert Lindsay ( 1987 ) Michael Crawford ( 1988 ) Jason Alexander ( 1989 ) James Naughton ( 1990 ) Jonathan Pryce ( 1991 ) Gregory Hines ( 1992 ) Brent Carver ( 1993 ) Boyd Gaines ( 1994 ) Matthew Broderick ( 1995 ) Nathan Lane ( 1996 ) James Naughton ( 1997 ) Alan Cumming ( 1998 ) Martin Short ( 1999 ) Brian Stokes Mitchell ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Nathan Lane ( 2001 ) John Lithgow ( 2002 ) Harvey Fierstein ( 2003 ) Hugh Jackman ( 2004 ) Norbert Leo Butz ( 2005 ) John Lloyd Young ( 2006 ) David Hyde Pierce ( 2007 ) Paulo Szot ( 2008 ) David Alvarez , Trent Kowalik and Kiril Kulish ( 2009 ) Douglas Hodge ( 2010 ) Norbert Leo Butz ( 2011 ) Steve Kazee ( 2012 ) Billy Porter ( 2013 ) Neil Patrick Harris ( 2014 ) Michael Cerveris ( 2015 ) Leslie Odom Jr. ( 2016 ) Ben Platt ( 2017 ) VIAF : 160587267 LCCN : no92005724 ISNI : 0000 0001 1883 0158 GND : 135253276 SUDOC : 155823019 BNF : cb14185564c ( data ) BIBSYS : 15007182 MusicBrainz : 587fbf06 - 1cc0 - 4ae6 - 91ef - afe832385b13 IATH : w6hc1x52 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neil_Patrick_Harris&oldid=800060049 '' Categories : 1973 births Living people 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors 21st - century American writers American agnostics American autobiographers American magicians American male child actors American male comedians American comedians American male film actors Broadway theatre people American male musical theatre actors American male singers American singers American male stage actors American male television actors American male voice actors American male video game actors American male web series actors American television directors American television hosts American theatre directors Drama Desk Award winners Gay actors Gay men Gay writers La Cueva High School alumni LGBT comedians LGBT directors LGBT entertainers from the United States LGBT magicians LGBT memoirists LGBT people from New Mexico LGBT singers LGBT writers from the United States Male actors from Albuquerque , New Mexico People from Lincoln County , New Mexico Primetime Emmy Award winners Streamy Award winners Tony Award winners Writers from Albuquerque , New Mexico Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from October 2012 Articles with hCards Articles with IBDb links Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - 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"Neil Patrick Harris (born June 15, 1973)[1] is an American actor, comedian, magician, and singer, known primarily for his comedy roles on television and his dramatic and musical stage roles. On television, he is known for playing the title character on Doogie Howser, M.D. (1989–1993), Barney Stinson on How I Met Your Mother (2005–2014, for which he was nominated for four Emmy Awards), and Count Olaf on A Series of Unfortunate Events (2017 onward)."
] | [
"Neil Patrick Harris"
] |
1265705704686680374 | Camera phone | Camera phone - wikipedia Camera phone Jump to : navigation , search For the song by The Game , see Camera Phone ( song ) . See also : Mobile phone and Videophone Camera phone allows instant , automatic photo sharing . There is no need for a cable or removable media to connect to a personal computer . A camera phone is a mobile phone which is able to capture photographs and often record video using one or more built - in digital cameras . The first camera phone was sold in 2000 in Japan , a Sharp J - SH04 J - Phone model , although some argue that the SCH - V200 and Kyocera VP - 210 Visual Phone , both introduced months earlier in South Korea and Japan respectively , are the first camera phones . Most camera phones are simpler than separate digital cameras . Their usual fixed - focus lenses and smaller sensors limit their performance in poor lighting . Lacking a physical shutter , some have a long shutter lag . Photoflash is typically provided by an LED source which illuminates less intensely over a much longer exposure time than a bright and near - instantaneous flash strobe . Optical zoom and tripod screws are rare and none has a hot shoe for attaching an external flash . Some also lack a USB connection or a removable memory card . Most have Bluetooth and WiFi , and can make geotagged photographs . Some of the more expensive camera phones have only a few of these technical disadvantages , but with bigger image sensors ( a few are up to 1 `` ) , their capabilities approach those of low - end point - and - shoot cameras . In the smartphone era , the steady sales increase of camera phones caused point - and - shoot camera sales to peak about 2010 and decline thereafter . Most model lines improve their cameras every year or two . Most smartphones only have a menu choice to start a camera application program and an on - screen button to activate the shutter . Some also have a separate camera button , for quickness and convenience . A few camera phones are designed to resemble separate low - end digital compact cameras in appearance and to some degree in features and picture quality , and are branded as both mobile phones and cameras . The principal advantages of camera phones are cost and compactness ; indeed for a user who carries a mobile phone anyway , the addition is negligible . Smartphones that are camera phones may run mobile applications to add capabilities such as geotagging and image stitching . Also smartphones can use their touch screen to direct their camera to focus on a particular object in the field of view , giving even an inexperienced user a degree of focus control exceeded only by seasoned photographers using manual focus . However , the touch screen , being a general purpose control , lacks the agility of a separate camera 's dedicated buttons and dial ( s ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Technology 1.1 Camera 1.2 Images 1.3 Multimedia Messaging Service 1.4 External camera 2 History 3 Manufacturers 4 Social impact 5 Camera as an interaction device 6 Laws 7 Notable events involving camera phones 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Technology ( edit ) Camera ( edit ) Nearly all camera phones use CMOS image sensors , due to largely reduced power consumption compared to CCD type cameras , which are also used , but in few camera phones . Some of camera phones even use more expensive Back Side Illuminated CMOS which uses energy lesser than CMOS , although more expensive than CMOS and CCD . Samsung Galaxy S5 camera , including the floating element group , suspended by ceramic bearings and a small rare earth magnet . Image showing the six molded elements in the Samsung Galaxy S5 As camera phone technology has progressed over the years , the lens design has evolved from a simple double Gauss or Cooke triplet to many molded plastic aspheric lens elements made with varying dispersion and refractive indexes . The latest generation of phone cameras also apply distortion ( optics ) , vignetting , and various optical aberration corrections to the image before it is compressed into a . jpeg format . ' Most camera phones have a digital zoom feature . A few have optical zoom . An external camera can be added , coupled wirelessly to the phone by Wi - Fi . They are compatible with most smartphones . Images ( edit ) Images are usually saved in the JPEG file format , except for some high - end camera phones which have also RAW feature and the Android 5.0 Lollipop has facility of it . Windows Phones can be configured to operate as a camera even if the phone is asleep . An external flash can be employed , to improve performance . Phones usually store pictures and video in a directory called / DCIM in the internal memory . Some can store this media in external memory ( Secure digital card or USB on the go pen drive ) . Multimedia Messaging service ( edit ) Main article : Multimedia Messaging Service Camera phones can share pictures almost instantly and automatically via a sharing infrastructure integrated with the carrier network . Early developers including Philippe Kahn envisioned a technology that would enable service providers to `` collect a fee every time anyone snaps a photo '' . The resulting technologies , Multimedia Messaging Service and Sha - Mail , were developed parallel to and in competition to open Internet - based mobile communication provided by GPRS and later 3G networks . The first commercial camera phone complete with infrastructure was the J - SH04 , made by Sharp Corporation ; it had an integrated CCD sensor , with the Sha - Mail ( Picture - Mail in Japanese ) infrastructure developed in collaboration with Kahn 's LightSurf venture , and marketed from 2001 by J - Phone in Japan today owned by Softbank . The first commercial deployment in North America of camera phones was in 2004 . The Sprint wireless carriers deployed over one million camera phone manufactured by Sanyo and launched by the PictureMail infrastructure ( Sha - Mail in English ) developed and managed by LightSurf . While early phones had Internet connectivity , working web browsers and email - programs , the phone menu offered no way of including a photo in an email or uploading it to a web site . Connecting cables or removable media that would enable the local transfer of pictures were also usually missing . Modern smartphones have almost unlimited connectivity and transfer options with photograph attachment features . External camera ( edit ) During 2003 ( as camera phones were gaining popularity ) , in Europe some phones without cameras had support for MMS and external cameras that could be connected with a small cable or directly to the data port at the base of the phone . The external cameras were comparable in quality to those fitted on regular camera phones at the time , typically offering VGA resolution . In 2013 - 2014 Sony and other manufacturers announced add - on camera modules for smartphones called lens - style cameras . They have larger sensors and lenses than those in a camera phone but lack a viewfinder , display and most controls . They can be mounted to an Android or iOS phone or tablet and use its display and controls . Lens - style cameras include : Sony SmartShot QX series , announced and released in mid 2013 . They include the DSC - QX100 / B , the large Sony ILCE - QX1 , and the small Sony DSC - QX30 . Kodak PixPro smart lens camera series , announced in 2014 . Vivicam smart lens camera series from Vivitar / Sakar , announced in 2014 . HTC RE HTC also announced an external camera module for smartphones , which can capture 16 MP still shots and Full HD videos . The RE Module is also waterproof and dustproof , so it can be used in a variety of conditions . External cameras for thermal imaging also became available in late 2014 . History ( edit ) The Nokia N8 smartphone is the first Nokia smartphone with a 12 - megapixel autofocus lens , and is one of the few camera phones ( the first was Nokia N82 ) to feature Carl Zeiss optics with xenon flash . The camera phone , like many complex systems , is the result of converging and enabling technologies . There are dozens of relevant patents dating back as far as 1956 . Compared to digital cameras , a consumer - viable camera in a mobile phone would require far less power and a higher level of camera electronics integration to permit the miniaturization . The CMOS active pixel sensor `` camera - on - a-chip '' developed by Eric Fossum and his team in the early 1990s achieved the first step of realizing the modern camera phone as described in a March 1995 Business Week article . While the first camera phones ( e.g. J - SH04 ) , as successfully marketed by J - Phone in Japan , used charge - coupled device ( CCD ) sensors and not CMOS sensors , more than 90 % of camera phones sold today use CMOS image sensor technology . Over the years there have been many videophones and cameras that have included communication capability . Some devices experimented with integration of the device to communicate wirelessly with Internet , which would allow instant media sharing with anyone anywhere . For example , in 1995 Apple experimented with the Apple Videophone / PDA . There were several digital cameras with cellular phone transmission capability shown by companies such as Kodak , Olympus in the early 1990s . There was also a digital camera with cellular phone designed by Shosaku Kawashima of Canon in Japan in May 1997 . In Japan , two competing projects were run by Sharp and Kyocera in 1997 . Both had cell phones with integrated cameras . However , the Kyocera system was designed as a peer - to - peer video - phone as opposed to the Sharp project which was initially focused on sharing instant pictures . That was made possible when the Sharp devices was coupled to the Sha - mail infrastructure designed in collaboration with American technologist Kahn . The Kyocera team was led by Kazumi Saburi . In 1995 , work by James Greenwold of Bureau Of Technical Services , in Chippewa Falls , Wisconsin , was developing a pocket video camera for surveillance purposes . By 1999 , the Tardis recorder was in prototype and being used by the government . Bureau Of Technical Services advanced further by the patent No . 6,845,215 , B1 on `` Body - Carryable , digital Storage medium , Audio / Video recording Assembly '' . June 11 , 1997 , Santa Cruz , California : Image taken by Philippe Kahn after his daughter 's birth and instantly shared with more than 2000 people around the world On June 11 , 1997 , Philippe Kahn instantly shared the first pictures from the maternity ward where his daughter Sophie was born . He wirelessly transmitted his cell phone pictures to more than 2,000 family , friends and associates around the world . Kahn 's wireless sharing software and camera integrated into his cell phone augured the birth of instant visual communications . Kahn 's cell phone transmission is the first known publicly shared picture via a cell phone . Cameras on cell phones proved popular right from the start , as indicated by the J - Phone in Japan having had more than half of its subscribers using cell phone cameras in two years . The world soon followed . In 2003 , more camera phones were sold worldwide than stand - alone digital cameras largely due to growth in Japan and Korea . In 2005 , Nokia became the world 's most sold digital camera brand . In 2006 , half of the world 's mobile phones had a built - in camera . In 2006 , Thuraya released the first satellite phone with an integrated camera . The Thuraya SG - 2520 was manufactured by Korean company APSI and ran Windows CE . In 2008 , Nokia sold more camera phones than Kodak sold film - based simple cameras , thus becoming the biggest manufacturer of any kind of camera . In 2010 , the worldwide number of camera phones totaled more than a billion . Since 2010 , most mobile phones , even cheapest ones , are being sold with a camera . High - end camera phones usually had a relatively good lens and high resolution . Higher resolution camera phones started to appear in 2010s. 12 - megapixel camera phones have been produced by at least two companies . To highlight the capabilities of the Nokia N8 ( Big CMOS Sensor ) camera , Nokia created a short film , The Commuter , in October 2010 . The seven - minute film was shot entirely on the phone 's 720p camera . A 14 - megapixel smartphone with 3 × optical zoom was announced in late 2010 . Apple 's iPhone started including a 12 - megapixel camera with the iPhone 6S and 6S Plus in 2015 ( it had been 8 - megapixel on models released in previous years ) , and continues to do so with iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus , that were introduced in 2016 , while the latter includes a dual - lens camera and includes a 2 × optical zoom . In 2012 , Nokia announced Nokia 808 PureView . It features a 41 - megapixel 1 / 1.2 - inch sensor and a high - resolution f / 2.4 Zeiss all - aspherical one - group lens . It also features Nokia 's PureView Pro technology , a pixel oversampling technique that reduces an image taken at full resolution into a lower resolution picture , thus achieving higher definition and light sensitivity , and enables lossless zoom . In mid-2013 , Nokia announced the Nokia Lumia 1020 . It had an improved version of the 41 - megapixel sensor . Manufacturers ( edit ) Major manufacturers of cameras for phones include Toshiba , ST Micro , Sharp , Omnivision , and Aptina ( Now part of ON Semiconductor ) . Social impact ( edit ) See also : Selfie Taking a photograph with cell phone . Personal photography allows people to capture and construct personal and group memory , maintain social relationships as well as expressing their identity . The hundreds of millions of camera phones sold every year provide the same opportunities , yet these functions are altered and allow for a different user experience . As mobile phones are constantly carried , camera phones allow for capturing moments at any time . Mobile communication also allows for immediate transmission of content ( for example via Multimedia Messaging Services ) , which can not be reversed or regulated . Brooke Knight observes that `` the carrying of an external , non-integrated camera ( like a DSLR ) always changes the role of the wearer at an event , from participant to photographer '' . The cameraphone user , on the other hand , can remain a participant in whatever moment they photograph . Photos taken on a cameraphone serve to prove the physical presence of the photographer . The immediacy of sharing and the liveness that comes with it allows the photographs shared through cameraphones to emphasize their indexing of the photographer . While phones have been found useful by tourists and for other common civilian purposes , as they are cheap , convenient , and portable ; they have also posed controversy , as they enable secret photography . A user may pretend to be simply talking on the phone or browsing the internet , drawing no suspicion while photographing a person or place in non-public areas where photography is restricted , or perform photography against that person 's wishes . At the same time , camera phones have enabled every citizen to exercise her or his freedom of speech by being able to quickly communicate to others what she or he has seen with their own eyes . In most democratic free countries , there are no restrictions against photography in public and thus camera phones enable new forms of citizen journalism , fine art photography , and recording one 's life experiences for facebooking or blogging . Camera phones have also been very useful to street photographers and social documentary photographers as they enable them to take pictures of strangers in the street without them noticing , thus allowing the artist / photographer to get close to her or his subjects and take more liveful photos . While most people are suspect of secret photography , artists who do street photography ( like Henri Cartier - Bresson did ) , photojournalists and photographers documenting people in public ( like the photographers who documented the Great Depression in 1930s America ) must often work unnoticed as their subjects are often unwilling to be photographed or are not aware of legitimate uses of secret photography like those photos that end up in fine art galleries and journalism . As a network - connected device , megapixel camera phones are playing significant roles in crime prevention , journalism and business applications as well as individual uses . They can also be used for activities such as voyeurism , invasion of privacy , and copyright infringement . Because they can be used to share media almost immediately , they are a potent personal content creation tool . On January 17 , 2007 , New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg announced a plan to encourage people to use their camera - phones to capture crimes happening in progress or dangerous situations and send them to emergency responders . Through the program , people will be able to send their images or video directly to 911 . Camera phones have also been used to discreetly take photographs in museums , performance halls , and other places where photography is prohibited . However , as sharing can be instantaneous , even if the action is discovered , it is too late , as the image is already out of reach , unlike a photo taken by a digital camera that only stores images locally for later transfer ( however , as the newer digital cameras support Wi - Fi , a photographer can perform photography with a DSLR and instantly post the photo on the internet through the mobile phone 's Wi - Fi and 3G capabilities ) . Apart from street photographers and social documentary photographers or cinematographers , camera phones have also been used successfully by war photographers . The small size of the camera phone allows a war photographer to secretly film the men and women who fight in a war , without them realizing that they have been photographed , thus the camera phone allows the war photographer to document wars while maintaining her or his safety . In 2010 , in Ireland the annual `` RTÉ 60 second short award '' was won by 15 - year - old Laura Gaynor , who made her winning cartoon , `` Piece of Cake '' on her Sony Ericsson C510 camera phone . In 2012 , Director / writer Eddie Brown Jr , made the reality thriller Camera Phone which is one of the first commercial produced movies using camera phones as the story 's prospective . The film is a reenactment of an actual case and they changed the names to protect those involved . Some modern camera phones ( in 2013 - 2014 ) have big sensors , thus allowing a street photographer or any other kind of photographer to take photos of similar quality to a semi-pro camera . Camera as an Interaction device ( edit ) The cameras of smartphones are used as input devices in numerous research projects and commercial applications . A commercially successful example is the use of QR Codes attached to physical objects . QR Codes can be sensed by the phone using its camera and provide an according link to related digital content , usually a URL . Another approach is using camera images to recognize objects . Content - based image analysis is used to recognize physical objects such as advertisement posters to provide information about the object . Hybrid approaches use a combination of unobstrusive visual markers and image analysis . An example is to estimate the pose of the camera phone to create a real - time overlay for a 3D paper globe . Some smartphones can provide an augmented reality overlay for 2D objects and to recognize multiple objects on the phone using a stripped down object recognition algorithm as well as using GPS and compass . A few can translate text from a foreign language . Auto - geotagging can show where a picture is taken , promoting interactions and allowing a photo to be mapped with others for comparison . Smartphones can use their front camera ( of lesser performance as compared to rear camera ) facing the user for purposes like self - portraiture ( selfie ) and videoconferencing . Laws ( edit ) Main articles : Photography and the law and Legality of recording by civilians Camera phones , or more specifically , widespread use of such phones as cameras by the general public , has increased exposure to laws relating to public and private photography . The laws that relate to other types of cameras also apply to camera phones . There are no special laws for camera phones . Enforcing bans on camera phones has proven nearly impossible . They are small and numerous and their use is easy to hide or disguise , making it hard for law enforcement and security personnel to detect or stop use . Total bans on camera phones would also raise questions about freedom of speech and the freedom of the press , since camera phone ban would prevent a citizen or a journalist ( or a citizen journalist ) from communicating to others a newsworthy event that could be captured with a camera phone . From time to time , organizations and places have prohibited or restricted the use of camera phones and other cameras because of the privacy , security , and copyright issues they pose . Such places include the Pentagon , federal and state courts , museums , schools , theaters , and local fitness clubs . Saudi Arabia , in April 2004 , banned the sale of camera phones nationwide for a time before reallowing their sale in December 2004 ( although pilgrims on the Hajj were allowed to bring in camera phones ) . There is the occasional anecdote of camera phones linked to industrial espionage and the activities of paparazzi ( which are legal but often controversial ) , as well as some hacking into wireless operators ' network . Notable events involving camera phones ( edit ) The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake was the first global news event where the majority of the first day news footage was no longer provided by professional news crews , but rather by citizen journalists , using primarily camera phones . On November 17 , 2006 , during a performance at the Laugh Factory comedy club , comedian Michael Richards was recorded responding to hecklers with racial slurs by a member of the audience using a camera phone . The video was widely circulated in television and internet news broadcasts . On December 30 , 2006 , the execution of former Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein was recorded by a video camera phone , and made widely available on the Internet . A guard was arrested a few days later . Camera phone video and photographs taken in the immediate aftermath of the 7 July 2005 London bombings were featured worldwide . CNN executive Jonathan Klein predicts camera phone footage will be increasingly used by news organizations . Camera phone digital images helped to spread the 2009 Iranian election protests . Camera phones recorded the BART Police shooting of Oscar Grant . See also ( edit ) Auxiliary memory Mobile phone accessories Modular smartphone Smartwatch Video editor References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Evolution of the Camera phone : From Sharp J - SH04 to Nokia 808 Pureview '' . Hoista.net. 2012 - 02 - 28 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Joel . `` Take High - Quality Pics With Your Phone 's Low - Quality Camera '' . Popular Mechanics . Jump up ^ `` Motorola DROID X vs. HTC Droid Incredible '' . Phone Arena . Jump up ^ `` Smartphone Telescope Camera Lens , Does It Really Work ? '' . Jump up ^ Monckton , Paul . `` Android 5.0 Camera Tests Show Update Instantly Improves Every Smartphone '' . Retrieved December 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rehm , Lars . `` Panasonic announces Lumix DMC - CM1 smartphone with 1 - inch sensor '' . Retrieved December 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Parks , Bob ( October 2000 ) . `` Wired Magazine , The Big Picture - Philippe Kahn '' . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ photobug22 ( 4 October 2013 ) . `` Smartphone Attachable Lens - style Camera - DSCQX100 / B Review - Sony US '' . Sony US . Jump up ^ Crisp , Simon ( January 18 , 2014 ) . `` Kodak smart lens cameras try to take on Sony '' . Jump up ^ `` Sakar shows QX - style , Vivitar - branded modular smart camera '' . January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NEW ARRIVAL : HTC RE Camera '' . March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clark , Don ( August 18 , 2014 ) . `` Add - on thermal imaging '' . Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` Apple Prototypes : 5 Products We Never Saw '' . Tech Weird News . 2006 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` History of digital camera '' . 2007 - 02 - 19 . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2007 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 19 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` United States Patent : D405457 - Digital camera with cellular phone and portable computer '' . Jump up ^ `` ZoomInfo Cached Page '' . zoominfo.com . Jump up ^ tardispanel. swf Jump up ^ PatentCert. pdf Jump up ^ `` Babyphone -- Einfach unabdingbar '' ( in German ) . Jump up ^ Maney , Kevin ( 2007 - 01 - 23 ) . `` Baby 's birth foretells `` birth '' of the cell phone camera -- and societal evolution `` . USA Today . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Robert ( 2011 ) . 100 Photographs That Changed The World . LIFE Books . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60320 - 176 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Strategy Analytics : Camera Phones Outsell Digital Still Cameras Worldwide ; NEC , Panasonic and Nokia Lead 25 Million Unit Market '' . Business Wire . September 25 , 2003 . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dotty but dashing '' . 8 April 2010 -- via The Economist . Jump up ^ `` Samsung Pixon12 M8910 Price in India - 12 megapixel camera - phone '' . Newtechnology.co.in . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Ericsson Satio -- A Phone with Ultimate multimedia experience '' . Newtechnology.co.in . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The Commuter ( 2010 ) '' . IMDb. 26 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Crave '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Jump up ^ Gye , Lisa ( 2007 ) Picture This : The Impact of Mobile Camera Phones on Personal Photographic Practices in Continuum Vol 21 Issue 2 . pp 279 - 288 Jump up ^ `` Asia - Pacific Camera Phone Market Tops 600 Million Units in 2010 , Says New Lyra Report '' . PRWeb. 10 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Brooke A. Knight , `` Performative Pictures : Camera Phones at the Ready , '' in New Visualities , New Technologies : The New Ecstasy of Communication , ed . J. Macgregor Wise and Hille Koskela ( Farnham , Surrey , England : Ashgate , 2012 ) , 162 . Jump up ^ Kim , Eric . `` 3 Reasons Why You Should Use the iPhone 5 For Street Photography by Mike Avina '' . Eric Kim Street Photography Blog . Jump up ^ `` Textually.org , NY Mayor Bloomberg outlines citizen camphone hotline '' . January 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ Estrin , James ( 2010 - 11 - 21 ) . `` Finding the Right Tool to Tell a War Story '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ LauraGaynorTV ( 31 March 2010 ) . `` Two Tube - Piece of cake - RTE 60 second short award 2010 '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Life after the Leaving : `` You have to be a bit of a chancer . '' `` . Jump up ^ LauraGaynorTV ( 9 May 2010 ) . `` Piece of cake ( original mobile version ) '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Eddie Brown Jr '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` Camera Phone ( 2012 ) '' . IMDb. 29 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Pielot , M. ; Henze , N. ; Nickel , C. ; Menke , C. ; Smadi , S. ; Boll , S. ( 2008 ) . `` Evaluation of Camera Phone Based Interaction to Access Information Related to Posters '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of Mobile Interaction with the Real World . Jump up ^ Schöning , J. ; Rohs , M. ; Krüger , A ( 2008 ) . `` Mobile Interaction with the `` Real World '' '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of Mobile Interaction with the Real World . Jump up ^ Wagner , D. ; Reitmayr , G ; Mulloni , A ; Drummond , T ; Schmalstieg , D ( 2008 ) . `` Pose Tracking from Natural Features on Mobile Phones '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality . Jump up ^ Henze , N. ; Schinke , T. ; Boll , S. ( 2009 ) . `` What is that ? Object recognition from Natural Features on a mobile Phone '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of Mobile Interaction with the Real World . Jump up ^ `` Smartphone app to boost translation '' . Press Association . Jan 14 , 2015 . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Front - Facing Camera '' . phonescoop.com . Jump up ^ Notice from the Clerk Jump up ^ `` Guard at Hanging Blamed for Covert Video of Hussein '' . washingtonpost.com . External links ( edit ) Media related to Mobile phones with camera at Wikimedia Commons ( hide ) Mobile phones General Features GSM services History Operating system Security Telephony airplane mode Text messaging SMS MMS Spam Tracking Web browsing HTML5 Software Apps Development Distribution Management Cloud computing Commerce Banking Marketing advertising campaigns Payments contactless donating Ticketing Content Blogging Email Gambling Gaming Health Instant messaging Learning Music News Search local Social address book Television Culture Charms Comics Dating Japanese culture Novels Ringtones silent mode Selfie Txtspk Wallpaper Devices Manufacturers 3D phone Camera phone Car phone Feature phone Projector phone Satellite phone Smartphone SIM lock Form factors Bar Flip Phablet Slider Smartwatch Smartphones Android devices rooting BlackBerry 10 iPhone iOS jailbreaking Open - source mobile phones Symbian devices Windows Phone devices Environment and health BlackBerry thumb Driving safety Electronic waste External power supply Phantom vibration syndrome Radiation and health Recycling Law Carrier IQ Use restrictions while driving Legality of recording by civilians Photography and the law Telephone tapping Texting while driving Mobile phones in prison Networking Channel capacity Frequencies Multi-band Network operator list Roaming Signal SIM ( dual SIM ) Standards comparison Tethering VoIP WAP XHTML - MP Generations 0G 1G 2G 3G adoption 3.5 G 4G 4.5 G 5G Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camera_phone&oldid=815798870 '' Categories : Digital cameras Mobile phones Mobile phones introduced in 2000 Japanese inventions Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url CS1 German - language sources ( de ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Talk Search Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 پنجابی Русский Suomi Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 06 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the first camera phone come out in america | [
"The first commercial camera phone complete with infrastructure was the J-SH04, made by Sharp Corporation; it had an integrated CCD sensor, with the Sha-Mail (Picture-Mail in Japanese) infrastructure developed in collaboration with Kahn's LightSurf venture, and marketed from 2001 by J-Phone in Japan today owned by Softbank. The first commercial deployment in North America of camera phones was in 2004. The Sprint wireless carriers deployed over one million camera phone manufactured by Sanyo and launched by the PictureMail infrastructure (Sha-Mail in English) developed and managed by LightSurf."
