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2884902795321837032 | Battle of Quebec (1775) | Battle of Quebec ( 1775 ) - wikipedia Battle of Quebec ( 1775 ) Jump to : navigation , search For other battles taking place near Quebec City , see Battle of Quebec . Battle of Quebec Part of the American Revolutionary War British and Canadian forces attacking Arnold 's column in the Sault - au - Matelot painting by C.W. Jefferys Date December 31 , 1775 Location Quebec City , Province of Quebec ( present - day Canada ) Coordinates : 46 ° 48 ′ 54.36 '' N 71 ° 12 ′ 8.3 '' W / 46.8151000 ° N 71.202306 ° W / 46.8151000 ; - 71.202306 Result Decisive British victory End of American offensive operations in Canada Belligerents United Colonies 1st Canadian Regiment Great Britain Quebec Commanders and leaders Richard Montgomery † Benedict Arnold + Daniel Morgan James Livingston Sir Guy Carleton Allen Maclean Strength 900 regulars 300 militia 1,800 regulars and militia Casualties and losses about 50 killed 34 wounded 431 captured 5 killed 14 wounded ( hide ) Canadian campaign Ticonderoga Fort St. Jean Longue - Pointe Arnold 's expedition Quebec Saint - Pierre The Cedars Trois - Rivières Valcour Bay The Battle of Quebec ( French : Bataille de Québec ) was fought on December 31 , 1775 , between American Continental Army forces and the British defenders of Quebec City early in the American Revolutionary War . The battle was the first major defeat of the war for the Americans , and it came with heavy losses . General Richard Montgomery was killed , Benedict Arnold was wounded , and Daniel Morgan and more than 400 men were taken prisoner . The city 's garrison , a motley assortment of regular troops and militia led by Quebec 's provincial governor , General Guy Carleton , suffered a small number of casualties . Montgomery 's army had captured Montreal on November 13 , and early in December they joined a force led by Arnold , whose men had made an arduous trek through the wilderness of northern New England . Governor Carleton had escaped from Montreal to Quebec , the Americans ' next objective , and last - minute reinforcements arrived to bolster the city 's limited defenses before the attacking force 's arrival . Concerned that expiring enlistments would reduce his force , Montgomery made the end - of - year attack in a blinding snowstorm to conceal his army 's movements . The plan was for separate forces led by Montgomery and Arnold to converge in the lower city before scaling the walls protecting the upper city . Montgomery 's force turned back after he was killed by cannon fire early in the battle , but Arnold 's force penetrated further into the lower city . Arnold was injured early in the attack , and Morgan led the assault in his place before he became trapped in the lower city and was forced to surrender . Arnold and the Americans maintained an ineffectual blockade of the city until spring , when British reinforcements arrived . In the battle and the following siege , French - speaking Canadians were active on both sides of the conflict . The American forces received supplies and logistical support from local residents , and the city 's defenders included locally raised militia . When the Americans retreated , they were accompanied by a number of their supporters ; those who remained behind were subjected to a variety of punishments after the British re-established control over the province . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 British preparations 2.1 Defense of the province 2.2 Carleton arrives at Quebec 3 Arnold 's arrival 4 Montgomery 's arrival 5 Battle 5.1 Montgomery 's attack 5.2 Arnold 's attack 6 Siege 7 Aftermath 8 See also 9 Notes 10 Bibliography 11 Further reading 12 External links Background ( edit ) Main article : Invasion of Canada ( 1775 ) Brigadier General Richard Montgomery , engraving after a portrait by Alonzo Chappel Shortly after the American Revolutionary War broke out in April 1775 , a small enterprising force led by Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold captured the key fortress at Ticonderoga on May 10 . Arnold followed up the capture with a raid on Fort Saint - Jean not far from Montreal , alarming the British leadership there . These actions stimulated both British and rebel leaders to consider the possibility of an invasion of the Province of Quebec by the rebellious forces of the Second Continental Congress , and Quebec 's governor , General Guy Carleton , began mobilizing the provincial defenses . After first rejecting the idea of an attack on Quebec , the Congress authorized the Continental Army 's commander of its Northern Department , Major General Philip Schuyler , to invade the province if he felt it necessary . As part of an American propaganda offensive , letters from Congress and the New York Provincial Assembly were circulated throughout the province , promising liberation from their oppressive government . Benedict Arnold , passed over for command of the expedition , convinced General George Washington to authorize a second expedition through the wilderness of what is now the state of Maine directly to Quebec City , capital of the province . The Continental Army began moving into Quebec in September 1775 . Its goal , as stated in a proclamation by General Schuyler , was to `` drive away , if possible , the troops of Great Britain '' that `` under the orders of a despotic ministry ... aim to subject their fellow - citizens and brethren to the yoke of a hard slavery . '' Brigadier General Richard Montgomery led the force from Ticonderoga and Crown Point up Lake Champlain , successfully besieging Fort St. Jean , and capturing Montreal on November 13 . Arnold led a force of 1,100 men from Cambridge , Massachusetts on the expedition through Maine towards Quebec shortly after Montgomery 's departure from Ticonderoga . One significant expectation of the American advance into Quebec was that the large French Catholic Canadien population of the province and city would rise against British rule . Since the British took control of the province , during the French and Indian War in 1760 , there had been difficulties and disagreements between the local French Catholics and the Protestant English - speaking British military and civilian administrations . However , these tensions had been eased by the passage of the Quebec Act of 1774 , which restored land and many civil rights to the Canadiens ( an act which had been condemned by the thirteen rebelling colonies ) . The majority of Quebec 's French inhabitants chose not to play an active role in the American campaign , in large part because , encouraged by their clergy , they had come to accept British rule with its backing of the Catholic Church and preservation of French culture . British preparations ( edit ) Defense of the province ( edit ) Guy Carleton , commander of the forces in the city ( painter unknown ) General Carleton had begun preparing the province 's defenses immediately on learning of Arnold 's raid on St. Jean . Although Carleton concentrated most of his modest force at Fort St. Jean , he left small garrisons of British regular army troops at Montreal and Quebec . Carleton followed the American invasion 's progress , occasionally receiving intercepted communications between Montgomery and Arnold . Lieutenant Governor Hector Cramahé , in charge of Quebec 's defenses while Carleton was in Montreal , organized a militia force of several hundred to defend the town in September . He pessimistically thought they were `` not much to be depended on '' , estimating that only half were reliable . Cramahé also made numerous requests for military reinforcements to the military leadership in Boston , but each of these came to nought . Several troop ships were blown off course and ended up in New York , and Vice Admiral Samuel Graves , the commander of the fleet in Boston , refused to release ships to transport troops from there to Quebec because the approaching winter would close the Saint Lawrence River . When definitive word reached Quebec on November 3 that Arnold 's march had succeeded and that he was approaching the city , Cramahé began tightening the guard and had all boats removed from the south shore of the Saint Lawrence . Word of Arnold 's approach resulted in further militia enlistments , increasing the ranks to 1,200 or more . Two ships arrived on November 3 , followed by a third the next day , carrying militia volunteers from St. John 's Island and Newfoundland that added about 120 men to the defense . A small convoy under the command of the frigate HMS Lizard also arrived that day , from which a number of marines were added to the town 's defenses . On November 10 , Lieutenant Colonel Allen Maclean , who had been involved in an attempt to lift the siege at St. Jean , arrived with 200 men of his Royal Highland Emigrants . They had intercepted communications from Arnold to Montgomery near Trois - Rivières , and hurried to Quebec to help with its defense . The arrival of this experienced force boosted the morale of the town militia , and Maclean immediately took charge of the defenses . Carleton arrives at Quebec ( edit ) In the wake of the fall of Fort St. Jean , Carleton abandoned Montreal and returned to Quebec City by ship , narrowly escaping capture . Upon his arrival on November 19 , he immediately took command . Three days later , he issued a proclamation that any able - bodied man in the town who did not take up arms would be assumed to be a rebel or a spy , and would be treated as such . Men not taking up arms were given four days to leave . As a result , about 500 inhabitants ( including 200 British and 300 Canadians ) joined the defense . Carleton addressed the weak points of the town 's defensive fortifications : he had two log barricades and palisades erected along the Saint Lawrence shoreline , within the area covered by his cannons ; he assigned his forces to defensive positions along the walls and the inner defenses ; and he made sure his inexperienced militia were under strong leadership . Arnold 's arrival ( edit ) For more details on how Arnold reached Quebec City , see Arnold 's expedition to Quebec . Benedict Arnold in 1776 , mezzotint engraving by Thomas Hart The men Arnold chose for his expedition were volunteers drawn from New England companies serving in the Siege of Boston . They were formed into two battalions for the expedition ; a third battalion was composed of riflemen from Pennsylvania and Virginia under Captain Daniel Morgan 's command . The trek through the wilderness of Maine was long and difficult . The conditions were wet and cold , and the journey took much longer than either Arnold or Washington had expected . Bad weather and wrecked boats spoiled much of the expedition 's food stores , and about 500 men of the original 1,100 turned back or died . Those who turned back , including one of the New England battalions , took many of the remaining provisions with them . The men who continued on were starving by the time they reached the first French settlements in early November . On November 9 , the 600 survivors of Arnold 's march from Boston to Quebec arrived at Point Levis , on the south shore of the Saint Lawrence opposite Quebec City . Despite the condition of his troops , Arnold immediately began to gather boats to make a crossing . He was prepared to do so on the night of November 10 , but a storm delayed him for three days . Once on the other side of the Saint Lawrence , Arnold moved his troops onto the Plains of Abraham , about 1.5 miles ( 2 km ) from the city walls . The troops approaching Quebec 's walls were significantly under - equipped . Arnold had no artillery , each of his men carried only five cartridges , more than 100 muskets were unserviceable , and the men 's clothing had been reduced to rags . Despite being outnumbered two to one , Arnold demanded the city 's surrender . Both envoys sent were shot at by British cannons , signifying that the demand had been rebuked . Arnold concluded that he could not take the city by force , so he blockaded the city on its west side . On November 18 , the Americans heard a ( false ) rumor that the British were planning to attack them with 800 men . At a council of war , they decided that the blockade could not be maintained , and Arnold began to move his men 20 miles ( 32 km ) upriver to Pointe - aux - Trembles ( `` Aspen Point '' ) to wait for Montgomery , who had just taken Montreal . Henry Dearborn , who later became U.S. Secretary of War under President Thomas Jefferson was present at the battle and wrote his famous journal , The Quebec Expedition , which outlined the long and difficult march to the battle and the events that occurred there . Montgomery 's arrival ( edit ) Invasion routes of Montgomery and Arnold On December 1 , Montgomery arrived at Pointe - aux - Trembles . His force consisted of 300 men from the 1st , 2nd , and 3rd New York regiments , a company of artillery raised by John Lamb , about 200 men recruited by James Livingston for the 1st Canadian Regiment , and another 160 men led by Jacob Brown who were remnants of regiments disbanded due to expiring enlistments . These were supplemented several days later by a few companies detached by Major General David Wooster , whom Montgomery had left in command at Montreal . The artillery Montgomery brought included four cannons and six mortars , and he also brought winter clothing and other supplies for Arnold 's men ; the clothing and supplies were a prize taken when most of the British ships fleeing Montreal were captured . The commanders quickly turned towards Quebec , and put the city under siege on December 6 . Montgomery sent a personal letter to Carleton demanding the city 's surrender , employing a woman as the messenger . Carleton declined the request and burned the letter unread . Montgomery tried again ten days later , with the same result . The besiegers continued to send messages , primarily intended for the populace in the city , describing the situation there as hopeless , and suggesting that conditions would improve if they rose to assist the Americans . A 1777 French map depicting the points of action in and around Quebec On December 10 , the Americans set up their largest battery of artillery 700 yards ( 640 m ) from the walls . The frozen ground prevented the Americans from entrenching the artillery , so they fashioned a wall out of snow blocks . This battery was used to fire on the city , but the damage it did was of little consequence . Montgomery realized he was in a very difficult position , because the frozen ground prevented the digging of trenches , and his lack of heavy weapons made it impossible to breach the city 's defenses . The enlistments of Arnold 's men were expiring at the end of the year , and no ammunition was on the way from the colonies . Furthermore , it was very likely that British reinforcements would arrive in the spring , meaning he would either have to act or withdraw . Montgomery believed his only chance to take the city was during a snowstorm at night , when his men could scale the walls undetected . While Montgomery planned the attack on the city , Christophe Pélissier , a Frenchman living near Trois - Rivières , came to see him . Pélissier was a political supporter of the American cause who operated the St. Maurice Ironworks . He and Montgomery discussed the idea of holding a provincial convention to elect representatives to Congress . Pélissier recommended against this until after Quebec City had been taken , as the habitants would not feel free to act in that way until their security was better assured . The two agreed that Pélissier 's ironworks would provide munitions ( ammunition , cannonballs , and the like ) for the siege . This Pélissier did until the Americans retreated in May 1776 , at which time he also fled , eventually returning to France . A snowstorm arrived on the night of December 27 , prompting Montgomery to prepare the troops for the attack . However , the storm subsided , and Montgomery called off the assault . That night , a sergeant from Rhode Island deserted , carrying the plan of attack to the British . Montgomery consequently drafted a new plan ; this one called for two feints against Quebec 's western walls , to be led by Jacob Brown and James Livingston , while two attacks would be mounted against the lower town . Arnold would lead one attack to smash through the defenses at the north end of the lower town , and Montgomery would follow along the Saint Lawrence south of the town . The two forces would meet in the lower town and then launch a combined assault on the upper town by scaling its walls . The new plan was revealed only to the senior officers . Battle ( edit ) Montgomery 's attack ( edit ) The St. John 's gate was the site of James Livingston 's feint . A storm broke out on December 30 , and Montgomery once again gave orders for the attack . Brown and Livingston led their militia companies to their assigned positions that night : Brown by the Cape Diamond bastion , and Livingston outside St. John 's Gate . When Brown reached his position between 4 am and 5 am , he fired flares to signal the other forces , and his men and Livingston 's began to fire on their respective targets . Montgomery and Arnold , seeing the flares , set off for the lower town . Montgomery led his men down the steep , snow - heaped path towards the outer defenses . The storm had turned into a blizzard , making the advance a struggle . Montgomery 's men eventually arrived at the palisade of the outer defenses , where an advance party of carpenters sawed their way though the wall . Montgomery himself helped saw through the second palisade , and led 50 men down a street towards a two - story building . The building formed part of the city 's defenses , and was in fact a blockhouse occupied by 15 Quebec militia armed with muskets and cannons . The defenders opened fire at close range , and Montgomery was killed instantly , shot through the head by a burst of grapeshot . The few men of the advance party who survived fled back towards the palisade ; only Aaron Burr and a few others escaped unhurt . Many of Montgomery 's officers were injured in the attack ; one of the few remaining uninjured officers led the survivors back to the Plains of Abraham , leaving Montgomery 's body behind . Arnold 's attack ( edit ) John Trumbull 's 1786 Death of General Montgomery in the Attack on Quebec While Montgomery was making his advance , Arnold advanced with his main body towards the barricades of the Sault - au - Matelot at the northern end of the lower town . They passed the outer gates and some British gun batteries undetected . However , as the advance party moved around the Palace Gate , heavy fire broke out from the city walls above them . The height of the walls made it impossible to return the defenders ' fire , therefore Arnold ordered his men to run forward . They advanced down a narrow street , where they once again came under fire as they approached a barricade . As he was organizing his men in an attempt to take the barricade , Arnold received a deep wound in the leg from a musket ball that apparently ricocheted , and was carried to the rear after transferring command of his detachment to Daniel Morgan . Under Morgan 's command , they captured the barricade , but had difficulty advancing further because of the narrow twisting streets and damp gunpowder , which prevented their muskets from firing . Morgan and his men holed up in some buildings to dry out their powder and rearm , but they eventually came under increasing fire ; Carleton had realized the attacks on the northern gates were feints and began concentrating his forces in the lower town . A British force of 500 sallied from the Palace Gate and reoccupied the first barricade , trapping Morgan and his men in the city . With no avenue of retreat and under heavy fire , Morgan and his men surrendered . The battle was over by 10 am . This was the first defeat suffered by the Continental Army . Carleton reported 30 Americans killed and 431 taken prisoner , including about two - thirds of Arnold 's force . He also wrote that `` many perished on the River '' attempting to get away . Allan Maclean reported that 20 bodies were recovered in the spring thaw the following May . Arnold reported about 400 missing or captured , and his official report to Congress claimed 60 killed and 300 captured . British casualties were comparatively light . Carleton 's initial report to General William Howe mentioned only five killed or wounded , but other witness reports ranged as high as 50 . Carleton 's official report listed five killed and 14 wounded . General Montgomery 's body was recovered by the British on New Year 's Day 1776 and was given a simple military funeral on January 4 , paid for by Lieutenant Governor Cramahé . The body was returned to New York in 1818 . Siege ( edit ) Defending Quebec from an American attack Arnold refused to retreat ; despite being outnumbered three to one , the sub-freezing temperature of the winter and the mass departure of his men after their enlistments expired , he laid siege to Quebec . The siege had relatively little effect on the city , which Carleton claimed had enough supplies stockpiled to last until May . Immediately after the battle , Arnold sent Moses Hazen and Edward Antill to Montreal , where they informed General Wooster of the defeat . They then travelled on to Philadelphia to report the defeat to Congress and request support . ( Both Hazen and Antill , English - speakers originally from the Thirteen Colonies who had settled in Quebec , went on to serve in the Continental Army for the rest of the war . ) In response to their report , Congress ordered reinforcements to be raised and sent north . During the winter months , small companies of men from hastily recruited regiments in New Hampshire , Massachusetts , and Connecticut made their way north to supplement the Continental garrisons at Quebec and Montreal . The presence of disease in the camp outside Quebec , especially smallpox , took a significant toll on the besiegers , as did a general lack of provisions . Smallpox ravaged Montgomery and Arnold 's forces largely due to exposure to infected civilians released from Quebec . Governor Carleton condoned this practice , realizing it would severely weaken the American siege effort . In early April , Arnold was replaced by General Wooster , who was himself replaced in late April by General John Thomas . Governor Carleton , despite appearing to have a significant advantage in manpower , chose not to attack the American camp , and remained within Quebec 's walls . Montgomery , in analysing the situation before the battle , had observed that Carleton served under James Wolfe during the 1759 Siege of Quebec , and knew that the French General Louis - Joseph de Montcalm had paid a heavy price for leaving the city 's defenses , ultimately losing the city and his life in the Battle of the Plains of Abraham . British General James Murray had also lost a battle outside the city in 1760 ; Montgomery judged that Carleton was unlikely to repeat their mistakes . On March 14 , Jean - Baptiste Chasseur , a miller from the southern shore of the Saint Lawrence , reached Quebec City and informed Carleton there were 200 men on the south side of the river ready to act against the Americans . These men and more were mobilized to make an attack on an American gun battery at Point Levis , but an advance guard of this Loyalist militia was defeated in the March 1776 Battle of Saint - Pierre by a detachment of pro-American local militia . General David Wooster , who replaced Arnold late in the siege ( 1776 mezzotint by Thomas Hart ) When General Thomas arrived , the conditions in the camp led him to conclude that the siege was impossible to maintain , and he began preparing to retreat . The arrival on May 6 of a small British fleet carrying 200 regulars ( the vanguard of a much larger invasion force ) , accelerated the American preparations to depart . The retreat was turned into a near rout when Carleton marched these fresh forces , along with most of his existing garrison , out of the city to face the disorganized Americans . The American forces , ravaged by smallpox ( which claimed General Thomas during the retreat ) , eventually retreated all the way back to Fort Ticonderoga . Carleton then launched a counteroffensive to regain the forts on Lake Champlain . Although he defeated the American fleet in the Battle of Valcour Island and regained control of the lake , the rear guard defense managed by Benedict Arnold prevented further action to capture Ticonderoga or Crown Point in 1776 . Aftermath ( edit ) On May 22 , even before the Americans had been completely driven from the province , Carleton ordered a survey to identify the Canadians who had helped the American expedition in and around Quebec City . François Baby , Gabriel - Elzéar Taschereau , and Jenkin Williams travelled the province and counted the Canadians who actively provided such help ; they determined that 757 had done so . Carleton was somewhat lenient with minor offenders , and even freed a number of more serious offenders on the promise of good behaviour ; however , once the Americans had been driven from the province , measures against supporters of the American cause became harsher , with forced labour to repair American destruction of infrastructure during the army 's retreat being a frequent punishment . These measures had the effect of minimizing the public expression of support for the Americans for the rest of the war . Between May 6 and June 1 , 1776 , nearly 40 British ships arrived at Quebec City . They carried more than 9,000 soldiers under the command of General John Burgoyne , including about 4,000 German soldiers ; so - called Hessians from Brunswick and Hanau under the command of Baron Friedrich Adolf Riedesel . These forces , some of which having participated in Carleton 's counteroffensive , spent the winter of 1776 -- 77 in the province , putting a significant strain on the population , which numbered only about 80,000 . Many of these troops were deployed in 1777 for Burgoyne 's campaign for the Hudson Valley . Three current United States Army National Guard units ( Company A of the 69th Infantry Regiment , the 181st Infantry Regiment , and the 182nd Infantry ) trace their lineage to American units that participated in the Battle of Quebec . See also ( edit ) American Revolutionary War portal Military history of Canada portal List of American Revolutionary War battles Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Davies , Blodwen ( 1951 ) . Quebec : Portrait of a Province . Greenberg . p. 32. Carleton 's men had won a quick and decisive victory Jump up ^ Smith ( 1907 ) , vol 2 , p. 86 lists `` less than 200 '' for Livingston 's 1st Canadian Regiment , and 160 for Brown . Griffin ( 1907 ) , p. 114 says that Livingston brought 300 militia . Nelson ( 2006 ) , p. 133 counts Arnold 's troops at `` 550 effectives '' ; Smith ( 1907 ) , vol 2 , p. 12 counts Arnold 's troops at 675 . Jump up ^ Smith ( 1907 ) , vol 2 , p. 98 . On p. 94 , Carleton reports to Dartmouth on November 20 that 1,186 are ready . This number is raised by Smith to 1,800 due to increased militia enrollment after that date . ^ Jump up to : Smith ( 1907 ) , vol 2 , p. 581 ^ Jump up to : Gabriel ( 2002 ) p. 170 Jump up ^ Lanctot ( 1967 ) , pp. 44 -- 45 Jump up ^ Lanctot ( 1967 ) , pp. 47 -- 49 , 63 Jump up ^ Lanctot ( 1967 ) , p. 97 Jump up ^ Smith ( 1907 ) , vol 1 , p. 326 Jump up ^ Stanley ( 1973 ) , pp. 37 -- 80 Jump up ^ Black ( 2009 ) , pp. 52 -- 53 Jump up ^ Stanley ( 1973 ) , pp. 21 -- 36 ^ Jump up to : Smith ( 1907 ) vol 2 , pp. 10 -- 12 Jump up ^ Smith ( 1907 ) vol 2 , pp. 14 -- 15 Jump up ^ Smith ( 1907 ) vol 2 , pp. 9 -- 10 Jump up ^ Smith ( 1907 ) vol 2 , p. 16 Jump up ^ Smith ( 1907 ) vol 2 , p. 21 Jump up ^ Smith ( 1907 ) vol 1 , pp. 487 -- 490 Jump up ^ Smith ( 1907 ) vol 2 , p. 95 Jump up ^ Shelton ( 1996 ) , p. 130 ^ Jump up to : Wood ( 2003 ) , p. 49 Jump up ^ Smith ( 1907 ) vol 2 , pp. 97 -- 98 Jump up ^ `` An Account of the Assault on Quebec , 1775 '' . The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography . The Historical Society of Pennsylvania . 14 ( No. 4 ) : 434 -- 439 . January 1891 . JSTOR 20083396 . Jump up ^ Nelson ( 2006 ) , pp. 76 -- 132 Jump up ^ Wood ( 2003 ) , p. 44 ^ Jump up to : Wood ( 2003 ) , p. 46 Jump up ^ Dearborn ; Peckham ( 2009 ) . Revolutionary War Journals of Henry Dearborn , 1775 -- 1783 ^ Jump up to : Gabriel , p. 143 ^ Jump up to : Wood ( 2003 ) , p. 47 Jump up ^ Smith ( 1907 ) , vol 2 , p. 86 Jump up ^ Smith ( 1907 ) vol 2 , pp. 100 -- 101 ^ Jump up to : Wood ( 2003 ) , p. 48 Jump up ^ Fortier Jump up ^ Gabriel ( 2002 ) , pp. 185 -- 186 Jump up ^ Royal Society of Canada ( 1887 ) , pp. 85 -- 86 Jump up ^ United States Continental Congress ( 1907 ) , p. 82 Jump up ^ Gabriel ( 2002 ) , p. 163 Jump up ^ Wood ( 2003 ) , p. 50 Jump up ^ Gabriel ( 2002 ) , p. 167 Jump up ^ Lanctot ( 1967 ) , p. 106 Jump up ^ Smith ( 1907 ) , vol 2 , p. 130 Jump up ^ Senter , Isaac . `` The Journal of Isaac Senter , Physician and Surgeon to the Troops Detached From the American Army Encamped at Cambridge , Mass. , On a Secret Expedition Against Quebec , Under the Command of Col. Benedict Arnold , in September , 1775 '' Jump up ^ Wood ( 2003 ) , p. 51 Jump up ^ Smith ( 1907 ) , vol 2 , p. 145 Jump up ^ Gabriel ( 2002 ) , p. 164 Jump up ^ Smith ( 1907 ) , vol 2 , p. 582 Jump up ^ Sutherland Jump up ^ Stanley ( 1973 ) , p. 86 ^ Jump up to : Lacoursière ( 1995 ) , p. 433 Jump up ^ Morrissey ( 2003 ) , p. 25 Jump up ^ Lanctot ( 1967 ) , p. 126 Jump up ^ Ann M. Becker , `` Smallpox in Washington 's Army : Strategic Implications of the Disease During the American Revolutionary War , '' Journal of Military History , Vol. 68 , No. 2 ( April 2004 ) : 408 Jump up ^ Lanctot ( 1967 ) , pp. 136 -- 142 Jump up ^ Smith ( 1907 ) , vol 2 , pp. 248 -- 249 Jump up ^ Lanctot ( 1967 ) , p. 130 Jump up ^ Lanctot ( 1967 ) , pp. 131 -- 132 Jump up ^ Fraser ( 1907 ) , p. 100 . Letter from Carleton to Germain dated May 14 , 1776 Jump up ^ Lanctot ( 1967 ) , pp. 141 -- 146 Jump up ^ Lanctot ( 1967 ) , pp. 162 -- 163 Jump up ^ Lanctot ( 1967 ) , p. 151 Jump up ^ Lacoursière ( 1995 ) , p. 429 Jump up ^ Nelson ( 2006 ) , p. 212 Jump up ^ Stanley ( 1973 ) , pp. 108,125,129,145 Jump up ^ Lanctot ( 1967 ) , pp. 31,144,154,155 Jump up ^ Lanctot ( 1967 ) , pp. 164 -- 165 Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 69th Infantry . Reproduced in Sawicki 1981 , pp. 328 -- 329 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 181st Infantry . Reproduced in Sawicki 1981 , pp. 354 -- 355 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 182nd Infantry . Reproduced in Sawicki 1981 , pp. 355 -- 357 . Bibliography ( edit ) English references Black , Jeremy ( 2009 ) . `` The Three Sieges of Quebec '' . History Today . History Today Ltd ( June 2009 ) : 50 -- 55 . Fortier , M. - F ( 1979 ) . `` Pélissier , Christophe '' . In Halpenny , Francess G. Dictionary of Canadian Biography. IV ( 1771 -- 1800 ) ( online ed . ) . University of Toronto Press . Fraser , Alexander ( 1907 ) . Fourth Report of the Bureau of Archives , 1906 . Toronto : Ontario Bureau of Archives , Dept. of Public Records and Archives . OCLC 1773270 . Gabriel , Michael P ( 2002 ) . Major General Richard Montgomery : The Making of an American Hero . Madison , New Jersey : Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8386 - 3931 - 3 . OCLC 48163369 . Griffin , Martin Ignatius Joseph ( 1907 ) . Catholics and the American Revolution , Volume 1 . Ridley Park , Pennsylvania : Self - published . OCLC 648369 . Lanctot , Gustave ; Cameron , Margaret M. ( translator ) ( 1967 ) . Canada and the American Revolution 1774 -- 1783 . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . OCLC 70781264 . Morrissey , Brendan ; Hook , Adam ( translator ) ( 2003 ) . Quebec 1775 : The American Invasion of Canada . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 681 - 2 . Nelson , James L ( 2006 ) . Benedict Arnold 's Navy . New York : McGraw Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 146806 - 0 . OCLC 255396879 . Royal Society of Canada ( 1887 ) . Proceedings and Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada , 1886 , Series 1 , Volume 4 . Ottawa : Royal Society of Canada . OCLC 1764607 . Sawicki , James A. ( 1981 ) . Infantry Regiments of the US Army . Dumfries , VA : Wyvern Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9602404 - 3 - 2 . Shelton , Hal T. ( 1996 ) . General Richard Montgomery and the American Revolution : From Redcoat to Rebel . New York : NYU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 8039 - 8 . OCLC 77355089 . Smith , Justin H ( 1907 ) . Our Struggle for the Fourteenth Colony , Volumes 1 and 2 . New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons . OCLC 259236 . Stanley , George ( 1973 ) . Canada Invaded 1775 -- 1776 . Toronto : Hakkert . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88866 - 578 - 2 . OCLC 4807930 . Sutherland , Stuart R.J. ( 1979 ) . `` Montgomery , Richard '' . In Halpenny , Francess G. Dictionary of Canadian Biography. IV ( 1771 -- 1800 ) ( online ed . ) . University of Toronto Press . United States Continental Congress ; et al. ( 1906 ) . Journals of the Continental Congress , 1774 -- 1789 , Volume 4 . Washington , DC : United State Government . OCLC 261514 . Wood , W. J ; Eisenhower , John SD ( 2003 ) . Battles of the Revolutionary War : 1775 -- 1781 . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 81329 - 0 . OCLC 56388425 . French references Lacoursière , Jacques ( 1995 ) . L'Histoire Populaire du Québec ( in French ) . Sillery , Quebec : Les éditions du Septentrion . ISBN 2 - 89448 - 050 - 4 . OCLC 316290514 . Further reading ( edit ) Anderson , Mark R. ( 2013 ) . The Battle for the Fourteenth Colony : America 's War of Liberation in Canada , 1774 -- 1776 . University Press of New England . ISBN 1 - 61168 - 497 - 8 . Brymner , Douglas ; O'Halloran , George F ( 1905 ) . Report on Canadian Archives for the year 1904 . London : Maclean , Roger . OCLC 45254379 . Contains correspondence and reports ( including the notes from a war council held at Quebec City November 16 , 1775 ) concerning the American invasion . Lacoursière , Jacques ( 2001 ) . Canada , Québec ( in French ) . Sillery , Quebec : Les éditions du Septentrion . ISBN 2 - 89448 - 186 - 1 . OCLC 63083822 . Starowicz , Mark ( 2000 ) . Le Canada une histoire populaire ( in French ) . Saint - Laurent , Quebec : Éditions Fides ( fr ) . ISBN 2 - 7621 - 2282 - 1 . OCLC 44713313 . Vergereau - Dewey , S. Pascale ( 2005 ) . 1775 -- 1776 : The Journal Of Francois Baby , Gabriel Taschereau , And Jenkin Williams . East Lansing , Michigan : Michigan State University Press . ISBN 0 - 87013 - 740 - 9 . OCLC 57069273 . Ward , Christopher ; Alden , John Richard ( 1952 ) . The War of the Revolution . New York : Macmillan . OCLC 425995 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Battle of Quebec ( 1775 ) at Wikimedia Commons `` Battle of Quebec - letters for the years 1775 thru 1776 '' . Familytales.org . `` Animated History Map of the Invasion of Canada '' . HistoryAnimated.com . `` Battle of Quebec ( 1775 ) '' . History.com . `` Battle of Quebec - The 7 Year Project '' . Sevenyearproject.com . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Quebec_(1775)&oldid=810068094 '' Categories : Battles of the American Revolutionary War Battles involving Great Britain Battles involving the United States Conflicts in 1775 Conflicts in Quebec History of Quebec City 1775 in the Province of Quebec ( 1763 -- 91 ) Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Interlanguage link template link number Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017 , at 05 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what was important about the fall of quebec | [
"The Battle of Quebec (French: Bataille de Québec) was fought on December 31, 1775, between American Continental Army forces and the British defenders of Quebec City early in the American Revolutionary War. The battle was the first major defeat of the war for the Americans, and it came with heavy losses. General Richard Montgomery was killed, Benedict Arnold was wounded, and Daniel Morgan and more than 400 men were taken prisoner. The city's garrison, a motley assortment of regular troops and militia led by Quebec's provincial governor, General Guy Carleton, suffered a small number of casualties."
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"the first major defeat of the war for the Americans, and it came with heavy losses"
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-7617338244187047438 | Alaska Highway | Alaska highway - wikipedia Alaska highway Jump to : navigation , search For the film , see Alaska Highway ( film ) . For the song , see New American Language . For highways in Alaska , see List of Alaska Routes . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Alaska Highway Route information Length : 2,232 km ( 1,387 mi ) ( as of 2012 ) Existed : 1942 -- present Component highways : BC 97 Hwy 1 AK - 2 Major junctions South end : BC 97 in Dawson Creek , BC BC 29 in Charlie Lake , BC BC 77 near Fort Nelson , BC Hwy 4 in Watson Lake , YT Hwy 37 near Upper Liard , YT Hwy 6 at Johnsons Crossing , YT Hwy 8 at Jakes Corner , YT Hwy 2 in Carcross Cutoff , YT and Whitehorse , YT Hwy 3 at Haines Junction , YT AK - 5 at Tetlin Junction , AK AK - 1 in Tok , AK North end : AK - 2 / AK - 4 at Delta Junction , AK Location Major cities : Fort St. John , BC ; Fort Nelson , BC ; Watson Lake , YT ; Whitehorse , YT ; Tok , AK ; Delta Junction , AK Highway system British Columbia provincial highways Territorial highways in Yukon Miscellaneous Alaska Routes Interstate U.S. Scenic Byways ← BC 95A BC 97 BC 97A → ← Hwy 37 Hwy 1 Hwy 2 → ← AK - 1 AK - 2 AK - 3 → The Alaska Highway ( also known as the Alaskan Highway , Alaska - Canadian Highway , or ALCAN Highway ) was constructed during World War II for the purpose of connecting the contiguous United States to Alaska across Canada . It begins at the junction with several Canadian highways in Dawson Creek , British Columbia , and runs to Delta Junction , Alaska , via Whitehorse , Yukon . Completed in 1942 at a length of approximately 1,700 miles ( 2,700 km ) , as of 2012 it is 1,387 mi ( 2,232 km ) long . The difference in distance is due to constant reconstruction of the highway , which has rerouted and straightened out numerous sections . The highway was opened to the public in 1948 . Legendary over many decades for being a rough , challenging drive , the highway is now paved over its entire length . An informal system of historic mileposts developed over the years to denote major stopping points ; Delta Junction , at the end of the highway , makes reference to its location at `` Historic Milepost 1422 . '' It is at this point that the Alaska Highway meets the Richardson Highway , which continues 96 mi ( 155 km ) to the city of Fairbanks . This is often regarded , though unofficially , as the northern portion of the Alaska Highway , with Fairbanks at Historic Milepost 1520 . Mileposts on this stretch of highway are measured from Valdez , rather than the Alaska Highway . The Alaska Highway is popularly ( but unofficially ) considered part of the Pan-American Highway , which extends south ( despite its discontinuity in Panama ) to Argentina . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Construction 1.2 Post war 1.3 Route markings 2 Route description 3 Major intersections 3.1 Bypassed road segments still in use 3.1. 1 Fort Nelson 3.1. 2 Whitehorse 3.1. 3 Champagne - Aishihik traditional territory 3.1. 4 Alaska 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Construction ( edit ) Proposals for a highway to Alaska originated in the 1920s . Thomas MacDonald , director of the U.S. Bureau of Public Roads , dreamed of an international highway spanning the United States and Canada . In order to promote the highway , Slim Williams originally traveled the proposed route by dogsled . Since much of the route would pass through Canada , support from the Canadian government was crucial . However , the Canadian government perceived no value in putting up the required funds to build the road , since the only part of Canada that would benefit was not more than a few thousand people in Yukon . However , some route consideration was given . The preferred route would pass through the Rocky Mountain Trench from Prince George , British Columbia to Dawson City before turning west to Fairbanks , Alaska . In 1929 the British Columbia government proposed a highway to Alaska to encourage economic development and tourism . American President Herbert Hoover appointed a board with American and three Canadian members to evaluate the idea . Its 1931 report supported the idea for economic reasons , but both American and Canadian members recognized that a highway would benefit the American military in Alaska ; the Great Depression and the Canadian government 's lack of support caused the project to not proceed . When the United States approached Canada again in February 1936 , the Canadian government refused to commit to spending money on a road connecting the United States . The Canadians also worried about the military implications , fearing that in a war between Japan and North America , the United States would use the road to prevent Canadian neutrality . During a June 1936 visit to Canada , President Franklin D. Roosevelt told Prime Minister W.L.M. King that a highway to Alaska through Canada could be important in quickly reinforcing the American territory during a foreign crisis . Roosevelt became the first American to publicly discuss the military benefits of a highway in an August speech in Chautauqua , New York . He again mentioned the idea during King 's visit to Washington in March 1937 , suggesting that a $30 million highway would be helpful as part of a larger defense against Japan that included , the Americans hoped , a larger Canadian military presence on the Pacific coast . Roosevelt remained a supporter of the highway , telling Cordell Hull in August 1937 that he wanted a road built as soon as possible . The attack on Pearl Harbor and beginning of the Pacific Theater in World War II , coupled with Japanese threats to the west coast of North America and the Aleutian Islands , changed the priorities for both nations . On February 6 , 1942 the construction of the Alaska Highway was approved by the United States Army and the project received the authorization from the U.S. Congress and Roosevelt to proceed five days later . Canada agreed to allow construction as long as the United States bore the full cost , and that the road and other facilities in Canada be turned over to Canadian authority after the war ended . A caterpillar tractor with grader widens the roadway of the Alaska Highway , 1942 Soldiers of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers meeting in the middle after completing construction of the Alaska Highway The official start of construction took place on March 8 , 1942 after hundreds of pieces of construction equipment were moved on priority trains by the Northern Alberta Railways to the northeastern part of British Columbia near Mile 0 at Dawson Creek . Construction accelerated through the spring as the winter weather faded away and crews were able to work from both the northern and southern ends ; they were spurred on after reports of the Japanese invasion of Kiska Island and Attu Island in the Aleutians . During construction the road was nicknamed the `` oil can highway '' by the work crews due to the large number of discarded oil cans and fuel drums that marked the road 's progress . On September 24 , 1942 crews from both directions met at Mile 588 at what became named Contact Creek , at the British Columbia - Yukon border at the 60th parallel ; the entire route was completed October 28 , 1942 with the northern linkup at Mile 1202 , Beaver Creek , and the highway was dedicated on November 20 , 1942 at Soldier 's Summit . The needs of war dictated the final route , intended to link the airfields of the Northwest Staging Route that conveyed lend - lease aircraft from the United States to the Soviet Union . Thus the long , impractical route over difficult terrain was chosen . The road was originally built mostly by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers as a supply route during World War II . In 1942 , the Army Corps of Engineers assigned more than 10,000 men , about a third were black soldiers , members of three newly formed `` Negro regiments '' . There were four main thrusts in building the route : southeast from Delta Junction , Alaska toward a linkup at Beaver Creek , Yukon ; north then west from Dawson Creek ( an advance group started from Fort Nelson , British Columbia after traveling on winter roads on frozen marshland from railway stations on the Northern Alberta Railways ) ; both east and west from Whitehorse after being ferried in via the White Pass and Yukon Route railway . The Army commandeered equipment of all kinds , including local riverboats , railway locomotives , and housing originally meant for use in southern California . Although it was completed on October 28 , 1942 and its completion was celebrated at Soldier 's Summit on November 21 ( and broadcast by radio , the exact outdoor temperature censored due to wartime concerns ) , the `` highway '' was not usable by general vehicles until 1943 . Even then there were many steep grades , a poor surface , switchbacks to gain and descend hills , and few guardrails . Bridges , which progressed during 1942 from pontoon bridges to temporary log bridges , were replaced with steel bridges where necessary . A replica log bridge , the Canyon Creek bridge , can be seen at the Aishihik River crossing ; the bridge was rebuilt in 1987 and refurbished in 2005 by the Yukon government as it is a popular tourist attraction . The easing of the Japanese invasion threat resulted in no more contracts being given to private contractors for upgrading of specific sections . Some 100 miles ( 160 km ) of route between Burwash Landing and Koidern , Yukon , became nearly impassable in May and June 1943 , as the permafrost thawed , no longer protected by a layer of delicate vegetation . A corduroy road was built to restore the route , and corduroy still underlays old sections of highway in the area . Modern construction methods do not allow the permafrost to thaw , either by building a gravel berm on top or replacing the vegetation and soil immediately with gravel . The Burwash - Koidern section , however , is still a problem as the new highway built there in the late 1990s continues to experience frost heave . Pincers on Japan and Look to the North both 1944 productions were National Film Board of Canada documentaries that depicted the construction of the Alaska Highway . Post War ( edit ) The original agreement between Canada and the United States regarding construction of the highway stipulated that its Canadian portion be turned over to Canada six months after the end of the war . This took place on April 1 , 1946 when the U.S. Army transferred control of the road through Yukon and British Columbia to the Canadian Army , Northwest Highway System . The Alaskan section was completely paved during the 1960s ; largely gravel even in 1981 , the Canadian portion of the Alaska Highway is now completely paved , mostly with bituminous surface treatment . The Milepost , an extensive guide book to the Alaska Highway and other highways in Alaska and Northwest Canada , was first published in 1949 and continues to be published annually as the foremost guide to traveling the highway . The settlement of Destruction Bay was originally a work camp for the highway . The British Columbia government owns the first 82.6 miles ( 132.9 km ) of the highway , the only portion paved during the late 1960s and 1970s . Public Works Canada manages the highway from Mile 82.6 ( km 133 ) to Historic Mile 630 . The Yukon government owns the highway from Historic Mile 630 to Historic Mile 1016 ( from near Watson Lake to Haines Junction ) , and manages the remainder to the U.S. border at Historic Mile 1221 . The State of Alaska owns the highway within that state ( Mile 1221 to Mile 1422 ) . The Alaska Highway was built for military purposes and its route was not ideal for postwar development of northern Canada . Rerouting in Canada has shortened the highway by approximately 35 miles ( 56 km ) since 1947 , mostly by eliminating winding sections and sometimes by bypassing residential areas . The historic milepost markings are therefore no longer accurate but are still important as local location references . Some old sections of the highway are still in use as local roads , while others are left to deteriorate and still others are plowed up . Four sections form local residential streets in Whitehorse and Fort Nelson , and others form country residential roadways outside of Whitehorse . Although Champagne , Yukon was bypassed in 2002 , the old highway is still completely in service for that community until a new direct access road is built . Rerouting continues , expected to continue in the Yukon through 2009 , with the Haines Junction - Beaver Creek section covered by the Canada - U.S. Shakwak Agreement . The new Donjek River bridge was opened 26 September 2007 , replacing a 1952 bridge . Under Shakwak , U.S. federal highway money is spent for work done by Canadian contractors who win tenders issued by the Yukon government . The Shakwak Project completed the Haines Highway upgrades in the 1980s between Haines Junction and the Alaska Panhandle , then funding was stalled by Congress for several years . The Milepost shows the Canadian section of the highway now to be approximately 1,187 miles ( 1,910 km ) , but the first milepost inside Alaska is 1222 . The actual length of the highway inside Alaska is no longer clear because rerouting , as in Canada , has shortened the route , but unlike Canada , mileposts in Alaska are not recalibrated . The BC and Yukon governments and Public Works Canada have recalibrated kilometre posts . The latest BC recalibration was carried out in 1990 ; using its end - point at the border at Historic Mile 630 , the Yukon government has recalibrated in three stages : in 2002 , from Mile 630 to the west end of the Champagne revision ; in fall 2005 , to a point just at the southeast shore of Kluane Lake , and in fall 2008 , to the border with Alaska . There are historical mileposts along the B.C. and Yukon sections of the highway , installed in 1992 , that note specific locations , although the posts no longer represent accurate driving distance . There are 80 mileposts in B.C. , 70 in Yukon and 16 in Alaska with a simple number marker of the original mile distance . There are 31 `` historic signs '' in B.C. , 22 in Yukon and 5 in Alaska , identifying the significance of the location . There are 18 interpretive panels in B.C. , 14 in Yukon and 5 in Alaska which give detailed text information at a turn - off parking area . The portion of the Alaska Highway in Alaska is designated Alaska Route 2 . In Yukon , it is Highway 1 and in British Columbia , Highway 97 . The portion of the Alaska Highway in Alaska was planned to become part of the United States Numbered Highway System , and to be signed as part of U.S. Route 97 . The portion of the Alaska Highway in Alaska is also unsigned Interstate A-1 and unsigned Interstate A-2 . Route markings ( edit ) A monument at the southern terminus of the Alaska Highway ( Dawson Creek ) The Canadian section of the road was delineated with mileposts , based on the road as it was in 1947 , until 1978 , and over the years , reconstruction steadily shortened the distance between some of those mileposts . That year , metric signs were placed on the highway , and the mileposts were replaced with kilometre posts at the approximate locations of a historic mileage of equal value , e.g. km post 1000 was posted approximately where historical Mile 621 would have been posted . Reconstruction continues to shorten the highway , but the kilometre posts , at 2 - kilometre ( 1.2 mi ) intervals , were recalibrated along the B.C. section of road in 1990 to reflect then - current driving distance . The section of highway covered by the 1990 recalibration has since been rendered shorter by further realignments , such as near Summit Pass and between Muncho Lake and Iron Creek . View of the highway at Mile 1,337 , facing east Based on where those values left off , new Yukon kilometre posts were erected in fall 2002 between the B.C. border and the west end of the new bypass around Champagne , Yukon ; in 2005 , additional recalibrated posts continued from there to the east shore of Kluane Lake near Silver City ; and in fall 2008 , from Silver City to the boundary with Alaska . Old kilometre posts , based on the historic miles , remained on the highway , after the first two recalibrations , from those points around Kluane Lake to the Alaska border . The B.C. and Yukon sections also have a small number of historic mileposts , printed on oval - shaped signs , at locations of historic significance ; these special signs were erected in 1992 on the occasion of the highway 's 50th anniversary . The Alaska portion of the highway is still marked by mileposts at 1 - mile ( 1.6 km ) intervals , although they no longer represent accurate driving distance , due to reconstruction . A monument at the northern terminus of the Alaska Highway ( Delta Junction ) The historic mileposts are still used by residents and businesses along the highway to refer to their location , and in some cases are also used as postal addresses . Residents and travelers , and the government of the Yukon , do not use `` east '' and `` west '' to refer to direction of travel on the Yukon section , even though this is the predominant bearing of the Yukon portion of the highway ; `` north '' and `` south '' are used , referring to the south ( Dawson Creek ) and north ( Delta Junction ) termini of the highway . This is an important consideration for travelers who may otherwise be confused , particularly when a westbound travel routes southwestward or even due south to circumvent a natural obstacle such as Kluane Lake . Some B.C. sections west of Fort Nelson also route more east - to - west , with southwest bearings in some section ; again , `` north '' is used in preference to `` west '' . Since 1949 The Milepost , an exhaustive guide to the Alaska Highway and all other routes through the region , has been published each year . The community Wonowon , British Columbia is named by its location at mile 101 , spoken `` one - oh - one '' . Route description ( edit ) Alaska Highway between Fort Nelson and Watson Lake The pioneer road completed in 1942 was approximately 1,680 miles ( 2,700 km ) from Dawson Creek to Delta Junction . The Army then turned the road over to the Public Roads Administration , which then began putting out section contracts to private road contractors to upgrade selected sections of the road . These sections were upgraded , with removal of excess bends and steep grades ; often , a traveler could identify upgraded sections by seeing the telephone line along the PRA - approved route alignment . When the Japanese invasion threat eased , the PRA stopped putting out new contracts . Upon hand - off to Canada in 1946 , the route was 1,422 miles ( 2,288 km ) from Dawson Creek to Delta Junction . Border crossing at Port Alcan station The route follows a northwest then northward course from Dawson Creek to Fort Nelson . On October 16 , 1957 , a suspension bridge crossing the Peace River just south of Fort St. John collapsed . A new bridge was built a few years later . At Fort Nelson , the road turns west and crosses the Rocky Mountains , before resuming a westward course at Coal River . The highway crossed the Yukon - BC border nine times from Mile 590 to Mile 773 , six of those crossings were from Mile 590 to Mile 596 . After passing the south end of Kluane Lake , the highway follows a north - northwest course to the Alaska border , then northwest to the terminus at Delta Junction . Postwar rebuilding has not shifted the highway more than 10 miles ( 16 km ) from the original alignment , and in most cases , by less than 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) . It is not clear if it still crosses the Yukon - BC border six times from Mile 590 to Mile 596 . Major intersections ( edit ) See also : British Columbia Highway 97 § Major intersections , and Alaska Route 2 § Major intersections Province Location km mi Destinations Notes British Columbia 869 540 See British Columbia Highway 97 # Major intersections for the intersections of the British Columbia Highway 97 segment Yukon Watson Lake 965 560 Hwy 4 north ( Robert Campbell Highway ) Southern terminus of Highway 4 near Watson Lake 986 613 Hwy 37 south -- Dease Lake , BC , Stewart , BC Northern terminus of Highway 37 , To British Columbia Highway 37 Johnsons Crossing 1,275 792 Hwy 6 north ( Canol Road ) Southern terminus of Highway 6 Jakes Crossing 1,321 821 Hwy 8 west -- Tagish , Carcross , Atlin , BC Eastern terminus of Highway 8 Carcross Cutoff 1,383 859 Hwy 2 south ( Klondike Highway ) -- Carcross , Tagish , Skagway , AK Southern terminus of concurrency with Highway 2 Whitehorse 1,415 879 Hwy 2 north ( Klondike Highway ) -- Carmacks , Dawson City Northern terminus of concurrency with Highway 2 Haines Junction 1,555 966 Hwy 3 south ( Haines Highway ) -- Haines , AK Northern terminus of Highway 3 International border 1,878 1,167 See Alaska Route 2 # Major intersections for the intersections along the Alaska Route 2 section 1.000 mi = 1.609 km ; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus Bypassed road segments still in use ( edit ) Bypassed segment still in use , west of Fort Nelson , 2005 Fort Nelson ( edit ) Mile 301 to 308 , now local residential feeder roads Wildflower Drive , Highland Road , Valleyview Drive Whitehorse ( edit ) Mile 898 , now local residential road just west of Yukon River Bridge Mile 920.3 to 922.5 , now the southern and northern portions of Centennial Street ; middle portion is Birch Street Mile 922.5 to 922.7 , now a portion of Azure Road Mile 924 , now a portion of Cousins Airfield Road Mile 925.5 to 926.9 , now Parent Road ( east end overlooks Alaska Highway / Klondike Highway junction ) Mile 927.2 to 927.7 , now Echo Valley Road Mile 928 to 928.3 , now Jackson Road Mile 929 to 934 , now Old Alaska Highway Mile 968 , now entrance road to Mendenhall River Subdivision Champagne - Aishihik traditional territory ( edit ) Mile 969 to 981 , Champagne loop ( bypassed in fall 2002 by 8.6 - mile ( 13.8 km ) revision ) Mile 1016 , Hume Street in Haines Junction including access to First Nation subdivision Alaska ( edit ) Alaska - Canada Military Highway ( Segment ) U.S. National Register of Historic Places Bypassed segment still in use , southeast of Delta Junction Location About 37 miles ( 60 km ) southeast of Delta Junction Nearest city Delta Junction 63 ° 43 ′ 53 '' N 144 ° 42 ′ 02 '' W / 63.731465 ° N 144.700526 ° W / 63.731465 ; - 144.700526 Built 1904 ( 1904 ) NRHP reference # 13000543 Added to NRHP July 31 , 2013 Mile 1348 , one 2.5 - mile ( 4.0 km ) bypassed section of the original route , about 37 miles ( 60 km ) southeast of Delta Junction , is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as `` one of the few sections of the road in Alaska virtually unchanged . '' The unpaved road is used by local residents to access Craig Lake , and is signed as Craig Lake Trail . Other former segments have deteriorated and are no longer usable . More recent construction projects have deliberately plowed up roadway to close it . See also ( edit ) Canada Roads portal U.S. Roads portal Alaska portal British Columbia portal Yukon portal Inter-American Highway Kolyma Highway List of Yukon territorial highways Pan-American Highway Sign Post Forest Alcan - Beaver Creek Border Crossing References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Timeline : Alaska from Russian Colony to U.S. State '' . American Experience . WGBH / PBS . 2010 . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alaska Highway '' . The Milepost. Morris Visitor Publications . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Pan American Highway '' . How Stuff Works . Retrieved April 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Perras , Galen Roger ( 1998 ) . Franklin Roosevelt and the Origins of the Canadian - American Security Alliance , 1933 - 1945 : Necessary , but Not Necessary Enough . Praeger . pp. 19 -- 22 , 34 -- 36 . ISBN 0 - 275 - 95500 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` The Alcan Highway '' . Modern Marvels . Season 6 . 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Contact Creek '' . BC Geographical Names . Jump up ^ `` In Road - Building , Black Soldiers Defied Prejudice '' . The New York Times . July 23 , 2012 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2014 . Retrieved September 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Collection : ' Pincers on Japan ' . NFB.ca . Retrieved : January 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Film : ' Look to the North ' . '' NFB.ca . Retrieved : January 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Conn , Stetson ; Fairchild , Byron . `` Chapter XV , The United States and Canada : Elements of Wartime Collaboration '' . The Framework of Hemisphere Defense . United States Army in World War II : The Western Hemisphere . Washington , DC : Office of the Chief of Military History , Department of the Army . OCLC 1036066 . Jump up ^ Coates , K. ; Morrison , W.R. ( 1991 ) . `` The American Rampant : Reflections on the Impact of United States Troops in Allied Countries during World War II '' . Journal of World History . 2 ( 2 ) : 201 -- 221 . JSTOR 20078500 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2010 - 07 - 09 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ The Milepost ( 64th ed . ) . Morris Communications . 2012 . p. 219 . ISBN 978 - 189215429 - 3 . ISSN 0361 - 1361 . Jump up ^ `` NRHP listing for Alaska - Canada Military Highway '' . National Park Service . July 31 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2014 . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NRHP nomination for Alaska - Canada Military Highway ( Segment ) '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . July 31 , 2013 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on July 7 , 2014 . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alaska Highway . Route map : Google KML file ( edit help ) Display on Google Maps Template : Attached KML / Alaska Highway KML is from Wikidata The short film Alaska Highway is available for free download at the Internet Archive Alaska Highway -- A Yukon perspective -- From the Yukon Archives Alaska Highway Driving Facts -- From the authors of the Milepost Bell 's Alaska -- mile by mile description of the Alaska Highway Alaska Highway travel guide from Wikivoyage Building the Alaska Highway -- Companion Website for the PBS program . Alcan-Highway.com -- U.S. Army 95th Engineer Regiment ( Colored ) building the Alcan Highway Forgotten Facts About the African American Engineers Who Worked on the Alaska - Canada Highway - An article describing contributions made by the four African American regiments of the US Army Corps of Engineers that worked on the ALCAN Project Shortcut To Tokyo , September 1942 one of the earliest articles on the Alaskan Highway Many Wonders ( but Few Amenities ) on a Legendary Highway July 23 , 2012 New York Times Properties on the National Register of Historic Places in Alaska Boroughs Aleutians East Anchorage Bristol Bay Denali Fairbanks North Star Haines Juneau Kenai Peninsula Ketchikan Gateway Kodiak Island Lake and Peninsula Matanuska - Susitna North Slope Northwest Arctic Sitka Skagway Wrangell Yakutat Census areas Aleutians West Bethel Dillingham Hoonah -- Angoon Nome Petersburg Prince of Wales -- Hyder Southeast Fairbanks Valdez -- Cordova Yukon -- Koyukuk There are no sites listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Kusilvak Census Area . U.S. National Register of Historic Places Topics Architectural style categories Contributing property Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places Keeper of the Register National Park Service Property types Lists by states Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Lists by insular areas American Samoa Guam Minor Outlying Islands Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Lists by associated states Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Palau Other areas District of Columbia Morocco Portal Roads and highways in Yukon Territorial highways 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 37 Other roads and trails Alaska Highway Atlin Road BC 97 Dempster Highway Canol Road George Black Ferry Klondike Highway Robert Campbell Highway Silver Trail Highway Stewart - Cassiar Highway Tagish Road Top of the World Highway Roadside features Alcan - Beaver Creek Border Crossing Dawson City Ferry Overland Trail Signpost Forest Silver Trail Skagway - Fraser Border Crossing Highway agency Yukon Department of Highways and Public Works Hwy 1 is signed as BC 97 along the Yukon - British Columbia boundary . See also List of Yukon territorial highways Miscellaneous Yukon roads Roads of British Columbia Provincial highways 1A 3A 3B 4A 5 5A 6 7 7B 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 17A 18 19 19A 20 21 22 22A 23 24 26 27 28 29 30 31 31A 33 35 37 37A 39 41 43 49 52 62 77 91 91A 93 95 95A 97 99 101 113 118 395 Other provincially maintained roads Atlin Road Bridge River Road Cecil Lake Road Chilliwack Lake Road Coalmont Road Columbia Valley Highway Deltaport Way Head Bay Road Hemlock Valley Road Horsefly Road Jesmond Road Likely Road Mission Mountain Road Nazko Road Omineca Resource Road Pavilion Mountain Road Port Mellon Highway Queen Charlotte City -- Skidegate Road Strathcona Parkway Telegraph Creek Road Westside Road Historical provincial highways 1A 1B 7A 17A 25 99A Named highways Alaska Highway Caribou Highway Coquihalla Highway Crowsnest Highway Don Phillips Way Heritage Highway International Selkirk Loop Inland Island Highway John Hart Highway Liard Highway Lougheed Highway Mary Hill Bypass Nisga'a Highway Northern Woods and Water Route Okanagan Connector Okanagan Highway Pacific Highway Patricia Bay Highway Sea to Sky Highway South Fraser Perimeter Road Stewart - Cassiar Highway Sunshine Coast Highway Trans - Canada Highway Yellowhead Highway Historic roads and trails Atlin Road Cariboo Road Chilkoot Trail Dewdney Trail Dewdney Trunk Road Douglas Road Hudson 's Bay Brigade Trail Lillooet Cattle Trail Okanagan Trail Old Cariboo Road Old Yale Road ( Grand Trunk Road ) Pacific Highway River Trail Whatcom Trail Big Bend Highway highways with expressway sections highways with expressway and freeway sections highways under construction designation reassigned to new route Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alaska_Highway&oldid=797893075 '' Categories : U.S. Route 97 Interstate Highways in Alaska U.S. Highways in Alaska State highways in Alaska Roads in Yukon British Columbia provincial highways Pan-American Highway Transport in Whitehorse , Yukon Southeast Fairbanks Census Area , Alaska Northern Rockies Regional Municipality Peace River Regional District Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks Territory of Alaska Transportation in Unorganized Borough , Alaska Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2008 All articles needing additional references Use list - defined references from July 2014 Infobox road temporary tracking category 1 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from June 2015 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from June 2014 Articles using KML from Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2017 , at 19 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does the alaska highway start in canada | [
"The Alaska Highway (also known as the Alaskan Highway, Alaska-Canadian Highway, or ALCAN Highway) was constructed during World War II for the purpose of connecting the contiguous United States to Alaska across Canada. It begins at the junction with several Canadian highways in Dawson Creek, British Columbia, and runs to Delta Junction, Alaska, via Whitehorse, Yukon. Completed in 1942 at a length of approximately 1,700 miles (2,700 km), as of 2012[update] it is 1,387 mi (2,232 km) long. The difference in distance is due to constant reconstruction of the highway, which has rerouted and straightened out numerous sections. The highway was opened to the public in 1948.[1] Legendary over many decades for being a rough, challenging drive, the highway is now paved over its entire length.[2]"
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"It begins at the junction with several Canadian highways in Dawson Creek, British Columbia,"
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-7817806788343279433 | Prayer flag | Prayer flag - wikipedia Prayer flag Jump to : navigation , search Prayer flags connect the two peaks of the Peak of Victory over Leh , Ladakh , India . The Namgyal Tsemo Gompa can be seen on the peak . A prayer flag is a colorful rectangular cloth , often found strung along mountain ridges and peaks high in the Himalayas . They are used to bless the surrounding countryside and for other purposes . Prayer flags are believed to have originated with Bon . In Bon , shamanistic Bonpo used primary - colored plain flags in Tibet . Traditional prayer flags include woodblock - printed text and images . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Lung ta / Darchog styles 3 Colour and order 4 Symbols and prayers 5 Symbolism and tradition 6 Timing of hanging and taking down 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Close - up view of prayer flags . Lung ta prayer flags hang along a mountain path in Nepal . Nepal Sutras , originally written on cloth banners , were transmitted to other regions of the world as prayer flags . Legend ascribes the origin of the prayer flag to the Gautama Buddha , whose prayers were written on battle flags used by the devas against their adversaries , the asuras . The legend may have given the Indian bhikku a reason for carrying the heavenly banner as a way of signifying his commitment to ahimsa . This knowledge was carried into Tibet by 800 CE , and the actual flags were introduced no later than 1040 CE , where they were further modified . The Indian monk Atisha ( 980 -- 1054 CE ) introduced the Indian practice of printing on cloth prayer flags to Tibet and Nepal . During the Cultural Revolution , prayer flags were discouraged but not entirely eliminated . Many traditional designs may have been lost . Currently , different styles of prayer flags can be seen all across the Tibetan region . Lung ta / Darchog styles ( edit ) Prayer flags in the Qilian Mountains , China . A Tibetan `` lung ta '' or `` wind horse '' from an 1895 book by Laurence Austine Waddell There are two kinds of prayer flags : horizontal ones , called Lung ta ( Wylie : rlung - rta , meaning `` Wind Horse '' ) in Tibetan , and vertical ones , called Darchog ( Wylie : dar - lcog , meaning `` flagstaff '' ) . Lung ta ( horizontal ) prayer flags are of square or rectangular shape , and are connected along their top edges to a long string or thread . They are commonly hung on a diagonal line from high to low between two objects ( e.g. , a rock and the top of a pole ) in high places such as the tops of temples , monasteries , stupas , and mountain passes . Darchog ( vertical ) prayer flags are usually large single rectangles attached to poles along their vertical edge . Darchog are commonly planted in the ground , mountains , cairns , and on rooftops , and are iconographically and symbolically related to the Dhvaja . Colour and order ( edit ) Prayer flags in Kathmandu , Nepal . Traditionally , prayer flags come in sets of five : one in each of five colors . The five colors are arranged from left to right in a specific order : blue , white , red , green , and yellow . The five colors represent the five elements and the Five Pure Lights . Different elements are associated with different colors for specific traditions , purposes and sadhana . Blue symbolizes the sky and space , white symbolizes the air and wind , red symbolizes fire , green symbolizes water , and yellow symbolizes earth . According to Traditional Tibetan medicine , health and harmony are produced through the balance of the five elements . Symbols and prayers ( edit ) The center of a prayer flag traditionally features a Lung ta ( powerful or strong horse ) bearing three flaming jewels ( specifically ratna ) on its back . The Ta is a symbol of speed and the transformation of bad fortune to good fortune . The three flaming jewels symbolize the Buddha , the Dharma ( Buddhist teachings ) , and the Sangha ( Buddhist community ) : the three cornerstones of Tibetan philosophical tradition . Surrounding the Lung ta are various versions of approximately 400 traditional mantras , each dedicated to a particular deity . These writings include mantras from three of the great Buddhist Bodhisattvas : Padmasambhava ( Guru Rinpoche ) , Avalokiteśvara ( Chenrezig , the bodhisattva of compassion , and the patron of the Tibetan people ) , and Manjusri . In addition to mantras , prayers for a long life of good fortune are often included for the person who mounts the flags . Images or the names of four powerful animals , also known as the Four Dignities , adorn each corner of a flag : the dragon , the garuda , the tiger , and the snowlion . Symbolism and tradition ( edit ) Traditionally , prayer flags are used to promote peace , compassion , strength , and wisdom . The flags do not carry prayers to gods , which is a common misconception ; rather , the Tibetans believe the prayers and mantras will be blown by the wind to spread the good will and compassion into all pervading space . Therefore , prayer flags are thought to bring benefit to all . By hanging flags in high places the Lung ta will carry the blessings depicted on the flags to all beings . As wind passes over the surface of the flags , which are sensitive to the slightest movement of the wind , the air is purified and sanctified by the mantras . The prayers of a flag become a permanent part of the universe as the images fade from exposure to the elements . Just as life moves on and is replaced by new life , Tibetans renew their hopes for the world by continually mounting new flags alongside the old . This act symbolizes a welcoming of life 's changes and an acknowledgment that all beings are part of a greater ongoing cycle . According to traditional belief , because the symbols and mantras on prayer flags are sacred , they should be treated with respect . They should not be placed on the ground or used on clothing . Old prayer flags should be burned . Prayer flags Prayer flags at Swayambunath , Kathmandu . A Darchog prayer flag in northern India . Close - up of a Lung ta ( `` Wind Horse '' ) prayer flag , Ladakh , India . Prayer flags in central Nepal . Timing of hanging and taking down ( edit ) Some believe that if the flags are hung on inauspicious astrological dates , they may bring negative results for as long as they are flying . The best time to put up new prayer flags is in the morning on sunny , windy days . Old prayer flags are replaced with new ones annually on the Tibetan New Year . See also ( edit ) Namkha Phurba Buddhist prayer beads Tibetan prayer wheel Stupa Bunting ( textile ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Barker , page 14 ^ Jump up to : `` Radiant Heart : The Prayer Flag Tradition '' ( PDF ) . prayerflags.com . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Barker , page 13 ^ Jump up to : Beer , page 60 ^ Jump up to : Wise , page 11 - 12 References ( edit ) Barker , Dian ( 2003 ) . Tibetan Prayer Flags . Connections Book Publishing . ISBN 1 - 85906 - 106 - 0 . Beer , Robert ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of Tibetan Symbols and Motifs . Serindia Publications Inc . ISBN 1 - 932476 - 10 - 5 Wise , Tad ( 2002 ) . Blessings on the Wind : The Mystery & Meaning of Tibetan Prayer Flags . Chronicle Books . ISBN 0 - 8118 - 3435 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Prayer flags . 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About Wikipedia | where do you put tibetan buddhist prayer flags | [
"By hanging flags in high places the Lung ta will carry the blessings depicted on the flags to all beings. As wind passes over the surface of the flags, which are sensitive to the slightest movement of the wind, the air is purified and sanctified by the mantras."