] | [
"2004"
] |
487008727500590945 | Premier League records and statistics | Premier League records and Statistics - wikipedia Premier League records and Statistics Jump to : navigation , search This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The top tier of English football was renamed the Premier League for the start of the 1992 -- 93 season . The following page details the football records and statistics of the Premier League . Contents ( hide ) 1 League records 1.1 Titles 1.2 Wins 1.3 Losses 1.4 Draws 1.5 Attendances 1.6 Goals 1.7 Points 2 Player records 2.1 Appearances 2.2 Goals 2.3 Assists 2.4 Goalkeepers 2.5 Disciplinary 2.6 Youngest players to score 3 Match records 3.1 Scorelines 4 All - time Premier League table 5 Managers 6 References League records ( edit ) Titles ( edit ) Most titles : 13 , Manchester United Most consecutive title wins : 3 , Manchester United twice ( 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 and 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 ) Biggest title - winning margin : 18 points , 1999 -- 2000 ; Manchester United ( 91 points ) over Arsenal ( 73 points ) Smallest title - winning margin : 0 points and 8 goal difference -- 2011 -- 12 ; Manchester City ( + 64 ) over Manchester United ( + 56 ) . Both finished on 89 points , but Manchester City won the title with a superior goal difference -- the only time that goal difference has determined the Premier League . Wins ( edit ) Most wins in a season ( 38 games ) : 30 , Chelsea ( 2016 -- 17 ) Fewest wins in a season ( 38 games ) : 1 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Fewest home wins in a season ( 19 games ) : 1 , joint record : Sunderland ( 2005 -- 06 ) Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most home wins in a season ( 19 games ) : 18 , joint record : Chelsea ( 2005 -- 06 ) Manchester United ( 2010 -- 11 ) Manchester City ( 2011 -- 12 ) Most away wins in a season ( 19 games ) : 15 , Chelsea ( 2004 -- 05 ) Fewest away wins in a season ( 19 / 21 games ) : 0 , joint record : Leeds United ( 1992 -- 93 ) Coventry City ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Wolverhampton Wanderers ( 2003 -- 04 ) Norwich City ( 2004 -- 05 ) Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Hull City ( 2009 -- 10 ) Most consecutive wins : 18 , Manchester City ( between 26 August 2017 and 27 December 2017 ) Most consecutive games without a win : 32 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most consecutive games without a win from beginning of season : 16 , Queens Park Rangers ( between 18 August 2012 and 8 December 2012 ) Most consecutive home wins : 20 , Manchester City ( between 5 March 2011 and 21 March 2012 ) Most consecutive away wins : 11 , joint record : Chelsea ( between 6 April 2008 and 7 December 2008 ) Manchester City ( between 21 May 2017 and 27 December 2017 ) Losses ( edit ) Fewest losses in a season ( 38 games ) : 0 , Arsenal ( 2003 -- 04 ) Longest unbeaten run : 49 games , Arsenal ( 7 May 2003 -- 24 October 2004 ) Most losses in total : 336 , Everton Fewest home losses in a season ( 19 games ) : 0 , joint record : Manchester United ( 1995 -- 96 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2010 -- 11 ) Arsenal ( 1998 -- 99 , 2003 -- 04 , 2007 -- 08 ) Chelsea ( 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2014 -- 15 ) Liverpool ( 2008 -- 09 ) Manchester City ( 2011 -- 12 ) Tottenham Hotspur ( 2016 -- 17 ) Most consecutive losses over more than one season ( 38 games ) : 20 , Sunderland ( 2002 -- 03 , 2005 -- 06 ) Fewest away losses in a season ( 19 games ) : 0 , Arsenal ( 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 ) Most consecutive home games undefeated : 86 , Chelsea ( 20 March 2004 -- 26 October 2008 ) Most consecutive away games undefeated : 27 , Arsenal ( 5 April 2003 -- 25 September 2004 ) Draws ( edit ) Most draws in a season ( 42 games ) : 18 -- joint record : Manchester City ( 1993 -- 94 ) Sheffield United ( 1993 -- 94 ) Southampton ( 1994 -- 95 ) Most draws in a season ( 38 games ) : 17 -- joint record : Newcastle United ( 2003 -- 04 ) Aston Villa ( 2006 -- 07 & 2011 -- 12 ) Sunderland ( 2014 -- 15 ) Most home draws in a season : 10 -- joint record : Sheffield Wednesday ( 1996 -- 97 ) Leicester City ( 1997 -- 98 & 2003 -- 04 ) Manchester United ( 2016 -- 17 ) Most away draws in a season : 10 , Newcastle United ( 2003 -- 04 ) Fewest draws in a season : 3 , Chelsea ( 1997 -- 98 & 2016 -- 17 ) Fewest home draws in a season : 0 -- joint record : Manchester City ( 2008 -- 09 ) Manchester United ( 2012 -- 13 ) Chelsea ( 2016 -- 17 ) Fewest away draws in a season : 1 -- joint record : Bolton Wanderers ( 1995 -- 96 ) Queens Park Rangers ( 1995 -- 96 & 2014 -- 15 ) Barnsley ( 1997 -- 98 ) Chelsea ( 1997 -- 98 ) Bradford City ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Everton ( 2000 -- 01 ) Ipswich Town ( 2000 -- 01 ) Portsmouth ( 2005 -- 06 & 2007 -- 08 ) Burnley ( 2009 -- 10 ) Liverpool ( 2011 -- 12 ) Newcastle United ( 2013 -- 14 ) Queens Park Rangers ( 2014 -- 15 ) Most consecutive draws : 7 -- joint record : Norwich City ( 1993 -- 94 ) Southampton ( 1994 -- 95 ) Manchester City ( 2009 -- 10 ) Most draws in total : 277 , Everton Attendances ( edit ) Highest attendance , single game : 83,222 , Tottenham Hotspur 1 -- 0 Arsenal ( at Wembley Stadium , 10 February 2018 ) Lowest attendance , single game : 3,039 , Wimbledon 1 -- 3 Everton ( at Selhurst Park , 26 January 1993 ) Goals ( edit ) Most goals scored in a season : 103 , Chelsea ( 2009 -- 10 ) Fewest goals scored in a season : 20 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most goals conceded in a season ( 42 games ) : 100 , Swindon Town ( 1993 -- 94 ) Most goals conceded in a season ( 38 games ) : 89 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Fewest goals conceded in a season : 15 , Chelsea ( 2004 -- 05 ) Best goal difference in a season : 71 , Chelsea ( 2009 -- 10 ) Most goals scored in a season by a relegated team : 55 , Blackpool ( 2010 -- 11 ) Most goals scored at home in a season : 68 , Chelsea ( 2009 -- 10 ) Fewest goals scored at home in a season : 10 , Manchester City ( 2006 -- 07 ) Most goals conceded at home in a season ( 21 games ) : 45 , Swindon Town ( 1993 -- 94 ) Most goals conceded at home in a season ( 19 games ) : 43 Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Wolverhampton Wanderers ( 2011 -- 12 ) Fewest goals conceded at home in a season ( 21 games or 19 games ) : 4 , Manchester United ( 1994 -- 95 ) Most goals scored away in a season : 48 , Liverpool ( 2013 -- 14 ) Fewest goals scored away in a season : 8 Middlesbrough ( 1995 -- 96 ) Southampton ( 1998 -- 99 ) Sheffield United ( 2006 -- 07 ) Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most goals conceded away in a season ( 21 games ) : 59 , Ipswich Town ( 1994 -- 95 ) Most goals conceded away in a season ( 19 games ) : 55 , Wigan Athletic ( 2009 -- 10 ) Fewest goals conceded away in a season : 9 , Chelsea ( 2004 -- 05 ) Fewest failures to score in a match in a season : 0 ( scored in every game ) , Arsenal ( 2001 -- 02 ) Most goals scored in total : 1,856 , Manchester United Most goals conceded in total : 1,231 , Tottenham Hotspur Largest goal deficit overcome to win : 3 Leeds United 4 -- 3 Derby County ( 8 November 1997 ) West Ham United 3 -- 4 Wimbledon ( 9 September 1998 ) Tottenham Hotspur 3 -- 5 Manchester United ( 29 September 2001 ) Wolverhampton Wanderers 4 -- 3 Leicester City ( 25 October 2003 ) Largest goal deficit overcome to draw : 4 , Newcastle United 4 -- 4 Arsenal ( 5 February 2011 ) League history of current and former Premier League teams from 1992 -- 93 to 2013 -- 14 . Points ( edit ) Most points in a season : 95 , Chelsea ( 2004 -- 05 ) Fewest points in a season : 11 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most points in a season without winning the league : 89 , Manchester United ( 2011 -- 12 ) Fewest points in a season while winning the league : 75 , Manchester United ( 1996 -- 97 ) Most points in a season while being relegated : 42 games : 49 , Crystal Palace ( 1992 -- 93 ) 38 games : 42 , West Ham United ( 2002 -- 03 ) Fewest points in a season while surviving relegation : 34 , West Bromwich Albion ( 2004 -- 05 ) Player records ( edit ) Appearances ( edit ) Most Premier League appearances : 652 , Gareth Barry ( 2 May 1998 to 12 February 2018 ) Oldest player : John Burridge , 43 years and 162 days ( for Manchester City v. Queens Park Rangers , 14 May 1995 ) Youngest player : Matthew Briggs , 16 years and 65 days ( for Fulham v. Middlesbrough , 13 May 2007 ) Most consecutive Premier League appearances : 310 , Brad Friedel ( 14 August 2004 until 7 October 2012 ) Most seasons appeared in : 22 , Ryan Giggs ( every season from 1992 -- 93 to 2013 -- 14 ) Goals ( edit ) First Premier League goal : Brian Deane ( for Sheffield United v. Manchester United , 15 August 1992 ) Most Premier League goals : Alan Shearer ( 260 ) Further information : List of Premier League players with 100 or more goals Most goals scored away from home : Wayne Rooney ( 94 ) Most Premier League goals at one club : Wayne Rooney ( 183 , for Manchester United ) Oldest goalscorer : Teddy Sheringham , 40 years and 268 days ( for West Ham United v. Portsmouth , 26 December 2006 ) Youngest goalscorer : James Vaughan , 16 years and 271 days ( for Everton v. Crystal Palace , 10 April 2005 ) Most consecutive Premier League matches scored in : 11 , Jamie Vardy ( for Leicester City , 29 August to 28 November 2015 ) Most seasons scored in : 21 , Ryan Giggs ( every season from 1992 -- 93 to 2012 -- 13 ) Rank Name Goals Games Goals per game Playing position First goal Last goal Alan Shearer 260 441 0.59 Forward 1992 -- 93 2005 -- 06 Wayne Rooney 208 486 0.43 Forward 2002 -- 03 2017 -- 18 Andy Cole 187 414 0.45 Forward 1993 -- 94 2006 -- 07 Frank Lampard 177 609 0.29 Midfield 1997 -- 98 2014 -- 15 5 Thierry Henry 175 258 0.68 Forward 1999 -- 2000 2011 -- 12 6 Robbie Fowler 163 379 0.43 Forward 1993 -- 94 2006 -- 07 7 Jermain Defoe 161 486 0.33 Forward 2001 -- 02 2017 -- 18 8 Michael Owen 150 326 0.46 Forward 1996 -- 97 2012 -- 13 9 Les Ferdinand 149 351 0.42 Forward 1992 -- 93 2004 -- 05 10 Teddy Sheringham 146 418 0.35 Forward 1992 -- 93 2006 -- 07 Most goals in a season ( 42 games ) : 34 , joint record : Andrew Cole ( Newcastle United , 1993 -- 94 ) Alan Shearer ( Blackburn Rovers , 1994 -- 95 ) Further information : Premier League Golden Boot Most goals in a season ( 38 games ) : 31 , joint record : Alan Shearer ( Blackburn Rovers , 1995 -- 96 ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Manchester United , 2007 -- 08 ) Luis Suárez ( Liverpool , 2013 -- 14 ) Most Premier League goals in a calendar year : 39 , Harry Kane ( Tottenham Hotspur , 2017 ) Number of teams scored against in a season : 17 , joint record : 20 - team league : Ian Wright ( Arsenal , 1996 -- 97 ) Robin van Persie ( Arsenal , 2011 -- 12 ) 22 - team league : Andrew Cole ( Newcastle United , 1993 -- 94 ) Alan Shearer ( Blackburn Rovers , 1994 -- 95 ) Most goals in a debut season : 30 , Kevin Phillips ( Sunderland , 1999 -- 2000 ) Most Premier League hat - tricks in a season : 5 , Alan Shearer ( 38 games ) ( Blackburn Rovers , 1995 -- 96 ) Most Premier League hat - tricks : 11 , Alan Shearer Most goals in a game : 5 , joint record : Andrew Cole ( for Manchester United v. Ipswich Town , 4 March 1995 ) W 9 -- 0 Alan Shearer ( for Newcastle United v. Sheffield Wednesday , 19 September 1999 ) W 8 -- 0 Jermain Defoe ( for Tottenham Hotspur v. Wigan Athletic , 22 November 2009 ) W 9 -- 1 Dimitar Berbatov ( for Manchester United v. Blackburn Rovers , 27 November 2010 ) W 7 -- 1 Sergio Agüero ( for Manchester City v. Newcastle United , 3 October 2015 ) W 6 -- 1 Further information : List of Premier League hat - tricks Most goals in one half : 5 , Jermain Defoe ( for Tottenham Hotspur v. Wigan Athletic , 22 November 2009 ) W 9 -- 1 Fastest goal : 10 seconds , Ledley King ( for Tottenham Hotspur v. Bradford City , 9 December 2000 ) Most goals scored by a substitute in a game : 4 , Ole Gunnar Solskjær ( for Manchester United v. Nottingham Forest , 6 February 1999 ) Most consecutive away league matches scored in : 9 , Robin van Persie ( for Arsenal , 1 January 2011 to 22 May 2011 ) Most consecutive seasons to score at least 30 goals : 3 ( 1993 -- 1996 ) , Alan Shearer ( all for Blackburn Rovers ) Most consecutive seasons to score at least 25 goals : 4 ( 1993 -- 1997 ) , Alan Shearer ( 1993 -- 1996 for Blackburn Rovers , 1996 -- 1997 for Newcastle United ) Most consecutive seasons to score at least 20 goals : 5 ( 2001 -- 2006 ) , Thierry Henry ( all for Arsenal ) Most consecutive seasons to score at least 10 goals : 11 ( 2004 -- 2015 ) , Wayne Rooney ( all for Manchester United ) Most consecutive seasons to score at least 1 goal : 21 ( 1992 -- 2013 ) , Ryan Giggs ( all for Manchester United ) Fastest Premier League hat - trick : Sadio Mané , 2 minutes 56 seconds ( for Southampton v. Aston Villa , 16 May 2015 ) Highest number of different clubs to score for : 7 : Craig Bellamy ( for Coventry City , Newcastle United , Blackburn Rovers , Liverpool , West Ham United , Manchester City , Cardiff City ) Most own goals : 10 , Richard Dunne Most own goals in a season : 4 , joint record : Martin Škrtel ( 2013 -- 14 ) Lewis Dunk ( 2017 -- 18 ) Most Hat - tricks against a single club : 3 , Luis Suárez ( for Liverpool v. Norwich City ) Most goals in a calendar month : 10 ( December 2013 ) , Luis Suárez ( Liverpool ) Most headed goals in a season : 9 , Duncan Ferguson ( Everton , 1997 -- 98 ) Most goals with right foot in a season : 29 , Alan Shearer ( Blackburn Rovers 1995 -- 96 ) Most goals with left foot in a season : 22 , Mohamed Salah ( Liverpool 2017 -- 18 Premier League ) Assists ( edit ) Rank Player Assists Most assists ( career ) Ryan Giggs 162 Cesc Fàbregas 111 Wayne Rooney 103 Frank Lampard 102 5 Dennis Bergkamp 94 6 Steven Gerrard 92 7 David Beckham 80 8 James Milner 77 9 Teddy Sheringham 76 10 Thierry Henry 74 Most Premier League assists in a season : 20 , Thierry Henry ( Arsenal , 2002 -- 03 ) Most consecutive Premier League matches assisted in : 7 , Mesut Özil ( for Arsenal , 26 September to 21 November 2015 ) Most assists from one player to another : 24 , Frank Lampard to Didier Drogba Most assists in a single Premier League match : 4 , joint record : Dennis Bergkamp ( for Arsenal v. Leicester City , 20 February 1999 ) José Antonio Reyes ( for Arsenal v. Middlesbrough , 14 January 2006 ) Cesc Fàbregas ( for Arsenal v. Blackburn Rovers , 4 October 2009 ) Emmanuel Adebayor ( for Tottenham Hotspur v. Newcastle United , 11 February 2012 ) Santi Cazorla ( for Arsenal v. Wigan Athletic , 14 May 2013 ) Dušan Tadić ( for Southampton v. Sunderland , 18 October 2014 ) Goalkeepers ( edit ) Further information : Premier League Golden Glove Rank Player Clean sheets Most clean sheets ( career ) Petr Čech 200 David James 169 Mark Schwarzer 151 David Seaman 140 5 Nigel Martyn 137 6 Pepe Reina 134 7 Edwin van der Sar 132 Tim Howard Brad Friedel 10 Peter Schmeichel 128 Most clean sheets in one season : 24 , Petr Čech ( for Chelsea , 2004 -- 05 ) Longest consecutive run without conceding a goal : 14 games ( 1,311 minutes ) , Edwin van der Sar ( for Manchester United , 2008 -- 09 ) Goalscoring goalkeepers ( excluding own goals ) : Peter Schmeichel ( Everton 3 -- 2 Aston Villa , 20 October 2001 ) Brad Friedel ( Charlton Athletic 3 -- 2 Blackburn Rovers , 21 February 2004 ) Paul Robinson ( Tottenham Hotspur 3 -- 1 Watford , 17 March 2007 ) Tim Howard ( Everton 1 -- 2 Bolton Wanderers , 4 January 2012 ) Asmir Begović ( Stoke City 1 -- 1 Southampton , 2 November 2013 ) Disciplinary ( edit ) Most red cards : 8 , joint record : Duncan Ferguson Patrick Vieira Richard Dunne Most yellow cards for a player : 103 , Gareth Barry Most yellow cards for a single team in one game : 9 ( Tottenham Hotspur v. Chelsea , 2 May 2016 ) Fouling record : 782 , Kevin Davies ( since 2000 -- 01 , the first season for which reliable records are available ) Longest ban : 12 matches , Joey Barton . After being dismissed for violent conduct , Barton was found guilty of two further separate counts of violent conduct after his dismissal vs Manchester City , 23 May 2012 Youngest players to score ( edit ) This is a list of the top 10 youngest players to score a goal in the Premier League . Player Date Team Age Opposition James Vaughan 10 - Apr - 2005 Everton 16 years 270 days Crystal Palace James Milner 26 - Dec - 2002 Leeds United 16 years 346 days Sunderland Wayne Rooney 19 - Oct - 2002 Everton 16 years 351 days Arsenal Cesc Fabregas 25 - Aug - 2004 Arsenal 17 years 114 days Blackburn Rovers 5 Michael Owen 06 - May - 1997 Liverpool 17 years 144 days Wimbledon 6 Andy Turner 05 - Sep - 1992 Tottenham 17 years 166 days Everton 7 Federico Macheda 05 - Apr - 2009 Manchester United 17 years 226 days Aston Villa 8 Raheem Sterling 20 - Oct - 2012 Liverpool 17 years 317 days Reading 9 Mikael Forssell 20 - Feb - 1999 Chelsea 17 years 342 days Nottingham Forest 10 Danny Cadamarteri 20 - Sep - 1997 Everton 17 years 344 days Barnsley Match records ( edit ) Scorelines ( edit ) Further information : List of Premier League highest scoring games Biggest home win : 9 -- 0 , Manchester United v. Ipswich Town ( 4 March 1995 ) Biggest away win : 1 -- 8 , Nottingham Forest v. Manchester United ( 6 February 1999 ) Biggest aggregate win : 12 -- 1 , joint record : Blackburn Rovers 7 -- 0 Nottingham Forest ( 18 November 1995 ) & Nottingham Forest 1 -- 5 Blackburn Rovers ( 13 April 1996 ) Tottenham Hotspur 9 -- 1 Wigan Athletic ( 22 November 2009 ) & Wigan Athletic 0 -- 3 Tottenham Hotspur ( 21 February 2010 ) Biggest loss by reigning champions : 1 -- 6 , joint record : Manchester United 1 -- 6 Manchester City ( 23 October 2011 ) , after Manchester United won the 2010 -- 11 season Leicester City 1 -- 6 Tottenham Hotspur ( 18 May 2017 ) , after Leicester City won the 2015 -- 16 season Highest scoring : 7 -- 4 , Portsmouth v. Reading ( 29 September 2007 ) Highest scoring draw : 5 -- 5 , West Bromwich Albion v. Manchester United ( 19 May 2013 ) Highest scoring in the first half : 7 goals , joint record : Blackburn Rovers 3 -- 4 Leeds United ( 14 September 1997 -- final score ; 3 -- 4 ) Bradford City 4 -- 3 Derby County ( 21 April 2000 -- final score ; 4 -- 4 ) Reading 3 -- 4 Manchester United ( 1 December 2012 -- final score ; 3 -- 4 ) Most individual goal scorers in one game : 9 , joint record : Tottenham Hotspur 4 -- 5 Arsenal ( 13 November 2004 ) Portsmouth 7 -- 4 Reading ( 29 September 2007 ) Most individual goal scorers in one game for the same team : 7 , joint record : Chelsea 8 -- 0 Aston Villa ( 23 December 2012 ) Manchester City 7 -- 0 Norwich City ( 2 November 2013 ) Southampton 8 -- 0 Sunderland ( 18 October 2014 ) All - time Premier League Table ( edit ) The all - time Premier League table is a cumulative record of all match results , points and goals of every team that has played in the Premier League since its inception in 1992 . The table that follows is accurate as of the start of the 2017 -- 18 season . Teams in bold are part of the 2017 -- 18 Premier League . Numbers in bold are the record ( highest either positive or negative ) numbers in each column . Pos . Club Seasons Pld Win Draw Loss GF GA GD Pts 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Relegated Avg Pts Best Pos . Manchester United 25 962 604 209 149 1856 847 1009 2021 13 5 80.84 Arsenal 25 962 525 247 190 1698 911 787 1822 6 5 7 72.88 Chelsea 25 962 516 241 205 1645 925 720 1789 5 71.56 Liverpool 25 962 478 243 241 1601 986 615 1677 5 6 67.08 5 Tottenham Hotspur 25 962 400 247 315 1406 1231 175 1447 57.88 6 Everton 25 962 349 277 336 1259 1207 52 1324 52.96 7 Aston Villa 24 924 316 275 333 1117 1186 − 69 1223 50.96 8 Newcastle United 22 844 322 217 305 1168 1140 28 1183 53.77 9 Manchester City 20 772 327 190 255 1173 925 248 1171 58.55 10 West Ham United 21 806 265 209 332 964 1146 − 182 1004 47.81 5 11 Blackburn Rovers 18 696 262 184 250 927 907 20 970 53.89 12 Southampton 18 696 222 187 287 855 966 − 111 853 47.39 6 13 Leeds United 12 468 189 125 154 641 573 68 692 57.67 14 Middlesbrough 15 574 165 169 240 648 794 − 146 661 44.01 7 15 Sunderland 16 608 153 159 296 612 904 − 292 618 38.63 7 16 Fulham 13 494 150 136 208 570 697 − 127 586 45.08 7 17 Bolton Wanderers 13 494 149 128 217 575 745 − 170 575 44.23 6 18 Leicester City 11 422 130 118 174 516 610 − 94 508 46.18 19 West Bromwich Albion 11 418 106 115 197 444 640 − 196 433 39.36 8 20 Stoke City 9 342 109 97 136 363 457 − 94 424 47.11 9 21 Coventry City 9 354 99 112 143 387 490 − 103 409 45.40 11 22 Sheffield Wednesday 8 316 101 89 126 409 453 − 44 392 49.00 7 23 Wimbledon 8 316 99 94 123 384 472 − 88 391 48.88 6 24 Charlton Athletic 8 304 93 82 129 342 442 − 100 361 45.13 7 25 Norwich City 8 316 89 92 135 365 510 − 145 359 44.88 26 Crystal Palace 8 312 86 78 148 329 456 − 127 336 42.00 10 27 Wigan Athletic 8 304 85 76 143 316 482 − 166 331 41.38 10 28 Queens Park Rangers 7 278 81 65 132 339 431 − 92 308 44.00 5 29 Birmingham City 7 266 73 82 111 273 360 − 87 301 43.00 9 30 Portsmouth 7 266 79 65 122 292 380 − 88 293 41.90 8 31 Swansea City 6 228 74 57 97 278 327 − 49 279 46.50 8 32 Derby County 7 266 68 70 128 271 420 − 149 274 39.10 8 33 Nottingham Forest 5 198 60 59 79 229 287 − 58 239 47.80 34 Ipswich Town 5 202 57 53 92 219 312 − 93 224 44.80 5 35 Hull City 5 190 41 48 101 181 323 − 142 171 34.20 16 36 Watford 152 34 35 83 144 254 − 110 137 34.25 13 37 Wolverhampton Wanderers 152 32 40 80 156 281 − 125 136 34.00 15 38 Sheffield United 122 32 36 54 128 168 − 40 132 44.00 14 39 Reading 114 32 23 59 136 186 − 50 119 39.67 8 40 Burnley 114 26 25 63 109 190 − 81 103 34.33 16 41 Oldham Athletic 84 22 23 39 105 142 − 37 89 44.50 19 42 Bournemouth 76 23 19 34 100 134 − 34 88 44.00 9 43 Bradford City 76 14 20 42 68 138 − 70 62 31.00 17 44 Blackpool 38 10 9 19 55 78 − 23 39 39.00 19 45 Barnsley 38 10 5 23 37 82 − 45 35 35.00 19 46 Cardiff City 38 7 9 22 32 74 − 42 30 30.00 20 47 Swindon Town 42 5 15 22 47 100 − 53 30 30.00 22 48 Brighton & Hove Albion 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00.00 49 Huddersfield Town 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00.00 League or status at 2017 -- 18 : 2017 -- 18 Premier League 2017 -- 18 EFL Championship 2017 -- 18 Football League One 2017 -- 18 Football League Two Defunct : by a 2007 agreement , neither Milton Keynes Dons nor AFC Wimbledon regards itself as custodian of Wimbledon F.C. 's statistics . Managers ( edit ) Most Premier League winner 's medals : 13 , Sir Alex Ferguson ( Manchester United ) -- 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2013 Winner of Premier League Manager of the Month Award : 27 , Sir Alex Ferguson Most consecutive Premier League Manager of the Month Awards : 4 , Pep Guardiola Most promotions to the Premier League : 4 , Steve Bruce ( Birmingham City in 2001 -- 02 and 2006 -- 07 and Hull City in 2012 -- 13 and 2015 -- 16 ) Most relegations from the Premier League : 3 , Dave Bassett ( Sheffield United in 1993 -- 94 , Nottingham Forest in 1996 -- 97 , and Leicester City in 2001 -- 02 ) Longest - serving manager : Arsène Wenger ( Arsenal ) , 1 October 1996 to present Shortest - serving manager ( excluding caretakers ) : Les Reed , 41 days ( Charlton Athletic , 14 November 2006 to 24 December 2006 ) References ( edit ) General `` For the record : Premier League facts and figures '' . Premier League official website . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Specific ^ Jump up to : `` England - List of Champions '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . 26 September 2014 . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top five title - winning margins in the Premier League '' . TouchLineTalk. 19 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 22 March 2013 . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester City win Barclays Premier League title '' . Premier League . 13 May 2012 . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CHELSEA make it a record 30 PL win '' . Premier League . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brad friedel and other incredible premier league records '' . The Independent . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Manchester City aim for perfect home record Archived 10 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Ltd , Statto Organisation . `` English Premier League Table 2011 - 2012 - Statto.com '' . Jump up ^ `` Wins , defeats and sequences '' . 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Jump up ^ Garside , Kevin ( 29 December 2009 ) . `` The Arsenal side Ars ? ne Wenger created truly were the Invincibles '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ Group , Arsenal Media . `` ' The Invincibles ' go 49 games unbeaten '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Premier League Club Statistics , Team & Player Stats '' . Archived from the original on 27 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Ltd , Statto Organisation . `` English Premier League Table 1995 - 1996 - Statto.com '' . Jump up ^ Ltd , Statto Organisation . `` English Premier League Table 1999 - 2000 - Statto.com '' . Jump up ^ Ltd , Statto Organisation . `` English Premier League Table 2010 - 2011 - Statto.com '' . Jump up ^ Ltd , Statto Organisation . `` English Premier League Table 1998 - 1999 - Statto.com '' . ^ Jump up to : Ltd , Statto Organisation . `` English Premier League Table 2003 - 2004 - Statto.com '' . ^ Jump up to : Ltd , Statto Organisation . `` English Premier League Table 2007 - 2008 - Statto.com '' . 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Jump up ^ How Aston Villa are on pace to take one of Derby 's unwanted records - StatsInsights Archived 24 April 2015 at Archive.is ^ Jump up to : `` The Record Breakers - Part Four '' . Jump up ^ `` How to avoid relegation from the Premier League - A statistical analysis - Just Football '' . 5 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester City Official Club News '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Premier League Table , Form Guide & Season Archives '' . Jump up ^ `` Sequences - Club Records - History - Arsenal.com '' . 12 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 12 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Ltd , Vitalnetwork . `` Classic Match : 1997 Leeds 4 - 3 Derby - VitalFootball.co.uk '' . Jump up ^ Seal , Brian . `` This Day In Football History : 9 September 1998 - And Everybody Says A Two - Goal Lead Is The Most Dangerous '' . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 's amazing comeback '' . 29 September 2001 -- via bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Wolves comeback stuns Leicester '' . 25 October 2003 -- via bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Newcastle 4 - 4 Arsenal '' . 5 February 2011 -- via bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ Bailey , Ryan . `` How Man Utd Can Break Chelsea 's All - Time Points Record '' . Jump up ^ `` 5 Lowest Ever Premier League Point Totals ( In The Noughties ) '' . Jump up ^ Stadium , Phil McNulty BBC chief football writer at Etihad . `` Manchester City 3 - 2 QPR '' . Jump up ^ `` hitrowz.com '' . Archived from the original on 22 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Premier League relegation battle - how many points do you need to stay up ? '' . Jump up ^ `` Premier League relegation battle - how many points do you need to stay up ? '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Site of the Premier League - Barclays Premier League News , Fixtures and Results Statistics Jump up ^ `` The Premier League 's 25 oldest players ever '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Telegraph - Calcutta : Sports '' . Jump up ^ `` Sunday football - Live '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Premier League as it happened '' . 3 October 2010 -- via bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Brian Deane scores first ever Premier League goal -- Daily Mail Online '' . Jump up ^ `` Premier League Top Scorers -- Most Premier League Goals '' . 25 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rooney has scored the most goals in the Premier League for Manchester United '' . 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oldest goal scorers Premier League '' . Jump up ^ `` Premier League 's Top 10 Youngest Goalscorers '' . 29 October 2012 . Archived from the original on 29 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jamie Vardy Streak Finally Ends as Riyad Mahrez Steals Show with Hat - Trick and Sends Leicester City to Top - beIN SPORTS '' . Beinsports - USA . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Bajkowski , Simon ( 15 April 2014 ) . `` Will Giggs continue his scoring streak ? '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Player Stats & Info '' . www.premierleague.com . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Luis Suárez is on course for Premier League record as Liverpool eye Champions League spot '' . Jump up ^ Clarke , Patrick . `` Suarez Ties Premier League Goals Record '' . Jump up ^ Chapman , Caroline ( 26 December 2017 ) . `` Tottenham Hotspur 5 -- 2 Southampton '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 26 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Group , Arsenal Media . `` Van Persie equals Premier League record '' . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Phillips proved size is not an issue for great strikers '' . 28 April 2014 -- via The Guardian . Jump up ^ Dart , James ; Bandini , Paolo ( 10 October 2007 ) . `` Who has scored the most hat - tricks in a single season ? '' -- via The Guardian . Jump up ^ Bragg , James ( 12 September 2011 ) . `` Players with the most Premier League hat - tricks : Rooney , Fowler , Shearer and more treble kings '' . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 7 - 1 Blackburn '' . 27 November 2010 -- via bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Tottenham 9 - 1 Wigan '' . 22 November 2009 -- via bbc.co.uk . 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Jump up ^ `` Brighton 's Lewis Dunk equals Premier League record for own goals in a season Goal.com '' . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Chappell , Gary ( 5 December 2013 ) . `` Liverpool 's Luis Suarez makes history against Norwich City '' . Jump up ^ `` Luis Suarez sets record for goals scored in a month '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Salah beats Fowler 's left - foot record '' . 24 February 2018 . Archived from the original on 26 February 2018 . Retrieved 26 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Peter Oakes ( 18 March 2018 ) . `` Liverpool 5 - 0 Watford : Mohamed Salah overtakes Lionel Messi with Anfield heroics '' . Daily Express . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Premier League Player Stats : Assists - All Seasons '' . Premier League . Retrieved 26 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal striker has Thierry Henry 's record of 20 assists in a season in his sights '' . Jump up ^ `` Mesut Ozil breaks Premier League assist record against Tottenham '' . Jump up ^ `` Who are the best assist to goal partnerships in the Premier League era ? '' . Sky Sports . Jump up ^ Premier League Records , PremierLeague.com Jump up ^ Southampton 8 Sunderland 0 : Dusan Tadic equals Premier League assist record as Saints decimate Black Cats , Evening Standard Jump up ^ `` Petr Cech Statistics -- 2004 / 05 '' . premierleague.com . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brad Friedel and other incredible Premier League records '' . 8 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Schmeichel strike in vain '' . 20 October 2001 -- via bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Charlton 3 - 2 Blackburn '' . 21 February 2004 -- via bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Tottenham 3 - 1 Watford '' . 17 March 2007 -- via bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ Sport , Arindam Rej BBC . `` Everton 1 - 2 Bolton '' . Jump up ^ `` Stoke City goalkeeper Asmir Begovic enters record books '' . Jump up ^ Bristow , Thomas ( 3 May 2016 ) . `` Spurs broke a record at Stamford Bridge ... just not the one they wanted '' . Jump up ^ `` Official Premier League Statistics '' . Archived from the original on 30 December 2010 . Retrieved 29 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Joey Barton : QPR captain banned for 12 matches by FA '' . BBC Sport. 23 May 2012 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 youngest Premier League goal scorers ever , including Rooney , Milner and Fabregas '' . TalkSport. 30 November 2016 . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Here , Danger ( 8 March 2013 ) . `` 10 Biggest Thrashings in Premier League History '' . Jump up ^ https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/39879805 Jump up ^ `` Top five : Highest scoring Premier League games ( 6 ) '' . 15 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Alex Ferguson signs off with thriller as Manchester United draw 5 - 5 with West Brom '' . Jump up ^ `` Blackburn Rovers 3 - 4 Leeds - 14 / 09 / 97 '' . Jump up ^ `` Bradford in eight - goal thriller '' . 21 April 2000 -- via bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` PREMIER LEAGUE LIVE : Reading 3 Manchester United 4 - as it happened from the Madejski Stadium '' . Jump up ^ `` Tottenham 4 - 5 Arsenal '' . 13 November 2004 -- via bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Portsmouth 7 - 4 Reading '' . 29 September 2007 -- via bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ Bridge , Owen Phillips BBC Sport at Stamford . `` Chelsea 8 - 0 Aston Villa '' . Jump up ^ Sport , Gary Rose BBC . `` Manchester City 7 - 0 Norwich City '' . Jump up ^ Sport , Luke Reddy BBC . `` Southampton 8 - 0 Sunderland '' . Jump up ^ `` My Football Facts & Stats - Premier League - All - Time Table1992 - 93 to 2014 - 15 '' . Jump up ^ Middlesbrough deducted 3 points for failure to fulfill a fixture at Blackburn Rovers , on 21 December 1996 Jump up ^ Portsmouth deducted 9 points for entering administration in March 2010 Jump up ^ `` History and Honours of Wimbledon FC returned to Merton '' . Wimbledon Independent Supporters Association . 2 August 2007 . Archived from the original on 8 January 2008 . Retrieved 28 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Football Supporters ' Federation ( 29 June 2007 ) . `` MK Dons agree to return Wimbledon trophies to Merton - and sanction amendments to football statistics '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Retrieved 28 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jermain Defoe , Harry Kane , Pep Guardiola win Premier League awards for December '' . Sky Sports . 12 January 2018 . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` All - Time Premier League Manager Statistics - Barrie 's View '' . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal boss Arsene Wenger becomes longest - serving Premier League manager '' . Sky Sports . 17 July 2017 . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brad Friedel and other incredible Premier League records '' . 8 October 2012 . ( hide ) Premier League Seasons 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Clubs 2017 -- 18 AFC Bournemouth Arsenal Brighton & Hove Albion Burnley Chelsea Crystal Palace Everton Huddersfield Town Leicester City Liverpool Manchester City Manchester United Newcastle United Southampton Stoke City Swansea City Tottenham Hotspur Watford West Bromwich Albion West Ham United Former Aston Villa Barnsley Birmingham City Blackburn Rovers Blackpool Bolton Wanderers Bradford City Cardiff City Charlton Athletic Coventry City Derby County Fulham Hull City Ipswich Town Leeds United Middlesbrough Norwich City Nottingham Forest Oldham Athletic Portsmouth Queens Park Rangers Reading Sheffield United Sheffield Wednesday Sunderland Swindon Town Wigan Athletic Wimbledon Wolverhampton Wanderers Competition Teams winners Players foreign foreign scorers winners Managers Stadia Founding Broadcasting foundation Broadcasters Referees Statistics and awards Records All - time table Hat - tricks Highest scores Golden Boot Golden Glove Manager of the Season Player of the Season Manager of the Month Player of the Month Goal of the Month Players with 500 + appearances Players with 100 + goals Top scorers by season Goalkeepers with 100 + clean sheets 10 Seasons Awards 20 Seasons Awards Finances Richest clubs : Deloitte list Forbes ' list Team owners Transfer records Game 39 Premier League -- Football League gulf Associated competitions Asia Trophy FA Community Shield FA Cup EFL Cup UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Premier League 2 U18 Premier League Premier League International Cup Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Premier_League_records_and_statistics&oldid=832582774 '' Categories : Premier League All - time football league tables Association football records and statistics Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template archiveis links Articles that may contain original research from April 2015 All articles that may contain original research Use British English from June 2015 Use dmy dates from April 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano 日本 語 Русский Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018 , at 21 : 06 . 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-9211776525024817380 | 12-hour clock | 12 - hour clock - wikipedia 12 - hour clock `` AM and PM '' redirects here . For other uses , see AM / PM ( disambiguation ) . Clock system 12 - hour 24 - hour Midnight ( start of day ) 12 midnight 12 : 00 a.m. 00 : 00 12 : 01 a.m. 00 : 01 1 : 00 a.m. 01 : 00 11 : 00 a.m. 11 : 00 11 : 59 a.m. 11 : 59 12 noon 12 : 00 p.m. 12 : 00 12 : 01 p.m. 12 : 01 1 : 00 p.m. 13 : 00 11 : 00 p.m. 23 : 00 11 : 59 p.m. 23 : 59 Midnight ( end of day ) shown as start of next day 24 : 00 ^ Jump up to : See Confusion at noon and midnight The 12 - hour clock is a time convention in which the 24 hours of the day are divided into two periods : a.m. ( from the Latin , ante meridiem , meaning before midday ) and p.m. ( post meridiem , meaning past midday ) . Each period consists of 12 hours numbered : 12 ( acting as zero ) , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , and 11 . The 24 hour / day cycle starts at 12 midnight ( often indicated as 12 a.m. ) , runs through 12 noon ( often indicated as 12 p.m. ) , and continues to the midnight at the end of the day . The 12 - hour clock was developed over time from the mid-second millennium BC to the 16th century AD . The 12 - hour time convention is common in several English - speaking nations and former British colonies , as well as a few other countries . Contents 1 History and use 1.1 Use by country 1.2 Computer support 2 Abbreviations 3 Related conventions 3.1 Typography 3.1. 1 Encoding 3.2 Informal speech and rounding off 3.3 Formal speech and times to the minute 4 Confusion at noon and midnight 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History and use ( edit ) Exeter Cathedral Astronomical Clock , showing the double - XII numbering scheme The natural day - and - night division of a calendar day forms the fundamental basis as to why each day is split into two cycles . Originally there were two cycles ; one cycle which could be tracked by the position of the Sun ( day ) followed by one cycle which could be tracked by the Moon and stars ( night ) . This would eventually evolve into the two 12 - hour periods that started at midnight ( a.m. ) and noon ( p.m. ) which are used today . Noon itself is rarely abbreviated today , but if it is , it is denoted M . The 12 - hour clock can be traced back as far as Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt . Both an Egyptian sundial for daytime use and an Egyptian water clock for night - time use were found in the tomb of Pharaoh Amenhotep I. Dating to c. 1500 BC , these clocks divided their respective times of use into 12 hours each . The Romans also used a 12 - hour clock : daylight was divided into 12 equal hours ( thus hours having varying length throughout the year ) and the night was divided into four watches . The first mechanical clocks in the 14th century , if they had dials at all , showed all 24 hours , used the 24 - hour analog dial , influenced by astronomers ' familiarity with the astrolabe and sundial , and their desire to model the Earth 's apparent motion around the Sun . In Northern Europe these dials generally used the 12 - hour numbering scheme in Roman numerals , but showed both a.m. and p.m. periods in sequence . This is known as the double - XII system , and can be seen on many surviving clock faces , such as those at Wells and Exeter . Elsewhere in Europe , particularly in Italy , numbering was more likely to be based on the 24 - hour system ( I to XXIV ) , reflecting the Italian style of counting the hours . The 12 - hour clock was used throughout the British empire . During the 15th and 16th centuries , the 12 - hour analog dial and time system gradually became established as standard throughout Northern Europe for general public use . The 24 - hour analog dial was reserved for more specialized applications , such as astronomical clocks and chronometers . Most analog clocks and watches today use the 12 - hour dial , on which the shorter hour hand rotates once every 12 hours and twice in one day . Some analog clock dials have an inner ring of numbers along with the standard 1 - to - 12 numbered ring . The number 12 is paired either with a 00 or a 24 , while the numbers 1 through 11 are paired with the numbers 13 through 23 , respectively . This modification allows the clock to be read also in the 24 - hour notation . This kind of 12 - hour clock can be found in countries where the 24 - hour clock is preferred . Use by country ( edit ) Main article : Date and time representation by country A typical analog 12 - hour clock In several countries the 12 - hour clock is the dominant written and spoken system of time , predominantly in nations that were part of the former British Empire ( the United Kingdom , the United States , Australia , India , Pakistan , Malaysia , Bangladesh etc . ) , though a few others ( Mexico , Egypt , and the former American colony of the Philippines ) follow this convention as well . In most countries , however , the 24 - hour clock is the standard system used , especially in writing . Some nations use a combination of the two , preferring the 12 - hour system in colloquial speech but using the 24 - hour system in written form and in formal contexts . This is true in some European nations and Latin America . The 12 - hour clock in speech often uses phrases such as in the morning , in the afternoon , in the evening , and at night . Outside of English - speaking countries , the terms a.m. and p.m. are seldom used and often unknown . In England , the descriptive phrases were universal until relatively recently ; e.g. , Rider 's British Merlin almanac for 1795 ( published in London ) uses them , and so does a similar almanac for 1773 . A typical digital 12 - hour alarm clock indicating p.m. with a dot to the left of the hour Computer support ( edit ) In most countries , computers by default show the time in 24 - hour notation . Most operating systems , including Microsoft Windows and Unix - like systems such as Linux and macOS , activate the 12 - hour notation by default for a limited number of language and region settings . This behavior can be changed by the user , such as with the Windows operating system `` Region and Language '' settings . Abbreviations ( edit ) The Latin abbreviations a.m. and p.m. ( often written `` am '' and `` pm '' , `` AM '' and `` PM '' , or `` A.M. '' and `` P.M. '' ) are used in English and Spanish . The equivalents in Greek are π. μ. and μ. μ. , respectively , and in Sinhala පෙ. ව . ( pe.va . ) for පෙරවරු ( peravaru , පෙර pera - fore , pre ) and ප. ව . ( pa.va . ) for පස්වරු ( pasvaru , පස්සේ passē - after , post ) . However , noon is rarely abbreviated in any of these languages , noon normally being written in full . In Portuguese , there are two official options and many other used , for example , using 21 : 45 pm : 21h45 or 21h45min ( official ones ) or 21 : 45 or 9 : 45 p.m. Most other languages lack formal abbreviations for `` before noon '' and `` after noon '' , and their users use the 12 - hour clock only orally and informally . However , in many languages , such as Russian and Hebrew , informal designations are used , such as `` 9 in the morning '' or `` 3 in the night '' . When abbreviations and phrases are omitted , one may rely on sentence context and societal norms to reduce ambiguity . For example , if one commutes to work at `` 9 : 00 '' , 9 : 00 a.m. may be implied , but if a social dance is scheduled to begin at `` 9 : 00 '' , it may begin at 9 : 00 p.m. Related conventions ( edit ) Typography ( edit ) The terms `` a.m. '' and `` p.m. '' are abbreviations of the Latin ante meridiem ( before midday ) and post meridiem ( after midday ) . Depending on the style guide referenced , the abbreviations `` a.m. '' and `` p.m. '' are variously written in small capitals ( `` am '' and `` pm '' ) , uppercase letters without a period ( `` AM '' and `` PM '' ) , uppercase letters with periods , or lowercase letters ( `` am '' and `` pm '' or , more commonly , `` a.m. '' and `` p.m. '' ) . Some stylebooks suggest the use of a space between the number and the a.m. or p.m. abbreviation . Style guides recommend not using a.m. and p.m. without a time preceding it , although doing so can be advantageous when describing an event that always happens before or after noon . The hour / minute separator varies between countries : some use a colon , others use a period ( full stop ) , and still others use the letter h . In many instances using the 24 - hour clock , there is no separator between hours and minutes ( 0800 , read as written , i.e. `` oh - eight - hundred '' ) . Encoding ( edit ) In Unicode , there exist symbols for : `` a.m. '' U+ 33C2 a.m. ( HTML & # 13250 ; ) and `` p.m. '' U+ 33D8 p.m. ( HTML & # 13272 ; ) . They are meant to be used only with Chinese - Japanese - Korean character sets , as they take up exactly the same space as one Chinese character . Informal speech and rounding off ( edit ) It is common to round a time to the nearest five minutes and express the time as so many minutes past an hour ( 5 : 05 is `` five past five '' or `` five oh five '' , formerly written as 5.5 in some publications in the UK ) or minutes to an hour ( e.g. , 5 : 55 is `` five to six '' ) . A period of 15 minutes is often expressed as `` a quarter '' ( hence 5 : 15 is `` a quarter past five '' ) and 30 minutes is expressed as `` half '' ( hence 5 : 30 is `` half past five '' or merely `` half five '' ) . Thus , the time would be spoken as 8 : 45 , and `` ( a ) quarter to nine '' . Moreover , in situations where the relevant hour is obvious or has been recently mentioned , speakers can use terms `` quarter to '' and `` half past '' to avoid elaborate sentences in particularly informal conversations . These forms are often commonly used in television and radio broadcasts that cover multiple time zones at one - hour intervals . Instead of meaning 5 : 30 , the `` half five '' expression is sometimes used to mean 4 : 30 , or `` half - way to five '' , especially for regions such as the American Midwest and other areas that have been particularly influenced by German culture . This meaning follows the pattern choices of many Germanic and Slavic languages , including Dutch , Danish , Finnish , Hungarian , Russian and Swedish . Formal speech and times to the minute ( edit ) `` O'clock '' redirects here . For the o'clock watch , see O bag . Minutes may be expressed as an exact number of minutes past the hour specifying the time of day ( e.g. , 6 : 32 p.m. is `` six thirty - two '' ) . Additionally , when expressing the time using the `` past ( after ) '' or `` to ( before ) '' formula , it is conventional to choose the number of minutes below 30 ( e.g. , 6.32 pm is conventionally `` twenty - eight minutes to seven '' rather than `` thirty - two minutes past six '' ) . In spoken English , full hours are often represented by the numbered hour followed by o'clock ( 10 : 00 as ten o'clock , 2 : 00 as two o'clock ) . This may be followed by the `` a.m. '' or `` p.m. '' designator , though phrases such as in the morning , in the afternoon , in the evening , or at night more commonly follow analog - style terms such as o'clock , half past three , and quarter to four . O'clock itself may be omitted , telling a time as four a.m. or four p.m. Minutes `` : 01 '' to `` : 09 '' are usually pronounced as oh one to oh nine ( nought or zero can also be used instead of oh ) . Minutes `` : 10 '' to `` : 59 '' are pronounced as their usual number - words . For instance , 6 : 02 a.m. can be pronounced six oh two a.m. whereas 6 : 32 a.m. could be told as six thirty - two a.m. Confusion at noon and midnight ( edit ) Time according to various conventions Device or style Midnight Start of day Noon Midnight End of day Written 24 - hour time , ISO 8601 00 : 00 12 : 00 24 : 00 U.S. Government Printing Office ( 1953 ) midnight noon 12 o'clock noon 12 m . midnight 12 : 00 p.m. U.S. Government Printing Office ( 2000 ) midnight 12 a.m. noon 12 p.m. midnight U.S. Government Printing Office ( 2008 ) 12 a.m. 12 midnight 12 p.m. 12 noon 12 midnight Japanese legal convention 0 : 00 a.m. 12 : 00 a.m. 12 : 00 p.m. Chicago Manual of Style noon 12 : 00 m . Canadian Press , UK standard Midnight Noon Midnight Associated Press style -- noon midnight NIST midnight 12 : 01 a.m. noon midnight 11 : 59 p.m. ^ Jump up to : These styles are ambiguous with respect to whether midnight is at the start or end of each day . ^ Jump up to : NIST recommends using 11 : 59 p.m. and 12 : 01 a.m. to disambiguate when needed . It is not always clear what times `` 12 : 00 a.m. '' and `` 12 : 00 p.m. '' denote . From the Latin words meridies ( midday ) , ante ( before ) and post ( after ) , the term ante meridiem ( a.m. ) means before midday and post meridiem ( p.m. ) means after midday . Since `` noon '' ( midday - meridies ( m . ) ) is neither before nor after itself , the terms a.m. and p.m. do not apply . Although `` 12 m . '' was suggested as a way to indicate noon , this is seldom done and also does not resolve the question of how to indicate midnight . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language states `` By convention , 12 AM denotes midnight and 12 PM denotes noon . Because of the potential for confusion , it is advisable to use 12 noon and 12 midnight . '' E.G. Richards in his book Mapping Time provided a diagram in which 12 a.m. means noon and 12 p.m. means midnight . The style manual of the United States Government Printing Office used 12 a.m. for noon and 12 p.m. for midnight until its 2008 edition , when it reversed these designations , later maintained in its 2016 revision . Many U.S. style guides , and NIST 's `` Frequently asked questions ( FAQ ) '' web page , recommend that it is clearest if one refers to `` noon '' or `` 12 : 00 noon '' and `` midnight '' or `` 12 : 00 midnight '' ( rather than to `` 12 : 00 p.m. '' and `` 12 : 00 a.m. '' ) . The NIST website states that `` 12 a.m. and 12 p.m. are ambiguous and should not be used . '' The Associated Press Stylebook specifies that midnight `` is part of the day that is ending , not the one that is beginning . '' Thus , according to AP style , `` midnight Friday '' occurs one minute after 11 : 59 p.m. Friday , not one minute before 12 : 01 a.m. Friday . The Canadian Press Stylebook says , `` write noon or midnight , not 12 noon or 12 midnight . '' Phrases such as `` 12 a.m. '' and `` 12 p.m. '' are not mentioned at all . Britain 's National Physical Laboratory `` FAQ - Time '' web page states `` In cases where the context can not be relied upon to place a particular event , the pair of days straddling midnight can be quoted '' ; also `` the terms 12 a.m. and 12 p.m. should be avoided . '' Likewise , some U.S. style guides recommend either clarifying `` midnight '' with other context clues , such as specifying the two dates between which it falls , or not referring to midnight at all . For an example of the latter method , `` midnight '' is replaced with `` 11 : 59 p.m. '' for the end of a day or `` 12 : 01 a.m. '' for the start of a day . That has become common in the United States in legal contracts and for airplane , bus , or train schedules , though some schedules use other conventions . Occasionally , when trains run at regular intervals , the pattern may be broken at midnight by displacing the midnight departure one or more minutes , such as to 11 : 59 p.m. or 12 : 01 a.m. See also ( edit ) 24 - hour clock 30 - hour clock 6 - hour clock Clock position Date and time representation by country Decimal time Midnight Noon Pahar References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Time '' . The New Encyclopædia Britannica. 28 . 1986 . pp. 660 2a . `` Time '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica Online Library Edition . Retrieved 20 November 2013 . ( subscription required ) `` The use of AM or PM to designate either noon or midnight can cause ambiguity . To designate noon , either the word noon or 1200 or 12 M should be used . To designate midnight without causing ambiguity , the two dates between which it falls should be given unless the 24 - hour notation is used . Thus , midnight may be written : May 15 -- 16 or 2400 May 15 or 0000 May 16 . '' Jump up ^ `` National Institute of Standards and Technology 's Physics Laboratory , Times of Day FAQs '' . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Susan Addington ( 25 August 2016 ) . `` Modular Arithmetic '' . Archived from the original on 4 July 2008 . Retrieved 28 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Clocks '' . 13 October 2008 . Retrieved 12 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Berlin instruments of the old Eg. time of day destination '' . members.aon.at . Jump up ^ A Walk through Time - Water Clocks Archived 31 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ National Library of Australia catalogue entry for Rider 's British merlin : for the year of Our Lord God 1795 Jump up ^ Lawrence Abrams ( 13 December 2012 ) . `` How to customize how the time is displayed in Windows '' . Bleeping Computer . Retrieved 26 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Diccionario panhispánico de dudas , HORA ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ Hacker , Diana , A Writer 's Reference , six edition , Bedford , St Martin 's , Boston , 2007 , section M4 - c , p. 308 . Jump up ^ `` TVTimes '' . 21 -- 27 May 1983 . Retrieved 22 April 2012 . Jump up ^ American Heritage Dictionary , 3rd ed . ( Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1992 ) . s.v. usage note at end of `` quarter '' entry . Jump up ^ `` United States Government Printing Office Style Manual '' . January 1953 . pp. 152 and 267 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual '' ( PDF ) . page 156 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual - Chapter 12 - Numerals '' . www.gpo.gov . Jump up ^ `` 午前 12 時 ? 午後 0 時 ? '' ( 12 AM ? or 0 PM ? ) . National Institute of Information and Communications Technology ( in Japanese ) . 15 February 1989 . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chicago Manual of Style ( 17th ed . ) . University of Chicago Press . 2017 . paragraph 9.38 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 28705 - 8 . Although noon can be expressed as 12 : 00 m. ( m = meridies ) , very few use that form . ^ Jump up to : The Canadian Press Stylebook ( 11th ed . ) . 1999 . page 288 . ^ Jump up to : National Physical Laboratory , FAQ - Time ^ Jump up to : Ed . Norm Goldstein , The Associated Press Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law : with Internet Guide and Glossary , P. 161 , 177 , Perseus Publishing , 2002 , Cambridge , Massachusetts , United States , LCCN 2002105974 , ISBN , 0 - 7382 - 0740 - 3 ^ Jump up to : `` Times of day , Frequently asked questions ( FAQ ) '' . National Institute of Standards and Technology . 18 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 14 May 2012 . Retrieved 3 May 2012 . Jump up ^ AM at the American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language , Fifth Edition ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ Richards , E.G. , Mapping Time : the Calendar and its History ( Oxford University Press , 1999 ) , 289 . Jump up ^ `` New Edition of the GPO Style Manual - govinfo '' . www.govinfo.gov . Jump up ^ Interim train timetables , Abellio Greater Anglia , London , 17 May 2015 , pages 7 and 8 . External links ( edit ) NIST FAQ on time 12am is noon in Japan Time Key concepts Past history deep time Present Future Futures studies Far future in religion Far future in science fiction and popular culture Timeline of the far future Eternity Eternity of the world Measurement and standards Chronometry UTC UT TAI Unit of time Planck time Second Minute Hour Day Week Month Season Year Decade Century Millennium Tropical year Sidereal year Samvatsara Measurement systems Time zone Six - hour clock 12 - hour clock 24 - hour clock Daylight saving time Solar time Sidereal time Metric time Decimal time Hexadecimal time Calendars Gregorian Julian Hebrew Islamic Lunar Solar Hijri Mayan Intercalation Leap second Leap year Clocks Horology History of timekeeping devices Main types astrarium atomic quantum hourglass marine sundial sundial markup schema watch mechanical stopwatch water - based Cuckoo clock Digital clock Grandfather clock Chronology History Astronomical chronology Big History Calendar era Chronicle Deep time Periodization Regnal year Timeline Religion Mythology Dreamtime Kāla Kalachakra Prophecy Time and fate deities Wheel of time Immortality Philosophy of time A-series and B - 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1 ISO 8601 International Atomic Time 6 - hour clock 12 - hour clock 24 - hour clock Barycentric Coordinate Time Barycentric Dynamical Time Civil time Daylight saving time Geocentric Coordinate Time International Date Line Leap second Solar time Terrestrial Time Time zone 180th meridian Obsolete standards Ephemeris time Greenwich Mean Time Prime meridian Time in physics Absolute space and time Spacetime Chronon Continuous signal Coordinate time Cosmological decade Discrete time and continuous time Planck time Proper time Theory of relativity Time dilation Gravitational time dilation Time domain Time translation symmetry T - symmetry Horology Clock Astrarium Atomic clock Complication History of timekeeping devices Hourglass Marine chronometer Marine sandglass Radio clock Watch stopwatch Water clock Sundial Dialing scales Equation of time History of sundials Sundial markup schema Calendar Astronomical Dominical letter Epact Equinox Gregorian Hebrew Hindu Intercalation Islamic Julian Leap year Lunar Lunisolar Solar Solstice Tropical year Weekday determination Weekday names Archaeology and geology Chronological dating Geologic time scale International Commission on Stratigraphy Astronomical chronology Galactic year Nuclear timescale Precession Sidereal time Other units of time Flick Shake Jiffy Second Minute Moment Hour Day Week Fortnight Month Year Olympiad Lustrum Decade Century Saeculum Millennium Related topics Chronology Duration music Mental chronometry Metric time System time Time value of money Timekeeper Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=12-hour_clock&oldid=855749708 '' Categories : Date and time representation Time measurement systems Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Spanish - language external links CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Use dmy dates from November 2017 Articles containing Greek - language text Articles containing Sinhalese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Cebuano Dansk Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia עברית ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Ślůnski Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 粵語 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 August 2018 , at 15 : 35 ( UTC ) . 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"The 12-hour clock is a time convention in which the 24 hours of the day are divided into two periods:[1] a.m. (from the Latin, ante meridiem, meaning before midday) and p.m. (post meridiem, meaning past midday).[2] Each period consists of 12 hours numbered: 12 (acting as zero),[3] 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11. The 24 hour/day cycle starts at 12 midnight (often indicated as 12 a.m.), runs through 12 noon (often indicated as 12 p.m.), and continues to the midnight at the end of the day. The 12-hour clock was developed over time from the mid-second millennium BC to the 16th century AD.\n"
] | [
"12"
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-1990486493370215386 | The Doobie Brothers | The Doobie Brothers - wikipedia The Doobie Brothers hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( October 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Doobie Brothers The Doobie Brothers in 1974 ( L -- R ) : Knudsen , Porter , Simmons , Johnston ( front ) , Hartman Background information Also known as The Doobies Origin San Jose , California , U.S. Genres Rock soft rock pop blue - eyed soul Years active 1970 ( 1970 ) -- 1982 ( 1982 ) 1987 ( 1987 ) -- present Labels Warner Bros . Capitol Arista Sony Associated acts Southern Pacific Steely Dan Website doobiebros.com Members Tom Johnston Patrick Simmons John McFee Past members See members section The Doobie Brothers are an American rock band from San Jose , California . The group has sold more than 40 million albums worldwide . It has been active for five decades , with its greatest success in the 1970s . The band 's history can be roughly divided into three eras . From 1970 to 1975 it featured lead vocalist Tom Johnston and a mainstream rock and roll sound with elements of folk , country and R&B . Johnston quit the group in 1975 , and was replaced by Michael McDonald , whose interest in soul music changed the band 's sound until it broke up in 1982 . The Doobie Brothers reformed in 1987 with Johnston back in the fold and are still active , with occasional contributions from McDonald . Every incarnation of the group emphasized vocal harmonies . The Doobie Brothers were inducted into the Vocal Group Hall of Fame in 2004 . Contents 1 Career 1.1 Original incarnation 1.2 Michael McDonald years 1.3 Reunion 1.4 The 1990s 1.4. 1 Return to permanent touring 1.5 The 2000s 1.6 The 2010s 2 Members 2.1 Current 2.2 Touring members 2.3 Former members 2.4 Timeline 3 Discography 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Career ( edit ) Original incarnation ( edit ) Drummer John Hartman arrived in California determined to meet Skip Spence of Moby Grape and join an aborted Grape reunion . Spence introduced Hartman to singer , guitarist , and songwriter Tom Johnston and the two proceeded to form the nucleus of what would become the Doobie Brothers . Johnston and Hartman called their fledgling group `` Pud '' and experimented with lineups ( occasionally including Spence ) and styles as they performed in and around San Jose . They were mostly a power trio ( along with bassist Greg Murphy ) but briefly worked with a horn section . In 1970 , they teamed up with singer , guitarist , and songwriter Patrick Simmons and bass guitarist Dave Shogren . Simmons had belonged to several area groups ( among them `` Scratch '' , an acoustic trio with future Doobies bassist Tiran Porter ) and also performed as a solo artist . He was already an accomplished fingerstyle player whose approach to the instrument complemented Johnston 's rhythmic R&B strumming . While still playing locally around San Jose , the group adopted the name `` Doobie Brothers '' . Musician Keith `` Dyno '' Rosen , who lived with or next - door to the band , came up with the name after the band had difficulty coming up with one on their own . According to Tom Johnston , Rosen said , `` Why do n't you call yourself the Doobie Brothers because you 're always smoking '' pot ? Hartman has said he was n't involved with choosing the name , and did n't know that `` doobie '' meant a marijuana joint until Rosen told him . Everyone in the band agreed that `` Doobie Brothers '' was a `` dumb '' or `` stupid '' name . Simmons has said the band intended to use the name only for a few early performances until they came up with something better , but they never did . The Doobie Brothers improved their playing by performing live all over Northern California in 1970 . They attracted a particularly strong following among local chapters of the Hells Angels and got a recurring gig at one of the bikers ' favorite venues , the Chateau Liberté in the Santa Cruz mountains , playing there through the summer of 1975 ( although some of these concerts did not include all band members and they were unannounced and of an impromptu nature ) . An energetic set of demos showcased fuzz - toned dual lead electric guitars , three - part harmonies and Hartman 's frenetic drumming , and earned the group a contract at Warner Bros. Records in 1971 . The band 's image originally reflected that of their biggest fans -- leather jackets and motorcycles . The group 's 1971 self - titled debut album departed significantly from that image and their live sound of the period . The album , which failed to chart , emphasized acoustic guitars and reflected country influences . The bouncy leadoff song `` Nobody '' , the band 's first single , has surfaced in their live set several times over the ensuing decades . Most recently , this song was re-recorded and added to their 2010 album World Gone Crazy . In the late spring / summer of 1971 , their record label sent the Doobies out on their first national tour in tandem with the group Mother Earth , the `` Mother Brothers Tour '' . Also in 1971 , the group toyed with the idea of adding a second drummer , supplementing Hartman 's drumming on some of their shows with that of Navy veteran Michael Hossack while still touring behind their first album . In October 1971 , the band recorded several songs for their second album with Shogren on bass , guitar , and background vocals . But a little later , during the album 's recording , Shogren left after disagreements with the group 's new producer , Ted Templeman . Shogren was replaced in December 1971 with singer , songwriter and bass guitarist Tiran Porter , while Hossack was added to the lineup at the same time as a regular . Porter and Hossack were both stalwarts of the Northern California music scene , Porter having previously played in Scratch with Simmons . Porter brought a funkier bass style and added his husky baritone to the voices of Johnston and Simmons , resulting in a rich three - part blend . The band 's second album , Toulouse Street ( which contained the hits `` Listen to the Music '' and `` Jesus Is Just Alright '' ) , brought their breakthrough success after its release in July 1972 . In collaboration with manager Bruce Cohn , producer Ted Templeman and engineer Donn Landee , the band put forward a more polished and eclectic set of songs . Pianist Bill Payne of Little Feat contributed keyboards for the first time , beginning a decades - long collaboration that included many recording sessions and even a two - week stint touring with the band in early 1974 . A string of hits followed , including Johnston 's `` Long Train Runnin ' '' and `` China Grove '' , from the 1973 album The Captain and Me . Other noteworthy songs on the album were Simmons ' country - ish ode `` South City Midnight Lady '' and the explosive , hard rocking raveup `` Without You '' , for which the entire band received songwriting credit . Onstage , the latter song sometimes stretched into a 15 - minute jam with additional lyrics completely ad - libbed by Johnston . A 1973 appearance on the debut episode of the television music variety show Don Kirshner 's Rock Concert featured one such epic performance of the tune . In the midst of recording sessions for their next album , 1974 's What Were Once Vices Are Now Habits , and rehearsals for a 1973 fall tour , Hossack abruptly departed the band , citing burnout from constant touring . Drummer , songwriter and vocalist Keith Knudsen ( who previously drummed for Lee Michaels of `` Do You Know What I Mean '' fame ) was recruited promptly in September 1973 and left with the Doobies on a major tour a few weeks later ( Hossack subsequently replaced Knudsen in the band Bonaroo , which served as an opening act for the Doobies shortly thereafter ) . Both Hossack 's drums and Knudsen 's voice are heard on Vices . Doobie Bros in Dutch TV show TopPop ( January 1974 ) In 1974 Steely Dan co-lead guitarist Jeff `` Skunk '' Baxter learned that his band was retiring from the road and that Donald Fagen and Walter Becker intended to work almost exclusively with session players in the future . In need of a steady gig , he joined the Doobie Brothers as third lead guitarist in the middle of their current tour . He had previously worked with the band in the studio , adding pedal steel guitar to both Captain ( `` South City Midnight Lady '' ) and Vices ( `` Black Water '' , `` Tell Me What You Want '' ) and was already playing with the band as a special guest during that year 's tour . Vices included the band 's first No. 1 single , Simmons ' signature tune `` Black Water '' . It topped the charts in March 1975 and eventually propelled the album to multi-platinum status . Johnston 's lyrical `` Another Park , Another Sunday '' ( as a single , it featured `` Black Water '' as the B - side ) and his horn - driven funk song `` Eyes of Silver '' also charted the year before at numbers 32 & 52 , respectively . During this period and for several subsequent tours , the Doobies were often supported on stage by Stax Records legends The Memphis Horns . Live recordings with the horn section have aired on radio on the King Biscuit Flower Hour , but none have been officially released . The Memphis Horns also appeared as session players on multiple Doobies albums . By the end of 1974 , Johnston 's health was suffering from the rigors of the road . He was absent when the band joined The Beach Boys , Chicago , and Olivia Newton - John on `` Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve '' that December . By then , the western - themed Stampede had been completed for release in 1975 . It featured yet another hit single , Johnston 's cover of the Holland - Dozier - Holland - written Motown hit `` Take Me in Your Arms '' ( originally sung by Kim Weston and also covered by the Isley Brothers and Blood Sweat and Tears ) . The song included a distinctive Baxter guitar solo . Simmons contributed the atmospheric `` I Cheat the Hangman , '' as well as `` Neal 's Fandango , '' an ode to Santa Cruz , Jack Kerouac and Neal Cassady . Ry Cooder added his slide guitar to Johnston 's cowboy song , `` Rainy Day Crossroad Blues '' . By the start of the Spring 1975 promotional tour for Stampede , Johnston 's condition was so precarious that he required emergency hospitalization for a bleeding ulcer . With Johnston convalescing and the tour already underway , Baxter proposed recruiting a fellow Steely Dan alum to fill the hole : singer , songwriter and keyboardist Michael McDonald . Simmons , Knudsen , Porter and McDonald divvied up and sang Johnston 's parts on tour while Simmons and Baxter shared lead guitar chores . Michael McDonald years ( edit ) Under contract to release another album in 1976 , the Doobies were at a crossroads . Their primary songwriter and singer remained unavailable , so they turned to McDonald and Porter for material to supplement that of Simmons . The resulting LP , Takin ' It to the Streets , debuted a radical change in their sound . Their electric - guitar - based rock and roll gave way to a more soft rock and blue - eyed soul sound , emphasizing keyboards and horns and subtler , more syncopated rhythms . Baxter contributed jazz - inflected guitar stylings reminiscent of Steely Dan , along with unusual , complex harmony and longer , more developed melody . Above all , McDonald 's voice became the band 's new signature sound . Takin ' It to the Streets featured McDonald 's title track and `` It Keeps You Runnin ' , '' both hits . ( A second version of `` It Keeps You Runnin ' , '' performed by Carly Simon , appeared on her album Another Passenger , with the Doobies backing her . ) Bassist Porter wrote and sang `` For Someone Special '' as a tribute to the absent Johnston . A greatest hits compilation , Best of the Doobies , followed before year 's end . ( In 1996 , the Recording Industry Association of America certified Best of the Doobies `` Diamond '' for sales in excess of 10 million units . ) Their new sound was further refined and McDonald 's dominant role cemented with 1977 's Livin ' on the Fault Line . It featured a cover of the Motown classic `` Little Darling ( I Need You ) '' and `` Echoes of Love '' , which had been written by Willie Mitchell for , but not recorded by , Al Green . Mitchell ( then of the Memphis Horns ) and Earl Randle had both worked with Green a good bit . Simmons added some music and lyrics , co-writing the finished version with Mitchell and Randle ; the song was later covered not just by the Pointer Sisters but by Lyn Paul , the ex-New Seekers vocalist . The album also featured the song `` You Belong To Me '' ( co-written by McDonald and Carly Simon , who had a hit with her own version of the tune ) . To help promote Fault Line , the band performed live on the PBS show Soundstage . Baxter used an early type of guitar synthesizer ( made by Roland ) on many of the tracks ( especially the title track and `` Chinatown '' ) . The combination of McDonald 's cerebral approach to harmony , funkier beats and R&B vocal flavor , along with Baxter 's guitar pyrotechnics , pushed the band away from the more proletarian biker - bong - boogie style that made them popular originally . The use of complex jazz chords , built on McDonald 's thoroughly composed keyboard parts and tempered by strong pop hooks , resulted in an album that , though not really jazz , had a distinctly urban contemporary finish , adding the flavor of the `` cool jazz '' era to a pop setting . The Doobie Brothers with the addition of Michael McDonald in 1976 Both Streets and Fault Line reflected Johnston 's diminished role in the group following his illness . Restored to fitness and briefly back in the fold , he contributed one original song to Streets ( `` Turn It Loose '' ) , and also sang a verse on Simmons ' tune `` Wheels of Fortune '' . He also made live appearances with the band in 1976 ( documented in a concert filmed that year at the Winterland in San Francisco , excerpts of which appear occasionally on VH1 Classic ) , but was sidelined once again that fall due to exhaustion . None of Johnston 's songs appeared on Fault Line , though he had written and the band had recorded five of his compositions for the album . Finally , before Fault Line was released , Johnston had his songs removed and he left the band that he co-founded , though he received credit for guitars and vocals and was pictured on the album 's inner sleeve band photo . He embarked on a solo career that eventually yielded one modestly successful 1979 Warner Brothers album , Everything You 've Heard is True , which featured the single `` Savannah Nights '' , and the less successful album Still Feels Good in 1981 . During this period of transition , the band also elevated former roadie Bobby LaKind to onstage backup vocalist and percussionist . In the studio , LaKind first contributed percussion to Streets but had been a member of the band 's lighting crew since 1974 . Additionally , in early 1978 , the band appeared as themselves in two episodes of the ABC sitcom What 's Happening ! ! , performing `` Little Darlin ' ( I Need You ) '' , `` Black Water '' , `` Takin ' It to the Streets '' , and `` Take Me in Your Arms '' . After almost a decade on the road , and with seven albums under their belts , the Doobies ' career unexpectedly soared with the success of their next album , 1978 's Minute by Minute . It spent five weeks atop the charts and dominated several radio formats for the better part of two years . McDonald 's song `` What a Fool Believes '' , written with Kenny Loggins , was the band 's second No. 1 single and earned the songwriting duo a Grammy Award for Record of the Year . The album won a Grammy for Pop Vocal Performance by a Group and was nominated for Album of the Year . Both `` What a Fool Believes '' and the title track were nominated for Song of the Year , with `` What a Fool Believes '' winning the award . Among the other memorable songs on the album are `` Here to Love You , '' `` Dependin ' On You '' ( co-written by McDonald and Simmons ) , `` Steamer Lane Breakdown '' ( a Simmons bluegrass instrumental ) and McDonald 's `` How Do the Fools Survive ? '' ( co-written by Carole Bayer Sager ) . Nicolette Larson and departed former bandleader Johnston contributed guest vocals on the album . Minute by Minute ' s triumph was bittersweet because it coincided with the near - dissolution of the band . The pressure of touring while recording and releasing an album each year had worn the members down . Baxter and McDonald had been in creative conflict for some time . McDonald desired a direct , soulful and polished rock / R&B sound , while Baxter insisted on embellishing guitar parts in an increasingly avant - garde style . ( Both McDonald and Baxter elaborated on the matter in the documentary series Behind the Music , which aired on VH1 in February 2001 . ) Just as Minute by Minute 's success became apparent , Hartman , Baxter , and LaKind left the band . A two - song set on the January 27 , 1979 , broadcast of Saturday Night Live ( with guest host Michael Palin ) marked the final television appearance of this lineup , and a brief tour of Japan marked the band 's last live performances in its middle - period configuration ( Hartman subsequently joined Johnston 's touring band in 1979 and taped an appearance with him that aired on Soundstage in 1980 ) . With the surprise smash album embedded in the charts and more money to be earned on the road , the remaining Doobies ( Simmons , Knudsen , McDonald and Porter ) decided to forge ahead . In 1979 , Hartman was replaced by ace session drummer Chet McCracken and Baxter by multi-instrumental string player John McFee ( late of Huey Lewis 's early band Clover ) ; Cornelius Bumpus ( who had been part of a recent reunion of Moby Grape ) was also recruited to add vocals , keyboards , saxophones , and flute to the lineup . This lineup toured throughout 1979 , including stops at Madison Square Garden and New York City 's Battery Park for the No Nukes benefit shows with like - minded artists such as Bonnie Raitt , Crosby , Stills & Nash , James Taylor , Carly Simon , Jackson Browne , Bruce Springsteen and John Hall . 