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-3438600976730566727 | St Pancras railway station | St Pancras Railway station - wikipedia St Pancras Railway station Jump to : navigation , search St Pancras London St Pancras International St Pancras station from Euston Road St Pancras Location of St Pancras in Central London Location St Pancras Local authority London Borough of Camden Managed by Network Rail ( High Speed ) for HS1 Ltd Eurostar Network Rail ( Thameslink platforms ) Owner London and Continental Railways Station code STP , SPX DfT category A ( mainline platforms ) C1 ( Thameslink platforms ) Number of platforms 15 Accessible Yes Fare zone OSI King 's Cross St. Pancras London King 's Cross London Euston Cycle parking Yes -- external ( in car park ) Toilet facilities Yes National Rail annual entry and exit 2012 -- 13 24.298 million -- interchange 3.469 million 2013 -- 14 26.046 million -- interchange 3.504 million 2014 -- 15 28.242 million -- interchange 3.888 million 2015 -- 16 31.724 million -- interchange 4.474 million 2016 -- 17 33.492 million -- interchange 4.584 million Railway companies Original company Midland Railway Pre-grouping Midland Railway Post-grouping London Midland & Scottish Railway Key dates 1 October 1868 Opened as terminus for Midland 15 July 2006 New domestic ( Midland Main Line ) platforms opened 6 November 2007 Relaunched by HM The Queen . Renamed St. Pancras International 14 November 2007 Eurostar services transferred from Waterloo 9 December 2007 Low - level Thameslink platforms opened 13 December 2009 Southeastern high - speed domestic services introduced Other information Lists of stations DLR Underground National Rail Tramlink External links Departures Layout Facilities Buses WGS84 51 ° 31 ′ 48 '' N 0 ° 07 ′ 30 '' W / 51.530 ° N 0.125 ° W / 51.530 ; - 0.125 Coordinates : 51 ° 31 ′ 48 '' N 0 ° 07 ′ 30 '' W / 51.530 ° N 0.125 ° W / 51.530 ; - 0.125 London Transport portal UK Railways portal St Pancras railway station ( / seɪnt ˈpæŋkrəs / or / sənt ˈpæŋkrəs / ) , also known as London St Pancras and officially since 2007 as St Pancras International , is a central London railway terminus located on Euston Road in the London Borough of Camden . It is the terminal station for Eurostar continental services from London to Paris and Brussels via High Speed 1 and the Channel Tunnel . It also handles East Midlands Trains main line services to Corby , Sheffield and Nottingham , Southeastern high - speed trains to Kent via Ebbsfleet International and Ashford International , and local Thameslink suburban services . It stands between the British Library , Regent 's Canal and King 's Cross railway station , with whom it shares a London Underground station named Kings Cross St. Pancras . The station was constructed by the Midland Railway ( MR ) , who had an extensive network across the Midlands and the North of England , but no dedicated line into London . After rail traffic problems following the 1862 International Exhibition , the MR decided to build a connection from Bedford to London with their own terminus . The station was designed by William Henry Barlow and constructed with a single - span iron roof . Following the station 's opening on 1 October 1868 , the MR constructed the Midland Grand Hotel on the station 's facade , which has been widely praised for its architecture and is now a Grade I listed building along with the rest of the station . By the 1960s , St Pancras was seen as redundant , with services being diverted to King 's Cross and Euston , and there was fierce opposition against proposed closures of the station and hotel . It was reinvented in the late 20th century as the terminal of the Channel Tunnel Rail Link as part of an urban regeneration plan across East London . The complex was renovated and expanded from 2001 at a cost of £ 800 million , reopening on 6 November 2007 by Queen Elizabeth II . A security - sealed terminal area was constructed for Eurostar services to continental Europe via High Speed 1 and the Channel Tunnel , with platforms for domestic trains to the north and south - east of England . The restored station has 15 platforms , a shopping centre , and a coach facility . St Pancras is owned by London and Continental Railways ( LCR ) and is managed by Network Rail ( High Speed ) , a subsidiary of Network Rail . Contents ( hide ) 1 Location 2 History 2.1 Background 2.2 Design and construction 2.3 Early services 2.4 Grouping , nationalisation and privatisation 2.5 New role 2.6 Rebuilding 2.7 International station 3 Services 3.1 Platform layout 3.2 Domestic services 3.2. 1 East Midlands Trains ( Midland Main Line ) 3.2. 2 Thameslink 3.2. 3 Southeastern ( High Speed 1 and Kent Coast ) 3.2. 4 Southeastern High Speed Typical Off - Peak Timetable 3.3 Olympic Javelin service 3.4 International services 4 Creative arts 5 Hotel 6 Accidents and incidents 7 Service patterns 8 Future developments 8.1 Competition with Eurostar 8.2 Great Northern 8.3 Freight 9 King 's Cross St Pancras tube station 10 Notes 11 References 11.1 Citations 11.2 Sources 12 Further reading 13 External links Location ( edit ) St Pancras is at the southern end of the London Borough of Camden . It occupies a site orientated north / south , deeper than it is wide . The south is bounded by Euston Road ( part of the London Inner Ring Road ) , with the frontage provided by the St Pancras Renaissance Hotel , while the west is bounded by Midland Road and the east by Pancras Road , with King 's Cross station on the other side . The British Library sits to the west of the station on the site of a former goods yard . Behind the hotel , the train shed is elevated 5 m ( 17 ft ) above street level , with the area below forming the station undercroft . To the west , the original station is bounded by Midland Road with the British Library on the other side of the road . To the east , it is bounded by Pancras Road and is opposite King 's Cross . The northern half of the station is mainly bounded to the east by Camley Street , with Camley Street Natural Park across the road . To the north - east is King 's Cross Central , formerly known as the Railway Lands , a complex of intersecting railway lines crossed by several roads and the Regent 's Canal . Several London bus routes serve St Pancras , including 10 , 59 , 73 , 205 and 390 . History ( edit ) Background ( edit ) The train shed under construction in 1868 The station 's name comes from the St. Pancras neighbourhood , which originates from the fourth - century Christian boy martyr Pancras of Rome . The station was commissioned by the Midland Railway ( MR ) , who had a network of routes in the Midlands , and in south and west Yorkshire and Lancashire but no route of its own to London . Before 1857 the MR used the lines of the L&NWR for trains into the capital ; subsequently the company 's Leicester and Hitchin Railway gave access to London via the Great Northern Railway ( GNR ) . In 1862 , traffic for the second International Exhibition suffered extensive delays over the stretch of line into London over the GNR 's track ; the route into the city via the L&NWR was also at capacity , with coal trains causing the network at Rugby and elsewhere to reach effective gridlock . This was the stimulus for the MR to build its own line to London from Bedford , which would be just under 50 miles ( 80 km ) long . Design and construction ( edit ) The interior of the Barlow Trainshed , circa 1870 The station was designed by William Henry Barlow and constructed on a site that had previously been a slum called Agar Town . Though coal and goods were the main motivation to build the station , the Midland realised the prestige of having a central London terminus , and decided it must have a front on Euston Road . The company purchased the eastern section of land on the road 's north side owned by Earl Somers . Plan of St Pancras in 1888 The approaching line to the station crossed the Regent 's Canal at height allowing the line reasonable gradients ; this resulted in the level of the line at St Pancras being 20 ft ( 6.1 m ) above the ground level . Initial plans were for a two or three span roof with the void between station and ground level filled with spoil from tunnelling to join the Midland Main Line to the St. Pancras branch . Instead , due to the value of the land in such a location the lower area was used for freight , in particular beer from Burton . as a result the undercroft was built with columns and girders , maximising space , set out to the same plans as those used for beer warehouses , and with a basic unit of length that of a beer barrel . The contract for the construction of the station substructure and connecting lines was given to Messrs. Waring , with Barlow 's assistant Campion as supervisor . The lower floor for beer warehousing contained interior columns 15 ft ( 4.57 m ) wide , and 48 ft ( 14.63 m ) deep carrying girders supporting the main station and track . The connection to the Widened Lines ( St. Pancras branch ) ran below the station 's bottom level , in an east - to - west direction . To avoid the foundations of the roof interfering with the space beneath , and to simplify the design , and minimise cost , it was decided to construct a single span roof , with cross ties for the arch at the station level . The arch was sprung directly from the station level , with no piers . Additional advice on the design of the roof was given to Barlow by Rowland Mason Ordish . The arches ' ribs had a web depth of 6 ft ( 1.8 m ) , mostly open ironwork . The span width , from wall to wall was 245 ft 6 in ( 74.83 m ) , with a rib every 29 ft 4 in ( 8.94 m ) The arch was a slightly pointed design , with a reduced radius of curvature at the springing points . The Butterley Company was contracted to construct the arches . The total cost of the 24 rib roof and glazing was over £ 53,000 , of which over half was for the main ribs . The cost of the gable end was a further £ 8,500 . The clock tower of St Pancras The single - span overall roof was the largest such structure in the world at the time of its completion . The materials used were wrought iron framework of lattice design , with glass covering the middle half and timber ( inside ) / slate ( outside ) covering the outer quarters . The two end screens were glazed in a vertical rectangular grid pattern with decorative timber cladding around the edge and wrought iron finials around the outer edge . It was 689 feet ( 210.01 m ) long , 240 feet ( 73.15 m ) wide , and 100 feet ( 30.48 m ) high at the apex above the tracks . At the time of opening , it was the world 's largest unsupported station roof . Local services began running to the Metropolitan Railway junction underneath the terminus on 13 July 1868 . The station itself opened to the public on 1 October . The first service was an overnight mail train from Leeds . Early services ( edit ) St Pancras was built during a period of expansion for the MR , as the major routes to Manchester , Nottingham , Sheffield and Carlisle opened during this time . By 1902 , there were 150 trains arriving and leaving the station daily , though this figure was far less than Waterloo or Liverpool Street . As well as Midland services , the Great Eastern Railway ( GER ) used St Pancras as a `` West End '' terminus for trains to Great Yarmouth , Norwich , Lowestoft between 1870 and 1917 . At the turn of the 20th century , St Pancras also had a faster service to Cambridge than King 's Cross , at 71 minutes . GER services were suspended because of World War I and never resumed . The London , Tilbury and Southend Railway ( LTSR ) began offering boat train services from St Pancras from 9 July 1894 , following the opening of the Tottenham and Forest Gate Railway . The trains ran from St Pancras to Tilbury via South Tottenham and Barking . Tilbury Docks then provided a connection to Australia and Scandinavia . The following year , the LTSR began a service from St Pancras to Southend Central . Boat trains continued to run from St Pancras until 1963 , after which they were moved to Liverpool Street and Fenchurch Street . Grouping , nationalisation and privatisation ( edit ) The station was damaged by a bomb in May 1941 during the Blitz The Railways Act of 1921 forced the merger of the Midland with the London and North Western Railway ( L&NWR ) into the London , Midland and Scottish Railway ( LMS ) , and the LMS adopted the LNWR 's ( the `` Premier Line '' ) Euston station as its principal London terminus . The Midland Grand Hotel was closed in 1935 , and the building was subsequently used as offices for British Railways . During World War II , bombing inflicted damage on the train shed , which was only partially reglazed after the war . On the night of 10 -- 11 May 1941 a bomb fell onto the station floor at platform 3 , exploding in the beer vaults underneath . The station was not significantly damaged , but was closed for eight days , with platforms 2 -- 3 remaining closed until June . In 1947 the St. Pancras junction was relaid with prefabricated trackwork , along with associated changes to the signalling system . On the creation of British Railways ( BR ) in 1948 , St Pancras received a significant investment after neglect by the LMS . Destinations included the London area services to North Woolwich , St Albans and Bedford . Long - distance trains reached Glasgow , Leeds , Nottingham , Sheffield and Manchester , with famous named trains including The Palatine to Manchester , The Thames - Clyde Express to Glasgow , and The Master Cutler to Sheffield ( transferred from King 's Cross in 1966 , which itself had transferred from Marylebone eight years earlier ) . On 7 October 1957 , the signalling at St Pancras was upgraded , replacing the three original boxes with a power box controlling 205 route switches and 33 points over a network of 1,400 relays . From 1960 to 1966 , electrification work on the West Coast Main Line between London and Manchester saw a new Midland Pullman from Manchester to St Pancras . These trains and those to Glasgow were withdrawn following the completion of the rebuilding of Euston and the consolidation of these services . An express to Leicester awaiting departure in 1957 By the 1960s , St Pancras was seen as redundant , and several attempts were made to close it and demolish the hotel ( by then known as St Pancras Chambers ) . These attempts provoked strong and successful opposition , with the campaign led by the later Poet Laureate , John Betjeman . Jane Hughes Fawcett with the Victorian Society was instrumental in its preservation , and was dubbed `` the furious Mrs. Fawcett '' by British rail officials . Many of the demonstrators had witnessed the demolition of the nearby Euston Arch a few years ' previously , and were strongly opposed to the distinctive architecture of St Pancras suffering the same fate . The station became Grade I listed building in November 1967 , preventing any drastic modifications . The plans were scrapped by BR in December 1968 , realising that it was more cost - effective to modernise the hotel instead , though they disliked owning it . St Pancras , semi-derelict in 1984 . In the 1970s , the train shed roof was in danger of collapse , and the newly appointed Director of Environment Bernard Kaukas persuaded the company to invest £ 3m to save it . In 1978 , a Private Eye piece said that British Rail really wanted to demolish St Pancras but were opposed by `` a lot of long - haired sentimentalists '' and `` faceless bureaucrats '' and praised the office blocks that replaced the Euston Arch . After the sectorisation of British Rail in 1986 , main - line services to the East Midlands were provided by the InterCity sector , with suburban services to St Albans , Luton and Bedford by Network SouthEast . In 1988 the Snow Hill tunnel re-opened resulting in the creation of the Thameslink route and the resultant diversion of the majority of suburban trains to the new route . The station continued to be served by trains running on the Midland main line to Leicester , Nottingham and Sheffield , together with a few suburban services to Bedford and Luton . These constituted only a few trains an hour and left the station underused . Following the privatisation of British Rail , the long - distance services from St Pancras were franchised to Midland Mainline , a train operating company owned by National Express , starting on 28 April 1996 . The few remaining suburban trains still operating into St Pancras were operated by the Thameslink train operating company , owned by Govia , from 2 March 1997 . A small number of trains to and from Leeds were introduced , mainly because the High Speed Train sets were maintained there and were already running empty north of Sheffield . During the 2000s major rebuild of the West Coast Main Line , St Pancras again temporarily hosted direct and regular inter-city trains to Manchester , this time via the Hope Valley route ( via the Dore South curve ) under the title of Project Rio . New role ( edit ) Model of the extended St Pancras station ( left ) and King 's Cross station ( right , seen before restoration circa 2012 ) The original plan for the Channel Tunnel Rail Link ( CTRL ) involved a tunnel from south - east of London to an underground terminus in the vicinity of King 's Cross . However , a late change of plan , principally driven by the then Secretary of State for the Environment Michael Heseltine 's desire for urban regeneration in east London , led to a change of route , with the new line approaching London from the east . This opened the possibility of reusing St Pancras as the terminus , with access via the North London Line , which crosses the throat of the station . The idea of using the North London line was rejected in 1994 by the transport secretary , John MacGregor , as `` difficult to construct and environmentally damaging '' . However , the idea of using St Pancras station as the terminus was retained , albeit now linked by 12.4 miles ( 20 km ) of new tunnels to Dagenham via Stratford . London and Continental Railways ( LCR ) , created at the time of British Rail privatisation , was selected by the government in 1996 to reconstruct St Pancras , build the CTRL , and take over the British share of the Eurostar operation . LCR had owned St Pancras station since privatisation to allow the station to be redeveloped . Financial difficulties in 1998 , and the collapse of Railtrack in 2001 , caused some revision of this plan , but LCR retained ownership of the station . The design and project management of reconstruction was undertaken on behalf of LCR by Rail Link Engineering ( RLE ) , a consortium of Bechtel , Arup , Systra and Halcrow . The original reference design for the station was by Nick Derbyshire , former head of British Rail 's in - house architecture team . The master plan of the complex was by Foster and Partners , and the lead architect of the reconstruction was Alistair Lansley , a former colleague of Nick Derbyshire recruited by RLE . To accommodate 300 - metre+ Eurostar trains , and to provide capacity for the existing trains to the Midlands and the new Kent services on the high - speed rail link , the train shed was extended a considerable distance northwards by a new flat - roofed shed . The station was initially planned to have 13 platforms under this extended train shed . East Midlands services would use the western platforms , Eurostar services the middle platforms , and Kent services the eastern platforms . The Eurostar platforms and one of the Midland platforms would extend back into the Barlow train shed . Access to Eurostar for departing passengers would be via a departure suite on the west of the station , and then to the platforms by a bridge above the tracks within the historic train shed . Arriving Eurostar passengers would leave the station by a new concourse at its north end . This original design was later modified , with access to the Eurostar platforms from below , using the station undercroft and allowing the deletion of the visually intrusive bridge . By dropping the extension of any of the Midland platforms into the train shed , space was freed up to allow wells to be constructed in the station floor , which provided daylight and access to the undercroft . The reconstruction of the station was recorded in the BBC Television documentary series The Eight Hundred Million Pound Railway Station broadcast as six 30 - minute episodes between 13 ‒ 28 November 2007 . Rebuilding ( edit ) The Meeting Place and the Olympic Rings for the 2012 Summer Olympics . By early 2004 , the eastern side of the extended train shed was complete , and the Barlow train shed was closed to trains . From 12 April 2004 , Midland Mainline trains terminated at an interim station occupying the eastern part of the extension immediately adjacent to the entrance . As part of the construction of the western side of the new train shed that now began , an underground `` box '' was constructed to house new platforms for Thameslink , which at this point ran partially under the extended station . In order for this to happen , the existing Thameslink tunnels between Kentish Town and King 's Cross Thameslink were closed between 11 September 2004 and 15 May 2005 while the works were carried out . Thameslink services from the north terminated in the same platforms as the Midland Main Line trains , while services from the south terminated at King 's Cross Thameslink . When the lines were re-opened , the new station box was still only a bare concrete shell and could not take passengers . Thameslink trains reverted to their previous route but ran through the station box without stopping . The budget for the Channel Tunnel Rail Link works did not include work on the fitting out of the station , as these works had originally been part of the separate Thameslink 2000 works programme . Despite lobbying by rail operators who wished to see the station open at the same time as St Pancras International , the Government failed to provide additional funding to allow the fit out works to be completed immediately following the line blockade . Eventually , on 8 February 2006 , Alistair Darling , the Secretary of State for Transport , announced £ 50 million funding for the fit - out of the station , plus another £ 10 -- 15 million for the installation of associated signalling and other lineside works . St Pancras Renaissance London Hotel extension under construction The fit - out works were designed by Chapman Taylor and Arup ( Eurostar ) and completed by ISG Interior Plc Contractors collaborating with Bechtel as Project Managers . The client was London and Continental Railways who were advised by Hitachi Consulting . In 2005 , planning consent was granted for a refurbishment of the former Midland Grand Hotel building , with plans to refurbish and extend it as a hotel and apartment block . The newly refurbished hotel opened to guests on 21 March 2011 with a grand opening ceremony on 5 May . By the middle of 2006 , the western side of the train shed extension was completed . The rebuilding cost was in the region of £ 800 million , up from an initial estimate of £ 310 million . International station ( edit ) In early November 2007 , Eurostar conducted a testing programme in which some 6000 members of the public were involved in passenger check - in , immigration control and departure trials , during which the `` passengers '' each made three return journeys out of St Pancras to the entrance to the London tunnel . On 4 September 2007 , the first test train ran from Paris Gare du Nord to St Pancras . Children 's illustrator Quentin Blake was commissioned to provide a huge mural of an `` imaginary welcoming committee '' as a disguise for one of the remaining ramshackle Stanley Building South immediately opposite the station exit . St Pancras was officially re-opened as St Pancras International , and the High Speed 1 service was launched on 6 November 2007 by Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh . During an elaborate opening ceremony , actor Timothy West , as Henry Barlow , addressed the audience , which was also entertained by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra and the singers Lemar and Katherine Jenkins . In a carefully staged set piece , the first Class 395 train and two Class 373 trains arrived through a cloud of dry ice in adjacent platforms within seconds of each other . During the ceremony , Paul Day 's large bronze statue The Meeting Place was also unveiled . At a much smaller ceremony on 12 November 2007 , the bronze statue of John Betjeman by sculptor Martin Jennings was unveiled by Betjeman 's daughter , the author Candida Lycett Green . Public service by Eurostar train via High Speed 1 started on 14 November 2007 . In a small ceremony , station staff cut a ribbon leading to the Eurostar platforms . In the same month , services to the East Midlands were transferred to a new franchisee , East Midlands Trains . The low - level Thameslink platforms opened on 9 December 2007 , replacing King 's Cross Thameslink . St. Pancras has retained a reputation of having one of the most recognisable facades of all the London termini , and known as the `` cathedral of the railways '' . In Britain 's 100 Best Railway Stations by Simon Jenkins , the station was one of only ten to be awarded five stars . Services ( edit ) East side entrance from Pancras Road St Pancras contains four groups of platforms on two levels , accessed via the main concourse at ground level . The below - surface group contains through platforms A and B , and the upper level has three groups of terminal platforms : domestic platforms 1 -- 4 and 11 -- 13 on each side of international platforms 5 -- 10 . Platforms A & B serve Thameslink , 1 -- 4 connect to the Midland Main Line , while platforms 11 -- 13 lead to High Speed 1 ; there is no connection between the two lines , except for a maintenance siding outside the station . There are also a variety of shops and restaurants within the station concourse . The station is the London terminus for Eurostar 's high - speed trains to Paris , Brussels and Lille via the Channel Tunnel . It is also the terminus for East Midlands services from London to Derby , Leicester , Nottingham , Sheffield , and smaller towns en route . Thameslink trains on the cross-London Thameslink route call at platforms beneath the main station , south to Gatwick Airport and Brighton and north to Luton Airport Parkway for Luton Airport and Bedford . High - speed domestic services to Kent , run by Southeastern , depart on the same level as Eurostar & East Midlands Trains . Arriving on one of the Eurostar platforms The terminal is one of relatively few railway stations in England to feature multilingual signage in English and French . In March 2014 , the station 's public relations team commissioned a study of mispronounced words , reportedly as a result of passengers referring to the station as `` St Pancreas '' . Platform layout ( edit ) Interior of station , with Eurostar train awaiting departure at left The longer international platforms , used by Eurostar , extend into Barlow 's train shed , whilst the other platforms terminate at the southern end of the 2005 extension . The international platforms do not occupy the full width of the Barlow train shed , and sections of the floor area have been opened up to provide natural light to the new ground - level concourse below . Eurostar 's arrival and departure lounges lie below these platforms , adjacent to The Arcade , a concourse fashioned from the original station undercroft which runs along the western length of the Barlow train shed . The southern end of The Arcade links to the western ticket hall of King 's Cross St Pancras tube station . Access to the East Midlands Trains platforms are via the northern end of The Arcade , while the Thameslink and domestic High Speed platforms are reached via a street - level concourse where the old and new parts of the station meet . The main pedestrian entrance is at the eastern end of this concourse , where a subway enables pedestrians to reach King 's Cross station and the northern ticket hall of the tube station . Domestic services ( edit ) East Midlands trains ( Midland main line ) ( edit ) Two Class 222 Meridian diesel multiple units and a Class 43 HST diesel set operated by East Midlands Trains , at the Midland Main Line platforms . Since 2007 , platforms 1 -- 4 have been the southern terminus for Midland Main Line trains operated by East Midlands Trains to / from the East Midlands and Yorkshire , including Leicester , Corby , Nottingham , Kettering , Derby and Sheffield . Occasional trains also run to Melton Mowbray , Lincoln , Leeds , York and Scarborough . As of July 2017 , the Monday - Saturday off - peak timetable has five services per hour : three fast and two semi-fast . Service pattern Destination Calling at Main stock Journey time XX : 00 Corby Luton , Bedford , Wellingborough , Kettering 222 1 h 10 min XX : 15 Nottingham Market Harborough , Leicester , East Midlands Parkway HST 1 h 40 min XX : 26 Sheffield Leicester , Loughborough , East Midlands Parkway , Long Eaton , Derby , Chesterfield 222 2 h 15 min XX : 29 Nottingham Luton Airport Parkway , Bedford , Wellingborough , Kettering , Market Harborough , Leicester , Loughborough , Beeston 222 1 h 52 min XX : 58 Sheffield Leicester , Derby , Chesterfield 222 2 h 1 min Thameslink ( edit ) Thameslink platforms at St Pancras ( 2007 ) As part of the Thameslink Programme , St Pancras International gained platforms on the Thameslink route , replacing King 's Cross Thameslink to the south - east . In line with the former station , the Thameslink platforms are designated A and B . The new platforms have met with some criticism for the length of the walking route to the underground as compared with King 's Cross Thameslink . The Thameslink Programme involves the introduction of 12 - car trains across the enlarged Thameslink network . As extending the platforms at King 's Cross Thameslink was thought to be impractical ( requiring alterations to Clerkenwell No 3 tunnel and the Circle / Hammersmith & City / Metropolitan Underground lines , which would be extremely disruptive and prohibitively expensive ) , it was decided to build new Thameslink platforms under St Pancras . The Thameslink platforms serve trains to Bedford , Luton and St Albans City in the north , and Wimbledon , Sutton , East Croydon , Gatwick Airport and Brighton in the south . The Thameslink Programme will enlarge the Thameslink network more than threefold , from 50 to 172 stations , using a newly - built junction immediately north of the station to connect into the East Coast Main Line just south of Finsbury Park . Southeastern ( High Speed 1 and Kent Coast ) ( edit ) The high speed domestic platforms with Class 395 `` Javelin '' units . Southeastern runs high - speed Class 395 trains on High Speed 1 to Kent and the South East , to Faversham , Margate , Ramsgate , Canterbury West , Dover Priory , Folkestone Central , Ashford , Ebbsfleet International and other destinations in Kent . The first domestic service carrying passengers over High Speed 1 ran on 12 December 2008 , to mark one year before regular services were due to begin . This special service , carrying various dignitaries , ran from Ashford International to St Pancras . Starting in June 2009 , Southeastern provided a preview service between St Pancras and Ebbsfleet , extending to Ashford International during peak hours . In September , Southeastern extended the peak - time services to Dover and Ramsgate . The full service began on 13 December . Southeastern High Speed Typical Off - Peak Timetable ( edit ) Departures Service pattern Destination Calling at Journey time XX : 12 Dover Priory Stratford International , Ebbsfleet International , Ashford International , Folkestone West , Folkestone Central 1 h 08 min XX : 25 Faversham Stratford International , Ebbsfleet International , Gravesend , Strood , Rochester , Chatham , Gillingham ( Kent ) , Rainham ( Kent ) , Sittingbourne 1 h 08 min XX : 42 Margate Stratford International , Ebbsfleet International , Ashford International , Canterbury West , Ramsgate , Broadstairs 1 h 28 min XX : 55 Faversham Stratford International , Ebbsfleet International , Gravesend , Strood , Rochester , Chatham , Gillingham ( Kent ) , Rainham ( Kent ) , Sittingbourne 1 h 08 min Arrivals Service pattern Departure Calling at Journey time XX : 28 Faversham Sittingbourne , Rainham ( Kent ) , Gillingham ( Kent ) , Chatham , Rochester , Strood , Gravesend , Ebbsfleet International , Stratford International 1 h 11 min XX : 44 Dover Priory Folkestone Central , Folkestone West , Ashford International , Ebbsfleet International , Stratford International 1 h 07 min XX : 53 Margate Broadstairs , Ramsgate , Canterbury West , Ashford International , Ebbsfleet International , Stratford International 1 h 28 min XX : 58 Faversham Sittingbourne , Rainham ( Kent ) , Gillingham ( Kent ) , Chatham , Rochester , Strood , Gravesend , Ebbsfleet International , Stratford International 1 h 11 min Olympic Javelin service ( edit ) During the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , St Pancras was the Central London terminus of the Olympic Javelin service , a seven - minute shuttle between Central London and Stratford International station for the London Olympic Park . International services ( edit ) Eurostar train at St Pancras International Main article : Eurostar Seventeen pairs of Eurostar trains to and from Paris Gare du Nord every day , ten pairs of trains to and from Bruxelles - Midi / Brussel - Zuid for Brussels and the European Union de facto capital , and one train to and from Marne - la - Vallée for Disneyland Resort Paris . Extra services run to Paris on Fridays and Sundays , with a reduced service to Brussels at weekends . Additional weekend leisure - oriented trains run to the French Alps during the skiing season , and to Marseille via Lyon and Avignon in the summer . It will also serve as the terminus for services to / from Amsterdam from Spring 2018 . Trains observe a mixture of calls at four intermediate stations ( Ebbsfleet International , Ashford International , Calais - Fréthun and Lille - Europe ) , with some running non-stop . Non-stop trains take 2 hours 15 minutes to Paris , and just under 1 hour 50 minutes to Brussels , other trains taking 5 or 10 minutes longer depending on whether they make one or two stops . Creative arts ( edit ) The Meeting Place statue at St Pancras There are several items of art on public display at St Pancras . At the south end of the upper level , a 9 - metre ( 29.5 ft ) high 20 - tonne ( 19.7 - long - ton ; 22.0 - short - ton ) bronze statue named The Meeting Place stands beneath the station clock . Designed by British artist Paul Day , it is intended to evoke the romance of travel through the depiction of a couple locked in an amorous embrace . Controversy was caused by Day 's 2008 addition of a bronze relief frieze around the plinth . depicting a commuter falling into the path of an Underground train driven by the Grim Reaper . Day revised the frieze before the final version was installed . On the upper level , above the Arcade concourse , stands a bronze statue of John Betjeman , depicted gazing in apparent wonder at the Barlow roof . Designed by British sculptor Martin Jennings , the statue commemorates the poet 's successful campaign to save the station from demolition in the 1960s . The 2 - metre ( 6 ft 7 in ) - high statue stands on a flat disc of Cumbrian slate inscribed with lines from Betjeman 's poem Cornish Cliffs : And in the shadowless unclouded glare / Deep blue above us fades to whiteness where / A misty sea - line meets the wash of air . -- John Betjeman , Cornish Cliffs , In 2016 , Google opened YouTube Space , a creative centre for vloggers inside the company 's new 20,000 - square - foot ( 1,900 m ) premises on Pancras Square adjacent to the station . The premises includes a 150 seat cinema and various stages . Hotel ( edit ) Gilbert Scott 's staircase inside the St Pancras Renaissance Hotel The Midland ran a competition for architects to design a hotel to front the station . George Gilbert Scott was persuaded to enter by his friend , Midland director Joseph Lewis , and completed the winning design at home while attending to his son who had fallen ill . Though plans were complete by the end of the year , financial pressure meant construction had to be delayed . Work eventually started in 1868 and the main section of the Midland Grand Hotel opened on 5 May 1873 , with the west wing following three years later . The building is primarily brick , but polychromatic , in a style derived from the Italian gothic , and with numerous other architectural influences . Gilbert Scott reused many of the design details from his earlier work at Kelham Hall designed in 1857 and completed in 1863 , but on a much grander scale for St Pancras . The hotel closed in 1935 and was turned into St Pancras Chambers , a group of offices , with ownership retained by the LNWR . In the late 1980s , British Rail sold off and vacated the premises . Following the decision to connect St Pancras to the Channel Tunnel Rail Link , plans were made to restore the hotel for its original function . Planning permission was granted in 2005 and funded as part of a £ 50m Government plan to refurbish the station . The St. Pancras Renaissance London Hotel occupies parts of the original building , including the main public rooms , together with a new bedroom wing on the western side of the Barlow train shed . The upper levels of the original building have been redeveloped as apartments by the Manhattan Loft Corporation . The hotel held its grand opening on 5 May 2011 , exactly 138 years after its original opening . The hotel has been used as setting in several films , including Chaplin ( 1992 ) , Richard III ( 1995 ) and From Hell ( 2001 ) . It was used for the filming of the Spice Girls ' 1996 video , `` Wannabe '' . Accidents and incidents ( edit ) On 17 February 1918 a German Gotha aircraft dropped five bombs one of which destroyed the roof of the station 's ornate booking hall and killed 20 people . The station was also bombed in World War II , including a land mine damaging the roof on 15 -- 16 October 1940 , and a bomb exploding in the beer vaults underneath Platform 3 on 10 -- 11 May 1941 . On 20 July 1959 , a locomotive overran a signal and consequently crashed into Dock Junction Signal Box . As a result , trains had to be hand - signalled in and out of St Pancras for several days . Service patterns ( edit ) Preceding station National Rail Following station Terminus Eurostar Channel Tunnel Rail Link ( CTRL ) Ebbsfleet International Ashford International Terminus Southeastern High Speed 1 Stratford International Terminus East Midlands Trains Midland Main Line Leicester Market Harborough Luton Airport Parkway Luton Farringdon Thameslink Thameslink Kentish Town West Hampstead Thameslink Future Development Farringdon Thameslink Great Northern Finsbury Park Terminus Deutsche Bahn ICE Ebbsfleet International Historical railways Terminus Midland Railway Midland Main Line Camden Road Line open , station closed Terminus London Midland Region of British Railways Kentish Town Line and station open Future developments ( edit ) Competition with Eurostar ( edit ) Further information : High Speed 1 § Future operations A Deutsche Bahn ICE3 train at St Pancras on 19 October 2010 In January 2010 , the European railway network was opened to liberalisation to allow greater competition . Both Air France - KLM and Deutsche Bahn expressed interest in taking advantage of the new laws to run new services via High Speed 1 to St Pancras . In December 2009 , Deutsche Bahn received permission to run trains through the Channel Tunnel after safety requirements were relaxed . It had previously expressed a desire to run through trains between London and Germany . Direct trains between St Pancras and Cologne could have started before the 2012 Olympics , with plans to run a regular service of three daily trains each direction to Frankfurt , Rotterdam and Amsterdam via Brussels in 2013 . Deutsche Bahn trains would be made up of two coupled sets between London and Brussels , dividing at Bruxelles - Midi / Brussel - Zuid . DB showcased an ICE 3 trainset in St Pancras in October 2010 . The start date for these services is not expected before 2018 . In March 2017 it was announced that Deutsche Bahn had revived plans for a London to Frankfurt train service taking 5 hours , with the service beginning as early as 2020 . In February 2010 , the idea of a Transmanche Metro service gained support as local councillors in Kent and Pas - de-Calais announced that they were in talks to establish a high - frequency stopping service between London and Lille . Trains would start at Lille Europe and call at Calais , Ashford International and Stratford International before reaching St Pancras . Since High Speed 1 opened , Ashford and Calais have an infrequent service and Eurostar trains do not call at Stratford International . It was hoped the service would be running by 2012 in time for the London Olympics . The mayor of Calais revived these plans in 2016 , and said it could be operational in 5 years . Great northern ( edit ) From December 2018 , as part of the Thameslink programme , services from the East Coast Main Line / Great Northern Route , also part of the Govia Thameslink Railway franchise , will be linked to the Thameslink route , diverting trains previously terminating at Kings Cross into the Thameslink platforms at St Pancras and then through central London to Sussex and Kent . This link was made possible by the construction of two canal tunnels . These are about 100 metres north of the Thameslink platforms , and they will join the ECML where the North London Line and HS1 go over the top . Freight ( edit ) On 21 March 2012 a SNCF TGV La Poste trainset was displayed at St Pancras . However , regular services proposed for 2017 would use a new terminal planned near Barking . King 's Cross St Pancras tube station ( edit ) One of the entrances to King 's Cross St Pancras tube station from the St Pancras concourse . Main article : King 's Cross St. Pancras tube station King 's Cross St Pancras tube station serves both King 's Cross and St Pancras main - line stations . It is in fare zone 1 . The station has two ticket halls , both of which can be accessed directly from the St Pancras concourse . The tube station is served by more lines than any other station on the London Underground . In 2005 , it was the busiest tube station , but has been overtaken by others since . The tube station pre-dated the mainline as part of the initial section of Metropolitan Railway project on 10 January 1863 , which was the first section of the London Underground to open . The station expanded to accommodate St Pancras on opening , following by interchanges with the Great Northern , Piccadilly and Brompton Railway ( now the Piccadilly line ) in 1906 , with the City & South London Railway ( now the Northern line ) opening a year later . The Victoria line platforms were opened in 1968 . A major expansion to accommodate High Speed 1 at St. Pancras opened in November 2009 . A pedestrian subway was built during the CTRL refurbishments . It runs under Pancras Road from the eastern entrance of the domestic concourse to the new northern ticket hall of King 's Cross St Pancras tube station ( opened November 2009 ) and the new concourse for King 's Cross ( opened March 2012 ) . Preceding station London Underground Following station Euston Square towards Hammersmith Circle line Farringdon towards Edgware Road Euston Square towards Hammersmith Hammersmith & City line Farringdon towards Barking Euston Square towards Amersham , Chesham , Uxbridge or Watford Metropolitan line Farringdon towards Aldgate Euston towards Edgware , Mill Hill East or High Barnet Northern line Angel towards Morden Russell Square towards Uxbridge or Heathrow Airport ( Terminal 4 or Terminal 5 ) Piccadilly line Caledonian Road towards Cockfosters Euston towards Brixton Victoria line Highbury & Islington towards Walthamstow Central Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Beer traffic was handled in the centre of the station between platforms 4 and 5 . A central third track ended in a wagon hoist lowering wagons 20 feet ( 6 m ) below rail level . Beer storage ended in 1967 . Jump up ^ Scott had previously submitted Gothic inspired designs for the Foreign Office , but had had his designs blocked . 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Jump up ^ `` EUROSTAR STARTS PREPARATIONS FOR 2018 AMSTERDAM SERVICES '' . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Meeting Place '' . BBC London . 2007 . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Gadher , Dipesh ( 12 October 2008 ) . `` Reaper 's grim welcome at St Pancras '' . The Sunday Times . London . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Stevenson , Rachel ( 12 October 2008 ) . `` St Pancras station refuses to display train death sculpture '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Milmo , Cahal ( 14 February 2007 ) . `` Art that embraces a new future for St Pancras '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 26 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sir John Betjeman sculpture '' . Martin Jennings . 2007 . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube launches creative hub ' Space ' to help stars turn fame into fortune '' . London Evening Standard . 16 August 2016 . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Jackson 1984 , p. 68 . 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Retrieved 7 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Deutsche Bahn gets access to Channel Tunnel '' . Deutsche Welle. 16 December 2009 . Retrieved 22 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Deutsche Bahn gets green light for Eurotunnel use '' . Asia One News . Singapore . Agence France - Presse. 16 December 2009 . Retrieved 22 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Lydall , Ross ( 3 February 2010 ) . `` The train at St Pancras will be departing for ... Germany via Channel Tunnel '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Richard , Scott ( 19 October 2010 ) . `` German rail firm DB competes for Channel Tunnel routes '' . BBC News Online . London . Retrieved 19 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Fender , Keith ( 19 February 2014 ) . `` DB puts London -- Frankfurt plans on ice '' . International Railway Journal . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Rebecca ( 2 March 2017 ) . `` Gearing up for Brexit : London - Frankfurt express trains could arrive by 2020 '' . Jump up ^ Allen , Peter ; Lydall , Ross ( 4 February 2010 ) . `` ' Metro ' trains from Calais to Kent '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Is Transmanche Metro back on track ? '' . Jump up ^ GTR 2018 Timetable Consultation Phase 2 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Govia Thameslink Railway . pp. 9 -- 10 . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Demonstration high speed freight train links Lyon and London '' . Railway Gazette International . London . 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Large Print Tube Map '' ( PDF ) . Transport for London . Retrieved 28 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` King 's Cross ticket hall unveiled '' . BBC News Online . 25 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Balfour Beatty to build King 's Cross ticket hall '' . building.co.uk. 25 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` London Underground : 150 fascinating Tube facts '' . The Daily Telegraph . 9 January 2017 . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Day & Reed 2008 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Wolmar 2004 , p. 181 . Jump up ^ Day & Reed 2008 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Menear 1983 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ `` King 's Cross St. Pancras Tube station doubles in size as state - of - the - art ticket hall opens '' . Transport for London . 27 November 2009 . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The new station concourse at King 's Cross opens 19 March 2012 '' . Network Rail. 19 March 2012 . Retrieved 2 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Video : New concourse at King 's Cross St Pancras ' is very democratic ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 14 March 2012 . Retrieved 2 February 2013 . Sources ( edit ) Barlow , W.H. ( 1870 ) . `` Description of the St. Pancras Station and Roof , Midland Railway . ( Includes Plates ) '' . Minutes of the Proceedings . 30 ( 1870 ) : 78 . doi : 10.1680 / imotp. 1870.23014 . Bradley , Simon ( 2010 ) . St Pancras Station . Profile Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 847 - 65073 - 3 . Brown , J. ( 2009 ) . London Railway Atlas . London : Ian Allan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7110 - 3397 - 9 . Christopher , John ( 2013 ) . St Pancras Station Through Time . Amberley Publisher . ISBN 978 - 1 - 445 - 62408 - 2 . Day , John R. ; Reed , John ( 2008 ) ( 1963 ) . The Story of London 's Underground ( 10th ed . ) . Capital Transport . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85414 - 316 - 7 . Jackson , Alan ( 1984 ) ( 1969 ) . London 's Termini ( New Revised ed . ) . London : David & Charles . ISBN 0 - 330 - 02747 - 6 . Holland , Julian ( 2012 ) . Railway top spots : revisiting the top train spotting destinations of our childhood . David & Charles . ISBN 9781446302620 . OCLC 800648375 . Hassanien , Ahmed ; Dale , Crispin ( 2013 ) . Facilities Management and Development for Tourism , Hospitality and Events . CABI . ISBN 978 - 1 - 780 - 64034 - 1 . Lambert , Anthony J. ( 2010 ) . Lambert 's Railway Miscellany . London : Ebury . ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 193771 - 3 . Jones , Robin ( 2017 ) . History of the East Coast Main Line . The Crowood Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 785 - 00287 - 8 . Menear , Laurence ( 1983 ) . London 's underground stations : a social and architectural study . Midas . ISBN 978 - 0 - 859 - 36124 - 8 . Palmer , John ( 2017 ) . Midland Main Lines to St Pancras and Cross Country : Sheffield to Bristol 1957 - 1963 . Pen and Sword . ISBN 978 - 1 - 473 - 88559 - 2 . Noszlopy , George Thomas ; Waterhouse , Fiona ( 2005 ) . Public Sculpture of Staffordshire and the Black Country . Liverpool University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 853 - 23989 - 5 . Mason , Roger ( 2016 ) . Great Railway Journeys : London to Sheffield . Amberley Publishing Limited . ISBN 978 - 1 - 445 - 63407 - 4 . Trevena , Arthur ( 1981 ) . Trains in Trouble : Vol. 2 . Redruth : Atlantic Books . ISBN 0 - 906899 - 03 - 6 . Weinreb , Ben ; Hibbert , Christopher ; Keay , Julia ; Keay , John ( 2008 ) . The London Encyclopedia . Pan MacMillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4050 - 4924 - 5 . Williams , Frederick S. ( 1888 ) . `` VII . ' Difficulties and Delays ' '' . The Midland railway , its rise and progress , a narrative of modern enterprise ( 5 ed . ) . Richard Bentley & Son . pp. 128 -- 9 . Wolmar , Christian ( 2004 ) . The Subterranean Railway : How the London Underground Was Built and How It Changed the City Forever . Atlantic Books . ISBN 1 - 84354 - 023 - 1 . Further reading ( edit ) Lansley , Alastair ; Durant , Stuart ( 19 December 2011 ) . The Transformation of St Pancras Station . London : Laurence King . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85669 - 882 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to St Pancras railway station . Official website Transport in London Companies and organisations Transport for London Air Line Buses East London Transit Night buses Coach station Cycle hire Dial - a-Ride London Rail Docklands Light Railway London Overground TfL Rail Tramlink Crossrail ( under construction ) Crossrail 2 ( proposed ) London River Services London Streets London Underground Night Tube Source London Taxi and Private Hire office Bus operators Abellio Arriva East Herts & Essex Arriva London Arriva Southern Counties CT Plus Go - Ahead London London Sovereign London United Metrobus Metroline Quality Line Stagecoach London Tower Transit Uno River operators Bateaux London City Cruises Crown River Cruises Livett 's Launches Lower Thames and Medway Passenger Boat Company Thames Clippers Thames Executive Charters Thames River Services Westminster Passenger Services Association Train operators Arriva Rail London c2c Caledonian Sleeper Chiltern Railways East Midlands Trains Eurostar Govia Thameslink Railway Gatwick 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structures under construction shown in italics Eurostar Stations London St Pancras International Ebbsfleet International Ashford International Calais - Fréthun Lille - Europe Brussels - South Paris Gare du Nord Marne la Vallée - Chessy ( Disneyland Paris ) Lyon - Part - Dieu Avignon TGV Marseille - Saint - Charles Winter only Moûtiers - Salins - Brides - les - Bains Aime - La Plagne Bourg - Saint - Maurice Lines High Speed 1 Channel Tunnel LGV Nord HSL 1 LGV Interconnexion Est LGV Sud - Est LGV Rhône - Alpes LGV Méditerranée Rolling stock e300 e320 Proposed Stratford International LGV Picardie HSL - Zuid Rotterdam Centraal Amsterdam Centraal Other High - speed rail ICE TGV Thalys Rail transport in the United Kingdom Rail transport in France Rail transport in Belgium International railway stations in the United Kingdom Great Britain ( Eurostar and Le Shuttle ) St Pancras International Stratford International * Ebbsfleet International Ashford International Eurotunnel Folkestone Terminal Northern Ireland ( Enterprise ) Belfast Central Lisburn Lurgan Portadown Newry * Train / ferry interchange Fishguard Harbour Harwich International Holyhead Newhaven Harbour Pembroke Dock * Station is designed for international services , but currently only served by domestic services . Newry also had a once daily service by Iarnród Éireann Thameslink , Great Northern , Southern and Southeastern routes Thameslink and Great Northern routes serving this station Thameslink Bedford to Brighton Bedford ( Wixams planned ) Flitwick Harlington Leagrave Luton Luton Airport Parkway Harpenden St Albans City West Hampstead Thameslink St Pancras International Farringdon City Thameslink London Blackfriars Elephant & Castle Loughborough Junction Herne Hill Tulse Hill London Bridge East Croydon Redhill Gatwick Airport Three Bridges Balcombe Haywards Heath Wivelsfield Burgess Hill Hassocks Preston Park Brighton Thameslink Wimbledon Loop Bedford Flitwick Harlington Leagrave Luton Luton Airport Parkway Harpenden St Albans City Radlett Elstree & Borehamwood Mill Hill Broadway Hendon ( Brent Cross South planned ) Cricklewood West Hampstead Thameslink Kentish Town St Pancras International Farringdon City Thameslink London Blackfriars Elephant & Castle Loughborough Junction Herne Hill Tulse Hill Streatham Tooting Haydons Road Wimbledon Wimbledon Chase South Merton Morden South St Helier Sutton Common West Sutton Sutton Carshalton Hackbridge Mitcham Junction Mitcham Eastfields Thameslink Sevenoaks line Bedford Luton St Albans City West Hampstead Thameslink Kentish Town St Pancras International Farringdon City Thameslink London Blackfriars Elephant & Castle Denmark Hill Peckham Rye Nunhead Crofton Park Catford Bellingham Beckenham Hill Ravensbourne Herne Hill West Dulwich Sydenham Hill Penge East Kent House Beckenham Junction Shortlands Bromley South Bickley Petts Wood Orpington St Mary Cray Swanley Eynsford Shoreham Otford Bat & Ball Sevenoaks Thameslink Bedford to Rochester and Ashford Int'l Bedford ( Wixams planned ) Flitwick Harlington Leagrave Luton Luton Airport Parkway Harpenden St Albans City West Hampstead Thameslink St Pancras International Farringdon City Thameslink London Blackfriars Elephant & Castle Bromley South St Mary Cray Swanley Farningham Road Longfield Meopham Sole Street Rochester Otford Kemsing Borough Green & Wrotham West Malling East Malling Barming Maidstone East Bearsted Hollingbourne Harrietsham Lenham Charing Ashford International Southeastern routes serving this station Highspeed St Pancras International Stratford International Ebbsfleet International Gravesend Strood Snodland Maidstone West Rochester Chatham Gillingham ( Kent ) Rainham ( Kent ) Sittingbourne Faversham Whitstable Herne Bay Birchington - on - Sea Margate Broadstairs Ramsgate Canterbury West Ashford International Folkestone West Folkestone Central Dover Priory Martin Mill Walmer Deal Sandwich Stations in italics are served on limited occasions , at peak hours or on Sundays only . Govia National Rail Thameslink and Great Northern Southeastern Southern Gatwick Express South Western Railway Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St_Pancras_railway_station&oldid=826200142 '' Categories : Rail transport stations in London fare zone 1 Railway stations in the London Borough of Camden Railway termini in London Former Midland Railway stations Railway stations opened in 1868 Network Rail managed stations Railway stations served by East Midlands Trains Railway stations served by Eurostar Railway stations served by Southeastern Thameslink railway stations DfT Category A stations DfT Category C1 stations 1868 establishments in England St Pancras , London France -- United Kingdom border crossings Grade I listed buildings in the London Borough of Camden Grade I listed railway stations Clock towers in the United Kingdom Brick buildings and structures Iron and steel buildings George Gilbert Scott buildings Transport architecture in London Gothic Revival architecture in London Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Webarchive template wayback links Good articles EngvarB from October 2015 Coordinates on Wikidata London stations without latest usage statistics 1112 Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Use dmy dates from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Íslenska Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 February 2018 , at 20 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is st. pancras international station in london | [
"St Pancras railway station (/seɪnt ˈpæŋkrəs/ or /sənt ˈpæŋkrəs/), also known as London St Pancras and officially since 2007 as St Pancras International, is a central London railway terminus located on Euston Road in the London Borough of Camden. It is the terminal station for Eurostar continental services from London to Paris and Brussels via High Speed 1 and the Channel Tunnel. It also handles East Midlands Trains main line services to Corby, Sheffield and Nottingham, Southeastern high-speed trains to Kent via Ebbsfleet International and Ashford International, and local Thameslink suburban services. It stands between the British Library, Regent's Canal and King's Cross railway station, with whom it shares a London Underground station named Kings Cross St. Pancras."
] | [
"on Euston Road in the London Borough of Camden"
] |
5157730147058352237 | 2017 U.S. Open (golf) | 2017 U.S. Open ( golf ) - wikipedia 2017 U.S. Open ( golf ) Jump to : navigation , search 2017 U.S. Open Tournament information Dates June 15 -- 18 , 2017 Location Erin , Wisconsin Course ( s ) Erin Hills Organized by USGA Tour ( s ) PGA Tour European Tour Japan Golf Tour Statistics Par 72 Length 7,741 yards ( 7,078 m ) Field 156 players , 68 after cut Cut 145 ( + 1 ) Prize fund $ 12,000,000 Winner 's share $2,160,000 Champion Brooks Koepka 272 ( − 16 ) `` 2016 2018 '' Erin Hills Location in the United States Erin Hills Location in Wisconsin The 2017 U.S. Open Championship was the 117th U.S. Open , held June 15 -- 18 , 2017 at Erin Hills in Erin , Wisconsin , northwest of Milwaukee . The event was won by Brooks Koepka , who claimed his first major after finishing with a final score of 16 under par . This score matched the lowest score ever attained at the tournament , a record set in 2011 by Rory McIlroy . This was the first U.S. Open in Wisconsin , but marked the fifth occasion in which the state hosted a major , following four earlier iterations of the PGA Championship . It was played in 1933 at Blue Mound in Wauwatosa , and at Whistling Straits near Kohler in 2004 , 2010 , and 2015 . The purse for the tournament totaled $12 million . Koepka won $2.16 million ; this was the first major where the winner 's share exceeded $2 million . Contents ( hide ) 1 Venue 1.1 Course layout 2 Field 2.1 Past champions in the field 2.1. 1 Made the cut 2.1. 2 Missed the cut 2.2 Nationalities in the field 3 Round summaries 3.1 First round 3.2 Second round 3.3 Third round 3.3. 1 Justin Thomas scorecard 3.4 Final round 3.4. 1 Scorecard 4 References 5 External links Venue ( edit ) This was the first U.S. Open at Erin Hills , which opened in 2006 and hosted the U.S. Amateur in 2011 . It was also the first U.S. Open since 1992 whose course played to a par of 72 . It marked the first time in which the tournament was hosted in Wisconsin , and continued a long tradition of golf in the state , which hosted the U.S. Women 's Open twice ( in 1998 , which was played at Blackwolf Run in Kohler , as well as in 2012 ) . It was furthermore home to the U.S. Senior Open at Whistling Straits in 2007 . The PGA Tour formerly stopped in the state regularly with the Greater Milwaukee Open ( 1968 -- 2009 ) , preceded by the Milwaukee Open Invitational ( 1955 -- 1961 ) . Course layout ( edit ) Hole 5 6 7 8 9 Out 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 In Total Yards 608 338 508 439 505 208 607 492 135 3,840 504 460 464 193 594 357 183 509 637 3,901 7,741 Par 5 5 36 5 5 36 72 2017 yardages by round Round Hole 5 6 7 8 9 Out 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 In Total Par 5 5 36 5 5 36 72 Yards 613 330 497 451 514 252 604 490 150 3,901 514 451 448 227 599 368 179 526 632 3,944 7,845 Yards 597 360 515 456 498 249 578 487 153 3,893 525 468 437 198 603 348 179 512 676 3,946 7,839 Yards 609 331 516 432 504 239 613 499 123 3,866 521 467 465 208 599 288 214 523 667 3,952 7,818 Yards 605 329 484 399 500 199 632 486 172 3,806 492 452 433 216 588 356 184 513 681 3,915 7,721 Scoring average : 73.204 by round : 73.385 , 73.225 , 72.016 , 73.928 Most difficult holes in relation to par : 3 , 4 , 6 , 17 Field ( edit ) About half the field consisted of players who were exempt from qualifying for the U.S. Open . Each player is classified according to the first category in which he qualified , and other categories are shown in parentheses . 1 . Winners of the U.S. Open Championship during the last ten years Ángel Cabrera , Lucas Glover , Dustin Johnson ( 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ) , Martin Kaymer ( 14 , 15 ) , Graeme McDowell , Rory McIlroy ( 6 , 7 , 13 , 14 , 15 ) , Justin Rose ( 11 , 14 , 15 ) , Webb Simpson , Jordan Spieth ( 5 , 13 , 14 , 15 ) Tiger Woods did not play . 2 . Winner and runner - up of the 2016 U.S. Amateur Championship Brad Dalke ( a ) Curtis Luck forfeited his exemption by turning professional in April 2017 . 3 . Winner of the 2016 Amateur Championship Scott Gregory ( a ) 4 . Winner of the 2016 Mark H. McCormack Medal ( men 's World Amateur Golf Ranking ) Maverick McNealy ( a ) 5 . Winners of the Masters Tournament during the last five years Sergio García ( 12 , 14 , 15 ) , Adam Scott ( 13 , 14 , 15 ) , Bubba Watson ( 13 , 14 , 15 ) , Danny Willett ( 14 , 15 ) 6 . Winners of The Open Championship during the last five years Ernie Els , Zach Johnson ( 12 ) , Henrik Stenson ( 14 , 15 ) Phil Mickelson ( 13 , 14 , 15 ) withdrew to attend his daughter 's high school graduation . 7 . Winners of the PGA Championship during the last five years Jason Day ( 8 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ) , Jason Dufner ( 12 , 13 , 15 ) , Jimmy Walker ( 13 , 14 , 15 ) 8 . Winners of The Players Championship during the last three years Rickie Fowler ( 14 , 15 ) , Kim Si - woo ( 13 , 14 , 15 ) 9 . Winner of the 2017 European Tour BMW PGA Championship Alexander Norén ( 14 , 15 ) 10 . Winner of the 2016 U.S. Senior Open Championship Gene Sauers 11 . Winner of the 2016 Olympic Golf Tournament 12 . The 10 lowest scorers and anyone tying for 10th place at the 2016 U.S. Open Championship Jim Furyk , Branden Grace ( 14 , 15 ) , Shane Lowry , Kevin Na ( 13 ) , Scott Piercy ( 14 ) , Daniel Summerhays 13 . Players who qualified for the season - ending 2016 Tour Championship Daniel Berger ( 14 , 15 ) , Paul Casey ( 14 , 15 ) , Roberto Castro , Kevin Chappell ( 14 , 15 ) , Emiliano Grillo ( 14 , 15 ) , J.B. Holmes ( 14 , 15 ) , Kevin Kisner ( 14 , 15 ) , Russell Knox ( 14 , 15 ) , Matt Kuchar ( 14 , 15 ) , Hideki Matsuyama ( 14 , 15 ) , William McGirt ( 14 , 15 ) , Sean O'Hair , Patrick Reed ( 14 , 15 ) , Charl Schwartzel ( 14 , 15 ) , Brandt Snedeker ( 14 , 15 ) , Justin Thomas ( 14 , 15 ) , Jhonattan Vegas , Gary Woodland ( 14 , 15 ) Ryan Moore ( 14 , 15 ) withdrew due to a shoulder injury . 14 . The top 60 point leaders and ties as of May 22 , 2017 in the Official World Golf Ranking An Byeong - hun ( 15 ) , Wesley Bryan ( 15 ) , Rafael Cabrera - Bello ( 15 ) , Ross Fisher ( 15 ) , Matthew Fitzpatrick ( 15 ) , Tommy Fleetwood ( 15 ) , Bill Haas ( 15 ) , Adam Hadwin ( 15 ) , Brian Harman ( 15 ) , Tyrrell Hatton ( 15 ) , Russell Henley ( 15 ) , Charley Hoffman ( 15 ) , Billy Horschel ( 15 ) , Yuta Ikeda ( 15 ) , Brooks Koepka ( 15 ) , Marc Leishman ( 15 ) , Francesco Molinari ( 15 ) , Louis Oosthuizen ( 15 ) , Pat Perez ( 15 ) , Thomas Pieters ( 15 ) , Jon Rahm ( 15 ) , Brendan Steele ( 15 ) , Hideto Tanihara ( 15 ) , Wang Jeung - hun , Lee Westwood ( 15 ) , Bernd Wiesberger ( 15 ) 15 . The top 60 point leaders and ties as of June 12 , 2017 in the Official World Golf Ranking Chris Wood 16 . Special exemptions given by the USGA None The remaining contestants earned their places through sectional qualifiers . Japan : Shugo Imahira , Chan Kim , Satoshi Kodaira , Yūsaku Miyazato Europe : Thomas Aiken , Oliver Bekker , George Coetzee , Bradley Dredge , Paul Dunne , Andrew Johnston , Alexander Lévy , Li Haotong , Wade Ormsby , Eddie Pepperell , Aaron Rai , Richie Ramsay , Joël Stalter , Brandon Stone , Matt Wallace United States : Tyson Alexander , Mason Andersen ( a ) , Derek Barron , Keegan Bradley , Ryan Brehm , Matt Campbell , Bud Cauley , Cameron Champ ( a ) , Daniel Chopra , Stewart Cink , Corey Conners , Chris Crawford ( a ) , Bryson DeChambeau , Kevin Dougherty , Harris English , Nick Flanagan , Brice Garnett , Talor Gooch , Max Greyserman , Stewart Hagestad ( a ) , Scott Harvey ( a ) , Stephan Jäger , Ben Kohles , Jason Kokrak , Martin Laird , Walker Lee ( a ) , David Lingmerth , Jamie Lovemark , Jack Maguire , Troy Merritt , Daniel Miernicki , Trey Mullinax , Jordan Niebrugge , Joaquín Niemann ( a ) , John Oda ( a ) , Garrett Osborn , Pan Cheng - tsung , Andy Pope , J.T. Poston , Ted Potter , Jr. , Jonathan Randolph , Chez Reavie , Roman Robledo , Andrés Romero , Sam Ryder , Xander Schauffele , Scottie Scheffler ( a ) , Alex Smalley ( a ) , Steve Stricker , Brian Stuard , Sahith Theegala ( a ) , Kyle Thompson , Peter Uihlein Alternates who gained entry : Michael Putnam replaced Ryan Moore Grégory Bourdy ( claimed spot held for category 15 ) Kim Meen - whee ( claimed spot held for category 15 ) Tyler Light ( claimed spot held for category 15 ) Dru Love ( claimed spot held for category 15 ) Ryan Palmer ( claimed spot held for category 15 ) Roberto Díaz replaced Phil Mickelson ( a ) denotes amateur Past champions in the field ( edit ) Made the cut ( edit ) Player Country Year ( s ) won R1 R2 R3 R4 Total To par Finish Jim Furyk United States 2003 70 74 69 72 285 − 3 T23 Martin Kaymer Germany 2014 72 69 75 73 289 + 1 T35 Webb Simpson United States 2012 74 71 71 73 289 + 1 T35 Jordan Spieth United States 2015 73 71 76 69 289 + 1 T35 Ernie Els South Africa 1994 , 1997 70 72 79 74 295 + 7 T55 Missed the cut ( edit ) Player Country Year won R1 R2 Total To par Lucas Glover United States 2009 74 72 146 + 2 Justin Rose England 2013 72 74 146 + 2 Dustin Johnson United States 2016 75 73 148 + 4 Graeme McDowell Northern Ireland 76 73 149 + 5 Rory McIlroy Northern Ireland 2011 78 71 149 + 5 Ángel Cabrera Argentina 2007 71 78 149 + 5 Nationalities in the field ( edit ) North America ( 89 ) South America ( 5 ) Europe ( 37 ) Oceania ( 5 ) Asia ( 12 ) Africa ( 8 ) Canada ( 2 ) Argentina ( 3 ) England ( 14 ) Australia ( 5 ) China ( 1 ) South Africa ( 8 ) Mexico ( 1 ) Chile ( 1 ) Northern Ireland ( 2 ) Japan ( 6 ) United States ( 86 ) Venezuela ( 1 ) Scotland ( 3 ) South Korea ( 4 ) Wales ( 1 ) Taiwan ( 1 ) Ireland ( 2 ) Austria ( 1 ) Belgium ( 1 ) France ( 3 ) Germany ( 2 ) Italy ( 1 ) Spain ( 3 ) Sweden ( 4 ) Round summaries ( edit ) First round ( edit ) Thursday , June 15 , 2017 Rickie Fowler tied the U.S. Open record for lowest first round score in relation to par , shooting a bogey - free round of 65 ( − 7 ) for a one - shot lead over Paul Casey and Xander Schauffele . The course played easily , yielding 44 under - par rounds . Despite this , many of the pre-tournament favorites faltered . Jordan Spieth played solidly , but stumbled late for an opening 73 ( + 1 ) . World number one Dustin Johnson was derailed by a double bogey on the par - 5 14th , shooting a 3 - over 75 . Jon Rahm , Rory McIlroy , and Jason Day were even worse , shooting 76 ( + 4 ) , 78 ( + 6 ) , and 79 ( + 7 ) , respectively . Meanwhile , Canadian Adam Hadwin tied a U.S. Open record with six straight birdies , en route to shooting four under par . This was the first major in which neither Phil Mickelson or Tiger Woods competed , in 23 years . The scoring average was 73.385 ( + 1.385 ) . Place Player Country Score To par Rickie Fowler United States 65 − 7 T2 Paul Casey England 66 − 6 Xander Schauffele United States T4 Tommy Fleetwood England 67 − 5 Brian Harman United States Brooks Koepka United States T7 Adam Hadwin Canada 68 − 4 Marc Leishman Australia Kevin Na United States Patrick Reed United States Second round ( edit ) Friday , June 16 , 2017 Four players finished atop the leadership after the second round for the first time since 1974 . Paul Casey was four - over on his round before recording five straight birdies from holes 17 - 3 to shoot 71 ( − 1 ) . Brooks Koepka made four birdies on his front - nine to get to nine - under but fell back with two bogeys on the back - nine . They were joined at the top of the leaderboard by Tommy Fleetwood and Brian Harman , who each shot 70 ( − 2 ) . First round leader Rickie Fowler also got as low as nine - under before three straight bogeys saw him fall a shot behind the leaders . Hideki Matsuyama and Chez Reavie had the low round of the day with a 65 ( − 7 ) ; combined with Fowler 's opening round , it is the first time in U.S. Open history that three players shot a round of 65 in the same tournament . Forty - two players were under - par after 36 holes , a new tournament record . The scoring average was 73.225 ( + 1.225 ) . For the first time since the introduction of the Official World Golf Ranking in 1986 , the top three ranked players ( Dustin Johnson , Rory McIlroy , and Jason Day ) all missed the cut in a major championship . Place Player Country Score To par T1 Paul Casey England 66 - 71 = 137 − 7 Tommy Fleetwood England 67 - 70 = 137 Brian Harman United States 67 - 70 = 137 Brooks Koepka United States 67 - 70 = 137 T5 Rickie Fowler United States 65 - 73 = 138 − 6 J.B. Holmes United States 69 - 69 = 138 Jamie Lovemark United States 69 - 69 = 138 T8 Cameron Champ ( a ) United States 70 - 69 = 139 − 5 Kim Si - woo South Korea 69 - 70 = 139 Hideki Matsuyama Japan 74 - 65 = 139 Xander Schauffele United States 66 - 73 = 139 Brandt Snedeker United States 70 - 69 = 139 Amateurs : Champ ( − 5 ) , Scheffler ( − 1 ) , Andersen ( + 2 ) , McNealy ( + 3 ) , Smalley ( + 3 ) , Gregory ( + 4 ) , Niemann ( + 5 ) , Crawford ( + 6 ) , Dalke ( + 6 ) , Hagestad ( + 8 ) , Theegala ( + 8 ) , Harvey ( + 10 ) , Oda ( + 10 ) , Lee ( + 20 ) Third round ( edit ) Saturday , June 17 , 2017 Overnight rains and calm conditions during the day led to numerous low scores . Brian Harman birdied three holes on the back - nine to post a score of 67 ( − 5 ) and take a one - shot lead over Tommy Fleetwood , Brooks Koepka , and Justin Thomas . Thomas began the round in a tie for 24th before a historic round put him into contention . An eagle on the 18th gave Thomas a score of 63 ( − 9 ) , tying the major championship record . At nine - under , he set the U.S. Open record for lowest score in relation to par , breaking the mark set by Johnny Miller in 1973 . Fleetwood held possession of the lead before a bogey at the par - 5 18th saw him finish a shot behind Harman , while Koepka birdied the last to also get to within a stroke . Rickie Fowler recovered from a bogey at the 13th with three straight birdies on holes 14 - 16 and was two back . Paul Casey began the round tied for the lead but shot a three - over 75 and dropped to 17th . Five golfers were at 10 - under - par or better entering the final round . Before this year , only six golfers had ever reached double digits under par at any point in a U.S. Open . The scoring average was 72.036 ( + 0.036 ) . Place Player Country Score To par Brian Harman United States 67 - 70 - 67 = 204 − 12 T2 Tommy Fleetwood England 67 - 70 - 68 = 205 − 11 Brooks Koepka United States 67 - 70 - 68 = 205 Justin Thomas United States 73 - 69 - 63 = 205 5 Rickie Fowler United States 65 - 73 - 68 = 206 − 10 6 Kim Si - woo South Korea 69 - 70 - 68 = 207 − 9 T7 Russell Henley United States 71 - 70 - 67 = 208 − 8 Charley Hoffman United States 70 - 70 - 68 = 208 Patrick Reed United States 68 - 75 - 65 = 208 T10 Bill Haas United States 72 - 68 - 69 = 209 − 7 Xander Schauffele United States 66 - 73 - 70 = 209 Brandt Snedeker United States 70 - 69 - 70 = 209 Brendan Steele United States 71 - 69 - 69 = 209 Amateurs : Champ ( − 4 ) , Scheffler ( − 2 ) Justin Thomas scorecard ( edit ) Hole 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Par 5 5 5 5 Thomas − 1 − 2 − 2 − 1 − 2 − 2 − 3 − 4 − 5 − 4 − 4 − 5 − 5 − 5 − 6 − 6 − 7 − 9 Eagle Birdie Bogey Final round ( edit ) Sunday , June 18 , 2017 Brooks Koepka tied the U.S. Open scoring record and won his first career major championship by four strokes over Brian Harman and Hideki Matsuyama . Beginning the round a shot out of the lead , Koepka quickly erased the deficit with birdies on his first two holes . After saving par with an eight - foot putt on the 13th , he then recorded three straight birdies on his way to a round of 67 ( − 5 ) . His total of 16 - under par tied the tournament scoring record set by Rory McIlroy in 2011 . Harman entered the round with the lead but fell into a tie for second with three bogeys on the back - nine . Matsuyama shot the low round of the day with 66 ( − 6 ) and jumped into a tie with Harman . After establishing a new tournament scoring record in the third round , Justin Thomas bogeyed three of his first five holes and finished three - over on the round to drop to a tie for ninth . Tommy Fleetwood also began the round a shot behind but three bogeys on the front - nine dropped him from contention . Thirty - one players finished the tournament under par , breaking the U.S. Open record set in 1990 . Place Player Country Score To par Money ( $ ) Brooks Koepka United States 67 - 70 - 68 - 67 = 272 − 16 2,160,000 T2 Brian Harman United States 67 - 70 - 67 - 72 = 276 − 12 1,052,012 Hideki Matsuyama Japan 74 - 65 - 71 - 66 = 276 Tommy Fleetwood England 67 - 70 - 68 - 72 = 277 − 11 563,642 T5 Rickie Fowler United States 65 - 73 - 68 - 72 = 278 − 10 420,334 Bill Haas United States 72 - 68 - 69 - 69 = 278 Xander Schauffele United States 66 - 73 - 70 - 69 = 278 8 Charley Hoffman United States 70 - 70 - 68 - 71 = 279 − 9 336,106 T9 Trey Mullinax United States 71 - 72 - 69 - 68 = 280 − 8 279,524 Brandt Snedeker United States 70 - 69 - 70 - 71 = 280 Justin Thomas United States 73 - 69 - 63 - 75 = 280 Amateurs : Scheffler ( − 1 ) , Champ ( E ) Scorecard ( edit ) Birdie Bogey Final round Hole 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Par 5 5 5 5 Koepka − 12 − 13 − 13 − 13 − 13 − 13 − 13 − 14 − 14 − 13 − 13 − 13 − 13 − 14 − 15 − 16 − 16 − 16 Harman − 12 − 12 − 13 − 13 − 13 − 13 − 13 − 13 − 13 − 13 − 13 − 12 − 11 − 12 − 12 − 13 − 13 − 12 Matsuyama − 7 − 7 − 7 − 8 − 9 − 8 − 8 − 8 − 8 − 8 − 9 − 10 − 10 − 11 − 10 − 11 − 11 − 12 Fleetwood − 11 − 12 − 11 − 11 − 11 − 10 − 10 − 9 − 10 − 10 − 10 − 10 − 10 − 11 − 11 − 11 − 11 − 11 Fowler − 11 − 11 − 11 − 11 − 10 − 10 − 11 − 11 − 11 − 11 − 11 − 10 − 10 − 10 − 9 − 9 − 9 − 10 Schauffele − 7 − 8 − 8 − 7 − 8 − 8 − 8 − 8 − 8 − 8 − 7 − 7 − 7 − 8 − 9 − 9 − 9 − 10 Haas − 7 − 8 − 7 − 7 − 7 − 7 − 7 − 7 − 7 − 7 − 8 − 8 − 8 − 8 − 8 − 9 − 9 − 10 Thomas − 11 − 10 − 10 − 9 − 8 − 8 − 8 − 8 − 8 − 9 − 9 − 9 − 8 − 8 − 8 − 8 − 8 − 8 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Open increases purse to golf - high $12 million '' . ESPN . Associated Press . February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` US Open 2017 : Brooks Koepka wins at Erin Hills to claim first major '' . BBC Sport . June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harig , Bob ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Quick 9 : With new putter , Spieth hopes to rebound at Colonial '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harig , Bob ( June 3 , 2017 ) . `` Phil Mickelson plans to miss U.S. Open to attend daughter 's high school graduation '' . ESPN . ^ Jump up to : `` With weather clear , Phil Mickelson drops out of U.S. Open '' . ESPN . June 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Puyallup 's Ryan Moore withdraws from U.S. Open , replaced by University Place 's Michael Putnam '' . Seattle Times . Associated Press . June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Powers , Christopher ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` Rickie Fowler matches U.S. Open first round scoring record , leads by one at Erin Hills '' . Golf Digest . Jump up ^ Bysouth , Alex ; Reddy , Luke ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` US Open : Fowler leads from Casey as McIlroy falters '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Murray , Scott ; Bakowski , Gregg ; Veigh , Niall ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` US Open 2017 : First round , as it happened '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Murray , Scott ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` US Open 2017 : second round -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Powers , Christopher ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` Four tied for second - round lead at the U.S. Open '' . Golf Digest . Jump up ^ Murray , Scott ; Bleaney , Rob ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` US Open 2017 : third round -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harig , Bob ( June 17 , 2017 ) . `` Justin Thomas shoots lowest round to par at U.S. Open with 9 - under 63 , trails leader Brian Harman by 1 shot '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ Harig , Bob ( June 17 , 2017 ) . `` Pressure ? Opportunity ? Weirdness ? All will be part of U.S. Open Sunday '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Murray , Ewan ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Brooks Koepka holds his nerve in major style to land the US Open title '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Murray , Scott ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` US Open 2017 : final round -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brooks Koepka wins U.S. Open , ties Rory McIlroy 's scoring mark '' . ESPN . Associated Press . June 18 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website United States Golf Association Coverage on the PGA Tour 's official site Coverage on the European Tour 's official site Coverage on the PGA of America 's official site Preceded by 2017 Masters Major Championships Succeeded by 2017 Open Championship 2017 Men 's Major Golf Championships The Masters U.S. Open The Open Championship PGA Championship U.S. Open Championships 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990 1991 1992 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Golf on Fox U.S. Opens 2015 2016 2017 2018 U.S. Women 's Opens 2015 2016 2017 Other events U.S. Amateur Four - Ball United States Senior Open U.S. Junior Amateur Golf Championship Franklin Templeton Shootout U.S. Women 's Amateur Championship U.S. Amateur Championship U.S. Girls ' Junior Golf Championship U.S. Mid-Amateur Golf Championship Walker Cup Related articles Television contract history U.S. Open broadcasters Coordinates : 43 ° 14 ′ 42 '' N 88 ° 23 ′ 42 '' W / 43.245 ° N 88.395 ° W / 43.245 ; - 88.395 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_U.S._Open_(golf)&oldid=797064935 '' Categories : U.S. Open ( golf ) Golf in Wisconsin Sports competitions in Wisconsin 2017 in golf 2017 in American sports 2017 in sports in Wisconsin June 2017 sports events in the United States Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2017 Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2017 , at 19 : 09 . 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"The 2017 U.S. Open Championship was the 117th U.S. Open, held June 15–18, 2017 at Erin Hills in Erin, Wisconsin, northwest of Milwaukee. The event was won by Brooks Koepka, who claimed his first major after finishing with a final score of 16 under par. This score matched the lowest score ever attained at the tournament, a record set in 2011 by Rory McIlroy.[2]"
] | [
"Erin Hills in Erin, Wisconsin, northwest of Milwaukee"
] |
6087453960692963270 | Drainage in New Orleans | Drainage in New Orleans - wikipedia Drainage in New Orleans Jump to : navigation , search Elevation map of New Orleans . Blue / purple indicates elevations below the average level of Lake Pontchartrain ( 1983 - 2001 ) and orange / brown indicates elevations above . Vertical cross-section of New Orleans , showing maximum levee height of 23 feet Drainage in New Orleans , Louisiana , has been a major concern since the founding of the city in the early 18th century , remaining an important factor in the history of New Orleans today . The central portion of metropolitan New Orleans ( New Orleans / Metairie / Kenner ) is fairly unusual in that it is almost completely surrounded by water : Lake Pontchartrain to the north , Lake Borgne to the east , wetlands to the east and west , and the Mississippi River to the south . Much of the land area between these bodies of water is at or below sea level , and no longer has a natural outlet for flowing surface water . As such , virtually all rainfall occurring within this area must be removed through either evapotranspiration or pumping . Thus , flood threats to metropolitan New Orleans include the Mississippi River , Lake Pontchartrain , and natural rainfall . Artificial levees have been built to keep out rising river and lake waters but have had the negative effect of keeping rainfall in . As of 2017 , the New Orleans pumping system - operated by the Sewerage and Water Board - can pump water out of the city at a rate of more than 45,000 cubic feet ( 1,300 m ) per second . The capacity is also frequently described as 1 inch ( 2.5 cm ) in the first hour of rainfall followed by 0.5 inches ( 1.3 cm ) per hour afterward . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 2 History of Flood Control 2.1 Hurricane Katrina 2.1. 1 Katrina Aftermath 2.2 Post-Katrina Flood Concerns 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Geography ( edit ) See also : New Orleans § Geography The city of New Orleans is located in the Mississippi River Delta on the east and west banks of the Mississippi River and south of Lake Pontchartrain . The city was originally settled on the natural levees or high ground , along the river . In the 1960s , floodwalls and man - made levees were constructed around a much larger geographic footprint that included previous marshland and swamp . Over time , pumping of nearby marshland allowed for development into lower elevation areas . Today , a large portion of New Orleans is at or below local mean sea level and evidence suggests that portions of the city may be dropping in elevation due to subsidence . A 2007 study by Tulane and Xavier University suggested that `` 51 % ... of the contiguous urbanized portions of Orleans , Jefferson , and St. Bernard parishes lie at or above sea level , '' with the more densely populated areas generally on higher ground . A more recent study published by the ASCE Journal of Hydrologic Engineering in 2016 , however , stated : `` ... most of New Orleans proper - about 65 % - is at or below mean sea level , as defined by the average elevation of Lake Pontchartrain '' Because of the low terrain of the New Orleans area , a complex system of levees , canals , and pumps are required to reduce the risk of flooding . History of flood control ( edit ) The natural levees along the Mississippi River were a result of soil deposits left from the river 's annual floods . The site chosen for New Orleans had many advantages . Because it sits where distance between the river and Lake Pontchartrain is shortest , Louisiana Indians had long used the area as a depot and market for goods carried between the two waterways . The narrow strip of land also aided rapid troop movements , and the river 's crescent shape slowed ships approaching from downriver and exposed them to gunfire , however flooding was always a hazard . The first artificial levees and canals were built in early colonial times . They were erected to protect New Orleans against routine flooding from the Mississippi River . The `` back of town '' away from the river originally drained down into the swamps running toward Lake Pontchartrain . Flooding from the lake side was rare and less severe as most of the old town had been built on high ground along the riverfront . As the city grew , demand for more land encouraged expansion into lower areas more prone to periodic flooding . For most of the 19th century most residential buildings were raised up at least a foot above street level ( often several feet ) , since periodic flooding of the streets was a certainty at the time . In the 1830s state engineer George T. Dunbar proposed an ambitious system of underground drainage canals beneath the streets . The goal was to drain water by gravity into the low lying swamps , supplementing this with canals and mechanical pumps . The first of the city 's steam engine powered drainage pumps , adapted from a ship 's paddle wheel and used to push water along the Orleans Canal out to Bayou St. John , was constructed in this decade . However , only a few of Dunbar 's plans were actually implemented as the panic of 1837 largely ended major systematic improvements for a generation . In 1859 surveyor Louis H. Pilié improved the drainage canals , bricking in some portions . Four large steam `` draining machines '' were built to push water through the canals into the lake . In 1871 , some 36 miles ( 58 km ) of canals were built in the city for both improved drainage and small vessel shipping within town . However , despite earlier efforts , at the end of the 19th century it was still common for water to cover streets from curb to curb after rainstorms , sometimes for days . In 1893 , the city government formed the Drainage Advisory Board to come up with better solutions to the city 's drainage problems . Extensive topographical maps were made and some of the nation 's top engineers were consulted . In 1899 , a bond was floated , and a 2 mill per dollar property tax approved , which funded and founded the Sewerage & Water Board of New Orleans . The Sewerage & Water Board had the responsibility of draining the city along with constructing a modern sewage and tap water system for the city , which , at the time , still relied heavily on cisterns and outhouses . ( A different entity , the Orleans Levee Board , was in charge of supervision of the city 's levee and floodwall system . ) The Sewerage & Water Board found A. Baldwin Wood , a young engineer who not only supervised the plans for improved drainage and pumping , but also invented a number of improvements in pumps and plumbing in the process . These improvements were not only used in New Orleans , but adopted all over the world . The central power plant for the pumping stations of the New Orleans drainage system , 1904 As the 20th century progressed , much of the land that had previously been swampland or considered fit for no other use than cow pasture ( due to periodic flooding ) , was drained . The city then expanded back from the natural higher ground close to the river and the natural bayou formed ridges . On 15 April 1927 in what became known as the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 , the city was deluged by a downpour of some 15 inches ( 380 mm ) of rain within 19 hours . At the time , almost all of the city 's pumps relied completely on the municipal electricity system , which went out early in the storm , thus knocking the pumps off line , which led to extensive flooding in the city . After this , back up diesel generators with sufficient fuel to run the pumps for at least a day if electricity failed were added to the pumping stations . The `` Good Friday Flood '' , as it was known locally , happened when the Mississippi River levels were dangerously high along the levees at the city , but was not directly connected to the more wide - ranging flood . 1927 also saw the start of a project to build a more extensive system of levees on the shoreline of Lake Pontchartrain . After 1945 , all land up to the lake had been developed . The city 's system was effective when the 1947 Fort Lauderdale Hurricane directly hit the city . Wood 's drainage pumps kept the city proper mostly dry , while the neighboring suburbs on the East Bank of Jefferson Parish ( which at the time did not have a comparable system operational ) , flooded under up to 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) of water . Metarie Pumping Station , also known as Pumping Station 6 , building , constructed in 1899 , near Metarie Road and the head of the 17th Street Canal . Now housing 15 Wood Screw Pumps , it can move over 6 billion US gallons ( 23,000,000 m ) of water a day . Most of the city weathered Hurricane Betsy in 1965 without severe flooding , with the major exception of the Lower Ninth Ward neighborhood . The Lower Ninth Ward is separated from the rest of the city by the Industrial Canal and Gulf Intracoastal Waterway . It was flooded not by rainfall , but by a breach in the Industrial Canal levee , resulting in catastrophic flooding and loss of life in the neighborhood . By the 1980s , the city boasted a system of 20 pumping stations with 89 pumps , with a combined capacity of 15,642,000 US gallons ( 59,210,000 L ) per minute , equal to the flow of the Ohio River . In May 1995 , torrential rains ( up to 20 inches ( 510 mm ) in 12 hours in some places ) overwhelmed pumping capacity , flooding substantial portions of the city . Slab houses in some low areas were flooded , and great numbers of automobiles on the city 's flooded streets were declared insurance write - offs . This prompted projects increasing drainage capacity in the worst hit areas . By early 2005 , the city had 148 drainage pumps . Hurricane Katrina ( edit ) Main article : Hurricane Katrina See also : 2005 levee failures in Greater New Orleans The greatest catastrophe in the city 's drainage history occurred at the end of August 2005 when it was hit by Hurricane Katrina , after which eighty percent of the city flooded . Katrina brought tropical storm conditions to the city starting the night of 28 August , with hurricane conditions beginning the following day and lasting through the afternoon . The hurricane itself did not flood the city . Rather , a series of failures in mis - designed levees and floodwalls allowed water from the Gulf of Mexico and Lake Pontchartrain to flow into the city . The Industrial Canal was overwhelmed when a storm surge , funneled in by the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet , overflowed and breached levees and floodwalls in several locations , flooding not only the Lower Ninth Ward , but also Eastern New Orleans and portions of the Upper Ninth Ward west of the Canal . Meanwhile , waters from storm - swollen Lake Pontchartrain poured into the city , first from a breach in the 17th Street Canal , and then from a pair of breaches in both sides of the London Avenue Canal . These canals were among those used to channel water pumped from city streets into the lake . The storm caused the flow to reverse , and as water levels rose the entire drainage system failed . Examinations afterwards showed that water levels in these locations never topped the floodwalls , but instead the levees failed with a water level supposedly within their safe tolerance . In much of town west of the Industrial Canal , residents who did not evacuate before the storm reported that after the storm they were relieved to see their streets dry and the precipitation from the storm successfully pumped out . However , disaster was already spreading from the series of levee breaches . In areas of town far from the breaches , flood water came not in through the streets , but up from the storm drains beneath the street , in some places changing streets from dry to under 3 feet ( 0.91 m ) of water within half an hour . Flood lines show levels of high water on this Mid City New Orleans house By the evening of August 30 , some 80 % of the city was under water . ( This figure includes areas of widely differing flood levels , ranging from areas where streets were covered with water which never rose into homes to areas where homes were entirely submerged over the rooftops . ) Most of the city 's pumping stations were submerged . The few above the water line had no power and the emergency diesel fuel had run out . These few were often tiny islands in the flood , inaccessible even if intact enough to hypothetically be turned back on . For most of the city to the west of the Industrial Canal , the flood levels were much the same as those reached in mid-19th century storms when , like Katrina , major hurricanes created a `` lake flood '' by pushing Lake Pontchartrain up into the South Shore . At the time of these earlier storms the lower lying areas of the city had little development , so effects on life and property were much less severe . West of the Industrial Canal , the parts of the city unflooded or minimally flooded largely corresponded with areas of the city developed on naturally higher ground before 1900 . On August 31 , flood levels started to subside . The water level in the city had reached that of Lake Pontchartrain , and as the lake started to drain back into the Gulf , some water in the city started to flow into the lake via the same levee breaches they had entered through . In 19th century lake floods , the water soon flowed back into the lake as there were no levees on that side . In 2005 , while the levees proved inadequate to keep the lake out of the city , even in breached form they were sufficient to keep much of the flooding from flowing back out . As breaches were gradually filled , some city pumps were reactivated , supplemented by additional pumps brought in by the United States Army Corps of Engineers . Some of the city 's pumps which survived could not be reactivated because of the failures of the canals that they pumped flood waters into . The combined task of closing breaches and pumping the flood waters out took weeks and was compounded by a setback in late September due to further flooding from Hurricane Rita . Katrina aftermath ( edit ) See also : Civil engineering and infrastructure repair in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina By the start of October 2005 , only a few small areas of flood waters remained within the city , but the disastrous flooding in the aftermath of Katrina left the majority of the city 's houses and businesses so damaged as to be unusable until major renovations or repairs could be made . An article in the New Orleans Times - Picayune on 30 November 2005 reported that studies showed the 17th Street Canal levee was `` destined to fail '' as a result of fundamental design mistakes by the United States Army Corps of Engineers . Additional investigations found more problems with the design and construction of the London Avenue Canal , Industrial Canal , MRGO , and other levees and flood walls . While the majority of the city 's drainage pumps were able to be reactivated after the storm , some of the usually reliable pumps failed in 2006 due to corrosion . This was caused by wiring being submerged in the brackish water from Katrina . As a stop - gap measure , the Corps of Engineers installed flood gates at the mouths of the drainage canals at Lake Pontchartrain , to be closed if the lake water level rises . While this prevents lake waters from flowing into the vulnerable canals , it also severely limits the ability of the city to pump out rain water while the gates are closed . In March 2006 , it was revealed that temporary pumps installed by the USACE were defective . Post-katrina flood concerns ( edit ) In 2008 , Hurricane Gustav impacted the southeast Louisiana coast , but caused minimal flood impacts . In 2012 , slow - moving Hurricane Isaac dropped up to 20 inches ( 51 cm ) of rainfall on isolated parts of the city which exceeded New Orleans ' pumping capacity , however minimal flood impacts were noted . On the afternoon of August 5 , 2017 , heavy rainfall over a roughly 3 - 4 hour period caused significant flooding across central sections of New Orleans . The rainfall - estimated as having only a 1 - in - 10 to 1 - in - 100 chance of occurring annually - was higher than the city 's pumping capacity . Numerous roadways were flooding with several feet of water , vehicles were flooded , and water entered some structures . It was later revealed that 16 of New Orleans ' 148 drainage pumps and 3 of 5 turbines which provide power to the pumping system were out of service , severely reducing pumping capacity during the rain event . See also ( edit ) Gulf Intracoastal Waterway West Closure Complex Seabrook Floodgate Floods in the United States : 1901 -- 2000 Floods in the United States : 2001 -- present Sauvé 's Crevasse ( 1849 ) Bonnet Carré Crevasse ( 1871 ) Bonnet Carré Spillway 1909 Grand Isle hurricane 1915 New Orleans hurricane Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 1947 Fort Lauderdale hurricane Hurricane Betsy ( 1965 ) May 8th 1995 Louisiana Flood Hurricane Katrina ( 2005 ) Effects of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans Hurricane Rita ( 2005 ) Levee failures in Greater New Orleans , 2005 Reconstruction of New Orleans Hurricane preparedness for New Orleans Orleans Levee Board Southeast Louisiana Urban Flood Control Project References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Sewerage and Water Board of New Orleans . `` Drainage Facts '' . ^ Jump up to : Sewerage and Water Board of New Orleans . Rate Hearing Handout : Drainage Facts Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schlotzhauer , D. and Lincoln , W.S. Using New Orleans Pumping Data to Reconcile Gauge Observations of Isolated Extreme Rainfall due to Hurricane Isaac Journal of Hydrologic Engineering , May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Cabildo - Colonial Louisiana '' . Louisiana State Museum . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ? '' . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ? '' . Archived from the original on 16 July 2011 . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ? '' . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2008 . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ? '' . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Russell , Gordan . New Orleans officials say pumps worked as designed ; warn of more rain on way to saturated city New Orleans Advocate , August 8 , 2017 Jump up ^ New Orleans area flooding : More rain on the way ; what to know about stranded vehicles , more New Orleans Advocate , August 8 , 2017 Jump up ^ S&WB did n't want New Orleanians to know how much is broken : Editorial Times Picayune / Nola.com , August 11 , 2017 This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bibliography `` Charting Louisiana '' Edited by Alfred E. Lemmon , John T. Magill , and Jason R. Wiese ; John R. Hebert , consulting editor . Historic New Orleans Collection , 2003 `` Geographies of New Orleans '' by Richard Campanella , Center for Louisiana Studies , 2006 `` History of New Orleans '' by John Kendall . Lewis Publishing Company , 1922 `` New Orleans The Making of an Urban Landscape '' by Peirce F. Lewis . Second Edition , Center for American Places , 2003 `` Time and Place in New Orleans '' by Richard Campanella . Pelican Publishing Company , 2002 `` Transforming New Orleans and Its Environs '' edited by Craig E. Colten . University of Pittsburgh Press , 2000 . `` An Unnatural Metropolis : Wresting New Orleans From Nature '' by Craig E. Colten , Louisiana State University Press , Baton Rouge , 2005 `` Topical and Drainage Map of New Orleans and Surroundings From Recent Surveys and Investigations , by T.S. Hardee , Civil Engineer . Thomas Sydenham Hardee , 1878 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Drainage in New Orleans . New Orleans : The Story of Three Great Public Utilities , 1914 History of New Orleans Drainage , 1718 - 1893 PDF The Wood Screw Pump : A Study of the Drainage Development of New Orleans New Orleans : A Wonderful Drainage System . Colliers Weekly , 1901 New Orleans Hurricane Risk Public Health and Hurricanes : New Orleans Pilot Project `` Fix The Pumps '' blog detailing post-Katrina repairs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drainage_in_New_Orleans&oldid=800488947 '' Categories : History of New Orleans Hydrology Preparations for Hurricane Katrina Flood control in the New Orleans metropolitan area Water in Louisiana Geography of New Orleans Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles needing additional references from January 2010 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 21 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how did they get rid of the water from hurricane katrina | [
"On August 31, flood levels started to subside. The water level in the city had reached that of Lake Pontchartrain, and as the lake started to drain back into the Gulf, some water in the city started to flow into the lake via the same levee breaches they had entered through. In 19th century lake floods, the water soon flowed back into the lake as there were no levees on that side. In 2005, while the levees proved inadequate to keep the lake out of the city, even in breached form they were sufficient to keep much of the flooding from flowing back out. As breaches were gradually filled, some city pumps were reactivated, supplemented by additional pumps brought in by the United States Army Corps of Engineers. Some of the city's pumps which survived could not be reactivated because of the failures of the canals that they pumped flood waters into. The combined task of closing breaches and pumping the flood waters out took weeks and was compounded by a setback in late September due to further flooding from Hurricane Rita."
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7086267843996408983 | United States at the Olympics | United States at the Olympics - wikipedia United States at the Olympics Jump to : navigation , search United States at the Olympics Flag of the United States IOC code USA Medals Gold Silver Bronze Total 1,127 905 795 2,827 Summer appearances 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Winter appearances 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Other related appearances 1906 Intercalated Games The United States of America has sent athletes to every celebration of the modern Olympic Games except the 1980 Summer Olympics , during which it led a boycott . The United States Olympic Committee ( USOC ) is the National Olympic Committee for the United States . U.S. athletes have won a total of 2,522 medals ( 1,022 of them gold ) at the Summer Olympic Games , the most of any nation , and another 305 at the Winter Olympic Games , the second highest result . The United States has topped the gold medal count ( as the medals are listed on the IOC website , and internationally by tradition ) at seventeen Summer Olympics , the most of any nation , and one Winter Olympics . The United States holds the record both for the most medals of any nation won in a single Summer Olympics and the most gold medals of any nation won in a single Summer Olympics . Contents ( hide ) 1 Hosted Games 2 Medal tables 2.1 Medals by Summer Games 2.2 Medals by Winter Games 2.3 Medals by summer sport 2.4 Medals by winter sport 3 Flagbearers 4 Amateurism and professionalism 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Hosted Games ( edit ) The United States has hosted the Games on eight occasions , more than any other country , and is planning to host the ninth : Games Host city Dates Nations Participants Events 1904 Summer Olympics St. Louis , Missouri 1 July -- 23 November 12 651 91 1932 Winter Olympics Lake Placid , New York 7 -- 15 February 17 252 14 1932 Summer Olympics Los Angeles , California 30 July -- 14 August 37 1,332 117 1960 Winter Olympics Squaw Valley , California 2 -- 20 February 30 665 27 1980 Winter Olympics Lake Placid , New York 13 -- 24 February 37 1,072 38 1984 Summer Olympics Los Angeles , California 28 July -- 12 August 140 6,829 221 1996 Summer Olympics Atlanta , Georgia 19 July -- 4 August 197 10,318 271 2002 Winter Olympics Salt Lake City , Utah 8 -- 24 February 77 2,399 78 2028 Summer Olympics Los Angeles , California 21 July - 6 August TBA TBA TBA Medal tables ( edit ) See also : All - time Olympic Games medal count Red border color indicates host nation status . Medals by Summer Games ( edit ) See also : All - time Olympic Games medal count § Summer Olympics Games Athletes Gold Silver Bronze Total Gold medals Overall medals 1896 Athens 14 11 7 20 1900 Paris 75 19 14 14 47 1904 St. Louis 526 78 82 79 239 1908 London 122 23 12 12 47 1912 Stockholm 174 25 19 19 63 1920 Antwerp 288 41 27 27 95 1924 Paris 299 45 27 27 99 1928 Amsterdam 280 22 18 16 56 1932 Los Angeles 474 41 32 30 103 1936 Berlin 359 24 20 12 56 1948 London 300 38 27 19 84 1952 Helsinki 286 40 19 17 76 1956 Melbourne 297 32 25 17 74 1960 Rome 292 34 21 16 71 1964 Tokyo 346 36 26 28 90 1968 Mexico City 357 45 28 34 107 1972 Munich 400 33 31 30 94 1976 Montreal 396 34 35 25 94 1980 Moscow Did not participate 1984 Los Angeles 522 83 61 30 174 1988 Seoul 527 36 31 27 94 1992 Barcelona 545 37 34 37 108 1996 Atlanta 646 44 32 25 101 2000 Sydney 586 37 24 32 93 2004 Athens 613 36 39 26 101 2008 Beijing 596 36 39 37 112 2012 London 530 46 28 29 103 2016 Rio de Janeiro 554 46 37 38 121 2020 Tokyo Future event 2024 Paris Future event 2028 Los Angeles Future event Total 1022 795 705 2522 Medals by Winter Games ( edit ) See also : All - time Olympic Games medal count § Winter Olympics Games Athletes Gold Silver Bronze Total Gold medals Overall medals 1924 Chamonix 24 5 1928 St. Moritz 24 6 1932 Lake Placid 64 6 12 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 55 0 8 6 1948 St. Moritz 69 9 1952 Oslo 65 6 11 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 67 7 6 5 1960 Squaw Valley 79 10 1964 Innsbruck 89 7 8 8 1968 Grenoble 95 5 7 9 8 1972 Sapporo 103 8 5 6 1976 Innsbruck 106 10 1980 Lake Placid 101 6 12 1984 Sarajevo 107 0 8 1988 Calgary 118 6 9 9 1992 Albertville 147 5 11 5 6 1994 Lillehammer 147 6 5 13 5 5 1998 Nagano 186 6 13 5 6 2002 Salt Lake City 202 10 13 11 34 2006 Turin 211 9 9 7 25 2010 Vancouver 216 9 15 13 37 2014 Sochi 230 9 7 12 28 2018 Pyeongchang 242 9 8 6 23 2022 Beijing Future event Total 105 110 90 305 Medals by Summer sport ( edit ) Leading in that sport Sport Gold Silver Bronze Total Rank Athletics 337 260 207 802 Swimming 246 172 135 553 Wrestling 54 43 35 132 Shooting 54 29 27 110 Boxing 50 24 40 114 Diving 49 44 45 138 Gymnastics 37 42 35 114 Rowing 33 32 24 89 Basketball 23 28 Tennis 21 6 12 39 Sailing 19 23 18 60 Cycling 16 21 20 57 5 Weightlifting 16 16 12 44 Archery 14 11 9 34 Equestrian 11 21 20 52 Beach volleyball 6 10 Canoeing 5 5 6 16 15 Synchronized swimming 5 9 Football 7 Golf 5 11 Volleyball 10 Softball 0 Fencing 9 14 25 14 Water polo 5 11 5 Judo 8 14 15 Taekwondo 5 9 Rugby union 0 0 Roque Tug of war Baseball 0 Triathlon 0 7 Jeu de paume 0 0 Modern pentathlon 0 6 9 12 Polo 0 Lacrosse 0 0 Field hockey 0 0 12 Total * 1022 794 704 2520 Updated on October 1 , 2017 * This table does not include two medals -- one silver awarded in the ice hockey and one bronze awarded in the figure skating events at the 1920 Summer Olympics . Medals by Winter sport ( edit ) Leading in that sport Sport Gold Silver Bronze Total Rank Speed skating 29 22 17 68 Alpine skiing 17 20 10 47 Figure skating 15 16 20 51 Snowboarding 14 7 10 31 Freestyle skiing 9 9 7 25 Bobsleigh 7 8 10 25 Ice hockey 11 17 Short track speed skating 7 9 20 Skeleton 8 Nordic combined 0 9 Cross country skiing 0 19 Curling 0 8 Luge 0 6 9 Ski jumping 0 0 15 Total * 105 111 91 307 Updated on March 10 , 2018 * This table includes two medals -- one silver awarded in the ice hockey and one bronze awarded in the figure skating events at the 1920 Summer Olympics . Flagbearers ( edit ) See also : List of flag bearers for the United States at the Olympics Summer Olympics Games Athlete Sport 1908 London Ralph Rose Athletics 1912 Stockholm George Bonhag Athletics 1920 Antwerp Pat McDonald Athletics 1924 Paris Pat McDonald Athletics 1928 Amsterdam Bud Houser Athletics 1932 Los Angeles Morgan Taylor Athletics 1936 Berlin Al Jochim Gymnastics 1948 London Ralph Craig Sailing 1952 Helsinki Norman Armitage Fencing 1956 Melbourne Norman Armitage Fencing 1960 Rome Rafer Johnson Athletics 1964 Tokyo Parry O'Brien Athletics 1968 Mexico City Janice Romary Fencing 1972 Munich Olga Fikotova Connolly Athletics 1976 Montreal Gary Hall , Sr . Swimming 1980 Moscow USA did not participate 1984 Los Angeles Ed Burke Athletics 1988 Seoul Evelyn Ashford Athletics 1992 Barcelona Francie Larrieu Smith Athletics 1996 Atlanta Bruce Baumgartner Wrestling 2000 Sydney Cliff Meidl Canoeing 2004 Athens Dawn Staley Basketball 2008 Beijing Lopez Lomong Athletics 2012 London Mariel Zagunis Fencing 2016 Rio de Janeiro Michael Phelps Swimming Winter Olympics Games Athlete Sport 1924 Chamonix Clarence Abel Ice hockey 1928 St. Moritz Godfrey Dewey Cross Country Skiing ( team manager ) 1932 Lake Placid Billy Fiske Bobsleigh 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen Rolf Monsen Cross Country Skiing 1948 St. Moritz Jack Heaton Skeleton & Bobsleigh 1952 Oslo Jim Bickford Bobsleigh 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo Jim Bickford Bobsleigh 1960 Squaw Valley Don McDermott Speed skating 1964 Innsbruck Bill Disney Speed skating 1968 Grenoble Terry McDermott Speed skating 1972 Sapporo Dianne Holum Speed skating 1976 Innsbruck Cindy Nelson Alpine skiing 1980 Lake Placid Scott Hamilton Figure skating 1984 Sarajevo Frank Masley Luge 1988 Calgary Lyle Nelson Biathlon 1992 Albertville Bill Koch Cross Country Skiing 1994 Lillehammer Cammy Myler Luge 1998 Nagano Eric Flaim Speed Skating 2002 Salt Lake City Amy Peterson Short track 2006 Turin Chris Witty Speed skating 2010 Vancouver Mark Grimmette Luge 2014 Sochi Todd Lodwick Nordic combined 2018 Pyeongchang Erin Hamlin Luge Amateurism and professionalism ( edit ) The exclusion of professionals caused several controversies throughout the history of the modern Olympics . The 1912 Olympic pentathlon and decathlon champion Jim Thorpe was stripped of his medals when it was discovered that he had played semi-professional baseball before the Olympics . His medals were posthumously restored by the IOC in 1983 on compassionate grounds . The advent of the state - sponsored `` full - time amateur athlete '' of the Eastern Bloc countries eroded the ideology of the pure amateur , as it put the self - financed amateurs of the Western countries at a disadvantage . The Soviet Union entered teams of athletes who were all nominally students , soldiers , or working in a profession , but all of whom were in reality paid by the state to train on a full - time basis . As a result , the Olympics has shifted away from pure amateurism , as envisioned by Pierre de Coubertin , to allowing participation of professional athletes . See also ( edit ) United States at the Paralympics List of United States Olympic medalists References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Warren Wofford was the flagbearer in the ( Equestrian ) parade in Stockholm for the Olympics Equestrian Sports Association events held there because a quarantine imposed on horses prevented equestrian events from taking place in Australia Jump up ^ The first female flagbearer for the United States at the Olympics Jump up ^ `` Jim Thorpe Biography '' . Biography.com . Retrieved 9 February 2009 . Jump up ^ http://blogs.bu.edu/guidedhistory/russia-and-its-empires/tyler-benson/ Jump up ^ https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP80-00810A005600130009-0.pdf Jump up ^ https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP80-00810A005600130009-0.pdf External links ( edit ) `` United States of America '' . International Olympic Committee . `` Results and Medalists '' . Olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . `` Olympic Medal Winners '' . International Olympic Committee . `` United States '' . Sports-Reference.com . United States at the Olympics Summer Olympic Games 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Winter Olympic Games 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Intercalated Games 1906 The United States hosted the 1904 , 1932 , 1984 , 1996 , and 2028 Summer Olympics , as well as the 1932 , 1960 , 1980 , and 2002 Winter Olympics . The United States did not participate in 1980 due to a boycott . Nations that have competed at the Olympic Games Nations at the Summer Olympics Nations at the Winter Olympics tropical nations Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo DR Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Americas Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Aruba Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda Bolivia Brazil British Virgin Islands Canada Summer Winter Cayman Islands Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Puerto Rico Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Virgin Islands Asia Afghanistan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Korea ( unified ) Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Chinese Taipei Tajikistan Thailand East Timor Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Europe Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Summer Winter Great Britain Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Olympic Athletes from Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Oceania American Samoa Australia Winter Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Federated States of Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Other Independent Olympians Refugee Olympic Team Historical Australasia Bohemia British West Indies Republic of China Czechoslovakia East Germany Mixed teams Netherlands Antilles North Borneo North Yemen Rhodesia Russian Empire Saar Serbia and Montenegro South Yemen Soviet Union Unified Team United Team of Germany West Germany Yugoslavia Sports in the United States By state / territory Midwest Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Michigan Minnesota Missouri Nebraska North Dakota Ohio South Dakota Wisconsin Northeast Connecticut Delaware Maine Maryland Massachusetts New Hampshire New Jersey New York Pennsylvania Rhode Island Vermont Washington , D.C. South Alabama Arkansas Florida Georgia Kentucky Louisiana Mississippi North Carolina Oklahoma South Carolina Tennessee Texas Virginia West Virginia West Alaska Arizona California Colorado Hawaii Idaho Montana Nevada New Mexico Oregon Utah Washington ( state ) Wyoming Territories American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Major team sports American football Baseball Basketball Ice hockey Lacrosse Soccer Softball Major individual sports Athletics Boxing Golf Horse racing Thoroughbred Harness Steeplechase Mixed martial arts Motorsport Swimming Tennis Winter sports skeleton skiing Minor sports Australian rules football Badminton Bodybuilding Cricket Cycling Fishing Futsal Field hockey Gaelic football Gymnastics Ice skating Judo Karate Netball Polo Roller derby Rowing Rugby league Rugby union Surfing Volleyball Wrestling International sporting competitions World Baseball Classic Basketball World Cup Cricket World Cup FIFA Confederations Cup FIFA World Cup Maccabiah Olympics Pan American Games Paralympics Deaflympics Rugby League World Cup Rugby World Cup Universiade United States Olympic Committee United States Paralympic Committee History Major professional sports leagues Women 's sports Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_at_the_Olympics&oldid=833431790 '' Categories : United States at the Olympics National sports teams of the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 31 March 2018 , at 14 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the olympics last held in the us | [
"\n\nGames\nHost city\nDates\nNations\nParticipants\nEvents\n\n\n1904 Summer Olympics\nSt. Louis, Missouri\n1 July – 23 November\n12\n651\n91\n\n\n1932 Winter Olympics\nLake Placid, New York\n7 – 15 February\n17\n252\n14\n\n\n1932 Summer Olympics\nLos Angeles, California\n30 July – 14 August\n37\n1,332\n117\n\n\n1960 Winter Olympics\nSquaw Valley, California\n2 – 20 February\n30\n665\n27\n\n\n1980 Winter Olympics\nLake Placid, New York\n13 – 24 February\n37\n1,072\n38\n\n\n1984 Summer Olympics\nLos Angeles, California\n28 July – 12 August\n140\n6,829\n221\n\n\n1996 Summer Olympics\nAtlanta, Georgia\n19 July – 4 August\n197\n10,318\n271\n\n\n2002 Winter Olympics\nSalt Lake City, Utah\n8 – 24 February\n77\n2,399\n78\n\n\n2028 Summer Olympics\nLos Angeles, California\n21 July - 6 August\nTBA\nTBA\nTBA\n\n"
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-8941594316167136806 | Carry On Cleo | Carry On Cleo - wikipedia Carry On Cleo This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Carry On Cleo Original UK quad poster Directed by Gerald Thomas Produced by Peter Rogers Written by Talbot Rothwell Starring Sid James Kenneth Williams Kenneth Connor Charles Hawtrey Jim Dale Joan Sims Amanda Barrie Sheila Hancock Julie Stevens Narrated by E.V.H. Emmett Music by Eric Rogers Cinematography Alan Hume Edited by Archie Ludski Distributed by Anglo - Amalgamated Release date November 1964 ( 1964 - 11 ) Running time 92 minutes Country United Kingdom Language English Budget £ 165,802 Carry On Cleo is a British film comedy which was released in 1964 . It is the tenth in the series of Carry On films to be made , and the website ICONS. a portrait of England describes Carry On Cleo as `` perhaps the best '' of the series . Regulars Sid James , Kenneth Williams , Kenneth Connor , Charles Hawtrey , and Jim Dale are present and Connor made his last appearance until his return in Carry On Up the Jungle six years later . Joan Sims returned to the series for the first time since Carry On Regardless three years earlier . Sims would now appear in every Carry On up to Carry On Emmannuelle in 1978 , making her the most prolific actress in the series . The title role is played by Amanda Barrie in her second and last Carry On . Along with Carry On Sergeant and Carry On Screaming ! , its original posters were reproduced by the Royal Mail on stamps to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Carry on series in June 2008 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Background notes 3 Cast 4 Filming and locations 5 Reception 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links Plot ( edit ) The film opens during Caesar 's invasions of Britain , with Mark Antony ( Sid James ) struggling to lead his armies through miserable weather . At a nearby village , cavemen Horsa ( Jim Dale ) and Hengist Pod ( Kenneth Connor ) attempt to alert Boudica of the invasion , but are captured by the Romans . Once in Rome , Horsa is sold by the slave - trading firm Marcus et Spencius , and Hengist is destined to be thrown to the lions when no - one agree to buy him . Horsa and Hengist escape and take refuge in the Temple of Vesta . Whilst hiding there , Julius Caesar ( Kenneth Williams ) arrives to consult the Vestal Virgins , but an attempt is made on his life by his bodyguard , Bilius ( David Davenport ) . In the melee , Horsa kills Bilius and escapes , leaving Hengist to take the credit for saving Caesar 's life and to be made Caesar 's new bodyguard . When a power struggle emerges in Egypt , Mark Antony is sent to force Cleopatra ( Amanda Barrie ) to abdicate in favour of Ptolemy . However , Mark Antony becomes besotted with her , and instead kills Ptolemy off - screen to win her favour . Cleopatra convinces Mark Antony to kill Caesar and become ruler of Rome himself so that they may rule a powerful Roman - Egyptian alliance together . After seducing one another , Mark Antony agrees , and plots to kill Caesar . Caesar and Hengist travel to Egypt on a galley , along with Agrippa ( Francis de Wolff ) , whom Mark Antony has convinced to kill Caesar . However , Horsa has been re-captured and is now a slave on Caesar 's galley . After killing the galley - master ( Peter Gilmore ) , Horsa and the galley slaves kill Agrippa and his fellow assassins and swim to Egypt . Hengist , who had been sent out to fight Agrippa and was unaware of Horsa 's presence on board , again takes the credit . Once at Cleopatra 's palace , an Egyptian soothsayer ( Jon Pertwee ) warns Caesar of the plot to kill him , but Mark Anthony convinces Caesar not to flee . Instead , Caesar convinces Hengist to change places with him , since Cleopatra and Caesar have never met . On meeting , Cleopatra lures Hengist , who accidentally exposes both Cleopatra and Mark Anthony as would - be assassins . He and Caesar then ally with Horsa , and after defeating Cleopatra 's bodyguard Sosages ( Tom Clegg ) in combat , Hengist and the party flee Egypt . Caesar is returned to Rome , only to be assassinated on the Ides of March . Horsa and Hengist return to Britain , and Mark Antony is left in Egypt to live `` one long Saturday night '' with Cleopatra . Background notes ( edit ) The costumes and sets used in the film were originally intended for Cleopatra ( 1963 ) before that production moved to Rome and rebuilt new sets there . Carry On Cleo was filmed between 13 July and 28 August 1964 . The original poster and publicity artwork by Tom Chantrell were withdrawn from circulation after 20th Century Fox successfully brought a copyright infringement case against distributor Anglo Amalgamated , which found the design was based on a painting by Howard Terpning for which Fox owned the copyright and was used to promote the Cleopatra film . Cast ( edit ) Sid James as Mark Antony Kenneth Williams as Julius Caesar Charles Hawtrey as Seneca Kenneth Connor as Hengist Pod Joan Sims as Calpurnia Jim Dale as Horsa Amanda Barrie as Cleopatra Victor Maddern as Sergeant Major Julie Stevens as Gloria Sheila Hancock as Senna Pod Jon Pertwee as Soothsayer Brian Oulton as Brutus Michael Ward as Archimedes Francis de Wolff as Agrippa Tom Clegg as Sosages Tanya Binning as Virginia David Davenport as Bilius Peter Gilmore as Galley master Ian Wilson as Messenger Norman Mitchell as Heckler Brian Rawlinson as Hessian driver Gertan Klauber as Marcus Warren Mitchell as Spencius Michael Nightingale as Caveman Peter Jesson as Companion E.V.H. Emmett as Narrator Judi Johnson as Gloria 's bridesmaid ( uncredited ) Thelma Taylor as Seneca 's servant ( uncredited ) Sally Douglas as Antony 's dusky maiden ( uncredited ) Wanda Ventham as Pretty bidder ( uncredited ) Peggy Ann Clifford as Willa Claudia ( uncredited ) Mark Hardy as Guard at Caesar 's palace ( uncredited ) Percy Herbert as Guard ( uncredited ) Christine Rodgers as Hand maiden ( uncredited ) Gloria Best as Hand maiden ( uncredited ) Virginia Tyler as Hand maiden ( uncredited ) Gloria Johnson as Vestal Virgin ( uncredited ) Joanna Ford as Vestal Virgin ( uncredited ) Donna White as Vestal Virgin ( uncredited ) Jane Lumb as Vestal Virgin ( uncredited ) Vicki Smith as Vestal Virgin ( uncredited ) Filming and locations ( edit ) Filming dates : 13 July -- 28 August 1964 Interiors : Pinewood Studios , Buckinghamshire Chobham Common , Surrey Reception ( edit ) The film was one of the 12 most popular movies at the British box office in 1965 . Colin McCabe , Professor of English at the University of Exeter , labelled this film ( together with Carry On Up The Khyber ) as one of the best films of all time . In 2007 , the pun `` Infamy , infamy , they 've all got it in for me '' , spoken by Kenneth Williams , was voted the funniest one - line joke in film history . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Robert Ross , ITV - DVD Edition Jump up ^ `` Carry On Cleo '' . BFI . Jump up ^ `` Carry On Films '' . Icon Nominations . United Kingdom : ICONS Ltd . Archived from the original on 20 April 2008 . Retrieved 5 June 2009 . the 30 Carry On films of producer Peter Rogers and director Gerald Thomas are among the most fondly remembered comedies in British cinema ... Perhaps the best was Carry On Cleo ( 1964 ) Jump up ^ `` BFI Screenonline : Carry On Cleo ( 1964 ) '' . Jump up ^ Webber , Richard ( 2009 ) . 50 Years of Carry On . London : Arrow . ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 949007 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Cleopatra Scores Over Cleo in Court '' . The Washington Post , Times Herald . 22 Jan 1965 . p . A16 . Jump up ^ `` Ban on posters for ' Cleopatra ' satire '' . The Guardian . 22 Jan 1965 . p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` Most Popular Film Star '' , Times , London , England , 31 Dec 1965 , page 13 . The Times Digital Archive , retrieved 11 July 2012 . Jump up ^ McCabe , Colin ( 29 January 1999 ) . `` Why Carry On Cleo and Carry On Up the Khyber are two of the best films ever '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Carry On quip tops one - liner poll '' . BBC News . 4 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Infamy , infamy is the top one liner '' . The Telegraph . 4 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Carry On quip voted funniest one - liner '' . Daily Mail . 4 April 2007 . Bibliography ( edit ) Davidson , Andy ( 2012 ) . Carry On Confidential . London : Miwk . ISBN 978 - 1 - 908630 - 01 - 8 . Sheridan , Simon ( 2011 ) . Keeping the British End Up -- Four Decades of Saucy Cinema . London : Titan Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85768 - 279 - 6 . Webber , Richard ( 2009 ) . 50 Years of Carry On . London : Arrow . ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 949007 - 4 . Hudis , Norman ( 2008 ) . No Laughing Matter . London : Apex . ISBN 978 - 1 - 906358 - 15 - 0 . Keeping the British End Up : Four Decades of Saucy Cinema by Simon Sheridan ( third edition ) ( 2007 ) ( Reynolds & Hearn Books ) Ross , Robert ( 2002 ) . The Carry On Companion . London : Batsford . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7134 - 8771 - 8 . Bright , Morris ; Ross , Robert ( 2000 ) . Mr Carry On -- The Life & Work of Peter Rogers . London : BBC Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 563 - 55183 - 6 . Rigelsford , Adrian ( 1996 ) . Carry On Laughing -- a celebration . London : Virgin . ISBN 1 - 85227 - 554 - 5 . Hibbin , Sally & Nina ( 1988 ) . What a Carry On . London : Hamlyn . ISBN 978 - 0 - 600 - 55819 - 4 . Eastaugh , Kenneth ( 1978 ) . The Carry On Book . London : David & Charles . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7153 - 7403 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Carry On Cleo on IMDb Carry On Films at The Whippit Inn Carry On Cleo at the BFI 's Screenonline Carry On Films Sergeant Nurse Teacher Constable Regardless Cruising Cabby Jack Spying Cleo Cowboy Screaming ! Do n't Lose Your Head Follow That Camel Doctor Up the Khyber Camping Again Doctor Up the Jungle Loving Henry At Your Convenience Matron Abroad Girls Dick Behind England That 's Carry On ! Emmannuelle Columbus Television Laughing Christmas Specials Albums Oh ! What A Carry On ! Lists Cast members On screen and stage Related Cleo , Camping , Emmanuelle and Dick Cor , Blimey ! Carry On portal Films directed by Gerald Thomas Circus Friends ( 1956 ) The Vicious Circle ( 1957 ) Time Lock ( 1957 ) The Duke Wore Jeans ( 1958 ) Carry On Sergeant ( 1958 ) Chain of Events ( 1958 ) The Solitary Child ( 1958 ) Please Turn Over ( 1959 ) Carry On Nurse ( 1959 ) Carry On Teacher ( 1959 ) Watch Your Stern ( 1960 ) No Kidding ( 1960 ) Carry On Constable ( 1960 ) Carry On Regardless ( 1961 ) Raising the Wind ( 1961 ) The Iron Maiden ( 1962 ) Twice Round the Daffodils ( 1962 ) Carry On Cruising ( 1962 ) Nurse on Wheels ( 1963 ) Carry On Cabby ( 1963 ) Carry On Jack ( 1963 ) Carry On Spying ( 1964 ) Carry On Cleo ( 1964 ) The Big Job ( 1965 ) Carry On Cowboy ( 1966 ) Carry On Screaming ! ( 1966 ) Do n't Lose Your Head ( 1966 ) Follow That Camel ( 1967 ) Carry On Doctor ( 1968 ) Carry On ... Up the Khyber ( 1968 ) Carry On Camping ( 1969 ) Carry On Again Doctor ( 1969 ) Carry On Up the Jungle ( 1970 ) Carry On Loving ( 1970 ) Carry On Henry ( 1971 ) Carry On at Your Convenience ( 1971 ) Bless This House ( 1972 ) Carry On Matron ( 1972 ) Carry On Abroad ( 1972 ) Carry On Girls ( 1973 ) Carry On Dick ( 1974 ) Carry On Behind ( 1975 ) Carry On England ( 1976 ) That 's Carry On ! ( 1977 ) Carry On Emmannuelle ( 1978 ) The Second Victory ( 1986 ) Carry On Columbus ( 1992 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carry_On_Cleo&oldid=852061705 '' Categories : 1964 films English - language films 1960s historical films 1960s parody films British films British historical films British parody films Carry On films Depictions of Cleopatra on film Depictions of Julius Caesar on film Depictions of Mark Antony on film Films directed by Gerald Thomas Films produced by Peter Rogers Films set in ancient Alexandria Films set in ancient Egypt Films set in ancient Rome Films set in prehistoric Britain Films set in the 1st century BC Films shot at Pinewood Studios Screenplays by Talbot Rothwell Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Articles needing additional references from June 2009 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Polski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 26 July 2018 , at 11 : 10 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played cleopatra in the carry on film | [