1980 marked LaKind 's return to the lineup as a full - time member and the Doobies ' ninth studio album , One Step Closer . The LP featured the hit title track and the Top 10 smash `` Real Love '' ( not to be confused with the John Lennon composition ) but did not dominate the charts and the radio as Minute by Minute had , largely due to an oversaturation of the `` McDonald sound '' by many other artists ( such as Robbie Dupree 's hit `` Steal Away '' , which copied the `` McDonald sound '' nearly note for note ) on the radio at the time -- not to mention McDonald 's numerous guest vocal appearances on hits by other artists , such as Kenny Loggins , Christopher Cross , Lauren Wood and Nicolette Larson . The album itself was also noticeably weaker musically than the previous three with the band sounding tired and seemingly devolving to little more than McDonald 's `` backup band '' ( according to contemporary sources ) . `` Ted and Michael became one faction against Pat and the rest of us , '' Porter said in an interview . Long frustrated with the realities of relentless touring and yearning for a stable home life , as well as battling an admitted cocaine problem , Porter left the band after the recording of Closer . Session bassist Willie Weeks joined the band and the Doobies continued touring throughout 1980 and 1981 ( post-Doobies , Weeks has performed with the Gregg Allman Band , Eric Clapton , and many others ) . Backstage at the Greek Theater in Berkeley , California in 1982 By the end of 1981 , even Simmons had left the band . Now faced with the prospect of calling themselves The Doobie Brothers with no remaining original members , a sound that was light years away from their original version and a `` leader '' in McDonald who was ready for a solo career , the group elected instead to disband after a rehearsal without Simmons , according to an interview with McDonald for `` Listen To The Music , '' the Doobie Brothers ' official video history / documentary released in 1989 . He went on to say that by that point they could n't have gotten further away from the Doobies sound if they had tried . The reluctant Simmons , already hard at work on his first solo album , Arcade , rejoined for a 1982 farewell tour on the condition that this truly would be the end of the Doobie Brothers . At their last concert at the Greek Theatre in Berkeley , California on September 11 , 1982 , they were joined onstage by founding member Tom Johnston for what was presumed to be the final rendition of his staple , `` China Grove '' . Former members Porter , Hossack and Hartman subsequently took the stage for an extended version of `` Listen to the Music '' . Knudsen sang lead vocals while Johnston , Simmons and McFee traded licks on guitar . The live album Farewell Tour was released in 1983 and the Greek Theatre concert was released in 2011 as Live at the Greek Theatre 1982 . Reunion ( edit ) The Doobies did not work together for the next five years , though various members got together in different configurations for annual Christmas season performances for the patients and staff at the Stanford Children 's Hospital in the Bay area . Simmons released a commercially disappointing solo album , Arcade , in 1983 . During the mid-1980s , Johnston toured U.S. clubs with a band called Border Patrol , which did not release any recordings . Hossack and ( briefly ) Simmons worked with the group . Around 1986 , Johnston and Simmons began working on an album together ( according to a 1989 interview with Simmons ) , but abandoned the project soon after with no known finished tracks . In 1983 , Knudsen and McFee formed the band Southern Pacific and recorded four albums that found success in the country charts ( former Creedence Clearwater Revival bassist Stu Cook joined the band in 1986 and former Pablo Cruise guitarist David Jenkins in 1988 ) . Out of print for many years , Simmons ' Arcade was reissued on compact disc in 2007 by specialty label Wounded Bird Records , which is also the home of Southern Pacific 's and Tom Johnston 's catalogs . Post-Doobies , McDonald became established as a solo artist . His voice dominated adult contemporary radio throughout the 1980s . He experienced a renaissance of popularity in the 21st century as an interpreter of Motown classics . The reformation of the Doobie Brothers was not intentional . On a personal quest for a worthy cause and after conquering his drug addiction , Knudsen became active in the Vietnam Veterans Aid Foundation . In early 1987 , he persuaded 11 Doobie alumni to join him for a concert to benefit veterans ' causes . Answering the call were Tom Johnston , Pat Simmons , Jeff Baxter , John McFee , John Hartman , Michael Hossack , Chet McCracken , Michael McDonald , Cornelius Bumpus , Bobby LaKind and Tiran Porter . There were no surplus bass players as Weeks had other commitments . They soon discovered that tickets were in great demand , so the concert quickly evolved into a 12 - city tour that began on May 21 , 1987 , in San Diego . The third concert , held at the Hollywood Bowl , was reportedly the venue 's fastest sell - out since the Beatles had played there just over 20 years earlier . The band performed selections from every album using a wide variety of instrumentation that they could not have previously duplicated onstage without the expanded lineup . Baxter and McFee played pedal steel and violin , respectively , during `` Black Water '' and `` Steamer Lane Breakdown '' . `` Without You '' featured four drummers and four lead guitarists . Producer Ted Templeman played percussion and LaKind sometimes played Knudsen 's drum set while Knudsen went to the front of the stage to join the chorus . The tour culminated ( sans McDonald , McFee and Knudsen ) at the Glasnost - inspired July 4 `` Peace Concert '' in Moscow , with Bonnie Raitt , James Taylor and Santana sharing the bill . Excerpts appearing later that year on the Showtime cable network included a performance of `` China Grove '' . The successful 1987 reunion sparked discussions about reconstituting the band on a permanent basis . They eventually decided to replicate the Toulouse Street / Captain and Me incarnation , settling on a lineup featuring Johnston , Simmons , Hartman , Porter and Hossack , plus more recent addition LaKind , and released Cycles on Capitol Records in 1989 . The album featured a Top 10 single , `` The Doctor '' , which showcased Johnston 's unmistakable voice and soaring lead guitar and reminded listeners of the band 's pre-McDonald heyday , which was natural given the lineup . The song is very similar to `` China Grove , '' and the connection was further enhanced by guest Bill Payne 's tinkling piano . Other strong material on the album included Johnston 's `` South of the Border '' , Dale Ockerman 's and Pat Simmons ' `` Take Me To The Highway '' , and `` I Can Read Your Mind '' , a version of the Isley Brothers ' `` Need A Little Taste Of Love '' , and a version of The Four Tops classic , `` One Chain ( Do n't Make No Prison ) '' , which had been covered by Santana years before . Cycles proved a successful comeback album and was certified Gold . Bumpus participated in the 1989 and 1990 tours , adding his distinctive voice , keyboards , saxophone and flute . His presence bridged the gap between the current band and the McDonald era ; he sang lead vocals on `` One Step Closer '' ( as he originally had on the 1980 album ) while Simmons took McDonald 's part . The group was further augmented on the 1989 tour by Dale Ockerman ( keyboards , guitar , backing vocals ) , Richard Bryant ( percussion , vocals ) and Jimi Fox ( percussion , backing vocals ) . After being diagnosed with terminal colon cancer , LaKind stepped down before the tour to focus on his health . The 1990s ( edit ) The success of Cycles led to the release of 1991 's Brotherhood , also on Capitol . The group members grew their hair back out , wore denim and leather , and attempted to revive their biker image of the early 1970s . In spite of the makeover and strong material led by Simmons ' now trademark `` Dangerous '' ( featured in the Brian Bosworth biker film Stone Cold ) , Brotherhood was unsuccessful , in part due to a lack of support from Capitol Records . The accompanying tour ( with the 1989 lineup sans Bumpus ) , which also featured Joe Walsh on the bill , was ranked among the ten least profitable tours of the disappointing 1991 summer season by the North American Concert Promoters Association . The 1987 Doobie Brothers alumni band reunited on October 17 and 19 , 1992 , at the Concord Pavilion in Concord , California to perform benefit shows for LaKind 's children . LaKind , terminally ill with colon cancer and noticeably frail , joined the group on percussion for a few numbers . The concerts were recorded and subsequently broadcast on the Superstars in Concert radio series accompanied by a plea for contributions to the LaKind family fund . A brief hiatus followed during which Simmons collaborated with bassist and songwriter John Cowan ( ex-New Grass Revival ) , Rusty Young ( of Poco ) and Bill Lloyd ( of Foster & Lloyd ) on an unreleased project called Four Wheel Drive . When the band emerged yet again in 1993 , Hartman and Porter retired from the road for good but Knudsen and McFee rejoined the Doobie Brothers on a full - time basis after Southern Pacific disbanded . Joined by Ockerman , Bumpus , and Weeks , the group toured with Four Wheel Drive as the opening act . After Weeks left the tour to resume his session work , Cowan played bass for both bands . Bumpus also left to join the reunited Steely Dan , giving way to saxophonist , keyboardist , and harmonica player Danny Hull . Former band member Chet McCracken temporarily filled in for an injured Hossack in July 1993 . Their 1994 tour included co-headlining appearances with Foreigner . With renewed energy in the mid-1990s , the band began to experiment with different arrangements of several tunes . They even sampled McDonald 's songbook from time to time , eventually restoring `` Takin ' it to the Streets '' to the setlist with Simmons and new bass guitarist Skylark ( who joined in 1995 ) substituting for McDonald on lead vocals . Return to permanent touring ( edit ) The band has toured continuously since 1993 . In 1995 , they reunited with McDonald for a co-headlining tour with the Steve Miller Band . The `` Dreams Come True '' tour featured all three primary songwriters and singers and reflected all phases of the band 's career . Bumpus rejoined for the 1995 tour , with McCracken replacing the absent Knudsen and Bernie Chiaravalle sitting in for McFee . A 1996 double live album , Rockin ' Down the Highway : The Wildlife Concert , featured McDonald on three of his signature tunes . McDonald remains an occasional special guest to this day and has joined the group for benefits , private corporate shows , and parties ( such as the wedding reception of Liza Minnelli and David Gest ) . In mid-1996 , Ockerman was replaced by keyboardist Guy Allison ( ex-Moody Blues and Air Supply ) . Saxophonist Marc Russo ( ex-Yellowjackets ) joined in early 1998 , replacing Hull . In the late 1990s , the band obtained an injunction preventing confusing or misleading uses of `` The Doobie Brothers '' moniker in advertisements promoting a tribute band featuring former members McCracken , Bumpus and Shogren . The 2000s ( edit ) In 1999 , Rhino Records released the group 's first box set , Long Train Runnin ' : 1970 -- 2000 , which featured remastered tunes from the band 's entire catalog , a new studio recording of the live concert staple `` Little Bitty Pretty One '' , and an entire disc of previously unreleased studio outtakes and live recordings . Rhino 's release the following year , Sibling Rivalry , was the band 's first new studio album since 1991 . The material reflected significant contributions from both Knudsen and McFee , ranging from rock to hip - hop , jazz , adult contemporary , and even country . The album sold poorly , reflecting the declining sales throughout the adult - oriented rock musical scene . The Doobies in concert at the Chumash Casino Resort in Santa Ynez , California , on August 31 , 2006 On June 22 , 2001 , while heading to a show at Caesars Tahoe in Lake Tahoe , Hossack suffered multiple fractures in a motorcycle accident on Highway 88 and had to be airlifted to a Sacramento - area hospital , where he underwent surgery . Drummer and percussionist M.B. Gordy was recruited to fill in for Hossack . After being sidelined for months , Hossack returned to the band in mid-2002 . Gordy remained with the band until 2005 . From April to August 2002 , Ed Wynne substituted for Russo on saxophones . On October 26 , 2004 , the Doobie Brothers released Live at Wolf Trap , a live album that was recorded at Wolf Trap National Park for the Performing Arts in Vienna , Virginia on July 25 of that year . The album features the final recordings of drummer and vocalist Keith Knudsen , who passed away in February 2005 . The 2010s ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) For its 2010 and 2012 summer tours , the band was once again paired with Chicago , as it was in 1974 , 1999 and 2008 . In March 2010 , longtime bass guitarist / vocalist Skylark resigned from the band after suffering a serious stroke . John Cowan , who had originally toured with the band in the early 1990s , returned to take Skylark 's place , and has been with the band ever since . Three months later , before the band embarked on its 2010 summer tour with Chicago , Hossack was forced to sit out following a diagnosis of cancer . Tony Pia , a member of the Brian Setzer Orchestra , was recruited to substitute for Hossack . Pia became an official touring member of the band following Hossack 's death in 2012 . On September 28 , 2010 , the Doobie Brothers released their 13th studio album , World Gone Crazy , produced by their longtime producer Ted Templeman . World Gone Crazy was the first Doobie Brothers album Templeman produced since 1980 's One Step Closer . The album 's first single , `` Nobody '' , was free - streamed on their website . By March 2012 , five members of the Doobie Brothers family were deceased : percussionist / vocalist LaKind on December 24 , 1992 , of colon cancer ; original bass guitarist / vocalist Shogren of unreported causes on December 14 , 1999 ; saxophonist , keyboardist , vocalist , and flutist Bumpus of a heart attack on February 3 , 2004 while in the air en route to California for a solo tour ; drummer , vocalist , and activist Keith Knudsen on February 8 , 2005 of cancer and chronic pneumonia ; and drummer Michael Hossack of cancer on March 12 , 2012 . On November 13 , 2012 , the Doobie Brothers released an official documentary , Let the Music Play : The Story of The Doobie Brothers . It features interviews and rare footage from their early days of the 1970s to the present day . Johnston , Simmons , McDonald , McFee , Porter , and Baxter , along with manager Bruce Cohn , producer Ted Templeman , and members of the Johnston and Simmons families are interviewed in the film . In March 2014 , the Doobie Brothers , in conjunction with Sony Music Nashville , announced that their 14th studio album would be released featuring the greatest hits of their 40 + - year career . The album would feature lead and backing vocals from several country artists , and Michael McDonald returned to collaborate on the album . Featured artists included Sara Evans , Vince Gill , Hunter Hayes , Casey James , Toby Keith , Love and Theft , Jerrod Niemann , Brad Paisley , Blake Shelton , Tyler Farr , Chris Young , Charlie Worsham , and the Zac Brown Band . The album , Southbound , was released on November 4 , 2014 . The following day , the Doobie Brothers and Michael McDonald were featured musical guests on the 47th Annual CMA Awards to celebrate its release , and were joined by Hunter Hayes , Jennifer Nettles , and Hillary Scott in a performance of `` Listen to the Music '' . At the end of the ceremony , in addition to Hayes , Nettles , and Scott , they were joined by co-host Brad Paisley for `` Takin ' It to the Streets '' . The Doobie Brothers performed at Music City Roots on May 13 , 2015 , sharing the stage with Béla Fleck and Dan Tyminski . This was the band 's second performance at the venue , after an all - acoustic performance in 2011 . The acoustic portion of the 2015 show featured songs that had not been heard by audiences in years , including the bluesy Chicago and the title track from Toulouse Street . In early August 2015 , keyboardist / backing vocalist Guy Allison was called to fly out to Japan to work on an album project . Little Feat co-founder and pianist Bill Payne , known for his contributions to many of the band 's studio albums , was selected to temporarily fill in for Allison in his absence . Allison briefly returned to the band after their September 5 show at Susquehanna Bank Center in Camden , New Jersey . On August 20 , 2015 , the Doobie Brothers and Michael McDonald were the featured musical guests on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon , where they performed a medley of `` Long Train Runnin ' '' and `` Takin ' It to the Streets '' . The band also performed a web - exclusive performance of `` What a Fool Believes '' that was made available on The Tonight Show 's website . On September 11 , 2015 , the Doobie Brothers performed at the Lockn ' Festival in Arrington , Virginia , sharing the stage with the jam band String Cheese Incident . The same day , after the performance , the Doobies flew to Cherokee , North Carolina for an evening concert . In October 2015 , Payne left Little Feat and officially took over Guy Allison 's duties as the Doobies ' keyboardist . The announcement was officially made by the band on December 1 , 2015 . On November 24 , 2015 , the Doobie Brothers , together with Journey , launched a tour featuring Dave Mason . The tour started on May 12 , 2016 , at the Irvine Meadows Amphitheatre and concluded on September 4 , 2016 , when the Doobies and Journey joined the Steve Miller Band and Santana at AT&T Park . Johnston was forced to miss the Warren Haynes Christmas Jam on December 12 , 2015 , due to knee surgery he had a few weeks earlier . Since the early 2000s , they have headlined and performed at many benefit concerts including manager Cohn 's B.R. Cohn Winery in Glen Ellen ( once again sharing the stage with McDonald in 2006 and 2012 ) . Cohn sold his winery in 2015 to set his primary focus on managing the band , and the B.R. Cohn Charity Fall Music Festival was relocated to the Sonoma Valley Field of Dreams . The festival was renamed the Sonoma Music Festival . The Doobie Brothers and McDonald , Chicago , and Ringo Starr headlined the three - day event . In March 2016 , the Doobie Brothers signed under new management with Irving Azoff . It is unknown if Cohn decided to retire from his longtime position or was forced to step down . In January 2017 , the Doobie Brothers announced that Chicago would once again join them for their Summer 2017 tour . The tour began on June 7 at the Concord Pavilion and wrapped up on July 30 in Virginia Beach . The band has announced that a new studio album is in the works . Four songs have already been cut , and the album is likely planned for a Spring 2018 release . The Doobie Brothers , along with the Eagles , Steely Dan , Fleetwood Mac , Journey , and Earth , Wind & Fire performed at the Classic concerts for two weekends in July 2017 . These concerts took place on July 15 and 16 at Dodger Stadium as the Classic West and July 29 and 30 at Citi Field as the Classic East . The Doobies performed at the July 15 and 29 concerts , sharing the bill with the Eagles and Steely Dan . The success of these concerts led to the Classic Northwest concert on September 30 at Safeco Field , where the Doobies opened for the Eagles . The band took the last leg of their 2017 world tour to Europe in late October and early November , opening for Steely Dan at a few of their shows . The Doobies have announced that they will once again be touring with Steely Dan in 2018 . The tour began in May in Charlotte , North Carolina and concluded in July in Bethel , New York . Ex-Allman Brothers percussionist Marc Quiñones joined the band in May 2018 . On July 16 , 2018 , the band announced that they will perform the Toulouse Street and The Captain and Me albums in their entirety plus select hits at the Beacon Theatre in New York City on November 15 and 16 , 2018 . These shows will mark the first time the band has performed at the theatre in 25 years . As of 2018 , the band continues to tour regularly , performing an average of 70 to 80 shows a year . They continue to remain popular among a wide variety of audiences worldwide and has maintained a continuous and active presence on the Internet through its official website and on social media outlets . Members ( edit ) Main article : List of the Doobie Brothers band members Current ( edit ) Tom Johnston -- guitars , vocals , harmonica ( 1970 -- 1975 , 1987 -- ) Patrick Simmons -- guitars , vocals ( 1970 -- 1982 , 1987 -- ) John McFee -- guitars , pedal steel , violin , harmonica , vocals ( 1979 -- 1982 , 1987 , 1993 -- 1995 , 1996 -- ) Touring members ( edit ) John Cowan -- bass guitars , vocals ( 1993 -- 1995 , 2010 -- ) Bill Payne -- keyboards , backing vocals ( 2015 -- ) Marc Russo -- saxophones ( 1998 -- ) Ed Toth -- drums , percussion ( 2005 -- ) Marc Quiñones -- percussion ( 2018 -- ) Former members ( edit ) Dave Shogren -- bass , keyboards , backing vocals ( 1970 -- 1971 ; died 1999 ) John Hartman -- drums , percussion ( 1970 -- 1979 , 1987 -- 1992 ) Michael Hossack -- drums , percussion ( 1971 -- 1973 , 1987 -- 2012 ; died 2012 ) Tiran Porter -- bass , vocals ( 1972 -- 1980 , 1987 -- 1992 ) Keith Knudsen -- drums , percussion , vocals ( 1973 -- 1982 , 1987 , 1993 -- 2005 ; died 2005 ) Jeff `` Skunk '' Baxter -- guitars ( 1974 -- 1979 , 1987 , 1992 ) Michael McDonald -- keyboards , vocals ( 1975 -- 1982 , 1987 , 1992 , 1995 -- 1996 ) Chet McCracken -- drums , percussion ( 1979 -- 1982 , 1987 , 1995 ) Cornelius Bumpus -- saxophone , keyboards , vocals ( 1979 -- 1982 , 1987 , 1989 -- 1990 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 ; died 2004 ) Willie Weeks -- bass , vocals ( 1980 -- 1982 ) Bobby LaKind -- conga player , vocalist , percussionist , songwriter ( 1976 -- 1982 , 1987 , 1992 ; died December 24 , 1992 ) Guy Allison -- keyboards , backing vocals ( 1996 -- 2015 ) Tony Pia -- drums , percussion ( 2010 -- 2016 ) Skylark -- bass , vocals ( 1995 -- 2010 ) M.B. Gordy -- percussion ( 2001 -- 2005 ) Timeline ( edit ) Discography ( edit ) Main article : The Doobie Brothers discography The Doobie Brothers ( 1971 ) Toulouse Street ( 1972 ) The Captain and Me ( 1973 ) What Were Once Vices Are Now Habits ( 1974 ) Stampede ( 1975 ) Takin ' It to the Streets ( 1976 ) Livin ' on the Fault Line ( 1977 ) Minute by Minute ( 1978 ) One Step Closer ( 1980 ) Cycles ( 1989 ) Brotherhood ( 1991 ) Sibling Rivalry ( 2000 ) World Gone Crazy ( 2010 ) Southbound ( 2014 ) See also ( edit ) Book : The Doobie Brothers Eikichi Yazawa , Japanese rock musician who has hired most of the Doobie Brothers as his back - up band References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mitchell K. Hall ( 2014 - 05 - 09 ) . The Emergence of Rock and Roll : Music and the Rise of American Youth Culture . Routledge . p. 169 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 05358 - 1 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . The Doobie Brothers at AllMusic . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nathan Brackett ; Christian David Hoard ( 2004 ) . The New Rolling Stone Album Guide . Simon and Schuster . p. 254 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 0169 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` The Doobie Brothers To Make Grand Ole Opry Debut Saturday , February 26 '' . Opry.com. 2011 - 02 - 18 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA '' . RIAA . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Vocal Group Hall of Fame Foundation '' . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Doar , Spencer ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` Q&A with a Doobie Brother '' . Minnesota Daily . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tatangelo , Wade ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` Doobie Brothers bring whiff of nostalgia to Winterfest : interview '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metzer , Greg ( 2008 ) . Rock Band Name Origins : The Stories of 240 Groups and Performers . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland & Co. p. 69 . ISBN 9780786438181 . ^ Jump up to : Hochman , Steve ( 1999 ) . Popular Musicians . Pasadena , Calif. : Salem Press . p. 332 . ISBN 9780893569860 . Jump up ^ Piorkowski , Jeff ( March 27 , 2013 ) . `` Through 40 years , Doobie Brother Patrick Simmons has remained a constant '' . Cleveland Sun . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Blair . `` Little Feat Article - Feb 2001 '' - MixOnline.com . Jump up ^ Menn , Don . `` GP Flashback : The Doobie Brothers , June 1976 '' - Guitar Player Magazine . Jump up ^ Blackett , Matt . `` The Doobie Brothers '' - Guitar Player Magazine . Jump up ^ Sally Wade ( writer ) ; Mark Warren ( director ) ( 1978 - 01 - 28 & 1978 - 02 - 04 ) . `` Doobie or Not Doobie ( Parts 1 and 2 ) '' . What 's Happening ! ! . Season 2 . Episode 16 & 17 . ABC . Check date values in : = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Grammy Awards 1980 '' . AwardsandShows.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Minute by Minute GRAMMY Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Hide Doobie Brother Guitarist Recalls Santa Cruz Days '' . Santa Cruz Weekly . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Cited in Billboard Magazine , December 14 , 1989 Jump up ^ `` The Official Website '' . Doobie Brothers . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Dead Rock Stars Club '' . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Dead Rock Stars Club '' . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Dead Rock Stars Club '' . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Dead Rock Stars Club '' . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Dead Rock Stars Club '' . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Doobie Brothers Sign With Azoff Music Management '' . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Doobie Brothers ' Patrick Simmons : ' Listen to the Music ' '' . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Doobie Brothers on Twitter '' . Retrieved July 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Doobie Brothers Announce Historic Full - Album Performances at The Beacon Theatre in NYC '' . Retrieved July 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gregg Allman 2015 North American Tour Schedule With The Doobie Brothers & Pat Simmons Jr '' . May 16 , 2015 . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Doobie Brothers . The Doobie Brothers official site Doobie Brothers live photo gallery The Doobie Brothers on AllMusic The Doobie Brothers Tom Johnston John McFee Patrick Simmons John Hartman Dave Shogren Tiran Porter Michael Hossack Keith Knudsen Jeff `` Skunk '' Baxter Michael McDonald Bobby LaKind Cornelius Bumpus Chet McCracken Willie Weeks Additional personnel Bill Payne John Cowan Marc Russo Ed Toth Richard Bryant Bernie Chiaravalle Rem Smiers Jimi Fox M.B. Gordy Danny Hull Dale Ockerman Guy Allison Tony Pia Skylark Studio albums The Doobie Brothers Toulouse Street The Captain and Me What Were Once Vices Are Now Habits Stampede Takin ' It to the Streets Livin ' on the Fault Line Minute by Minute One Step Closer Cycles Brotherhood Sibling Rivalry World Gone Crazy Southbound Live albums Farewell Tour Rockin ' down the Highway : The Wildlife Concert Best of The Doobie Brothers Live Live at Wolf Trap Live at the Greek Theater 1982 Compilations Best of The Doobies Best of The Doobies Volume II Listen to the Music : The Very Best of The Doobie Brothers Long Train Runnin ' : 1970 -- 2000 Greatest Hits Doobie 's Choice Divided Highway The Very Best of The Doobie Brothers Singles `` Nobody '' `` Listen to the Music '' `` Jesus Is Just Alright '' `` Long Train Runnin ' '' `` China Grove '' `` Another Park , Another Sunday '' `` Eyes of Silver '' `` Nobody '' ( re-issue ) `` Black Water '' `` Take Me in Your Arms ( Rock Me a Little While ) '' `` Sweet Maxine '' `` I Cheat the Hangman '' `` Takin ' It to the Streets '' `` Wheels of Fortune '' `` It Keeps You Runnin ' '' `` Little Darlin ' ( I Need You ) '' `` Echoes of Love '' `` What a Fool Believes '' `` Minute by Minute '' `` Dependin ' on You '' `` Real Love '' `` One Step Closer '' `` Wynken , Blynken & Nod '' `` Keep This Train A-Rollin ' '' `` Here to Love You '' `` You Belong to Me '' ( live ) `` The Doctor '' `` Need a Little Taste of Love '' `` South of the Border '' `` Dangerous '' `` Rollin ' On '' `` Long Train Runnin ' '' ( re-issue ) `` Ordinary Man '' `` Nobody '' ( re-recording ) Related articles Discography Book : The Doobie Brothers Grammy Award for Record of the Year 1959 − 1980 `` Nel Blu Dipinto Di Blu ( Volare ) '' by Domenico Modugno ( 1959 ) `` Mack the Knife '' by Bobby Darin ( 1960 ) `` Theme from A Summer Place '' by Percy Faith ( 1961 ) `` Moon River '' by Henry Mancini ( 1962 ) `` I Left My Heart in San Francisco '' by Tony Bennett ( 1963 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' by Henry Mancini ( 1964 ) `` The Girl from Ipanema '' by Astrud Gilberto & Stan Getz ( 1965 ) `` A Taste of Honey '' by Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass ( 1966 ) `` Strangers in the Night '' by Frank Sinatra ( 1967 ) `` Up , Up and Away '' by The 5th Dimension ( Billy Davis Jr. , Florence LaRue , Marilyn McCoo , Lamont McLemore , Ron Townson ) ( 1968 ) `` Mrs. Robinson '' by Simon & Garfunkel ( Art Garfunkel , Paul Simon ) ( 1969 ) `` Aquarius / Let the Sunshine In '' by The 5th Dimension ( Billy Davis Jr. , Florence LaRue , Marilyn McCoo , Lamont McLemore , Ron Townson ) ( 1970 ) `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' by Simon & Garfunkel ( Art Garfunkel , Paul Simon ) ( 1971 ) `` It 's Too Late '' by Carole King ( 1972 ) `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' by Roberta Flack ( 1973 ) `` Killing Me Softly with His Song '' by Roberta Flack ( 1974 ) `` I Honestly Love You '' by Olivia Newton - John ( 1975 ) `` Love Will Keep Us Together '' by Captain & Tennille ( Daryl Dragon , Toni Tennille ) ( 1976 ) `` This Masquerade '' by George Benson ( 1977 ) `` Hotel California '' by Eagles ( Don Felder , Glenn Frey , Don Henley , Randy Meisner , Joe Walsh ) ( 1978 ) `` Just the Way You Are '' by Billy Joel ( 1979 ) `` What a Fool Believes '' by The Doobie Brothers ( Jeffrey Baxter , John Hartman , Keith Knudsen , Michael McDonald , Tiran Porter , Patrick Simmons ) ( 1980 ) 1981 − 2000 `` Sailing '' by Christopher Cross ( 1981 ) `` Bette Davis Eyes '' by Kim Carnes ( 1982 ) `` Rosanna '' by Toto ( Bobby Kimball , Steve Lukather , David Paich , Jeff Porcaro , David Hungate , Steve Porcaro ) ( 1983 ) `` Beat It '' by Michael Jackson ( 1984 ) `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' by Tina Turner ( 1985 ) `` We Are the World '' by USA for Africa ( 1986 ) `` Higher Love '' by Steve Winwood ( 1987 ) `` Graceland '' by Paul Simon ( 1988 ) `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' by Bobby McFerrin ( 1989 ) `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' by Bette Midler ( 1990 ) `` Another Day in Paradise '' by Phil Collins ( 1991 ) `` Unforgettable '' by Natalie Cole with Nat King Cole ( 1992 ) `` Tears in Heaven '' by Eric Clapton ( 1993 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' by Whitney Houston ( 1994 ) `` All I Wanna Do '' by Sheryl Crow ( 1995 ) `` Kiss from a Rose '' by Seal ( 1996 ) `` Change the World '' by Eric Clapton ( 1997 ) `` Sunny Came Home '' by Shawn Colvin ( 1998 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' by Celine Dion ( 1999 ) `` Smooth '' by Santana ( Rodney Holmes , Tony Lindsay , Karl Perazzo , Raul Rekow , Benny Rietveld , Carlos Santana , Chester Thompson ) featuring Rob Thomas ( 2000 ) 2001 − present `` Beautiful Day '' by U2 ( Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge , Larry Mullen Jr . ) ( 2001 ) `` Walk On '' by U2 ( Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge , Larry Mullen Jr . ) ( 2002 ) `` Do n't Know Why '' by Norah Jones ( 2003 ) `` Clocks '' by Coldplay ( Guy Berryman , Jon Buckland , Will Champion , Phil Harvey , Chris Martin ) ( 2004 ) `` Here We Go Again '' by Ray Charles and Norah Jones ( 2005 ) `` Boulevard of Broken Dreams '' by Green Day ( Billie Joe Armstrong , Mike Dirnt , Frank Edwin Wright III ) ( 2006 ) `` Not Ready to Make Nice '' by Dixie Chicks ( Martie Maguire , Natalie Maines , Emily Robison ) ( 2007 ) `` Rehab '' by Amy Winehouse ( 2008 ) `` Please Read the Letter '' by Alison Krauss and Robert Plant ( 2009 ) `` Use Somebody '' by Kings of Leon ( Caleb Followill , Jared Followill , Matthew Followill , Nathan Followill ) ( 2010 ) `` Need You Now '' by Lady Antebellum ( Hillary Scott , Charles Kelley , Dave Haywood ) ( 2011 ) `` Rolling in the Deep '' by Adele ( 2012 ) `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' by Gotye featuring Kimbra ( 2013 ) `` Get Lucky '' by Daft Punk featuring Pharrell Williams & Nile Rodgers ( 2014 ) `` Stay with Me '' ( Darkchild version ) by Sam Smith ( 2015 ) `` Uptown Funk '' by Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars ( 2016 ) `` Hello '' by Adele ( 2017 ) `` 24K Magic '' by Bruno Mars ( 2018 ) BNF : cb13903024v ( data ) GND : 10275999 - 6 ISNI : 0000 0000 9211 980X LCCN : n91069448 MusicBrainz : 588dea29 - eea3 - 456b - a815 - 3ee04f75c8e7 NKC : xx0029268 NLA : 35213151 NSK : 000115810 SUDOC : 08078643X VIAF : 135002584 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Doobie_Brothers&oldid=856986506 '' Categories : American soft rock music groups Rock music groups from California Grammy Award winners Musical groups from San Jose , California Musical groups established in 1970 Musical groups disestablished in 1982 Musical groups reestablished in 1987 Capitol Records artists Arista Records artists Warner Bros. Records artists American soul musical groups Musical quartets Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline CS1 errors : dates BLP articles lacking sources from October 2010 All BLP articles lacking sources Wikipedia articles needing style editing from September 2015 All articles needing style editing Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles needing additional references from June 2018 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NSK identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 20 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who's the lead singer of the doobie brothers | [
"The band's history can be roughly divided into three eras. From 1970 to 1975 it featured lead vocalist Tom Johnston and a mainstream rock and roll sound with elements of folk, country and R&B. Johnston quit the group in 1975, and was replaced by Michael McDonald, whose interest in soul music changed the band's sound until it broke up in 1982. The Doobie Brothers reformed in 1987 with Johnston back in the fold and are still active, with occasional contributions from McDonald. Every incarnation of the group emphasized vocal harmonies. The Doobie Brothers were inducted into the Vocal Group Hall of Fame in 2004.[6]\n"
] | [
"Tom Johnston"
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8556451046412323758 | Good Witch (TV series) | Good Witch ( TV series ) - wikipedia Good Witch ( TV series ) Good Witch Genre Dramedy Fantasy Based on Characters created by Rod Spence Developed by Craig Pryce Sue Tenney Starring Catherine Bell Bailee Madison James Denton Rhys Matthew Bond Catherine Disher Anthony Lemke Peter MacNeill Kylee Evans Composer ( s ) Jack Lenz Country of origin Canada United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 39 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Catherine Bell Orly Adelson Jonathan Eskenas Frank Siracusa Craig Pryce Sue Tenney Location ( s ) Hamilton , Ontario , Canada Camera setup Single - camera Running time 48 minutes Production company ( s ) Whizbang Films Distributor ITV Studios Release Original network Hallmark Channel Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release February 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 28 ) -- present Chronology Related shows The Good Witch ( TV movie series ) External links Hallmark website Good Witch is an American / Canadian fantasy comedy - drama television series that is based on the made - for - TV movie series of the same name , produced by Whizbang Films in association with ITV Studios and the Hallmark Channel . Catherine Bell , who played Cassie Nightingale , the `` Good Witch '' in the movie series , both co-produces and stars in the series . Good Witch premiered on February 28 , 2015 , and has been renewed for a fourth season , with a Halloween special airing on October 22 , 2017 , and a premiere on April 29 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Production 4 Home media 5 References 6 External links Series overview ( edit ) Further information : List of Good Witch episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 8 February 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 28 ) April 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 18 ) Halloween / Something Wicked October 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 24 ) 10 April 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 17 ) June 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 19 ) Secrets of Grey House October 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 22 ) 10 April 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 30 ) July 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 02 ) Spellbound October 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) 10 April 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 29 ) July 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 01 ) As with the previous seven TV movies , the series continues the spirited life of newly widowed Cassie Nightingale , the good - hearted enchantress of Middleton , United States , with her now - teenage daughter Grace . When new neighbors , the Radfords , move in next door , they become suspicious of Cassie and her daughter . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Catherine Bell as Cassandra `` Cassie '' Nightingale : She is the owner of a shop called Bell , Book & Candle and runs a bed and breakfast at Grey House . In the first season , Cassie develops a friendship with Middleton 's newest resident and neighbor , Sam Radford , and tries to move on from the loss of Jake with her long time friend , Ryan Elliot . However , both Cassie and Sam slowly begin to realize their romantic feelings for each other . Eventually , Cassie and Sam become a couple and by the end of the third season , they are engaged . Bailee Madison as Grace Russell : Cassie 's teenage daughter who has her own `` intuitive charm '' . Grace meets Nick Radford , a new resident that has arrived in Middleton . She initially tries to ignore him but gradually becomes his friend , even though , occasionally , he gets her into trouble . In the second season , she tries to gain her driver 's license and has Sam teach her , while she is struggling to move on from the loss of her father . In the third season , Grace briefly questions her true feelings for Nick , but later forms a relationship with his friend , Noah while she is struggling to accept the newfound romantic relationship between Cassie and Sam . James Denton as Dr. Sam Radford : Cassie 's handsome neighbor and the town 's new doctor . He is fairly wealthy from his experiences as a New York trauma surgeon , owner of his own private practice , on multiple hospital boards , and other activities . He has a hard time adjusting to Middleton in the beginning , but slowly opens up to the town while also beginning a close friendship with Cassie . In the first season , he dates Stephanie , but they eventually break up as he slowly begins to realize his true feelings towards Cassie . Sam admits his feelings at the start of the second season and begins to pursue Cassie , but faces trouble due to Linda 's interference and the arrival of Cassie 's old friend John . In the beginning of the third season , Sam and Cassie become a couple and later become engaged after he proposes in the third - season finale . Recurring ( edit ) Rhys Matthew Bond as Nick Radford : Sam 's troublesome son . Upon arriving in Middleton , he refuses to accept his new home and constantly wishes to go back to New York . In the first season , he repeatedly gets into trouble such as stealing a school statue or lying to his father . Eventually , Nick slowly begins to realize his mistakes while trying to form a friendship with Grace . In the second season , he becomes a nicer person and does n't get into any trouble anymore , but still faces some problems within his family . In the third season , Nick begins a romantic relationship with Grace 's friend , Courtney until in the season finale , he reveals his decision to break up , resulting in a falling out between him and Grace . Dan Jeannotte as Brandon Russell : Cassie 's stepson , who married Tara in the seventh movie and is a police officer like his father . Noah Cappe as Derek Sanders : Middleton 's chief of police , whom Mayor Martha Tinsdale appointed after Cassie 's husband died . Catherine Disher as Martha Tinsdale : The Mayor of Middleton . Since the previous Good Witch movie , Martha has been the Mayor of Middleton and is always making certain that parties and festivals are going exactly according to plan and turn out perfectly . Martha 's goal is to help Middleton grow and not to be overlooked by the rival town of Blairsville . Despite their rocky upstart , Martha is also close and good friends with Cassie , always appreciating everything Cassie has done for the town . Peter MacNeill as George O'Hanrahan : the father - in - law of Cassie 's late husband and grandfather of Brandon and Lori ; Grace refers to him as `` Grandpa '' as well . Kylee Evans as Stephanie Borden : the owner of a local bistro and a close friend of Cassie . She never wants to be single and becomes attracted to new men that arrive in town . In the first season , she is smitten with the new doctor , Sam and starts to pursue him . They briefly form a relationship , but eventually break up due to their differences and the slight interference of Abigail . In the second season , Stephanie works on starting a catering business while also beginning a new romantic relationship with local handyman Ben . Stephanie is also known to have a bad habit of making assumptions regarding romantic relationships such as believing that Cassie had romantic feelings for Ryan and John and later when she assumed that Nick had feelings for Grace . Jefferson Brown as Ben who has a construction business and dates Stephanie . Gabrielle Miller as Linda Wallace : Sam 's ex-wife and Nick 's mother . Linda moves to Middleton to be closer to Nick as she tries to get her family back together , including trying to reconcile with Sam . However , Linda begins to interfere in Sam 's life and quickly becomes jealous of his close and growing relationship with Cassie and starts to come between them . She tries to have everything her own way and never seems to listen to others or accept responsibilities for her own mistakes or true motives . Eventually , Linda moves back to New York for her career and to give Nick more space to grow . Sarah Power as Abigail Pershing : Cassie 's cousin . She has her own magical touch similar to Cassie , but uses it in her own way . Abigail is known to cause a bit of trouble to others , but they eventually help in the least expected way . Abigail originally worked for an Ad Agency in New York , but decided to leave to be closer to the family . Upon returning to Middleton , Abigail causes some problems such as helping Grace rebel and interfering in Stephanie and Sam 's relationship . She begins working for Stephanie in the bistro , but in the beginning of the second season , she opens her own flower shop . In the third season , Abigail becomes jealous of Cassie and tries to learn of her own purpose of what she can bring to the community of Middleton . Dan Payne as John Dover : Cassie 's former college friend . He arrives in Middleton , during the second season , for a teaching job and renews his interest in dating her . Paul Miller as Tom Tinsdale : Martha 's husband . He was previously mayor of Middleton . Hannah Endicott - Douglas as Lori Russell : Cassie 's stepdaughter , who is now a writer . Anthony Lemke as Ryan Elliot : a realtor and Cassie 's friend , although he secretly harbors romantic feelings for her . Prior to the beginning of show , he was engaged , but his fiancée Annie instead married his former best friend , resulting in Ryan being deeply hurt and betrayed . Eventually , Ryan admits his feelings for Cassie and tries to begin a romantic relationship . They form a brief relationship but they break up as Ryan moves away to Chicago to begin a new job he received while Cassie begins to realize her true feelings for Sam . Season 1 only . Shane Harte as Anthony : Grace 's best friend ( season 1 ) Art Hindle as Arthur : Abigail 's estranged father ( season 4 ) Production ( edit ) The series is filmed in Toronto , Ontario primarily at Cinespace Film Studios ' Kipling Avenue facility . As producer Orly Adelson was president of ITV Studios America in 2014 , ITV agreed to become the franchise 's TV series distributor outside of North America . Home Media ( edit ) On October 13 , 2015 , Hallmark released the first season of Good Witch on DVD . Its packaging contains two discs . On October 11 , 2016 , Hallmark released the second season of Good Witch on DVD . Its packaging contains three discs , including the Halloween special , `` Good Witch Halloween '' . The series is available internationally on Netflix . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 25 , 2014 ) . `` Hallmark Channel 's ' Good Witch ' Movies To Spawn Drama Series Starring Catherine Bell '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Witch ' Renewed For Season 4 By Hallmark Channel '' . Deadline . Penske Business Media . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Good Witch Magical Adventures Return to Hallmark Channel for 4th Season , 4 / 29 '' . broadwayworld . January 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( August 21 , 2015 ) . `` Good Witch - Cover Art is Conjured Up for ' Season 1 ' on DVD '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2015 . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` Good Witch -- Package Cover Art , Extras for ' Season 2 ' on DVD ! '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website Good Witch on IMDb hide The Good Witch Films The Good Witch ( 2008 ) The Good Witch 's Garden ( 2009 ) The Good Witch 's Gift ( 2010 ) The Good Witch 's Family ( 2011 ) The Good Witch 's Charm ( 2012 ) The Good Witch 's Destiny ( 2013 ) The Good Witch 's Wonder ( 2014 ) Television Good Witch ( episodes ) hide Hallmark Channel original programming Current Home and Family ( since 2012 ) When Calls the Heart ( since 2014 ) Good Witch ( since 2015 ) Chesapeake Shores ( since 2016 ) Meet the Peetes ( since 2018 ) Former Cedar Cove ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Signed , Sealed , Delivered ( 2014 ) Movies List of Hallmark Channel Original Movies Hallmark Hall of Fame movie list Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Good_Witch_(TV_series)&oldid=846327510 '' Categories : 2010s American comedy - drama television series 2010s Canadian comedy - drama television series 2015 American television series debuts 2015 Canadian television series debuts American fantasy television series Canadian fantasy television series Hallmark Channel shows Television programs based on books Television series by ITV Studios Television shows set in the United States Television series produced in Hamilton , Ontario Magic in television Witchcraft in television Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 01 : 06 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who plays abigail dad on the good witch | [