"Carry On Cleo is a British film comedy which was released in 1964.[2] It is the tenth in the series of Carry On films to be made, and the website ICONS.a portrait of England describes Carry On Cleo as \"perhaps the best\" of the series.[3] Regulars Sid James, Kenneth Williams, Kenneth Connor, Charles Hawtrey, and Jim Dale are present and Connor made his last appearance until his return in Carry On Up the Jungle six years later. Joan Sims returned to the series for the first time since Carry On Regardless three years earlier. Sims would now appear in every Carry On up to Carry On Emmannuelle in 1978, making her the most prolific actress in the series. The title role is played by Amanda Barrie in her second and last Carry On. Along with Carry On Sergeant and Carry On Screaming!, its original posters were reproduced by the Royal Mail on stamps to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Carry on series in June 2008.\n"
] | [
"Amanda Barrie"
] |
4737404870802870412 | List of National Football League attendance figures | List of National Football League Attendance figures - wikipedia List of National Football League Attendance figures Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The National Football League is the largest live spectator sporting league in the world ( excluding auto racing ) in terms of average attendance . As of 2015 , the NFL averaged 68,400 live spectators per game , and 17,510,312 total for the season . Contents ( hide ) 1 2016 attendance statistics 2 2015 attendance statistics 3 2014 attendance statistics 4 2013 attendance statistics 4.1 2013 notes 5 2012 attendance statistics 5.1 2012 notes 6 2011 attendance statistics 6.1 2011 notes 7 2010 attendance statistics 7.1 2010 notes 8 See also 9 References 2016 attendance statistics ( edit ) Team Stadium Home games Average attendance Total attendance Capacity percentage Dallas Cowboys AT&T Stadium 8 92,539 * 740,318 115.7 % Los Angeles Rams Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 7 84,457 591,197 90.2 % New York Giants MetLife Stadium 8 78,789 630,315 95.5 % Washington Redskins FedExField 8 78,304 626,432 85.4 % Green Bay Packers Lambeau Field 8 78,215 625,727 107.3 % New York Jets MetLife Stadium 8 78,160 625,280 94.7 % Denver Broncos Sports Authority Field at Mile High 8 76,774 614,193 100.9 % Carolina Panthers Bank of America Stadium 8 73,792 590,343 100.0 % Kansas City Chiefs Arrowhead Stadium 8 73,328 586,624 95.5 % New Orleans Saints Mercedes - Benz Superdome 8 73,109 584,876 100.2 % Houston Texans NRG Stadium 8 71,868 574,947 101.1 % Baltimore Ravens M&T Bank Stadium 8 71,102 568,823 100.1 % San Francisco 49ers Levi 's Stadium 8 70,178 561,424 102.4 % Atlanta Falcons Georgia Dome 8 69,999 559,998 98.2 % Philadelphia Eagles Lincoln Financial Field 8 69,596 556,768 103.0 % Seattle Seahawks CenturyLink Field 8 69,073 552,588 103.1 % Buffalo Bills Ralph Wilson Stadium 8 68,509 548,073 93.7 % New England Patriots Gillette Stadium 8 66,829 534,632 97.2 % Minnesota Vikings U.S. Bank Stadium 8 66,786 534,289 91.5 % Indianapolis Colts Lucas Oil Stadium 8 65,549 524,393 104.0 % Miami Dolphins Hard Rock Stadium 8 65,512 524,101 100.3 % Arizona Cardinals University of Phoenix Stadium 8 64,831 518,652 102.3 % Tennessee Titans Nissan Stadium 8 64,659 517,273 93.5 % Pittsburgh Steelers Heinz Field 8 64,312 514,503 98.9 % Cleveland Browns FirstEnergy Stadium 8 64,311 514,489 87.9 % Jacksonville Jaguars EverBank Field 7 61,915 433,408 92.2 % Detroit Lions Ford Field 8 60,792 486,342 94.3 % Tampa Bay Buccaneers Raymond James Stadium 8 60,624 484,998 92.3 % Cincinnati Bengals Paul Brown Stadium 7 60,511 423,583 92.4 % Chicago Bears Soldier Field 8 60,368 482,951 98.2 % San Diego Chargers Qualcomm Stadium 8 57,024 456,197 80.0 % Oakland Raiders O.co Coliseum 7 54,584 382,088 86.6 % * 80,000 without party pass areas Source : 2015 attendance statistics ( edit ) Team Stadium Home games Average attendance Total attendance Capacity percentage Green Bay Packers Lambeau Field 8 78,413 627,308 107.2 % Indianapolis Colts Lucas Oil Stadium 8 66,047 528,381 104.8 % San Francisco 49ers Levi 's Stadium 8 70,799 566,392 103.4 % Seattle Seahawks CenturyLink Field 8 69,020 552,162 103.0 % Miami Dolphins Sun Life Stadium 8 67,193 537,548 102.9 % Philadelphia Eagles Lincoln Financial Field 8 69,483 555,868 102.8 % Denver Broncos Sports Authority Field at Mile High 8 76,922 615,381 101.0 % Houston Texans NRG Stadium 8 71,769 574,159 101.0 % Chicago Bears Soldier Field 8 62,035 496,287 100.9 % Carolina Panthers Bank of America Stadium 8 74,056 592,454 100.4 % Baltimore Ravens M&T Bank Stadium 8 71,002 568,018 100.0 % Minnesota Vikings TCF Bank Stadium 8 52,430 419,440 99.8 % Atlanta Falcons Georgia Dome 8 70,355 562,845 98.8 % Arizona Cardinals University of Phoenix Stadium 8 64,185 513,487 98.7 % Pittsburgh Steelers Heinz Field 8 64,356 514,854 98.3 % New England Patriots Gillette Stadium 8 66,829 534,632 97.2 % Kansas City Chiefs Arrowhead Stadium 8 74,086 592,688 96.5 % New York Giants MetLife Stadium 8 79,001 632,011 95.8 % Buffalo Bills Ralph Wilson Stadium 8 69,880 559,047 95.6 % New Orleans Saints Mercedes - Benz Superdome 8 73,038 584,305 95.5 % New York Jets MetLife Stadium 8 78,160 625,280 94.7 % San Diego Chargers Qualcomm Stadium 8 66,772 534,180 94.6 % Detroit Lions Ford Field 8 61,347 490,782 94.4 % Cincinnati Bengals Paul Brown Stadium 8 61,389 491,118 93.7 % Tampa Bay Buccaneers Raymond James Stadium 8 61,560 492,480 93.5 % Dallas Cowboys AT&T Stadium 8 91,459 731,672 91.5 % Jacksonville Jaguars EverBank Field 8 61,463 430,247 91.5 % Cleveland Browns FirstEnergy Stadium 8 66,186 529,488 90.4 % Tennessee Titans LP Field 8 62,304 498,435 90.1 % Washington Redskins FedExField 8 76,209 609,672 89.7 % Oakland Raiders O.co Coliseum 8 54,613 436,910 86.5 % St. Louis Rams Edward Jones Dome 8 52,402 419,220 80.2 % 2014 Attendance statistics ( edit ) Team Stadium Home Games Average Attendance Total Attendance Capacity Percentage Dallas Cowboys AT&T Stadium 8 90,069 720,558 90.1 % New York Jets MetLife Stadium 8 78,160 625,280 94.7 % Green Bay Packers Lambeau Field 8 78,139 625,114 106.9 % Washington Redskins FedExField 8 77,964 623,715 91.7 % Denver Broncos Sports Authority Field at Mile High 8 76,939 615,517 101.1 % Kansas City Chiefs Arrowhead Stadium 8 74,967 599,743 98.1 % Carolina Panthers Bank of America Stadium 8 73,607 588,861 99.8 % New Orleans Saints Mercedes - Benz Superdome 8 73,112 584,900 95.6 % Atlanta Falcons Georgia Dome 8 72,130 577,047 101.3 % Houston Texans NRG Stadium 8 71,766 574,132 101.0 % Baltimore Ravens M&T Bank Stadium 8 71,044 568,353 100.1 % San Francisco 49ers Levi 's Stadium 8 70,774 566,192 103.3 % Miami Dolphins Sun Life Stadium 8 70,035 560,280 92.7 % Philadelphia Eagles Lincoln Financial Field 8 69,596 556,768 100.7 % Tennessee Titans LP Field 8 69,143 553,144 100.5 % New England Patriots Gillette Stadium 8 68,756 550,048 100.0 % Seattle Seahawks CenturyLink Field 8 68,412 547,298 102.1 % Buffalo Bills Ralph Wilson Stadium 8 67,522 540,180 92.4 % Cleveland Browns FirstEnergy Stadium 8 67,425 539,400 92.1 % Jacksonville Jaguars EverBank Field 8 65,541 524,335 97.5 % San Diego Chargers Qualcomm Stadium 8 65,432 523,457 93.5 % Indianapolis Colts Lucas Oil Stadium 8 65,375 523,004 103.8 % Detroit Lions Ford Field 8 63,024 504,198 97.0 % Pittsburgh Steelers Heinz Field 8 62,226 497,811 95.0 % Arizona Cardinals University of Phoenix Stadium 8 61,979 495,835 95.4 % Chicago Bears Soldier Field 8 61,681 493,449 100.3 % Cincinnati Bengals Paul Brown Stadium 8 60,703 485,628 92.7 % Tampa Bay Buccaneers Raymond James Stadium 8 59,659 477,273 90.6 % St. Louis Rams Edward Jones Dome 8 57,018 456,146 86.4 % Oakland Raiders O.co Coliseum 7 53,699 375,683 84.9 % Minnesota Vikings TCF Bank Stadium 8 52,238 417,906 99.5 % Total does not include the NFL International Series regular season game played in London , England in which the Oakland Raiders were designated the home team in 2014 . 2013 Attendance statistics ( edit ) LP Field Sun Life Stadium Team Stadium Home Games Average Attendance Total Attendance Capacity Percentage Dallas Cowboys Cowboys Stadium 8 88,043 704,345 110.1 % New York Giants MetLife Stadium 8 80,148 641,184 97.1 % Green Bay Packers Lambeau Field 8 77,947 623,577 106.9 % Washington Redskins FedExField 8 77,220 617,767 84.2 % New York Jets MetLife Stadium 8 76,957 615,656 93.3 % Denver Broncos Sports Authority Field at Mile High 8 76,872 614,977 101.0 % Kansas City Chiefs Arrowhead Stadium 8 75,359 602,877 98.2 % Carolina Panthers Bank of America Stadium 8 73,443 587,544 99.5 % New Orleans Saints Mercedes - Benz Superdome 8 72,901 583,210 99.9 % Houston Texans Reliant Stadium 8 71,658 573,271 100.9 % Cleveland Browns Cleveland Browns Stadium 8 71,242 569,939 97.3 % Baltimore Ravens M&T Bank Stadium 8 71,135 569,084 100.2 % Atlanta Falcons Georgia Dome 8 70,224 561,795 98.6 % San Francisco 49ers Candlestick Park 8 69,732 557,856 99.3 % Philadelphia Eagles Lincoln Financial Field 8 69,144 553,152 102.3 % Tennessee Titans LP Field 8 69,143 553,144 100.0 % New England Patriots Gillette Stadium 8 68,756 550,048 100.0 % Seattle Seahawks CenturyLink Field 8 68,197 545,577 101.8 % Buffalo Bills Ralph Wilson Stadium 7 66,267 463,873 90.7 % Indianapolis Colts Lucas Oil Stadium 8 65,950 527,606 104.7 % Miami Dolphins Sun Life Stadium 8 64,319 514,553 85.5 % San Diego Chargers Qualcomm Stadium 8 64,205 513,641 90.1 % Minnesota Vikings Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome 7 64,019 448,135 99.8 % Detroit Lions Ford Field 8 63,796 510,369 98.9 % Cincinnati Bengals Paul Brown Stadium 8 63,297 506,377 96.6 % Chicago Bears Soldier Field 8 62,358 498,864 101.4 % Arizona Cardinals University of Phoenix Stadium 8 61,033 488,271 96.3 % Jacksonville Jaguars EverBank Field 7 59,940 419,581 89.2 % Tampa Bay Buccaneers Raymond James Stadium 8 58,818 470,548 89.6 % Pittsburgh Steelers Heinz Field 8 57,311 458,489 88.2 % St. Louis Rams Edward Jones Dome 8 56,957 455,657 87.2 % Oakland Raiders O.co Coliseum 8 50,444 403,556 80.0 % 2013 notes ( edit ) Total does not include the one regular season home game the Buffalo Bills play each year from 2008 -- 2012 at the Rogers Centre in Toronto , Ontario as part of the Bills Toronto Series . Total does not include the NFL International Series regular season game played in London , England in which the Jacksonville Jaguars were designated the home team in 2013 . Total does not include the bye the Minnesota Vikings received on Week 5 of the 2013 NFL season . 2012 Attendance statistics ( edit ) Sports Authority Field at Mile High M&T Bank Stadium Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome O.co Coliseum Team Stadium Home Games Average Attendance Total Attendance Capacity Percentage Dallas Cowboys Cowboys Stadium 8 88,531 708,249 110.7 % New York Giants MetLife Stadium 8 80,495 643,964 97.6 % Washington Redskins FedExField 8 79,654 637,236 96.9 % New York Jets MetLife Stadium 8 79,088 632,704 95.9 % Denver Broncos Sports Authority Field at Mile High 8 76,632 613,062 100.7 % Carolina Panthers Bank of America Stadium 8 73,293 586,347 99.3 % New Orleans Saints Mercedes - Benz Superdome 8 72,888 583,107 99.9 % Houston Texans Reliant Stadium 8 71,665 573,321 100.9 % Baltimore Ravens M&T Bank Stadium 8 71,278 570,229 100.4 % Green Bay Packers Lambeau Field 8 70,507 564,062 96.7 % Atlanta Falcons Georgia Dome 8 70,096 560,773 98.4 % San Francisco 49ers Candlestick Park 8 69,732 557,856 99.3 % Philadelphia Eagles Lincoln Financial Field 8 69,144 553,152 102.3 % Tennessee Titans LP Field 8 69,143 553,144 100.0 % New England Patriots Gillette Stadium 8 68,755 550,044 100.0 % Kansas City Chiefs Arrowhead Stadium 8 68,508 548,070 89.3 % Seattle Seahawks CenturyLink Field 8 67,446 543,570 101.4 % Cleveland Browns Cleveland Browns Stadium 8 66,632 533,058 91.0 % Indianapolis Colts Lucas Oil Stadium 8 65,189 521,518 103.5 % Jacksonville Jaguars EverBank Field 8 64,984 519,872 96.8 % Buffalo Bills Ralph Wilson Stadium * * 7 64,850 454,653 88.9 % Detroit Lions Ford Field 8 63,769 510,158 98.9 % Chicago Bears Soldier Field 8 62,329 498,633 101.3 % Cincinnati Bengals Paul Brown Stadium 8 61,188 489,504 93.4 % Pittsburgh Steelers Heinz Field 8 61,141 489,135 94.1 % Arizona Cardinals University of Phoenix Stadium 8 60,890 487,125 96.0 % Minnesota Vikings Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome 8 60,725 485,802 94.7 % San Diego Chargers Qualcomm Stadium 8 59,964 479,716 84.1 % Miami Dolphins Sun Life Stadium 8 57,379 459,033 76.3 % St. Louis Rams Edward Jones Dome 7 56,703 396,925 86.8 % Tampa Bay Buccaneers Raymond James Stadium 8 55,102 440,189 83.9 % Oakland Raiders O.co Coliseum 8 54,216 433,732 86.0 % 2012 notes ( edit ) Total does not include the one regular season home game the Buffalo Bills play each year from 2008 -- 2012 at the Rogers Centre in Toronto , Ontario as part of the Bills Toronto Series . Total does not include the NFL International Series regular season game played in London , England in which the St. Louis Rams were designated the home team in 2012 . 2011 Attendance statistics ( edit ) Reliant Stadium New Meadowlands Stadium Candlestick Park Raymond James Stadium Team Stadium Home Games Average Attendance Total Attendance Capacity Percentage Dallas Cowboys Cowboys Stadium 8 85,512 684,096 106.9 % New York Giants New Meadowlands Stadium 8 79,475 635,800 96.3 % New York Jets New Meadowlands Stadium 8 78,986 631,888 95.7 % Washington Redskins FedExField 8 76,921 615,368 83.9 % Denver Broncos Invesco Field at Mile High 8 75,327 602,618 99.0 % New Orleans Saints Mercedes - Benz Superdome 8 73,042 584,336 100.1 % Carolina Panthers Bank of America Stadium 8 72,292 578,342 98.0 % Kansas City Chiefs Arrowhead Stadium 8 72,082 576,659 93.9 % Houston Texans Reliant Stadium 8 71,496 571,969 100.6 % Baltimore Ravens M&T Bank Stadium 8 71,224 569,792 100.3 % Green Bay Packers Lambeau Field 8 70,512 564,097 96.7 % San Francisco 49ers Candlestick Park 8 69,732 557,856 99.3 % Philadelphia Eagles Lincoln Financial Field 8 69,144 553,152 102.3 % Tennessee Titans LP Field 8 69,143 553,144 100.0 % Atlanta Falcons Georgia Dome 8 68,986 551,892 96.8 % New England Patriots Gillette Stadium 8 68,756 550,048 100.0 % Seattle Seahawks CenturyLink Field 8 66,413 531,311 99.1 % Cleveland Browns Cleveland Browns Stadium 8 65,859 526,874 90.0 % San Diego Chargers Qualcomm Stadium 8 65,392 523,143 91.7 % Indianapolis Colts Lucas Oil Stadium 8 64,828 518,627 102.9 % Detroit Lions Ford Field 8 63,742 509,940 98.8 % Pittsburgh Steelers Heinz Field 8 63,034 504,279 97.0 % Minnesota Vikings Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome 8 62,816 502,529 98.0 % Jacksonville Jaguars EverBank Field 8 62,331 498,655 92.8 % Chicago Bears Soldier Field 8 62,145 497,166 101.0 % Arizona Cardinals University of Phoenix Stadium 8 61,181 489,455 96.5 % Miami Dolphins Sun Life Stadium 8 60,886 487,089 81.0 % Oakland Raiders Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum 8 59,242 473,938 94.0 % St. Louis Rams Edward Jones Dome 8 56,394 451,153 86.3 % Buffalo Bills Ralph Wilson Stadium * * 7 62,694 438,864 85.8 % Tampa Bay Buccaneers Raymond James Stadium * 7 56,614 396,300 86.2 % Cincinnati Bengals Paul Brown Stadium 8 49,251 394,009 75.2 % 2011 notes ( edit ) Total does not include the one regular season home game the Buffalo Bills play each year from 2008 -- 2012 at the Rogers Centre in Toronto , Ontario as part of the Bills Toronto Series . Total does not include the NFL International Series regular season game played in London , England in which the Tampa Bay Buccaneers were designated the home team in 2011 . 2010 Attendance statistics ( edit ) Soldier Field Gillette Stadium Qwest Field Cleveland Browns Stadium Team Stadium Home Games Average Attendance Total Attendance Capacity Percentage Dallas Cowboys Cowboys Stadium 8 87,047 696,377 108.8 % Washington Redskins FedExField 8 83,172 665,380 90.7 % New York Giants New Meadowlands Stadium 8 79,019 632,156 95.8 % New York Jets New Meadowlands Stadium 8 78,596 628,768 95.3 % Denver Broncos Invesco Field at Mile High 8 74,908 599,264 98.4 % Carolina Panthers Bank of America Stadium 8 72,620 580,965 98.4 % Baltimore Ravens M&T Bank Stadium 8 71,227 569,817 100.3 % Houston Texans Reliant Stadium 8 71,080 568,643 100.0 % Green Bay Packers Lambeau Field 8 70,795 566,362 97.1 % New Orleans Saints Louisiana Superdome 8 70,038 560,304 96.0 % Philadelphia Eagles Lincoln Financial Field 8 69,144 553,152 102.3 % Tennessee Titans LP Field 8 69,143 553,144 100.0 % New England Patriots Gillette Stadium 8 68,756 550,048 100.0 % Atlanta Falcons Georgia Dome 8 67,850 542,800 95.2 % Miami Dolphins Sun Life Stadium 8 67,744 541,959 90.1 % Kansas City Chiefs Arrowhead Stadium 8 67,672 541,380 88.2 % Seattle Seahawks Qwest Field 8 66,992 539,141 100.0 % Indianapolis Colts Lucas Oil Stadium 8 66,975 535,942 106.3 % Cleveland Browns Cleveland Browns Stadium 8 66,116 528,933 90.3 % San Diego Chargers Qualcomm Stadium 8 65,530 524,241 91.9 % Pittsburgh Steelers Heinz Field 8 63,083 504,669 97.1 % Jacksonville Jaguars EverBank Field 8 63,032 504,262 93.8 % Arizona Cardinals University of Phoenix Stadium 8 62,774 502,197 99.0 % Chicago Bears Soldier Field 8 62,195 497,561 101.1 % San Francisco 49ers Candlestick Park 7 69,732 488,124 99.3 % Cincinnati Bengals Paul Brown Stadium 8 60,364 482,917 92.1 % Minnesota Vikings Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome * * 8 58,751 470,009 94.1 % Detroit Lions Ford Field 8 56,285 450,286 87.3 % Buffalo Bills Ralph Wilson Stadium * * 7 63,195 442,366 86.5 % St. Louis Rams Edward Jones Dome 8 52,922 423,383 81.0 % Tampa Bay Buccaneers Raymond James Stadium 8 49,314 394,513 75.1 % Oakland Raiders Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum 8 46,431 371,448 73.7 % 2010 notes ( edit ) Total does not include the one regular season home game the Buffalo Bills play each year from 2008 -- 2012 at the Rogers Centre in Toronto as part of the Bills Toronto Series . Total does not include the NFL International Series regular season game played in London , England in which the San Francisco 49ers were designated the home team in 2010 . Total includes two home games the Minnesota Vikings played at Ford Field and TCF Bank Stadium due to the collapse of the Metrodome roof . See also ( edit ) List of sports attendance figures List of National Hockey League attendance figures References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NFL Sees Small Regular - Season Attendance Decline ; Titans , Rams Down Sharply At Home '' . SportsBusiness Daily . Retrieved 28 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 NFL Football Attendance -- National Football League -- ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . Jump up ^ http://www.nfl.com/teams/losangeles%20rams/schedule?team=LA&season=2016&seasonType=REG Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/nfl/attendance Jump up ^ `` 2015 NFL Football Attendance -- National Football League -- ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 NFL Football Attendance -- National Football League -- ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 NFL Football Attendance -- National Football League -- ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 NFL Football Attendance -- National Football League -- ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 NFL Football Attendance -- National Football League -- ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 NFL Football Attendance -- National Football League -- ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 13 . ( hide ) Sports attendance Teams Leagues By sports American football in Europe NFL Association football Basketball Euroleague 2010 -- 11 Canadian football Ice hockey GET - ligaen IIHF NHL Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Football_League_attendance_figures&oldid=812291065 '' Categories : American football records and statistics Sports attendance National Football League Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 02 : 58 . About Wikipedia | what is the average attendance for an nfl game | [
"The National Football League is the largest live spectator sporting league in the world (excluding auto racing) in terms of average attendance. As of 2015, the NFL averaged 68,400 live spectators per game, and 17,510,312 total for the season.[1]"
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"68,400"
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-5564314687999324260 | 9 to 5 (film) | 9 to 5 ( film ) - wikipedia 9 to 5 ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 9 to 5 Theatrical release poster Directed by Colin Higgins Produced by Bruce Gilbert Written by Colin Higgins Patricia Resnick Starring Jane Fonda Lily Tomlin Dolly Parton Dabney Coleman Music by Charles Fox Cinematography Reynaldo Villalobos Edited by Pembroke J. Herring Production company IPC Films Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date December 19 , 1980 ( 1980 - 12 - 19 ) Running time 110 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $10 million Box office $103.3 million 9 to 5 ( styled in the opening credits as Nine to Five ) is a 1980 American comedy film produced by Bruce Gilbert and co-written ( with Patricia Reswick ) and directed by Colin Higgins . It stars Jane Fonda , Lily Tomlin , and Dolly Parton as three working women who live out their fantasies of getting even with , and their overthrow of , the company 's autocratic , `` sexist , egotistical , lying , hypocritical bigot '' boss , played by Dabney Coleman . The film grossed over $103.9 million and is the 20th highest - grossing comedy film . As a star vehicle for Parton -- already established as a successful singer , musician and songwriter -- it launched her permanently into mainstream popular culture . A television series of the same name based on the film ran for five seasons , and a musical version of the film ( also titled 9 to 5 ) , with new songs written by Parton , opened on Broadway on April 30 , 2009 . 9 to 5 is number 74 on the American Film Institute 's `` 100 Funniest Movies '' and has an 82 % approval rating on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Filming locations 5 Theme song 6 Television series 7 2009 Broadway musical 8 Possible sequel 9 Accolades 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Plot ( edit ) Judy Bernly ( Jane Fonda ) is forced to find work after her husband , Dick ( Lawrence Pressman ) , runs off with his secretary . Judy finds employment as a secretary at Consolidated Companies . The senior office supervisor , Violet Newstead ( Lily Tomlin ) , introduces Judy to the company and staff , including mail room clerk Eddie , alcoholic Margaret Foster , the opportunistic boss Franklin Hart , Jr . ( Dabney Coleman ) , and Roz Keith ( Elizabeth Wilson ) , Hart 's executive assistant . Violet reveals to Judy that Hart is supposedly involved with his buxom secretary , Doralee Rhodes ( Dolly Parton ) . Hart exploits and mistreats his female subordinates , with backstabbing and sexist remarks . He takes credit for Violet 's ideas , cruelly yells at and threatens Judy on her first day after an equipment malfunction and sexually harasses Doralee , spreading rumors about an affair that never happened . When Violet discovers that a promotion she was hoping to receive was instead given to a man because of sexist hiring practices , she confronts Hart about it , as well as the rumors about Doralee ( who enters Hart 's office just in time to hear , and now realizes why she has become unpopular with the other secretaries ) . Violet storms off , stating that she needs a drink . Doralee takes Hart to task over his transgressions , informing him that she keeps a gun in her purse and will `` turn him from a rooster to a hen with one shot '' if his sexist behavior continues . She then also leaves , stating that she needs a drink . Judy , upset over the firing of Maria , a dedicated employee ( due to speculating about upper management 's salaries , overheard by Roz , who had been eavesdropping in the ladies ' room ) , joins Violet and Doralee in storming out of the office , and the three women drown their sorrows at the local bar before retiring to Doralee 's house to smoke a joint given to Violet by her teenage son . While there , the beginning of their friendship forms , and they share fantasies of getting revenge on Mr. Hart : Judy wants to hunt him down like an animal in a classic mobster scenario , Doralee wants to rope him like a steer in a Western scenario , and Violet wants to poison him in a twisted Snow White - style scenario . The following day , a mix - up leads Violet to accidentally spike Hart 's coffee with rat poison . However , before he can drink the tainted coffee , Hart falls out of his desk chair and hits his head on the credenza desk , which knocks him out cold . On hearing he has been rushed to the hospital , Violet , thinking he is sick from the accidental poisoning , rushes to the hospital with Judy and Doralee in tow . At the hospital , Hart , who has regained consciousness , leaves on his own without being seen , and the three mistake a dead police witness for their boss , steal the dead body ( to prevent an autopsy ) , stash it in the trunk , and drive off . Soon they discover they 've stolen the wrong body , so they smuggle it back into the hospital . Hart turns up alive the next morning , much to the shock of Violet , Doralee , and Judy . During a break in the ladies ' room , the three speculate on what could have happened , but ultimately decide to consider themselves lucky and simply forget the whole matter . However , Roz , hiding in one of the stalls , overhears them and relates the conversation to Hart . He confronts Doralee about the hospital incident and demands that she spend the night at his house , or he 'll have all three of them prosecuted for attempted murder . The three kidnap him and bring him to his Tudor - style mansion , keeping him prisoner in his bedroom while they find a way to blackmail him . The three women discover an embezzlement scheme and must keep Hart tied up at home while they collect evidence on it . The women use Hart 's absence to effect numerous changes around the office , in his name , including but not limited to flexible work hours , equal pay for male and female employees , a job - sharing program , and even an onsite daycare center for employees with children . Hart is so disliked around the office by male and female employees alike that the only person to question his absence is Roz , whom Violet sends away to France for a multi-week language training seminar . Meanwhile , as Judy is guarding Hart , her ex-husband , Dick , comes to ask her to take him back . She refuses , forcefully throwing him out . Hart 's adoring wife Missy ( Marian Mercer ) returns from vacation early , putting the women 's plan in jeopardy . Hart manages to break free and return the stolen items back to the warehouse . Then he escorts the women to the office at gunpoint . Hart is appalled by the changes which have been made in his absence , but receives an unexpected visit from Russell Tinsworthy ( Sterling Hayden ) , the company chairman , who has come to congratulate Hart for increases in productivity and numerous other initiatives ( however he wants the equal pay eliminated ) . Margaret Foster is no longer an alcoholic thanks to the company 's alcohol rehab program , and Maria is back with the company on a part - time basis and sharing her workload with another employee . Tinsworthy is so impressed that he recruits Hart to work at Consolidated 's Brazilian operation for the next few years . Roz returns from her training and is stunned to discover Violet , Judy , and Doralee celebrating in Hart 's office . In the epilogue , it is revealed that Violet finally got promoted to Hart 's job ; Judy falls in love with and marries a Xerox representative ; Doralee quits Consolidated and becomes a country and western singer ; and Hart is abducted by Amazons in the Brazilian jungle and is never heard from again . Cast ( edit ) Jane Fonda as Judy Bernly , the new woman who is forced to find work after her husband has an affair with his secretary , a younger woman named Liza . She becomes friends with Violet and Doralee . Lily Tomlin as Violet Newstead , a widow with four kids who has been working at the company for twelve years . She is very knowledgeable about the company , and was the one who trained Hart . Despite her knowledge , she is continually passed over for promotions , due to Hart 's sexist attitudes . She is Judy 's best friend and helped train her . Dolly Parton as Doralee Rhodes , a secretary who is presumed to be sleeping with Hart , despite the fact that she has refused his advances . Because of this , she is looked down on by most of the other women in the office , but this changes after she becomes friends with Violet and Judy . Dabney Coleman as Franklin M. Hart Jr. , the strict , overly - tight , lying boss and antagonist of the movie who fires people for no reason and also spread the false rumor that Doralee was sleeping with him . At the end of the film , he is reassigned to Brazil . Sterling Hayden as Russell Tinsworthy , Consolidated 's chairman of the board who likes the new office layout that Violet and the others set up . Elizabeth Wilson as Roz Keith , Hart 's administrative assistant who is constantly eavesdropping and tattling . Henry Jones as Mr. Hinkle , Consolidated 's president . Lawrence Pressman as Dick Bernly , Judy 's ex-husband . Marian Mercer as Missy Hart , Hart 's sweet natured wife who is oblivious to the fact that he has a one - sided thing for Doralee . Ren Woods as Barbara , one of Judy and Violet 's co-workers . Norma Donaldson as Betty , another co-worker . Roxanna Bonilla - Giannini as Maria Delgado , a friend of Judy 's who was fired due to Roz 's snitching to Hart , but was later reinstated by one of the three women , under Hart 's name . Peggy Pope as Margaret Foster , an alcoholic secretary ( sometimes referred to by other characters as `` the old lush '' ) whose catchphrase is `` atta girl ! '' Ray Vitte as Eddie Smith , a man who works in the mail room . When he meets Judy on her first day , he says , `` What ? How am I going to get out of this mail room prison if they keep hiring people from the outside ? Lady , you 're gon na hate it here . '' Jeffrey Douglas Thomas as Dwayne Rhodes , Doralee 's supportive husband . A musician , he is often performing at various gigs , thus allowing Doralee a good deal of free time to get into mischief with Judy and Violet . Production ( edit ) The film was based on an idea by Jane Fonda , who had recently formed her own production company , IPC . Fonda : My ideas for films always come from things that I hear and perceive in my daily life ... A very old friend of mine had started an organization in Boston called `` Nine To Five '' , which was an association of women office workers . I heard them talking about their work and they had some great stories . And I 've always been attracted to those 1940s films with three female stars . Fonda says the film was at first going to be a drama , but `` any way we did it , it seemed too preachy , too much of a feminist line . I 'd wanted to work with Lily ( Tomlin ) for some time , and it suddenly occurred to ( her producing partner ) Bruce and me that we should make it a comedy . '' Patricia Resnick wrote the first draft drama , and Fonda cast herself , Lily Tomlin , and Dolly Parton in the leads , the latter in her first film role . Then Colin Higgins came on board to direct and rewrite the script . Part of his job was to make room for all three in the script . Higgins says Jane Fonda was a very encouraging producer , who allowed him to push back production while the script was being rewritten . `` He 's a very nice , quiet , low - key guy '' , said Parton of Higgins . `` I do n't know what I would have done if I 'd had one of those mean directors on my first film . '' Higgins admitted `` he expected some tension '' , from working with three stars , `` but they were totally professional , great fun and a joy to work with . I just wish everything would be as easy . '' `` It remains a ' labour film ' , but I hope of a new kind , different from the Grapes of Wrath or Salt of the Earth '' , says Fonda . `` We took out a lot of stuff that was filmed , even stuff the director , Colin Higgins , thought worked but which I asked to have taken out . I 'm just super-sensitive to anything that smacks of the soapbox or lecturing the audience '' . Fonda says she did a deal of research , focusing on women who had begun work late in life due to divorce or being widowed . What I found was that secretaries know the work they do is important , is skilled , but they also know they 're not treated with respect . They call themselves `` office wives '' . They have to put gas in the boss 's car , get his coffee , buy the presents for his wife and mistress . So when we came to do the film , we said to Colin ( Higgins ) , OK , what you have to do is write a screenplay which shows you can run an office without a boss , but you ca n't run an office without the secretaries ! Filming locations ( edit ) The home of Franklin Hart is located at 10431 Bellagio Road in Bel Air , Los Angeles . According to commentary included in the DVD release of the film , the home was , at the time , owned by the Chandler family , publishers of the Los Angeles Times . The Consolidated offices were presumably in the Pacific Financial Center located at 800 W 6th Street , at South Flower Street in Los Angeles . Although the story appears to be set in Los Angeles , the opening credit montage , set to the title song , is mostly composed of shots from downtown San Francisco . These shots include an electric MUNI bus , the Market Street clock and a brief glimpse of the San Francisco twins , Marian and Vivian Brown . Theme song ( edit ) Main article : 9 to 5 ( Dolly Parton song ) The film 's theme song , `` 9 to 5 '' , written and recorded by Parton , became one of her biggest hits of the decade . While filming the 9 to 5 , Parton found she could use her long acrylic fingernails to simulate the sound of a typewriter . She wrote the song on set by clicking her nails together and forming the beat . The song went to number one for two weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 , as well as the U.S. country singles charts , and was nominated for several awards , including the Academy Award for Best Song . It won the 1981 People 's Choice Award for `` Favorite Motion Picture Song '' , and two 1982 Grammy Awards : for `` Country Song of the Year '' and `` Female Country Vocal of the Year '' ( it was nominated for four Grammys ) . Additionally , it was certified platinum by the RIAA . At the same time , newcomer Sheena Easton was enjoying her first major hit in the UK with a song also titled `` 9 to 5 '' . With the success of Parton 's song , and to avoid confusion , Easton 's record company renamed her recording `` Morning Train ( 9 to 5 ) '' for its North American release . Television series ( edit ) Main article : 9 to 5 ( TV series ) The film inspired a sitcom version which aired from 1982 to 1983 and from 1986 to 1988 . The show , which aired on ABC ( 1982 -- 83 ) and in first run syndication ( 1986 -- 88 ) , featured Parton 's younger sister , Rachel Dennison , in Parton 's role , and Rita Moreno and Valerie Curtin took over Tomlin and Fonda 's roles , respectively . In the second version of the show , Sally Struthers replaced Moreno . A total of 85 episodes were filmed . 2009 Broadway musical ( edit ) Main article : 9 to 5 ( musical ) In an interview aired September 30 , 2005 on Larry King Live , Parton revealed that she was writing the songs for a musical stage adaptation of the film . A private reading of the musical took place on January 19 , 2007 . Further private presentations were held in New York City in summer 2007 . In early March 2008 , Center Theatre Group artistic director Michael Ritchie announced that 9 to 5 would have its pre-Broadway run at the Center 's Ahmanson Theatre in Los Angeles beginning September 21 , 2008 , with Allison Janney starring as Violet , joined by Stephanie J. Block as Judy , Megan Hilty as Doralee , and Marc Kudisch as Franklin Hart , Jr . The book for 9 to 5 : The Musical was written by Patricia Resnick , who co-authored the film . Andy Blankenbuehler choreographed the show , and Joe Mantello directed . According to playbill.com , the musical opened on Broadway at the Marquis Theatre in previews on April 7 , 2009 , and officially on April 30 , 2009 . However , due to low ticket sales and gross , the production closed on September 6 , 2009 . A national tour began in September 2010 . Possible sequel ( edit ) In the 1980s Universal developed a sequel with Colin Higgins . Tom Mankiewicz worked on it for a while and says that while Dolly Parton was enthusiastic , Jane Fonda was not and Higgins ' heart was not in it . In a TV interview broadcast on BBC1 in the UK in 2005 , the movie 's stars Fonda , Tomlin and Dolly Parton all expressed interest in starring in a sequel . Fonda said if the right script was written she would definitely do it , suggesting a suitable name for a 21st - century sequel would be 24 / 7 . Parton suggested they had better hurry up before they reach retirement age . In the DVD commentary , the three reiterate their enthusiasm ; Fonda suggests a sequel should cover outsourcing and they agree Hart would have to return as their nemesis . In a 2018 interview , Dolly Parton announced that a sequel is in the works to bring the story into a modern - day one . Accolades ( edit ) The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2000 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs -- No. 74 2004 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : `` Nine to Five '' -- No. 78 2006 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers -- Nominated See also ( edit ) Horrible Bosses , a 2011 comedy film References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Aubrey Solomon , Twentieth Century Fox : A Corporate and Financial History , Scarecrow Press , 1989 p259 ^ Jump up to : `` 9 to 5 at boxofficemojo.com '' . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2014 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood. com 's Highest Grossing Comedy Films of All Time List '' . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2013 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ American Film Institute 's 100 Years 100 Laughs -- America 's Funniest Movies AFI Jump up ^ `` 9 to 5 on rottentomatoes.com '' . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2013 . Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` LIFE STYLE '' . The Canberra Times . National Library of Australia . 6 February 1981 . p. 17 . Retrieved 28 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dolly Parton : first footlights , now films '' . The Australian Women 's Weekly . National Library of Australia . 28 May 1980 . p. 145 Supplement : FREE Your TV Magazine . Retrieved 28 February 2015 . Jump up ^ HIGGINS : WRITER - DIRECTOR ON HOT STREAK Goldstein , Patrick . Los Angeles Times ( 1923 - Current File ) ( Los Angeles , Calif ) January 24 , 1981 : b15 . Jump up ^ ' 9 to 5 ' a real grind for writer Beck , Marilyn . Chicago Tribune ( 1963 - Current file ) ( Chicago , Ill ) October 23 , 1979 : a12 . Jump up ^ `` John Michael Howson 's Hollywood '' . The Australian Women 's Weekly . National Library of Australia . 25 March 1981 . p. 47 Supplement : TV WORLD . Retrieved 28 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dolly Parton 's Anniversary ; Walter Cronkite on Peter Jennings '' . Larry King Live transcript . CNN.com . September 30 , 2005 . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2013 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kenneth Jones ( January 11 , 2007 ) . `` Ullman , Ripley , Hilty , Kudisch , Lewis Will Read Nine to Five Musical '' . playbill.com . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2008 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CTG 'S 42nd Ahmanson Theatre Season Announced '' . Center Theater Group . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2012 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kenneth Jones ( July 15 , 2008 ) . `` Hello , Dolly ! 9 to 5 Books Broadway 's Marquis ; Full Casting Announced '' . playbill.com . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tom Mankiewicz , My Life as a Mankiewicz : An Insider 's Journey Through Hollywood ( with Robert Crane ) University Press of Kentucky 2012 p 278 Jump up ^ Zach Seemayer ( March 1 , 2018 ) . `` Dolly Parton Says Original ' 9 to 5 ' Cast Is All in for a Sequel : ' We 'd Love to Do It ' '' . etonline.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Nine to Five 9 to 5 on IMDb 9 to 5 at AllMovie 9 to 5 at the TCM Movie Database 9 to 5 at the American Film Institute Catalog ( hide ) 9 to 5 Film TV series episodes Musical Song Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=9_to_5_(film)&oldid=841479583 '' Categories : 1980 films English - language films 1980s buddy films 1980s criminal comedy films 20th Century Fox films American films American business films American criminal comedy films American female buddy films Feminist films Films adapted into television programs Films directed by Colin Higgins Films shot in California Films with live action and animation Office comedies Screenplays by Colin Higgins Works about sexual harassment Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2014 Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 May 2018 , at 03 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the movie 9 to 5 made | [
"9 to 5 (styled in the opening credits as Nine to Five) is a 1980 American comedy film produced by Bruce Gilbert and co-written (with Patricia Reswick) and directed by Colin Higgins. It stars Jane Fonda, Lily Tomlin, and Dolly Parton as three working women who live out their fantasies of getting even with, and their overthrow of, the company's autocratic, \"sexist, egotistical, lying, hypocritical bigot\" boss, played by Dabney Coleman."
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"1980"
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-7197105319389765211 | Grown Ups (film) | Grown Ups ( film ) - wikipedia Grown Ups ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Grownup . Grown Ups Theatrical release poster Directed by Dennis Dugan Produced by Jack Giarraputo Adam Sandler Written by Adam Sandler Fred Wolf Starring Adam Sandler Kevin James Chris Rock David Spade Rob Schneider Music by Rupert Gregson - Williams Cinematography Theo van de Sande Edited by Tom Costain Production company Happy Madison Productions Relativity Media Distributed by Columbia Pictures Release date June 25 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 25 ) Running time 102 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $80 million Box office $271.4 million Grown Ups is a 2010 American comedy film directed by Dennis Dugan and stars Adam Sandler , Kevin James , Chris Rock , David Spade and Rob Schneider . It depicts five friends of a high school basketball team reuniting for a July Fourth weekend after learning of the passing of their coach . Grown Ups was produced by Sandler 's production company Happy Madison Productions and was distributed by Columbia Pictures . Sandler , Rock , Schneider , and Spade all joined the cast of Saturday Night Live in the 1990 -- 1991 season ; supporting cast including Colin Quinn , Maya Rudolph , Tim Meadows , and Norm Macdonald have also been SNL cast members . It grossed $271 million and led to a sequel , Grown Ups 2 ( 2013 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 The Feder family 2.3 The Lamonsoff family 2.4 The McKenzie family 2.5 The Hilliard family 2.6 Other characters 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 4.3 Awards 4.4 Home media 5 Sequel 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1978 , five childhood friends win their junior high school basketball championship . Afterwards , they celebrate at a rented lake house . The friends ' coach , Robert Ferdinando ( Blake Clark ) , whom they nickname `` Buzzer '' , encourages them to live their lives in a similar way to how they played the game . Thirty years later , Lenny ( Adam Sandler ) has become an ambitious Hollywood talent agent with his wife , fashion designer Roxanne ( Salma Hayek ) , and his three children -- daughter Becky ( Alexys Nycole Sanchez ) and two sons Greg ( Jake Goldberg ) and Keith ( Cameron Boyce ) . The boys act very spoiled in his vicinity , much to his annoyance . Eric ( Kevin James ) claims he is now a co-owner of a lawn furniture company , and is also disappointed in his wife Sally ( Maria Bello ) for continuing to breastfeed Bean ( Morgan Gingerich ) , one of his two children , the other being Donna ( Ada - Nicole Sanger ) . Kurt ( Chris Rock ) is a stay - at - home father with two children , Andre and Charlotte ( Nadji Jeter and China Anne McClain ) . His wife Deanne ( Maya Rudolph ) , the primary breadwinner of the family , is pregnant with another child and shares the house with her mother , Ronzoni ( Ebony Jo - Ann ) . Rob ( Rob Schneider ) , nicknamed Carrot , has been divorced three times and holds custody of his daughters Jasmine , Amber , and Bridget ( Madison Riley , Jamie Chung , and Ashley Loren ) . His current wife , Gloria ( Joyce Van Patten ) , is 30 years older than him . Marcus ( David Spade ) is a slacker and lothario . All five friends regularly harass each other in comedic fashion throughout the film : Lenny for being rich , Eric for being overweight , Kurt for being skinny and useless , Rob for his continuous use of the joke `` Maize ! '' and for having a much older wife , and Marcus for being sexually juvenile . The friends each find out that Buzzer has died , and reunite at their hometown with their families , a first in the three decades . Intending to pay tribute to Buzzer at a private funeral , Lenny rents the lake house for the 4th of July weekend for his friends to stay at . However , Roxanne has planned a fashion show in Milan , forcing Lenny to retreat . While at the lake house , he becomes annoyed at how his sons are playing video games instead of being outdoors , and pushes them to play outside along with his friend 's children . At a local restaurant , Lenny talks to his old nemesis , Dickie ( Colin Quinn ) , who is still bitter towards Lenny for an error in the match , where his shot should n't have counted since he allegedly had his foot on the outside line . With this , Dickie challenges Lenny and his friends to a rematch , but he declines when commenting on Dickie 's health . The next day , Buzzer 's ashes are spread in the woods while Rob becomes depressed , lamenting his failed marriages , and later warns the arrival of his three daughters from the previous marriages . After having to deal with Jasmine , he then relaxes with his friends partaking in fishing . After joking on Rob , the others elect to cheer him up with a game of arrow roulette . Rob wins by staying in the circle for the longest time , but the arrow severely impales his foot when it flies back down . Rob then snaps at Gloria for using a maize - covered poultice . That night , Lenny manages to get the kids interested in talking on cup - phones and Roxanne accidentally reveals herself to be the `` Tooth Fairy '' when Becky listens in . Now happy that they are enjoying a similar kind of young fun that he had , Lenny proceeds to install an extensive cup - phone network in the house . Roxanne settles on staying at the lake house over going to the fashion show . The friends decide to visit a water park , where Bean learns to drink milk out of a carton and Marcus repeatedly flirts with Jasmine and Amber , having bought them skimpy bikinis . The families cause mayhem throughout the park ; Rob shoves a ride attendant down a water slide when the latter insults Bridget for being less attractive than her sisters ; Eric ignores Donna 's warning about a chemical in the kiddie pool that turns urine blue , and chaos results when the urine is revealed ; the spouses spot and attempt to attract a muscleman , but he is laughed off due to his high - pitched Canadian accent ; and at the zip line attraction , Lenny and the group meet Dickie again , accompanied by his own group of friends and former teammates , including Wiley ( Steve Buscemi ) , who is severely injured after crashing into a shed while sliding down the zip line by his feet . Lenny teaches his son how to shoot a perfect shot during basketball , and the friends then end the night by sharing a dance with their spouses . The next day , Roxanne picks up Lenny 's phone and confronts him on lying about canceling their flight trip before she agreed on staying . Eventually , everyone concedes into admitting their own truths about how they feel with their lives . On their final day at the lake house , Lenny accepts the rematch once and for all , and plays against their former opponents . At the game - deciding shot , Lenny purposely misses to allow Dickie 's team to get a proper win . Before the end of the film , Marcus plays another game of arrow roulette , but with a larger crowd of people this time . Everyone fearfully takes off , and a still paralyzed Wiley gets his foot impaled by the arrow . Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Adam Sandler as Lenny Feder Michael Cavaleri as Young Lenny Kevin James as Eric Lamonsoff Andrew Bayard as Young Eric Chris Rock as Kurt McKenzie Jameel McGill as Young Kurt David Spade as Marcus `` Higgy '' Higgins Kyle Brooks as Young Marcus Rob Schneider as Rob `` Carrot '' Hilliard Joshua Matz as Young Rob The Feder family ( edit ) Salma Hayek as Roxanne Feder Jake Goldberg as Greg Feder Cameron Boyce as Keith Feder Alexys Nicole Sanchez as Becky Feder The Lamonsoff family ( edit ) Maria Bello as Sally Lamonsoff Ada - Nicole Sanger as Donna Lamonsoff Frank and Morgan Gingerich as Bean Lamonsoff The McKenzie family ( edit ) Maya Rudolph as Deanne McKenzie Nadji Jeter as Andre McKenzie China Anne McClain as Charlotte McKenzie The Hilliard family ( edit ) Madison Riley as Jasmine Hilliard Jamie Chung as Amber Hilliard Ashley Loren as Bridget Hilliard Other characters ( edit ) Joyce Van Patten as Gloria Noonan Blake Clark as Coach Robert `` Buzzer '' Ferdinando Victoria Cyr , Niece of Coach Buzzer Di Quon as Rita Steve Buscemi as Wiley Colin Quinn as Dickie Bailey Hunter Silva as Young Dickie Lisa M. ( Seitz ) Francis as Bailey 's wife Tim Meadows as Malcolm Fluzoo Ebony Jo - Ann as Mama Ronzoni Dan Patrick as Norby the Ride Guy Tim Herlihy as Pastor Norm Macdonald as Geezer Jonathan Loughran as Robideaux Connor Panzner as Young Robideaux Dennis Dugan as Basketball Referee Production ( edit ) Filming commenced in Essex County , Massachusetts , in August , 2009 . Release ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Grown Ups grossed $162 million in the United States and $109.4 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $271.4 million against a production budget of $80 million . Grown Ups surpassed Click to become Sandler 's highest grossing film wordwide . Happy with the gross , Adam Sandler showed his appreciation by buying brand - new Maserati sports cars for his four co-stars . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 10 % based on 164 reviews and an average rating of 3.3 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Grown Ups ' cast of comedy vets is amiable , but they 're let down by flat direction and the scattershot , lowbrow humor of a stunted script . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 30 out of 100 based on reviews from 32 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale . Connie Ogle of the Miami Herald referred to it as `` the perfect poster child for this maddening summer of movie mediocrity . '' Rick Groen of the Globe and Mail criticized what he saw as blatant commercialism , saying the cast `` lob ( bed ) gags they surely disdain at an audience they probably despise while reserving their own laughter for that off - camera dash all the way to the bank . '' Richard Roeper went as far as to say that it was `` a blight upon the bright canvas of American cinema '' , and that he hated it . Tom Long of the Detroit News called it `` trite comedy '' and `` total garbage . '' On the other end of the spectrum , Lisa Kennedy of the Denver Post called it `` crude and decent - hearted '' and `` easy , breezy , predictable . '' Awards ( edit ) Rob Schneider was nominated for a Razzie Award for Worst Supporting Actor for the film , but lost to Jackson Rathbone for both The Last Airbender and The Twilight Saga : Eclipse . The film won at the 2011 MTV Movie Awards for the `` Best Line from a Movie '' category , which it won for the line `` I want to get chocolate wasted ! '' , delivered by Becky , played by Alexys Nycole Sanchez . Home Media ( edit ) Grown Ups was released on DVD and Blu - ray Disc on November 9 , 2010 . Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Grown Ups 2 A sequel , titled Grown Ups 2 , was released on July 12 , 2013 . Dennis Dugan , the director of the first film , returned as director . The main cast , including Adam Sandler , Kevin James , Chris Rock , David Spade , Salma Hayek , Maya Rudolph , Maria Bello and Steve Buscemi reprised their roles , except Rob Schneider . New cast includes Andy Samberg , Taylor Lautner and Patrick Schwarzenegger . The sequel follows Lenny Feder as he relocates his family back to the small town where he and his friends grew up . Like its predecessor , Grown Ups 2 received very poor reviews but was still a box office hit . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Grown Ups ( 2010 ) Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ Tatiana Siegel ( 2009 - 02 - 10 ) . `` Columbia pic gets Sandler and friends '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Gate , Bobby ( June 21 , 2009 ) . `` Beverly actress scores plum role '' . Wicked Local ( GateHouse Media ) . Jump up ^ Shanahan , Mark ( 2009 - 05 - 18 ) . `` Adam Sandler et al. get to work on `` Grown Ups '' `` . Boston Globe . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Adam Sandler Movie Box Office Results '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` David Spade has yet to drive luxury car Adam Sandler gave him as gift '' . Mail Online . 11 November 2010 . Retrieved 2 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Zach ( 11 November 2010 ) . `` Adam Sandler gives the gift of Maserati to Grown Ups co-stars '' . Autoblog.com . Retrieved 2 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Grown Ups ( 2010 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Grown Ups Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ Connie Ogle , Grown Ups ( PG - 13 ) : Five goofballs and a funeral , Miami Herald ( June 24 , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Rick Groen , Grown Ups : How low can they go ? Just watch , Globe & Mail ( June 25 , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Tom Long , Review : Adam Sandler 's ' Grown Ups ' is a lazy , trite comedy , Detroit News ( June 25 , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Lisa Kennedy , Movie review : `` Grown Ups '' -- or are they ? , Denver Post ( June 23 , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ `` Grown Ups Sequel Planned '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Grown Ups 2 - Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 4 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Grown Ups 2 ( 2013 ) - Box Office Mojo '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 4 September 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Grown Ups ( 2010 film ) Official website Grown Ups on IMDb Grown Ups at Box Office Mojo Grown Ups at Rotten Tomatoes Grown Ups at Metacritic Films directed by Dennis Dugan Problem Child ( 1990 ) Brain Donors ( 1992 ) The Shaggy Dog ( 1994 ) Happy Gilmore ( 1996 ) Beverly Hills Ninja ( 1997 ) Big Daddy ( 1999 ) Saving Silverman ( 2001 ) National Security ( 2003 ) The Benchwarmers ( 2006 ) I Now Pronounce You Chuck & Larry ( 2007 ) You Do n't Mess with the Zohan ( 2008 ) Grown Ups ( 2010 ) Just Go with It ( 2011 ) Jack and Jill ( 2011 ) Grown Ups 2 ( 2013 ) Happy Madison Productions Films Deuce Bigalow : Male Gigolo ( 1999 ) Little Nicky ( 2000 ) The Animal ( 2001 ) Joe Dirt ( 2001 ) Mr. Deeds ( 2002 ) The Master of Disguise ( 2002 ) Eight Crazy Nights ( 2002 ) The Hot Chick ( 2002 ) Anger Management ( 2003 ) Dickie Roberts : Former Child Star ( 2003 ) 50 First Dates ( 2004 ) The Longest Yard ( 2005 ) Deuce Bigalow : European Gigolo ( 2005 ) Grandma 's Boy ( 2006 ) The Benchwarmers ( 2006 ) Click ( 2006 ) I Now Pronounce You Chuck And Larry ( 2007 ) Reign Over Me ( 2007 ) Strange Wilderness ( 2008 ) The House Bunny ( 2008 ) You Do n't Mess with the Zohan ( 2008 ) Bedtime Stories ( 2008 ) Paul Blart : Mall Cop ( 2009 ) The Shortcut ( 2009 ) Funny People ( 2009 ) Grown Ups ( 2010 ) Just Go with It ( 2011 ) Zookeeper ( 2011 ) Bucky Larson : Born to Be a Star ( 2011 ) Jack and Jill ( 2011 ) That 's My Boy ( 2012 ) Here Comes the Boom ( 2012 ) Grown Ups 2 ( 2013 ) Blended ( 2014 ) Paul Blart : Mall Cop 2 ( 2015 ) Pixels ( 2015 ) Joe Dirt 2 : Beautiful Loser ( 2015 ) The Ridiculous 6 ( 2015 ) The Do - Over ( 2016 ) Sandy Wexler ( 2017 ) Television series Rules of Engagement ( 2007 -- 13 ) The Gong Show with Dave Attell ( 2008 ) Nick Swardson 's Pretend Time ( 2010 -- 11 ) Breaking In ( 2011 -- 12 ) The Goldbergs ( 2013 -- present ) Imaginary Mary ( 2017 ) Key people Adam Sandler Allen Covert Jack Giarraputo Tim Herlihy Heather Parry Sony Pictures Entertainment Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grown_Ups_(film)&oldid=835632753 '' Categories : 2010 films English - language films 2010s buddy films 2010s comedy films American films American buddy films American comedy films Columbia Pictures films Films about vacationing Films directed by Dennis Dugan Films produced by Adam Sandler Films shot in Massachusetts Happy Madison films Midlife crisis films Relativity Media films Screenplays by Adam Sandler Films scored by Rupert Gregson - Williams Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 21 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does the movie grown ups take place | [
"In 1978, five childhood friends win their junior high school basketball championship. Afterwards, they celebrate at a rented lake house. The friends' coach, Robert Ferdinando (Blake Clark), whom they nickname \"Buzzer\", encourages them to live their lives in a similar way to how they played the game. Thirty years later, Lenny (Adam Sandler) has become an ambitious Hollywood talent agent with his wife, fashion designer Roxanne (Salma Hayek), and his three children—daughter Becky (Alexys Nycole Sanchez) and two sons Greg (Jake Goldberg) and Keith (Cameron Boyce). The boys act very spoiled in his vicinity, much to his annoyance. Eric (Kevin James) claims he is now a co-owner of a lawn furniture company, and is also disappointed in his wife Sally (Maria Bello) for continuing to breastfeed Bean (Morgan Gingerich), one of his two children, the other being Donna (Ada-Nicole Sanger). Kurt (Chris Rock) is a stay-at-home father with two children, Andre and Charlotte (Nadji Jeter and China Anne McClain). His wife Deanne (Maya Rudolph), the primary breadwinner of the family, is pregnant with another child and shares the house with her mother, Ronzoni (Ebony Jo-Ann). Rob (Rob Schneider), nicknamed Carrot, has been divorced three times and holds custody of his daughters Jasmine, Amber, and Bridget (Madison Riley, Jamie Chung, and Ashley Loren). His current wife, Gloria (Joyce Van Patten), is 30 years older than him. Marcus (David Spade) is a slacker and lothario. All five friends regularly harass each other in comedic fashion throughout the film: Lenny for being rich, Eric for being overweight, Kurt for being skinny and useless, Rob for his continuous use of the joke \"Maize!\" and for having a much older wife, and Marcus for being sexually juvenile."
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"at a rented lake house"
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4045068790061062717 | Matt Foley | Matt Foley - Wikipedia Matt Foley Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Saturday Night Live character . For the Australian politician , see Matt Foley ( politician ) . Matt Foley Foley ( Chris Farley , left ) giving a speech to two teens ( David Spade and Christina Applegate ) First appearance May 8 , 1993 Last appearance October 25 , 1997 Created by Bob Odenkirk Portrayed by Chris Farley ( 1993 -- 1997 ) Information Occupation Motivational speaker : Prison inmate at Joliet Correctional Center ( former ) : Mall Santa ( former ) Spouse ( s ) Three ex-wives ( first one named Linda , other two unnamed ) Matt Foley is a fictional character from the sketch comedy program Saturday Night Live performed by Chris Farley . Foley is a motivational speaker who exhibits characteristics that someone in that position would not typically have : whereas motivational speakers are typically successful and charismatic , Foley is abrasive , clumsy , and down on his luck . The character was popular in its original run and went on to become one of Farley 's best - known characters . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Physical appearance 3 Personality 4 Notable appearances 5 List of SNL episodes featured 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) The character 's concept was first created by Bob Odenkirk . Farley had performed the character in other comedy groups before joining the cast of Saturday Night Live . Farley named the character after one of his Marquette University rugby union teammates , who is now a Catholic priest in the Chicago suburb of Arlington Heights . Matt Foley appeared in eight Saturday Night Live sketches . Each sketch typically started with Foley brought into a specific situation by someone to speak to a group . In addition to his disheveled , overweight , and unstylish appearance , he exhibits poor social skills , frequently loses his temper , disparages and insults his audience , wallows in cynicism and self - pity , and presents a negative motivational message . Foley 's trademark line is warning his audience that they could end up , like himself , being `` 35 years old , eating a steady diet of government cheese , thrice divorced , and living in a van down by the river ! '' In most sketches , whenever a member of his audience announces a personal accomplishment , Foley responds with mockery or belligerence : `` Well , la - dee - frickin - da ! '' , `` Whoop - dee - frickin - doo ! '' , or a similarly dismissive remark . The sketches usually feature Farley 's physical comedy , such as the over-caffeinated Foley gesticulating wildly and leaping around , often breaking furniture . In the character 's debut , David Spade and Christina Applegate , who were playing teens supposedly in need of Foley 's help , were visibly trying to stifle their laughter . Spade , in particular , spent most of the sketch with his hand covering his face . In the sketch , Farley 's portrayal of Foley was so intense that he ended up falling onto the table in front of him , crushing it . The blooper was so popular that Farley turned it into one of his best - known routines and one which he would repeat many times , both as Foley and as other characters on SNL and in film during the remainder of his life and career , sometimes injuring himself in the process . At the end of each sketch , he is usually rushed out of his speaking location , where the people left behind huddle together and comment on him , usually bemused and frightened . Though his intended message is always ruined by his bizarre presentation , his audience typically benefits from the experience , as they all do n't want to be associated with Foley again . One departure sketch had George Foreman considering that he was too old and weak to continue boxing , and happening to walk by the river , where he comes across Foley 's van . Foley does not go into his usual tirades , instead ordering Foreman to do all sorts of chores for him , such as grilling hamburgers , claiming the work is `` for dexterity '' . When Foreman determines Foley is using him , he punches Foley , causing Foreman to realize he can still fight and ultimately going on to win the world championship . Foreman then recites this tale to Tim Meadows , who wonders aloud why he is cooking burgers for Foreman , only to be barked at , `` You know why ! For dexterity ! '' Being a Wisconsin native , Farley was asked to portray the Matt Foley character at the 1994 Rose Bowl banquet . He delivered a comedic `` motivational speech '' to the Wisconsin Badgers football team , who were to face the UCLA Bruins that year and won the game , 21 -- 16 . Plans for a film version with Spade in a supporting role were shelved after Farley 's death in 1997 . Physical appearance ( edit ) Typically the outfit of choice for Matt is a blue - and - white plaid sport coat , a white dress shirt , a solid green necktie , black Horn - rimmed glasses , too - tight khakis , a wrist watch , dress shoes and has well - groomed blond hair . In prison , he dons blue jeans and a denim shirt with the inmate number `` 3307 '' while retaining his watch , glasses and a crucifix necklace ( he also mentions a `` homemade tattoo of a van down by the river '' ) . While working as a mall Santa , he wears a stereotypical Santa outfit , complete with black snow boots . Personality ( edit ) While he is well meaning and very good - natured , he has a very violent temper , usually yelling at his audience and making a fool of himself . He seems to have somewhat of a sense of self - pity and anger about his own poor life choices . Despite this , he has a passion for his career as a motivational speaker , going as far as to travel to Venezuela to speak to teens , or move in with teenagers to watch over them after they were caught with a bag of pot ( although this was partially because he got tired of living in his van down by the river ) . While in prison , he seems to be respected , and to have a good friendship with his cellmate Deshawn Powers , who refers to Foley as `` The OG of cell block C '' . He is fond of coffee and caffeine - based products . In almost every appearance , he mentions drinking espresso or coffee , and he even brings a duffel bag with a pot of coffee to the gym to teach a spinning class . He also seems to be a strong believer in `` PMA '' ( Positive Mental Attitude ) . Notable appearances ( edit ) The character 's debut performance ( May 8 , 1993 ) has been called one of the best segments in SNL history . The reception of the audience combined with visible stifled laughter from the performers on stage added to the popularity of the skit . Notable physical gestures from Farley included what Spade referred to as `` the thing with the glasses '' when Farley lifted his glasses on and off of his face commenting , `` Hey Dad , I ca n't see real good , is that Bill Shakespeare over there ? '' and perhaps the most defining gesture was one that Farley saved for the live performance when he alternated hands adjusting his trousers , grabbing the hilt of his belt with one hand and the back of his pants with the other . In the skit itself , Foley attempts to motivate two teens , played by David Spade and Christina Applegate , to get themselves `` back on the right track '' after the family 's cleaning lady finds a bag of marijuana in their dresser . Foley 's attempt to motivate them falls short when he constantly reminds them that the only thing they will ever amount to is `` living in a van down by the river ! '' The skit ends with Foley offering that the only solution to solve the family 's problems is for him to move in with them ; he leaves the house to get his things from his van and the family locks him out , finally reconciling and admitting to how much they love each other . A later performance ( February 19 , 1994 ) features Foley in prison attempting to motivate troubled teens in a scared straight program ; he was imprisoned for three to five years for non-payment of alimony ( consistent with him being `` thrice divorced '' ) . Before entering the skit , Foley is introduced by his cellmate Deshawn Powers ( Martin Lawrence ) as `` just finished a week in solitary , eating nothing but coffee beans . '' Foley attempts to scare the juvenile delinquents by commenting in a slightly different manner that he `` wished to dear God , that he was living in a van down by the river ! '' The skit followed the usual Foley routine with him falling through the prison wall instead of a coffee table , which eventually led to his and the other inmates ' escape . In the only cold open featuring Foley ( April 15 , 1995 ) , the character attempts to motivate a pair of Venezuelan teens . Foley attempts to get through to them by motivating them in their native Spanish , saying `` ¡ Yo vivo en van circa de un rio ! '' However the teenagers father ( Michael McKean ) informs Matt that he and his children are fluent in English causing Foley to response `` ¡ Padre , dame un favor , y cállate su grande YAPPER ! '' The skit again features Foley mocking his audience , breaking household objects , and somehow succeeding in his motivational goals . List of SNL episodes featured ( edit ) May 8 , 1993 ( host Christina Applegate ) October 30 , 1993 ( host Christian Slater ) December 11 , 1993 ( host Sally Field ) February 19 , 1994 ( host Martin Lawrence ) May 14 , 1994 ( host Heather Locklear ) December 17 , 1994 ( host George Foreman ) April 15 , 1995 ( host Courteney Cox ) October 25 , 1997 ( host Chris Farley ) February 15 , 2015 ( 40th Anniversary Special , played by Melissa McCarthy ) See also ( edit ) Recurring Saturday Night Live characters and sketches References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Chris Farley and Tim Meadows ( October 25 , 1997 ) . Matt Foley : Stationary Bikes at the Gym . Event occurs at 4 : 30 . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . I am thrice - divorced . Jump up ^ Silverberg , Melissa ( August 2 , 2015 ) . `` The real Matt Foley remembers his friend Chris Farley '' . Daily Herald . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Borrelli , Christopher ( January 30 , 2015 ) . `` Underrated for years , Bob Odenkirk gets the call for ' Saul ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Foley , I always thought there was a movie in that character ... That would have been a great little movie . But only with Farley . Jump up ^ `` 50 Greatest ' Saturday Night Live ' Sketches of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . February 3 , 2014 . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) SNL Transcripts -- contains scripts from most `` Matt Foley , Motivational Speaker '' sketches in searchable database https://web.archive.org/web/20150217004906/https://screen.yahoo.com/matt-foley-motivational-speaker-snl-skits/cold-opening-matt-foley-000000128.html https://web.archive.org/web/20150315042045/https://screen.yahoo.com/matt-foley-motivational-speaker-snl-skits/down-river-000000356.html https://web.archive.org/web/20150217010316/https://screen.yahoo.com/matt-foley-motivational-speaker-snl-skits/matt-foley-prison-000000871.html https://www.rollingstone.com/tv/pictures/50-greatest-saturday-night-live-sketches-of-all-time-20140203/matt-foley-motivational-speaker-0010123 http://snltranscripts.jt.org/92/92smattfoley.phtml http://snltranscripts.jt.org/94/94rmattfoley.phtml ( hide ) Saturday Night Live Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 History 1975 -- 80 1980 -- 85 1985 -- 90 1990 -- 95 1995 -- 2000 2000 -- 05 2005 -- 10 2010 -- 15 2015 -- present Related lists Commercials Cast members Writers Guests A -- D E -- H I -- L M -- P Q -- T U -- Z Awards DVD releases Incidents Recurring characters and sketches Chronological Alphabetical By cast member Musical sketches TV show sketches Weekend Update characters TV Funhouse segments Characters and sketches The Barry Gibb Talk Show Bill Brasky Bill Swerski 's Superfans Blizzard Man The Blues Brothers The Boston Teens Canteen Boy Celebrity Jeopardy ! 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'' The Lonely Island discography Saturday Night Saturday Night Live Band Saturday Night Live in the 2000s Saturday Night Live Weekend Update Thursday Saturday Night Live Korea ( episodes ) SNL Milano SNL Québec SNL Studios Strategery Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matt_Foley&oldid=824028198 '' Categories : Comedy characters Saturday Night Live sketches Saturday Night Live characters Fictional prison escapees Fictional characters introduced in 1993 Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 Wikipedia external links cleanup from November 2015 Wikipedia spam cleanup from November 2015 Use American English from November 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 4 February 2018 , at 22 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who lives in a van down by the river | [
"Matt Foley appeared in eight Saturday Night Live sketches. Each sketch typically started with Foley brought into a specific situation by someone to speak to a group. In addition to his disheveled, overweight, and unstylish appearance, he exhibits poor social skills, frequently loses his temper, disparages and insults his audience, wallows in cynicism and self-pity, and presents a negative motivational message. Foley's trademark line is warning his audience that they could end up, like himself, being \"35 years old, eating a steady diet of government cheese, thrice divorced, and living in a van down by the river!\" In most sketches, whenever a member of his audience announces a personal accomplishment, Foley responds with mockery or belligerence: \"Well, la-dee-frickin-da!\", \"Whoop-dee-frickin-doo!\", or a similarly dismissive remark. The sketches usually feature Farley's physical comedy, such as the over-caffeinated Foley gesticulating wildly and leaping around, often breaking furniture."
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"Matt Foley"
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-2164554899751868891 | Seventy-first Amendment of the Constitution of India | Seventy - first Amendment of the Constitution of India - Wikipedia Seventy - first Amendment of the Constitution of India Jump to : navigation , search The Constitution ( Seventy - first Amendment ) Act , 1992 Parliament of India An Act further to amend the Constitution of India . Citation 71st Amendment Territorial extent India Enacted by Lok Sabha Date passed 20 August 1992 Enacted by Rajya Sabha Date passed 20 August 1992 Date assented to 31 August 1992 Date commenced 31 August 1992 Legislative history Bill introduced in the Lok Sabha Constitution ( Seventy - eighth Amendment ) Bill , 1992 Bill published on 20 August 1992 Introduced by Shankarrao Chavan Related legislation 21st and 92nd Amendments Summary Included Konkani , Meitei ( Manipuri ) and Nepali as official languages by amending the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution Status : In force The Seventy - first Amendment of the Constitution of India , officially known as The Constitution ( Seventy - first Amendment ) Act , 1992 , amended the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution so as to include Konkani , Meitei ( Manipuri ) and Nepali languages , thereby raising the total number of languages listed in the schedule to eighteen . The Eighth Schedule lists languages that the Government of India has the responsibility to develop . The Eighth Schedule to the Constitution originally included 14 languages . Sindhi was included by the 21st Amendment , enacted in 1967 . Bodo , Dogri , Santhali and Maithili were included in the Eighth Schedule in 2004 , through the 92nd Amendment , raising the total number of languages to 22 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 2 Proposal and enactment 3 See also 4 References Text ( edit ) BE it enacted by Parliament in the Forty - third Year of the Republic of India as follows : -- 1 . Short title This Act may be called the Constitution ( Seventy - first Amendment ) Act , 1992 . 2 . Amendment of Eighth Schedule In the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution -- ( a ) existing entry 7 shall be re-numbered as entry 8 , and before entry 8 as so re-numbered , the entry `` 7 . Konkani . '' shall be inserted ; ( b ) existing entry 8 shall be re-numbered as entry 10 , and before entry 10 as so re-numbered , the entry `` 9 . Manipuri . '' shall be inserted ; ( c ) existing entries 9 to 15 shall be re-numbered as entries 12 to 18 respectively , and before entry 12 as so re-numbered , the entry `` 11 . Nepali . '' shall be inserted . Proposal and enactment ( edit ) The Constitution ( Seventy - first Amendment ) Act , 1992 , was introduced in Lok Sabha on 20 August 1992 , as the Constitution ( Seventy - eighth Amendment ) Bill , 1992 ( Bill No. 142 of 1992 ) . It was introduced by Shankarrao Chavan , then Minister of Home Affairs , and sought to include Konkani , Meitei and Nepali languages in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution . The full text of the Statement of Objects and Reasons appended to the bill is given below : There have been demands for inclusion of certain languages in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution . It is proposed to include Konkani , Manipuri and Nepali languages in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution . The Bill seeks to give effect to this decision . 2 . The Nepali language is also known in some areas as `` Gorkha Bhasa '' . In the Census operations , other nomenclatures such as `` Gorkhali '' , `` Gorkdhi '' , `` Gurkhiya '' , `` Khaskura '' or `` Naipali '' have also been used . -- S.B. Chavan , `` The Constitution ( Seventy - eighth Amendment ) Bill , 1992 '' . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . The Bill was debated by the Lok Sabha on 20 August 1992 and , as amended , passed on the same day . Clause 1 of the Bill was adopted by the Lok Sabha with a formal amendment replacing the word `` Seventy - eighth '' by the word `` Seventy - first '' . The Bill , as passed by the Lok Sabha , was considered and passed by the Rajya Sabha on 20 August 1992 . The bill received assent from then President Shankar Dayal Sharma on 31 August 1992 , and came into force on the same date . It was notified in The Gazette of India on 1 September 1992 . Part of a series on Constitution of India Preamble Parts ( show ) Fundamental Rights PART I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ IVA ∙ V ∙ VI ∙ VII VIII ∙ IX ∙ IXA ∙ IXB ∙ X ∙ XI ∙ XII ∙ XIII ∙ XIV XV ∙ XVI ∙ XVIA ∙ XVII ∙ XVIII ∙ XIX ∙ XX ∙ XXI XXII Schedules ( show ) First ∙ Second ∙ Third ∙ Fourth ∙ Fifth Sixth ∙ Seventh ∙ Eighth ∙ Ninth Tenth ∙ Eleventh ∙ Twelfth Appendices ( show ) I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ V Amendments ( show ) List ∙ 1 ∙ 2 ∙ 3 ∙ 4 ∙ 5 ∙ 6 ∙ 7 ∙ 8 ∙ 9 ∙ 10 ∙ 11 ∙ 12 ∙ 13 ∙ 14 ∙ 15 ∙ 16 ∙ 17 ∙ 18 ∙ 19 ∙ 20 ∙ 21 ∙ 22 ∙ 23 ∙ 24 ∙ 25 ∙ 26 ∙ 27 ∙ 28 ∙ 29 ∙ 30 ∙ 31 ∙ 32 ∙ 33 ∙ 34 ∙ 35 ∙ 36 ∙ 37 ∙ 38 ∙ 39 ∙ 40 ∙ 41 ∙ 42 ∙ 43 ∙ 44 ∙ 45 ∙ 46 ∙ 47 ∙ 48 ∙ 49 ∙ 50 ∙ 51 ∙ 52 ∙ 53 ∙ 54 ∙ 55 ∙ 56 ∙ 57 ∙ 58 ∙ 59 ∙ 60 ∙ 61 ∙ 62 ∙ 63 ∙ 64 ∙ 65 ∙ 66 ∙ 67 ∙ 68 ∙ 69 ∙ 70 ∙ 71 ∙ 72 ∙ 73 ∙ 74 ∙ 75 ∙ 76 ∙ 77 ∙ 78 ∙ 79 ∙ 80 ∙ 81 ∙ 82 ∙ 83 ∙ 84 ∙ 85 ∙ 86 ∙ 87 ∙ 88 ∙ 89 ∙ 90 ∙ 91 ∙ 92 ∙ 93 ∙ 94 ∙ 95 ∙ 96 ∙ 97 ∙ 98 ∙ 99 ∙ 100 ∙ 101 Related topics ( show ) Union List State List Concurrent List Basic structure doctrine Uniform civil code See also ( edit ) List of amendments of the Constitution of India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/EIGHTH-SCHEDULE.pdf This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of India ( 1949 ) '' ( PDF ) . Lok Sabha Secretariat . p. 1189 . Retrieved 5 December 2013 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Jump up ^ `` Texts of the Constitution Amendment Acts '' ( PDF ) . Lok Sabha Secretariat . pp. 615 -- 616 . Retrieved 5 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution ( Seventy - first Amendment ) Act , 1992 '' . Retrieved 5 December 2013 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . ^ Jump up to : R.C. Bhardwaj , ed. ( 1 January 1995 ) . Constitution Amendment in India ( Sixth ed . ) . New Delhi : Northern Book Centre . pp. 124 ; 217 ; 451 -- 452 . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution ( Amendment ) Acts '' . Constitution.org . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 05 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Jump up ^ `` Constitution Amendment in India '' ( PDF ) . Lok Sabha Secretariat . p. 256 . Retrieved 5 December 2013 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was nepali language included in 8th schedule | [
"The Seventy-first Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution (Seventy-first Amendment) Act, 1992, amended the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution so as to include Konkani, Meitei (Manipuri) and Nepali languages, thereby raising the total number of languages listed in the schedule to eighteen. The Eighth Schedule lists languages that the Government of India has the responsibility to develop.[1]"
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"1992"
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379876880074896723 | The Beatles' rooftop concert | The Beatles ' rooftop concert - wikipedia The Beatles ' rooftop concert Jump to : navigation , search The Beatles ' rooftop concert Aerial view Date 30 January 1969 Venue Apple Corps Ltd 3 Savile Row , London , UK 51 ° 30 ′ 37.48 '' N 0 ° 8 ′ 23.13 '' W / 51.5104111 ° N 0.1397583 ° W / 51.5104111 ; - 0.1397583 Participants John Lennon Paul McCartney George Harrison Ringo Starr Billy Preston Length 42 minutes Producer George Martin Engineers Glyn Johns Alan Parsons The Beatles ' rooftop concert was the final public performance of the English rock band the Beatles . On 30 January 1969 , the band , with keyboardist Billy Preston , surprised a central London office and fashion district with an impromptu concert from the roof of the headquarters of the band 's multimedia corporation Apple Corps at 3 Savile Row . In a 42 - minute set , the Beatles were heard playing nine takes of five songs before the Metropolitan Police Service asked them to reduce the volume . Footage from the performance was later used in the 1970 documentary film Let It Be . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Set list 3 Legacy 4 Personnel 5 Citations 6 Sources 7 External links History ( edit ) Although the concert was unannounced , the Beatles had planned on performing live during their Get Back sessions earlier in January . It is uncertain who had the idea for a rooftop concert , but the suggestion was conceived just days before the actual event . George Harrison brought in keyboardist Billy Preston as an additional musician , in the hope that a talented outside observer would encourage the band to be tight and focused . Ringo Starr remembered : `` There was a plan to play live somewhere . We were wondering where we could go -- ' Oh , the Palladium or the Sahara ' . But we would have had to take all the stuff , so we decided , ' Let 's get up on the roof ' '' . The audio was recorded onto two eight - track recorders in the basement of Apple by engineer Alan Parsons , and film director Michael Lindsay - Hogg brought in a camera crew to capture several angles of the performance -- including reactions from people on the street . When the Beatles first started playing , there was some confusion from spectators watching five stories below , many of whom were on their lunch break . As the news of the event spread , crowds of onlookers began to congregate in the streets and on the roofs of local buildings . While most responded positively to the concert , the Metropolitan Police Service grew concerned about noise and traffic issues . Apple employees initially refused to let police inside , ultimately reconsidering when threatened with arrest . As police ascended to the roof , the Beatles realised that the concert would eventually be shut down , but continued to play for several more minutes . Paul McCartney improvised the lyrics of his song `` Get Back '' to reflect the situation , `` You 've been playing on the roofs again , and you know your Momma does n't like it , she 's gon na have you arrested ! '' The concert came to an end with the conclusion of `` Get Back '' , with John Lennon saying , `` I 'd like to say thank you on behalf of the group and ourselves and I hope we 've passed the audition '' . Set list ( edit ) The rooftop concert consisted of nine takes of five Beatles songs , including : `` Get Back '' ( three takes ) `` Do n't Let Me Down '' ( two takes ) `` I 've Got a Feeling '' ( two takes ) `` One After 909 '' ( one take ) `` Dig a Pony '' ( one take ) The first performance of `` I 've Got a Feeling '' , and the recordings of `` One After 909 '' , and `` Dig a Pony '' were later used for the album Let It Be . In 1996 , a `` rooftop '' version of `` Get Back '' , which was the last song of the Beatles ' final live performance , was included in Anthology 3 . An edit of the two takes of `` Do n't Let Me Down '' was included on Let It Be ... Naked . Legacy ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 3 Savile Row , London , the location of the concert The Beatles ' rooftop concert marked the end of an era for many fans . They did record one more album , Abbey Road , but by September 1969 the Beatles had unofficially disbanded . Several of the rooftop performances , particularly that of `` Dig a Pony '' , showed the Beatles once again in top form , if only temporarily . Fans believed the rooftop concert might have been a try - out for a return to live performances and touring . The Rutles ' `` Get Up and Go '' sequence in the film All You Need Is Cash mimics the footage of the rooftop concert , and uses similar camera angles . In January 2009 , tribute band the Bootleg Beatles attempted to stage a 40th anniversary concert in the same location , but were refused permission by Westminster City Council due to licensing problems . In The Simpsons fifth season episode `` Homer 's Barbershop Quartet '' , the Be Sharps ( Homer , Apu , Barney and Principal Skinner ) perform a rendition of one of their previous hits on a rooftop . George Harrison , who guest - starred in the episode , is shown saying dismissively `` It 's been done ! '' As the song ends and the credits begin , Homer repeats John Lennon 's phrase about passing the audition and everyone laughs , including Barney until he says , `` I do n't get it . '' In the 2007 film Across The Universe , a musical made up entirely of Beatles ' music , Sadie 's band performs a rooftop concert in New York City which mimics the original . It is interrupted and closed down by the New York Police Department . U2 also referenced the concert in their video for `` Where the Streets Have No Name '' , which featured a similar rooftop concert in Los Angeles . McCartney played a surprise mini-concert in midtown Manhattan on 15 July 2009 from the top of the marquee of the Ed Sullivan Theater , where he was recording a performance for Late Show with David Letterman . News of the event spread via Twitter and word of mouth , and nearby street corners were closed off to accommodate fans for the set , which duplicated the original Beatles gig . Personnel ( edit ) John Lennon -- lead and backing vocals , lead guitar , rhythm guitar Paul McCartney -- lead and backing vocals , bass guitar George Harrison -- backing vocals , lead guitar , rhythm guitar Ringo Starr -- drums Billy Preston -- electric piano Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 20 Things You Need To Know About The Beatles ' Rooftop Concert '' . mojo4music.com. 30 January 2014 . Retrieved 31 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1992 , pp. 306 -- 307 . ^ Jump up to : Lewisohn 1992 , p. 307 . Jump up ^ The Beatles 2000 , p. 321 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Kevin ; Kehew , Brian ( 2006 ) . Recording the Beatles : the studio equipment and techniques used to create their classic albums . Curvebender . p. 518 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9785200 - 0 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Perone 2005 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Everett 1999 , p. 216 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beatles rooftop birthday : It 's 40 years since the fab four 's last ever concert '' . BBC . 30 January 2008 . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Perone 2005 , pp. 5 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Lifton , Dave . `` 44 YEARS AGO : THE BEATLES PERFORM LIVE FOR THE LAST TIME , ON A LONDON ROOFTOP '' . Ultimate Classic Rock . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Everett 1999 , p. 222 . Jump up ^ Everett 1999 , p. 219 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , p. 334 . Jump up ^ Beatles Bible Jump up ^ `` Paul McCartney : ' I Want to Live in Peace ' '' . Life Magazine . 7 November 1969 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , p. 331 . Jump up ^ Perone 2005 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` Ladies and Gentlemen : The Rutles ! '' . CD Review . 12 ( 1 -- 9 ) : 80 . Jump up ^ Banerjee , Subhajit ( 30 January 2009 ) . `` The Beatles rooftop concert : It was 40 years ago today '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Suebsaeng , Asawin ( 30 January 2012 ) . `` 8 Videos to Commemorate the Beatles ' Final Concert , 43 Years Later '' . Mother Jones . Retrieved 30 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 2009 ) . Roger Ebert 's Movie Yearbook 2010 . Andrews McMeel Publishing . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7407 - 9218 - 2 . Sources ( edit ) The Beatles ( 2000 ) . The Beatles Anthology ( 1st ed . ) . Chronicle Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8118 - 3636 - 4 . Everett , Walter ( 1999 ) . The Beatles as Musicians : Revolver through the Anthology . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 512941 - 0 . MacDonald , Ian ( 2005 ) . Revolution in the Head : The Beatles ' Records and the Sixties ( 3rd ( 2007 ) ed . ) . Chicago Review Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55652 - 733 - 3 . Lewisohn , Mark ( 1992 ) . The Complete Beatles Chronicle : The Definitive Day - By - Day Guide To the Beatles ' Entire Career ( 2010 ed . ) . Chicago Review Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56976 - 534 - 0 . Perone , James E ( 2005 ) . Woodstock : An Encyclopedia of the Music and Art Fair -- American history through music . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33057 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Do n't Let Me Down from the rooftop Let It Be Let It Be ( film ) Let It Be ... Naked Songs Side one `` Two of Us '' `` Dig a Pony '' `` Across the Universe '' `` I Me Mine '' `` Dig It '' `` Let It Be '' `` Maggie Mae '' Side two `` I 've Got a Feeling '' `` One After 909 '' `` The Long and Winding Road '' `` For You Blue '' `` Get Back '' Non-album single `` Do n't Let Me Down '' Outtakes `` All Things Must Pass '' `` Another Day '' `` The Back Seat of My Car '' `` Commonwealth '' `` Gimme Some Truth '' `` Hear Me Lord '' `` Let It Down '' `` Teddy Boy '' `` Watching Rainbows '' Related articles Rooftop concert Billy Preston Phil Spector Let It Be ( Laibach album ) Kum Back Let It Be ( musical ) The Beatles discography Please Please Me With the Beatles A Hard Day 's Night Beatles for Sale Help ! Rubber Soul Revolver Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Magical Mystery Tour The Beatles ( White Album ) Yellow Submarine Abbey Road Let It Be Past Masters The Beatles John Lennon Paul McCartney George Harrison Ringo Starr Stuart Sutcliffe Pete Best History The Quarrymen In Hamburg At The Cavern Club Decca audition Beatlemania in the United Kingdom North American releases In the United States More popular than Jesus In India Breakup Murder of John Lennon Anthology Love ( Cirque du Soleil ) The Beatles : Rock Band Line - ups Religious views Timeline Live performances 1960 Johnny Gentle Tour Winter 1963 Helen Shapiro UK Tour 1963 Roy Orbison Tour 1964 world tour 1965 European tour 1965 US tour 1965 UK tour 1966 tour of Germany , Japan and the Philippines 1966 US tour Rooftop concert List of live performances Associated places 34 Montagu Square , Marylebone Abbey Road , London Abbey Road Studios The Bag O'Nails Beatlemania Hamburg Beatles - Platz Blue Angel The Casbah Coffee Club Candlestick Park The Cavern Club Kaiserkeller Kinfauns 3 Savile Row The Scotch of St. James Shea Stadium Stanley Street Star - Club Strawberry Field Tittenhurst Park The Top Ten Club Wigmore Street Yellow Submarine sculpture Associated companies Apple Corps Apple Records Harrisongs Lingasong Records Northern Songs Phillips ' Sound Recording Services Seltaeb Startling Music Influence Artists who have covered the Beatles Beatlemania Beatlesque British Invasion Cultural impact The Fest for Beatles Fans The Rutles Tributes Lists Awards and nominations Bootlegs Cover songs Discography Instruments Performers Post-breakup collaborations Recording sessions Songs Sgt . Pepper cover Related media Around the Beatles Beat Bugs The Beatles ( TV series ) The Beatles Anthology ( book ) The Beatles Channel The Beatles Illustrated Lyrics The Beeb 's Lost Beatles Tapes The Beatles Tapes from the David Wigg Interviews Everyday Chemistry In My Life Let It Be ( musical ) Rain : A Tribute to the Beatles Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( film ) The Twelfth Album Up Against It Other topics Apple Corps v Apple Computer Apple scruffs Beatle boots Beatles Day Fifth Beatle Lennon -- McCartney Jeff Lynne and the Beatles Paul is dead Recording technology Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Beatles%27_rooftop_concert&oldid=801987963 '' Categories : The Beatles 1969 in British music 1969 in London Concerts in the United Kingdom January 1969 events Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2013 Use British English from November 2016 Pages using infobox event with blank parameters All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from June 2017 Articles needing additional references from June 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español 한국어 日本 語 Norsk Suomi Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 September 2017 , at 07 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did the beatles play their last show | [
"The Beatles' rooftop concert was the final public performance of the English rock band the Beatles. On 30 January 1969, the band, with keyboardist Billy Preston, surprised a central London office and fashion district with an impromptu concert from the roof of the headquarters of the band's multimedia corporation Apple Corps at 3 Savile Row. In a 42-minute set, the Beatles were heard playing nine takes of five songs before the Metropolitan Police Service asked them to reduce the volume. Footage from the performance was later used in the 1970 documentary film Let It Be."
] | [
"the roof of the headquarters of the band's multimedia corporation Apple Corps at 3 Savile Row"
] |
810537091015495874 | Truck classification | Truck classification - wikipedia Truck classification Jump to : navigation , search This article is about commercial truck classifications . For passenger car and pickup classifications , see Car classifications . See also : List of truck types Truck Classifications are typically based upon the maximum loaded weight of the truck ( typically using the gross vehicle weight rating ( GVWR ) and sometimes also the gross trailer weight rating ( GTWR ) ) , and can vary among jurisdictions . Contents ( hide ) 1 United States 1.1 Table of US GVWR classifications 1.2 Notes on weight classes 1.2. 1 Class 2 1.2. 2 Medium duty ton rating 1.2. 3 Class 7 1.2. 4 Class 8 1.2. 5 Class 9 / Super heavy duty 2 Canada 3 European Union 4 List of truck types 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 References 8 External links United States ( edit ) In the United States , commercial truck classification is determined based on the vehicle 's gross vehicle weight rating ( GVWR ) . The classes range from 1 -- 8 . Trucks are also classified more broadly by the Department of Transportation 's Federal Highway Administration ( FHWA ) , which groups classes 1 -- 3 as light duty , 4 -- 6 as medium duty , and 7 -- 8 as heavy duty . The United States Environmental Protection Agency has a separate system of emissions classifications for trucks . The United States Census Bureau also assigned classifications in its now - discontinued Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey ( VIUS ) ( formerly Truck Inventory and Use Survey ( TIUS ) ) . Table of us GVWR classifications ( edit ) US truck class Duty classification Weight limit Examples Class 1 Light truck 0 -- 6,000 pounds ( 0 -- 2,722 kg ) Dodge Dakota , Chevrolet Colorado / GMC Canyon , Toyota Tacoma , Nissan Frontier , Ford Ranger Class 2 Light truck 6,001 -- 10,000 pounds ( 2,722 -- 4,536 kg ) Ram 1500 , Chevrolet Silverado 1500 , Ford F - 150 Class 3 Light truck 10,001 -- 14,000 pounds ( 4,536 -- 6,350 kg ) Ram 3500 , GMC Sierra 3500 , Ford E-350 , Ford F - 350 , Hummer H1 Class 4 Medium truck 14,001 -- 16,000 pounds ( 6,351 -- 7,257 kg ) Ram 4500 , GMC 4500 , Ford E-450 , Ford F - 450 Class 5 Medium truck 16,001 -- 19,500 pounds ( 7,258 -- 8,845 kg ) Ram 5500 , GMC 5500 , Ford F - 550 , International TerraStar Class 6 Medium truck 19,501 -- 26,000 pounds ( 8,846 -- 11,793 kg ) Chevrolet Kodiak / GMC TopKick C6500 , Ford F - 650 , International Durastar Class 7 Heavy truck 26,001 -- 33,000 pounds ( 11,794 -- 14,969 kg ) Autocar ACMD , GMC C7500 , Ford F - 750 Class 8 Heavy truck 33,001 pounds ( 14,969 kg ) + Autocar ACX , International WorkStar , Kenworth T600 , Kenworth T660 , Kenworth T680 - Semi-trailer trucks fall into this category Class 9 Super-heavy / special duty truck 33,001 pounds ( 14,969 kg ) + Usually class 8 truck with special duty characteristics , e.g. - Autocar ACX 12x6 , International WorkStar , Western Star 6900 ( 6900XD or 6900TS ) . Notes on weight classes ( edit ) Class 2 ( edit ) Class 2 is subdivided into Class 2a ( 1⁄2 - ton ) and Class 2b ( 3⁄4 - ton ) , with class 2a being 6,001 -- 8,500 pounds ( 2,722 -- 3,856 kg ) , and class 2b being 8,501 -- 10,000 pounds ( 3,856 -- 4,536 kg ) . Examples of vehicles in Class 2b include the Ram 2500 , Chevrolet Silverado 2500 , and the Ford F - 250 . SUVs in Class 2b include the Ford Excursion and the Chevrolet Suburban 2500 . Class 2a is commonly referred to as a light duty truck , with class 2b being the lowest heavy - duty class , also called the light heavy - duty class . Medium duty ton rating ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) When light - duty trucks were first produced in the United States , they were rated by their payload capacity in tons ( e.g. , 1⁄2 - , 3⁄4 - and 1 - ton ) . Over time , payload capacities for most domestic pickup trucks have increased while the ton titles have stayed the same . The now - imprecise ton rating is presently used to compare standard sizes , rather than actual capacities . This has led to categorizing trucks similarly , even if their payload is different . Therefore , the Toyota Tacoma , Dodge Dakota , Ford Ranger , Honda Ridgeline , Chevrolet S - 10 , GMC S - 15are called quarter - tons ( 1⁄4 - ton ) . The Ford F - 150 , Chevrolet C10 / K10 , Chevrolet / GMC 1500 , and Dodge 1500 are half - tons ( 1⁄2 - ton ) . The Ford F - 250 , Chevrolet C20 / K20 , Chevrolet / GMC 2500 , and Dodge 2500 are three - quarter - tons ( 3⁄4 - ton ) . Chevrolet / GMC 's 3⁄4 - ton suspension systems were further divided into light and heavy - duty , differentiated by 5 - lug and 6 or 8 - lug wheel hubs depending on year , respectively . The Ford F - 350 , Chevrolet C30 / K30 , Chevrolet / GMC 3500 , and Dodge 3500 are one tons ( 1 - ton ) . Similar schemes exist for vans and SUVs ( e.g. a 1 - ton Dodge Van or a 1⁄2 - ton GMC Suburban ) , medium duty trucks ( e.g. the Ford 11⁄2 - ton F - 450 ) and some military vehicles , like the ubiquitous deuce - and - a-half . Class 7 ( edit ) Vehicles in Class 7 and above require a Class - B commercial driver 's license ( CDL ) to operate in the United States . Class 8 ( edit ) The Class 8 truck gross vehicle weight rating ( GVWR ) is a vehicle with a GVWR exceeding 33 000 lb ( 14 969 kg ) . These include tractor trailer tractors as well as single - unit dump trucks of a GVWR over 33,000 lb ; such trucks typically have 3 or more axles . The typical 5 - axle tractor - trailer combination , also called a `` semi '' or `` 18 - wheeler '' , is a Class 8 vehicle . Standard trailers vary in length from 8 ' containers to 57 ' van trailers , with the most common length being the 53 ' trailer . Specialized trailers for oversized loads can be considerably longer . Commercial operation of a Class 8 vehicle in the United States requires either a Class - B CDL for non-combination vehicles , or a Class - A CDL for combination vehicles ( tractor - trailers ) . The practical gross vehicle weight limit in the USA for Class 8 trucks is determined by per - axle weight limits set by the Federal Bridge Gross Weight Formula on interstate highways . Longer 18 - wheelers can weigh up to 80,000 lbs . In most states , exceptions to these limits can be made for an Oversize load but they require special permits and handling on a designated route . Class 9 / super heavy duty ( edit ) Usually classifies a heavy , special duty Class 8 truck . For example the Western Star 6900 is designed for off - highway vocations including logging , mining , and other similar applications . Canada ( edit ) Vehicle classifications vary among provinces in Canada , due to `` differences in size and weight regulations , economic activity , physical environment , and other issues '' . While several provinces use their own classification schemes for traffic monitoring , Manitoba , Ontario , Prince Edward Island and Saskatchewan have adopted the 13 - class system from the United States ' Federal Highway Administration -- sometimes with modifications , or in Ontario 's case , for limited purposes . British Columbia and Ontario also distinguish between short - and long - combination trucks . In accident reporting , eight jurisdictions subdivide trucks by GVWR into light and heavy classes at approximately 4500 kg 9921 lb . European Union ( edit ) In the European scheme the licenses are ( among others ) B for cars , C for trucks ( lorries ) , D for buses , and are limited by the GVWR . Divides into two types : appending a number to the class denotes the `` light '' versions of said class . appending the letter E allows for larger trailers ( GTWR ) . Class B permits the use of vehicles with GVWRs of not more than 3500 kg and a trailer with GTWRs not exceeding 750 kg , or a trailer above said limit , if the gross weight of car and trailer combined does not exceed 3500 kg ( or 4250 kg after a theoretical and practical course of 7 hours ) . Such vehicles are also commonly known as light commercial vehicles ( LCVs ) , and include the Ford Transit , Mercedes - Benz Sprinter and Fiat Ducato . Class BE allows for trailers up to 3500 kg GTWR while driving a class B vehicle . Class C1 raises the GVWR limit to 7500 kg and a trailer of GTWR not exceeding 750 kg . Class C removes the GVWR limit , but the GTWR limit for the trailer of 750 kg stays . Class C1E allows for a class B or C1 vehicle and a trailer of more than 750 kg GTWR , if the combined gross weight does not exceed 12 000 kg . Class CE removes the trailers GTWR limit while driving a Class C vehicle . List of truck types ( edit ) Truck ( Lorry ) See List of truck types Box truck Cab forward Chassis cab Conversion van Flatbed truck Logging truck Panel van Platform truck Pickup truck Sport utility vehicle Tractor unit ( Semi tractor ) Tow truck Van Gallery ( edit ) Class 1 Light duty Toyota Tacoma Class 2 2001 Ford Excursion 4 × 4 ( GVWR : 8,600 pounds ( 3.9 t ) Class 3 Ford F - 350 Class 4 2008 Ford F - 450 4 × 4 pick - up truck ( GVWR : 14,500 pounds ( 6.6 t ) ) Class 5 2005 Chevy Kodiak 4 × 4 ( GVWR : 17,500 pounds ( 7.9 t ) ) Class 6 2002 Ford F - 650 in front ( GVWR : 26 000 lb ) , 1989 Ford F - 600 in back ( GVWR : 20,200 pounds ( 9.2 t ) Class 7 Peterbilt 330 dump truck . Class 8 Kenworth W900 tractor with spread - axle 48 feet ( 15 m ) refrigerated trailer . Class 9 Western Star 6900XD tractor . See also ( edit ) Trucks portal Car classification Corporate Average Fuel Economy ( CAFE ) Commercial vehicle Curb weight Driver 's license Gross weight : Gross axle weight rating ( GAWR ) Gross combined weight rating ( GCWR ) Gross trailer weight rating ( GTWR ) Gross vehicle weight rating ( GVWR ) Large goods vehicle List of truck types Tow hitch Trailer Vehicle category References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Vehicle Weight Classes & Categories from the United States Department of Energy Jump up ^ NTEA.com -- Gross Vehicle Weight Rating ( GAWR ) by Class ( archived ) Jump up ^ TMIP Clearinghouse Accounting for Commercial Vehicles in Urban Transportation Models Archived November 1 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ FHWA Vehicle Types from the United States Department of Transportation Jump up ^ Truck Classification , Changingears.com , 2009 - 03 - 28 , retrieved 2012 - 04 - 09 Jump up ^ Vehicle Weight Classifications from the United States Environmental Protection Agency Jump up ^ `` Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey -- Discontinued '' . Census.gov. 2015 - 06 - 30 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Class 3 - 4 - 5 Truck Model Roundup '' . Nextexitlogistics.com. 2014 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : ( PDF ) http://www.wrcog.cog.ca.us/downloads/050205%20Truck%20Type%20Appendix.pdf . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Save to MyGarage ( 2005 - 02 - 10 ) , 2005 Chicago Auto Show , Autobytel.com , retrieved 2012 - 04 - 09 Jump up ^ GMC TopKick 4500 Jump up ^ Rik Hinton , Idaho Transportation Department ( 2011 - 12 - 22 ) , Idaho Commercial Driver 's License Program , Itd.idaho.gov , retrieved 2012 - 04 - 09 Jump up ^ `` Typical 6900 XD Specifications '' . San Diego Freightliner . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Typical 6900 XD Specifications '' . Western Star of Las Vegas . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Typical 6900 XD Specifications '' . Western Star of Southern California . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Freightliner dealership in North Las Vegas , NV '' . Las Vegas Freightliner . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 6900 '' . Western Star Trucks . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 Dodge Dakota Specifications , Fuel Economy & Overview '' . Truck Trend . 2007 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ http://www.epa.gov/otaq/climate/regulations/420b10039.pdf Jump up ^ `` International Class 7 Crew Cab Pickup '' . Truck Trend . 2007 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Clayton , Alan ; Montufar , Jeannette ; Middleton , Dan ; McCauley , Bill ( August 27 -- 31 , 2000 ) , `` Feasibility of a New Vehicle Classification System for Canada '' ( PDF ) , North American Travel Monitoring Exhibition and Conference ( NATMEC ) 2000 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 1 , 2004 , retrieved August 9 , 2013 , Furthermore , the fleet characteristics vary significantly from jurisdiction to jurisdiction across the country because of differences in size and weight regulations , economic activity , physical environment , and other issues . This has led to a wide variety of vehicle classification systems used by highway agencies and municipal authorities in their traffic monitoring programs . External links ( edit ) Reducing CO2 emissions from Heavy - Duty Vehicles ( European Union ) . Source in german Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Truck_classification&oldid=814960905 '' Categories : Car classifications Vehicle law Trucks Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2012 Articles needing additional references from August 2013 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 22 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many tons does a ford f250 weight | [
"Class 2 is subdivided into Class 2a (½-ton) and Class 2b (¾-ton), with class 2a being 6,001–8,500 pounds (2,722–3,856 kg), and class 2b being 8,501–10,000 pounds (3,856–4,536 kg). Examples of vehicles in Class 2b include the Ram 2500, Chevrolet Silverado 2500, and the Ford F-250. SUVs in Class 2b include the Ford Excursion and the Chevrolet Suburban 2500. Class 2a is commonly referred to as a light duty truck, with class 2b being the lowest heavy-duty class, also called the light heavy-duty class.[9][18][19]"
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"¾-ton"
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-6718495802984601105 | Acidosis | Acidosis - wikipedia Acidosis For acidosis referring to acidity of the urine , see renal tubular acidosis . `` Acidemia '' redirects here . It is not to be confused with Academia . Acidosis Specialty Critical care medicine Acidosis is a process causing increased acidity in the blood and other body tissues ( i.e. , an increased hydrogen ion concentration ) . If not further qualified , it usually refers to acidity of the blood plasma . The term acidemia describes the state of low blood pH , while acidosis is used to describe the processes leading to these states . Nevertheless , the terms are sometimes used interchangeably . The distinction may be relevant where a patient has factors causing both acidosis and alkalosis , wherein the relative severity of both determines whether the result is a high , low , or normal pH . Acidosis is said to occur when arterial pH falls below 7.35 ( except in the fetus -- see below ) , while its counterpart ( alkalosis ) occurs at a pH over 7.45 . Arterial blood gas analysis and other tests are required to separate the main causes . The rate of cellular metabolic activity affects and , at the same time , is affected by the pH of the body fluids . In mammals , the normal pH of arterial blood lies between 7.35 and 7.50 depending on the species ( e.g. , healthy human - arterial blood pH varies between 7.35 and 7.45 ) . Blood pH values compatible with life in mammals are limited to a pH range between 6.8 and 7.8 . Changes in the pH of arterial blood ( and therefore the extracellular fluid ) outside this range result in irreversible cell damage . Contents 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Metabolic acidosis 2.1 Treatment 2.2 Fetal metabolic acidemia 3 Respiratory acidosis 3.1 Fetal respiratory acidemia 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Signs and symptoms ( edit ) General symptoms of acidosis . These usually accompany symptoms of another primary defect ( respiratory or metabolic ) . Nervous system involvement may be seen with acidosis and occurs more often with respiratory acidosis than with metabolic acidosis . Signs and symptoms that may be seen in acidosis include headaches , confusion , feeling tired , tremors , sleepiness , flapping tremor , and dysfunction of the cerebrum of the brain which may progress to coma if there is no intervention . Metabolic acidosis ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Metabolic acidosis Metabolic acidosis may result from either increased production of metabolic acids , such as lactic acid , or disturbances in the ability to excrete acid via the kidneys , such as either renal tubular acidosis or the renal acidosis of renal failure , which is associated with an accumulation of urea and creatinine as well as metabolic acid residues of protein catabolism . An increase in the production of other acids may also produce metabolic acidosis . For example , lactic acidosis may occur from : severe ( PaO < 36mm Hg ) hypoxemia causing a fall in the rate of oxygen diffusion from arterial blood to tissues hypoperfusion ( e.g. , hypovolemic shock ) causing an inadequate blood delivery of oxygen to tissues . A rise in lactate out of proportion to the level of pyruvate , e.g. , in mixed venous blood , is termed `` excess lactate '' , and may also be an indicator of fermentation due to anaerobic metabolism occurring in muscle cells , as seen during strenuous exercise . Once oxygenation is restored , the acidosis clears quickly . Another example of increased production of acids occurs in starvation and diabetic ketoacidosis . It is due to the accumulation of ketoacids ( via excessive ketosis ) and reflects a severe shift from glycolysis to lipolysis for energy needs . Acid consumption from poisoning such as methanol ingestion , elevated levels of iron in the blood , and chronically decreased production of bicarbonate may also produce metabolic acidosis . Metabolic acidosis is compensated for in the lungs , as increased exhalation of carbon dioxide promptly shifts the buffering equation to reduce metabolic acid . This is a result of stimulation to chemoreceptors , which increases alveolar ventilation , leading to respiratory compensation , otherwise known as Kussmaul breathing ( a specific type of hyperventilation ) . Should this situation persist , the patient is at risk for exhaustion leading to respiratory failure . Mutations to the V - ATPase ' a4 ' or ' B1 ' isoforms result in distal renal tubular acidosis , a condition that leads to metabolic acidosis , in some cases with sensorineural deafness . Arterial blood gases will indicate low pH , low blood HCO , and normal or low PaCO . In addition to arterial blood gas , an anion gap can also differentiate between possible causes . The Henderson - Hasselbalch equation is useful for calculating blood pH , because blood is a buffer solution . In the clinical setting , this equation is usually used to calculate HCO from measurements of pH and PaCO2 in arterial blood gases . The amount of metabolic acid accumulating can also be quantitated by using buffer base deviation , a derivative estimate of the metabolic as opposed to the respiratory component . In hypovolemic shock for example , approximately 50 % of the metabolic acid accumulation is lactic acid , which disappears as blood flow and oxygen debt are corrected . Treatment ( edit ) Treatment of uncompensated metabolic acidosis is focused upon correcting the underlying problem . When metabolic acidosis is severe and can no longer be compensated for adequately by the lungs or kidneys , neutralizing the acidosis with infusions of bicarbonate may be required . Fetal metabolic acidemia ( edit ) In the fetus , the normal range differs based on which umbilical vessel is sampled ( umbilical vein pH is normally 7.25 to 7.45 ; umbilical artery pH is normally 7.18 to 7.38 ) . Fetal metabolic acidemia is defined as an umbilical vessel pH of less than 7.20 and a base excess of less than − 8 . Respiratory acidosis ( edit ) Main article : Respiratory acidosis Respiratory acidosis results from a build - up of carbon dioxide in the blood ( hypercapnia ) due to hypoventilation . It is most often caused by pulmonary problems , although head injuries , drugs ( especially anaesthetics and sedatives ) , and brain tumors can cause this acidemia . Pneumothorax , emphysema , chronic bronchitis , asthma , severe pneumonia , and aspiration are among the most frequent causes . It can also occur as a compensatory response to chronic metabolic alkalosis . One key to distinguish between respiratory and metabolic acidosis is that in respiratory acidosis , the CO is increased while the bicarbonate is either normal ( uncompensated ) or increased ( compensated ) . Compensation occurs if respiratory acidosis is present , and a chronic phase is entered with partial buffering of the acidosis through renal bicarbonate retention . However , in cases where chronic illnesses that compromise pulmonary function persist , such as late - stage emphysema and certain types of muscular dystrophy , compensatory mechanisms will be unable to reverse this acidotic condition . As metabolic bicarbonate production becomes exhausted , and extraneous bicarbonate infusion can no longer reverse the extreme buildup of carbon dioxide associated with uncompensated respiratory acidosis , mechanical ventilation will usually be applied . Fetal respiratory acidemia ( edit ) In the fetus , the normal range differs based on which umbilical vessel is sampled ( umbilical vein pH is normally 7.25 to 7.45 ; umbilical artery pH is normally 7.20 to 7.38 ) . In the fetus , the lungs are not used for ventilation . Instead , the placenta performs ventilatory functions ( gas exchange ) . Fetal respiratory acidemia is defined as an umbilical vessel pH of less than 7.20 and an umbilical artery PCO of 66 or higher or umbilical vein PCO of 50 or higher . See also ( edit ) Acid -- base homeostasis Acid -- base imbalance Alkalinizing agent Alkaline diet Arterial blood gas Chemical equilibrium Lactic acidosis pCO2 pKa References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Needham , A. 2004 . Comparative and Environmental Physiology . Acidosis and Alkalosis . ^ Jump up to : Yee AH , Rabinstein AA ( February 2010 ) . `` Neurologic presentations of acid - base imbalance , electrolyte abnormalities , and endocrine emergencies '' . Neurol Clin. 28 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 16 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ncl. 2009.09. 002 . PMID 19932372 . ^ Jump up to : Yeomans , ER ; Hauth , JC ; Gilstrap , LC III ; Strickland DM ( 1985 ) . `` Umbilical cord pH , PCO2 , and bicarbonate following uncomplicated term vaginal deliveries ( 146 infants ) '' . Am J Obstet Gynecol. 151 : 798 -- 800 . doi : 10.1016 / 0002 - 9378 ( 85 ) 90523 - x . PMID 3919587 . ^ Jump up to : Pomerance , Jeffrey ( 2004 ) . Interpreting Umbilical Cord Gases : For Clinicians Caring for the Fetus or Newborn . Pasadena , CA : BNMG . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9752621 - 0 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia : Respiratory acidosis '' . Archived from the original on 11 December 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` eMedicine - Respiratory Acidosis : Article by Jackie A Hayes '' . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 06 . Notes Hobler KE , Carey LC . Effect of acute progressive hypoxemia on cardiac output and plasma excess lactate . Ann . Surg. 1973 Feb ; 177 ( 2 ) : 199 - 202 . Hobler KE , Napodano RJ . Tolerance of swine to acute blood volume deficits . J Trauma . 1974 Aug ; 14 ( 8 ) : 716 - 8 . Rose , BD , Post TW . Clinical Physiology of Acid - Base and Electrolyte Disorders , 5th ed . ( No content available . ) 2000 . New York : McGraw Hill Professional . External links ( edit ) Classification ICD - 10 : E87. 2 ICD - 9 - CM : 276.2 DiseasesDB : 87 External resources MedlinePlus : 001181 Electrolyte imbalance and acid -- base imbalance ( E86 -- E87 , 276 ) Volume status Volume contraction ( dehydration / hypovolemia ) Hypervolemia Electrolyte Sodium High Hypernatremia Salt poisoning Low Hypotonic Isotonic Potassium High Low Chloride High Low Calcium High Low Acid -- base Acidosis Metabolic : High anion gap Ketoacidosis Diabetic ketoacidosis Alcoholic ketoacidosis Lactic Normal anion gap Hyperchloremic Renal tubular Respiratory Alkalosis Metabolic Contraction alkalosis Respiratory Both Mixed disorder of acid - base balance Look up acidosis in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acidosis&oldid=853338728 '' Categories : Acid -- base disturbances Hidden categories : Infobox medical condition ( new ) Articles needing additional references from October 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پښتو Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Tagalog Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 31 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 August 2018 , at 01 : 45 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | describe the shift in ions when the ph is acidotic | [
"Acidosis is a process causing increased acidity in the blood and other body tissues (i.e., an increased hydrogen ion concentration). If not further qualified, it usually refers to acidity of the blood plasma.\n"
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"an increased hydrogen ion concentration"
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1136073219763391673 | Knockin' on Heaven's Door | Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door - wikipedia Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door ( disambiguation ) . `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' Single by Bob Dylan from the album Pat Garrett & Billy the Kid B - side `` Turkey Chase '' Released July 13 , 1973 Recorded February 1973 Genre Folk rock , gospel Length 2 : 32 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Bob Dylan Producer ( s ) Gordon Carroll Bob Dylan singles chronology `` George Jackson '' ( 1971 ) `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' ( 1973 ) `` A Fool Such as I '' ( 1973 ) `` George Jackson '' ( 1971 ) `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' ( 1973 ) `` A Fool Such as I '' ( 1973 ) `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' is a song written and sung by Bob Dylan , for the soundtrack of the 1973 film Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid . Released as a single , it reached No. 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart . Described by Dylan biographer Clinton Heylin as `` an exercise in splendid simplicity , '' the song , measured simply in terms of the number of other artists who have covered it , is one of Dylan 's most popular post-1960s compositions . Members of the Western Writers of America chose it as one of the Top 100 Western songs of all time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cover versions 1.1 Eric Clapton version 1.2 Guns N ' Roses versions 1.2. 1 Charts 1.2. 2 Certifications 1.3 Dunblane tribute 1.4 Other cover versions 2 Sampled version 3 Soundtrack inclusions 4 In popular culture 5 References Cover versions ( edit ) Eric Clapton version ( edit ) In January 1975 Eric Clapton played on Jamaican singer Arthur Louis ' recording of `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' arranged in a reggae style . Subsequently , Clapton recorded his own reggae - style version of the song which was released in August 1975 , two weeks after Louis 's version was released as a single in July 1975 . Clapton 's single peaked at No. 38 in the UK Singles Chart . The single was less successful in the US , only reaching No. 109 in Cash Box . Clapton 's 1996 boxed set Crossroads 2 : Live in the Seventies features a performance recorded in London in April 1977 . The song was also performed during the Journeyman and One More Car , One More Rider world tours in 1990 and 2003 . Additionally , the song has been included on several Clapton compilation albums , such as Time Pieces : The Best of Eric Clapton , Backtrackin ' , The Cream of Clapton and Complete Clapton . Guns N ' Roses versions ( edit ) `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' 1992 UK picture sleeve Song by Guns N ' Roses from the album Days of Thunder ( soundtrack ) and Use Your Illusion II Released June 26 , 1990 Genre Hard rock , blues rock Length 5 : 36 Label Geffen Songwriter ( s ) Bob Dylan Producer ( s ) Mike Clink Guns N ' Roses In 1987 , Guns N ' Roses started including the song in their live sets . A live version of the song was released on the maxi - single of `` Welcome to the Jungle '' the same year . They recorded a studio version in 1990 for the soundtrack of the film Days of Thunder which reached No. 18 on the Billboard Album Rock Tracks chart in 1990 . This version was later slightly modified for the 1991 album Use Your Illusion II ( basically discarding the responses in the second verse ) . Released as the fourth single from the album , it reached No. 2 on the UK Singles Chart as well as No. 12 in Australia and No. 1 in Ireland . Their performance of the song at the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert in 1992 was used as the B - side for the single release and was also included on their Live Era : ' 87 -- ' 93 album , released in 1999 . The music video for this version of the song was directed by Andy Morahan . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1992 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 12 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Finland ( The Official Finnish Charts ) 7 France ( SNEP ) 7 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 6 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 10 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) 18 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Australia ( ARIA ) Gold Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum Dunblane tribute ( edit ) In 1996 and with the consent of Bob Dylan , Scottish musician Ted Christopher wrote a new verse for `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' in memory of the schoolchildren and teacher killed in the Dunblane school massacre . This has been , according to some sources , one of the few times Dylan has officially authorized anybody to add or change the lyrics to one of his songs . This version of the song , including children from the village singing the chorus with guitarist and producer of Dylan 's album Infidels ( 1983 ) , Mark Knopfler , was released on December 9 in the UK and reached No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart . The proceeds went to charities for children . The song was featured on the compilation album Hits 97 , where all royalties from the song were given to three separate charities . Other cover versions ( edit ) Two different live versions by Fairport Convention recorded in February 1974 at the Troubadour in Los Angeles were released . One on the Sandy Denny box set Who Knows Where the Time Goes in 1985 , and the other on her anthology A Boxful of Treasures in 2004 . A live version by Cold Chisel appears on their 1981 live album Swingshift . Danny & Dusty released a version of the song on their 1985 album The Lost Weekend . Heaven released a version of the song on the group 's 1985 album , Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door . Randy Crawford released a version of this song on her album Rich and Poor in 1989 , featuring Eric Clapton and David Sanborn . Vlado Kreslin released his live version on his album Pikapolonica in 1996 . It was performed by Beltinška banda . The Brazilian singer Zé Ramalho released a Portuguese version of Dylan 's song called `` Batendo na Porta do Céu '' in his 1997 album Antologia Acústica ( Acoustic Anthology ) . Warren Zevon released a version of the song on his 2003 album The Wind , shortly before his death from cancer in September of that year . Avril Lavigne released a cover version on the bonus CD of her My World video release in 2003 , as one of the B - Sides from her single `` Nobody 's Home '' and afterwards as a Japanese bonus track for her 2011 album Goodbye Lullaby . Larry Norman released his cover on his 2004 album Sessions . With the exception of the chorus line , the song has completely original lyrics . Roger Waters released a cover version on his album Flickering Flame : The Solo Years Volume 1 . Wyclef Jean recorded a version of the song , which was used in the 2004 documentary Ghosts of Cité Soleil . Babyface released a version on his 2007 album Playlist . A version by Antony and the Johnsons was included on the Bob Dylan cover album I 'm Not There , which served as the soundtrack for the film of the same name . Mungo Jerry founder Ray Dorset released a Caribbean version of the song . Dolly Parton performed a version with Ladysmith Black Mombazo . Jerry Garcia Band often covered the song in their live sets , one recorded example being the live album Do n't Let Go Meir Ariel , an Israeli singer , covered the song with a Hebrew version in a 1998 concert later released as an album , Doors Are Opened By Themselves . The chorus is sung in both Hebrew and English . Bryan Ferry recorded a version of the song on his album Dylanesque . The City of Miami Police Department published a video of Miami Police Sergeant Ginzo performing the song as a tribute to the 144 law enforcement officers who died in the line of duty in 2016 . Sampled version ( edit ) Gabrielle 's single `` Rise '' ( 2000 ) sampled from this song . Soundtrack inclusions ( edit ) Film / TV show Year Performer Pat Garrett & Billy the Kid 1973 Bob Dylan Renaldo & Clara 1978 Bob Dylan & Roger McGuinn Lethal Weapon 2 1989 Randy Crawford , Eric Clapton & David Sanborn Days of Thunder 1990 Guns N ' Roses Shake Rattle & Roll 2 ( segment `` Aswang '' ) 1990 Guns N ' Roses Rush 1991 Bob Dylan Total Balalaika Show Leningrad Cowboys and Alexandrov Ensemble Lawn Dogs 1997 Bob Dylan The Dybbuk of the Holy Apple Field 1997 Roger Waters Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door 1997 Selig Treasure Planet 2002 Bob Dylan Windstruck Youme Be Cool 2005 Bob Dylan Las Vegas ( episode 45 , `` Letters , Lawyers and Loose Women '' ) 2005 Bob Dylan Six Feet Under ( episode 61 , `` All Alone '' ) 2005 Bob Dylan ER ( episode 260 , `` Darfur '' ) 2006 Scoob Serious Salvador ( Puig Antich ) 2006 Bob Dylan I 'm Not There 2007 Antony & the Johnsons Supernatural ( episode 35 , `` Houses of the Holy '' ) 2007 Bob Dylan Cold Case ( episode 84 , `` Blood on the Tracks '' ) 2007 Bob Dylan Big Love ( episode 2 - 08 , `` Kingdom Come '' ) 2007 Bob Dylan My Name is Earl 2008 Bob Dylan Come Dio Comanda 2008 Antony & the Johnsons Heaven 's Door 2009 Angela Aki Supernatural ( episode 98 , `` Dark Side of the Moon '' ) Bob Dylan Lifted 2011 Uriah Shelton Blue Bloods ( Season 4 , Episode 7 , `` Drawing Dead '' ) 2013 Rick Devin The 100 2015 RAIGN Sense8 ( episode 9 , `` Death Does n't Let You Say Goodbye '' ) 2015 Antony & the Johnsons Containment , episode 5 , `` Like a Sheep Among Wolves '' 2016 RAIGN In popular culture ( edit ) Nick Talevski used the title for his book , Knocking On Heaven 's Door : Rock Obituaries . A version of this song was performed by Raign for the TV show `` The 100 '' The title is used as a name of a Stand , `` Heaven 's Door '' , in the fourth part of the manga `` Jojo 's Bizarre Adventure '' , Diamond is Unbreakable . Covered by The Jenerators , the song was used during a tribute to the death of cast member Miguel Ferrer of NCIS : Los Angeles at the end of the Season 8 Episode 16 `` New Tricks '' , broadcast on March 5 , 2017 . Ferrer was a member of The Jenerators . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Heylin , Clinton ( 2009 ) . Revolution in the Air : The Songs of Bob Dylan , 1957 - 1973 . Chicago Review Press . p. 434 . Jump up ^ Western Writers of America ( 2010 ) . `` The Top 100 Western Songs '' . American Cowboy . Archived from the original on 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Schumacher , Michael . Crossroads : The Life and Music of Eric Clapton . Hyperion Press . p. 373 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Clapton discography '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Gun N ' Roses discography '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Alex S. `` mvdbase.com - Guns ' n ' Roses - `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's door ( live ) '' `` . Music Video DataBase . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pennanen , Timo . Sisältää hitin : levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 . Otava Publishing Company Ltd , 2003 . ISBN 951 - 1 - 21053 - X Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Guns N ' Roses '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' . VG - lista . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 1992 - 05 - 25 '' UK Singles Chart . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guns N ' Roses -- Chart history '' Billboard Mainstream Rock Songs for Guns N ' Roses . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( 2011 ) . Australia 's Music Charts 1988 - 2010 . Mt . Martha , VIC , Australia : Moonlight Publishing . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dunblane Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' . bannockburnband.co.uk . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Dunblane against Guns '' . 1997 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 601 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door CD '' . BBC . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Fairport Convention : Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' . Mainly Norfolk : English Folk and Other Good Music . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Adrian Zupp . `` Swingshift - Cold Chisel '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Heaven '' . Australian Music History . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` DONATIONS - The Solid Rock Shop '' . Solid Rock . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Bloods Music - S4E7 : `` Drawing Dead '' `` . TuneFind . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ Televski , Nick , Knocking On Heaven 's Door : Rock Obituaries , Omnibus Press , London 2006 Jump up ^ http://www.tvguide.com/news/ncis-la-recap-granger-miguel-ferrer/ Bob Dylan singles discography 1960s 1962 `` Mixed - Up Confusion '' / `` Corrina , Corrina '' 1963 `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' / `` Do n't Think Twice , It 's All Right '' 1965 `` The Times They Are a-Changin ' '' / `` Honey , Just Allow Me One More Chance '' `` Maggie 's Farm '' / `` On the Road Again '' `` Subterranean Homesick Blues '' / `` She Belongs to Me '' `` Like a Rolling Stone '' / `` Gates of Eden `` Positively 4th Street '' / `` From a Buick 6 '' `` Can You Please Crawl Out Your Window ? '' / `` Highway 61 Revisited '' 1966 `` One of Us Must Know ( Sooner or Later ) '' / `` Queen Jane Approximately '' `` Rainy Day Women ♯ 12 & 35 '' / `` Pledging My Time '' `` I Want You '' / `` Just Like Tom Thumb 's Blues '' ( live with The Hawks ) `` Just Like a Woman '' / `` Obviously 5 Believers '' 1967 `` Leopard - Skin Pill - Box Hat '' / `` Most Likely You Go Your Way And I 'll Go Mine '' `` If You Gotta Go , Go Now '' / `` To Ramona '' ( only in Europe ) 1968 `` Drifter 's Escape '' / `` John Wesley Harding '' `` All Along the Watchtower '' / `` I 'll Be Your Baby Tonight '' 1969 `` I Threw It All Away '' / `` Drifter 's Escape '' `` Lay Lady Lay '' / `` Peggy Day '' `` Tonight I 'll Be Staying Here with You '' / `` Country Pie '' 1970s 1970 `` If Not for You '' / `` New Morning '' `` Wigwam '' / `` Copper Kettle '' 1971 `` Watching the River Flow '' / `` Spanish is the Loving Tongue '' `` George Jackson '' ( band version ) / `` George Jackson '' ( acoustic version ) 1973 `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' / `` Turkey Chase '' ( instrumental from Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid ) `` A Fool Such as I '' / `` Lily of the West '' `` On a Night Like This '' / `` You Angel You '' `` Something There Is About You '' / `` Tough Mama '' `` Most Likely You Go Your Way ( And I 'll Go Mine ) '' ( live with The Band ) `` All Along the Watchtower '' / `` It Ai n't Me Babe '' `` Tangled Up in Blue '' / `` If You See Her , Say Hello '' `` Million Dollar Bash '' / `` Tears of Rage '' `` Hurricane '' ( Part 1 ) / `` Hurricane '' ( Part 2 ) 1976 `` Mozambique '' / `` Oh Sister '' `` Stuck Inside of Mobile With the Memphis Blues Again '' ( live ) / `` Rita May '' 1978 `` Baby , Stop Crying '' / `` We Better Talk This Over '' `` Changing of the Guards '' / `` Señor ( Tales of Yankee Power ) '' `` Is Your Love In Vain ? '' / `` We Better Talk This Over '' 1979 `` Maggie 's Farm ( live ) / `` All Along the Watchtower '' `` Forever Young '' ( live ) / `` All Along the Watchtower '' / `` I Want You '' `` Man Gave Names to All the Animals '' / `` When You Gonna Wake Up ? '' `` Gotta Serve Somebody '' / `` Trouble in Mind '' `` Precious Angel '' / `` Trouble in Mind '' 1980s 1980 `` Slow Train '' / `` Do Right to Me Baby '' `` Solid Rock '' / `` Covenant Woman '' `` Saved '' / `` Are You Ready ? '' 1981 `` Heart of Mine '' / `` Let It Be Me '' `` Dead Man , Dead Man '' / `` Lenny Bruce '' `` Union Sundown '' / `` Angel Flying too Close to the Ground '' `` I and I '' / `` Angel Flying too Close to the Ground '' `` Sweetheart Like You '' / `` Union Sundown '' 1984 `` Jokerman '' / `` Isis '' 1985 `` Tight Connection to My Heart ( Has Anybody Seen My Love ) '' / `` We Better Talk this Over '' `` When the Night Comes Falling from the Sky '' / `` Emotionally Yours '' 1986 `` Band of the Hand '' / `` Joe 's Death '' ( Michael Rubini ) `` Got My Mind Made Up '' / `` The Usual '' `` Silvio '' / `` Driftin ' too Far from the Shore '' 1989 `` Everything Is Broken '' / `` Death is Not the End '' `` Slow Train '' ( live with The Grateful Dead ) 1990s 1990 `` Political World '' / `` Ring Them Bells '' ( only in the UK and Australia ) `` Most of the Time '' / `` Most of the Time ( edit piece ) `` Unbelievable '' / `` 10,000 Men '' 1991 `` Series of Dreams '' / `` Seven Curses '' `` Blind Willie McTell '' / `` It Takes a Lot to Laugh , It Takes a Train to Cry '' ( from The Bootleg Series Volumes 1 - 3 ) `` Step it Up and Go '' -- ( no b - side ) `` My Back Pages '' ( with Roger McGuinn , Tom Petty , Neil Young , Eric Clapton , George Harrison ) -- ( no b - side ) 1995 `` Dignity '' ( live on MTV Unplugged ) / `` A Hard Rain 's a-Gonna Fall '' ( live version ) `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' / `` John Brown '' ( both live on MTV Unplugged ) 1998 `` Not Dark Yet '' / `` Tombstone Blues '' ( live ) / `` Ballad of a Thin Man '' ( live ) / `` Boots of Spanish Leather '' ( live ) `` Love Sick '' / `` Tombstone Blues '' ( live ) 2000s 2000 `` Things Have Changed '' / `` Make You Feel My Love '' ( live ) / `` Hurricane '' / `` Song to Woody '' ( live ) 2006 `` Someday Baby '' / `` Someday Baby '' ( edit piece ) `` Rollin ' and Tumblin ' '' / `` Not Dark Yet '' / `` High Water ( for Charley Patton ) '' 2007 `` Most Likely You Go Your Way ( And I 'll Go Mine ) '' ( Mark Ronson remix version ) / `` Most Likely You Go Your Way ( And I 'll Go Mine ) '' ( album version ) 2008 `` Dreamin ' of You '' ( edit piece ) / `` Dreamin ' of You '' ( album version ) 2009 `` Beyond Here Lies Nothin ' '' / `` Down Along the Cove '' ( live ) `` I Feel a Change Comin ' On '' / `` I Feel a Change Comin ' On '' ( edit piece ) `` Must Be Santa '' / `` ' Twas the Night Before Christmas '' 2010s `` The Times They Are a-Changin ' '' ( demo version ) / `` Like a Rolling Stone '' 2012 `` Duquesne Whistle '' 2013 `` Wigwam '' ( demo version ) / `` Thirsty Boots '' Book : Bob Dylan Category : Bob Dylan Portal : Bob Dylan WikiProject : Bob Dylan Guns N ' Roses Axl Rose Slash Duff McKagan Dizzy Reed Richard Fortus Frank Ferrer Melissa Reese Izzy Stradlin Tracii Guns Ole Beich Rob Gardner Steven Adler Matt Sorum Gilby Clarke Paul Tobias Robin Finck Josh Freese Tommy Stinson Chris Pitman Buckethead Bryan `` Brain '' Mantia Ron `` Bumblefoot '' Thal DJ Ashba Studio albums Appetite for Destruction G N ' R Lies Use Your Illusion I Use Your Illusion II `` The Spaghetti Incident ? '' Chinese Democracy Live albums Live Era ' 87 -- ' 93 Extended plays Live ? ! * @ Like a Suicide Guns N ' Roses The `` Civil War '' EP Compilation albums Use Your Illusion Greatest Hits Singles `` It 's So Easy '' `` Welcome to the Jungle '' `` Sweet Child o ' Mine '' `` Paradise City '' `` Patience '' `` Nightrain '' `` You Could Be Mine '' `` Do n't Cry '' `` Live and Let Die '' `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' `` November Rain '' `` Yesterdays '' `` Civil War '' `` Ai n't It Fun '' `` Estranged '' `` Since I Do n't Have You '' `` Sympathy for the Devil '' `` Chinese Democracy '' Promo singles `` Mr. Brownstone '' `` My Michelle '' `` 14 Years '' `` Pretty Tied Up '' `` Dead Horse '' `` Hair of the Dog '' `` Oh My God '' `` Better '' `` Street of Dreams '' Other songs `` Think About You '' `` Rocket Queen '' `` Used to Love Her '' `` One in a Million '' `` Coma '' `` Get in the Ring '' `` The Garden '' `` Madagascar '' `` Prostitute '' Videos and DVDs Use Your Illusion I Use Your Illusion II Garden of Eden : Strictly Limited Edition Welcome to the Videos Appetite for Democracy 3D Tours The Early Days of Guns N ' Roses Appetite for Destruction Tour Use Your Illusion Tour Guns N ' Roses / Metallica Stadium Tour Chinese Democracy Tour Up Close and Personal Tour Appetite for Democracy Not in This Lifetime ... Tour Related Articles Discography Members Songs Awards and nominations Del James West Arkeen Guns N ' Roses Pinball Riverport Riot Watch You Bleed : The Saga of Guns N ' Roses The Roots of Guns N ' Roses Uzi Suicide Bands BulletBoys The Dead Daisies Hollywood Rose Johnny Crash Kings of Chaos L.A. Guns Love Spit Love Metallica Neurotic Outsiders Nine Inch Nails Praxis The Psychedelic Furs Road Crew Slash 's Snakepit Velvet Revolver Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knockin%27_on_Heaven%27s_Door&oldid=795727619 '' Categories : 1973 singles 1973 songs 1990s ballads 1992 singles The Alarm songs Bob Dylan songs Columbia Records singles Geffen Records singles Eric Clapton songs European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Grateful Dead songs Guns N ' Roses songs Music videos directed by Andy Morahan Rock ballads Roger Waters songs Songs about death Songs written for films Songs written by Bob Dylan UK Singles Chart number - one singles Warren Zevon songs Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Sicilianu Slovenčina Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 August 2017 , at 02 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the original singer of knocking on heaven's door | [
"\"Knockin' on Heaven's Door\" is a song written and sung by Bob Dylan, for the soundtrack of the 1973 film Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid. Released as a single, it reached No. 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart. Described by Dylan biographer Clinton Heylin as \"an exercise in splendid simplicity,\" [1] the song, measured simply in terms of the number of other artists who have covered it, is one of Dylan's most popular post-1960s compositions."