"Art Hindle as Arthur: Abigail's estranged father (season 4)"
] | [
"Art Hindle"
] |
-6822703519366999610 | Season of the Witch (2011 film) | Season of the Witch ( 2011 film ) - wikipedia Season of the Witch ( 2011 film ) This article is about the 2011 film . For other uses , see Season of the Witch ( disambiguation ) . Season of the Witch Relativity 's theatrical release poster Directed by Dominic Sena Produced by Alex Gartner Charles Roven Written by Bragi F. Schut Starring Nicolas Cage Ron Perlman Robert Sheehan Claire Foy Stephen Campbell Moore Stephen Graham Ulrich Thomsen Christopher Lee Music by Atli Örvarsson Cinematography Amir Mokri Edited by Mark Helfrich Dan Zimmerman Production company Atlas Entertainment Distributed by Lionsgate ( original ) Rogue ( through Relativity Media , current ) Release date January 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 04 ) ( New York premiere ) January 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 07 ) Running time 98 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $40 million Box office $91.6 million Season of the Witch is a 2011 American historical fantasy adventure film starring Nicolas Cage and Ron Perlman , and directed by Dominic Sena . Cage and Perlman star as Teutonic Knights who return from the Crusades to find their fatherland ruined by the Black Death . Two church elders accuse a girl ( Claire Foy ) of being a witch responsible for the destruction ; they command the two knights to transport the girl to a monastery so the monks can lift her curse from the land . The film draws inspiration from the 1957 film The Seventh Seal . It reunited Sena and Cage , who had previously worked together on Gone in 60 Seconds . Development on the film began in 2000 when the spec script by screenwriter Bragi F. Schut was purchased by MGM . The project moved from MGM to Columbia Pictures to Relativity Media , where the film was finally produced by Charles Roven and Alex Gartner . Filming took place primarily in Austria , Hungary , and Croatia . Season of the Witch was released on January 7 , 2011 , in the United States , Canada , and several other territories . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development and filming 3.2 Casting 3.3 Visual effects 4 Release 5 Home media 6 Critical reception 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In Villach in the 13th century , three women are accused of witchcraft by a priest . While one claims to be a witch through persuasion from the church , one does n't deny it and curses the priest . He orders them hanged and drowned . That done , he urges the guards to pull them back up for a ritual to make sure the so - called witches never come back to life . The guards refuse , claiming they are dead enough . The priest returns late at night to perform the ritual . The third corpse , one of a hag with a blind eye , takes on a demonic appearance and kills the priest . In the 14th century , German Teutonic Knights Sir Behmen von Bleibruck ( Cage ) and Sir Felson ( Perlman ) are engaged on a crusade , taking part in several different battles throughout the 1330 's ( 1332 Gulf of Edremit , 1334 Siege of Tripoli , 1337 Imbros & 1339 Artah ) and eventually in the Smyrniote crusades . After witnessing the massacre of civilians during the 1344 capture of Smyrna , the two knights desert the Order and the crusade and return to Austria . While traveling through Styria , Behmen and Felson encounter the grotesque sight of people infected with the Black Death and discover that the Holy Roman Empire has been swept by the plague . They enter an unnamed town , trying to conceal their identity as deserters , but are revealed as knights by the crest on Behmen 's sword . They are arrested and taken to Cardinal D'Ambroise , who is infected with the plague . The Cardinal asks the knights to escort an alleged witch suspected of causing the plague to a remote monastery , where an elite group of monks reside . These monks can determine if the girl is truly a witch , and if she is found guilty , know a sacred ritual to cancel her powers and stop the plague that is devastating Europe . The two knights agree under the condition she be given a fair trial and that the charges of desertion against them be dropped . The Cardinal agrees and they set out accompanied by a priest , Debelzaq ; a young altar boy , Kay von Wollenbarth , who wants to become a knight like his deceased father ; a knight , Sir Johann Eckhardt , whose family was killed by the plague ; and the well - traveled swindler Hagamar , who will serve as their guide to the monastery in return for a pardon . The witch , a young girl later identified as Anna from Marburg , shows hatred towards Debelzaq and forms a bond with Behmen . Shortly after setting off , the group camp for the night . Johann decides to take first watch . When Debelzaq comes to relieve him of the watch , Johann says how much she reminds him of his dead daughter , then goes on to speak of the politics of her trial , and how the Church can not have her not be guilty . Johann decides to give up the mission and goes to convince the others to do the same , leaving Anna alone with Debelzaq . Anna becomes hysterical at the prospect of being left alone with Debelzaq . She attacks him and grabs his key to the cage , then escapes , fleeing toward a nearby village . The search for her leads the group to a mass grave , where Johann has visions of his dead daughter . Chasing the visions , he impales himself on Kay 's sword and dies . When they recapture her , the tearful Anna explains that she only ran away for fear of Debelzaq . However the group gradually becomes less trusting of her . They cross a rickety rope bridge , where Anna saves Kay from falling to his death by grabbing him with one hand , showing unnatural strength . The group enters the dark forest called Wormwood , where Hagamar attempts to kill Anna so that the group can go home , only to be stopped by the others . Anna appears to summon monstrous wolves , which chase the group and kill Hagamar . An enraged Behmen tries to kill Anna , but is stopped by Debelzaq and Felson , who point out that the monastery is in sight . At the monastery , the men find that all the monks have been killed by the plague , but locate the Key of Solomon , an ancient book filled with holy rituals used to defeat evil . The men confront Anna , and Debelzaq begins to perform a ritual used on witches . However , as Anna begins precisely recounting Behmen 's past actions during the Crusades , Debelzaq realizes that she is not a witch , and begins frantically performing an exorcism . However , the demon that is possessing Anna reveals himself and melts the metal of the cage . He fights off the knights effortlessly , but when Debelzaq throws a vial of holy water on him , the demon flies out of sight . As the men search for the demon , they realize he is not trying to escape , but to destroy the book so that nothing can stop his powers . They find a room where the monks were writing copies of the book , where the demon , revealing himself to be Baal , destroys the copies and possesses the dead monks ' bodies to use as weapons . The three men fight the possessed monks while Debelzaq continues the exorcism ritual . During the fight , Baal / Anna breaks Debelzaq 's neck , then kills Felson . Kay gathers the book and continues the ritual , while Behmen continues fighting Baal / Anna . Behmen is mortally wounded during the fight , but Kay is able to finish the ritual and Baal is expelled from Anna 's body , freeing her . After Baal 's defeat , Behmen asks Kay to keep Anna safe before dying . Their fallen friends have been buried and Anna asks Kay to tell her about the men who saved her , so they depart from the monastery with the book . Cast ( edit ) Nicolas Cage as Behmen von Bleibruck Ron Perlman as Felson Robert Sheehan as Kay von Wollenbarth Claire Foy as Anna Stephen Campbell Moore as Debelzaq Ulrich Thomsen as Johann Eckhardt Stephen Graham as Hagamar Christopher Lee as Cardinal D'Ambroise Simone Kirby as Midwife in Villach Nick Sidi as Priest in Villach Rory McCann as Soldier Commander in Villach Brían F. O'Byrne as Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights Production ( edit ) Development and filming ( edit ) Part of the principal photography took place in the Austrian Alps Screenwriter Bragi F. Schut wrote Season of the Witch as a spec script that was placed on the open market in 2000 . Numerous studios bid on the script , and producers Charles Roven and Alex Gartner collaborated with the studio MGM to place a winning bid . MGM could not find traction to produce the film , and in 2003 -- 2004 the studio `` was essentially obtained by a number of concerns '' . Columbia Pictures earmarked several properties for themselves , including Season of the Witch . The producers worked with director Dominic Sena to perform location shooting throughout Europe . They sought a 14th - century castle to use as a setting for the story ; castles visited in Germany , Poland and the Czech Republic could not fit the period . With the film yet to be produced , the project eventually moved to Relativity Media , and Sena was officially attached to direct . Business and creative discussions led to avoiding too much violence or gore in the film so a broader audience could see it . Actor Nicolas Cage was considered for the starring role but was unavailable during the time of the location shooting . Cage eventually became available in 2008 and was cast in the role . He explained his interest , `` I wanted to make movies that celebrated actors like Christopher Lee and Vincent Price , and the great Roger Corman classics that are unafraid to explore the paranormal and the supernatural . '' The crew began production immediately after Cage finished Bad Lieutenant : Port of Call New Orleans ( 2009 ) . The film had a budget of approximately US $40 million , and much of the budget was covered by Relativity with pre-sales to distributors outside the United States . Filming took place in Austria , Hungary and Croatia . Most of the principal photography took place in practical locations , with several days committed to filming on greenscreen . Principal photography was completed by April 2009 , but the cast and crew re-gathered a few months later to film additional battle sequences , filming on greenscreen to save on travel . Casting ( edit ) Nicolas Cage ( left ) and Ron Perlman ( right ) starred together as a double act in The Season of the Witch Cage stars as Behman of Bleibruck , a Teutonic knight who returns from the Crusades to discover the devastation caused by the Black Plague . The actor had worked with director Dominic Sena on Gone in 60 Seconds ( 2000 ) and with producer Charles Roven on City of Angels ( 1998 ) . Cage was interested in the film 's fantastical subject matter , also having recently starred in The Sorcerer 's Apprentice . He also described Behmen as `` the first '' conscientious objector , saying , `` I admired ... the idea of him breaking from whatever religious propaganda was forced upon him , and still finding an even closer connection with his faith and with God . Those iconoclastic elements to the character made him very interesting to me . '' For the role , Cage learned horseback riding from Camilla Naprous and her team of horse trainers in England . Cage also worked with a fight choreographer to learn swordfighting . Perlman plays Felson , a knight who is Behmen 's best friend and fellow combatant during the Crusades . Perlman said of choosing the role , `` I love the character . I 'm actually more comfortable being a sidekick , because I do n't get blamed if it is a complete disaster . I really liked ... his mindset , I liked his irreverence . In the world of seriousness , he 's a guy who thinks it 's all bullshit . He 's just in it for the whores and the sword fights . '' Perlman described Felson 's religion , `` Whereas Behmen has a very well - articulated idea of his relationship to country and church and spirituality and God , Felson has none . He does n't bother to spend any time thinking about that . '' Foy appears in her feature - film debut as the girl who is accused of being a witch . Known for her titular role in the British miniseries Little Dorrit , she met Sena and sought the role in Season of the Witch . She explained the choice , `` It 's quite a manipulative role ; the character does a lot of manipulating . Pitting other people against each other , being quite mischievous ... That was something I thought would obviously be good to do . '' Foy researched witchcraft and demonic possession for the role . She described its appeal , `` Playing a character that was making things happen , and mainly in control of an entire group of men . And for once , be the character that is completely in the know about everything . There is nothing that she does n't know . Nothing is a surprise . And she is able to deal with every single situation that arises the way that she sees fit . And I think that was quite refreshing to be able to play a character that was n't entirely beholden to everyone else . '' Visual effects ( edit ) For Season of the Witch , Tippett Studio designed the demon that manifests in the film 's denouement . The art directors researched woodcuts and other artwork for classic demonic appearances . The filmmakers requested an entity `` lithe and feminine '' , and the visual effects crew designed a demon that had `` cloven feet , a dog ankle and a fawn leg '' . Designing visual effects for the demon 's wings was the biggest challenge since wings tend to get in the way or do not move convincingly . The filmmakers also requested holes in the demon 's wings . The crew designed holes that appeared worn instead of ripped since ripped holes would require an added billowing effect . The demon was also designed to have dark gray skin , which presented the crew a challenge in the film 's dark settings . Tippett 's Blair Clark said , `` We played the skin like a rotten mummy : nothing too moist , with a lot of wear marks on it . '' The crew 's final visual effects shot was the death of the demon , and they researched previous films and terminology for how demons ' deaths have been designed . They drew inspiration from Hellboy ( 2004 ) where they focused on the buildup to the demon 's death . Clark said , `` We built it over a series of shots so it does n't just happen in one shot . We had little patches on the demon that start to crack and result in a glow that looks like it 's burning from within . '' Release ( edit ) Lionsgate scheduled Season of the Witch to be released on March 19 , 2010 , but five weeks before the date , the studio decided to pull the film from release . Lionsgate originally had an output deal with Relativity Media , but since Relativity had formed its own marketing and distribution arm in 2010 , Relativity chose to release the film themselves and in October 2010 set the film 's new release date for January 7 , 2011 . Season of the Witch was Relativity 's first inhouse production . Season of the Witch in January 2010 had been rated PG - 13 ( parental guidance for children 13 and under ) by the Motion Picture Association of America , citing `` thematic elements , violence , and disturbing content '' . The studio edited the film and re-submitted it to the MPAA in November 2010 for a new rating . The MPAA gave the film the same rating and reason for it as before . The film had its world premiere in New York City on January 4 , 2011 . The film was released commercially on January 7 , 2011 in several territories . Pre-release polling had indicated young men were the core demographic for the film , though more women than expected expressed interest in the film . Experts anticipated that the film would gross US $10 -- 12 million on its opening weekend in the United States and Canada . The film was released in 2,816 theaters in the two territories . It grossed $10.6 million , ranking third at the box office after True Grit and Little Fockers , which were both released at the end of 2010 . Relativity Media 's exit polling showed that the audience was 52 % male and that 61 % were 25 years old and up . The Los Angeles Times reported that an `` unusually high '' 69 % of the audience was nonwhite . Entertainment Weekly reported that the racial diversity of Season of the Witch 's audiences was common for supernatural thrillers ; the breakdown was 36 % Hispanic , 31 % Caucasian , 14 % Asian , 10 % African - American , and 9 % `` other '' . According to CinemaScore , audiences gave the film a C+ grade . The film was the second release by Relativity and performed better than its first release , The Warrior 's Way ( 2010 ) . The opening weekend was not the lowest of Nicolas Cage 's career ; it was better than The Wicker Man ( 2006 ) , Next ( 2007 ) and Bangkok Dangerous ( 2008 ) . Season of the Witch grossed $24.8 million in the United States and Canada and $66.8 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $91.6 million . Home Media ( edit ) 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment ( under a new output license deal with Relativity ) released the film on DVD and Blu - ray on June 28 , 2011 . 20th Television holds pay - per - view , on - demand , and television rights to this film under Fox 's new deal with Relativity / Rogue . Critical reception ( edit ) Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 9 % based on reviews from 116 critics and reports a rating average of 3.6 out of 10 . It reported the consensus , `` Slow , cheap - looking , and dull , Season of the Witch fails even as unintentional comedy . '' At Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the film received an average score of 28 based on 27 reviews . The film earned a Razzie Award nomination for Nicolas Cage as Worst Actor , but lost to Adam Sandler for Jack and Jill and Just Go with It . Associated Press movie critic Christy Lemire called Season of the Witch `` a supernatural action thriller that 's never actually thrilling '' . She wrote , `` The scenery is drab , the battles are interchangeable , and no one seems particularly interested in being here . At the same time , Dominic Sena ... never flat - out goes for it in a schlocky , B - horror kind of way . What we 're left with is just bloated , boring and utterly forgettable . '' The critic found Cage and Perlman to be poorly utilized and said of the film 's progression , `` It 's a slog from one challenge to the next , with no real tension building , and all the while the alleged witch plays coy about whether she 's actually a witch , pouting beneath her bangs , Kristen Stewart - style . '' According to the Los Angeles Times , critics said that Cage was the primary reason that `` this swords - and - sorcery romp is a collosal ( sic ) waste of time '' . Andrew Barker of Variety said Season of the Witch was `` both overblown and undercooked '' and thought the film would have been more fun if it had a sense of humor . He called the film `` too inert for midnight - movie schadenfreudists , and not nearly competent enough for even the most forgiving of fantasy fans '' . Of the film 's production value , he said , `` Witch 's photography , costumes and production design are of good quality ; editing , scoring and visual effects are most decidedly not . '' Tom Huddleston of Time Out London wrote , `` Despite its admirably straight face , Season of the Witch is a silly romp through Pythonesque medieval cliché and knockabout Hammer horror with a dash of cut - price Tolkien chucked in to keep things moving . '' Huddleston criticized Cage 's performance but praised Perlman 's . The critic concluded , `` ' Season of the Witch ' is not for everyone : it 's creaky , predictable and frequently idiotic . But for a tipsy Saturday night , this should tick all the right boxes . '' Salon 's Andrew O'Hehir called the film a `` Hollywood - by - Hungary '' remake with the `` B - movie aesthetic '' of director Roger Corman . O'Hehir wrote , `` Season of the Witch is an unremitting schlockfest , full of blood and filth , bloated , purulent corpses , ghastly one - eyed witches and undead monks . If there were more such Corman-esque thrills and chills , and a whole bunch less ponderous Bergman references , we 'd all be better off . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Fritz , Ben ( January 6 , 2011 ) . `` Movie projector : Small openings for ' Season of the Witch , ' ' Country Strong ' mean ' Fockers ' and ' Grit ' will battle at top '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Season of the Witch ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Jason . `` Season of the Witch ( 2011 ) '' . Allmovie . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved January 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Season of the Witch '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved January 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Collett - White , Mike ( January 4 , 2011 ) . `` Hard - Working Nicolas Cage Stars in Crusade Thriller '' . abcnews.go.com . Reuters . ^ Jump up to : Lesnick , Silas ( January 5 , 2011 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : Charles Roven on Season of the Witch '' . shocktillyoudrop.com . CraveOnline . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Exclusive : Ron Perlman , Robert Sheehan & Charles Roven Talk Season of the Witch '' . dreadcentral.com . January 4 , 2011 . Retrieved January 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ditzian , Eric ( January 7 , 2011 ) . `` ' Season Of The Witch ' Explores ' The Paranormal , ' Nic Cage Says '' . mtv.com . MTV . Retrieved January 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Radish , Christina ( January 3 , 2011 ) . `` Nicolas Cage Interview , Season of the Witch '' . collider.com . Retrieved January 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ( April 7 , 2009 ) . `` Larry Charles to direct ' Discontent ' '' . Variety . ^ Jump up to : Dawson , Angela ( January 5 , 2011 ) . `` Cage gets to live out fantasies in new roles '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved January 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Collett - White , Mike ( January 6 , 2011 ) . `` A Minute With : Ron Perlman on Season of the Witch , Hellboy '' . reuters.com . Reuters . Retrieved January 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Vanairsdale , S.T. ( January 3 , 2011 ) . `` Claire Foy on Season of the Witch , Dream Roles and Why Nicolas Cage Is n't Crazy '' . movieline.com . Movieline . Retrieved January 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive Interview : Claire Foy Casts Spells In ' Season of the Witch ' '' . iamrogue.com . Rogue Network . December 30 , 2010 . Retrieved January 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Desowitz , Bill ( January 11 , 2011 ) . `` Demonizing Season of the Witch '' . awn.com . Animation World Network . Retrieved January 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( February 12 , 2010 ) . `` Lionsgate 's ' Witch ' springs out of March '' . Variety . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( October 6 , 2010 ) . `` Relativity dates ' Season of the Witch ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Stewart , Andrew ( December 5 , 2010 ) . `` ' Tangled ' tops ' Potter ' at weekend B.O. '' Variety . Jump up ^ `` MPAA ratings : Jan. 13 , 2010 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( November 16 , 2010 ) . `` MPAA Ratings : ' True Grit , ' ' Source Code , ' ' Drive Angry ' '' . boxofficemojo.com . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Stephen ( January 5 , 2011 ) . `` ' Season ' greetings '' . Variety . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( January 6 , 2011 ) . `` Nicolas Cage 's ' Season of the Witch ' Poised for Modest Box - Office Opening '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Stewart , Andrew ( January 9 , 2011 ) . `` ' Grit ' fights to top of weekend B.O. '' Variety . ^ Jump up to : Gray , Brandon ( January 9 , 2011 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' True Grit ' Captures Lead '' . boxofficemojo.com . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fritz , Ben ( January 10 , 2011 ) . `` Company Town : ' True Grit ' is No. 1 for the weekend '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Young , John ( January 9 , 2011 ) . `` Box office report : ' True Grit ' ( finally ) finishes first with $15 mil '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( January 9 , 2011 ) . `` ' True Grit ' Dethrones ' Fockers ' to Top Weekend Box Office With $15 Million '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Woodward , Tom ( April 28 , 2011 ) . `` Fox Home Entertainment has revealed details on the Nicolas Cage movie '' . DVD Active . Retrieved May 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Season of the Witch Movie Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Season of the Witch '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lemire , Christy ( January 6 , 2011 ) . `` ' Season of the Witch ' Is n't Even Bad in a Fun Way '' . abcnews.go.com . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Day , Patrick Kevin ( January 7 , 2011 ) . `` Critical Mass : ' Season of the Witch ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Barker , Andrew ( January 6 , 2011 ) . `` Season of the Witch '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Huddleston , Tom ( January 6 -- 12 , 2011 ) . `` Season of the Witch Review '' . Time Out London ( 2107 ) . Jump up ^ O'Hehir , Andrew ( January 5 , 2011 ) . `` ' Season of the Witch ' : Nicolas Cage 's ludicrous medieval mashup '' . Salon.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Season of the Witch at AllMovie Season of the Witch at Box Office Mojo Season of the Witch on IMDb Season of the Witch at Metacritic Season of the Witch at Rotten Tomatoes Films directed by Dominic Sena Kalifornia ( 1993 ) Gone in 60 Seconds ( 2000 ) Swordfish ( 2001 ) Whiteout ( 2009 ) Season of the Witch ( 2011 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Season_of_the_Witch_(2011_film)&oldid=851852500 '' Categories : 2011 films English - language films 2010s action thriller films American films American action thriller films American fantasy films Atlas Entertainment films Dark fantasy films Demons in film Films about curses Films about exorcism Films directed by Dominic Sena Films set in the 14th century Films set in the Holy Roman Empire Films set in Austria Films set in Slovenia Films set in Turkey Films shot in Austria Films shot in Croatia Films shot in Hungary Relativity Media films Lions Gate Entertainment films Spirit possession in fiction Supernatural thriller films Witchcraft in film Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Українська 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 July 2018 , at 01 : 12 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where was the movie season of the witch filmed at | [
"Development on the film began in 2000 when the spec script by screenwriter Bragi F. Schut was purchased by MGM. The project moved from MGM to Columbia Pictures to Relativity Media, where the film was finally produced by Charles Roven and Alex Gartner. Filming took place primarily in Austria, Hungary, and Croatia. Season of the Witch was released on January 7, 2011, in the United States, Canada, and several other territories.\n",
"Development on the film began in 2000 when the spec script by screenwriter Bragi F. Schut was purchased by MGM. The project moved from MGM to Columbia Pictures to Relativity Media, where the film was finally produced by Charles Roven and Alex Gartner. Filming took place primarily in Austria, Hungary, and Croatia. Season of the Witch was released on January 7, 2011, in the United States, Canada, and several other territories.\n",
"Development on the film began in 2000 when the spec script by screenwriter Bragi F. Schut was purchased by MGM. The project moved from MGM to Columbia Pictures to Relativity Media, where the film was finally produced by Charles Roven and Alex Gartner. Filming took place primarily in Austria, Hungary, and Croatia. Season of the Witch was released on January 7, 2011, in the United States, Canada, and several other territories.\n"
] | [
"Austria",
"Hungary",
"Croatia"
] |
-5306815192883046434 | Shaun of the Dead | Shaun of the Dead - wikipedia Shaun of the Dead Jump to : navigation , search Shaun of the Dead Theatrical release poster Directed by Edgar Wright Produced by Nira Park Written by Edgar Wright Simon Pegg Starring Simon Pegg Nick Frost Kate Ashfield Lucy Davis Dylan Moran Penelope Wilton Bill Nighy Music by Pete Woodhead Daniel Mudford Cinematography David M. Dunlap Edited by Chris Dickens Production company StudioCanal Working Title Films Big Talk Productions Film4 Productions Distributed by Universal Pictures ( International ) Rogue Pictures ( United States ) Release date 29 March 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 29 ) ( London premiere ) 9 April 2004 ( 2004 - 04 - 09 ) ( United Kingdom ) 24 September 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 24 ) ( United States ) 27 July 2005 ( 2005 - 07 - 27 ) ( France ) Running time 99 minutes Country United Kingdom France United States Language English Budget $6.1 million Box office $30 million Shaun of the Dead is a 2004 British horror comedy film directed by Edgar Wright , written by Wright and Simon Pegg , and starring Pegg and Nick Frost . Pegg plays Shaun , a directionless Londoner who is caught in apocalyptic zombie uprising . The film was a critical and commercial success and was nominated for a BAFTA . It is the first in Wright and Pegg 's Three Flavours Cornetto trilogy , followed by 2007 's Hot Fuzz and 2013 's The World 's End . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Locations 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 4.3 Awards and recognition 5 Home media 6 Merchandise 7 Cultural references 8 Films influenced by Shaun of the Dead 9 Soundtrack 10 Comic strip 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Plot ( edit ) Shaun is an electronics salesman with no direction in his life . His younger colleagues disrespect him , he is estranged from his stepfather Philip , and his girlfriend Liz is unhappy spending every date at his favourite pub , the Winchester . After a bad day at work , Shaun forgets to book a restaurant for his anniversary with Liz . When he suggests the Winchester , Liz breaks up with him . He drowns his sorrows with his housemate and best friend Ed at the Winchester . At home , their housemate Pete , complaining of a bite wound from a drunk , berates Shaun to get his life together . By morning , a zombie apocalypse has overwhelmed London , but the hungover Shaun is slow to notice . He and Ed encounter two zombies in their garden and kill them with blows to the head . They form a plan to rescue Shaun 's mother , Barbara , and Liz , then wait out the crisis in the Winchester . They escape in Pete 's car , and pick up Barbara and Philip , who has been bitten , then Liz and her friends Dianne and David . Philip makes peace with Shaun , dies from his bites , and reanimates as a zombie . The group abandon the vehicle and continue on foot . The streets surrounding the Winchester are overrun , so the group pretend to be zombies to sneak past them . Ed answers his phone , attracting the zombies ' attention ; while Shaun leads them away , the rest take refuge inside the Winchester , where Shaun rejoins them . Shaun discovers the Winchester rifle above the bar is functional and the group attempts to use it to defend themselves . Barbara reveals she has been bitten and dies after giving Liz and Shaun her blessing . Shaun , distraught , is forced to shoot her after she reanimates . David is torn apart by the zombies , while Dianne rushes out to rescue him , disappearing into the advancing horde . Pete , zombified , bites Ed , but Shaun shoots Pete and sets fire to the bar . The fire spreads , setting off the rifle ammunition while Shaun , Liz and Ed flee into the cellar and contemplate suicide . Discovering a barrel hatch elevator that opens to the outside , Shaun and Liz escape as the wounded Ed volunteers to stay behind with the rifle . The British Army arrives and guns down the remaining zombies . Six months after the outbreak , civilisation has returned to normal , with zombies used as cheap labour and entertainment . Liz has moved in with Shaun , and Shaun keeps the zombified Ed tethered in the garden shed so they can play video games together . Cast ( edit ) Simon Pegg as Shaun Nick Frost as Ed Kate Ashfield as Liz Lucy Davis as Dianne Dylan Moran as David Penelope Wilton as Barbara , Shaun 's mother Bill Nighy as Philip , Shaun 's stepfather Jessica Stevenson as Yvonne Peter Serafinowicz as Pete Rafe Spall as Noel Martin Freeman as Declan Reece Shearsmith as Mark Tamsin Greig as Maggie Julia Deakin as Yvonne 's mum Matt Lucas as Cousin Tom Production ( edit ) The film is notable for Wright 's kinetic directing style , and its references to other movies , television series and video games . In this way , it is similar to the British sitcom Spaced , which both Pegg and Wright worked on in similar roles . The film was inspired by the Spaced episode `` Art '' , written by Pegg ( along with his writing partner and co-star Jessica Stevenson ) and directed by Wright , in which the character of Tim ( Pegg ) , under the influence of amphetamine and the video game Resident Evil 2 , hallucinates that he is fighting off a zombie invasion . Having discovered a mutual appreciation for Romero 's Dead trilogy , they decided to write their own zombie movie . Spaced was to be a big influence on the making of Shaun , as it was directed by Wright in a similar style , and featured many of the same cast and crew in minor and major roles . Nick Frost who played Mike in Spaced has a starring role in Shaun as Ed . Peter Serafinowicz and Julia Deakin -- who played Duane Benzie and Marsha in Spaced -- appear in Shaun as Pete and Yvonne 's mum , and Pegg 's Spaced co-star Jessica Stevenson plays Yvonne . The film 's cast features a number of British comedians , comic actors , and sitcom stars , most prominently from Spaced , Black Books and The Office . Shaun also co-stars Dylan Moran , who played Bernard Black in Black Books , Martin Freeman ( Tim Canterbury in The Office ) , Tamsin Greig ( Fran in Black Books , Caroline in Green Wing ) , Julia Deakin ( Marsha in Spaced ) , Reece Shearsmith ( Dexter in Spaced and a member of The League of Gentlemen ) and Matt Lucas ( writer / co-star of Little Britain ) . In addition , the voices of Mark Gatiss ( The League of Gentlemen ) and Julia Davis ( Nighty Night ) can be heard as radio news presenters , as can David Walliams ( Little Britain ) who provides the voice of an unseen TV reporter . Trisha Goddard also makes a cameo appearance , hosting two fictionalised episodes of her real - life talk show Trisha . Many other comics and comic actors appear in cameos as zombies , including Rob Brydon , Paul Putner , Russell Howard , Pamela Kempthorne ( Morticia de'Ath in The Vampires of Bloody Island ) , Joe Cornish , Antonia Campbell - Hughes ( from the Jack Dee sitcom Lead Balloon ) , Mark Donovan ( Black Books ) and Michael Smiley ( Tyres in Spaced ) . Coldplay members Chris Martin ( who contributed to the soundtrack by guest singing the cover of Buzzcocks ' `` Everybody 's Happy Nowadays '' with Ash ) and Jonny Buckland also have cameo roles in the film . The film was shot over nine weeks between May and July 2003 . Locations ( edit ) The production was filmed entirely in London , on location and at Ealing Studios , and involved production companies Working Title Films and StudioCanal . Many exterior shots were filmed in and around the North London areas of Crouch End , Muswell Hill , Finsbury Park and East Finchley . Zombie extras were mainly local residents or fans of Spaced who responded to a casting call organised through a fan website . Shaun 's place of work is an actual electrical appliances shop located at Tally Ho , North Finchley . The scenes filmed in and around the `` Winchester Tavern '' pub were shot at the `` Duke of Albany '' pub , 39 Monson Road , New Cross , South London -- a three - story Victorian pub . It was turned into flats in 2008 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , Shaun took £ 1.6 million at 366 cinemas on its opening weekend and netted £ 6.4 million by mid-May . In its opening weekend in the United States , Shaun earned US $3.3 million , taking seventh place at the box office despite a limited release to only 607 theatres . The film has earned US $30,039,392 worldwide in box office receipts since its release . Critical response ( edit ) Shaun of the Dead received critical acclaim . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a score of 92 % , based on 201 reviews , with an average rating of 7.8 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Shaun of the Dead cleverly balances scares and witty satire , making for a bloody good zombie movie with loads of wit '' . On Metacritic , the film has a score of 76 out of 100 , based on 34 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Nev Pierce , reviewing the film for the BBC , called it a `` side - splitting , head - smashing , gloriously gory horror comedy '' that will `` amuse casual viewers and delight genre fans . '' Peter Bradshaw gave it four stars out of five , saying it `` boasts a script crammed with real gags '' and is `` pacily directed ( and ) nicely acted . '' The film was placed sixth in Empire 's top one hundred British films list . Awards and recognition ( edit ) In 2004 , Total Film magazine named Shaun of the Dead the 49th greatest British film of all time . In 2005 , it was rated as the third greatest comedy film of all time in a Channel 4 poll . Horror novelist Stephen King described the movie as `` ... a ' 10 ' on the fun meter and destined to be a cult classic . '' In 2007 , Stylus Magazine named it the ninth - greatest zombie film ever made . In 2007 , Time named it one of the 25 best horror films , calling the film `` spooky , silly and smart - smart - smart '' and complimenting its director : `` Wright , who 'd be a director to watch in any genre , plays world - class games with the camera and the viewer 's expectations of what 's supposed to happen in a scare film . '' Bloody Disgusting ranked the film second in their list of the ' Top 20 Horror Films of the Decade ' , with the article saying `` Shaun of the Dead is n't just the best horror - comedy of the decade -- it 's quite possibly the best horror - comedy ever made . '' In December 2009 , Now deemed Shaun of the Dead the best film of the decade . George A. Romero was so impressed with Pegg and Wright 's work that he asked them to appear in cameo roles in the 2005 film Land of the Dead . Pegg and Wright insisted on being zombies rather than the slightly more noticeable roles that were originally offered . Pegg and Frost reprised their roles ( animated style ) in the Phineas and Ferb Halloween special `` Night of the Living Pharmacists '' in October 2014 . Quentin Tarantino dubbed the film as one of his top twenty films made since 1992 . In March 2011 , the film was voted by BBC Radio 1 and BBC Radio 1Xtra listeners as their second favourite film of all time . Frank Darabont 's The Shawshank Redemption came in first place . Award Date of ceremony Recipients and nominees Result Notes British Independent Film Awards 30 November 2004 Best British Independent Film Shaun of the Dead Nominated Best Screenplay Edgar Wright and Simon Pegg Won Most Promising Newcomer Nick Frost Nominated Evening Standard British Film Awards 6 February 2005 Peter Sellers Award for Comedy Simon Pegg Won London Film Critics ' Circle Awards 9 February 2005 British Film of the Year Shaun of the Dead Nominated Screenwriter ( s ) of the Year Simon Pegg and Edgar Wright Nominated British Academy Film Awards 12 February 2005 Outstanding British Film Shaun of the Dead Nominated Outstanding Debut by a British Writer , Director or Producer Nira Park ( producer ) Nominated Empire Awards 13 March 2005 Best British Film Shaun of the Dead Won Best British Director Edgar Wright Nominated Best British Actor Simon Pegg Nominated Best British Actress Kate Ashfield Nominated Scene of the Year The records and zombies scene Nominated Saturn Awards 3 May 2005 Best Horror Film Shaun of the Dead Won Bram Stoker Awards 25 June 2005 Best Screenplay Simon Pegg and Edgar Wright ( tied with Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind ) Won Home media ( edit ) The film was released on DVD shortly after its theatrical run in the US , with a DVD release around December 2004 in the US . Features included several audio commentaries , EPK featurettes about the film 's production , pre-production video diaries and concept videos , photo galleries , bloopers , and more . The film also saw release on the HD DVD format in July 2007 , with a Blu - ray Disc release following in September 2009 . Merchandise ( edit ) In 2006 , the National Entertainment Collectibles Association announced that it would be producing action figures based on the film as part of its `` Cult Classics '' line that features fan favourite characters from various genre films . The releases so far are : 12 '' Shaun with sound 7 '' Shaun , which was released in Cult Classics series 4 . The sculpt was based on the 12 '' figure . `` Winchester '' two - pack , featuring 7 '' versions of Ed and a bloodied - up Shaun with the Winchester rifle . Zombie Ed , which is a re-deco of the `` Winchester '' Ed , to be released in Cult Classics : Hall of Fame . Upper Deck Entertainment released a card for the popular World of Warcraft TCG in 2007 , an ally named `` Shawn of the Dead '' , with the power of bringing back allies from the enemy graveyard . Cultural references ( edit ) Prominent are many references to George A. Romero 's earlier Dead films ( Night of the Living Dead , Dawn of the Dead , and Day of the Dead , with Dawn in particular being referenced ) . Films influenced by Shaun of the Dead ( edit ) The 2010 Cuban film Juan of the Dead and the 2013 Singaporean film Hsien of the Dead were inspired by Shaun of the Dead . Soundtrack ( edit ) Shaun of the Dead : Music from the Motion Picture Soundtrack album by various artists Released 12 April 2004 ( 2004 - 04 - 12 ) Genre Rock Alternative rock Ska Hip hop Electro Label Universal International Edgar Wright film soundtrack chronology Shaun of the Dead ( 2004 ) Hot Fuzz ( 2007 ) Hot Fuzz 2007 The film 's score by Pete Woodhead and Daniel Mudford is a pastiche of Italian zombie film soundtracks by artists like Goblin and Fabio Frizzi . It also uses many musical cues from the original Dawn of the Dead that were originally culled by George A. Romero from the De Wolfe production music library . On the soundtrack album , dialogue from the film is embedded within the music tracks . `` Figment '' -- S. Park `` The Blue Wrath '' -- I Monster `` Mister Mental '' -- The Eighties Matchbox B - Line Disaster `` Meltdown '' -- Ash `` Do n't Stop Me Now '' -- Queen `` White Lines ( Do n't Do n't Do It ) '' -- Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five and Melle Mel `` Hip Hop , Be Bop ( Do n't Stop ) '' -- Man Parrish `` Zombie Creeping Flesh '' -- Pete Woodhead and Daniel Mudford `` Kernkraft 400 '' -- Zombie Nation `` Fizzy Legs '' -- Pete Woodhead and Daniel Mudford `` Soft '' -- Lemon Jelly `` Death Bivouac '' -- Pete Woodhead and Daniel Mudford `` The Gonk ( Kid Koala Remix ) '' -- The Noveltones `` Envy the Dead '' -- Pete Woodhead and Daniel Mudford `` Ghost Town '' -- The Specials `` Blood in Three Flavours '' -- Pete Woodhead and Daniel Mudford `` Panic '' -- The Smiths `` Everybody 's Happy Nowadays '' ( originally by Buzzcocks ) -- Ash featuring Chris Martin `` You 're My Best Friend '' -- Queen `` You 've Got Red on You / Shaun of the Dead Suite '' -- Pete Woodhead and Daniel Mudford `` Normality '' -- Pete Woodhead and Daniel Mudford `` Fundead '' -- Pete Woodhead and Daniel Mudford `` Orpheus '' -- Ash Comic strip ( edit ) Pegg and Wright also scripted a one - off tie - in comic strip for the British comic magazine 2000AD titled `` There 's Something About Mary '' . Set the day before the zombie outbreak , the strip follows and expands on the character of Mary , who appears briefly in the introductory credits , and is the first zombie whom Shaun and Ed are aware of , and details how she became a zombie . It features expanded appearances from many of the minor or background characters who appear in the film . The strip was made available on the DVD release of Shaun , along with two other strips that wrapped up `` Plot Holes '' in the film , like how Dianne escaped and survived the Winchester incident , and Ed 's fate after taking refuge in the basement of the bar . See also ( edit ) List of British films of 2004 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` SHAUN OF THE DEAD ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 26 March 2004 . Retrieved 4 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lumiere : Film : Shaun of the Dead '' . European Audiovisual Observatory . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shaun of the Dead ( 2004 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved 7 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Andrew Collins . `` Simon Pegg : The World 's End is $4 million shy of double what Hot Fuzz cost '' . RadioTimes . ^ Jump up to : `` SOTD at Box Office Mojo '' . boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved 2 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Simon Pegg '' . BBC Website. 1 October 2008 . Retrieved 1 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Slender Fungus ( 13 November 2008 ) . `` Coldplay Official Site : The Oracle Knows Everything '' . Coldplay.com . Retrieved 6 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` SHAUN OF THE DEAD wraps '' . Jump up ^ `` EAT MY BRAINS ! - Shaun of the Dead on - set photos - Feature Article '' . Jump up ^ Kimberley Dadds . `` The `` Shaun Of The Dead '' Guide To London `` . BuzzFeed . Jump up ^ `` SOTD UK figures at Box Office Mojo '' . boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved 2 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Shaun of the Dead ( 2004 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 16 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Shaun of the Dead '' . Metacritic.com . Retrieved 16 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Nev Pierce ( 7 April 2004 ) . `` Shaun of the Dead ( 2004 ) '' . BBC . Retrieved 1 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Peter Bradshaw ( 9 April 2004 ) . `` Shaun of the Dead '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved 1 November 2009 . Jump up ^ The 100 best British films . Empire ( official website ) . Published 5 September 2016 . Last updated 7 September 2016 . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Greatest Comedy Films '' . Channel 4 . Retrieved 16 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` '' Shaun of the Dead '' DVD News `` . Rebecca Murray . Retrieved 14 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Stylus Magazine 's Top 10 Zombie Films of All Time '' . Stylusmagazine.com . Retrieved 6 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Shaun of the Dead , 2004 '' . Time . 29 October 2007 . Retrieved 1 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 00 's Retrospect : Bloody Disgusting 's Top 20 Films of the Decade ... Part 4 '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved 3 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Norman Wilner . `` Top 10 films '' . NOW . ^ Jump up to : J.C. Maçek III ( 15 June 2012 ) . `` The Zombification Family Tree : Legacy of the Living Dead '' . PopMatters . Jump up ^ `` Simon Pegg interviews George A Romero '' . TimeOut . Archived from the original on 29 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn of the Dead characters appearing in Phineas and Ferb '' . IGN . Jump up ^ `` Tarantino Reveals His Top 20 Movies ( Since Reservoir Dogs ) '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved 12 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Radio 1 Movies Blog '' . BBC . Retrieved 6 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vera Drake scoops best film award '' . BBC . 6 February 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn of the Dead Card Preview '' . UpperDeck.com . Archived from the original on 16 July 2007 . Retrieved 15 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Shaun of the Dead Pop Culture References '' . Shaunofthedead.com . Retrieved 6 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Defore , John ( 15 September 2011 ) . `` Juan of the Dead ( Juan de los Muertos ) : Toronto Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Robert , Catherine ( 11 August 2012 ) . `` Zombie film cast had a blast '' . Archived from the original on 1 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Edgar Wright and Simon Pegg commentary , Shaun of the Dead ( DVD ) . Universal Pictures Jump up ^ Shaun of the Dead : `` There 's Something About Mary '' ( by Simon Pegg , Edgar Wright , and Frazer Irving , in 2000 AD # 1384 , 2004 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shaun of the Dead . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Shaun of the Dead Shaun of the Dead on IMDb Shaun of the Dead at Box Office Mojo Shaun of the Dead at Rotten Tomatoes Shaun of the Dead at Metacritic Shaun of the Dead at British Comedy Guide Shaun of the Dead filming locations from movielocationsguide.com Related topic navboxes Edgar Wright Written and directed Feature films A Fistful of Fingers ( 1994 ) Shaun of the Dead ( 2004 ) Hot Fuzz ( 2007 ) Scott Pilgrim vs. the World ( 2010 ) The World 's End ( 2013 ) Baby Driver ( 2017 ) Short films Dead Right ( 1993 ) Do n't ( 2007 ) Written only The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) Ant - Man ( 2015 ) Television Asylum ( 1996 ) Mash and Peas ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Sir Bernard 's Stately Homes ( 1998 ) Is It Bill Bailey ? ( 1998 ) Spaced ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Related Three Flavours Cornetto trilogy Works written by Simon Pegg Screenwriter Film Shaun of the Dead ( 2004 ) Hot Fuzz ( 2007 ) Run Fatboy Run ( 2007 ) Paul ( 2011 ) The World 's End ( 2013 ) Star Trek Beyond ( 2016 ) Television Asylum ( 1996 ) Spaced ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Other works Big Train ( 1998 -- 2002 ) Free Jimmy ( 2006 ) Living Dead films Romero 's Dead series Night of the Living Dead ( 1968 ) Dawn of the Dead ( 1978 ) Day of the Dead ( 1985 ) Land of the Dead ( 2005 ) Diary of the Dead ( 2007 ) Survival of the Dead ( 2009 ) Dead series remakes Night of the Living Dead ( 1990 ) Dawn of the Dead ( 2004 ) Night of the Living Dead 3D ( 2006 ) Day of the Dead ( 2008 ) Day of the Dead : Bloodline ( 2018 ) Other official sequels Day of the Dead 2 : Contagium ( 2005 ) Night of the Living Dead 3D : Re-Animation ( 2012 ) Return of the Living Dead series The Return of the Living Dead ( 1985 ) Return of the Living Dead Part II ( 1988 ) Return of the Living Dead 3 ( 1993 ) Return of the Living Dead : Necropolis ( 2005 ) Return of the Living Dead : Rave to the Grave ( 2005 ) Unofficial sequels Zombi series Zombi 2 ( 1979 ) Zombi 3 ( 1988 ) Zombi 4 : After Death ( 1989 ) Zombi 5 : Killing Birds ( 1988 ) Other unofficial sequels Children of the Living Dead ( 2001 ) Night of the Living Dead : Darkest Dawn ( 2015 ) Parodies Night of the Living Bread ( 1990 ) Poultrygeist : Night of the Chicken Dead ( 2006 ) Night of the Living Carrots ( 2011 ) Homages Flesheater ( 1988 ) Shaun of the Dead ( 2004 ) Fido ( 2006 ) Flight of the Living Dead : Outbreak on a Plane ( 2007 ) Dance of the Dead ( 2008 ) Zone of the Dead ( 2009 ) Juan of the Dead ( 2011 ) Mimesis : Night of the Living Dead ( 2011 ) Related topics Dawn of the Dead in popular culture Dawn of the Dead ( soundtracks ) `` Night of the Living Dead '' ( 1979 song ) Document of the Dead ( 1979 / 1989 / 2012 documentary ) Escape of the Living Dead ( 2005 comic book ) Land of the Dead : Road to Fiddler 's Green ( 2005 video game ) City of the Dead ( cancelled video game ) Birth of the Living Dead ( 2012 documentary ) Empire of the Dead ( 2014 -- 2015 comic book ) Empire Award for Best British Film Shallow Grave ( 1996 ) Trainspotting ( 1997 ) The Full Monty ( 1998 ) Lock , Stock and Two Smoking Barrels ( 1999 ) Notting Hill ( 2000 ) Billy Elliot ( 2001 ) Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 2002 ) 28 Days Later ( 2003 ) Love Actually ( 2004 ) Shaun of the Dead ( 2005 ) Pride & Prejudice ( 2006 ) United 93 ( 2007 ) Atonement ( 2008 ) RocknRolla ( 2009 ) Harry Brown ( 2010 ) Kick - Ass ( 2011 ) Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy ( 2012 ) Sightseers ( 2013 ) The World 's End ( 2014 ) Kingsman : The Secret Service ( 2015 ) Spectre ( 2016 ) I , Daniel Blake ( 2017 ) Saturn Award for Best Horror Film Blacula ( 1972 ) The Exorcist ( 1973 ) Young Frankenstein ( 1974 / 75 ) Burnt Offerings ( 1976 ) The Little Girl Who Lives Down the Lane ( 1977 ) The Wicker Man ( 1978 ) Dracula ( 1979 ) The Howling ( 1980 ) An American Werewolf in London ( 1981 ) Poltergeist ( 1982 ) The Dead Zone ( 1983 ) Gremlins ( 1984 ) Fright Night ( 1985 ) The Fly ( 1986 ) The Lost Boys ( 1987 ) Beetlejuice ( 1988 ) Arachnophobia ( 1989 / 90 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula ( 1992 ) Army of Darkness ( 1993 ) Interview with the Vampire ( 1994 ) From Dusk till Dawn ( 1995 ) Scream ( 1996 ) The Devil 's Advocate ( 1997 ) Apt Pupil ( 1998 ) The Sixth Sense ( 1999 ) Final Destination ( 2000 ) The Others ( 2001 ) The Ring ( 2002 ) 28 Days Later ( 2003 ) Shaun of the Dead ( 2004 ) The Exorcism of Emily Rose ( 2005 ) The Descent ( 2006 ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 ) Hellboy II : The Golden Army ( 2008 ) Drag Me to Hell ( 2009 ) Let Me In ( 2010 ) The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( 2011 ) The Cabin in the Woods ( 2012 ) The Conjuring ( 2013 ) Dracula Untold ( 2014 ) Crimson Peak ( 2015 ) Do n't Breathe ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shaun_of_the_Dead&oldid=821745337 '' Categories : 2004 films English - language films Living Dead films 2004 horror films 2000s black comedy films 2000s buddy films 2000s comedy horror films British films British black comedy films British satirical films British zombie comedy films Directorial debut films Films directed by Edgar Wright Screenplays by Edgar Wright Screenplays by Simon Pegg Best British Film Empire Award winners British buddy films Films set in London Films shot in London StudioCanal films Film4 Productions films Working Title Films films Big Talk Productions films Focus Features films Rogue ( company ) films Hidden categories : Use British English from February 2013 Use dmy dates from February 2013 All self - contradictory articles Film articles using image size parameter Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 11 : 00 . 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-9045567573932497426 | Electric current | Electric current - wikipedia Electric current flow of electric charge Electric current A simple electric circuit , where current is represented by the letter i . The relationship between the voltage ( V ) , resistance ( R ) , and current ( I ) is V = IR ; this is known as Ohm 's law . Common symbols SI unit ampere Derivations from other quantities I = V R , I = Q t ( \ displaystyle I = ( V \ over R ) \ , , I = ( Q \ over t ) ) Dimension Part of a series of articles about Electromagnetism Electricity Magnetism Electrostatics ( show ) Electric charge Static electricity Electric field Conductor Insulator Triboelectricity Electrostatic discharge Induction Coulomb 's law Gauss 's law Electric flux / potential energy Electric dipole moment Polarization density Magnetostatics ( show ) Ampère 's law Magnetic field Magnetization Magnetic flux Biot -- Savart law Magnetic dipole moment Gauss 's law for magnetism Electrodynamics ( show ) Lorentz force law Electromagnetic induction Faraday 's law Lenz 's law Displacement current Magnetic potential Maxwell 's equations Electromagnetic field Electromagnetic pulse Electromagnetic radiation Maxwell tensor Poynting vector Liénard -- Wiechert potential Jefimenko 's equations Eddy current London equations Mathematical descriptions of the electromagnetic field Electrical network ( hide ) Electric current Electric potential Voltage Resistance Ohm 's law Series circuit Parallel circuit Direct current Alternating current Electromotive force Capacitance Inductance Impedance Resonant cavities Waveguides Covariant formulation ( show ) Electromagnetic tensor ( stress -- energy tensor ) Four - current Electromagnetic four - potential Scientists ( show ) Ampère Coulomb Faraday Gauss Heaviside Henry Hertz Lorentz Maxwell Tesla Volta Weber Ørsted An electric current is a flow of electric charge . In electric circuits this charge is often carried by moving electrons in a wire . It can also be carried by ions in an electrolyte , or by both ions and electrons such as in an ionised gas ( plasma ) . The SI unit for measuring an electric current is the ampere , which is the flow of electric charge across a surface at the rate of one coulomb per second . Electric current is measured using a device called an ammeter . Electric currents cause Joule heating , which creates light in incandescent light bulbs . They also create magnetic fields , which are used in motors , inductors and generators . The moving charged particles in an electric current are called charge carriers . In metals , one or more electrons from each atom are loosely bound to the atom , and can move freely about within the metal . These conduction electrons are the charge carriers in metal conductors . Contents 1 Symbol 2 Conventions 2.1 Reference direction 3 Ohm 's law 4 Alternating and direct current 5 Occurrences 6 Current measurement 7 Resistive heating 8 Electromagnetism 8.1 Electromagnet 8.2 Radio waves 9 Conduction mechanisms in various media 9.1 Metals 9.2 Electrolytes 9.3 Gases and plasmas 9.4 Vacuum 9.5 Superconductivity 9.6 Semiconductor 10 Current density and Ohm 's law 11 Drift speed 12 See also 13 References Symbol The conventional symbol for current is I , which originates from the French phrase intensité de courant , ( current intensity ) . Current intensity is often referred to simply as current . The I symbol was used by André - Marie Ampère , after whom the unit of electric current is named , in formulating Ampère 's force law ( 1820 ) . The notation travelled from France to Great Britain , where it became standard , although at least one journal did not change from using C to I until 1896 . Conventions The electrons , the charge carriers in an electrical circuit , flow in the opposite direction of the conventional electric current . The symbol for a battery in a circuit diagram . In a conductive material , the moving charged particles that constitute the electric current are called charge carriers . In metals , which make up the wires and other conductors in most electrical circuits , the positively charged atomic nuclei are held in a fixed position , and the negatively charged electrons are free to move , carrying their charge from one place to another . In other materials , notably the semiconductors , the charge carriers can be positive or negative , depending on the dopant used . Positive and negative charge carriers may even be present at the same time , as happens in an electrolyte in an electrochemical cell . A flow of positive charges gives the same electric current , and has the same effect in a circuit , as an equal flow of negative charges in the opposite direction . Since current can be the flow of either positive or negative charges , or both , a convention is needed for the direction of current that is independent of the type of charge carriers . The direction of conventional current is arbitrarily defined as the same direction as positive charges flow . Since electrons , the charge carriers in metal wires and most other parts of electric circuits , have a negative charge , as a consequence , they flow in the opposite direction of conventional current flow in an electrical circuit . Reference direction Since the current in a wire or component can flow in either direction , when a variable I is defined to represent that current , the direction representing positive current must be specified , usually by an arrow on the circuit schematic diagram . This is called the reference direction of current I . If the current flows in the opposite direction , the variable I has a negative value . When analyzing electrical circuits , the actual direction of current through a specific circuit element is usually unknown . Consequently , the reference directions of currents are often assigned arbitrarily . When the circuit is solved , a negative value for the variable means that the actual direction of current through that circuit element is opposite that of the chosen reference direction . In electronic circuits , the reference current directions are often chosen so that all currents are toward ground . This often corresponds to the actual current direction , because in many circuits the power supply voltage is positive with respect to ground . Ohm 's law Main article : Ohm 's law Ohm 's law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the potential difference across the two points . Introducing the constant of proportionality , the resistance , one arrives at the usual mathematical equation that describes this relationship : I = V R ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ frac ( V ) ( R ) ) ) where I is the current through the conductor in units of amperes , V is the potential difference measured across the conductor in units of volts , and R is the resistance of the conductor in units of ohms . More specifically , Ohm 's law states that the R in this relation is constant , independent of the current . Alternating and direct current See also : War of Currents In alternating current ( AC ) systems , the movement of electric charge periodically reverses direction . AC is the form of electric power most commonly delivered to businesses and residences . The usual waveform of an AC power circuit is a sine wave . Certain applications use different waveforms , such as triangular or square waves . Audio and radio signals carried on electrical wires are also examples of alternating current . An important goal in these applications is recovery of information encoded ( or modulated ) onto the AC signal . In contrast , direct current ( DC ) is the unidirectional flow of electric charge , or a system in which the movement of electric charge is in one direction only . Direct current is produced by sources such as batteries , thermocouples , solar cells , and commutator - type electric machines of the dynamo type . Direct current may flow in a conductor such as a wire , but can also flow through semiconductors , insulators , or even through a vacuum as in electron or ion beams . An old name for direct current was galvanic current . Occurrences Natural observable examples of electrical current include lightning , static electric discharge , and the solar wind , the source of the polar auroras . Man - made occurrences of electric current include the flow of conduction electrons in metal wires such as the overhead power lines that deliver electrical energy across long distances and the smaller wires within electrical and electronic equipment . Eddy currents are electric currents that occur in conductors exposed to changing magnetic fields . Similarly , electric currents occur , particularly in the surface , of conductors exposed to electromagnetic waves . When oscillating electric currents flow at the correct voltages within radio antennas , radio waves are generated . In electronics , other forms of electric current include the flow of electrons through resistors or through the vacuum in a vacuum tube , the flow of ions inside a battery or a neuron , and the flow of holes within a semiconductor . Current Measurement Current can be measured using an ammeter . At the circuit level , various techniques are used to measure current : Shunt resistors Hall effect current sensor transducers Transformers ( however DC can not be measured ) Magnetoresistive field sensors Resistive heating Main article : Joule heating Joule heating , also known as ohmic heating and resistive heating , is the process by which the passage of an electric current through a conductor produces heat . It was first studied by James Prescott Joule in 1841 . Joule immersed a length of wire in a fixed mass of water and measured the temperature rise due to a known current through the wire for a 30 minute period . By varying the current and the length of the wire he deduced that the heat produced was proportional to the square of the current multiplied by the electrical resistance of the wire . Q ∝ I 2 R ( \ displaystyle Q \ propto I ^ ( 2 ) R ) This relationship is known as Joule 's First Law . The SI unit of energy was subsequently named the joule and given the symbol J. The commonly known unit of power , the watt , is equivalent to one joule per second . Electromagnetism Electromagnet Main article : Electromagnet In an electromagnet a coil , of a large number of circular turns of insulated wire , wrapped on a cylindrical core , behaves like a magnet when an electric current flows through it . When the current is switched off , the coil loses its magnetism immediately . According to Ampère 's law , an electric current produces a magnetic field . Electric current produces a magnetic field . The magnetic field can be visualized as a pattern of circular field lines surrounding the wire that persists as long as there is current . Magnetism can also produce electric currents . When a changing magnetic field is applied to a conductor , an Electromotive force ( EMF ) is produced , and when there is a suitable path , this causes current . Electric current can be directly measured with a galvanometer , but this method involves breaking the electrical circuit , which is sometimes inconvenient . Current can also be measured without breaking the circuit by detecting the magnetic field associated with the current . Devices used for this include Hall effect sensors , current clamps , current transformers , and Rogowski coils . Radio waves Main article : Radio waves When an electric current flows in a suitably shaped conductor at radio frequencies radio waves can be generated . These travel at the speed of light and can cause electric currents in distant conductors . Conduction mechanisms in various media Main articles : Electrical conductivity and Charge transport mechanisms In metallic solids , electric charge flows by means of electrons , from lower to higher electrical potential . In other media , any stream of charged objects ( ions , for example ) may constitute an electric current . To provide a definition of current independent of the type of charge carriers , conventional current is defined as moving in the same direction as the positive charge flow . So , in metals where the charge carriers ( electrons ) are negative , conventional current is in the opposite direction as the electrons . In conductors where the charge carriers are positive , conventional current is in the same direction as the charge carriers . In a vacuum , a beam of ions or electrons may be formed . In other conductive materials , the electric current is due to the flow of both positively and negatively charged particles at the same time . In still others , the current is entirely due to positive charge flow . For example , the electric currents in electrolytes are flows of positively and negatively charged ions . In a common lead - acid electrochemical cell , electric currents are composed of positive hydrogen ions ( protons ) flowing in one direction , and negative sulfate ions flowing in the other . Electric currents in sparks or plasma are flows of electrons as well as positive and negative ions . In ice and in certain solid electrolytes , the electric current is entirely composed of flowing ions . Metals In a metal , some of the outer electrons in each atom are not bound to the individual atom as they are in insulating materials , but are free to move within the metal lattice . These conduction electrons can serve as charge carriers , carrying a current . Metals are particularly conductive because there are a large number of these free electrons , typically one per atom in the lattice . With no external electric field applied , these electrons move about randomly due to thermal energy but , on average , there is zero net current within the metal . At room temperature , the average speed of these random motions is 10 metres per second . Given a surface through which a metal wire passes , electrons move in both directions across the surface at an equal rate . As George Gamow wrote in his popular science book , One , Two , Three ... Infinity ( 1947 ) , `` The metallic substances differ from all other materials by the fact that the outer shells of their atoms are bound rather loosely , and often let one of their electrons go free . Thus the interior of a metal is filled up with a large number of unattached electrons that travel aimlessly around like a crowd of displaced persons . When a metal wire is subjected to electric force applied on its opposite ends , these free electrons rush in the direction of the force , thus forming what we call an electric current . '' When a metal wire is connected across the two terminals of a DC voltage source such as a battery , the source places an electric field across the conductor . The moment contact is made , the free electrons of the conductor are forced to drift toward the positive terminal under the influence of this field . The free electrons are therefore the charge carrier in a typical solid conductor . For a steady flow of charge through a surface , the current I ( in amperes ) can be calculated with the following equation : I = Q t , ( \ displaystyle I = ( Q \ over t ) \ , , ) where Q is the electric charge transferred through the surface over a time t . If Q and t are measured in coulombs and seconds respectively , I is in amperes . More generally , electric current can be represented as the rate at which charge flows through a given surface as : I = d Q d t . ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ frac ( \ mathrm ( d ) Q ) ( \ mathrm ( d ) t ) ) \ , . ) Electrolytes Main article : Conductivity ( electrolytic ) Electric currents in electrolytes are flows of electrically charged particles ( ions ) . For example , if an electric field is placed across a solution of Na and Cl ( and conditions are right ) the sodium ions move towards the negative electrode ( cathode ) , while the chloride ions move towards the positive electrode ( anode ) . Reactions take place at both electrode surfaces , absorbing each ion . Water - ice and certain solid electrolytes called proton conductors contain positive hydrogen ions ( `` protons '' ) that are mobile . In these materials , electric currents are composed of moving protons , as opposed to the moving electrons in metals . In certain electrolyte mixtures , brightly coloured ions are the moving electric charges . The slow progress of the colour makes the current visible . Gases and plasmas In air and other ordinary gases below the breakdown field , the dominant source of electrical conduction is via relatively few mobile ions produced by radioactive gases , ultraviolet light , or cosmic rays . Since the electrical conductivity is low , gases are dielectrics or insulators . However , once the applied electric field approaches the breakdown value , free electrons become sufficiently accelerated by the electric field to create additional free electrons by colliding , and ionizing , neutral gas atoms or molecules in a process called avalanche breakdown . The breakdown process forms a plasma that contains enough mobile electrons and positive ions to make it an electrical conductor . In the process , it forms a light emitting conductive path , such as a spark , arc or lightning . Plasma is the state of matter where some of the electrons in a gas are stripped or `` ionized '' from their molecules or atoms . A plasma can be formed by high temperature , or by application of a high electric or alternating magnetic field as noted above . Due to their lower mass , the electrons in a plasma accelerate more quickly in response to an electric field than the heavier positive ions , and hence carry the bulk of the current . The free ions recombine to create new chemical compounds ( for example , breaking atmospheric oxygen into single oxygen ( O → 2O ) , which then recombine creating ozone ( O ) ) . Vacuum Since a `` perfect vacuum '' contains no charged particles , it normally behaves as a perfect insulator . However , metal electrode surfaces can cause a region of the vacuum to become conductive by injecting free electrons or ions through either field electron emission or thermionic emission . Thermionic emission occurs when the thermal energy exceeds the metal 's work function , while field electron emission occurs when the electric field at the surface of the metal is high enough to cause tunneling , which results in the ejection of free electrons from the metal into the vacuum . Externally heated electrodes are often used to generate an electron cloud as in the filament or indirectly heated cathode of vacuum tubes . Cold electrodes can also spontaneously produce electron clouds via thermionic emission when small incandescent regions ( called cathode spots or anode spots ) are formed . These are incandescent regions of the electrode surface that are created by a localized high current . These regions may be initiated by field electron emission , but are then sustained by localized thermionic emission once a vacuum arc forms . These small electron - emitting regions can form quite rapidly , even explosively , on a metal surface subjected to a high electrical field . Vacuum tubes and sprytrons are some of the electronic switching and amplifying devices based on vacuum conductivity . Superconductivity Main article : Superconductivity Superconductivity is a phenomenon of exactly zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic fields occurring in certain materials when cooled below a characteristic critical temperature . It was discovered by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes on April 8 , 1911 in Leiden . Like ferromagnetism and atomic spectral lines , superconductivity is a quantum mechanical phenomenon . It is characterized by the Meissner effect , the complete ejection of magnetic field lines from the interior of the superconductor as it transitions into the superconducting state . The occurrence of the Meissner effect indicates that superconductivity can not be understood simply as the idealization of perfect conductivity in classical physics . Semiconductor Main article : Semiconductor In a semiconductor it is sometimes useful to think of the current as due to the flow of positive `` holes '' ( the mobile positive charge carriers that are places where the semiconductor crystal is missing a valence electron ) . This is the case in a p - type semiconductor . A semiconductor has electrical conductivity intermediate in magnitude between that of a conductor and an insulator . This means a conductivity roughly in the range of 10 to 10 siemens per centimeter ( S ⋅ cm ) . In the classic crystalline semiconductors , electrons can have energies only within certain bands ( i.e. ranges of levels of energy ) . Energetically , these bands are located between the energy of the ground state , the state in which electrons are tightly bound to the atomic nuclei of the material , and the free electron energy , the latter describing the energy required for an electron to escape entirely from the material . The energy bands each correspond to a large number of discrete quantum states of the electrons , and most of the states with low energy ( closer to the nucleus ) are occupied , up to a particular band called the valence band . Semiconductors and insulators are distinguished from metals because the valence band in any given metal is nearly filled with electrons under usual operating conditions , while very few ( semiconductor ) or virtually none ( insulator ) of them are available in the conduction band , the band immediately above the valence band . The ease of exciting electrons in the semiconductor from the valence band to the conduction band depends on the band gap between the bands . The size of this energy band gap serves as an arbitrary dividing line ( roughly 4 eV ) between semiconductors and insulators . With covalent bonds , an electron moves by hopping to a neighboring bond . The Pauli exclusion principle requires that the electron be lifted into the higher anti-bonding state of that bond . For delocalized states , for example in one dimension -- that is in a nanowire , for every energy there is a state with electrons flowing in one direction and another state with the electrons flowing in the other . For a net current to flow , more states for one direction than for the other direction must be occupied . For this to occur , energy is required , as in the semiconductor the next higher states lie above the band gap . Often this is stated as : full bands do not contribute to the electrical conductivity . However , as a semiconductor 's temperature rises above absolute zero , there is more energy in the semiconductor to spend on lattice vibration and on exciting electrons into the conduction band . The current - carrying electrons in the conduction band are known as free electrons , though they are often simply called electrons if that is clear in context . Current density and Ohm 's law Main article : Current density Current density is a measure of the density of an electric current . It is defined as a vector whose magnitude is the electric current per cross-sectional area . In SI units , the current density is measured in amperes per square metre . I = ∫ J → ⋅ d A → ( \ displaystyle I = \ int ( \ vec ( J ) ) \ cdot d ( \ vec ( A ) ) ) where I ( \ displaystyle I ) is current in the conductor , J → ( \ displaystyle ( \ vec ( J ) ) ) is the current density , and d A → ( \ displaystyle d ( \ vec ( A ) ) ) is the differential cross-sectional area vector . The current density ( current per unit area ) J → ( \ displaystyle ( \ vec ( J ) ) ) in materials with finite resistance is directly proportional to the electric field E → ( \ displaystyle ( \ vec ( E ) ) ) in the medium . The proportionality constant is called the conductivity σ ( \ displaystyle \ sigma ) of the material , whose value depends on the material concerned and , in general , is dependent on the temperature of the material : J → = σ E → ( \ displaystyle ( \ vec ( J ) ) = \ sigma ( \ vec ( E ) ) \ , ) The reciprocal of the conductivity σ ( \ displaystyle \ sigma ) of the material is called the resistivity ρ ( \ displaystyle \ rho ) of the material and the above equation , when written in terms of resistivity becomes : J → = E → ρ ( \ displaystyle ( \ vec ( J ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ vec ( E ) ) ( \ rho ) ) ) or E → = ρ J → ( \ displaystyle ( \ vec ( E ) ) = \ rho ( \ vec ( J ) ) ) Conduction in semiconductor devices may occur by a combination of drift and diffusion , which is proportional to diffusion constant D ( \ displaystyle D ) and charge density α q ( \ displaystyle \ alpha _ ( q ) ) . The current density is then : J = σ E + D q ∇ n , ( \ displaystyle J = \ sigma E + Dq \ nabla n , ) with q ( \ displaystyle q ) being the elementary charge and n ( \ displaystyle n ) the electron density . The carriers move in the direction of decreasing concentration , so for electrons a positive current results for a positive density gradient . If the carriers are holes , replace electron density n ( \ displaystyle n ) by the negative of the hole density p ( \ displaystyle p ) . In linear anisotropic materials , σ , ρ and D are tensors . In linear materials such as metals , and under low frequencies , the current density across the conductor surface is uniform . In such conditions , Ohm 's law states that the current is directly proportional to the potential difference between two ends ( across ) of that metal ( ideal ) resistor ( or other ohmic device ) : I = V R , ( \ displaystyle I = ( V \ over R ) \ , , ) where I ( \ displaystyle I ) is the current , measured in amperes ; V ( \ displaystyle V ) is the potential difference , measured in volts ; and R ( \ displaystyle R ) is the resistance , measured in ohms . For alternating currents , especially at higher frequencies , skin effect causes the current to spread unevenly across the conductor cross-section , with higher density near the surface , thus increasing the apparent resistance . Drift speed The mobile charged particles within a conductor move constantly in random directions , like the particles of a gas . ( More accurately , a Fermi gas . ) To create a net flow of charge , the particles must also move together with an average drift rate . Electrons are the charge carriers in most metals and they follow an erratic path , bouncing from atom to atom , but generally drifting in the opposite direction of the electric field . The speed they drift at can be calculated from the equation : I = n A v Q , ( \ displaystyle I = nAvQ \ , , ) where I ( \ displaystyle I ) is the electric current n ( \ displaystyle n ) is number of charged particles per unit volume ( or charge carrier density ) A ( \ displaystyle A ) is the cross-sectional area of the conductor v ( \ displaystyle v ) is the drift velocity , and Q ( \ displaystyle Q ) is the charge on each particle . Typically , electric charges in solids flow slowly . For example , in a copper wire of cross-section 0.5 mm , carrying a current of 5 A , the drift velocity of the electrons is on the order of a millimetre per second . To take a different example , in the near - vacuum inside a cathode ray tube , the electrons travel in near - straight lines at about a tenth of the speed of light . Any accelerating electric charge , and therefore any changing electric current , gives rise to an electromagnetic wave that propagates at very high speed outside the surface of the conductor . This speed is usually a significant fraction of the speed of light , as can be deduced from Maxwell 's Equations , and is therefore many times faster than the drift velocity of the electrons . For example , in AC power lines , the waves of electromagnetic energy propagate through the space between the wires , moving from a source to a distant load , even though the electrons in the wires only move back and forth over a tiny distance . The ratio of the speed of the electromagnetic wave to the speed of light in free space is called the velocity factor , and depends on the electromagnetic properties of the conductor and the insulating materials surrounding it , and on their shape and size . The magnitudes ( not the natures ) of these three velocities can be illustrated by an analogy with the three similar velocities associated with gases . ( See also hydraulic analogy . ) The low drift velocity of charge carriers is analogous to air motion ; in other words , winds . The high speed of electromagnetic waves is roughly analogous to the speed of sound in a gas ( sound waves move through air much faster than large - scale motions such as convection ) The random motion of charges is analogous to heat -- the thermal velocity of randomly vibrating gas particles . See also Electronics portal Look up amperage in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Alternating current Current 3 - vector Direct current Electric shock Electrical measurements History of electrical engineering Hydraulic analogy International System of Quantities SI electromagnetism units Single - phase electric power Two - phase electric power Three - phase electric power References Jump up ^ Horowitz , Paul ; Hill , Winfield ( 2015 ) . The art of electronics ( 3rd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 80926 - 9 . Jump up ^ Anthony C. Fischer - Cripps ( 2004 ) . The electronics companion . CRC Press . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7503 - 1012 - 3 . Jump up ^ Lakatos , John ; Oenoki , Keiji ; Judez , Hector ; Oenoki , Kazushi ; Hyun Kyu Cho ( March 1998 ) . `` Learn Physics Today ! '' . Lima , Peru : Colegio Dr. Franklin D. Roosevelt . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 27 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ T.L. Lowe , John Rounce , Calculations for A-level Physics , p. 2 , Nelson Thornes , 2002 ISBN 0 - 7487 - 6748 - 7 . Jump up ^ Howard M. Berlin , Frank C. Getz , Principles of Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement , p. 37 , Merrill Pub. Co. , 1988 ISBN 0 - 675 - 20449 - 6 . Jump up ^ K.S. Suresh Kumar , Electric Circuit Analysis , Pearson Education India , 2013 , ISBN 9332514100 , section 1.2. 3 `` ' Current intensity ' is usually referred to as ' current ' itself . '' Jump up ^ A-M Ampère , Recueil d'Observations Électro - dynamiques , p. 56 , Paris : Chez Crochard Libraire 1822 ( in French ) . Jump up ^ Electric Power , vol. 6 , p. 411 , 1894 . Jump up ^ Consoliver , Earl L. ; Mitchell , Grover I. ( 1920 ) . Automotive ignition systems . McGraw - Hill . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Robert A. Millikan and E.S. Bishop ( 1917 ) . Elements of Electricity . American Technical Society . p. 54 . Jump up ^ Oliver Heaviside ( 1894 ) . Electrical papers . 1 . Macmillan and Co. p. 283 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8218 - 2840 - 3 . Jump up ^ Andrew J. Robinson ; Lynn Snyder - Mackler ( 2007 ) . Clinical Electrophysiology : Electrotherapy and Electrophysiologic Testing ( 3rd ed . ) . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 4484 - 3 . Jump up ^ What is a Current Sensor and How is it Used ? . Focus.ti.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Andreas P. Friedrich , Helmuth Lemme The Universal Current Sensor . Sensorsmag.com ( 2000 - 05 - 01 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ We And Our World . D.A.V. College Managing Committee . Jump up ^ From the book / We And Our World Jump up ^ `` The Mechanism Of Conduction In Metals '' , Think Quest . Jump up ^ Rudolf Holze , Experimental Electrochemistry : A Laboratory Textbook , page 44 , John Wiley & Sons , 2009 ISBN 3527310983 . Jump up ^ `` Lab Note # 106 Environmental Impact of Arc Suppression '' . Arc Suppression Technologies . April 2011 . Retrieved March 15 , 2012 . SI base quantities Base quantity Quantity SI unit Name Symbol Dimension symbol Unit name ( symbol ) Example length l , x , r , ( etc . ) metre ( m ) r = 10 m mass m kilogram ( kg ) m = 10 kg time , duration second ( s ) t = 10 s electric current I , i I ampere ( A ) I = 10 A thermodynamic temperature Θ kelvin ( K ) T = 10 K amount of substance n mole ( mol ) n = 10 mol luminous intensity J candela ( cd ) I = 10 cd Specification The quantity ( not the unit ) can have a specification : T = 300 K Derived quantity Definition A quantity Q is expressed in the base quantities : Q = f ( l , m , t , I , T , n , I v ) ( \ displaystyle Q = f \ left ( ( \ mathit ( l , m , t , I , T , n , I ) ) \ mathrm ( _ ( v ) ) \ right ) ) Derived dimension dim Q = L M T I Θ N J ( Superscripts a -- g are algebraic exponents , usually a positive , negative or zero integer . ) Example Quantity acceleration = l t , dim acceleration = L T possible units : m s , km Ms , etc . See also History of the metric system International System of Quantities Proposed redefinitions Systems of measurement Book Outline BNF : cb11976973f ( data ) GND : 4070745 - 3 LCCN : sh85041640 NDL : 00561414 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electric_current&oldid=866507059 '' Categories : Electric current SI base quantities Hidden categories : Articles with short description Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiversity Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch Bosanski Буряад Català Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Piemontèis Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Tiếng Việt Winaray Wolof 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 中文 103 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 19 : 19 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the s.i unit of electric current | [
"The SI unit for measuring an electric current is the ampere, which is the flow of electric charge across a surface at the rate of one coulomb per second. Electric current is measured using a device called an ammeter.[3]\n"
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"ampere"
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5672189766725604206 | Bud Ekins | Bud Ekins - wikipedia Bud Ekins Jump to : navigation , search Bud Ekins May 11 , 1930 Hollywood , California October 6 , 2007 ( aged 77 ) Los Angeles , California Occupation Stuntman James Sherwin `` Bud '' Ekins ( May 11 , 1930 -- October 6 , 2007 ) was an American professional stuntman in the U.S. Film industry . He is considered to be one of the film industry 's most accomplished stuntmen with a body of work that includes classic films such as The Great Escape and Bullitt . Ekins , acting as stunt double for Steve McQueen while filming The Great Escape , was the rider who performed what is considered to be one of the most famous motorcycle stunts ever performed in a movie . He was recognized for his stunt work by being inducted into the Stuntmen 's Hall of Fame . Ekins was also an accomplished off - road motorcycle racer in motocross and enduro events , and helped pioneer the sport of desert racing . He was inducted into the Off - road Motorsports Hall of Fame in 1980 , and the AMA Motorcycle Hall of Fame in 1999 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Motorcycle racing career 2 Film industry career 3 Later life 4 Filmography and television stunt work 5 References 6 External links Motorcycle racing career ( edit ) Born in Hollywood , California , Ekins began riding off - road motorcycles daily in the hills above his Hollywood home . As a result of his diligence , he developed into a highly talented motorcyclist and started entering local off - road races in 1949 . By the mid-1950s , Ekins was the top motocross and desert racers in Southern California , winning the AMA District 37 championship seven times . His successful race results led the Matchless motorcycle factory to offer him the opportunity to compete in the 1952 European Motocross Championship against the best motocross racers in the world . Despite riding on muddy circuits that were much rougher than he was accustomed to , he managed to earn his senior license and turned in some respectable results to finish the season in ranked 15th in the world . In 1955 Ekins won the Catalina Grand Prix , and in 1959 became the third three - time winner of the prestigious Big Bear Hare & Hound desert race , which at the time was the largest off - road event in the country . Ekins 1959 Big Bear victory was made notable when his motorcycle suffered a flat tire and a broken wheel while he was leading the race at the halfway point of the 153 - mile course . After his race team repaired the tire and wheel , Ekins rejoined the race and recaptured the lead to win the race 30 minutes ahead of his nearest competitor . By the mid-1960s , Ekins owned a Triumph motorcycle dealership in Hollywood which became a popular destination for many young film actors including Steve McQueen , Paul Newman and Clint Eastwood . Ekins helped McQueen learn off - road racing and the actor became an accomplished motorcycle racer . Ekins also represented the United States at the International Six Days Trial , a form of off - road motorcycle Olympics . It was as an enduro competitor that Ekins achieved his greatest international racing success . He received a gold medal at the 1962 International Six Days Trials in East Germany , and was part of the 1964 U.S. ISDT team with his brother , Dave Ekins , John Steen , Cliff Coleman and McQueen . He rode a 650cc Triumph TR6 Trophy alongside teammate Steve McQueen in the 1964 International Six Days Trial . In 1965 , again on Triumphs , the team competed at the ISDT on the Isle of Man . Ekins won four gold medals and a silver during his seven years of competing in the ISDT during the 1960s . Ekins helped pioneer the sport of desert racing in 1964 when he and his brother Dave rode a motorcycle almost the entire length of Mexico 's Baja California Peninsula in 39 hours and 48 minutes under grueling conditions to set the Tijuana - to - La Paz , Mexico record . Their speed record provided a challenge for other off - road competitors with both , motorcycles and four wheeled vehicles . One of these challengers to Ekins ' record run was Ed Pearlman , who decided to organize a yearly off - road race that became known as the Baja 1000 . He participated in many of the early off - road racing events including the Mint 400 and the Stardust 7 - 11 in Las Vegas , Nevada . In addition to racing motorcycles , Ekins raced four wheeled off - road vehicles . He raced alongside Steve McQueen in the inaugural Baja 500 in 1969 and subsequently won overall . He worked with fellow Off - Road Hall of Fame Inductee , Vic Hickey for five years , helping him to build the Baja Boot racer . He drove three races for Steve McQueen and Drino Miller , another Off - Road Hall of Fame Inductee . Film industry career ( edit ) The motorcycle used by Ekins for stunts in the film The Great Escape . Through his association with McQueen , Ekins began a career as a film stuntman . Ekins is best known as the actor who jumped the fence on a motorcycle in the 1963 film The Great Escape , and one of the stuntmen who drove the Ford Mustang 390 GT in the car chase scene in the 1968 film Bullitt . The chase scene led by stunt coordinator Carey Loftin and filmed on the streets of San Francisco , is regarded as one of the most influential in movie history . He also coordinated the stunts for the popular 1970s motorcycle cop show CHiPs . Ekins eventually became one of the best stuntmen in Hollywood . He continued doing stunt work until he was in his mid-60s , his stunt career spanned 30 years . Throughout the 1990s Ekins was on screen in movies and TV as a character actor , and can be seen in films such as Pacific Heights , Mac and Me , The Karate Kid series , The Specialist ( 1994 ) , and Vegas Vacation ( 1997 ) . Later life ( edit ) After retiring from the film industry , Ekins continued to operate his motorcycle shop in Hollywood which featured his impressive collection of vintage motorcycles . During the 1980s , Ekins became one of the top collectors of vintage motorcycles in the country . Ekins was inducted into the Off - road Motorsports Hall of Fame in 1980 and into the Motorcycle Hall of Fame in 2009 . Ekins died at the age of 77 on October 6 , 2007 in Los Angeles , California . Filmography and television stunt work ( edit ) The Great Escape ( 1963 ) The Cincinnati Kid ( 1965 ) Speedway ( 1968 ) Bullitt ( 1968 ) Then Came Bronson ( 1969 film entitled `` And Then Came Bronson '' and 1969 - 70 TV Series ) Flap ( 1970 ) Chrome and Hot Leather ( 1971 ) Diamonds Are Forever ( 1971 ) The Thing with Two Heads ( 1972 ) Electra Glide in Blue ( 1973 ) Earthquake ( 1974 ) ( stunts ) The Towering Inferno ( 1974 ) The Front Page ( 1974 ) Race with the Devil ( 1975 ) Death Scream ( 1975 ) Dixie Dynamite ( 1976 ) - film also features McQueen in an uncredited stunt role Scorchy ( 1976 ) Sorcerer ( 1977 ) Return from Witch Mountain ( 1978 ) Animal House ( 1978 ) Movie Movie ( 1978 ) Fast Charlie ... the Moonbeam Rider ( 1979 ) 1941 ( 1979 ) The Blues Brothers ( 1980 ) Megaforce ( 1982 ) Jekyll and Hyde ... Together Again ( 1982 ) City Heat ( 1984 ) Black Moon Rising ( 1986 ) Extreme Justice ( 1993 ) The Ransom of Red Chief ( 1998 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Bud Ekins , Stunt Cyclist , Dies at 77 '' . nytimes.com . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bud Ekins at the AMA Hall of Fame '' . motorcyclemuseum.org . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Stuntmen 's Hall of Fame '' . stuntmen.org . Retrieved 4 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bud Ekins at the Off - road Motorsports Hall of Fame '' . ormhof.org . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1952 500cc European motocross championship results '' . memotocross.fr . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Nan , Wilma ( July 1955 ) . They Really Ride At Catalina . American Motorcyclist . Books.Google.com . Retrieved 4 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Triumph Wins Big Bear Run . American Motorcyclist . Books.Google.com . March 1959 . Retrieved 4 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bear '' . budanddaveekins.com . Retrieved 4 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Peter Starr ( January -- February 2008 ) . `` Legendary Stuntman Bud Ekins Makes His Final Jump '' . Motorcycle Classics . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ Myers , Marc ( 2011 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Chasing the Ghosts of ' Bullitt ' '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Bullitt Movie Review & Film Summary '' . rogerebert.com . Retrieved 4 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Yates , Filmmaker , Dead at 71 '' . nytimes.com . Retrieved 4 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Maltin , Leonard , ed. ( 2004 ) . Leonard Maltin 's 2004 Movie and Video Guide . Penguin Group . p. 195 . Taut action - film makes great use of San Francisco locations , especially in now - classic car chase , one of the screen 's all - time best ; Oscar - winning editing by Frank Keller . Jump up ^ Jesse Crosse , The Greatest Movie Car Chases of All Time ( St. Paul : MBI Publishing , 2006 ) , 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bud Ekins at the IMDB database '' . imdb.com . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . External links ( edit ) Bud Ekins on IMDb Bud and Dave Ekins web site Obituary in Motorcycle Classics magazine by Peter Starr Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bud_Ekins&oldid=793679395 '' Categories : 1930 births 2007 deaths People from Hollywood , Los Angeles Sportspeople from Los Angeles American stunt performers American motorcycle racers Off - road motorcycle racers Motocross riders Enduro riders Motorcycle stunt performers Entertainers from California Motorcycle Hall of Fame inductees Hidden categories : Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 August 2017 , at 08 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who jumped the fence in the great escape | [
"James Sherwin \"Bud\" Ekins (May 11, 1930 – October 6, 2007) was an American professional stuntman in the U.S. Film industry.[1] He is considered to be one of the film industry's most accomplished stuntmen with a body of work that includes classic films such as The Great Escape and Bullitt.[1] Ekins, acting as stunt double for Steve McQueen while filming The Great Escape, was the rider who performed what is considered to be one of the most famous motorcycle stunts ever performed in a movie.[2] He was recognized for his stunt work by being inducted into the Stuntmen's Hall of Fame.[3]"
] | [
"James Sherwin \"Bud\" Ekins"
] |
5755184746406247549 | Oklahoma! | Oklahoma ! - Wikipedia Oklahoma ! Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Oklahoma ( disambiguation ) . Oklahoma ! Original Broadway poster ( 1943 ) Music Richard Rodgers Lyrics Oscar Hammerstein II Book Oscar Hammerstein II Basis Lynn Riggs ' play Green Grow the Lilacs Productions 1943 Broadway 1947 West End 1951 Broadway revival 1955 Film 1979 Broadway revival 1980 West End revival 1998 West End revival 2002 Broadway revival 2010 UK Tour 2015 UK Tour Awards 1993 Special Tony Award ( 50th Anniversary ) 1944 special Pulitzer Prize 1999 Olivier Award for Best Musical Revival Oklahoma ! is the first musical written by the team of composer Richard Rodgers and librettist Oscar Hammerstein II . The musical is based on Lynn Riggs ' 1931 play , Green Grow the Lilacs . Set in Oklahoma Territory outside the town of Claremore in 1906 , it tells the story of cowboy Curly McLain and his romance with farm girl Laurey Williams . A secondary romance concerns cowboy Will Parker and his flirtatious fiancée , Ado Annie . The original Broadway production opened on March 31 , 1943 . It was a box - office smash and ran for an unprecedented 2,212 performances , later enjoying award - winning revivals , national tours , foreign productions and an Academy Award - winning 1955 film adaptation . It has long been a popular choice for school and community productions . Rodgers and Hammerstein won a special Pulitzer Prize for Oklahoma ! in 1944 . This musical , building on the innovations of the earlier Show Boat , epitomized the development of the `` book musical '' , a musical play where the songs and dances are fully integrated into a well - made story with serious dramatic goals that are able to evoke genuine emotions other than laughter . In addition , Oklahoma ! features musical themes , or motifs , that recur throughout the work to connect the music and story . A fifteen - minute `` dream ballet '' reflects Laurey 's struggle with her feelings about two men , Curly and Jud . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Conception 1.2 Casting and development 2 Plot 2.1 Act I 2.2 Act II 3 Principal roles and notable performers 4 Musical numbers 5 Production history 5.1 Original Broadway 5.2 Early U.S. tours 5.3 Original West End 5.4 1951 and 1979 Broadway revivals 5.5 1980 and 1998 West End revivals 5.6 2002 Broadway revival 5.7 Other notable productions 5.8 1955 film adaptation 6 Recordings 7 Reception 8 Antecedents and influence 9 Awards and nominations 9.1 Original Broadway production 9.2 1979 Broadway revival 9.3 1980 West End revival 9.4 1998 West End revival 9.5 2002 Broadway revival 10 In popular culture 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Background ( edit ) By the early 1940s , Rodgers and Hammerstein were each well known for creating Broadway hits with other collaborators . Rodgers , with Lorenz Hart , had produced over two dozen musicals since the 1920s , including such popular successes as Babes in Arms ( 1937 ) , The Boys from Syracuse ( 1938 ) and Pal Joey ( 1940 ) . Among other successes , Hammerstein had written the words for Rose - Marie ( 1924 ) , The Desert Song ( 1926 ) , The New Moon ( 1927 ) and Show Boat ( 1927 ) . Though less productive in the 1930s , he wrote musicals , songs and films , sharing an Academy Award for his song with Jerome Kern , `` The Last Time I Saw Paris '' , which was included in the 1941 film Lady Be Good . By the early 1940s , Hart had sunk into alcoholism and emotional turmoil , and he became unreliable , prompting Rodgers to approach Hammerstein to ask if he would consider working with him . Conception ( edit ) In 1931 , the Theatre Guild produced Lynn Riggs 's Green Grow the Lilacs , a play about settlers in Oklahoma 's Indian Territory . Though the play was not successful , ten years later in 1941 , Theresa Helburn , one of the Guild 's producers , saw a summer - stock production supplemented with traditional folk songs and square dances and decided the play could be the basis of a musical that might revive the struggling Guild . She contacted Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart , whose first successful collaboration , The Garrick Gaieties , had been produced by the Theatre Guild in 1925 . Rodgers wanted to work on the project and obtained the rights for himself and Hart . Rodgers had asked Oscar Hammerstein II to collaborate with him and Hart . During the tryouts of Rodgers and Hart 's By Jupiter in 1941 , Hammerstein had assured Rodgers that if Hart was ever unable to work , he would be willing to take his place . Coincidentally in 1942 , Hammerstein had thought of musicalizing Green Grow the Lilacs , but when he had approached Jerome Kern about it , the latter declined . Hammerstein learned that Rodgers was seeking someone to write the book , and he eagerly took the opportunity . Hart lost interest in the musical ; he preferred contemporary , urbane shows that would showcase his witty lyric writing , and he found the farmers and cowhands in Green Grow the Lilacs corny and uninspiring . Moreover , spiraling downward , consumed by his longstanding alcoholism , Hart no longer felt like writing . He embarked on a vacation to Mexico , advising Rodgers that Hammerstein would be a good choice of a new collaborator . This partnership allowed both Rodgers and Hammerstein to follow their preferred writing methods : Hammerstein preferred to write a complete lyric before it was set to music , and Rodgers preferred to set completed lyrics to music . In Rodgers ' previous collaborations with Hart , Rodgers had always written the music first , since the unfocused Hart needed something on which to base his lyrics . Hammerstein 's previous collaborators included composers Rudolf Friml , Herbert Stothart , Vincent Youmans , and Kern , who all wrote music first , for which Hammerstein then wrote lyrics . The role reversal in the Rodgers and Hammerstein partnership permitted Hammerstein to craft the lyrics into a fundamental part of the story so that the songs could amplify and intensify the story instead of diverting it . As Rodgers and Hammerstein began developing the new musical , they agreed that their musical and dramatic choices would be dictated by the source material , Green Grow the Lilacs , not by musical comedy conventions . Musicals of that era featured big production numbers , novelty acts , and show - stopping specialty dances ; the libretti typically focused on humor , with little dramatic development , punctuated with songs that effectively halted the story for their duration . Casting and development ( edit ) Between the world wars , roles in musicals were usually filled by actors who could sing , but Rodgers and Hammerstein chose , conversely , to cast singers who could act . Though Theresa Helburn , codirector of the Theatre Guild , suggested Shirley Temple as Laurey and Groucho Marx as Ali Hakim , Rodgers and Hammerstein , with director Rouben Mamoulian 's support , insisted that performers more dramatically appropriate for the roles be cast . As a result , there were no stars in the production , another unusual step . The production was choreographed by Agnes de Mille ( her first time choreographing a musical on Broadway ) , who provided one of the show 's most notable and enduring features : a 15 - minute first - act ballet finale ( often referred to as the dream ballet ) depicting Laurey 's struggle to evaluate her suitors , Jud and Curly . The first title given to the work was Away We Go ! which opened for out - of - town - tryouts in New Haven 's Shubert Theatre on March 11 , 1943 . Expectations for the show were low ; Hammerstein had written six flops in a row , and the show had no star power . Producer Mike Todd walked out after the first act during the tryout and wisecracked , `` No legs , no jokes , no chance . '' But Rodgers and Hammerstein were confident . The New Haven and Boston audiences were enthusiastic , although the reviews were only fair . Of the changes made before the show went to Broadway , two would prove significant : the addition of the show - stopping musical number , `` Oklahoma ! '' and the decision to retitle the musical after that number . Todd had been wrong ; the show opened on Broadway to raves from the critics , sold out , and won a special Pulitzer Prize . Brooks Atkinson wrote in The New York Times that the show 's opening number , `` Oh , What a Beautiful Mornin ' '' changed the history of musical theater : `` After a verse like that , sung to a buoyant melody , the banalities of the old musical stage became intolerable . '' The New York Post was the only major paper to give Oklahoma ! a mixed review . Its critic felt that while the songs were pleasant enough , they sounded much alike . The show 's creativity stimulated Rodgers and Hammerstein 's contemporaries and ushered in the `` Golden Age '' of American musical theatre . Plot ( edit ) Act I ( edit ) In Oklahoma territory in 1906 , cowboy Curly McLain looks forward to the beautiful day ahead as he wanders into farm girl Laurey Williams 's yard ( `` Oh , What a Beautiful Mornin ' '' ) . He and Laurey tease each other , while her Aunt Eller looks on . There will be a box social dance that night , which includes an auction of lunch baskets prepared by the local women to raise funds for a schoolhouse . The man who wins each basket will eat the lunch with the lady who prepared it . Curly asks Laurey to go with him , but she refuses , feeling that he has waited too long . He attempts to persuade her by telling her that he will take her in the finest carriage money can buy ( `` The Surrey with the Fringe on Top '' ) , but she teases him about it until he says he made it up to get back at her . She flounces off , not realizing that he really has rented such a rig . The lonely , disturbed farm hand Jud Fry has become obsessed with Laurey and asks her to the dance . She accepts to spite Curly , although she is afraid of Jud . Meanwhile , cowboy Will Parker returns bedazzled and souvenir - laden from a trip to modern Kansas City ( `` Kansas City '' ) . He won $50 at the fair , which , according to his girlfriend Ado Annie 's father , Andrew Carnes , is the money he needs to marry Ado Annie . Unfortunately , he spent all the money on gifts for her . Will also purchased a `` Little Wonder '' ( a metal tube used for looking at pictures , but with a hidden blade inside ) for Ado Annie 's father , unaware of its deadly secret . Later , Ado Annie confesses to Laurey that while Will has been away , she has been spending a lot of time with Ali Hakim , a Persian peddler . Laurey tells her she 'll have to choose between them , but Ado Annie insists she loves them both ( `` I Cai n't Say No '' ) . Laurey and her friends prepare for the social , while Gertie Cummings flirts with Curly ( her obnoxious laugh floating in to taunt Laurey ) . Laurey tells her friends that she does n't really care about Curly ( `` Many a New Day '' ) . Andrew Carnes discovers Annie with Ali Hakim . After questioning Ado Annie about their relationship , he forces Hakim at gunpoint to agree to marry her . Hakim and the other men lament the unfairness of the situation ( `` It 's a Scandal ! It 's a Outrage ! '' ) . Curly discovers that Laurey is going to the box social with Jud and tries to convince her to go with him instead . Afraid to tell Jud she wo n't go with him , Laurey tries to convince Curly ( and herself ) that she does not love him ( `` People Will Say We 're in Love '' ) . Hurt by her refusal , Curly goes to the smokehouse where Jud lives to talk with him . Curly suggests that since Jud does not feel appreciated , he could hang himself , and everyone would realize how much they care about him ( `` Pore Jud Is Daid '' ) . Their talk turns into an ominous confrontation about Laurey . After Curly leaves , Jud 's resolve to win Laurey becomes even stronger , and he vows to make her his bride ( `` Lonely Room '' ) . Confused by her feelings for Curly and her fear of Jud , Laurey purchases a `` magic potion '' ( referred to as smelling salts , but actually laudanum ) from Ali Hakim , which the unscrupulous peddler guarantees will reveal her true love . She muses on leaving her dreams of love behind and joining the man she loves ( `` Out of My Dreams '' ) , then falls asleep under the influence of the opiate ( `` Dream Sequence '' ) . In an extended dream ballet sequence , Laurey first dreams of what marriage to Curly would be like . Her dream takes a nightmarish turn when Jud appears and kills Curly . She can not escape him , confused by her desires . The dream makes her realize that Curly is the right man for her , but it is too late to change her mind about going to the dance with Jud ; he has come for her , and they leave for the box social . Act II ( edit ) At the social , during an upbeat square dance ( `` The Farmer and the Cowman '' ) , the rivalry between the local farmers and cowboys over fences and water rights has led to fighting , which Aunt Eller ends by firing a gun to silence everyone . Laurey is upset when she sees Curly at the dance with Gertie . In an effort to rid himself of Ado Annie , Ali Hakim buys Will 's souvenirs from Kansas City for $50 . Jud also contributes to this by purchasing Will 's Little Wonder , knowing of the blade concealed within it . The auction starts and Will bids $50 on Ado Annie 's basket , not realizing that without the $50 , he would no longer have the money her father insisted he needs to `` purchase '' marriage with her . Desperate to be rid of Ado Annie , the peddler bids $51 to get the basket so that Will can approach Andrew Carnes with the $50 and claim Ado Annie as his bride . The auction becomes much more serious when Laurey 's basket comes up for auction . Jud has saved all his money so he can win Laurey 's basket . Various men bid , trying to protect Laurey , but Jud outbids them all . Curly and Jud engage in a ferocious bidding war , and Curly sells his saddle , his horse , and even his gun to raise money . Curly outbids Jud and wins the basket . Jud discreetly tries to kill Curly with the Little Wonder , but his plan is foiled when Aunt Eller ( knowing what is happening ) loudly asks Curly for a dance . Later that night , Will and Annie work out their differences , as she reluctantly agrees not to flirt with other men ( `` All Er Nuthin ' '' ) . Jud confronts Laurey about his feelings for her . When she admits that she does not return them , he threatens her . She then fires him as her farm hand , screaming at him to get off her property . Jud furiously threatens Laurey before he departs ; Laurey bursts into tears and calls for Curly . She tells him that she has fired Jud and is frightened by what Jud might do now . Curly , seeing that she has turned to him for guidance and safety , reassures her and proposes to her , and she accepts ( `` People Will Say We 're In Love ( Reprise ) '' ) . He then realizes that he must now become a farmer . Afterwards , Ali Hakim decides to leave the territory and bids Ado Annie goodbye after telling her Will is the man she should marry . Three weeks later , Laurey and Curly are married and everyone rejoices in celebration of the territory 's impending statehood ( `` Oklahoma ! '' ) . During the celebration , Ali Hakim returns with his new wife , Gertie , whom he unwillingly married after being threatened by her father with a shotgun . A drunken Jud reappears , harasses Laurey by kissing her and attacks Curly with a knife . As Curly dodges a blow , Jud falls on his own knife and soon dies . The wedding guests hold a makeshift trial for Curly , at Aunt Eller 's urging , as the couple is due to leave for their honeymoon . The judge , Andrew Carnes , declares the verdict : `` not guilty ! '' Curly and Laurey depart on their honeymoon in the surrey with the fringe on top ( `` Finale Ultimo '' ) . Principal roles and notable performers ( edit ) Character Description Notable stage performers in major market productions Curly McLain A cowboy in love with Laurey Alfred Drake ° , Harry Stockwell ° , John Raitt , Howard Keel , Ridge Bond , Hugh Jackman , Patrick Wilson , Laurence Guittard , Lance Smith Laurey Williams Aunt Eller 's niece , an independent young woman Joan Roberts ° , Betty Jane Watson , Christine Andreas , Leila Benn Harris , Josefina Gabrielle , Florence Henderson , Lucy Durack Jud Fry A hired hand on Aunt Eller 's ranch , a mysterious and dangerous loner Howard Da Silva ° , Shuler Hensley , Alfred Molina Aunt Eller Laurey 's aunt , a respected community leader Betty Garde ° , Mary Wickes , Andrea Martin , Patty Duke , Margaret Hamilton , Maureen Lipman , Louise Plowright Ado Annie Carnes A flirtatious , gullible young woman Celeste Holm ° , Shelley Winters , Barbara Cook , Christine Ebersole , Jessica Boevers , Amanda Harrison Will Parker A simple young man in love with Ado Annie Lee Dixon ° , Harry Groener Andrew Carnes Ado Annie 's father , eager to have her marry Ralph Riggs ° Ali Hakim A Persian peddler , enamored of Ado Annie Joseph Buloff ° , Eddie Albert , Peter Polycarpou , Bruce Adler , Jamie Farr , Aasif Mandvi Gertie Cummings A local farm girl , fond of Curly , marries Ali Hakim Jane Lawrence ° , Pamela Britton Dream Curly Curly in the dream sequence Marc Platt ° Dream Laurey Laurey in the dream sequence Katharine Sergava ° ° denotes original Broadway cast Musical numbers ( edit ) Act I Overture -- Orchestra `` Oh , What a Beautiful Mornin ' '' -- Curly Laurey 's Entrance -- Laurey & Curly `` The Surrey with the Fringe on Top '' -- Curly , Laurey , & Aunt Eller `` Kansas City '' -- Will Parker , Aunt Eller , Male Ensemble `` I Cai n't Say No '' -- Ado Annie Entrance of Ensemble ( `` I Cai n't Say No '' and `` Oh What a Beautiful Mornin ' '' ) -- Will , Ado Annie , Curly , Aunt Eller & Ensemble `` Many a New Day '' -- Laurey and Female Ensemble `` It 's a Scandal ! It 's a Outrage ! '' -- Ali Hakim & Ensemble `` People Will Say We 're in Love '' -- Curly & Laurey `` Pore Jud Is Daid '' -- Curly & Jud `` Lonely Room '' -- Jud `` Out of My Dreams '' / `` Dream Ballet '' -- Laurey & Dream Figures Act II Entr'acte -- Orchestra `` The Farmer and the Cowman '' -- Andrew Carnes , Aunt Eller , Curly , Gertie Cummings , Will , Ado Annie , Laurey , Ike Skidmore , Cord Elam & Ensemble `` All Er Nuthin ' '' -- Will & Ado Annie `` People Will Say We 're in Love '' ( Reprise ) -- Curly & Laurey `` Oklahoma ! '' -- Curly , Laurey , Aunt Eller , Ike Skidmore , Cord Elam , Fred , Andrew Carnes & Ensemble Finale Ultimo ( `` Oh What a Beautiful Mornin ' '' and `` People Will Say We 're in Love '' ) -- Company Production history ( edit ) Original Broadway ( edit ) The original Broadway production opened on March 31 , 1943 at the St. James Theatre in New York City . It was directed by Rouben Mamoulian and choreographed by Agnes de Mille . It starred Alfred Drake ( Curly ) , Joan Roberts ( Laurey ) , Celeste Holm ( Ado Annie ) , Howard Da Silva ( Jud Fry ) , Betty Garde ( Aunt Eller ) , Lee Dixon ( Will Parker ) , Joseph Buloff ( Ali Hakim ) , Jane Lawrence ( Gertie ) , Barry Kelley ( Ike ) and George S. Irving ( Joe ) . Marc Platt danced the role of `` Dream Curly '' , Katharine Sergava danced the part of `` Dream Laurey '' and the small dancing part of Aggie was played by Bambi Linn . George Church danced the part of `` Dream Jud '' but was replaced by Vladimir Kostenko only two months after the premiere . The production ran for 2,212 performances , finally closing on May 29 , 1948 . `` The demand for tickets was unprecedented as the show became more popular in the months that followed '' the opening . Oklahoma ! ran for over five years , a Broadway record that `` would not be bested until My Fair Lady ( 1956 ) . '' The Tony Awards and other awards now given for achievement in musical theatre were not in existence in 1943 , and therefore the original production of Oklahoma ! received no theatrical awards . Early U.S. tours ( edit ) The `` first of several '' national tours began in New Haven , Connecticut , in 1944 . A 1953 article in The New York Times reported that the show was `` believed to be the only musical to have enjoyed a consecutive run of ten years . It ran on Broadway for five years and two months , grossing $7,000,000 . The tour of the national company , which started late in 1943 , has grossed $15,000,000 . '' John Raitt played Curly in the original production in Chicago . The United Service Organizations sponsored a tour to U.S. military bases in 1945 that lasted for several years . The New York Times reported : The tenth anniversary of the Broadway opening of Oklahoma ! will be celebrated in Washington , where the Theatre Guild 's touring company of the phenomenal musical will be playing at that time ... According to a Guild estimate , `` upwards of 20,000,000 people thus far have seen the show in the United States , England , Sweden , Denmark , South Africa , Australia and through ( the U.S.O. shows ) during the war '' . Original West End ( edit ) Oklahoma ! was the first of a post-war wave of Broadway musicals to reach London 's West End . It starred Howard Keel ( then known as Harold Keel ) and Betty Jane Watson , opening at the Theatre Royal , Drury Lane on April 30 , 1947 to rave press reviews and sellout houses , running for 1,543 performances . A pre-London run opened a day late at the Manchester Opera House on April 18 , 1947 , after the ship carrying the cast , scenery , and costumes ran aground on a sandbank off Southampton . 1951 and 1979 Broadway revivals ( edit ) A 1951 revival produced by the Theatre Guild opened at The Broadway Theatre on May 9 , 1951 , and ran for 100 performances . Ridge Bond played Curly , Patricia Northrop played Laurey , Henry Clarke was Jud , and Jacqueline Sundt played Ado Annie . Mamoulian and de Mille returned to direct and choreograph , and the production was restaged by Jerome Whyte . In 1953 , a 10th anniversary revival opened on August 31 at the New York City Center Theatre . It ran for a limited engagement of 40 performances before going on tour . The cast included Florence Henderson as Laurey , Ridge Bond as Curly and Barbara Cook as Annie . Mamoulian and De Mille directed and choreographed . A 1979 revival opened at the Palace Theatre on Broadway on December 13 , 1979 and closed on August 24 , 1980 , running for 293 performances and nine previews . William Hammerstein ( Oscar 's son ) directed , and Gemze de Lappe recreated Agnes De Mille 's choreography . The show starred Christine Andreas as Laurey , Laurence Guittard as Curly , Mary Wickes as Aunt Eller , Christine Ebersole as Ado Annie , Martin Vidnovic as Jud Fry , Harry Groener as Will Parker and Bruce Adler as Ali Hakim . Andreas and Groener both received Tony Award nominations for their performances , and Vidnovic won a Drama Desk Award . This production started as a cross-country national tour , beginning at the Pantages Theater in Los Angeles on May 1 , 1979 . 