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"Bob Dylan"
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-8458768762348610707 | Three-volley salute | Three - volley salute - wikipedia Three - volley salute Not to be confused with 21 - gun salute . Sailors of the United States Navy , armed with M14s , form a rifle party and fire a volley salute on the deck of the aircraft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln during a burial at sea ceremony . `` Three Volley Salute '' A US Army rifle party firing three volleys Problems playing this file ? See media help . The three - volley salute is a ceremonial act performed at military funerals and sometimes also police funerals . The custom originates from the European dynastic wars , where the fighting ceased so the dead and wounded could be removed . Then , three shots were fired into the air to signal that the battle could resume . It should not be confused with the 21 - gun salute ( or 19 - gun or 17 - gun , etc . ) which is fired by a battery of artillery pieces . Contents 1 United States 2 United Kingdom and Commonwealth 3 Irish Republicans 4 See also 5 References United States ( edit ) In the United States it is part of the drill and ceremony of the Honor Guard . It consists of a rifle party firing blank cartridges into the air three times . A rifle party usually has an odd number of members , from 3 to 7 . The firearm used is typically a rifle , but at some police funerals , shotguns or handguns are used . The party usually stands so that the muzzles are pointed over the casket . However , if mourners are present near the grave , the party stands some distance away ( often recommended at least 50 feet ) so as to not deafen the attendees and to minimize the disturbance . If the service is being performed indoors , the firing party stands outside the building , often near the front entrance . On the command of the NCO - in - charge , the party raises their weapons and fires three times in unison . Modern United States military parties use M1 , M14 or M16 rifles . The use of blank cartridges means these weapon 's semi-automatic gas action will not function , requiring manual cycling of the next round between shots . Some parties equip the rifle with a blank - firing adapter , which eliminates this step from the drill after the first shot , though this is seen by some as less traditional . Similarly , the M1 and M14 are generally preferred over the current issue M16 because the appearance of these older rifles is more traditional and the charging handles are more easily operated in a dignified , ceremonial manner . United Kingdom and Commonwealth ( edit ) A similar ceremony is used by the armed forces of the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth . Irish Republicans ( edit ) Irish Republicans also fire a three volley salute at the funerals of IRA and INLA Volunteers . See also ( edit ) 21 - gun salute Ten bell salute Burial at sea Change of command Color guard Half - mast Honor guard Military funeral Military rites Missing man formation Riderless horse State funeral Tomb of the Unknown Soldier References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gun Salutes - US Dept. of Veterans Affairs ^ Jump up to : Marine Corps Drill Manual - Chapter 19 and 21 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Three-volley_salute&oldid=861884626 '' Categories : Military life Acknowledgements of death Military traditions State ritual and ceremonies Salutes Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano עברית 日本 語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 September 2018 , at 18 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many shots do they fire at a military funeral | [
"The three-volley salute is a ceremonial act performed at military funerals and sometimes also police funerals. The custom originates from the European dynastic wars, where the fighting ceased so the dead and wounded could be removed. Then, three shots were fired into the air to signal that the battle could resume.[1]\n"
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"three shots"
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5400929819592780984 | List of Young Dracula episodes | List of Young Dracula episodes - wikipedia List of Young Dracula episodes This is a list of episodes of the British television series Young Dracula . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Series 1 ( 2006 ) 2.2 Series 2 ( 2007 -- 08 ) 2.3 Series 3 ( 2011 ) 2.4 Series 4 ( 2012 ) 2.5 Series 5 ( 2014 ) 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Series overview ( edit ) Series Episodes Original UK air dates DVD release date Series premiere Series finale Region 2 Region 4 14 21 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 21 ) 21 December 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 21 ) 15 October 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 15 ) 3 October 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 03 ) 13 2 November 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 02 ) 8 February 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 08 ) TBA 6 February 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 06 ) 13 31 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 31 ) 12 December 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 12 ) TBA 3 April 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 03 ) 13 29 October 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 29 ) 1 December 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 01 ) TBA 1 October 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 01 ) 5 13 13 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 13 ) 31 March 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 31 ) TBA 5 November 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 05 ) Episodes ( edit ) Series 1 ( 2006 ) ( edit ) No Ep Title Original air date `` When You 're a Stranger '' 21 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 21 ) Count Dracula , is forced to move from Transylvania to a castle in Stokely , Wales with his children Vlad and Ingrid and his servant , Renfield . Vlad has no wish to follow in his father 's footsteps in becoming an evil , fully fledged vampire . On the other hand the Branagh family 's youngest son , Robin Branagh is a passionate vampire fan who Vlad meets when he climbs up into his room through the window . First appearance of Vlad , Ingrid and Count Dracula , Renfield , Zoltan , Robin , Ian , Paul , Chloe , Graham and Elizabeth Branagh `` Dead - Ucation '' 28 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 28 ) Vlad tries to persuade his Dad to let him go to school where he has to try extra hard to conceal his and his family 's heritage . Vlad has no luck until the headmistress of Stokely Grammar School says the Count will have to send both Vlad and Ingrid to school or he 'll be taken to court , so he agrees . It is also the first day of teaching at the school for the woodwork teacher , Eric Van Helsing , a rather useless vampire slayer with an annoying obsession with killing vampires , and also his son Jonathan . Van Helsing at first mistakes Robin for being a vampire because of his cape he adores wearing and for him taking the blame for owning a brooch depicting the Dracula coat of arms , which in fact was given to Vlad by the Count . Van Helsing turns his attention to Vlad and his family after discovering they live in a castle and that he was from Transylvania . Robin 's sister Chloe also discovers Vlad and his family are vampires but she , like Robin , agrees not to tell anyone . First appearance of Eric and Jonathan Van Helsing `` Mummy Returns '' 5 October 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 05 ) Ingrid , being tired of being ignored by her father , invites her and Vlad 's mother , Magda , to come to stay for a while , but having previously run off with a werewolf called Patrick , the Count is not as pleased to see her . Vlad warns his father not to take her back because she is evil and manipulative . When Magda is thrown out of the castle and stays with the Branaghs ' she decides to marry the Count , so that if the Count mysteriously dies , she would get the castle . She brings Van Helsing to the castle to slay Count Dracula after the ceremony , but with the help of Robin and Chloe , Vlad exposes his mother 's plans and she is kicked out of the castle again while Van Helsing fails to slay the Count . First Appearance of Madgda Carmilla Elizabetta Barthoria Westenra `` Slaytime TV '' 12 October 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 12 ) The Count becomes addicted to daytime TV and decides that making a movie would be easy . Meanwhile , Robin convinces the Count that he and Vlad must have been switched at birth as he and his family were in Transylvania during the time that he and Vlad were babies . Ingrid fakes a diary of her mother 's to show the boys were switched at birth as an attempt to get rid of Vlad , but when she realises how happy she has made Robin she confesses . 5 5 `` Like Father , Like Son '' 19 October 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 19 ) When Vlad and Robin are suspended from school due to Ingrid 's attempt of originally planning to suspend herself , the Count tries to take on their education at home , but a hypnosis lesson goes astray . Vlad accidentally hypnotises the Count , but uses it to his advantage by making him forget he 's a vampire . Meanwhile , Robin asks Vlad to hypnotise his own parents so they would believe they are actual vampires , but it does n't go according to plan and they try to drink Robin and Chloe 's blood . Vlad also reveals to Ingrid the truth that Van Helsing is a vampire slayer . 6 6 `` Toothache '' 26 October 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 26 ) A toothache makes Vlad think that his fangs are starting to grow through . Meanwhile , it is Ingrid 's 15th birthday and the Count is trying to marry her off to a vampire farmer from Transiberia so Robin agrees to Ingrid 's request to pretend to be her boyfriend . It is only when Robin is exposed and is about to be punished by the Count does Vlad tell the Count he thinks his fangs are coming through . But it is revealed his toothache was caused by cavities after eating too many sweets . 7 7 `` A Matter of Life and Chess '' 2 November 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 02 ) It 's Parent 's Evening at Stokely Grammar School , much to Robin and Vlad 's dismay , especially when Van Helsing is looking forward to ' speaking ' with Vlad 's father . Meanwhile , a mummy with a vendetta against the Count escapes from Dracula 's castle and heads for the school , looking for him . But Robin is otherwise engaged , if parents evening does n't go well he will have to go to ' happy camp ' , much to his horror . 8 8 `` Blood Relations '' 9 November 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 09 ) Vlad 's 13th birthday has arrived and while he is making plans for a ' normal ' party , his very strict and traditional grandparents turn up for a surprise . They insist that he undergoes a special ritual to gain his full vampire powers three years early . Luckily Chloe gave Vlad a sunlamp for his birthday and Ingrid uses it to stop the ceremony . First and only appearance of Krone and Atilla Westenra 9 9 `` The Sleepover '' 16 November 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 16 ) The Count is delighted when a cockroach epidemic forces the Branagh family to temporarily move into the castle with him . But because Mrs. Branagh is so nice to the Count he decides to marry her instead of just drinking her blood , to do this she has to drink his blood . Vlad , Robin , Chloe and Ingrid have to team up to stop this from happening . 10 10 `` Blood Sport '' 23 November 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 23 ) In his continuing efforts to be normal , Vlad wants to try out for the school rugby league team , but his father does not allow it . Only when Robin says that it is a ' horrible and brutal ' sport does he change his mind . Meanwhile , Robin 's parents also want him to join the team , but Robin seeks help from Chloe to help him get out of the trials . 11 11 `` Father 's Day '' 30 November 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 30 ) Vlad and Robin take their fathers camping for Father 's Day , but the men have an argument that will seemingly end in a duel . Chloe try to tell Renfield that he should stand up for himself and demand recognition . 12 12 `` Halloscream '' 7 December 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 07 ) On Halloween , the main activities of the Dracula and Van Helsing children turn out to be restraining their fathers . A curse is put on the Dracula family reducing them to mortal Breathers unless three screams are heard . Ingrid goes round to the Branagh house to babysit Robin 's brothers but screams when she asks them who the most beautiful girl in the school is . The Count then screams when Vlad accidentally throws garlic into the same room as him . Finally Vlad screams when trying to protect Robin from Eric Van Helsing when he tries to stake them . 13 13 `` The Blood Test '' 14 December 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 14 ) It is time for Vlad to undergo a test that all vampires must take -- the blood test . Vlad wants to fail the test so he would almost pass as human , but the Count threatens that Vlad would not see his friends any more if he failed . So Vlad seeks help from vampire - expert , Robin . After an argument involving Vlad complaining that Robin is n't a ' normal ' friend , Robin joins the football team which turns out that he is very good at . Vlad at first tries to fail the blood test , but after but Robin reconciles with Vlad he passes but just barely . 14 14 `` Countdown '' 21 December 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 21 ) To find a new wife , the Count decides to host a vampire Hunt Ball , but when Van Helsing shoots him with a garlic arrow they believe the Count is dead . Unfortunately and ironically for Van Helsing , it turns out his metal flask of poisoned blood saved the Count which was a flask Van Helsing had given the Count when disguised as a female guest . Jonno finally accepts that they are all vampires and wants to go slaying with his dad . Series 2 ( 2007 -- 08 ) ( edit ) No Ep Title Original air date 15 `` Kidnipped '' 2 November 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 02 ) Now the Count knows that there is a slayer in town , things are going to get much more interesting in Stokely . However , when both the Count and Van Helsing kidnap each other 's children , things go unexpectedly awry . 16 `` The Yanks Are Coming '' 9 November 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 09 ) The Draculas are visited by the Count 's brother , Ivan from America along with his children Boris and Olga . The Count , remembering Ivan as a bloodthirsty , monstrous vampire from his youth , is shocked to find that life in America has turned his brother ' blood - free ' . Ivan , who now wishes to be known as Harvey , attempts to convert the Count to the blood - free way of life , but fails miserably . Vlad meanwhile , meets his cousin Boris , who is to go through the ' transformation ' in a couple of days time . Eventually , the Count agrees to go ' blood - free ' if and only if his brother can convince Van Helsing to give up slaying . Ivan attempts this , but having always had a weak spot for slayer 's blood , fails and reverts back to his old ways , much to the delight of The Count . First appearance of Ivan , Boris and Olga Dracula 17 `` Mirror Mirror '' 16 November 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 16 ) With the day of his ' transformation ' getting ever closer , Boris ' ' blood - lust ' and other vampire traits are starting to show , and are making life increasingly difficult for those around him . Meanwhile , Vlad discovers the Dracula family ' Blood Mirror ' -- an ancient Mirror that controls the vampire power of the Dracula family . Breaking it will prevent Vlad from ever becoming a vampire , but will do the same to every member of his family . With his father being over 600 years in age , transforming him into a human will reduce him to dust . Ingrid pretends that she has smashed to the blood mirror to win a bet against Olga after they argue over who is the most evil . 18 `` Bad Reflection '' 23 November 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 23 ) The time has come for Boris to go through the transformation . Once complete , the transformation from small , wimp - like cowering Boris to an evil , power hungry maniac is extreme . Boris tries to convince Vlad that he is not evil and is in fact the same Boris he was before , but more confident and powerful . However , secretly Boris is stealing power from the Blood Mirror . By the end of the episode , his image as a power - crazed lunatic is made clear to the rest of the family . Vlad tricks him into returning his powers to the Count and Ivan , and he is carted off back to America in a straitjacket . Last appearance of Olga and Ivan Dracula 19 5 `` Dad 's Back '' 30 November 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 30 ) Whilst learning about Alchemy ( used here to describe the science of creating life from a smaller piece of DNA ) , Vlad discovers a diary belonging to Renfield 's father . It contains an introduction to a potion to turn a vampire human , but the vital instructions are missing . Vlad brings Renfield Senior back to life , but things do not go a smooth as he hoped . Vlad is forced to kick Renfield out of the castle and Renfield Senior pretends he wishes to turn Vlad human , but he secretly is creating a potion to turn the Count into `` an ancient pile of dust '' when he refused to offer him immortality . When Vlad , still in the dark about Renfield Senior 's real intentions , goes as far as to trick Robin into involuntarily donating all of his blood for the potion , it 's up to Ingrid , Chloe and Renfield to stop Renfield Senior in his tracks . First and only appearance of Renfield Sr 20 6 `` Baby Dracula '' 7 December 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 07 ) Magda returns to the castle with a shock - announcement : she is pregnant . Stating that it is the Count 's baby , she moves back in and convinced that it will be a boy . The Count immediately replaces Vlad with the unborn baby as his son and heir . The baby is named Vladimir and Vlad is renamed Barry , much to his annoyance . Meanwhile , Van Helsing contemplates giving up slaying for good , pointing out the dangers involved to Jonathan who tries hard to convince him otherwise . Shortly after the birth , and just as the Count is about to finish the ceremony to mark baby Vlad 's new status as his son and heir . However , the baby is revealed to be part - werewolf , clearly showing that the Count was not never the father to begin with . First appearance of Barry `` Wolfie '' Westenra 21 7 `` Insomnia '' 14 December 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 14 ) Vlad is having nightmares where he is being chased by Robin 's family , who are depicted as vampire slayers . Trouble is , Vlad is falling asleep regularly and uncontrollably . Worse still , any injuries he obtains whilst dreaming somehow manifest themselves on his person . It becomes clear that he must survive in the ' dreamworld ' to survive real life . Vlad is given advice to connect with his vampire powers by Robin whilst in the ' dreamworld ' , who is depicted as a wise - man . In the ' dreamworld ' Vlad discovers that he is the ' chosen one ' and will one day lead all vampires to glory . Vlad still does n't want to be a vampire and lies to his Dad when he asks and tries to deny it . Meanwhile , Mina , Jonathan 's mother , visits him and Van Helsing . Discovering that they are now both obsessed with vampires , the very reason she left Eric in the first place , she decides to stay to try to knock some sense into them . First appearance of Mina Van Helsing 22 8 `` Love Bites '' 21 December 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 21 ) It 's Valentines Day , also known as ' Bag a Breather ' day in the vampire world . Vlad must do all he can to prevent his father devouring anyone that day . Problem is , a new girl named Delila ( Klariza Clayton ) distracts Vlad 's attention from this task . He and Robin fight over Delila , but Vlad succeeds in the end , using his powers of hypnosis to his benefit . Meanwhile , a money - making scam of Ingrid 's is ruined by a boy named Will Clark . In trying to seek her revenge , however , Ingrid finds she can not hypnotise Will . It translates that this is a sign that Ingrid is in love -- as Will is a breather , Ingrid is not happy ... 23 9 `` Body Swap '' 11 January 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 11 ) With the arrival of the Staff of Carpathia at Stokely Museum , the legend of the staff says that it can stop the cause of vampirism . Vlad thinks he 's found a way of escaping his destiny . But the Count and Van Helsing have other ideas , especially after an unintended collision has mind - blowing consequence when the Count 's life force gets trapped inside Van Helsing and does n't want to leave . But all this leaves his body defenceless . When the Count finally returns to his own body , he lies convincingly to Vlad that the Staff of Carpathia did not cure vampirism and that it was just a back scratcher . 24 10 `` Sweet Sixteen '' 18 January 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 18 ) It 's Ingrid 's 16th birthday , and time for her to transform into a fully fanged vampire . Things do n't go to plan when she discovers she 'll hurt Will if she becomes evil , something she really does not want to do . Vlad , Ingrid and Robin are forced to go on the run to escape Ingrid 's evil reflection . Can Ingrid escape her destiny after all ? 25 11 `` Eclipse '' 25 January 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 25 ) A policeman calls round asking for the Count . Vlad sends him away telling him to come back the next day at 1 : 00 pm , but when a total eclipse makes it dark for a few minutes Ingrid meets Will at the cinema when he remarks about wanting to date a vampire she proves she is one but when Will panics she bites him , meanwhile the police have found a missing man the Count kidnapped but all is good when it turns out the missing man is actually a dangerous criminal . 26 12 `` When Vampires Go Bad '' 1 February 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 01 ) The Grand High Vampire comes to Stokely and sentences the Count to death after it is discovered he is constantly fraternising with Breathers . However the Grand High Vampire is killed first , but by who ? Will and Justice Moroi arrange a duel after Moroi calls Will a half - fang . It turns out that the insane Boris slayed both Moroi and the Grand High Vampire but he is killed by the Grand High Vampire 's Crown . Van Helsing attempts to slay the Count who says that unless he leaves quietly Mina will be killed . Van Helsing is kicked out of the slayers ' guild . At the end Van Helsing swears revenge . 27 13 `` The Chosen One '' 8 February 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 08 ) It is time to appoint a new Grand High vampire and Vlad is having ghost visions of the old leader telling him that he is the Chosen One . Anyone else who tries on the crown becomes disintegrated by it . Many vampires try and wear the crown but all are turned to dust . Then Count Dracula wants to put on the crown . Ingrid and Will persuade him to but they are actually trying to get him killed . Meanwhile Eric & Jonno return to the Slayers base against guild orders and run into a professional slayer with some more advanced weaponry , a fight ensues at the crowning ceremony . The Van Helsings are re-united , Eric finally slays his first vampire , the Branaghs & Mina Van Helsing finally accept that the family are all vampires and Will , amongst several other vampires , is slain . Vlad finally realises that in order to save his family he must don the Crown and accept his full vampire powers . He wipes the memory of all humans ( including the bewildered Renfield ) in the building and then collapses to the floor unconscious . The Count remained trapped in a UV cage , leaving Ingrid to claim the ' throne ' and claim to make `` the streets of Stokely run red with blood . '' Last appearance of The Branaghs , Eric Van Helsing and Boris Dracula Series 3 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) No Ep Title Original air date 28 `` Hide and Seek '' 31 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 31 ) We pick up the story four years on and Vlad and the Count have fled from Stokley . Pursued by slayers and radical vampires alike , The Count and Vlad keep a low profile and `` hide in plain sight '' by buying a school called ' Garside Grange ' . The Count is determined that Vlad fulfils his destiny to lead the vampire race , but this is threatened by The Count 's own tendency to create mayhem and disaster on a daily basis and by the re-emergence of the anarchic Ingrid , who brings a trail of destruction in her wake . The family is reunited when Erin saves a sick Ingrid from the slayers and Vlad comes to their aid . First appearance of Miss Alex McCauley , Erin Noble and Ryan Noble 29 `` The Enemy Within '' 1 November 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 01 ) Erin has her newly - bitten brother in the boot of her car and plans to slay the Draculas . She fails when she gets her chance with Ingrid . Vlad has to cope with the forced arrival of several tutors -- he manages to get rid of the first two , but he can not outwit menacing Bertrand , who brings with him a book , the Praedictum Impaver , which only the Chosen One can open , it is bound with the bones of the enemies from the years it is similar to the chosen one 's crown . A book Vlad learns , that he can not ignore . Ingrid is cured , after several hideous concoctions produce hairy results . First appearance of Bertrand Du Fortunesa 30 `` Faustian Slip '' 7 November 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 07 ) Magda arrives as a penniless bag lady ( utterly attractive to Renfield ) and is taken into the home . But it is a ploy for Magda to emotionally manipulate Vlad into giving her the Regency . She plans to get famous on the back of the Chosen One and sets up media interviews . Vlad is determined to prevent this , as it would reveal their location , leaving them open for attack . Not only that but Erin is also planning on slaying the Draculas by calling a brotherhood and telling them the location . Unknowingly Vlad prevents this with the help of Renfield and Magda is also eventually ousted but leaves a little something of herself behind , Wolfie , the son of her and Patrick . 31 `` Fangs for the Memories '' 8 November 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 08 ) Vlad comforts an upset Erin who has been having nightmares about failing to save her brother Ryan , and they talk about his past and how he tried not to become a vampire and his life back in Stokely . Vlad confides his plans for vampires and breathers to live side - by - side , and Erin agrees to help him . Unknown to them , Bertrand overhears and disapproves . Meanwhile , the Count decides he wants a statue of himself placed in the school courtyard , but things do n't go to plan when he trusts Renfield with creating the masterpiece . Wolfie , initially an annoyance to the Count , becomes something off a cute little child to the Count , who lets him stay when Renfield notes that , if Wolfie goes , it will just be him and the Count again . The Count , horrified , allows Wolfie to stay on a `` trial '' basis , though it 's not really a trial since the Count wants him to stay indefinitely . 32 5 `` Carpathian Feast '' 14 November 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 14 ) Vlad and the count are clashing . Ingrid is nearly better and stirring things up between Vlad and his dad . The count demands Vlad show him some respect by throwing a Carpathian feast , which involves a vampire being thrown to the flames -- and Erin is the intended victim . Vlad tries to save Erin by kissing her and other things -- according to Ingrid 's deliberate misinformation , a kiss from the Chosen One will save any vampire from the flames -- but Erin 's lips are warm -- the secret that she is a breather is revealed . Now he knows she 's been lying . But he still saves her from the flames , mentioning at the last moment to the count that they have not signed the appropriate forms and failure to do so will result in ritual staking . 33 6 `` Blood Thief '' 15 November 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 15 ) Vlad asks Erin on a date , but their plans are interrupted when Bertrand tries to kill Erin by deliberately giving wrong information and locking her outside until dawn , not knowing that she is n't a vampire . Meanwhile The Count discovers that one of his favourite vintages of blood has been stolen and replaced with soy blood . He gets Wolfie to guard the blood cellar in an attempt to stop it from happening again . But before Wolfie guards the cellar , he turns into a dog . When he is guarding the cellar , Ingrid tells him to play dead and let her go in . In an attempt to regain his Masters favour , Renfield goes on a hunt for forensic evidence to find the culprit . In the end Vlad manages to rescue Erin and protect the fact that she is a breather and The Blood Thief is revealed to be Ingrid . The Count , deciding that he has had enough of Ingrid gives her the choice of being given to slayers or going to school , she chooses school , despite being twenty . 34 7 `` Bad to the Bone : Part 1 '' 21 November 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 21 ) The unopened book emits signals to the leader of the clans , Ramanga , who arrives demanding answers . Bertrand threatens Vlad , Vlad thinks that Bertrand knows that Erin is a breather however the only by saying that he knows Erin 's and Vlad 's secret . The secret that Bertrand knows is that Vlad wants vampires and breathers to live together . Not knowing this Vlad tries to hide Erin until he can figure out a way to help Erin escape . When Vlad hears voices inside his head he follows them and is led to the cellar where the blood mirror is . Two gargoyles on either side of the blood mirror throw him inside it . Meanwhile , Ramanga is insulted by Vlad 's absence and threatens the family who try to buy time by creating a life - size puppet of Vlad but it all goes horribly wrong when Renfield ( who is doing the voice of puppet Vlad ) says Praedictum Impaver wrong and accidentally knocks of the head . Inside the blood mirror , Vlad battles with his bad reflection before his bad side tells him he does n't only have one evil reflection he has 1000 and all of them leap inside Vlad 's body telling them that he could be the strongest vampire . Vlad becomes more powerful and more evil as each reflection jumps into him and before Ramanga can do any real damage to the other Dracula 's , Vlad with the power of 1000 bad vampires , walks out of the mirror and instantly opens the Praedictum Impaver for the first time , proving himself to be the Chosen One . He then tells Ramanga that the vampires time was coming . First appearance of Ramanga 35 8 `` Bad Vlad : Part 2 '' 22 November 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 22 ) Vlad has now become an evil and bloodthirsty vampire . He no longer has a conscience or care for the Count or Ingrid . He causes destruction throughout the school on the day of an inspection . At Miss McCauley 's request the Count tries to persuade Vlad to hold back for a day but he ignores him . The Count and Renfield trap Vlad until he promises to obey the Count until he 's eighteen , Vlad promises he will but after he 's released traps the Count instead and puts a necklace of garlic around the Count 's neck , leaving him slowly dying . Ingrid sets out to stake Vlad before he gets too powerful , but he easily stops her and pushes her outside into the sunlight . Throughout all this , Vlad tries to bite Erin but finds that he ca n't despite really trying to . In the end Erin is the only one who can appeal to his good side to overcome his bad causing his reflection to be thrown out of his body . Erin saves Ingrid who is in a catatonic state since Vlad threw her into the sunlight . Vlad also saves the Count , after he is separated from his bad side , by taking of the garlic necklace and giving the Count a bit of blood to drink . Vlad goes to the blood mirror knowing he ca n't stay apart from his reflection forever . After Vlad and his evil side battle , he must come to terms with what is in him and disappears from the school . 36 9 `` Therapy '' 28 November 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 28 ) Ingrid has hit rock bottom since her near - death experience . On the advice of Miss McCauley , she has a therapy session . The therapist asks Ingrid to look into her past to find herself . In this session with the therapist , Joan , Ingrid talks about her past in Stokely including her memories about Will . The session works and Ingrid is back , but is pretending to be a caring , loving sister and daughter . Vlad is missing and the count and Bertrand bicker over whose fault it is . Erin leaves because Vlad , her protector , is no longer there . She is persuaded by a desperate Ryan to return to make one last attempt at finding a cure . As she is sneaking a look in the Praedictum Impaver , she gets scratched by one of the fingers and the blood produces text in the book . 37 10 `` The Return '' 29 November 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 29 ) Post - ' The Return ' , Vlad returns to the school and is changed -- he has matured and grown into a leader . The slayers Jonno and Mina Van Helsing arrive at the school , but it appears they are unaware of the existence of vampires and that their mind wipes from four years ago are still in place or at least that 's what the Draculas and Bertrand think . Vlad sets out to test them . Ingrid has to go along with Jonno 's false memory that they used to be a couple . Vlad and Bertrand set up the count in a potentially fatal situation , to test if Mina is telling the truth . The Count is furious and feels ousted from Vlad 's affections . He has his own plan -- he manipulates Bertrand into slaying Ingrid , so Vlad will believe it was the Van Helsings . However the Count tricks Bertrand and shows Vlad what the Count wants him to think about Bertrand ( obviously after Vlad stops this scheme just in time ) . Erin confronts the slayers ( Van Helsings ) with who they really are and they tell her that they came here to get revenge for the death of Eric husband and father of the Van Helsings who was killed unknowingly by a vampire because of Vlad 's mind wipe . They also tell her that they were sent by the slayers guild and that they were told about Erin and what happened to her brother Ryan but do not know where he is since they last met him . At last they tell her that she only has two weeks to deal with the Draculas , or they are coming back to get them with their super weapon . 38 11 `` Hit Chicks '' 5 December 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 05 ) Post - ' Therapy ' , Ingrid is pretending she is sweetness and light when really she plans to take charge . She turns a visiting team of netball players into vampires and tells them their mission is to wipe out Vlad . Erin now trusts Vlad and shows him the text in the Praedictum Impaver . It is a foreign language ( Aramaic ) which Vlad can not read , but Bertrand or his dad may understand it . Erin shows Vlad how the text appeared but bagged blood does n't work . She goes to use her own fresh blood , but Vlad stops her . He does n't want blood spilled to reveal his destiny . While at school , one of Ingrid 's recruits try to destroy Vlad but ends up getting staked herself . After , Erin talks to Vlad about what was in the book , he then tells who it was about . Then another one of Ingrid 's recruits tries to stake Vlad again but fails after walking in sunlight . Erin finds one of Ingrid 's recruits in Vlad 's room , but lies to her and she ends up dead , due to the fact that she went inside Vlad 's coffin and was killed by a UV bomb which you needed to kill Vlad . Wanting to help Ryan , Erin creeps into the room to put more text in the book . Bertrand finds her there and discovers she is a breather . Vlad defends her but when it comes out she is a slayer , he is heartbroken and does n't believe Erin when she tries to tell him that Ingrid is trying to kill him . Vlad , now considerably angry , tells her to leave . First reappearance of Jonathen and Mina Van Helsing 39 12 `` Blood Loyalties : Part 1 '' 6 December 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 06 ) A banished Erin goes to the Van Helsings . After passing a lie detector test , she then has to dust a vampire to prove herself -- her brother , Ryan ! When Erin discovers the weapon and plan to destroy the Draculas , she sends a warning letter to Vlad , explaining that the slayers have a super weapon to use against him , a giant sun lamp . He consults his family and they tell him not to trust her ; but he manages to persuade the count to go with him to the slayer base . Using cunning Erin frees Ryan with the ash of a Count who Jonno , only to find he is fully changed and loyal to Ingrid . Vlad visits with the count to destroy the weapon and Erin lets them into the slayer 's base and they disable the weapon . Jonno finds out Erin has betrayed him . Vlad persuades Erin to run , but as she is leaving she is kidnapped by a rebellious Bertrand who has also stolen the Praedictum Impaver , believing that Erin 's blood will release the last words of the book . 40 13 `` All for One : Part 2 '' 12 December 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 12 ) Ryan follows him and learns that slayer 's blood creates text in the book and steals the book for Ingrid . Vlad senses Erin is in danger and when he gets to her she tells him about Bertrand , Ryan and the book . Renfield is kidnapped by Ingrid 's posse but his blood does not open the book , it transpires that only a slayer 's blood can do that . Vlad takes control and commands the book to him , but Erin offers drops of her blood and the last page is filled . Sethius is released from the book , claiming that he is the Chosen One . He declares war on all breathers and enlists the help of Bertrand and Ingrid . However , Vlad decides that he does n't believe in Sethius 's way of dealing with things ; so by getting the Count 's aid , offering Ingrid `` the status she 's always craved '' and warning Bertrand he would surely be killed if he served Sethius , Vlad gets them on his side and they manage to turn Sethius into a pile of ash . But as Vlad is talking to his family and the slayers , Bertrand takes some of Sethius ' ashes and puts them in his pocket . Vlad also gets the slayers on his side by proposing a treaty of sorts stating that vampires will no longer feed off Breathers in return for no more slaying , to which Jonathan and Mina agree and the Count replies , `` No fun ! '' Last appearance of Zoltan Series 4 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) No Ep Title Original air date 41 `` The Good , the Bad and the Undead '' 29 October 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 29 ) Vlad and his gang have 48 hours to ensure that all Vampires are off the street and are prepared to abide by peaceful co-existence between the Vampires and the Slayers . There are plenty of people who are hoping and plotting for Vlad 's initiative to fail . Not least the Count who is secretively in cahoots with Vampire High Council Member , Ramanga and High Council wannabe Ingrid , to bring the peaceful co-existence to its knees , when he 's not fantasizing about his beloved Miss McCauley . In a last - ditch attempt to prove his plan can succeed , Vlad and Jonno arrange a Vampires vs Slayers football tournament . What can possibly go wrong ? First appearance of Malik Vaccaria 42 `` Revamped '' 5 November 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 05 ) Vlad 's peace initiative hangs in the balance but with a lot of help from Jonno , Bertrand and Erin they manage to persuade all the lawless ferals , including the charismatic new boy Malik , and Ryan to turn up to SCRAP school at Garside . The school will help them wean off biting and onto a breather friendly alternative - soya blood . A victory as far as Vlad is concerned until the Count bowls a googly : To win favour with the High Council and the ancient vampire clans , Vlad must marry Adze , Ramanga 's daughter . 43 `` Storm in a Blood Cup '' 12 November 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 12 ) Adze arrives at Garside and much to Erin 's chagrin , she is beautiful . Vlad does n't appear to notice , as he 's too busy scheming on how he can get out of the arrangement . However , Ramanga and Adze are plotting to get rid of the only person who might put a spoke in the wheel - Erin . A direct assault would be too provocative so they plan a smear campaign centring on Ryan . It backfires and opportunes Vlad with a moment of reprise . First appearance of Adze and Elizabeta Vaccaria 44 `` The Crown of Ludlaw Erant '' 19 November 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 19 ) Malik is secretly meeting with a mystery being and his loyalty to the Draculas is not so clear cut . Ingrid strikes a deal with Ramanga . She will give spy on Vlad and Erin in return for Ramanga 's support in her bid to be the first woman on the High Council . Vlad is under duress not just because he has to find a way out of his forthcoming marriage to Adze but also because finding enough blood to supply his SCRAP vampires is not as easy he and Jonno initially thought . And as if Vlad did n't have enough to worry about the Count has agreed to Ms McCauley 's suggestion that they elect a member of the SCRAPs onto Garside school 's senate . When the reluctant Ryan wins , instead of Malik it begins to look like it was a fit up - this escalates to downright suspicion when Ryan collapses and dies after being crowned with Mortar board . Last appearance of Ryan 45 5 `` Murderer in the Midst '' 26 November 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 26 ) Bertrand is put in charge of finding Ryan 's murderer . The problem is everyone has a motive , but he begins to suspect that someone as yet unknown has them running round in circles , especially when his proof miraculously disappears . Vlad is impatient and wants hard proof . Erin is becoming increasingly isolated and worried that rather than letting Vlad get on with his peaceful co-existence initiative he is being distracted and made vulnerable by her presence . She makes a decision to leave , as it is the only way for Vlad 's vision for breather and biters to succeed . Vlad is torn . 46 6 `` Bloodbound '' 27 November 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 27 ) The day of the bloodbinding arrives . A reluctant and nervous Vlad prepares to stand by his word and marry Adze . Ramanga proposes to an astonished Ingrid but soon wishes he has n't and Bertrand uncovers Ramanga 's secret gift to Adze - Erin . Vlad and Bertrand rush to her aid but Adze uses the dark magic and Erin is fatally wounded . 47 7 `` Do the Bite Thing '' 3 December 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 03 ) Erin 's life hangs in the balance and Vlad keeps a vigil at her bedside . Despite everyone 's advice Vlad bites Erin as a means of stopping her dying . Will she be grateful for her eternal life ? The Count and Malik seek revenge on Ramanga for threatening Vlad and trying to overturn the House of Dracula . Malik reveals to the Count that he is his son . 48 8 `` Loyalty 's for Breathers '' 4 December 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 04 ) The Count decides to challenge his sons to fight for their position as his rightful heir . Reluctantly Vlad agrees . 49 9 `` Sun and Heir '' 10 December 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 10 ) Bertrand is convinced the Shapeshifter is linked to Malik . In retaliation the Shapeshifter creates chaos by manipulating the Dracula clan : first she engineers a near death situation for the Count and Malik in the hope that it will provide the impetus to bond as father and son . Then she impersonates Bertrand and invites Adze and Mina to Garside , where their meeting degenerates into a confrontation . The peaceful coexistence is teetering on a knife edge and Vlad has never felt so alone . Last appearance of Adze and Bertrand Du Fortunesa 50 10 `` Whatever It Takes '' 11 December 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 11 ) Vlad 's problems appear to escalate even though he 's dusted Bertrand . The Slayers Guild anticipate an end to the ceasefire and plan to attack . The only way they will deviate from their plan is if Vlad sacrifices Erin who is still biting . Ingrid is unaware of the Slayers ' conditions and prepares for all out war , galvanising her troops at Garside . The Count is a little distracted by a new teacher who has the attention of his beloved McCauley . 51 11 `` Bootiful Breathers '' 17 December 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 17 ) Vlad is still in denial about Bertrand 's death and is lying to everyone about the mind wipe of the slayers . Ingrid 's bid for a position on the Vampire High Council fails due to an outsider , and she suspects foul play . With the help of Renfield she finds out the truth - and reveals to Vlad what vampires are capable of , if left un-policed by the slayers . Vlad resolves to reverse the mind wipe . Malik helps the Count to get rid of his love rival . 52 12 `` Cuckoo in the Nest : Part 1 '' 18 December 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 18 ) Vlad decides that he must make amends for the bad decisions he has recently made . However , when the Count finds out his actions , he disinherits Vlad and formally makes Malik the Dracula heir . Vlad comes face - to - face with the Shapeshifter . Last appearance of Jonathan and Mina Van Helsing 53 13 `` Kiss of Death : Part 2 '' 18 December 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 18 ) Vlad and Ingrid join forces to capture the Shapeshifter , but since she can assume the physical appearance of anybody , they are initially at a loss as to know who she is . As bait for Elisabeta , they capture and torture Malik to force her to show herself ; banking on the fact that even the most twisted of mothers still care about their young . Last appearance of Erin Noble , Barry `` Wolfie '' Westerna , first and only appearance in an illusion of Arta Dracula Series 5 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No Ep Title Original air date 54 `` Fight or Flight '' 13 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 13 ) Desperate for Vlad to stay , the Count resorts to bribery when he learns that Vlad is only planning a brief stopover back home during his worldwide travels . We learn that Garside Grange is no longer a school . When the youngster starts to feel ill , Renfield 's search for a cure uncovers a surprising family secret . 55 `` Who 's the Daddy ? '' 20 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 20 ) Vlad 's curiosity is aroused when Renfield lets slip that he 's suffering from a breather cold . His suspicions are compounded when , following a violent cough , Vlad is exposed to direct sunlight and only suffers a mild singeing . Meanwhile , Ingrid tries to climb the ladder at the VHC by dusting her competition . 56 `` Flesh and Blood '' 27 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 27 ) When the Count converts Garside into a vampire - themed hotel , Vlad invites his breather mother to stay without revealing his true identity . Will Ingrid 's early return scupper his plans ? First appearance of Sally and George 57 `` One Bitten , Twice Shy '' 3 February 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 03 ) Vlad persuades Sally and George to stay a little while at Garside , as he would like to get to know them better . Despite his pleas for his vampire family to pretend to be normal , Ingrid ca n't help herself and chaos soon descends . 58 5 `` Warning Shadows '' 10 February 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 10 ) A mysterious new visitor at Garside warns the Draculas that they are the next target of Ramanga 's fearsome Shadow Warriors . Is he telling the truth ? First appearance of Asan 59 6 `` The Enemy Within '' 17 February 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 17 ) The count is reveling in his victory over the Shadow Warriors when he gets even more good news . The Dracula family celebrations are cut short by another unexpected arrival . An `` Unordinary '' bat appears at the castle , and strangely , at the time , every biter vampire gets infected with a strange green moss . 60 7 `` Nemesis Rising '' 24 February 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 24 ) Malik finds a surprising ally in his mission to rescue his mother from the Blood Mirror . Vlad is delighted when a friend he met travelling pays him a visit , but what will she make of his breather houseguests ? First appearance of Talitha , last appearance of Elizabeta Vaccaria 61 8 `` Open House '' 3 March 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 03 ) Renfield arranges an open house viewing to sell Garside but thanks to Asan and Shango there are a few surprises in store for the Draculas and their potential breather buyers . 62 9 `` The Bodyguard '' 10 March 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 10 ) Vlad worries that his half - human identity will be revealed when the VHC appoints him a personal bodyguard . 63 10 `` Blood Match '' 17 March 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 17 ) The family 's bedtime routine descends into chaos when they are suddenly set upon by enemies old and new - and Renfield will be sweeping up the dust of at least one fallen vampire before the end of the night . Last appearance of Ramanga and Malik 64 11 `` Bite Me '' 24 March 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 24 ) Ingrid decides to make a final bid for power as Vlad is close to turning 18 , but she underestimates Renfield , who will not give up until he is bitten . 65 12 `` The Darkest Hour : Part 1 '' 31 March 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 31 ) Vlad decides whether to be a human or a vampire on his 18th birthday , as the combined forces of the vengeful Ramangas , the power - crazy VHC and the Magister Maleficorum threaten to wipe out his family for ever . 66 13 `` The Darkest Hour : Part 2 '' 31 March 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 31 ) As the sun rises on his 18th birthday , will Vlad be granted his biggest wish and become human ? With the Blood Seed flourishing and his family under attack , it 's certainly not going to be an easy decision to make . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Original Broadcast as 60 Minute Episode with Part 2 . Jump up ^ Original Broadcast as 60 Minute Episode with Part 1 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Young Dracula '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 5 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Buy Young Dracula : Season 1 on DVD - Video from EzyDVD.com.au '' . www.ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved 5 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Buy Young Dracula : Season 2 on DVD - Video from EzyDVD.com.au '' . www.ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved 5 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Buy Young Dracula : Season 3 on DVD - Video from EzyDVD.com.au '' . www.ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved 5 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Buy Young Dracula : Season 4 on DVD - Video from EzyDVD.com.au '' . www.ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved 5 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tweet by @ SimonLudders '' . Twitter.com. 19 June 2013 . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Buy Young Dracula : Season 5 on DVD - Video from EzyDVD.com.au '' . www.ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved 5 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Clare Thomas on Instagram : `` Readthrough '' `` . instagram.com. 2013 . Retrieved 29 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Blood Match '' . Young Dracula Wiki . 2015 . Retrieved 29 January 2016 . Episode guide taken from `` Episode Guide - Young Dracula Wiki '' . Retrieved 1 November 2012 . Episode summary season 4 taken from `` BBC iPlayer '' . November 2012 . External links ( edit ) BBC homepage for Young Dracula Bram Stoker 's Dracula Characters Original novel Count Dracula Abraham Van Helsing Jonathan Harker Mina Harker Lucy Westenra Arthur Holmwood Dr. John Seward Quincey Morris Renfield Brides Other works Adri Nital Alucard Count Alucard Count Orlok Count von Count Doctor Sun Eva Hamilton Slade Janus Turac Historical Vlad II Dracul Vlad Călugărul Vlad the Impaler Films Universal series Dracula ( 1931 English - language ) Drácula ( 1931 Spanish - language ) Dracula 's Daughter ( 1936 ) Son of Dracula ( 1943 ) House of Frankenstein ( 1944 ) House of Dracula ( 1945 ) Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein ( 1948 ) Hammer series Dracula ( 1958 ) The Brides of Dracula ( 1960 ) Dracula : Prince of Darkness ( 1966 ) Dracula Has Risen from the Grave ( 1968 ) Taste the Blood of Dracula ( 1970 ) Scars of Dracula ( 1970 ) Dracula A.D. 1972 ( 1972 ) The Satanic Rites of Dracula ( 1973 ) The Legend of the 7 Golden Vampires ( 1974 ) Dracula 2000 Dracula 2000 ( 2000 ) Dracula II : Ascension ( 2003 ) Dracula III : Legacy ( 2005 ) Parodies Mad Monster Party ? 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Hellsing The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen Sword of Dracula Batman & Dracula : Red Rain Victorian Undead Wolves at the Gate X-Men : Apocalypse vs. Dracula Purgatori Video games The Count ( 1981 ) Ghost Manor ( 1983 ) Castlevania series 1986 -- present Dracula Dracula ( 1986 ) Dracula the Undead ( 1991 ) Dracula Hakushaku ( 1992 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula ( 1993 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula ( handheld ) ( 1993 ) Dracula Unleashed ( 1993 ) Dracula : Resurrection ( 2000 ) Dracula 2 : The Last Sanctuary ( 2000 ) Van Helsing ( 2004 ) Dracula 3 : The Path of the Dragon ( 2008 ) Dracula : Origin ( 2008 ) Vampire Season Monster Defense ( 2012 ) Dracula 4 : The Shadow of the Dragon ( 2013 ) Dracula 5 : The Blood Legacy ( 2013 ) The Incredible Adventures of Van Helsing ( 2013 ) Drac 's Night Out ( unreleased ) Pinball Dracula ( 1979 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula ( 1993 ) Monster Bash ( 1998 ) Other games The Fury of Dracula Castles Castle Dracula Bran Castle Poenari Castle Corvin Castle Albums Dracula Dracula 2000 Iubilaeum Anno Dracula 2001 Perfect Selection : Dracula Battle Transylvania Van Helsing Songs `` Love Song for a Vampire '' Audio dramas Son of the Dragon Related topics Dracula in popular culture Don Dracula Transylvanian Society of Dracula Dracula Society Dracula tourism Lugosi v. Universal Pictures `` Dracula / The Rose '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Young_Dracula_episodes&oldid=860802795 '' Categories : Lists of British children 's television series episodes Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 23 September 2018 , at 04 : 47 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | how many seasons of young dracula are there | [
"\n\nSeries\n\nEpisodes\n\nOriginal UK air dates\n\nDVD release date\n\n\nSeries premiere\n\nSeries finale\n\nRegion 2\n\nRegion 4\n\n\n\n\n1\n\n14\n\n21 September 2006 (2006-09-21)\n\n21 December 2006 (2006-12-21)\n\n15 October 2012 (2012-10-15)[1]\n\n3 October 2012 (2012-10-03)[2]\n\n\n\n\n2\n\n13\n\n2 November 2007 (2007-11-02)\n\n8 February 2008 (2008-02-08)\n\nTBA\n\n6 February 2013 (2013-02-06)[3]\n\n\n\n\n3\n\n13\n\n31 October 2011 (2011-10-31)\n\n12 December 2011 (2011-12-12)\n\nTBA\n\n3 April 2013 (2013-04-03)[4]\n\n\n\n\n4\n\n13\n\n29 October 2012 (2012-10-29)\n\n1 December 2012 (2012-12-01)\n\nTBA\n\n1 October 2014 (2014-10-01)[5]\n\n\n\n\n5\n\n13\n\n13 January 2014 (2014-01-13)[6]\n\n31 March 2014 (2014-03-31)\n\nTBA\n\n5 November 2014 (2014-11-05)[7]\n"
] | [
"5"
] |
1857446049626636179 | Spitball | Spitball - wikipedia Spitball For other uses , see Spitball ( disambiguation ) . Look up spitball in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . A spitball is an illegal baseball pitch in which the ball has been altered by the application of saliva , petroleum jelly , or some other foreign substance . This technique alters the wind resistance and weight on one side of the ball , causing it to move in an atypical manner . It may also cause the ball to `` slip '' out of the pitcher 's fingers without the usual spin that accompanies a pitch . In this sense , a spitball can be thought of as a fastball with knuckleball action . Alternative names for the spitball are spitter , mud ball , shine ball , supersinker , vaseline ball ( because originally , Vaseline was used to give the ball a little more break ) , and emery ball , although technically , an emery ball is one where the ball has been abraded in much the same way that the original cut ball had been physically cut ( an emery ball is also known as a scuff ball ) . Contents 1 History 2 Ban 3 Methodology 4 Legal spits 5 Comparison to other sports 6 See also 7 References History ( edit ) The invention of the spitball has been popularly credited to a number of individuals , among them Elmer Stricklett and Frank Corridon . Numerous accounts , however , refer to different players experimenting with versions of the spitball throughout the latter half of the 19th century , and it remains unlikely that any one individual `` invented '' the spitball . Ed Walsh , however , is certainly responsible for popularizing it . Walsh dominated the American League from 1906 -- 1912 primarily on the strength of his spitball , and pitchers around the league soon copied his spitball or invented their own trick pitch . The dramatic increase in the popularity of `` freak deliveries '' led to a great deal of controversy throughout the 1910s regarding the abolition of the spitball and related pitches . In his autobiography , Ty Cobb wrote that such `` freak pitches ( ... ) were outlawed when the owners greedily sold out to home runs . '' In addition , there were serious issues with the spitball , as a variation on the standard spitball called for the pitcher to smear the entire surface of the normally white ball with a mixture of tobacco spittle and dirt or mud in order to stain it the same deep brown color as the infield , making it nearly impossible for batters to see or avoid in low - light conditions . In August 1920 , Ray Chapman was killed when he was struck in the temple by a spitball thrown by pitcher Carl Mays during a poorly lit game . Ban ( edit ) The spitball was banned in two stages . In the winter of 1919 -- 1920 , managers voted to partially ban the spitball , allowing each team to designate at most two pitchers who would be permitted to legally throw spitballs . Then , following the 1920 season , the spitball was banned leaguewide , except for existing spitballers who were grandfathered in and allowed to keep throwing the pitch legally until they retired . Seventeen existing spitballers were granted this exemption . Burleigh Grimes lasted the longest , retiring in 1934 . The complete list : Ray Fisher ( played through 1920 ) ; Doc Ayers ( 1921 ) ; Ray Caldwell ( 1921 ) ; Phil Douglas ( 1922 ) ; Dana Fillingim ( 1925 ) ; Marv Goodwin ( 1925 ) ; Dutch Leonard ( 1925 ) ; Allen Russell ( 1925 ) ; Allen Sothoron ( 1926 ) ; Dick Rudolph ( 1927 ) ; Stan Coveleski ( 1928 ) ; Urban Shocker ( 1928 ) ; Bill Doak ( 1929 ) ; Clarence Mitchell ( 1932 ) ; Red Faber ( 1933 ) ; Jack Quinn ( 1933 ) ; and Grimes . In March 1955 , MLB Commissioner Ford Frick advocated for the return of the spitball , telling a sportswriter , `` If I had my way , I 'd legalize the old spitter . It was a great pitch and one of the easiest to throw . There was nothing dangerous about it . '' Despite the Commissioner 's enthusiasm , the pitch remained illegal . Methodology ( edit ) Although the spitball is now banned at all levels of professional and organized amateur baseball , it is still sometimes thrown in violation of the rules . ( In 1942 , Leo Durocher , then - manager of the Brooklyn Dodgers , fined Bobo Newsom for throwing a spitball and `` lying to me about it . '' ) Typically , a lubricant is hidden behind the pitcher 's knee or under the peak of his cap . Others will place the ball in their mitt and then cough on or lick it . Another tactic pitchers use is to soak their hair in water before going out to the mound , and then rubbing their hand in their hair before a pitch . Some pitchers have even glued a piece of sandpaper to one of their fingers , and scuffed a part of the ball to achieve an effect similar to the spitball . Ted `` Double Duty '' Radcliffe has stated that he would hide a piece of emery board in his belt buckle so that he could roughen the ball or even cut it . During the Minnesota Twins ' 1987 pennant chase , one of their starting pitchers , Joe Niekro , was suspended when he was caught on the field with a nail file in his back pocket ; Niekro said in defense that he had been filing his nails , a common practice amongst knuckleball pitchers . One week later , Philadelphia Phillies pitcher Kevin Gross was caught with sandpaper in his glove and suspended . In the 1986 season , Houston Astros pitcher Mike Scott was frequently accused of cheating ; during the 1986 NLCS , New York Mets player Wally Backman presented to the media a collection of 17 balls scuffed the same way , after Scott 's dominating performance in Game 4 of that series . Preacher Roe , who played for the Brooklyn Dodgers in the 1950s , was renowned both for his ability to control the spitball and to throw it without getting caught , and described his methodology in a 1955 article in Sports Illustrated , `` The Outlawed Spitball Was My Money Pitch '' , published a year after he retired . Another famous user of the pitch was Gaylord Perry , who went so far as to title his autobiography Me and the Spitter . ( For example , Perry would put vaseline on his zipper because umpires would never check there . ) Don Drysdale and Lew Burdette also used the pitch regularly . Legal spits ( edit ) The name dry spitter is sometimes used to describe a pitch that moves like a spitball without saliva , such as the forkball or split - finger fastball . It is sometimes used simply as slang for the knuckleball . There is also the remote term of God - given spitter , which is when the ball is naturally dampened by moist air or light rainfall , which allows pitchers to be able to throw pitches with sharper breaks , much like a spitball . Comparison to other sports ( edit ) The techniques used to prepare a spitball are analogous to the techniques still used to condition the ball in cricket . As was the case in pre-1920s baseball , usually a single cricket ball is used for a long period of time ( almost 500 deliveries in international cricket ) , where in the newer ball has because of its condition swings naturally and as the ball gets older it loses the swing . The fielding team progressively attempts to make one side of the ball more shiny than the other to create phenomena such as reverse swing , which is opposite of conventional swing by using the principles of aerodynamics . Some techniques , such as physically polishing the ball against the player 's clothing , or applying sweat and saliva , are entirely legal and are used widely ; other techniques are illegal ( known as ball tampering ) , including practices such as altering the ball 's state by the use of artificial substances such as sun block or dirt , or degradation by fingernails or other hard substances , intentionally returning the ball along the ground to abrade it , or picking the seam . See also ( edit ) Baseball portal Ball tampering in cricket Live - ball era and Dead - ball era References ( edit ) Jump up ^ James , Bill ; Neyer , Rob ( 2008 - 06 - 16 ) . The Neyer / James Guide to Pitchers : An Historical Compendium of Pitching , Pitchers , and Pitches . ISBN 1439103771 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Ty ; Stump , Al ( 1961 ) . My life in baseball : The true record . ISBN 0803263597 . Jump up ^ Okrent , Daniel ( 1989 - 04 - 20 ) . Baseball anecdotes . ISBN 9780195043969 . Jump up ^ Faber , Charles F. ; Faber , Richard B. ( 2006 ) . Spitballers - The Last Legal Hurlers of the Wet One . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland and Company . p. v. ISBN 0 - 7864 - 2347 - 1 . Retrieved 26 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Frick Favors Return of `` the Old Spitter '' `` . Milwaukee Journal . 1955 - 03 - 08 . p. 2 . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://espn.go.com/page2/s/list/readers/baseball/cheaters.html Jump up ^ https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1243&dat=19861014&id=9oVTAAAAIBAJ&sjid=xIYDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6568,2935422 Jump up ^ Goldstein , Richard ( November 10 , 2008 ) . `` Preacher Roe , Brooklyn Dodgers Star Known for His Spitball , Dies at 92 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 10 , 2008 . Baseball pitches Fastballs Cutter Four - seam Two - seam Shuuto Sinker Split - finger fastball Gyroball Off - speed pitches Breaking balls Curveball ( 12 -- 6 Knuckle curve ) Screwball Slider Slurve Changeups Circle changeup Forkball Fosh Palmball Straight changeup Vulcan changeup Junk pitches Eephus pitch Knuckleball Purpose pitches Inside pitching brushback Intentional ball ( pitchout ) Pickoff Illegal pitches Beanball Emery ball Shine ball Spitball Quick pitch Other Balk Wild pitch Deliveries Overhand Sidearm Submarine Related The Neyer / James Guide to Pitchers ( 2004 book ) Knuckleball ! ( 2012 documentary ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spitball&oldid=856687411 '' Categories : Baseball pitches Banned sports tactics Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 한국어 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 23 : 22 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who threw major league baseballs last legal spitball | [
"Seventeen existing spitballers were granted this exemption. Burleigh Grimes lasted the longest, retiring in 1934. The complete list: Ray Fisher (played through 1920); Doc Ayers (1921); Ray Caldwell (1921); Phil Douglas (1922); Dana Fillingim (1925); Marv Goodwin (1925); Dutch Leonard (1925); Allen Russell (1925); Allen Sothoron (1926); Dick Rudolph (1927); Stan Coveleski (1928); Urban Shocker (1928); Bill Doak (1929); Clarence Mitchell (1932); Red Faber (1933); Jack Quinn (1933); and Grimes.[4]\n"
] | [
"Burleigh Grimes"
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865685162567347679 | List of Major League Baseball single-game home run leaders | List of major League Baseball single - game home run leaders - wikipedia List of major League Baseball single - game home run leaders This is the current revision of this page , as edited by 75.108. 159.248 ( talk ) at 02 : 25 , 20 August 2017 ( Updated Scooter Gennett 's career home run total as of August 19 , 2017 ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 02 : 25 , 20 August 2017 by 75.108. 159.248 ( talk ) ( Updated Scooter Gennett 's career home run total as of August 19 , 2017 ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search Bobby Lowe was the first MLB player to ever hit four home runs in a single game , doing so in 1894 . Writers of Sporting News described hitting four home runs in a single Major League Baseball ( MLB ) game as `` baseball 's greatest single - game accomplishment '' . Seventeen players have accomplished the feat to date , the most recent being Scooter Gennett of the Cincinnati Reds on June 6 , 2017 against the St. Louis Cardinals . No player has done this more than once in his career and no player has ever hit more than four in a game . Bobby Lowe was the first to hit four home runs in a single game , doing so on May 30 , 1894 . Fans were reportedly so excited that they threw $160 in silver coins ( $4,400 today ) onto the field after his fourth home run . These games have resulted in other MLB single - game records due to the extreme offensive performance . Mark Whiten , for example , tied Jim Bottomley for the most runs batted in in a single game with 12 in his four - homer game . Shawn Green hit a double and a single along with his four home runs for 19 total bases , an MLB record . It surpassed Joe Adcock 's mark of 18 , which also came from a four - homer game . Chuck Klein , Pat Seerey , and Mike Schmidt each hit their four in a game that went into extra innings . Scooter Gennett and Mark Whiten hit a grand slam as one of their four homers . Four home runs generate significant offense which generally allows a team to win , although Ed Delahanty 's and Bob Horner 's teams lost their respective milestone games . Carlos Delgado was the only one who hit his four home runs in a game in which he made only four plate appearances . Warren Spahn pitched the ball which Gil Hodges hit for the first of his four , the only Hall of Fame pitcher faced during a four - home - run game . Hodges and Adcock are the only players to hit home runs against four different pitchers in one game . Lowe and Delahanty , on the other hand , are the only players to hit four home runs in one game against just one pitcher : Ice Box Chamberlain and Adonis Terry respectively . Mike Cameron hit his four on May 2 , 2002 , and Green matched the total 21 days later on May 23 , 2002 , the shortest span between such games . Lowe and Seerey each hit fewer than 100 home runs over the length of their career while Willie Mays , with 660 , hit more than any other player in this group . Both Mays and Schmidt are also members of the 500 home run club . Of the 14 players eligible for the Hall of Fame who have hit four home runs in a game , five have been elected . Players are eligible for the Hall of Fame if they have played in at least 10 major league seasons and have been either retired for five seasons or deceased for at least six months . These requirements leave two players ineligible who are living and have played in the past five seasons and one ( Seerey ) who did not play 10 seasons in MLB . No player has ever hit four home runs in a postseason game ( the record is three ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Key 2 Players 3 See also 4 References Key ( edit ) Player Name of the player Date Date of the four home run game Team The player 's team at the time of the game Opposing team The team against whom the player hit four home runs Score Final score of the game , with the player 's team score listed first Career HR The number of home runs the player hit in his MLB career Indicates that the home runs were in consecutive plate appearances Elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame * Denotes player who is still active Indicates the player 's team lost the game Players ( edit ) Shawn Green was one of two players to hit four home runs in a game in May 2002 . Green also hit a double and a single in the game for 19 total bases , an MLB record . Players who have hit four home runs in a single game Player Date Team Opposing team Score Career HR Ref ( s ) Lowe , Bobby Bobby Lowe 000000001894 - 05 - 30 - 0000 May 30 , 1894 Boston Beaneaters Cincinnati Reds 20 -- 11 071 ! 71 Delahanty , Ed Ed Delahanty 000000001896 - 07 - 13 - 0000 July 13 , 1896 Philadelphia Phillies Chicago Colts 08 ! 8 -- 9 101 Gehrig , Lou Lou Gehrig 000000001932 - 06 - 03 - 0000 June 3 , 1932 New York Yankees Philadelphia Athletics 20 -- 13 493 Klein , Chuck Chuck Klein 000000001936 - 07 - 10 - 0000 July 10 , 1936 Philadelphia Phillies Pittsburgh Pirates 09 ! 9 -- 6 300 Seerey , Pat Pat Seerey 000000001948 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 1948 Chicago White Sox Philadelphia Athletics 12 -- 11 086 ! 86 Hodges , Gil Gil Hodges 000000001950 - 08 - 31 - 0000 August 31 , 1950 Brooklyn Dodgers Boston Braves 19 -- 3 370 Adcock , Joe Joe Adcock 000000001954 - 07 - 31 - 0000 July 31 , 1954 Milwaukee Braves Brooklyn Dodgers 15 -- 7 336 Colavito , Rocky Rocky Colavito 000000001959 - 06 - 10 - 0000 June 10 , 1959 Cleveland Indians Baltimore Orioles 11 -- 8 374 Mays , Willie Willie Mays 000000001961 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 , 1961 San Francisco Giants Milwaukee Braves 14 -- 4 660 Schmidt , Mike Mike Schmidt 000000001976 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 1976 Philadelphia Phillies Chicago Cubs 18 -- 16 548 Horner , Bob Bob Horner 000000001986 - 07 - 06 - 0000 July 6 , 1986 Atlanta Braves Montreal Expos 08.1 ! 8 -- 11 218 Whiten , Mark Mark Whiten 000000001993 - 09 - 07 - 0000 September 7 , 1993 St. Louis Cardinals Cincinnati Reds 15 -- 2 105 Cameron , Mike Mike Cameron 000000002002 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2 , 2002 Seattle Mariners Chicago White Sox 15 -- 4 278 Green , Shawn Shawn Green 000000002002 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2002 Los Angeles Dodgers Milwaukee Brewers 16 -- 3 328 Delgado , Carlos Carlos Delgado 000000002003 - 09 - 25 - 0000 September 25 , 2003 Toronto Blue Jays Tampa Bay Devil Rays 10 -- 8 473 Hamilton , Josh Josh Hamilton 000000002012 - 05 - 08 - 0000 May 8 , 2012 Texas Rangers Baltimore Orioles 10 -- 3 200 Gennett , Scooter Scooter Gennett 000000002017 - 06 - 06 - 0000 June 6 , 2017 Cincinnati Reds St. Louis Cardinals 13 -- 1 56 See also ( edit ) Baseball portal Nig Clarke References ( edit ) General Society for American Baseball Research ( SABR ) ( 2007 ) . The SABR Baseball List and Record Book : Baseball 's Most Fascinating Records and Unusual Statistics . Scribner . p. 65 . `` Four home runs in a game -- Rare Feats MLB.com : History '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . Retrieved May 9 , 2012 . Specific ^ Jump up to : Jim , Hoppel ; Meier , Jim ; Deveney , Sean ( August 10 , 1999 ) . `` Four homers in one game '' . Sporting News . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2004 . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Suehsdorf , A.D. ( 1978 ) . The Great American Baseball Scrapbook , p. 14 . Random House . ISBN 0 - 394 - 50253 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Bobby Lowe Dead ; Baseball Star , 83 ; First Player to Hit Four Home Runs in One Game Spent 18 Years in Major Leagues '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . December 9 , 1951 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ SABR , pg. 69 Jump up ^ SABR , pg. 70 Jump up ^ `` Shawn Green slams record four home runs '' . CBC Sports . May 24 , 2002 . Retrieved September 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Delgado ties record with four homers '' . ESPN.com . September 25 , 2003 . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rules for Election '' . National Baseball Hall of Fame . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bobby Lowe Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Delahanty Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lou Gehrig Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chuck Klein Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pat Seerey Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Gil Hodges Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Adcock Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Adcock Ties Home Run Mark '' . The Miami News . Associated Press . July 31 , 1954 . p . C1 . Retrieved September 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rocky Colavito Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilks , Ed ( June 10 , 1959 ) . `` Tribe 's Rocky Colavito Ties Record in Majors ' Toughest Home Run Park '' . Evening Independent . Associated Press . p. 6A . Retrieved September 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Willie Mays Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Reichler , Joe ( May 1 , 1961 ) . `` Giants ' Slugging Sets or Ties a Flock of Records '' . The Hour . Associated Press . p. 14 . Retrieved September 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Schmidt Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Schmidt Hits Four Home Runs : Phillies Outslug Chicago , 18 -- 16 '' . TimesDaily . United Press International . April 17 , 1976 . p. 21 . Retrieved September 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Horner Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` National League ; Horner Ties Mark with 4 Home Runs '' . New York Times . July 7 , 1986 . p . C4 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Whiten Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Allen , Karen ( September 8 , 1993 ) . `` Cards ' Whiten : 4 HRs , 12 RBI '' . USA Today . pp. Sports , 1C . Jump up ^ `` Mike Cameron Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ralph , John ( May 2 , 2002 ) . `` With 4 homers , Cameron crows '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . Retrieved September 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Green Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ( May 23 , 2002 ) . `` A day for the ages for Green '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . Retrieved September 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Carlos Delgado Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fordin , Spencer ( September 25 , 2003 ) . `` Delgado smashes four homers '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . Retrieved September 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Josh Hamilton Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hamilton makes history with four home runs '' . MLB.com . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kay , Joe ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Scooter Gennett hits 4 home runs for Reds to tie MLB record '' . Associated Press . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . ( show ) Major League Baseball records Baseball statistics ( types of records ) General Record holders Single - game records Single - season records Record breakers by season Records considered unbreakable Batting leaders Career Batting average On - base percentage Times on base Slugging percentage OPS Hits 3,000 club Progressive Singles Doubles Triples Home runs 500 club Progressive Extra base hits RBIs Total bases Walks Intentional HBP Strikeouts Games played At - bats Plate appearances Annual Batting average Doubles Triples Home runs RBI Season Batting average Triples Home run Progressive Game Home runs Hitting for the cycle Grand slams RBIs Hits Misc Consecutive games OPS Hits Home runs Doubles Triples RBIs Baserunning leaders Career Runs Stolen bases Annual Runs Stolen bases Game Runs Misc Stolen bases Runs Pitching leaders Career Wins 300 club Losses Games started Games finished Innings pitched Strikeouts 3,000 club Saves Complete games Shutouts ERA WHIP Walks Hit batsmen Wild pitches Batters faced Annual Wins Saves Shutouts Strikeouts ERA Game No - hitter Perfect game List of perfect games Strikeouts Game Inning Immaculate innings Misc Wins Fielding leaders Career Putouts C 1B 2B SS 3B OF LF CF RF P Errors C 1B Assists Passed balls Annual Putouts Errors Managing records Wins and winning percentage Multiple stat records Triple Crown 20 -- 20 -- 20 club 30 -- 30 club 40 -- 40 club ( show ) Major League Baseball players who have hit four home runs in one game Bobby Lowe Ed Delahanty Lou Gehrig Chuck Klein Pat Seerey Gil Hodges Joe Adcock Rocky Colavito Willie Mays Mike Schmidt Bob Horner Mark Whiten Mike Cameron Shawn Green Carlos Delgado Josh Hamilton Scooter Gennett Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Major_League_Baseball_single-game_home_run_leaders&oldid=796328840 '' Categories : Major League Baseball lists Major League Baseball records Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Français Português Edit links This page was last edited on 20 August 2017 , at 02 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | most home runs by a single player in one game | [
"Writers of Sporting News described hitting four home runs in a single Major League Baseball (MLB) game as \"baseball's greatest single-game accomplishment\".[1] Seventeen players have accomplished the feat to date, the most recent being Scooter Gennett of the Cincinnati Reds on June 6, 2017 against the St. Louis Cardinals. No player has done this more than once in his career and no player has ever hit more than four in a game. Bobby Lowe was the first to hit four home runs in a single game, doing so on May 30, 1894. Fans were reportedly so excited that they threw $160 in silver coins ($4,400 today) onto the field after his fourth home run.[1][2][3]"
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-6210377100197207992 | Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce | Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce - wikipedia Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce Jump to : navigation , search Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce Also known as Girlfriends ' Guide to Freedom ( season 3 - present ) ' Based on Girlfriends ' Guides series by Vicki Iovine Developed by Marti Noxon Starring Lisa Edelstein Beau Garrett Necar Zadegan Paul Adelstein Janeane Garofalo Alanna Ubach Retta Composer ( s ) Robert Duncan Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 39 Production Executive producer ( s ) Marti Noxon Vicki Iovine Meryl Poster Robert Duncan McNeill Liz Kruger Craig Shapiro Camera setup Single - camera Running time 45 minutes Production company ( s ) Tiny Pyro Productions Universal Cable Productions Release Original network Bravo Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release December 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 02 ) -- present External links Official website www.bravotv.com/girlfriends-guide-to-divorce Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce ( also known as Girlfriends ' Guide to Freedom starting with season 3 ) is an American comedy - drama television series developed by Marti Noxon for the American cable network Bravo . Based on the Girlfriends ' Guides book series by Vicki Iovine , the series revolves around Abby McCarthy , a self - help author who finds solace in new friends and adventures as she faces an impending divorce . Lisa Edelstein portrays the main character Abby . Beau Garrett , Necar Zadegan and Paul Adelstein co-star . Janeane Garofalo was part of the main cast for the first seven episodes of season 1 before departing the cast . She was replaced in episode 8 with Alanna Ubach . Retta recurred during the show 's second season before being promoted to the main cast at the start of season 3 . Produced by Universal Cable Productions , it is the first original scripted series for Bravo . A 13 - episode first season was ordered by the network , which premiered on December 2 , 2014 . The show debuted to 1.04 million viewers . Critical reception for the series has initially been generally positive , with particular praise towards Edelstein 's performance and the series ' quality over the reality series on Bravo . The show was eventually renewed for a second season , which premiered on December 1 , 2015 . On April 13 , 2016 , it was announced that Bravo had renewed the show for a third , fourth and fifth season , effectively concluding the series thereafter . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Guest 2 Episodes 3 Reception 3.1 Critical response 3.2 Ratings 4 Broadcast 4.1 Home media and streaming 5 References 6 External links Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Lisa Edelstein as Abby McCarthy , a self - help book author in her early 40s in Los Angeles . Her marriage has recently ended , throwing both her personal and professional lives into serious disarray . Beau Garrett as Phoebe Conte , a recent divorcée and former model . Up until now she has been a typical free spirit but she is now seeking a more stable life . Necar Zadegan as Delia Banai , a divorce attorney who represents Abby in her divorce . She struggles with career and personal life balance . Paul Adelstein as Jake Novak , Abby 's husband from whom she is recently separated . He is a director with a limited amount of success and has up until now lived in Abby 's shadow . ( season 1 - 2 ; recurring season 3 ) Janeane Garofalo as Lyla , Abby 's friend , a divorcée and entertainment lawyer . A bitter custody battle with her ex causes her to flee California for Portland in the middle of season 1 . ( episodes 1 -- 7 ) Alanna Ubach as Jo Hernandez - Frumpkis , Abby 's best friend from college who comes to live with her in LA . She is recently separated from her husband after finding out he had a second family . ( episode 8 -- present ) Retta as Barbara Sawyer , Abby 's co-worker at SheShe , who later becomes her business partner . ( season 3 -- present ; recurring season 2 ) Recurring ( edit ) Julianna Guill as Becca Riley , Jake 's new girlfriend and a successful actress on a CW show Patrick Heusinger as Max McCarthy , Abby 's brother J. August Richards as Ford , husband to Abby 's brother Warren Christie as Will , Abby 's new boyfriend Brian Markinson as Albert , Delia 's boss and long - time fling . Delia has an affair with him while engaged to Gordon Matthew Glave as Gordon Beech , Delia 's client with whom she starts an affair Brandon Jay McLaren as Marco , Phoebe 's love interest Aaron Staton as JD , Phoebe 's love interest Jean Smart as Katherine Miller , Abby 's editor Mark Valley as Dr. Harris , Abby 's love interest Maury Sterling as Rob Frumpkis , Jo 's ex-husband Will Kemp as Scott , the vegan confectioner at Jo 's bakery Megan Hilty as Charlene , Frumpkis ' new girlfriend Charles Mesure as Ralf , Phoebe 's ex-husband James Lesure as Mike Brady , Charlie 's baseball coach Daisy Betts as Gemma Joey Munroe appeared as Studly Chef . Guest ( edit ) Carrie Fisher as Cat Suke Kaiser as Kori Wingo , Phoebe 's former boss Bernadette Peters as Annie Laverne Cox as Adele Northrop Victor Webster as Carl , a male escort who Abby spends the night talking to Barry Bostwick as George , Abby 's dad Lesley Ann Warren as Dina , Abby 's mom Malcolm Jamal Warner as Darrell Kathie Lee Gifford as herself Hoda Kotb as herself Kyle Richards as herself Jessica Clark as Merete Denise Richards as Temple Hampton , Will 's new girlfriend Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 December 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 02 ) February 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 24 ) 13 December 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) February 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 23 ) 7 January 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 11 ) February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) 6 August 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 17 ) TBA Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Edelstein and Garofalo 's performances were praised by the critics . Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce was met with generally positive reviews from television critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 to reviews from critics , the series received an average score of 69 , based on 21 reviews . Lori Rackl of Chicago Sun - Times gave the episode a 4 star rating ( out of 4 stars ) , calling it `` a sometimes hilarious , sometimes heartbreaking story about an L.A. - based self - help author '' and added that the first two episodes `` reveal a much more nuanced , poignant tale , punctuated by some genuinely funny scenes . '' LaToya Ferguson of The A.V. Club gave the series a grade of `` A - '' , calling it `` a very solid drama '' that should be on HBO or Showtime . Ferguson also praised the characters and the series 's messiness , writing `` Visually , it 's almost flawless ( there 's one obvious green - screen moment in the pilot , but it 's not Ringer level ) , but every character here is deeply flawed . '' Los Angeles Times 's Mary McNamara lauded the series ' cast 's portrayal of the characters and deemed the series `` smartly acted , crisply written and willing to address all manner of issues -- marriage , betrayal , family economics , friendship , even the pitfalls of public domesticity -- in gratifyingly complex ways . '' Brian Lowry , writing for Variety , applauded the series ' cast and material , noting how it sticks to the network 's demographic while maintaining a level of quality . Gail Pennington of St. Louis Post-Dispatch called the series `` a smart , solid examination of just how messy relationships are and how hard it is to make them work . '' Slate 's Willa Paskin highlighted Edelstein 's portrayal of the lead character , describing her as `` very well cast , both commanding and nurturing enough to seem like the ideal advice - giver '' and noted that the series has `` a satisfying and complex take on social dynamics in friendship and romance . '' Alessandra Stanley of The New York Times praised Edelstein and Garofalo as `` one reason '' the show is entertaining and found the comic side of the series `` a lot more fun . '' Time 's writer James Poniewozik praised the writing and Edelstein 's `` sympathetic '' performance , noting that the latter `` grounds a show that often otherwise plays like young - adult fiction for actual adults . '' However , Poniewozik opined that `` there 's one lesson Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce has ( over ) learned from its Bravo peers : that there 's no reality so compelling that it ca n't be sweetened with a little Photoshop . '' David Hinckley , writing for the New York Daily News , highlighted the series ' best moments as those showing the messy side of marital discourse while heralding Edelstein 's performance as `` memorably moving . '' Margaret Lyons of Vulture was critical of the several aspects of the series , including the characters Abby and Lyla 's attitude on giving their spouses child support , but found the series to be its best `` at its nastiest . '' Ratings ( edit ) No. in Episode title Air date Time slot ( EST ) 18 -- 49 demo rating Viewership ( millions ) Ref series season Rule No. 23 : Never Lie to the Kids December 2 , 2014 Tuesdays 10 : 00 P.M. 0.5 1.04 Rule No. 174 : Never Trust Anyone Who Charges By the Hour December 9 , 2014 0.4 0.85 Rule No. 47 : Always Take Advantage of `` Me '' Time December 16 , 2014 0.3 0.70 Rule No. 426 : Fantasyland : A Great Place to Visit December 23 , 2014 0.3 0.77 5 5 Rule No. 21 : Leave Childishness to Children December 30 , 2014 0.4 0.87 6 6 Rule No 33 : When in Doubt , Run Away January 6 , 2015 0.4 0.87 7 7 Rule No. 67 : Do n't Kill the Princess January 13 , 2015 0.4 0.77 8 8 Rule No. 17 : Ask the Answer Lady January 20 , 2015 0.3 0.69 9 9 Rule No. 32 : F - You , Rob Frumpkis January 27 , 2015 0.4 0.91 10 10 Rule No. 3 : Do n't Stand in the Doorway February 3 , 2015 0.3 0.74 11 11 Rule No. 46 : Keep the Holidays Low Key February 10 , 2015 0.4 0.83 12 12 Rule No. 92 : Do n't Do the Crime If You Ca n't Do the Time February 17 , 2015 0.4 0.74 13 13 Rule No. 101 : Know When It 's Time to Move On February 24 , 2015 0.3 0.79 Broadcast ( edit ) Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce premiered in the United States on Bravo on December 2 , 2014 , in Canada on Slice on January 9 , 2015 , and in the United Kingdom on Lifetime UK on September 15 , 2015 . Home Media and streaming ( edit ) The first season was released on DVD in region 1 on October 13 , 2015 . On November 1 , 2015 season 1 of Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce became available to stream in the US for Netflix subscribers . The show is also available from electronic sell - through platforms such as iTunes , Amazon Instant Video , and Vudu . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Bravo Orders 13 Episodes of Scripted Drama ' Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce ' Starring Lisa Edelstein '' . Zap2it . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Bravo Picks Up Marti Noxon 's ' Girlfriends ' Guide To Divorce ' As First Scripted Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 14 , 2014 ) . `` ' Million Dollar Listing New York ' Renewed for Season Four + Bravo Greenlights Three New Series '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` Season 2 of Bravo 's Scripted Series ' Girlfriend 's Guide To Divorce ' To Premiere December 1 '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce ' gets 3 - season renewal at Bravo '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 14 , 2014 ) . `` Bravo 's ' Girlfriend 's Guide To Divorce ' Adds ' Rake 's Necar Zadegan As New Regular '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alanna Ubach Joins Bravo 's ' Girlfriends Guide To Divorce ' , Matthew Glave & Virginia Williams To Recur '' . Deadline . August 13 , 2014 . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael . `` Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce Promotes Retta to Series Regular in Season 3 '' . TV Line . TVLine Media , LLC . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ TV Series , Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce . `` Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce ( TV Series ) Rule # 118 : Let Her Eat Cake ( 2016 ) Full Cast & Crew '' . IMDb . IMDb . Retrieved 20 September 2017 . Jump up ^ http://deadline.com/2017/07/girlfriends-guide-to-divorce-season4-treailer-premiere-date-bravo-video-1202127711/ Jump up ^ Rackl , Lori ( November 30 , 2014 ) . `` Bravo found a keeper with great new series ' Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce ' '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Chicago : Tim Knight . Sun - Times Media Group . Archived from the original on 31 January 2015 . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , LaToya ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` Girlfriends ' Guide To Divorce is Bravo 's beautifully messy introduction to scripted drama '' . The A.V. Club . Chicago : The Onion , Inc . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` Review ' Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce ' marries Bravo to good TV '' . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles : Austin Beutner . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( November 30 , 2014 ) . `` TV Review : Bravo 's ' Girlfriends ' Guide To Divorce ' '' . Variety . Los Angeles . Penske Business Media . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Pennington , Gail ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` TV review : Bravo 's ' Girlfriends ' Guide ' is surprisingly good '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . St. Louis : Ray Farris. Lee Enterprises . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Paskin , Willa ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` Lowbrow and Delectable '' . Slate . The Slate Group . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Alessandra ( December 1 , 2014 ) . `` Divvying Up Perks , Pity , Scorn and Snark '' . The New York Times . New York City : Dean Baquet . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( December 1 , 2014 ) . `` Review : The Image - Conscious Uncoupling of Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce '' . Time . New York City : Time Inc . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Roush , Matt ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday TV : One for the Family ( Toy Story ) and One for Adults ( Girlfriends ' Guide ) '' . TV Guide . Radnor : CBS Interactive . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce , Bravo 's First Scripted Series , Is At Its Best When It 's At Its Nastiest '' . New York . New York City : New York Media , LLC . Retrieved 25 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 3 , 2014 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 12.2. 2014 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved 23 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Wins Night , ' Anarchy Afterword ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Benched ' , ' Ground Floor ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Ink Master ' Tops Night + ' The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' , ' The Curse of Oak Island ' , NBA Basketball & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 24 , 2014 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 12.23. 2014 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved 24 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 2 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : College Football Tops Night + ' Moonshiners ' The Little Couple ' , ' Ground Floor ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 8 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Wins Night ' ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' Dance Moms ' , ' The Real World ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 10 January 2015 . Jump up ^ The Futon Critic Staff ( July 13 , 2011 ) . `` Monday 's Cable Ratings : `` Pawn Stars '' Tops Heated Race `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Jump up ^ The Futon Critic Staff ( July 20 , 2011 ) . `` Monday 's Cable Ratings : History 's `` Pawn Stars '' Holds Onto Crown `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 28 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' Tops Night + ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Sons of Liberty ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Being Mary Jane ' Wins Night , ' Moonshiners ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Justified ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Tops Night + ' Being Mary Jane ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' 19 Kids and Counting ' Wins Night , ' Being Mary Jane ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Cougar Town ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 2.24. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce to premiere on Slice in Canada '' . The TV Watercooler . http://google.com/+JeevanBrar . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Lifetime UK Acquires ' Girlfriends ' Guide To Divorce ' , Sets September Premiere - TVWise '' . TVWise . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce : Season 1 , 2015 - 10 - 13 , retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 Jump up ^ Armstrong , Olivia ( 2015 - 10 - 30 ) . `` What 's New On Netflix This Weekend : ' Manson Family Vacation ' , November Titles , And More '' . Decider Where To Stream Movies & Shows on Netflix , Hulu , Amazon Instant , HBO Go . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce Netflix '' . www.netflix.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce , Season 1 on iTunes '' . iTunes . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce Season 1 Episode - Amazon Video '' . www.amazon.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` VUDU - Watch Movies '' . www.vudu.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . External links ( edit ) Official website Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce on IMDb Bravo original programming Former 2000s debuts 30 Even Scarier Movie Moments ( 2006 ) The 100 Scariest Movie Moments ( 2004 ) The Awful Truth ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Battle of the Network Reality Stars ( 2005 ) Being Bobby Brown ( 2005 ) Better Halves ( 2007 ) Blow Out ( 2004 -- 06 ) Boy Meets Boy ( 2003 ) Bravo A-List Awards ( 2008 -- 09 ) Breaking News ( 2002 ) Celebrity Poker Showdown ( 2003 -- 06 ) Chef Academy ( 2009 -- 10 ) Date My Ex : Jo & Slade ( 2008 ) The Fashion Show : Ultimate Collection ( 2009 -- 11 ) First Class All the Way ( 2008 ) Gay Weddings ( 2002 ) Hey Paula ( 2007 ) The It Factor ( 2002 -- 03 ) Kathy Griffin : My Life on the D - List ( 2005 -- 10 ) Launch My Line ( 2009 -- 10 ) Make Me a Supermodel ( 2008 -- 09 ) Manhunt ( 2004 ) Miami Social ( 2009 ) The Millionaire Matchmaker ( 2008 -- 15 ) NYC Prep ( 2009 ) Outrageous and Contagious : Viral Videos ( 2006 ) Page to Screen ( 2002 -- 05 ) Party / Party ( 2005 -- 06 ) Project Runway ( 2004 -- 08 ) Queer Eye for the Straight Girl ( 2005 ) Queer Eye for the Straight Guy ( 2003 -- 07 ) The Rachel Zoe Project ( 2008 -- 13 ) Significant Others ( 2004 ) Shear Genius ( 2007 -- 10 ) Showbiz Moms & Dads ( 2004 ) Showdog Moms & Dads ( 2005 ) Sports Kids Moms & Dads ( 2005 ) Step It Up and Dance ( 2008 ) Tabatha Takes Over ( 2008 -- 13 ) Tabloid Wars ( 2006 ) 2010s debuts 100 Days of Summer ( 2014 ) 9 By Design ( 2010 ) Après Ski ( 2015 ) Around the World in 80 Plates ( 2012 ) Best New Restaurant ( 2015 ) Bethenny Ever After ( 2010 -- 12 ) Blood , Sweat & Heels ( 2014 -- 15 ) Boys to Manzo ( 2011 ) Chef Roblé & Co. 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( 2010 ) Rocco 's Dinner Party ( 2011 ) Secrets and Wives ( 2015 ) The Singles Project ( 2014 ) Start - Ups : Silicon Valley ( 2012 ) Tamra 's OC Wedding ( 2013 ) Teresa Checks In ( 2015 ) Thintervention with Jackie Warner ( 2010 ) Toned Up ( 2014 ) Top Chef Duels ( 2014 ) Top Chef : Just Desserts ( 2010 -- 11 ) Untying the Knot ( 2014 -- 16 ) Work of Art : The Next Great Artist ( 2010 -- 11 ) Work Out New York ( 2015 -- 16 ) Current Below Deck ( since 2013 ) Below Deck Mediterranean ( since 2016 ) Cyrus vs. Cyrus : Design and Conquer ( since 2017 ) Do n't Be Tardy ( since 2012 ) First Family of Hip Hop ( since 2017 ) Flipping Out ( since 2007 ) Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce ( since 2014 ) Going Off the Menu ( 2016 ) Imposters ( since 2017 ) Inside the Actors Studio ( since 1994 ) Ladies of London ( since 2014 ) Married to Medicine ( since 2013 ) Married to Medicine : Houston ( since 2016 ) Million Dollar Listing Los Angeles ( since 2006 ) Million Dollar Listing New York ( since 2012 ) Newlyweds : The First Year ( since 2013 ) Odd Mom Out ( since 2015 ) The People 's Couch ( since 2013 ) The Real Housewives of Atlanta ( since 2008 ) The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ( since 2010 ) The Real Housewives of Dallas ( since 2016 ) The Real Housewives of New Jersey ( since 2009 ) The Real Housewives of New York City ( since 2008 ) The Real Housewives of Orange County ( since 2006 ) The Real Housewives of Potomac ( since 2016 ) Recipe for Deception ( since 2016 ) Shahs of Sunset ( since 2012 ) Southern Charm ( since 2014 ) Southern Charm Savannah ( since 2017 ) Summer House ( since 2017 ) Then and Now with Andy Cohen ( since 2015 ) There Goes the Motherhood ( since 2016 ) Thicker Than Water ( since 2013 ) Timber Creek Lodge ( since 2016 ) Top Chef ( since 2006 ) Tour Group ( since 2016 ) Vanderpump Rules ( since 2013 ) Vanderpump Rules After Show ( since 2015 ) Watch What Happens Live with Andy Cohen ( since 2009 ) Yours , Mine or Ours ( since 2016 ) Upcoming A Night With My Ex ( 2017 ) Real Estate Wars ( 2017 ) Stripped ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Girlfriends%27_Guide_to_Divorce&oldid=801779759 '' Categories : 2010s American comedy television series 2010s American drama television series 2014 American television series debuts American comedy - drama television series Bravo ( U.S. ) television series English - language television programs Television programs based on books Television series by Universal Television Television series produced in Vancouver Television shows set in Los Angeles Works about divorce Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 20 : 18 . 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4837802938195315168 | Andy Greene | Andy Greene - wikipedia Andy Greene Jump to : navigation , search For people with similar names , see Andrew Green ( disambiguation ) . Andy Greene Greene in 2014 . ( 1982 - 10 - 30 ) October 30 , 1982 ( age 35 ) Trenton , Michigan , U.S. Height 5 ft 11 in ( 180 cm ) Weight 180 lb ( 82 kg ; 12 st 12 lb ) Position Defense Shoots Left NHL team New Jersey Devils National team United States NHL Draft Undrafted Playing career 2006 -- present Andrew Greene ( born October 30 , 1982 ) is an American ice hockey player and the captain of the New Jersey Devils of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Playing career 2 Career statistics 2.1 Regular season and playoffs 2.2 International 3 Awards and honors 4 Transactions 5 References 6 External links Playing career ( edit ) Before joining the Devils , he attended and played hockey for Miami University . He was signed out of Miami University , and was assigned to the Devil 's AHL affiliate , the Lowell Devils , after training camp . He succeeded at the AHL level , making the PlanetUSA all - star team . During his rookie professional season in 2006 -- 07 , he was called up for a short stint to replace the injured Johnny Oduya . Though Greene played well and showed considerable promise , he was reassigned to Lowell upon Oduya 's return . Later in the season , he was again recalled when Colin White was injured . When the 2007 playoffs began , the NHL salary cap no longer applied , allowing the Devils to add Greene to their permanent roster . With the return of injured defenseman Richard Matvichuk , it appeared as though Greene would sit . However , an injury to Colin White allowed Greene to remain on the roster . During this period , Greene played so well that , upon White 's return , Oduya was scratched instead of Greene . On July 1 , 2011 , Greene was signed to a four - year , $14 million contract extension with the Devils . On July 30 , 2014 , Greene was signed to a new five - year , $25 million contract extension with the Devils . Before the start of the 2015 -- 16 NHL season , Greene was named the Devils captain , following the retirement of Bryce Salvador . Career statistics ( edit ) Regular season and playoffs ( edit ) Regular season Playoffs Season Team League GP Pts PIM GP Pts PIM 2000 -- 01 Compuware Ambassadors NAHL 54 7 24 31 60 -- -- -- -- -- 2001 -- 02 Compuware Ambassadors NAHL 53 16 29 45 88 -- -- -- -- -- 2002 -- 03 Miami Univ . RedHawks CCHA 41 19 23 64 -- -- -- -- -- 2003 -- 04 Miami Univ . RedHawks CCHA 41 7 19 26 78 -- -- -- -- -- 2004 -- 05 Miami Univ . RedHawks CCHA 38 7 27 34 66 -- -- -- -- -- 2005 -- 06 Miami Univ . RedHawks CCHA 39 9 22 31 48 -- -- -- -- -- 2006 -- 07 Lowell Devils AHL 52 5 16 21 28 -- -- -- -- -- 2006 -- 07 New Jersey Devils NHL 23 5 6 6 11 2007 -- 08 New Jersey Devils NHL 59 8 10 22 0 0 0 0 2008 -- 09 New Jersey Devils NHL 49 7 9 22 0 0 2009 -- 10 New Jersey Devils NHL 78 6 31 37 14 5 6 2010 -- 11 New Jersey Devils NHL 82 19 23 22 -- -- -- -- -- 2011 -- 12 New Jersey Devils NHL 56 15 16 16 24 0 8 2012 -- 13 New Jersey Devils NHL 48 12 16 20 -- -- -- -- -- 2013 -- 14 New Jersey Devils NHL 82 8 24 32 32 -- -- -- -- -- 2014 -- 15 New Jersey Devils NHL 82 19 22 20 -- -- -- -- -- 2015 -- 16 New Jersey Devils NHL 82 9 13 26 -- -- -- -- -- 2016 -- 17 New Jersey Devils NHL 66 9 13 8 -- -- -- -- -- 2017 -- 18 New Jersey Devils NHL 81 10 13 21 5 0 6 NHL totals 788 42 168 210 229 50 6 9 22 International ( edit ) Year Team Event Result GP Pts PIM United States WC 13th 6 0 0 Senior totals 6 0 0 Awards and honors ( edit ) Award Year College All - CCHA Rookie Team 2002 -- 03 All - CCHA First Team 2003 -- 04 CCHA All - Tournament Team All - CCHA First Team 2004 -- 05 AHCA West Second - Team All - American 2004 -- 05 All - CCHA First Team 2005 -- 06 AHCA West First - Team All - American 2005 -- 06 CCHA All - Tournament Team 2006 Transactions ( edit ) April 4 , 2006 - Signed by the New Jersey Devils as a free agent . June 13 , 2007 - Re-signed by the New Jersey Devils to a two - year , $1.4 million contract . July 1 , 2011 - Re-signed by the New Jersey Devils to a four - year , $12 million contract . July 30 , 2014 - Re-signed by the New Jersey Devils to a five - year , $25 million contract . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Devils re-sign defenseman Greene and Goalie Hedberg '' . The Sports Network . 2011 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Devils sign defenseman Andy Greene to long - term contract extension '' . NJ.com. 2014 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Moxley , Christopher ( 9 October 2015 ) . `` Devils Name Andy Greene Next Captain '' . All About The Jersey . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` All - CCHA Teams '' . College Hockey Historical Archives . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2012 - 13 CCHA Media Guide '' . ISSUU.com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 23 . External links ( edit ) Biographical information and career statistics from NHL.com , or Eliteprospects.com , or Hockey-Reference.com , or The Internet Hockey Database Awards and achievements Preceded by A.J. Thelen CCHA Best Offensive Defenseman 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 Succeeded by Jack Johnson Preceded by Nathan Oystrick CCHA Best Defensive Defenseman 2005 -- 06 Succeeded by Matt Hunwick Preceded by Bryce Salvador New Jersey Devils captain 2015 -- present Incumbent ( hide ) Current team captains in the National Hockey League Pacific Ryan Getzlaf ( Ducks ) Mark Giordano ( Flames ) Connor McDavid ( Oilers ) Anze Kopitar ( Kings ) Vacant ( Coyotes ) Joe Pavelski ( Sharks ) Vacant ( Canucks ) Vacant ( Golden Knights ) Central Jonathan Toews ( Blackhawks ) Gabriel Landeskog ( Avalanche ) Jamie Benn ( Stars ) Mikko Koivu ( Wild ) Roman Josi ( Predators ) Alex Pietrangelo ( Blues ) Blake Wheeler ( Jets ) Atlantic Zdeno Chara ( Bruins ) Vacant ( Sabres ) Henrik Zetterberg ( Red Wings ) Derek MacKenzie ( Panthers ) Max Pacioretty ( Canadiens ) Erik Karlsson ( Senators ) Steven Stamkos ( Lightning ) Vacant ( Maple Leafs ) Metropolitan Justin Faulk & Jordan Staal ( Hurricanes ) Nick Foligno ( Blue Jackets ) Andy Greene ( Devils ) John Tavares ( Islanders ) Vacant ( Rangers ) Claude Giroux ( Flyers ) Sidney Crosby ( Penguins ) Alexander Ovechkin ( Capitals ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andy_Greene&oldid=838715705 '' Categories : 1982 births American ice hockey defensemen Ice hockey people from Michigan Living people Lowell Devils players Miami RedHawks men 's ice hockey players New Jersey Devils players People from Trenton , Michigan Undrafted National Hockey League players Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 28 April 2018 , at 21 : 18 . 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"Andrew Greene (born October 30, 1982) is an American ice hockey player and the captain of the New Jersey Devils of the National Hockey League (NHL)."
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-7684930114511275700 | Susan Banks | Susan Banks - wikipedia Susan Banks Jump to : navigation , search Susan Banks Eileen Davidson as Susan Banks Days of Our Lives character Portrayed by Eileen Davidson ( 1996 -- 98 , 2014 -- 17 ) Brynn Thayer ( 2011 ) Duration 1996 -- 98 2011 2014 2017 First appearance November 4 , 1996 ( 1996 - 11 - 04 ) Last appearance November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) Created by James E. Reilly Classification Former ; guest Profile Other names Kristen Blake Residence Memphis ( show ) Family Siblings Sister Mary Moira Banks Thomas Banks Penelope Kent Spouse John Black ( 1997 ) Edmund Crumb ( 1998 -- ? ) Sons EJ DiMera Grandchildren Johnny DiMera Sydney DiMera Grace Brady ( legal ) Susan Banks is a fictional character on NBC 's daytime drama Days of Our Lives . She was played by Eileen Davidson from November 4 , 1996 to April 8 , 1998 , and again in 2014 and 2017 . Susan is the mother of Elvis `` EJ '' DiMera , and once acted as Kristen Blake 's doppelganger . In November 2011 , it was announced that Brynn Thayer would take over the role of Susan , since Davidson was committed to The Young and the Restless . Thayer made her appearance on December 7 , 2011 . In June 2012 , it was announced that Davidson would reprise the role of Kristen Blake , along with her doppelganger , Susan Banks . In July 2012 , The Hollywood Reporter confirmed Davidson to reprise the role of Kristen Blake in October 2012 . In January 2014 , it was announced that Davidson would be returning to Days for three - month story arc after having departed with the show in November 2013 . In late September 2014 , it was announced that Davidson would reprise her role as Susan Banks ; her first time portraying the character in 16 years . Davidson returned to the role once again on November 2 , 2017 . She reprised the role of Susan 's sister , Sister Mary Moira on November 21 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting 2 Development 3 Storylines 3.1 1996 -- 98 3.2 2011 3.3 2014 3.4 2017 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Casting ( edit ) The decision to create a storyline in which Stefano hires a doppelganger to impersonate Kristen Blake demanded that the Days producers cast an actress who resembled Davidson . Actress , Brenda Epperson was considered for the role , an actress Davidson suggested to replace her in her role as Ashley Abbott on The Young and the Restless , due to their uncanny resemblance . Instead of casting Epperson , or any actress for that matter , Davidson suggested that she play both roles : Kristen and her alter . The show ultimately agreed . On rehearsing , Davidson related : `` I had a tape recorder and I would read the scene and turn it off when the character I was supposed to be talked . I ran lines that way . The major way that I knew it was working was because the crew was laughing , and I was laughing , we were cracking up all the time . '' Due to the sixteen - hour work days ( including Saturdays ) Davidson spent on the Days set led to her developing digestive problems and insomnia . `` They worked me to death . I was at the end of my contract , I was going to leave after the first year I played Susan . And they asked me to stay an additional year to finish off the storyline , so I did . '' The gruel from playing upwards of five characters led to Davidson 's departure from the show . Post-Days , head writer James E. Reilly called Davidson personally to apologize for working her ' into the ground . ' He told her that he could n't help it ; he felt inspired by her . `` That 's OK . You know I volunteered to play both characters ! '' Davidson responded . In 2011 , Days was unable to obtain Davidson , who was working on The Young and the Restless at the time , to reprise the role of Susan . A recast was made with actress Brynn Thayer filling in . Thayer was asked to research the character by watching old clips of Davidson as Susan on YouTube . The show decided to show only the back of Thayer 's head as Susan , who takes a phone call from Salem . Per Davidson 's agreement in 2012 to return to the soap , a stipulation was included in her contract : Lisa Williams , who acted as her double in her mid-90s Days stint , would be re-hired if need be . Davidson returned to the soap under the assumption that she would be portraying Susan Banks , with just a little bit of Kristen DiMera . Ultimately , Banks would never reappear . However , in September 2013 , a tribute of sorts was made to the late James E. Reilly when Kristen , who needs to go undercover , uses Susan 's teeth as a disguise . Davidson had taken Susan 's teeth with her before leaving the soap in 1998 . Prior to her 2014 return , Davidson was alerted that her storyline would include Susan Banks . `` They told me , but they also knew that I was up for it . '' Lisa Williams returned as Davidson 's double . Davidson reprised her role in November 2017 . In 2017 , head writer Ron Carlivati discussed the decision behind having Susan Banks being responsible for Will Horton 's disappearance and resurrection , stating : `` When we went to explore who might have a motivation to initiate Will 's disappearance or Will 's death , Susan came to mind , and we came up with a story that would require ( Eileen Davidson ) involved . '' Carlivati admitted his reluctance to this decision , due to Davidson 's commitment to The Young and the Restless , even considering a recast for the role , however , deemed that `` trickier '' . Davidson announced that her scenes became a collaborative effort as Carlivati was unfamiliar with Susan and was relying on others to fill him in -- `` But who better than , you know , the person that played her ? ( ... ) ( Ron ) was very open to hearing my input , and when I thought that it was maybe too broad , he would let me change it or cut it or whatever I needed to do . It 's easy to write Susan broad , and it 's easy to play her broad . So it 's always , like , trying to pull it back , but also showing the flavor of her personality . '' Development ( edit ) While James E. Reilly created the character , Davidson was the driving force behind the character 's personality . `` Susan was supposed to be insecure from a small town , not very worldly , basically kind of ignorant . She had an innocence . I based a lot of it on innocence , not necessarily ignorance . But she was very intelligent in a certain way . She was good at getting what she wanted . '' Davidson would have a lot of input into all of the characters she portrayed , including wardrobe and hairstyles . Reilly added Susan 's obsession with Elvis Presley . On Susan 's voice , Davidson states : `` For the voice , I just went up a couple of octaves and threw in a Southern accent . It was easy . '' Besides the characters Kristen and Susan Banks , Davidson would go on to play an assortment of Susan 's family members : Sister Mary Moira ( a nun ) , Thomas Banks , and Penelope Kent . Storylines ( edit ) 1996 -- 98 ( edit ) In August 1996 , Kristen is hospitalized after an explosion kills her mother and she miscarries her child . Stefano soon reappears in Salem and hires Kristen 's lookalike Susan Banks to carry a child that Kristen would raise as her and John 's . With the help of her father and Peter , Kristen fakes her pregnancy . When Susan goes into labor , Kristen disguised as a nurse is forced to watch as John marries Susan , believing she is really Kristen . Kristen gets custody of the child long enough to name him John Black , Jr. and Susan soon returns to claim her child and husband . Kristen enlists Vivian Alamain ( Louise Sorel ) and Ivan in keeping Susan locked in a secret room but Marlena puts the pieces together and Kristen is forced to lock her away . When Susan discovers the truth , sick of Kristen 's manipulations she locks Kristen inside the room and attempts to marry John until Laura Horton ( Jamie Lyn Bauer ) confronts her at the wedding . After being rejected by John due to her scheming , Kristen 's failed attempt to kill Marlena lands her in jail . After being released on bail , she attempts suicide after hearing about John and Marlena 's engagement . She then reveals Marlena 's presumed dead husband , Roman Brady ( now Josh Taylor ) ; John and Kristen then pretend to marry to keep Roman becoming suspicious . When John and Stefano ruin her attempt to get back Susan 's son , Elvis ( a.k.a. John , Jr . ) , she reveals that Roman and Marlena have been seeing one another . Kristen 's attempt to force Susan into giving the child back ends with the death of Susan 's identical sister , Penelope Kent . Fearing she 'll be charged with murder , Kristen pretends to be Susan and is forced to marry Susan 's boyfriend , Edmund Crumb ( Adam Caine ) . In the meantime , `` Susan '' and Edmund go on a honeymoon and Laura is arrested for Kristen 's murder . Edmund admits to Kristen 's `` murder '' and they soon run into the real Susan who explains that Kristen sold her into a harem ; it is then revealed that the dead person was Susan 's other sibling , Penelope Kent . To get revenge against Kristen , Susan exchanges her freedom for Kristen to be sold to the harem . 2011 ( edit ) In December 2011 , Bo ( Peter Reckell ) and Hope ( Kristian Alfonso ) come across an ornament owned by Alice Horton . Tucked inside it they find a letter written by Susan asking Alice for help with Elvis who was sick and needed a doctor . The letter is to be extended to Stefano . Bo finds Susan 's phone number in England and Hope decides to call her . Hope inquires the significance of the letter to Susan ( Brynn Thayer ) who becomes nervous that Elvis is in trouble . Susan inadvertently reveals that Alice helped Elvis , and Stefano visited her after Elvis was better . Realizing that she 's said too much , Susan pretends that the phone line has a bad connection and hangs up . 2014 ( edit ) Susan turns up on the DiMera Mansion doorstep . She 's come to visit EJ . She 's had a premonition that he 's in grave danger . She attempts to convince him to return to England with her . Susan also does n't think that Sami ( Alison Sweeney ) is the right woman for him to be with ; she sees her as nothing but trouble . She reveals why she allowed Stefano , who she says is evil , raise him : she and Edmund could n't provide the life that he could . Susan refers to EJ and her `` first born , '' suggesting that she 's had more children after him . Susan is left alone in the mansion and decides to pay John a visit in the hospital . She goes to open the door to leave and is greeted by Kristen who is standing there . The two trade barbs ; Susan rushes out after Kristen gets Stefano on the phone . Susan visits an unconscious John in the hospital . She talks about their almost wedding and before going , leaves a photo from the nuptials . 2017 ( edit ) The hunt for Will Horton ( Chandler Massey ) leads Sami , John and Marlena to a house in Memphis occupied by Roger , an Elvis impersonator and Susan Banks . While toting a rifle and standing in a bedroom whose walls are adorned with the initials `` EJ '' , Susan reveals that she paid Dr. Wilhelm Rolf to revive Will as part of a revenge plot against Sami . Susan holds Sami responsible for EJ 's death ; it 's caused her to spiral out of control as well as ended her marriage to Edmund . Susan is adamant that Rolf 's revival did n't work . However , Will , identifying himself as EJ , is found alive and working in a bar in Memphis . Friends and family try desperately to convince him that he 's been brainwashed by his `` mother '' Susan and to return to Salem . When Roger confirms that Susan is n't Will 's biological mother , Susan suffers a mental breakdown and is hospitalized . Will decides to return to Salem to learn about his former life . Reception ( edit ) Davidson 's performance earned her her first Daytime Emmy Award nomination in the category of Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series in 1998 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Brynn Thayer To DAYS ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . Soapoperadigest.com. 2012 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( 2012 - 06 - 26 ) . `` Eileen Davidson Rejoins Days of our Lives as Kristen DiMera and Susan Banks ! '' . Michael Fairman On - Air On - Soaps . Retrieved June 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lelsey ( 2012 - 07 - 05 ) . `` ' Days of Our Lives ' Favorite Eileen Davidson Returning ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Thehollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( January 28 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Eileen Davidson Returns to Days of Our Lives '' . TV Guide . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fairman , Michael ( 2012 - 10 - 18 ) . `` The Eileen Davidson Interview -- Days of our Lives '' . Michael Fairman On - Air - On - Soaps . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Adams 2011 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Lipton , Michael A. ( 1997 - 08 - 11 ) . `` Daze of Their Lives '' . People Magazine . People.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Comings and Goings '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 36 ( 50 ) : pg. 5 . December 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` One and Done '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 38 ( 34 ) : pg. 28 . August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : Eileen Davidson Talks About Her Shocking Departure From Days of Our Lives '' . TV Guide . Tvguide.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( 2012 ) . `` Hot Scoop on Eileen Davidson 's Return to Days of Our Lives '' . TV Guide . Tvguide.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sloane , Waldron , Stephanie , Robert ( September 29 , 2014 ) . `` New Beginnings '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 39 ( 39 ) : pg. 35 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Eileen Davidson Dishes on Her ' Funny and Tragic ' Return to Days of Our Lives '' . TV Insider . United States : CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Comings and Goings '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 42 ( 45 ) . November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Waldron , Robert ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` ICYMI : Eileen Davidson Interview '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : Soap Opera Digest . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adams 2011 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Adams 2011 , pp. 73 - 74 . Jump up ^ `` Yearly Update for 1996 '' . Sony Pictures Television . Daysofourlives.com. 1996 . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2011 . Retrieved July 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Famous Plots : Kristen Blake DiMera '' . Sony Pictures Television . Daysofourlives.com . October 11 , 2012 . p. 4 . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yearly Update for 1997 '' . Sony Pictures Television . Daysofourlives.com. 1997 . Retrieved July 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Famous Plots : Kristen Blake DiMera '' . Sony Pictures Television . Daysofourlives.com . October 11 , 2012 . p. 5 . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Famous Plots : Kristen Blake DiMera '' . Sony Pictures Television . Daysofourlives.com . October 11 , 2012 . p. 6 . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Famous Plots : Kristen Blake DiMera '' . Sony Pictures Television . Daysofourlives.com . October 11 , 2012 . p. 7 . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Famous Plots : Kristen Blake DiMera '' . Sony Pictures Television . Daysofourlives.com . October 11 , 2012 . p. 8 . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Yearly Update for 1998 '' . Sony Pictures Television . Daysofourlives.com. 1998 . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Famous Plots : Kristen Blake DiMera '' . Sony Pictures Television . Daysofourlives.com . October 11 , 2012 . p. 9 . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cough Up That Hairball '' . Soaps.com. 2011 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Event : Soap Opera Digest Awards ( 1998 ) '' . Internet Movie Database . February 26 , 1998 . Bibliography Adams , Alina ( 2011 ) . Soap Opera 451 : A Time Capsule of Daytime Drama 's Greatest Moments . Alina Adams Media . ASIN B005NSDZYC . External links ( edit ) Susan Banks at soapcentral.com Days of Our Lives Current characters Brady Black John Black Caroline Brady Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Abe Carver Theo Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Andre DiMera Chad DiMera Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Parker Jonas Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Notable past characters Alice Horton Tom Horton Lawrence Alamain Vivian Alamain Susan Banks Belle Black Bo Brady Carrie Brady Reed Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Dr. Lexie Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Jack Deveraux Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Kristen DiMera Johnny DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Eve Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Calliope Jones Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Ben Rogers Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Clyde Weston Related information Cast members Producers and writers Awards and nominations 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Will and Sonny Shane and Kimberly Salem Cruise of Deception Fictional families DiMera family Horton family Brady family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family ( hide ) Days of Our Lives characters Present and future characters Brady Black John Black Tate Black Belle Brady Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Abe Carver Theo Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux André DiMera Chad DiMera Thomas DiMera Eve Donovan Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Arianna Horton Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Anne Milbauer Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Past characters Tom Horton Alice Horton Hattie Adams Lawrence Alamain Vivian Alamain Susan Banks Bart Beiderbecke Peter Blake Eugene Bradford Bo Brady Caroline Brady Carrie Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Rex Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Lexie Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Anjelica Deveraux Jack Deveraux Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Johnny DiMera Kristen DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Lee DuMonde Renée DuMonde Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Dario Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Parker Jonas Calliope Jones Bradford Alexander Kiriakis Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Maxine Landis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Mia McCormick Jade Michaels Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Wilhelm Rolf Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Fay Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Ben Weston Clyde Weston Character lists 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Cast members Previous cast members Producers and writers Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Shane and Kimberly Will and Sonny Salem Cruise of Deception Horton family Brady family DiMera family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Susan_Banks&oldid=811705758 '' Categories : Days of Our Lives characters Fictional characters introduced in 1996 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 23 November 2017 , at 11 : 10 . About Wikipedia | who is susan on days of our life | [
"Susan Banks is a fictional character on NBC's daytime drama Days of Our Lives. She was played by Eileen Davidson from November 4, 1996 to April 8, 1998, and again in 2014 and 2017. Susan is the mother of Elvis \"EJ\" DiMera, and once acted as Kristen Blake's doppelganger. In November 2011, it was announced that Brynn Thayer would take over the role of Susan, since Davidson was committed to The Young and the Restless. Thayer made her appearance on December 7, 2011.[1]"
] | [
"Eileen Davidson"
] |
-4881471379252673634 | Brigade de cuisine | Brigade de cuisine - wikipedia Brigade de cuisine Jump to : navigation , search Brigade de cuisine ( French : ( bʁiɡad də kɥizin ) , kitchen brigade ) is a system of hierarchy found in restaurants and hotels employing extensive staff , commonly referred to as `` kitchen staff '' in English - speaking countries . The concept was developed by Georges Auguste Escoffier ( 1846 - 1935 ) . This structured team system delegates responsibilities to different individuals who specialize in certain tasks in the kitchen . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of positions 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References List of positions ( edit ) This is an exhaustive list of the different members of the kitchen brigade system . Only the largest of establishments would have an extensive staff of this size . As noted under some titles , certain positions are combined into other positions when such a large staff is unnecessary . Note : Despite the use of chef in English as the title for a cook , the word actually means `` chief '' or `` head '' in French . Similarly , cuisine means `` kitchen '' , but also refers to food or cooking generally , or a type of food or cooking . Chef de cuisine ( kitchen chef ; `` chief of the kitchen '' ) is responsible for overall management of kitchen ; supervises staff , creates menus and new recipes with the assistance of the restaurant manager , makes purchases of raw food items , trains apprentices , and maintains a sanitary and hygienic environment for the preparation of food . Sous - chef de cuisine ( deputy / second kitchen chef ; `` under chief '' ) receives orders directly from the chef de cuisine for the management of the kitchen , and often serves as the representative when the chef de cuisine is not present . Saucier ( saucemaker / sauté cook ) prepares sauces and warm hors d'oeuvres , completes meat dishes , and in smaller restaurants , may work on fish dishes and prepare sautéed items . This is one of the most respected positions in the kitchen brigade . Chef de partie ( senior chef ; `` chief of the group '' ) is responsible for managing a given station in the kitchen , specializing in preparing particular dishes there . Those who work in a lesser station are commonly referred to as a demi - chef . Cuisinier ( cook ) is an independent position , usually preparing specific dishes in a station ; may also be referred to as a cuisinier de partie . Commis ( junior cook ) also works in a specific station , but reports directly to the chef de partie and takes care of the tools for the station . Apprenti ( e ) ( apprentice ) are often students gaining theoretical and practical training in school and work experience in the kitchen . They perform preparatory work and / or cleaning work . Plongeur ( dishwasher or kitchen porter ) cleans dishes and utensils , and may be entrusted with basic preparatory jobs . Marmiton ( pot and pan washer , also known as kitchen porter ) in larger restaurants , takes care of all the pots and pans instead of the plongeur . Rôtisseur ( roast cook ) manages a team of cooks that roasts , broils , and deep fries dishes . Grillardin ( grill cook ) in larger kitchens , prepares grilled foods instead of the rôtisseur . Friturier ( fry cook ) in larger kitchens , prepares fried foods instead of the rôtisseur . Poissonnier ( fish cook ) prepares fish and seafood dishes . Entremetier ( entrée preparer ) prepares soups and other dishes not involving meat or fish , including vegetable dishes and egg dishes . Potager ( soup cook ) in larger kitchens , reports to the entremetier and prepares the soups . Legumier ( vegetable cook ) in larger kitchens , also reports to the entremetier and prepares the vegetable dishes . Garde manger ( pantry supervisor ; `` food keeper '' ) is responsible for preparation of cold hors d'oeuvres , pâtés , terrines and aspics ; prepares salads ; organizes large buffet displays ; and prepares charcuterie items . Tournant ( spare hand / roundsman ) moves throughout the kitchen , assisting other positions in kitchen . Pâtissier ( pastry cook ) prepares desserts and other meal - end sweets , and for locations without a boulanger , also prepares breads and other baked items ; may also prepare pasta for the restaurant . Confiseur in larger restaurants , prepares candies and petit fours instead of the pâtissier . Glacier in larger restaurants , prepares frozen and cold desserts instead of the pâtissier . Décorateur in larger restaurants , prepares show pieces and specialty cakes instead of the pâtissier . Boulanger ( baker ) in larger restaurants , prepares bread , cakes , and breakfast pastries instead of the pâtissier . Boucher ( butcher ) butchers meats , poultry , and sometimes fish ; may also be in charge of breading meat and fish items . Aboyeur ( announcer / expediter ) takes orders from the dining room and distributes them to the various stations ; may also be performed by the sous - chef de partie . Communard prepares the meal served to the restaurant staff . Garçon de cuisine ( `` kitchen boy '' ) in larger restaurants , performs preparatory and auxiliary work for support . See also ( edit ) Food portal Auguste Escoffier Chef List of restaurant terminology Maître d'hôtel , a front of house head Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Escoffier Kitchen Brigade System Then and Now '' . 6 June 2014 . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Kitchen Brigade - Lucky Peach '' . 28 October 2015 . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dominé , 32 . ^ Jump up to : Dominé , 33 . ^ Jump up to : The Culinary Institute of America , 8 . References ( edit ) Dominé , André ( ed . ) . Culinaria France . Cologne : Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft mbh , 1998 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8331 - 1129 - 7 The Culinary Institute of America ( 2006 ) . The Professional Chef ( 8th ed . ) . Hoboken , New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7645 - 5734 - 7 . Patrick Rambourg , Histoire de la cuisine et de la gastronomie françaises , Paris , Ed . Perrin ( coll . tempus n ° 359 ) , 2010 , 381 pages . ISBN 978 - 2 - 262 - 03318 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brigade_de_cuisine&oldid=828610460 '' Categories : Food services occupations Restaurant terminology Culinary terminology Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Shqip Edit links This page was last edited on 3 March 2018 , at 17 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the french chef given credit for developing the classical kitchen brigade | [
"The concept was developed by Georges Auguste Escoffier (1846-1935).[1][2] This structured team system delegates responsibilities to different individuals who specialize in certain tasks in the kitchen."