1980 and 1998 West End revivals ( edit ) The following year , James Hammerstein directed a production at the Haymarket Theatre , Leicester , in January 1980 , produced by Cameron Mackintosh . The De Mille choreography was again adapted by de Lappe . A UK tour followed , and it eventually settled in the West End , opening at the Palace Theatre , London , on September 17 , 1980 , and running until September 19 , 1981 . This production starred John Diedrich as Curly and Alfred Molina as Jud Fry , both of whom were nominated for Olivier Awards . Rosamund Shelley played Laurey , and Madge Ryan was Aunt Eller . The production was Maria Friedman 's debut in the West End , initially in the chorus role of Doris , but she was eventually promoted to the leading role . John Owen Edwards was the musical director . He would later reprise his work for Mackintosh 's 1998 London revival . A cast recording of this production was issued by JAY Records and on the Showtime ! label . Hugh Jackman on the cover of the DVD of the London revival A new production of the musical was presented by the National Theatre in London at the Olivier Theatre , opening on July 15 , 1998 . The production team included Trevor Nunn ( director ) , Susan Stroman ( choreographer ) and William David Brohn ( orchestrator ) . The international cast included Hugh Jackman as Curly , Maureen Lipman as Aunt Eller , Josefina Gabrielle as Laurey , Shuler Hensley as Jud Fry , Vicki Simon as Ado Annie , Peter Polycarpou as Ali Hakim and Jimmy Johnston as Will Parker . Musical director John Owen Edwards , Brohn and dance arranger David Krane adapted Robert Russell Bennett 's original orchestrations and extended some of the dance sequences . A brand new Dream Ballet was composed for Susan Stroman 's new choreography and the dances to `` Kansas City '' , `` Many a New Day '' and `` The Farmer and the Cowman '' were all radically redesigned . The overture was also altered , at the request of Nunn . The production received numerous Olivier Award nominations , winning for Outstanding Musical Production , supporting actor ( Hensley ) , set design ( Anthony Ward ) and choreography ( Stroman ) . According to the Rodgers & Hammerstein Organization , the limited engagement was a sell - out and broke all previous box office records , and so the show was transferred to the Lyceum Theatre in the West End for a six - month run . Plans to transfer to Broadway with the London cast were thwarted by Actors ' Equity , which insisted that American actors must be cast . Eventually a U.S. cast was selected . The production was filmed and issued on DVD , as well as being broadcast on U.S. Public Television in November 2003 . 2002 Broadway revival ( edit ) The London production was repeated on Broadway at the George Gershwin Theatre on March 21 , 2002 , with direction by Nunn . The production closed on February 23 , 2003 after 388 performances . Only two of the London cast , Josefina Gabrielle as Laurey and Shuler Hensley as Jud , were in the production , which also featured Patrick Wilson as Curly and Andrea Martin as Aunt Eller . It was nominated for seven Tony Awards , including Best Revival of a Musical , Best Featured Actress in a Musical and Best Featured Actor in a Musical ( which was awarded to Hensley ) . The musical was also nominated for nine Drama Desk Awards , with Hensley winning as Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical and Susan Stroman winning for choreography . Ben Brantley wrote in The New York Times : `` At its best , which is usually when it 's dancing , this resurrection of Rodgers and Hammerstein 's epochal show is dewy with an adolescent lustiness , both carnal and naive , exuberant and confused . '' The review stated that `` Anthony Ward 's harmoniously curved set , in which the sky seems to stretch into eternity , again pulses with the promise of a land on the verge of transformation . '' The New York Daily News review commented that `` Visually , this one is stunning -- at times , Anthony Ward 's sets have a pastoral , idyllic quality , like Thomas Hart Benton 's paintings . At other times , especially in lighting designer David Hersey 's lustrous palette , they convey the bleakness of the frontier . '' The review also stated that the Royal National Theatre `` brought it back to us in a way that makes it seem fresh and vital . '' However , USA Today gave the production a tepid assessment , its reviewer writing that `` A cold breeze blows through this beautiful mornin ' , and that golden haze is never quite bright enough . '' The production went on to tour nationally from 2003 -- 2006 . Other notable productions ( edit ) Discoveryland Oklahoma ! was presented nightly except Sundays each summer at the Discoveryland amphitheater , an outdoor theatre in Sand Springs , Oklahoma , from 1977 until 2011 . In 1993 , Mary Rodgers ( daughter of Richard Rodgers ) and William Hammerstein ( son of Oscar Hammerstein II ) designated Discoveryland the `` National Home of Rodgers and Hammerstein 's Oklahoma ! '' 2006 Japan In 2006 , Oklahoma ! was performed in Japan by the all - female Takarazuka Revue . This revival starred Yuu Todoroki , Ai Shirosaki , and Hiromu Kiriya . 2009 Chichester Theatre Festival In the summer of 2009 , British director John Doyle directed the musical at the Chichester Festival Theatre . The production was dark in concept and featured new orchestrations by Jonathan Tunick . On a spare stage , decorated only with blue sheets , `` Confetti of rose petals stains the floor like drops of blood , and a nightmarish dream - dance sequence has Freudian overtones as Laurey 's bridal gown becomes her shroud . '' It received mixed reviews . The Times reviewer wrote : `` This is a very stylised , overdrilled production , no friend of intimate moments or quiet depth of emotion . '' The Guardian liked it the most , stating that `` it 's a delight , with one brilliant tippy - tappy - toed song after another and a nugget of darkness lodged in its sweet heart . '' Whats On Stage , like most of the papers , gave the show three out of five stars and wrote that this is a `` downbeat vision '' and that `` all told it 's a somewhat disappointing show '' , but their `` average reader rating '' was four stars . A review in The Telegraph commented , `` Doyle uses shadow and silhouette to bring out the musical 's nightmarish aspects but does n't over-labour them . There are enough sunny spots -- no more so than in Act 2 's rousing title song -- to keep the tone evenly textured . '' 2010 UK tour The show toured England for nine months in 2010 in a new staging by Julian Woolford , with Marti Webb as Aunt Eller and Mark Evans as Curly . 2010 Washington , DC Arena Stage Oklahoma ! opened in October 2010 at the Arena Stage to critical acclaim . Artistic Director Molly Smith cast African - American actresses as Laurey and Aunt Eller to mirror both modern Washington , D.C. demographics and the diverse population of the musical 's 1906 Oklahoma territory setting . The production received ten 2011 Helen Hayes Award nominations , winning as Outstanding Resident Musical ( tying with Shakespeare Theatre 's Candide ) and for choreography ( Parker Esse ) , lead actor ( Nicholas Rodriguez as Curly ) and musical direction ( George Fulginiti - Shakar ) . The production returned to the Arena Stage for a second run in 2011 . 2012 , Seattle , Washington , 5th Avenue Theater The 5th Avenue Theatre 's 2012 production , directed by Peter Rothstein , included African - American dancers and an African - American actor as Jud . The choice was intended , as in the Arena Stage production , to reflect the historical presence of African Americans in the Oklahoma territory , but it `` has some audience members squirming in their seats ... they 're seeing on stage one of the ugliest stereotypes in our history : an imposing black man ravaging a petite white woman ( and ) the white hero ... all but urges Jud to hang himself -- and even pantomimes the act . Some see a clear reference to lynching . '' The `` Dream Ballet '' had a sinister , sexual tone and ended with Jud dragging Laurey away to be raped . One critic noted the historical `` license taken when an African - American farmhand is allowed to escort a white woman to the box dance ... Maybe some people ... left with not so much a song in their head , but a question in their heart . And is n't that part of what theater is supposed to do ? '' Another wrote : `` Rothstein 's Oklahoma ! is now the story of a crazy , sex obsessed black man ... lusting violently after his white mistress , who ends up murdered at the hands of a white man , who gets off scot free after a mock trial . '' 2015 UK tour A UK tour ran from February to August 2015 , directed by Rachel Kavanaugh and starring Ashley Day as Curly , Charlotte Wakefield as Laurey , Belinda Lang as Aunt Eller and Gary Wilmot as Ali Hakim . 1955 film adaptation ( edit ) Main article : Oklahoma ! ( 1955 film ) The 1955 film adaptation starred Gordon MacRae , Shirley Jones ( in her film debut ) , Rod Steiger , Charlotte Greenwood , Gloria Grahame , Gene Nelson , James Whitmore and Eddie Albert . It was the only musical film directed by Fred Zinnemann , and Agnes de Mille choreographed . It was the first feature film photographed in the Todd - AO 70 mm widescreen process . Rodgers and Hammerstein personally oversaw the film to prevent the studio from making the changes that were then typical of stage - to - film musical adaptations , such as interpolating new songs by others . The film followed the stage version more closely than any other Rodgers and Hammerstein stage - to - film adaptation , although it divided the long first scene into several shorter scenes , changing the locations of several of the songs . For example , `` Kansas City '' is performed at the train station , where Aunt Eller and other cowboys meet Will Parker just after he returns from Kansas City . Lyrics in the song about a burlesque stripteaser were slightly changed to pass film censorship . In a nod to Green Grow the Lilacs , which was the basis of the musical , Jud attempts revenge on Curly and Laurey by burning a haystack they stand on , before Curly jumps down , landing on Jud and causing him to fall on his own knife . The film omits only `` It 's a Scandal , It 's an Outrage '' and `` Lonely Room '' . The film won Academy Awards for Best Music , Scoring of a Musical Picture and Best Sound , Recording . Recordings ( edit ) Most of the songs from Oklahoma ! were released on a record album by Decca Records in 1943 containing six 10 - inch double - sided discs in 78 RPM format . It was the first U.S. cast album featuring the original Broadway cast of a musical . It sold over a million copies , prompting the label to call the cast back into the studio to record three additional selections that had been left out of the first set . These were issued as Oklahoma ! Volume Two . In 1949 , Decca re-released the first set on LP but not the second set , which soon became a very rare collectors ' item . All subsequent LP releases were similarly incomplete . Finally in 2000 , Decca Broadway went back to the original glass masters to generate a new high fidelity transfer of the complete song program and released it on CD , utilizing the original 78 album artwork . The success of the original Oklahoma ! cast album set a precedent for the production of original cast recordings of Broadway musicals , which became an essential part of a musical 's dissemination and endurance in popular culture . Later cast recordings of Oklahoma ! include the 1979 Broadway revival cast recording , the 1980 London revival cast recording , the 1998 Royal National Theatre revival cast recording , and a soundtrack album of the 1955 film . There have also been more than 20 studio cast recordings of the show , featuring stars such as Nelson Eddy , John Raitt and Florence Henderson in the leading roles . Reception ( edit ) The original production of Oklahoma ! was an unprecedented critical and popular success . John Anderson of the New York Journal American pronounced the musical `` a beautiful and delightful show , fresh and imaginative , as enchanting to the eye as Richard Rodgers 's music is to the ear . It has , at a rough estimate , practically everything '' . In the New York Herald Tribune , Howard Barnes wrote , `` Songs , dances , and a story have been triumphantly blended ... The Richard Rodgers score is one of his best , and that is saying plenty . Oscar Hammerstein 2nd has written a dramatically imaginative libretto and a string of catchy lyrics ; Agnes de Mille has worked small miracles in devising original dances to fit the story and the tunes , while Rouben Mamoulian has directed an excellent company with great taste and craftsmanship . '' Louis Kronenberger of PM opined that `` Mr. Hammerstein 's lyrics have less crispness and wit than Lorenz Hart 's at their best , but the songs in Oklahoma ! call for less sophisticated words , and Mr. Hammerstein has found very likeable ones . '' In the New York Daily News , Burns Mantle declared that `` Oklahoma ! really is different -- beautifully different . With the songs that Richard Rodgers has fitted to a collection of unusually atmospheric and intelligible lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein 2nd , Oklahoma ! seems to me to be the most thoroughly and attractively American musical comedy since Edna Ferber 's Show Boat '' . New York World - Telegram critic Burton Rascoe particularly emphasized the groundbreaking choreography , stating that `` Richard Rodgers has written for the show one of the finest musical scores any musical play ever had . Next to Mr. Rodgers , however , must stand the amazing Agnes de Mille , whose choreography , carried out to perfection by her ballet ( corps ) , is actually the biggest hit of the show . The `` Out of My Dreams '' and `` All Er Nuthin ' '' dances are such supreme aesthetic delights ... They are spinetingling , out of this world . '' In The New York Sun , Ward Morehouse commented that `` Oklahoma ! is charming and leisurely . And tunely . And certainly not topical , '' as other shows had been in the early years of World War II . `` It reveals Mr. Rodgers , shorn only for the moment of Larry Hart , in good form indeed . And nobody in last night 's audience seemed to have a better time than Mr. Hart himself , who applauded the proceedings from a seat in Row B . '' Lorenz Hart himself `` pushed his way through the crowd at the after - show party in Sardi 's restaurant and threw his arms around his ex-partner , grinning from ear to ear . He told Rodgers he had never had a better evening at the theater in his life . '' The only negative review of the musical appeared in the New York Post : The critic wrote that `` it all seemed just a trifle too cute '' , stating that the score consisted of `` a flock of Mr. Rodgers 's songs that are pleasant enough , but still manage to sound quite a bit alike ... without much variety in the presentation . '' She concluded that the show was `` very picturesque in a studied fashion , reminding us that life on a farm is apt to become a little tiresome . '' Antecedents and influence ( edit ) According to playwright and theatre writer Thomas Hischak , `` Not only is ' Oklahoma ! ' the most important of the Rodgers and Hammerstein musicals , it is also the single most influential work in the American musical theatre ... It is the first fully integrated musical play and its blending of song , character , plot and even dance would serve as the model for Broadway shows for decades . '' William Zinsser observed that Oklahoma ! broke the old `` musical comedy conventions '' , with the songs `` delving into character '' and advancing the plot . The show `` became a milestone , so that later historians writing about important moments in twentieth - century theatre would begin to identify eras according to their relationship to Oklahoma ! '' Oklahoma ! made Rodgers and Hammerstein `` the most important contributors to the musical - play form ... The examples they set in creating vital plays , often rich with social thought , provided the necessary encouragement for other gifted writers to create musical plays of their own '' . Theater historian Ethan Mordden points out that , although Oklahoma ! has been called `` the first integrated musical , the first American folk musical '' , Show Boat `` got there first on both counts . '' Even earlier , the Princess Theatre musicals , following Gilbert and Sullivan and French opéra bouffe , began the reintegration of song and story after decades of thinly plotted British and American musicals , paving the way for Show Boat and Oklahoma ! by showing that a musical could combine popular entertainment with continuity between its story and songs . These Princess Theatre shows , which featured modern American settings , `` built and polished the mold from which almost all later major musical comedies evolved ... The characters and situations were , within the limitations of musical comedy license , believable and the humor came from the situations or the nature of the characters . Kern 's exquisitely flowing melodies were employed to further the action or develop characterization . '' Mordden also notes that Oklahoma ! was called the first great dance musical , but other musicals had earlier focused on dance , among them Gay Divorce and On Your Toes . He concludes : `` But Oklahoma ! was the first American musical with an ethnic sound , words and music entirely in the folk idiom . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Original Broadway production ( edit ) Year Award ceremony Category Nominee Result 1944 Pulitzer Prize Special Award Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II Won 1947 Theatre World Award Dorothea Macfarland Won 1993 Tony Award Special Tony Award ( 50th anniversary ) Won 1979 Broadway revival ( edit ) Year Award ceremony Category Nominee Result 1980 Tony Award Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical Christine Andreas Nominated Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical Harry Groener Nominated Drama Desk Award Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical Martin Vidnovic Nominated Harry Groener Nominated Theatre World Award Won 1980 West End revival ( edit ) Year Award ceremony Category Nominee Result 1980 Laurence Olivier Award Actor of the Year in a Musical John Diedrich Nominated Most Promising Newcomer of the Year in Theatre Alfred Molina Nominated 1998 West End revival ( edit ) Year Award ceremony Category Nominee Result 1998 Critics ' Circle Theatre Award Best Musical Won 1999 Laurence Olivier Award Outstanding Musical Production Won Best Actor in a Musical Hugh Jackman Nominated Best Actress in a Musical Josefina Gabrielle Nominated Best Supporting Performance in a Musical Shuler Hensley Won Best Director Trevor Nunn Nominated Best Theatre Chorerographer Susan Stroman Won Best Set Designer Anthony Ward Won Best Lighting Designer David Hersey Nominated 2002 Broadway revival ( edit ) Year Award ceremony Category Nominee Result 2002 Tony Award Best Revival of a Musical Nominated Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical Patrick Wilson Nominated Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical Shuler Hensley Won Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical Andrea Martin Nominated Best Direction of a Musical Trevor Nunn Nominated Best Choreography Susan Stroman Nominated Best Lighting Design David Hersey Nominated Drama Desk Award Outstanding Revival of a Musical Nominated Outstanding Actor in a Musical Patrick Wilson Nominated Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical Shuler Hensley Won Justin Bohon Nominated Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical Andrea Martin Nominated Outstanding Director of a Musical Trevor Nunn Nominated Outstanding Choreography Susan Stroman Won Outstanding Set Design Anthony Ward Nominated Outstanding Lighting Design David Hersey Nominated Outer Critics Circle Award Outstanding Revival of a Musical Won Outstanding Actress in a Musical Josefina Gabrielle Nominated Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical Shuler Hensley Won Justin Bohon Nominated Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical Andrea Martin Nominated Outstanding Director of a Musical Trevor Nunn Nominated Outstanding Choreography Susan Stroman Won Outstanding Set Design Anthony Ward Won Outstanding Costume Design Nominated Outstanding Lighting Design David Hersey Won Theatre World Award Justin Bohon Won In popular culture ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Oklahoma ! has frequently been quoted or parodied in films , television and other media . The following list includes some of the more notable references . Films The songs `` Oh What a Beautiful Mornin ' '' and `` Oklahoma ! '' were spoofed in the animated film South Park : Bigger , Longer & Uncut . One of the spoofs is the song `` Uncle Fucka '' , which parodies the spelled - out O-K-L-A-H-O-M-A of the musical 's title song . A similar spoof is heard in the musical Curtains , concerning the title song of the Oklahoma ! - like musical performed within the show . In the film When Harry Met Sally ... , Harry and Sally sing a karaoke version of `` Surrey With the Fringe on Top '' . In the film Twister , Beltzer is heard singing the song `` Oklahoma ! '' when he is introduced . In the film Dave , the title character sings the song `` Oklahoma ! '' In the film All Good Things , the character Katie sings a bit of the song `` Oklahoma ! '' at the end of her first date with David . Television In The Simpsons episode `` Milhouse of Sand and Fog '' , the character Milhouse imagines himself and Bart singing `` The Farmer and the Cowman '' . Sesame Street featured Kermit the Frog as a director making the film `` Oklahoma '' and Forgetful Jones singing the title song from `` Oklahoma ! '' but forgetting how it begins , trying `` Aaaaaa - klahoma '' , `` Eeeeee - klahoma '' and `` Iiiiii - klahoma '' . Furthermore , Ray Charles performed `` Oh , What a Beautiful Mornin ' '' on Sesame Street in 1977 and Oscar the grouch a few times sang to himself `` Oh what a rotten old morning / Oh what a rotten old day ... '' On episode 317 of The Muppet Show , Fozzie Bear , dressed as a cowboy , begins to sing `` Oklahoma '' , but large Muppets dressed as Samurai warriors turn the number into a parody called `` Yokohama '' . Tiny Toon Adventures did a spoof of the musical called `` Ducklahoma '' , which heavily featured anvils . In an episode of 3rd Rock from the Sun ( Frozen Dick ) , Dick sings a rendition of `` Oklahoma ! '' in a diner , sparking the patrons in the diner to sing along with him . In the Fawlty Towers episode `` Gourmet Night '' , Polly serenades the guests with a rendition of `` I Cai n't Say No '' . In episode 9 of Band of Brothers , `` Why We Fight '' ( 2001 ) , Captain Nixon mentions that Oklahoma ! was still on Broadway , causing the soldiers to break out in song . On an episode of Friends , `` The One Where Emma Cries '' , Chandler accidentally accepts a job in Tulsa , and his wife Monica says that she does not want to move to Oklahoma or see the musical Oklahoma ! Chandler responds by listing the songs from the musical , and Monica asks whether he is telling her that he got a job in Oklahoma or that he is gay . In the December 31 , 2008 episode of The Rachel Maddow Show , comedian Kent Jones sang `` Minnesota '' to the tune of `` Oklahoma ! '' . Other media In the mid-1940s , radio comedian Fred Allen wrote and performed parody lyrics to the tune of `` Surrey With the Fringe on Top '' : `` Union Suit with the Hinge on the Back . '' The parody was repeated on subsequent programs . The title song became the official state song of Oklahoma in 1953 . ( Oklahoma became a state on November 16 , 1907 . ) In the song `` Oklahoma , U.S.A. '' by The Kinks , on their album Muswell Hillbillies , the protagonist dreams of `` riding in the surrey with the fringe on top '' . Uniform , Jerry Seinfeld 's first Superman webisode commercial for American Express in 1998 , featured a spoof of the musical , `` Oh , Yes ! Wyoming ! '' In Truman Capote 's 1958 novella Breakfast at Tiffany 's , Holly Golightly , sings music from Oklahoma ! while accompanying herself on her guitar . See also ( edit ) Sheep Wars Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Time magazine reported in its May 26 , 2008 issue , p. 51 , that Oklahoma ! tied ( with Bye Bye Birdie ) as the eighth most frequently produced musical by U.S. high schools in 2007 . Jump up ^ Everett , p. 137 , chapter by Riis , Thomas L. , with Ann Sears and Everett Jump up ^ Wilk , Max . OK ! The Story of Oklahoma ! : A Celebration of America 's Most Beloved Musical . Rev. ed . New York : Applause Books , 2002 . ISBN 1 - 55783 - 555 - 1 Jump up ^ Swain , Joseph P . The Broadway Musical : A Critical and Musical Survey . Scarecrow Press , Inc. , 2002 , pp. 103 -- 06 Jump up ^ Secrest , pp. 403 -- 04 Jump up ^ `` Oscar Hammerstein II '' . Songwriters Hall of Fame , accessed December 22 , 2010 Jump up ^ Layne , Joslyn . Lorenz Hart Biography , Allmusic , accessed December 22 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : Nolan , pp. 1 -- 25 . ^ Jump up to : Kantor and Malson , pp. 196 -- 202 ^ Jump up to : Gordon , John Steele . Oklahoma ' ! ' Archived August 4 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , accessed June 13 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : Kenrick , John . `` History of the Musical Stage , 1940s Part II : Oklahoma , OK ! '' Musicals101.com , accessed October 11 , 2011 Jump up ^ Information on the tryout from Capa.com Archived May 11 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Hanff , Helene . `` Excerpt ... Away We Go '' , Underfoot in Show Business , Harper and Row , 1962 . ISBN 0 - 316 - 34319 - 6 Jump up ^ `` Special Awards and Citations '' , The Pulitzer Prizes . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lewis , David H. , Broadway musicals : A Hundred Year History , 2002 , McFarland & Company , p. 35 Jump up ^ Carter , Tim . `` Reading Oklahoma ! '' Oklahoma ! : The Making of an American Musical , Yale University Press , 2007 , ISBN 0 - 300 - 10619 - X , p. 177 Jump up ^ Oklahoma ! at Encyclopedia of Composers and Songwriters , PBS.org , accessed April 30 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : Hischak , p. 202 Jump up ^ Gelb , Arthur . `` Facts and Figures on a Gold Mine '' , The New York Times , March 29 , 1953 , p . X1 Jump up ^ `` Career : Broadway '' , John Raitt -- Broadway 's Legendary Star , Definite Maybe Productions , accessed May 19 , 2016 Jump up ^ Hischak , p. 203 Jump up ^ Mordden , Ethan . Beautiful Mornin : The Broadway Musical in the 1940s , Oxford University Press U.S. , 1999 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 512851 - 6 , p. 78 Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma ! to Celebrate 10th Birthday March 31 '' , The New York Times , February 15 , 1953 , p. 79 Jump up ^ Who 's Who in the Theatre , 11th edition , 1952 . See also The Times review , May 1 , 1947 . Jump up ^ Chronicle of the 20th century , entry for April 14 , 1947 : `` Southampton , The luxury liner RMS Queen Elizabeth runs aground . '' See also article by Dr Anthony Field in The Stage newspaper , January 9 , 1997 . ^ Jump up to : Suskin , pp. 499 -- 503 . Jump up ^ Oklahoma ! , New York City Center Theatre , `` Stagebill '' program , October 6 , 1953 Jump up ^ Atkinson , Brooks . `` ' Oklahoma ! ' Revived at City Center ; Celebrating Rodgers and Hammerstein 's Official Week '' . The New York Times ( abstract ) , September 1 , 1953 , p. 19 Jump up ^ Gänzl , Kurt . Gänzl 's Book of the Broadway Musical : 75 Favorite Shows , from H.M.S. Pinafore to Sunset Boulevard , pp. 103 -- 08 . Schirmer Books , New York , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 870832 - 6 Jump up ^ Searl , Hanford . `` L.A. Debut of Oklahoma ! A True Revival Production '' . Billboard , May 19 , 1979 Jump up ^ `` ' Oklahoma ! ' at the Palace Theatre , September 17 , 1980 -- September 19 , 1981 '' . Thisistheatre.com , accessed May 20 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Olivier Winners 1980 '' OlivierAwards.com , accessed 9 Oct 2017 Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma ! '' , About Maria Friedman , accessed July 26 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` ' Oklahoma ! '' , 1980 London Cast `` . Castalbumcollector.com , accessed May 20 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : Heppel , David . `` Curtain Up review , Oklahoma ! , 1998 '' . Curtainup.com , July 1998 , accessed May 20 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Olivier Winners , 1999 '' . OlivierAwards.com , accessed October 23 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` London Welcomes a Perfect Oklahoma ! '' Archived April 10 , 2012 , at WebCite . Happy Talk , the newsletter of the Rodgers & Hammerstein Organization . Vol. 6 Issue 1 , Fall 1998 , Interview with Hensley , accessed June 4 , 2010 Jump up ^ Simonson , Robert . `` Actors ' Equity Denies London Cast of Oklahoma ! U.S. Visit '' . Playbill.com , January 22 , 1999 Jump up ^ Simonson , Robert . `` Equity Stands Firm on Americans in Oklahoma ! '' Playbill.com , February 17 , 1999 Jump up ^ McBride , Murdoch . `` Oklahoma ! OK 'd : Stroman , Nunn Begin U.S. Casting in June ; Fall Start Likely '' . Playbill.com , May 17 , 2000 Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew and Simonson , Robert . `` PBS To Air Hugh Jackman Oklahoma ! in November '' . Playbill.com , October 8 , 2003 Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben . `` This Time , a Beautiful Mornin ' With a Dark Side '' , The New York Times , March 22 , 2002 , Section E , p. 1 Jump up ^ Kissel , Howard . `` Oh , What a Beautiful Revival of a Pure Prairie Classic '' . New York Daily News , March 22 , 2002 Jump up ^ Gardner , Elysa . `` Oklahoma ! revival is just slightly better than OK '' , USA Today , March 22 , 2002 , Life Section , p. 1E Jump up ^ Simonson , Robert . `` Oklahoma ! Closes on Broadway Feb. 23 ; Tour to Follow '' . Playbill.com , February 23 , 2003 Jump up ^ `` Sand Springs ' Discoveryland ! theater , known for the play Oklahoma , to remain closed through 2013 '' , KRJH.com , June 19 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : `` Discoveryland ! Honors and Awards '' , Discoveryland ! USA , Inc. , accessed July 11 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma ! in 2006 listing , Takarazuka-revue.info , accessed May 20 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : Gardner , Lyn . `` ' Oklahoma ! ' Chichester Festival Theatre '' . The Guardian , June 27 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : Cavendish , Dominic . `` Oklahoma ! at Chichester '' . The Telegraph , June 25 , 2009 , accessed June 7 , 2010 Jump up ^ Nightingale , Benedict . `` ' Oklahoma ! ' at the Chichester Festival Theatre , West Sussex '' . The Times , June 26 , 2009 Jump up ^ Cooter , Maxwell . `` ' Oklahoma ! ' '' Whatsonstage.com , June 25 , 2009 Jump up ^ Cole , Simon . `` Marti Webb Opens New Tour of Oklahoma ! '' Whatsonstage.com , March 18 , 2010 Jump up ^ Marks , Peter . `` A grand new state : You just cai n't say no to Arena Stage 's ' Oklahoma ! ' '' , The Washington Post , November 6 , 2010 Jump up ^ See also Billups , Edith . `` ' Oklahoma ! ' at the Arena Stage in D.C. '' , Washington Times , November 9 , 2010 ; Blanchard , Jayne . `` ' Oklahoma ! ' Review '' , dctheatrescene.com , November 7 , 2010 ; and Jones , Kenneth . `` Arena Stage Opens Its Doors to the World at Oct. 23 `` Homecoming , '' With Alumni Stars `` , Playbill.com , October 23 , 2010 , accessed August 29 , 2017 Jump up ^ BWW News Staff . `` Review Roundup : ' Oklahoma ! ' at Arena Stage '' . Broadwayworld.com , December 6 , 2010 Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth . `` DC 's Helen Hayes Winners Include Candide , The Liar , Clybourne Park , Oklahoma ! , Thurgood '' Archived April 28 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill.com , April 25 , 2011 Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth . `` Still Doin ' Fine : Arena Stage Revives Its Hit 2010 Oklahoma ! , Starting July 8 '' . Playbill.com , July 8 , 2011 ^ Jump up to : Strangeways , Michael . `` Oklahoma ! at the 5th Avenue Is a Bit Problematic '' , Seattle Gay Scene , February 10 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : Brodeur , Nicole . `` Oklahoma seen in a new light '' , The Seattle Times , February 20 , 2012 Jump up ^ Goldstein , David . `` Racial Profiling '' , The Stranger , February 14 , 2012 Jump up ^ Davies , Michael . `` Oklahoma ! ( Tour ) -- triumphant production warrants its revival '' , Whats On Stage , February 26 , 2017 ; and Collins , Stephen . `` Oklahoma ! Lyceum Theatre Sheffield '' , BritishTheatre.com , July 27 , 2015 Jump up ^ Jones had previously performed in a stage production of Oklahoma ! See : Oklahoma ! from Turner Classic Movies ^ Jump up to : Audio commentary by Ted Chapin and Hugh Fordin , CinemaScope version of film , 2 - DVD 50th Anniversary Edition ( 2005 ) , 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment ^ Jump up to : `` ' ' Oklahoma ! ' ' from Turner Classic Movies '' . Tcm.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Magna Theatre Corporation '' . In70mm.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 28th Academy Awards ( 1956 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Retrieved August 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Decca Broadway -- Oklahoma ' web page . Accessed May 22 , 2010 '' . Deccabroadway.com . May 16 , 2000 . Retrieved March 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stempel , p. 311 Jump up ^ Fick , David . `` Oklahoma ! Cast Recording Reviews '' . Musical Cyberspace , March 31 , 2003 , accessed September 26 , 2010 Jump up ^ Hischak , p. 201 Jump up ^ Zinsser , William . Easy to Remember : The Great American Songwriters and Their Songs , David R. Godine Publisher , 2006 , ISBN 1 - 56792 - 325 - 9 , p. 180 Jump up ^ Everett , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Lubbock , Mark . `` American musical theatre : an introduction '' excerpted from The Complete Book of Light Opera , London : Putnam , 1962 , pp. 753 -- 56 ^ Jump up to : Mordden , Ethan . ' Broadway Babies : The People Who Made the American Musical , Oxford University Press US , 1988 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 505425 - 3 , p. 140 Jump up ^ Jones 2003 , pp. 10 -- 11 Jump up ^ Bordman , Gerald and Thomas Hischak , eds . `` Kern , Jerome ( David ) '' . The Oxford Companion to American Theatre , third edition , Oxford University Press 2004 . Oxford Reference Online , accessed May 15 , 2010 ( requires subscription ) Jump up ^ Kenrick , John . History of The Musical Stage 1910 -- 1919 : Part I , accessed May 11 , 2010 Jump up ^ Pahle , Rebecca . `` The 10 Best Animated Movies of All Time '' , MentalFloss.com , June 13 , 2017 Jump up ^ Richard Corliss ( June 21 , 2011 ) . `` South Park : Bigger , Longer & Uncut : The 25 All - TIME Best Animated Films '' . Time . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eastwood , Joel . `` When Harry Met Sally turns 25 : How does it hold up ? '' , Toronto Star , July 19 , 2014 , accessed July 4 , 2017 References ( edit ) Carter , Tim . Oklahoma ! : the making of an American musical . Yale University Press , 2007 , ISBN 0 - 300 - 10619 - X Everett , William A. and Paul R. Laird . The Cambridge Companion to the Musical , Cambridge University Press , 2002 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 79189 - 8 Hischak , Thomas S . The Rodgers and Hammerstein Encyclopedia . Greenwood Publishing Group , 2007 , ISBN 0 - 313 - 34140 - 0 Jones , John B. Our Musicals , Ourselves . Hanover : University Press of New England , 2003 ISBN 978 - 1 - 58465 - 311 - 0 Kantor , Michael and Maslon , Laurence . Broadway : The American Musical . New York : Bullfinch Press , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 8212 - 2905 - 2 Nolan , Frederick . The Sound of Their Music : The Story of Rodgers and Hammerstein . New York : Applause Books , 2002 , ISBN 1 - 55783 - 473 - 3 Stempel , Larry . Showtime : A History of the Broadway Musical Theater . New York : W.W. Norton & Company , 2010 , ISBN 0 - 393 - 06715 - 7 Further reading ( edit ) Block , Geoffrey . The Richard Rodgers Reader . New York : Oxford University Press , 2002 . Ewen , David . With a Song in His Heart ( Richard Rodgers ) . New York : Holt , Rinehart and Winston , 1963 . Fordin , Hugh . Getting To Know Him : The Biography of Oscar Hammerstein II . New York : Random House , 1977 ; Decapo Press , 1995 . Green , Stanley . The Rodgers and Hammerstein Fact Book . Milwaukee : Hal Leonard , 1980 . Mordden , Ethan . Rodgers & Hammerstein . New York : Harry N. Abrams , Inc. , 1992 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Oklahoma ! Oklahoma ! at the Internet Broadway Database Information from the Theatre History website RNH Theatricals site Plot and production information , guidetomusicaltheatre.com Information from the Musical Heaven website PBS article on Oklahoma ! Library of Congress essay on original cast recording on the National Recording Registry . Decca Broadway -- Oklahoma ! web page with CD extracts ( hide ) Rodgers and Hammerstein Stage musicals Oklahoma ! Carousel Allegro South Pacific The King and I Me and Juliet Pipe Dream Flower Drum Song The Sound of Music A Grand Night for Singing State Fair Cinderella Productions I Remember Mama Annie Get Your Gun Happy Birthday John Loves Mary Show Boat The Happy Time Burning Bright Films State Fair Oklahoma ! Carousel The King and I South Pacific Flower Drum Song State Fair The Sound of Music Cinderella Television Cinderella The Sound of Music Live ! Songs `` Oh , What a Beautiful Mornin ' '' `` The Surrey with the Fringe on Top '' `` Kansas City '' `` I Cai n't Say No '' `` Many a New Day '' `` It 's a Scandal ! It 's a Outrage ! '' `` People Will Say We 're in Love '' `` Lonely Room '' `` The Farmer and the Cowman '' `` All Er Nuthin ' '' `` Oklahoma '' `` If I Loved You '' `` Soliloquy '' `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' `` It Might as Well Be Spring '' `` That 's for Me '' `` A Fellow Needs a Girl '' `` So Far '' `` Some Enchanted Evening '' `` There Is Nothing Like a Dame '' `` Bali Ha'i '' `` I 'm Gonna Wash That Man Right Outa My Hair '' `` I 'm in Love with a Wonderful Guy '' `` Younger Than Springtime '' `` Happy Talk '' `` You 've Got to Be Carefully Taught '' `` I Whistle a Happy Tune '' `` Hello , Young Lovers '' `` Getting to Know You '' `` We Kiss in a Shadow '' `` Something Wonderful '' `` I Have Dreamed '' `` Shall We Dance ? '' `` No Other Love '' `` I Enjoy Being a Girl '' `` The Sound of Music '' `` Maria '' `` My Favorite Things '' `` Do - Re-Mi '' `` Sixteen Going on Seventeen '' `` The Lonely Goatherd '' `` Climb Ev'ry Mountain '' `` So Long , Farewell '' `` No Way to Stop It '' `` Edelweiss '' Related articles `` Something Good '' The Sound of Music The Sound of Music : Music from the NBC Television Event Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II 's Oklahoma ! ( 1943 ) Source Lynn Riggs ' Green Grow the Lilacs Adaptations Oklahoma ! ( 1955 film ) Music Act 1 `` Oh , What a Beautiful Mornin ' '' `` The Surrey with the Fringe on Top '' `` Kansas City '' `` I Cai n't Say No '' `` Many a New Day '' `` It 's a Scandal ! It 's a Outrage ! '' `` People Will Say We 're in Love '' `` Lonely Room '' Act 2 `` The Farmer and the Cowman '' `` All Er Nuthin ' '' `` Oklahoma ! '' Pulitzer Prize Special Citations and Awards ( Arts ) Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II for Oklahoma ! ( 1944 ) Roger Sessions ( 1974 ) Scott Joplin ( 1976 ) Milton Babbitt ( 1982 ) William Schuman ( 1985 ) George Gershwin ( 1998 ) Duke Ellington ( 1999 ) Thelonious Monk ( 2006 ) John Coltrane ( 2007 ) Bob Dylan ( 2008 ) Hank Williams ( 2010 ) Complete list ( Journalism ) ( Letters ) ( Arts ) ( Service ) Laurence Olivier Award for Best Musical Revival Show Boat ( 1991 ) The Boys from Syracuse ( 1992 ) Carousel ( 1993 ) Sweeney Todd ( 1994 ) She Loves Me ( 1995 ) The Who 's Tommy ( 1997 ) Chicago ( 1998 ) Oklahoma ! ( 1999 ) Candide ( 2000 ) Singin ' in the Rain ( 2001 ) My Fair Lady ( 2002 ) Anything Goes ( 2003 ) Pacific Overtures ( 2004 ) Grand Hotel ( 2005 ) Guys and Dolls ( 2006 ) Sunday in the Park with George ( 2007 ) The Magic Flute ( 2008 ) La Cage aux Folles ( 2009 ) Hello , Dolly ! ( 2010 ) Into the Woods ( 2011 ) Crazy for You ( 2012 ) Sweeney Todd ( 2013 ) Merrily We Roll Along ( 2014 ) City of Angels ( 2015 ) Gypsy ( 2016 ) Jesus Christ Superstar ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oklahoma!&oldid=815367193 '' Categories : Oklahoma ! 1906 in fiction 1943 musicals Broadway musicals Laurence Olivier Award - winning musicals West End musicals Musicals based on plays Western ( genre ) plays Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Pulitzer Prize - winning works Plays set in Oklahoma United States National Recording Registry recordings Plays set in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template webcite links Use mdy dates from June 2012 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2012 Articles needing additional references from July 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Deutsch Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 11 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who shows up drunk to the wedding party in oklahoma | [
"Three weeks later, Laurey and Curly are married and everyone rejoices in celebration of the territory's impending statehood (\"Oklahoma!\"). During the celebration, Ali Hakim returns with his new wife, Gertie, whom he unwillingly married after being threatened by her father with a shotgun. A drunken Jud reappears, harasses Laurey by kissing her and attacks Curly with a knife. As Curly dodges a blow, Jud falls on his own knife and soon dies. The wedding guests hold a makeshift trial for Curly, at Aunt Eller's urging, as the couple is due to leave for their honeymoon. The judge, Andrew Carnes, declares the verdict: \"not guilty!\" Curly and Laurey depart on their honeymoon in the surrey with the fringe on top (\"Finale Ultimo\")."
] | [
"Jud"
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