] | [
"Georges Auguste Escoffier"
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-1071629294553120921 | List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders | List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders - wikipedia List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders Jump to : navigation , search Barry Bonds holds the record for most career home runs , hitting 762 over his 22 - year career . This is a list of the top 300 Major League Baseball leaders in home runs hit . In the sport of baseball , a home run is a hit in which the batter scores by circling all the bases and reaching home plate in one play , without the benefit of a fielding error . This can be accomplished either by hitting the ball out of play while it is still in fair territory ( a conventional home run ) , or by an inside - the - park home run . Barry Bonds holds the Major League Baseball home run record with 762 . He passed Hank Aaron , who is currently second with 755 , on August 7 , 2007 . The only other player to have hit 700 or more is Babe Ruth with 714 . Alex Rodriguez ( 696 ) , Willie Mays ( 660 ) , Ken Griffey , Jr. ( 630 ) , Albert Pujols ( 614 ) , Jim Thome ( 612 ) , and Sammy Sosa ( 609 ) are the only other players to have hit 600 or more . Listed are all Major League Baseball players with 215 or more home runs hit during official regular season ( i.e. , excluding playoffs or exhibition games ) . Players in bold face are active as of the 2017 Major League Baseball season ( including free agents ) , with the number in parentheses designating the number of home runs they have hit during the 2017 season . The last change in the cutoff for the top 300 occurred on September 30 , 2017 , when Carlos González hit his 215th career home run , displacing Jeff Conine and José Guillén . Contents ( hide ) 1 Key 2 List 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References Key ( edit ) Rank Rank amongst leaders in career home runs . A blank field indicates a tie . Player ( 2017 HRs ) Number of home runs hit during the 2017 Major League Baseball season . HR Total career home runs hit . * denotes elected to National Baseball Hall of Fame . Bold denotes active player . List ( edit ) Stats updated as of the 2017 season . Rank Player ( 2017 HRs ) HR Barry Bonds 762 Hank Aaron * 755 Babe Ruth * 714 Alex Rodriguez 696 5 Willie Mays * 660 6 Ken Griffey , Jr. * 630 7 Albert Pujols ( 23 ) 614 8 Jim Thome 612 9 Sammy Sosa 609 10 Frank Robinson * 586 11 Mark McGwire 583 12 Harmon Killebrew * 573 13 Rafael Palmeiro 569 14 Reggie Jackson * 563 15 Manny Ramirez 555 16 Mike Schmidt * 548 17 David Ortiz 541 18 Mickey Mantle * 536 19 Jimmie Foxx * 534 20 Willie McCovey * 521 Frank Thomas * 521 Ted Williams * 521 23 Ernie Banks * 512 Eddie Mathews * 512 25 Mel Ott * 511 26 Gary Sheffield 509 27 Eddie Murray * 504 28 Lou Gehrig * 493 Fred McGriff 493 30 Stan Musial * 475 Willie Stargell * 475 32 Carlos Delgado 473 33 Chipper Jones 468 34 Dave Winfield * 465 35 Adrián Beltré ( 17 ) 462 Miguel Cabrera ( 16 ) 462 José Canseco 462 Adam Dunn 462 39 Carl Yastrzemski * 452 40 Jeff Bagwell * 449 Vladimir Guerrero 449 42 Dave Kingman 442 43 Jason Giambi 440 44 Paul Konerko 439 45 Andre Dawson * 438 46 Carlos Beltrán ( 14 ) 435 47 Juan González 434 Andruw Jones 434 49 Cal Ripken , Jr. * 431 50 Mike Piazza * 427 51 Billy Williams * 426 52 Darrell Evans 414 53 Alfonso Soriano 412 54 Mark Teixeira 409 55 Duke Snider * 407 56 Andrés Galarraga 399 Al Kaline * 399 58 Dale Murphy 398 59 Joe Carter 396 60 Jim Edmonds 393 61 Graig Nettles 390 62 Johnny Bench * 389 63 Aramis Ramírez 386 64 Dwight Evans 385 65 Harold Baines 384 66 Larry Walker 383 67 Frank Howard 382 Ryan Howard ( 0 ) 382 Jim Rice * 382 70 Albert Belle 381 71 Orlando Cepeda * 379 Tony Pérez * 379 73 Matt Williams 378 74 Norm Cash 377 Jeff Kent 377 Rank Player ( 2017 HRs ) HR 76 Carlton Fisk * 376 77 Rocky Colavito 374 78 Gil Hodges 370 79 Todd Helton 369 Ralph Kiner * 369 81 Lance Berkman 366 82 Joe DiMaggio * 361 83 Gary Gaetti 360 84 Johnny Mize * 359 85 Yogi Berra * 358 Carlos Lee 358 87 Greg Vaughn 355 88 Luis Gonzalez 354 Lee May 354 90 Torii Hunter 353 91 Ellis Burks 352 92 Dick Allen 351 93 Chili Davis 350 94 Edwin Encarnación ( 38 ) 348 George Foster 348 96 Ron Santo * 342 97 Jack Clark 340 98 Tino Martinez 339 Dave Parker 339 Boog Powell 339 101 Don Baylor 338 102 Joe Adcock 336 103 Darryl Strawberry 335 104 Moisés Alou 332 Bobby Bonds 332 106 José Bautista ( 23 ) 331 Hank Greenberg * 331 Derrek Lee 331 109 Shawn Green 328 Mo Vaughn 328 111 Jermaine Dye 325 Willie Horton 325 113 Gary Carter * 324 Lance Parrish 324 115 Nelson Cruz ( 39 ) 323 116 Ron Gant 321 117 Vinny Castilla 320 Troy Glaus 320 119 Cecil Fielder 319 Prince Fielder 319 Curtis Granderson ( 26 ) 319 122 Roy Sievers 318 123 George Brett * 317 124 Ron Cey 316 Scott Rolen 316 126 Jeromy Burnitz 315 127 Matt Holliday ( 19 ) 314 Reggie Smith 314 129 Adrian Gonzalez ( 3 ) 311 Iván Rodríguez * 311 131 Jay Buhner 310 132 Edgar Martínez 309 133 Greg Luzinski 307 Al Simmons * 307 Miguel Tejada 307 136 Fred Lynn 306 Richie Sexson 306 Rubén Sierra 306 139 Raúl Ibañez 305 David Justice 305 Reggie Sanders 305 142 Steve Finley 304 143 Ryan Braun ( 17 ) 302 144 Robinson Canó ( 23 ) 301 Rogers Hornsby * 301 146 Chuck Klein * 300 147 Tim Salmon 299 148 Rickey Henderson * 297 149 Magglio Ordóñez 294 Robin Ventura 294 Rank Player ( 2017 HRs ) HR 151 Kent Hrbek 293 152 Pat Burrell 292 Rusty Staub 292 154 Craig Biggio * 291 Jimmy Wynn 291 156 Bobby Abreu 288 Del Ennis 288 Bob Johnson 288 Hank Sauer 288 160 Garret Anderson 287 Bobby Bonilla 287 Brian Giles 287 Bernie Williams 287 164 Carlos Peña 286 Frank Thomas 286 166 Will Clark 284 Eric Karros 284 168 Ken Boyer 282 Eric Davis 282 Ryne Sandberg * 282 171 Paul O'Neill 281 Mark Reynolds ( 30 ) 281 173 Ted Kluszewski 279 174 Mike Cameron 278 Ryan Klesko 278 176 Jay Bruce ( 36 ) 277 Rudy York 277 178 Brian Downing 275 Roger Maris 275 Dean Palmer 275 Jorge Posada 275 182 Dante Bichette 274 183 Steve Garvey 272 184 Tom Brunansky 271 Raúl Mondesí 271 George Scott 271 187 Vernon Wells 270 188 Joe Morgan * 268 Brooks Robinson * 268 Gorman Thomas 268 191 Chris Davis ( 26 ) 267 George Hendrick 267 Mike Napoli ( 29 ) 267 Giancarlo Stanton ( 59 ) 267 195 Vic Wertz 266 196 George Bell 265 Matt Stairs 265 198 Bobby Thomson 264 199 Brian McCann ( 18 ) 263 Hanley Ramírez ( 23 ) 263 201 Danny Tartabull 262 202 Eric Chavez 260 Derek Jeter 260 Evan Longoria ( 19 ) 260 Javy López 260 Tim Wallach 260 207 Matt Kemp ( 19 ) 259 208 Chase Utley ( 8 ) 258 209 Joey Votto ( 36 ) 257 210 Bob Allison 256 Larry Parrish 256 Vada Pinson 256 Justin Upton ( 35 ) 256 214 Kirk Gibson 255 Adam LaRoche 255 John Mayberry 255 John Olerud 255 218 Larry Doby * 253 Joe Gordon * 253 Andre Thornton 253 Todd Zeile 253 222 Bret Boone 252 Bobby Murcer 252 Joe Torre * 252 225 Tony Armas 251 Rank Player ( 2017 HRs ) HR Tony Clark 251 Adam Jones ( 26 ) 251 Cy Williams 251 Robin Yount * 251 Ryan Zimmerman ( 36 ) 251 231 José Valentín 249 232 Goose Goslin * 248 Ted Simmons 248 234 Justin Morneau ( 0 ) 247 Vern Stephens 247 236 Ken Singleton 246 237 Deron Johnson 245 Nick Swisher 245 Mickey Tettleton 245 239 Lou Whitaker 244 Hack Wilson * 244 242 Dusty Baker 242 Sal Bando 242 Wally Berger 242 Roy Campanella * 242 J.D. Drew 242 Aubrey Huff 242 David Wright ( 0 ) 242 249 Jesse Barfield 241 Cecil Cooper 241 Rick Monday 241 252 Jeff Burroughs 240 Roberto Clemente * 240 254 Dolph Camilli 239 Ken Caminiti 239 256 Earl Averill * 238 Ray Lankford 238 258 Doug DeCinces 237 Víctor Martínez ( 10 ) 237 Gus Zernial 237 261 Gabby Hartnett * 236 262 Johnny Damon 235 Bill Nicholson 235 Ben Oglivie 235 Dan Uggla 235 266 Ian Kinsler ( 22 ) 234 Gary Matthews 234 Kevin Mitchell 234 Paul Molitor * 234 270 Cliff Floyd 233 271 Jimmy Rollins ( 0 ) 231 272 Rob Deer 230 273 Nomar Garciaparra 229 Jayson Werth ( 10 ) 229 275 Howard Johnson 228 Dick Stuart 228 Hal Trosky 228 278 Marquis Grissom 227 279 Johnny Callison 226 280 Bobby Grich 224 Troy Tulowitzki ( 7 ) 224 282 Bobby Doerr * 223 Travis Fryman 223 Mike Lowell 223 285 Jason Bay 222 Don Mattingly 222 287 Tony Batista 221 Geoff Jenkins 221 289 Tony Oliva 220 Hunter Pence ( 13 ) 220 291 Jim Bottomley * 219 Al Oliver 219 Joe Pepitone 219 294 Bob Horner 218 295 Benito Santiago 217 296 Ron Fairly 215 Carlos González ( 14 ) 215 Pedro Guerrero 215 Chet Lemon 215 Mike Sweeney 215 See also ( edit ) Baseball portal 500 home run club List of Major League Baseball progressive career home runs leaders Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ A player is considered inactive if he has announced his retirement or not played for a full season . References ( edit ) MLB Official Career Home Run List Active Leaders & Records for Home Runs Major League Baseball records Baseball statistics ( types of records ) General Record holders Single - game records Single - season records Record breakers by season Records considered unbreakable Batting leaders Career Batting average On - base percentage Times on base Slugging percentage OPS Hits 3,000 club Progressive Singles Doubles Triples Home runs 500 club Progressive Extra base hits RBIs Total bases Walks Intentional HBP Strikeouts Games played At - bats Plate appearances Annual Batting average Doubles Triples Home runs RBI Season Batting average Triples Home run Progressive Game Home runs Hitting for the cycle Grand slams RBI Game Inning Hits Misc Consecutive game hitting streak On - base plus slugging Hits Home runs Doubles Triples RBIs Baserunning leaders Career Runs Stolen bases Annual Runs Stolen bases Game Runs Misc Stolen bases Runs Pitching leaders Career Wins 300 club Losses Games started Games finished Innings pitched Strikeouts 3,000 club Saves Complete games Shutouts ERA WHIP Walks Hit batsmen Wild pitches Batters faced Annual Wins Saves Shutouts Strikeouts ERA Game No - hitter Perfect game List of perfect games Strikeouts Game Inning Immaculate innings Misc Wins Fielding leaders Career Putouts 1B 2B SS 3B OF LF CF RF Errors 1B Assists Passed balls Annual Putouts Errors Managing records Wins and winning percentage Multiple stat records Triple Crown 20 -- 20 -- 20 club 30 -- 30 club 40 -- 40 club Other Consecutive games played Longest winning streaks Longest losing streaks Baseball statistics Batting Batting average On - base percentage Slugging percentage Hit Single Double Triple Home run Extra-base hit Grand slam RBI Game - winning RBI Walk Bunt Sacrifice bunt Sacrifice fly On - base plus slugging Base running Run Stolen base Stolen base percentage Caught stealing Pitching Win -- loss record Innings pitched Pitchers of record Save Hold Run Earned ERA Strikeout Walk Perfect game No - hitter WHIP BB / 9 K / 9 Quality start Complete game Shutout Wild pitch Fielding Fielding percentage Assist Putout Error Fielder 's choice Defensive indifference Passed ball Sabermetrics Adjusted ERA+ Base runs Batting park factor Catcher 's ERA Defensive Runs Saved Extrapolated Runs Game score Isolated Power Range factor Runs created Secondary average NERD Out of zone plays made Ultimate zone rating Weighted on - base average Wins Above Replacement Win probability added Win Shares Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Major_League_Baseball_career_home_run_leaders&oldid=804558472 '' Categories : Major League Baseball lists Major League Baseball statistics Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Português Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 19 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who has the most home runs in the mlb | [
"Barry Bonds holds the Major League Baseball home run record with 762. He passed Hank Aaron, who is currently second with 755, on August 7, 2007. The only other player to have hit 700 or more is Babe Ruth with 714. Alex Rodriguez (696), Willie Mays (660), Ken Griffey, Jr. (630), Albert Pujols (614), Jim Thome (612), and Sammy Sosa (609) are the only other players to have hit 600 or more."
] | [
"Barry Bonds"
] |
2176554180088913561 | Kochi | Kochi - Wikipedia Kochi Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the city in India . For other uses , see Kochi ( disambiguation ) . `` Cochin '' redirects here . For other uses , see Cochin ( disambiguation ) . Kochi Cochin Metropolis Clockwise from top : Marine Drive Skyline , Chinese Fishing Nets at Fort Kochi , Cochin Shipyard , Queen 's Way , Hill Palace , InfoPark Nickname ( s ) : Queen of the Arabian Sea Kochi Kochi Kochi Show map of Kerala Show map of India Show map of Kochi Show all Coordinates : 9 ° 58 ′ N 76 ° 17 ′ E / 9.97 ° N 76.28 ° E / 9.97 ; 76.28 Coordinates : 9 ° 58 ′ N 76 ° 17 ′ E / 9.97 ° N 76.28 ° E / 9.97 ; 76.28 Country India State Kerala District Ernakulam Formed 1 April 1958 Government Body Kochi Municipal Corporation Mayor Soumini Jain ( INC ) City Police Commissioner M.P. Dinesh IPS Area Metropolis 94.88 km ( 36.63 sq mi ) Metro 440 km ( 170 sq mi ) Elevation 0 m ( 0 ft ) Population ( 2011 ) Metropolis 601,574 Density 6,340 / km ( 16,400 / sq mi ) Metro 2,119,724 Demonym ( s ) Kochiite Languages Official Malayalam , English Time zone IST ( UTC + 5 : 30 ) PIN code ( s ) 682 XXX , 683 XXX Area code ( s ) + 91 - 484 Vehicle registration KL - 7 , KL - 39 , KL - 41 , KL - 42 , KL - 43 , KL - 63 Judicial Capital High Court of Kerala Coastline 48 kilometres ( 30 mi ) Sex ratio 1028 ♂ / ♀ Literacy 98.5 % Development Agency GCDA , GIDA Climate Am ( Köppen ) Precipitation 3,228.3 millimetres ( 127.10 in ) Website www.corporationofcochin.net Kochi ( ( koˈtʃːi ) ( listen ) ) , also known as Cochin ( / ˈkoʊtʃɪn / KOH - chin ) , is a major port city on the south - west coast of India by the Laccadive Sea . It is part of the district of Ernakulam in the state of Kerala and is often referred to as Ernakulam . With a corporation limit population of 612,343 , and metropolitan population of 2.1 million , Kochi city is also a part of the Greater Cochin region , which is the largest urban agglomeration in Kerala and is classified as a Tier - II city by the Government of India . The civic body that governs the city is the Kochi Municipal Corporation , which was constituted in the year 1967 , and the statutory bodies that oversee its development are the Greater Cochin Development Authority ( GCDA ) and the Goshree Islands Development Authority ( GIDA ) . Kochi also known as the Queen of the Arabian Sea , was an important spice trading centre on the west coast of India from the 14th century onward , and maintained a trade network with Arab merchants from the pre-Islamic era . Occupied by the Portuguese in 1503 , Kochi was the first of the European colonies in colonial India . It remained the main seat of Portuguese India until 1530 , when Goa was chosen instead . The city was later occupied by the Dutch and the British , with the Kingdom of Cochin becoming a princely state . Kochi ranks first in the total number of international and domestic tourist arrivals in Kerala . Kochi has been ranked the sixth best tourist destination in India according to a survey conducted by the Nielsen Company on behalf of the Outlook Traveller magazine . Kochi was one of the 28 Indian cities found to be among the emerging 440 global cities that will contribute 50 % of the world GDP by the year 2025 , in a 2011 study done by the McKinsey Global Institute . Kochi is the home to Southern Naval Command of the Indian Navy and the state headquarters of the Indian Coast Guard with an attached air squadron , named Air Squadron 747 . Commercial maritime facilities of the city include the Port of Kochi , an International Container Transshipment Terminal , the Cochin Shipyard , offshore SPM of the BPCL Kochi Refinery , and the Kochi Marina . Kochi is also home for the Cochin Stock Exchange , International Pepper Exchange , industries like HMT , Cyber City , Kinfra Hi - Tech Park , chemical industries like the FACT , TCC , IREL , Petronet LNG , Merchem , HOCL and Kochi Refineries , electrical industries like TELK , and industrial parks like the Cochin Special Economic Zone , Smart City and Infopark . Kochi is home for the High Court of Kerala and Lakshadweep , Naval physical and oceanographic laboratory ( NPOL ) , Indian Maritime University , Sree sankara Sanskrit University and the Cochin University of Science and Technology . Kochi is also home to Kerala 's National Law School , The National University of Advanced Legal Studies . Kochi has been hosting India 's first art biennale , the Kochi - Muziris Biennale , since 2012 , which attracts international artists and tourists . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Geography and climate 3.1 Geography 3.2 Climate 4 Civic administration 4.1 Law and order 4.2 Politics 5 Economy 6 Transport 6.1 Air 6.2 Road 6.2. 1 National highways 6.2. 2 State highways 6.2. 3 City roads 6.3 Public transport 6.3. 1 Road 6.3. 2 Rail 6.3. 2.1 Kochi Metro 6.3. 3 Water 7 Demographics 8 Culture 9 Healthcare 10 Education 10.1 Secondary education 10.2 Higher education 11 Social service organisations 12 Media 13 Sports 14 Navy 15 Sister cities 16 See also 17 References 18 Further reading 19 External links Etymology Ancient travellers and tradesmen referred to Kochi in their writings , variously alluding to it as Cocym , Cochym , Cochin , and Kochi . The Cochin Jewish community called Cochin as Kogin ( קוגין ) , which is seen in the seal of the synagogue which is still owned by the community . The origin of the name `` Kochi '' is thought to be from the Malayalam word kochu azhi , meaning ' small lagoon ' . Yet another theory is that Kochi is derived from the word Kaci , meaning `` harbour '' . The name Cochin implies `` co-chin '' , meaning `` like - China '' . It looked like China when the Chinese came to the region during the 14th century and installed Chinese nets . Accounts by Italian explorers Nicolo Conti ( 15th century ) , and Fra Paoline in the 17th century say that it was called Kochchi , named after the river connecting the backwaters to the sea . After the arrival of the Portuguese , and later the British , the name Cochin stuck as the official appellation . The city reverted to a closer Anglicization of its original Malayalam name , Kochi , in 1996 . This change in name was challenged by the city municipal corporation but court has later dismissed the plea . History Main article : History of Kochi See also : Kingdom of Cochin Kochi was the centre of Indian spice trade for many centuries , and was known to the Yavanas ( Greeks and Romans ) as well as Jews , Syrians , Arabs , and Chinese since ancient times . Kochi rose to significance as a trading centre after the port Muziris around Kodungallur ( Cranganore ) was destroyed by massive flooding of Periyar in 1341 . The earliest documented references to Kochi occur in books written by Chinese voyager Ma Huan during his visit to Kochi in the 15th century as part of Admiral Zheng He 's treasure fleet . There are also references to Kochi in accounts written by Italian traveller Niccolò Da Conti , who visited Kochi in 1440 . Kochi City around 1635 Paradesi Synagogue Inscription St. Francis CSI Church built in 1503 , is the oldest European church in India . According to many historians , the precursor state to Kingdom of Kochi came into existence in the early 12th century , after the fall of the Chera Kingdom . The reign of the Kingdom was hereditary , and the family that ruled over the region was known as the Perumpadappu Swaroopam in the local vernacular . Portuguese navigator , Pedro Álvares Cabral founded the first European settlement in India at Kochi in 1500 . From 1503 to 1663 , Fort Kochi ( Fort Emmanuel ) was ruled by Portugal . This Portuguese period was a harrowing time for the Saint Thomas Christians and the Jews , as the Inquisition was active in Portuguese India . Kochi hosted the grave of Vasco da Gama , the first European explorer to set sail for India , who was buried at St. Francis Church until his remains were returned to Portugal in 1539 . The Portuguese rule was followed by that of the Dutch who renamed Fort Immanuel as Fort Stormsburg . In meantime , the Royal Family of Kochi relocated the capital of Kochi Kingdom to Thrissur , leaving nominal authority over Islands of Kochi . In 1664 , Fort Kochi Municipality was established by Dutch , making it the first municipality in Indian subcontinent , which got dissolved when Dutch authority got weaker in the 18th century . The remaining part of Kochi were governed by governors of Kochi Kingdom . By 1773 , the Mysore ruler Hyder Ali extended his conquest in the Malabar region to Kochi forcing it to become a tributary of Mysore . The hereditary Prime Ministership of Kochi held by the Paliath Achans ended during this period . Meanwhile , the Dutch , fearing an outbreak of war on the United Provinces , signed the Anglo - Dutch Treaty of 1814 with the United Kingdom , under which Kochi was ceded to the United Kingdom in exchange for the island of Bangka . However , there are evidences of English habitation in the region even before the signing of the treaty . In 1866 , Fort Kochi municipality was reinstalled and its first Municipal Council seating contest was conducted in 1883 . In 1896 , H.H. Rama Varma XV , The Maharaja of Cochin , initiated local administration by forming town councils in Mattancherry and Ernakulam . In 1907 , the Governor of the Madras Presidency , Sir Arthur Lawley and his brother , Beilby Lawley , 3rd Baron Wenlock , Governor of Madras , 1891 to 1896 , left for an official tour of Cochin and Travancore , which lasted from 25 January to 14 February . On 26 January , they were met by His Highness the Rajah of Cochin who gave a State Dinner in their honour at Ernakulam . By the 1870s , the capital of Kochi Kingdom was relocated again to Kochi Suburb of Tripunithura . In 1910 , Ernakulam became the administrative capital of Kochi Kingdom with establishment of Royal Secretariat and State Durbar . The Offices of Diwan and High court were soon moved into Ernakulam . In 1925 , Kochi legislative assembly was constituted due to public pressure on the state . Towards the early 20th century , trade at the port had increased substantially , and the need to develop the port was greatly felt . Harbour engineer Robert Bristow was brought to Kochi in 1920 under the direction of Lord Willingdon , then the Governor of Madras . In a span of 21 years , he transformed Kochi as one of the safest harbours in the peninsula , where ships berthed alongside the newly reclaimed inner harbour equipped with a long array of steam cranes . In 1947 , when India gained independence from the British colonial rule , Cochin was the first princely state to join the Indian Union willingly . In 1949 , Travancore - Cochin state came into being with the merger of Cochin and Travancore . The King of Travancore was the Rajpramukh of the Travancore - Cochin Union from 1949 to 1956 . Travancore - Cochin , was in turn merged with the Malabar district of the Madras State . Finally , the Government of India 's States Reorganisation Act ( 1956 ) inaugurated a new state -- Kerala -- incorporating Travancore - Cochin ( excluding the four southern Taluks which were merged with Tamil Nadu ) , Malabar District , and the taluk of Kasargod , South Kanara . On 9 July 1960 the Mattancherry council passed a resolution -- which was forwarded to the government -- requesting the formation of a municipal corporation by combining the existing municipalities of Fort Kochi , Mattancherry , and Ernakulam . The government appointed a commission to study the feasibility of the suggested merger . Based on its report , the Kerala Legislative Assembly approved the corporation 's formation . On 1 November 1967 , exactly eleven years since the establishment of the state of Kerala , the Kochi Municipal Corporation came into existence . The merger leading to the establishment of the corporation , was between the municipalities of Ernakulam , Mattancherry and Fort Kochi , along with that of the Willingdon Island , four panchayats ( Palluruthy , Vennala , Vyttila and Edappally ) , and the small islands of Gundu and Ramanthuruth . Kochi and Ernakulam district formed on 1 April 1958 carving areas of erstwhile Travancore - Kochi - Malabar kingdoms . Major portion of the district is from the Kochi kingdom . The city 's economic growth gathered momentum after economic reforms in India introduced by the central government in the early - 1990s . Since 2000 , the service sector has energised the city 's economy . The establishment of several industrial parks based on IT and other port based infrastructure triggered a construction and realty boom in the city . Over the years , Kochi has witnessed rapid commercialisation , and has today grown into the commercial hub of Kerala . Geography and climate A view of Thevara from Kundannur bridge Geography Main article : Geography of Kochi Kochi is located on the southwest coast of India at 9 ° 58 ′ N 76 ° 13 ′ E / 9.967 ° N 76.217 ° E / 9.967 ; 76.217 , with a corporation limit area of 94.88 km ( 36.63 sq mi ) . Over the years , the city has expanded considerably outside the corporation limit set in 1967 , although the official city limits has n't yet been increased . The city straddles the backwaters , encompassing the northern end of a peninsula , several islands and a portion of the mainland . To the west lies the Laccadive Sea , and to the east is the urbanised region in the rest of the mainland area . Much of Kochi lies at sea level , with a coastline of 48 km . The current metropolitan limits of Kochi include the mainland Ernakulam , Fort Kochi , the suburbs of Edapally , Kalamassery and Kakkanad to the northeast ; Tripunithura to the southeast ; and a group of islands closely scattered in the Vembanad Lake . The state government and the GCDA have plans to include Mala and Kodungallur in Thrissur district , Angamaly , Perumbavoor , Piravom and Kolenchery in Ernakulam district , Thalayolaparambu and Vaikom in Kottayam and Cherthala in Alappuzha district within Kochi metropolitan limits . The newly formed metropolis would be put under the charge of a new authority called Kochi Metropolitan Regional Development Authority . However , The Hindu reported that the state government is yet to take any concrete steps in this regard . Soil consists of sediments such as alluvium , teris , brown sands , etc . Hydromorphic saline soils are also found in the areas surrounding the backwaters . Predominant rock types found here are Archaean - basic dykes , Charnockites and Gneisses . An ecologically sensitive area , the Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary is located in the central part of the city . It has a wide range of mangrove species and is a nesting ground for a vast variety of migratory birds . Kochi 's water needs are entirely dependent on ground water and the two rivers flowing through the district viz. , Periyar and Muvattupuzha . Periyar serves the entire northern part of the city whereas Muvattupuzha river under the JnNurm project covers the West Kochi , East Kochi and parts of Cherthala taluk under the Japan Water Project Scheme . Climate Under the Köppen climate classification , Kochi features a tropical monsoon climate ( Am ) . Kochi 's proximity to the equator along with its coastal location results in little seasonal temperature variation , with moderate to high levels of humidity . Annual temperatures range between 23 and 31 ° C ( 73 and 88 ° F ) with the record high being 36.5 ° C ( 97.7 ° F ) , and record low 16.3 ° C ( 61.3 ° F ) . From June to September , the south - west monsoon brings in heavy rains as Kochi lies on the windward side of the Western Ghats . From October to December , Kochi receives lighter ( yet significant ) rain from the northeast monsoon , as it lies on the leeward side . Average annual rainfall is 2,978.0 mm ( 117.24 in ) , with an annual average of 125 rainy days . ( hide ) Climate data for Kochi ( 1971 -- 2010 ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 36.4 ( 97.5 ) 35.7 ( 96.3 ) 36.0 ( 96.8 ) 36.5 ( 97.7 ) 35.2 ( 95.4 ) 34.2 ( 93.6 ) 33.1 ( 91.6 ) 32.5 ( 90.5 ) 34.2 ( 93.6 ) 34.6 ( 94.3 ) 35.6 ( 96.1 ) 34.8 ( 94.6 ) 36.5 ( 97.7 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 31.7 ( 89.1 ) 31.9 ( 89.4 ) 32.5 ( 90.5 ) 32.9 ( 91.2 ) 32.3 ( 90.1 ) 30.1 ( 86.2 ) 29.3 ( 84.7 ) 29.3 ( 84.7 ) 30.0 ( 86 ) 30.6 ( 87.1 ) 31.2 ( 88.2 ) 31.8 ( 89.2 ) 31.1 ( 88 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 22.6 ( 72.7 ) 24.0 ( 75.2 ) 25.3 ( 77.5 ) 25.9 ( 78.6 ) 25.7 ( 78.3 ) 24.1 ( 75.4 ) 23.7 ( 74.7 ) 23.9 ( 75 ) 24.2 ( 75.6 ) 24.1 ( 75.4 ) 24.0 ( 75.2 ) 23.1 ( 73.6 ) 24.2 ( 75.6 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) 16.5 ( 61.7 ) 16.3 ( 61.3 ) 21.6 ( 70.9 ) 21.3 ( 70.3 ) 21.1 ( 70 ) 20.4 ( 68.7 ) 17.6 ( 63.7 ) 20.6 ( 69.1 ) 21.1 ( 70 ) 19.2 ( 66.6 ) 19.2 ( 66.6 ) 17.7 ( 63.9 ) 16.3 ( 61.3 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 23.3 ( 0.917 ) 25.9 ( 1.02 ) 30.8 ( 1.213 ) 94.8 ( 3.732 ) 282.8 ( 11.134 ) 705.8 ( 27.787 ) 593.6 ( 23.37 ) 403.1 ( 15.87 ) 279.6 ( 11.008 ) 320.3 ( 12.61 ) 174.9 ( 6.886 ) 43.2 ( 1.701 ) 2,978 ( 117.244 ) Average rainy days 1.0 2.3 6.2 10.7 23.2 22.3 20.0 13.8 14.3 7.8 1.9 124.7 Source : India Meteorological Department ( record high and low up to 2010 ) Civic administration Kochi City officials Mayor Soumini Jain Deputy Mayor TJ Vinod Police Commissioner M.P. Dinesh IPS Kochi Municipal Corporation Town Hall The High Court of Kerala located in the city is the highest court in Kerala The city is administered by the Kochi Corporation , headed by a mayor . For administrative purposes , the city is divided into 74 wards , from which the members of the corporation council are elected for five years . Earlier ; Fort Kochi , Mattancherry and Ernakulam were the three Municipalities in Cochin area , which was later merged to form the Cochin Corporation . The Corporation has its headquarters in Ernakulam , and zonal offices at Fort Kochi , Mattancherry , Palluruthy , Edappally , Vaduthala and Vyttila . The general administration of the city is handled by the Personnel Department and the Council Standing committee Section . Other departments include that of town planning , health , engineering , revenue and accounts . The corporation is also responsible for waste disposal and sewage management . The city produces more than 600 tons of waste per day and a large portion of waste is decomposed at Brahmapuram Soild Waste plant into organic manure . The supply of potable water , sourced from the Periyar River is handled by Kerala Water Authority with support of Water works department of Kochi Corporation . Electricity is provided by the Kerala State Electricity Board . The GCDA and GIDA are the government agencies initiating and monitoring the development of Greater Cochin area , mainly in developing infrastructure facilities for the city . Law and order Kochi is the seat of High Court of Kerala , the highest judicial body in the state of Kerala . The Kochi City Police is headed by a Police Commissioner , an Indian Police Service ( IPS ) officer . The city is divided into five zones and each zone under a circle officer . Apart from regular law & order , the city police comprises the Traffic Police , Narcotics Cell , Riot horse , Armed Reserve Camps , District Crime Records Bureau and a Women 's Police station . It operates 19 police stations functioning under the Home Ministry of Government of Kerala . An anti-corruption branch of the Central Bureau of Investigation also operates out of the city . CISF maintains 3 squadrons for providing security to various central and state heavy industries , airport and seaport zones . Other major central agencies are NIA , DRI and Indian Customs due to the presence of major port . According to National Crime Records Bureau ( NCRB ) , Kochi reported significant increase of 193.7 per cent IPC crimes in 2010 compared to 2009 , and reported a crime rate of 1,897.8 compared to the 424.1 in whole Kerala . However , Kochi Police officials defended that in major crimes such as murders and kidnapping , the city registered a low crime rate even behind other cities in the state . Politics Kochi is part of the Ernakulam Lok Sabha constituency in Indian Parliament . The current elected Member of Parliament representing the constituency is Prof. K.V. Thomas of Indian National Congress . The Ernakulam Lok Sabha constituency elects six members to the state Legislative Assembly . Out of this , five constituencies , namely Kochi , Ernakulam , Thripunithura , Thrikkakara and Kalamassery represent the city . The elected representative to the state Legislative Assembly from Kochi is K.J. Maxi , Ernakulam is Hibi Eden , Thripunithura is M. Swaraj , Thrikkakara is P.T. THOMAS and Kalamassery is V.K. Ibrahim Kunju Economy Main article : Economy of Kochi Kochi is widely referred to as the commercial capital of Kerala . Kochi is home to Cochin Stock Exchange , the only stock exchange in Kerala . Federal Bank , the fourth - largest Private - sector bank in India is located in Aluva which is a suburb of Kochi . Being a major online trading centre in the country , Kochi has a newly opened SEBI office . The Greater Cochin Development Authority is the statutory body overseeing the development of the city Established in 1926 , the Cochin Port Trust overlooks the activities of Cochin Port Wonderla amusement park , Kochi Kakkanad is a major industrial center and is home to the Cochin Special Economic Zone , Infopark and Smart City Availability of electricity , fresh water , long coastline , backwaters , good banking facilities , presence of a major port , container trans - shipment terminal , harbour terminal and an international air terminal are some of the factors which accelerated the industrial growth in the city and its adjoining district . In recent years the city has witnessed heavy investment , thus making it one of the fastest - growing second - tier metro cities in India . Sales tax income generated in the Kochi metropolitan area contributes heavily to state revenue . The district contributes the highest portion , 41.74 % , of the state 's GDP . Construction and manufacturing combined contributes 37 % , and trade , tourism and hospitality together provides another 20 % . Major business sectors include construction , manufacturing , shipbuilding , transportation / shipping , seafood and spices exports , chemical industries , information technology ( IT ) , tourism , health services , and banking . Kochi is recognised as one of the seventeen major industrial cities of India by World Bank , Doing Business Group . However , in the 2009 rankings of ease to start and operate a business , among the 17 Indian cities selected , Kochi was rated as the second most difficult city to start business and was ranked 16th , above Kolkata . Kochi LNG Terminal Vembanad Rail Bridge is the longest railway bridge in India The Kochi International Marina is the only marina in India TCS centre at Infopark As in most of Kerala , remittances from non-resident Indians ( NRI ) s is a major source of income . Eloor , situated 17 kilometres ( 11 miles ) north of the city - centre , is the largest industrial belt in Kerala , with more than 250 factories manufacturing a range of products including chemical and petrochemical products , pesticides , rare earth elements , rubber processing chemicals , fertilisers , zinc and chromium compounds , and leather products . Fertilisers and Chemicals Travancore Limited ( FACT ) , one of the oldest fertilizers and chemical industry in Kerala is located in Kochi . Kochi Refineries of ( BPCL ) at Ambalamugal is one of the largest oil refining facilities in South India . Petronet India has now almost completed Kochi LNG Terminal , for importing and storing natural gas , for energy and fuelling needs . Central Government establishments like the Coconut Development Board , the Coir Board and the Marine Products Export Development Authority ( MPEDA ) have head offices located in the city . Kalamassery which is situated around 16.5 km from the City Center is one of the major Industrial areas . Leading factories like FACT , HMT and IT / Biotechnology park like KINFRA Hi - Tech Park are located here . The headquarters of Neera Development Center is located at Kalamassery . The Cochin University of Science and Technology is located at Kalamassery . Irimpanam is another major industrial area in Kochi . The Seaport - Airport Road ( SPAP Road ) passes through this place and oil giants like Indian Oil Corporation , Bharat Petroleum and Hindustan Petroleum have plants here . Like elsewhere in Kerala , tourism is one of the strongest drivers of the local economy . Ernakulam district , in which Kochi is situated , ranks first in the total number of domestic tourists visiting Kerala , and thus contributes to the economy of the city . The tourist enclave at Fort Kochi and presence of several historical monuments , museums etc. as well as natural attractions like the Vembanad lake and the backwaters attract large number of tourists to the city . Presence of several leading hospitality brands have been a major source of employment for locals . The Kochi Port is one of the leading ports where international cruisers call on regularly . The city has the first marina facility in the country Kochi Marina which attracts large number of yacht - totters . Real Estate industry is also one industry which is contributing a lot to the economy of Kochi . Many players have entered the market and have developed residential properties . Kochi is the headquarters of the Southern Naval Command , the primary training centre of the Indian Navy . The Cochin Shipyard , contributes to the economy of the city . The fishing harbour at Thoppumpady is a minor fishing port in the state and supplies fish to local and export markets . To further tap the potential of the all - season harbour at Kochi , an international cruise terminal and several marinas are being constructed . Exports and allied activities are also important contributors to the city 's economy . The Cochin Port currently handles export and import of container cargo at its terminal at Willingdon Island . The International Container Transshipment Terminal operating out of Vallarpadam , is India 's largest transshipment terminal . Cochin Port Trust also planning to build an Outer Harbour near Puthuvype . Kochi 's historical reliance on trade continues into modern times , as the city is a major exporter of spices and is home to the International Pepper Exchange , where black pepper is globally traded . The Spices Board of India and World Spice Organisation are headquartered in Kochi . The IT and ITES related industries are growing up in Kochi . Availability of cheap bandwidth through undersea cables and lower operational costs compared to other major cities in India , has been to its advantage . Various technology and industrial campuses including the government promoted InfoPark , Cochin Special Economic Zone and KINFRA Export Promotion Industrial Park operate in the outskirts of the city . Several new industrial campuses are under construction in the suburbs of the city . SmartCity at Kakkanad is the prominent project under proposal . Cyber City at Kalamassery is another integrated IT township SEZ being planned in the private sector . Kochi has an established electronics hardware industry with companies such as V - Guard Industries , OEN India Limited , FCI OEN Connectors and SFO Technologies . The Government of Kerala has announced a project to build an industrial park named Electronic City spanning an area of 340 acres ( 140 ha ) , to cater to the electronic hardware industries . The private operator NeST is building a Special Economic Zone specifically for electronics hardware spanning an area of 30 acres ( 12 ha ) . The Cochin International Airport is in the process of setting up an aerotropolis at Nedumbassery . Transport Main article : Transport in Kochi A panoramic view of Vyttila Mobility Hub Air The air gateway to Kochi is the Cochin International Airport ( CIAL ) located at Nedumbassery , which is about 28 km ( 17 mi ) north of Kochi city , and handles both domestic and international flights . It is the first international airport in India to be built without Central Government funds and is the world 's first fully solar energy powered airport . The Cochin airport provides direct connectivity to popular international destinations in the Middle East , Malaysia and Singapore and to most major Indian cities apart from tourist destinations like Lakshadweep . Kochi is also the headquarters of the Air India Express service . With a terminal area of 840,000 sq ft ( 78,000 m ) , and a passenger capacity of 2200 ( international and domestic ) , it is the largest and busiest airport in the state . It is also the fourth busiest airport in India in terms of international passenger traffic , and seventh busiest overall . The Cochin International Airport is one of the busiest airports in the country and the first fully solar powered airport in the world KURTC Volvo city service buses in Kochi Ernakulam Boat Jetty is one of the main boat jetties in the city Ferry Service boat at Kochi backwaters Road Kochi is well connected to neighbouring cities and states via several highways . It is a node in the North - South Corridor of the National Highway system . National highways Kochi is served by National Highway 66 , National Highway 544 , National Highway 966A and National Highway 966B . State highways Several state highways also connect Kochi with other parts of Kerala . SH 15 , Ettumanoor - Ernakulam Road , connects the city to Kottayam , Pala , Kumily , Changanacherry , Pathanamthitta etc . SH 41 , Palarivattom - Thekkady Road , provides a corridor to the eastern parts of the district . SH 63 , Vypeen Pallipuram Road and SH 66 , Alappuzha -- Thoppumpady road are coastal roads that serve the narrow sliver of land between the backwaters and the sea . City roads The main arterial roads of the city are the Mahatma Gandhi Road and Sahodaran Ayyappan Road in Ernakulam , constructed in 1925 & 1962 respectively which runs parallel & perpendicular to the coast and having the proposed Metro Rail connectivity . The Seaport - Airport Road is another major road and connects the Cochin Seaport to the Cochin International Airport . The Infopark Expressway in Kakkanad is connected to the Seaport - Airport Road and stretches all the way to Infopark . Other major roads include Chittoor Road , Banerji Road , Shanmugham Road , Kochi Bypass , Kaloor - Kadavanthra Road , Park Avenue etc . A new ring road is proposed for Kochi city by the state government for which a project study is being currently undertaken by NATPAC . Public transport Road The primary form of public transport within the city is largely dependent on privately owned bus networks . The state - run also operates its services in the city through the Thirukochi service . The major bus terminals in the city are Ernakulam Town , Ernakulam Jetty and the private bus terminal at Kaloor . An integrated transit terminal namely The Mobility Hub at Vytilla is under 2nd phase of construction . The terminal acts as a hub for long distance bus services away from the city centre , and also to provide access to the other public transport facilities . Kochi is one of the few cities to be granted the new generation air - conditioned low floor and non-air - conditioned semi low - floor buses under the JNNURM city transport development project. KURTC and private buses operate frequent schedules to neighbouring towns of Kakkanad , Fort Kochi , Nedumbassery , Perumbavoor , Aluva , Muvattupuzha , Kothamangalam and Cherthala . Call taxis and auto rickshaws ( called autos ) are available for hire throughout the day . Development of road infrastructure not keeping pace with the increase in traffic is a major problem faced by Kochi , like most other parts of Kerala . Rail The city has two major railway stations -- Ernakulam Junction and Ernakulam Town ( locally known as the South and North railway stations respectively ) , followed by smaller stations - Tripunithura , Edapally and Kalamassery . There is also the Cochin Harbour Terminus providing rail connectivity to the southern segment of the Port of Kochi . The terminus is currently under renovation for the suburban rail networks in the city . The main rail transport system in Kochi is operated by the Southern Railway Zone of Indian Railways , and comes under Thiruvananthapuram Railway division . The South station is one of the busiest railway stations in South India , with more than 128 scheduled train services daily . The North station situated on the northern side of the city , caters mostly to long distance services that bypass the South station , and also is an additional halt station for many trains . There is also a historic station named as Ernakulam Terminus ( station code : ERG ) situated behind the High Court . Great personalities like Mahatma Gandhi and The British Viceroy have visited Cochin through this old railway station . Ernakulam Terminus was the first station to serve the city but had to be abandoned in the early 1960s . Now this station operates as a goods depot of Southern Railway . Kochi Metro Main article : Kochi Metro The Kochi Metro is a metro rapid transit system for the city of Kochi , intended to considerably ease traffic congestion in the city and its surrounding metropolitan area . It is being set up at an estimated cost of ₹ 5,146 crore ( US $800 million ) . The Phase - 1 of the metro system will have 22 stations connecting the suburban towns of Aluva and Pettah while passing through downtown . The first half of the Phase - 1 of Kochi Metro was inaugurated on 17 June 2017 by Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi . Currently Kochi Metro is operational from Aluva till Palarivattom with 11 operational metro stations . Water See also : Kochi Water Metro Kochi ranks among India 's major seaports , partly due to being one of the safest harbours in the Indian Ocean . The port , administered by a statutory autonomous body known as the Cochin Port Trust , offers facilities for bunkering , handling cargo and passenger ships and storage accommodation . The port is a complex of three islands , one of which is man - made . It also operates passenger ships to Colombo and Lakshadweep . Boat services are operated by Kerala Shipping and Inland Navigation Corporation , the State Water Transport Department and private firms from various boat jetties in the city . The junkar ferry for the transshipment of vehicles and passengers between the islands are operated between Ernakulam and Vypin , and between Vypin and Fort Kochi . However , with the construction of the Goshree bridges ( which links Kochi 's islands ) , ferry transport has become less essential . The main boat jetties are Ernakulam Main Boat Jetty near Park Avenue , High Court Jetty in Banerjee Road , Embarkation Jetty in Willingdon Island and Fort Kochi Jetty . Demographics Religions in Kochi Religion Percentage Hindu 47 % Christian 35 % Muslim 17 % Others 1 % See also : Cochin Jews , Saint Thomas Christians , and Latin Church Kochi has the second highest population density parameter in Kerala with 6340 people per km . The Santa Cruz Basilica at Fort Kochi is one of the eight Basilicas in India As of 2011 , Kochi had a metropolitan area population of 2,117,990 . The female - to - male ratio is 1,028 : 1,000 , significantly higher than the all - India average of 933 : 1,000 . Kochi 's literacy rate is 97.5 % . The female literacy rate lags that of males by 1.1 % , amongst the lowest such gaps in India . Dharmanath Jain Temple at Mattancherry Kochi 's major religions are Hinduism , Christianity and Islam . Jainism , Judaism , Sikhism and Buddhism , with smaller followings , are also practised in Kochi . Though 47 % practice Hinduism , Christianity 's large following ( 35 % ) makes Kochi a city with one of the largest Christian populations in India . The majority of the city 's residents are Malayalis . However , there are significant ethnic minority communities including Tamils , Gujaratis , Jews , Anglo - Indians , Sikhs and Konkanis Malayalam is the main language of communication and medium of instruction for primary education , although a number of schools do offer English medium education . The higher education is invariably in English medium , and it is the preferred language in business circles . Tamil and Hindi are widely understood -- albeit rarely spoken . Like other fast - growing cities in the developing world , Kochi suffers from major urbanisation problems . The city was ranked 10th among Indian cities in terms of house - cost and availability , urban household crowding and household incomes . The government has plans to make the city slum - free by 2016 . According to the National Crime Records Bureau , the city holds the fourth position in the number of recorded crimes in India . In 2009 , the city recorded an average crime rate of 646.3 against the national average of 181.4 . But Kochi City Police Commissioner later clarified that this anomaly was due to higher reporting rates of minor crimes in Kochi than in other Indian cities . The State Crime Records Bureau ( SCRB ) report gives further credence to this as it finds that Kochi has the least number of crime against women in the state of Kerala . According to the 2011 CII / Institute of Competitiveness report on Liveability , Kochi stands first in the state , and 6th in the country . Kochi is ranked seventh in the list of the top ten most affluent cities in India by 2009 study by Nielsen Company . Kochi was ranked the fourth cleanest city in India in the Swachch Bharat rankings for cities . It was selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed as a smart city under Prime Minister Narendra Modi flagship Smart Cities Mission . Culture Main article : Culture of Kochi See also : Cuisine of Kerala and List of Tourist attractions in Kochi Marine Drive , Kochi As a result of successive waves of migration over the course of several centuries , the population of the city is a mix of people from all parts of Kerala and most of India . The pan-Indian nature is highlighted by the substantial presence of various ethnic communities from different parts of the country . Pedestrians can stroll along the Marine Drive , a waterfront promenade of Kochi LuLu Mall is the largest shopping mall in India The Kettuvallom Bridge at Marine Drive Kochi has a diverse , multicultural , and secular community consisting of Malayalis , Konkanis , Gujaratis , Bengalis , Marathis , Punjabis , Tamilians , kannadigas , Biharias , Anglo Indians and a few families of Jews among other denominations , all living in peaceful co-existence . The city once had a large Jewish community , known as the Malabar Yehuden -- and now increasingly as Cochin Jews -- that figured prominently in Kochi 's business and economic strata . Kochi was one among the seven diocese of Syrian Orthodox ( Jacobite Syrian Christian Church ) in Kerala formed in 1876 . The seat of the Bishop is at St George Cathedral , Karingachira . Also At Mary 's Cathedral Elamkulam , seat of bishop of Simhasana churches of Jacobites is in the City . The seat of Roman Catholic Cathedral of Kerala 's first Archdiocese Archdiocese of Verapoly and the first diocese Diocese of Cochin are located in the city . The Syro - Malabar Church , one of the 22 sui iuris Eastern Catholic Churches and a part of the Saint Thomas Christian community , has its seat at Ernakulam . Prominent places of Christian worship include the St. Mary 's Syro - Malabar Catholic Cathedral Basilica , Ernakulam , St. Francis Assisi Roman Catholic Cathedral , Ernakulam , Basilica of Our Lady of Ransom , Vallarpadam - Ernakulam , Santa Cruz Basilica Roman Catholic Cathedral , Fort Kochi , St. Antony 's Shrine at Kaloor , St. George Forane Church , Edappally and . Appropriate to its multi-ethnic composition , Kochi celebrates traditional Kerala festivals like Onam and Vishu along with North Indian Hindu festivals like Holi with great fervour . Christian and Islamic festivals like Christmas , Easter , Eid ul - Fitr and Milad - e-sherif are also celebrated . A merry making fest called the Cochin Carnival is celebrated at Fort Kochi during the last ten days of December . The residents of Kochi are known as Kochiites ; they are an important part of the South Indian culture . However , the city 's culture is rapidly evolving with Kochiites generally becoming more cosmopolitan in their outlook . The people are also increasingly fashion - conscious , often deviating from the traditional Kerala wear to western clothing . Kochiites generally partake of Keralite cuisine , which is generally characterised by an abundance of coconut and spices . Other South Indian cuisines , as well as Chinese and North Indian cuisines are popular . Fast food culture is also very prominent . Being a tourist hotspot , Fort Kochi have a number of restaurants that offer international cuisine , like Italian , French , Mexican etc . Being close to the ocean and the backwaters , Kochi has an abundance of seafood , which reflects in the cuisine . A service known as You Buy , We Cook is available at the waterfront of Fort Kochi , where the fresh seafood purchased from the nets is cooked as per the customers needs . Arabian food joints that serve Shawarma and roasted chicken are a new addition to the fast food scene in the city . Kochi also has a number of shopping malls including Oberon Mall , Gold Souk Grande , Bay Pride Mall , Centre Square Mall , Abad Nucleus Mall and LuLu Mall , which is the largest shopping mall in India in terms of total leasable area of 17 acres ( 7 ha ) . Various shopping malls are expected to open in the city in the near future including Forum Thomsun Mall . Kochi also has the most number of five star hotels in the state . These include international hotel brands like Crowne Plaza , Marriott , Le Méridien , Radisson Blu , Ibis , Vivanta By Taj , Holiday Inn , The Gateway etc . Kochi was home to some of the most influential figures in Malayalam literature , including Changampuzha Krishna Pillai , Kesari Balakrishna Pillai , G. Sankara Kurup , and Vyloppilli Sreedhara Menon . Prominent social reformers such as Sahodaran Ayyappan and Pandit Karuppan also are from Kochi . The Maharajas of Kochi ( then Cochin ) were scholars who knew the epics and encouraged the arts . The paintings at the Hill Palace and the Dutch Palace are testimony to their love for arts . Kochiites are known for their enthusiasm in sports , especially football and cricket . The Jawaharlal Nehru International Stadium in Kochi is one of the largest stadiums in India with floodlights for Cricket and Football matches . The Regional Sports Centre is an important centre of sporting activity in the city . Kochi is reportedly the 6th best city in India according to the livability index of 2011 . Healthcare Aster Medcity is one of the largest hopitals in the state With a large number of advanced tertiary / quaternary care facilities , Kochi has one of the best healthcare facilities in India . It is the prime destination for people seeking advanced healthcare facilities from across Kerala . In recent times , it has attracted a large number of patients from all over India , Middle East , African nations as well as from Europe and United States looking for relatively inexpensive advanced medical care . Kochi is the only city from Kerala that have carried out successful heart transplantations . Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre , Sunrise Hospital , Specialist Hospital , Medical Trust Hospital , PVS Memorial Hospital , Renai Medicity , Lakeshore Hospital , Lisie Hospital , Aster Medcity , Rajagiri Institute of Medical Sciences are some of the advanced tertiary / quaternary healthcare facilities in Kochi . Other reputed institutions in the city include Ernakulam Medical Centre , KIMS Hospital , Gautham Hospital , Lourdes Hospital , Kochi Medical College , and Saraf Hospital . Some of the reputed fertility related treatment centres in India -- like Vijaya Hospital , Bourn Hall Clinic and CIMAR -- are located in Kochi . General Hospital , Ernakulam is the only notable medical institution in the government sector in Kochi . Education See also : Education in India , Education in Kerala , and Educational Institutions in Ernakulam District Secondary education Established in 1875 , the Maharaja 's College is one of the oldest colleges in the state The main building of Model Engineering College was inspired from India 's first satellite , Aryabhatta The Cochin University of Science and Technology is one of the top educational institutions in the country Rajagiri College of Social Sciences at Kalamassery The pattern of primary education is essentially the same all over the state . There are government owned schools and government aided schools , which are affiliated to the Kerala State Education Board . A few privately owned schools are also affiliated to the system . Most of the schools owned by private organisations or individuals are affiliated to the Central Board for Secondary Education ( CBSE ) . Indian Certificate of Secondary Education ( ICSE ) have some schools affiliated to them as well . The state education board offers both Malayalam and English medium instruction , while the other boards offer English medium alone . There are a few schools that follow international curricula , such as IB and IGCSE . There 34 government schools , 67 private aided schools and 31 unaided schools affiliated to the Kerala State Education Board in the city and suburbs . There are 62 CBSE Schools , 2 IGCSE and 9 ICSE Schools as well . The general pattern of education is ten years of common schooling to reach the secondary level . Kindegartens are widely available , but considered separate from formal schooling , and generally unregulated . After the secondary level , three streams , namely Arts , Commerce or Science are offered for higher secondary education . After finishing the school , students can opt for higher education related to the streams they had undergone for higher secondary schooling . The notable schools in the government sector are Sree Rama Varma High School , Edappally High School , Government School - Kochi and Govt Girls Higher Secondary School , Ernakulam . There are Kendriya Vidyalaya , Chinmaya Mission and Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan run several quasi-private charter schools within the city limits , as well as in the suburbs . There are several private schools ( both aided & unaided0 that are owned by secular and religious trusts which are of particular renown , such as : St. Albert 's HSS , Ernakulam , St. Teresa 's CGHSS , St. Mary 's CGHSS Ernakulam , St. Antony 's CGHSS , Model Technical Higher Secondary School , Kaloor The Delta Study , Rajagiri Public School , Campion School , Assisi Vidyaniketan , Cochin Refineries School , Gregorian Public School , Greets Public School , Toc - H Public School , Navy Children School , Global Public School , Choice School , Vidyodaya School , Mar Thoma Public School , Nava Nirman Public School and St. Pauls International School , Kalamassery , The Charter School Kochi . Higher education The Cochin University of Science and Technology ( CUSAT ) is a major university named after the city . Most of the colleges in Kochi offering tertiary education are affiliated either with the Mahatma Gandhi University or with the Cochin University . Kochi has one of the campuses of the Indian Maritime University at Willingdon Island . Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit in Kalady is a research oriented university located at the outskirts . Other national educational institutes include the Central Institute of Fisheries Nautical and Engineering Training , the National University of Advanced Legal Studies , the National Institute of Oceanography and the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute . Kochi has some of the leading B - Schools in the region . The Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode ( IIMK ) has set up its first satellite campus at Athulya building in InfoPark , Kochi . Cochin University 's School of Management Studies ( SMS ) is the first and oldest managerial education institution in South India . SCMS Cochin is one of the emerging B - Schools in the country . Another major B - School XIME is opening a new campus in Kochi . Other leading managerial institutions include Rajagiri Centre for Business Studies , Kochi Business School , Amrita School of Business , Albertian Institute of Management and Toc - H B school . The city and outskirts are home to four medical schools -- Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre at Ponekkara , Cochin Medical College at Kalamassery , Sree Narayana Institute of Medical Sciences , and M.O.S.C. Medical College , Kolenchery . Some of the prestigious general colleges are Maharaja 's College , St. Albert 's College , St. Teresa 's College , Sacred Hearts College , Bharata Matha College , Aquina 's College , De Paul Institute of Science & Technology ( DIST ) and Cochin College . The major Engineering and Technology colleges in the city are School of Engineering CUSAT , SCMS School of Engineering and Technology at Kalamassery , Model Engineering College , Rajagiri School of Engineering & Technology and FISAT ( Federal Institute of Science & Technology ) . Being the seat of the High Court of Kerala , several top legal education institutes are here . The Government Law College - Ernakulam is one of the oldest law schools in Kerala . The School of Legal Studies ( SLS ) , CUSAT is one of the leading graduate , post-graduate , and research institutes in the country . The National University of Advanced Legal Studies ( NUALS ) is located in the city , which is a premier law university in India and the only Law college listed in CLAT ( Common Law Admission Test ) in Kerala . Social service organisations Some of the main orphanages and rehabilitation shelters in Cochin City are Palluruthy Relief Settlement in Palluruthy Veli , Don Bosco Sneha Bhavan , Don Bosco Big Boys , Crescent Girls Orphanage , YMCA Boys Home , Bal Bhavan , Valsalya Bhavan . Palluruthy Relief Settlement is under Kochi Municipal Corporation and managed in association with Peoples Council for Social Justice . There are about 300 inmates and many of them are mentally ill . The night shelter for women run by Kochi Municipal Corporation near Kerala State Road Transport Corporation bus stand provides free and safe accommodation . Peoples Council for Social Justice was found in 1985 under the patronage of Justice V.R. Krishna Iyer with the aim to work for human rights protection , free legal aid and to strive for social justice . The orphanages for children under Don Bosco Sneha Bhavan Cochi are Sneha Bhavan Annexe , SnehaBhavan , Valsalya Bhavan , Don Bosco and Bosco Nilayam . The Childline India project in Cochin is taken in collaboration with Don Bosco . Children in distress and in need of help can contact in ' 1098 ' ( toll free number ) . Sneha Bhavan Annexe is the first point of contact with children and children can stay as a safe night shelter . Sneha Bhavan is a home for the children from the streets and for those from unhealthy and risky situations . The Valsalya Bhavan centre is solely for the girls who are rescued from the streets . Runaways , street children , children of sex workers , abused children and child labourers all live here . Along with primary and high school education at a local school , the centre provides shelter , food , clothing and educational support . There are many good people doing independent social service . The Italian Sister Fabiola conducts a home at Fort Cochin known as `` Ashwasa Bhavan '' , for young orphaned children . Br . Judson run his own mobile bath in his vehicle for the abandoned : His `` Mobile Bath Service '' moves around Kochi mornings and in evenings to clean and clothe people living on the streets . Judson washes and cleanses their wounds , provides them new clothes and food , and takes them to shelters in the city . Sree Narayana Sevika Samajam , a charitable organisation situated at Thottumugham , Aluva , Ernakulam District , Kerala , India . It was established in the year 1965 under Societies Registration Act , Travancore , 1955 . Sreenarayana Sevika Samajam seeks to give a home to those who would otherwise have none . Media Akshara Mandiram at Marine Drive Major Malayalam newspapers published in Kochi include Malayala Manorama , Mathrubhumi , Siraj Daily , Madhyamam , Deshabhimani , Deepika , Kerala Kaumudi , Janmabhumi , etc . Popular English newspapers include The Hindu , The New Indian Express , The Times of India , The Pioneer and The Deccan Chronicle . A number of evening papers are also published from the city . Newspapers in other regional languages like Hindi , Kannada , Tamil and Telugu are also available . A number of financial publications are also published in the city . These include The Economic Times , Business Line , The Business Standard and The Financial Express . Prominent magazines and religious publications like the Sathyadeepam , The Week and Vanitha are also published from the city . Kochi houses several leading Malayalam television channels like Asianet Plus , Flowers , Jeevan TV , Mazhavil Manorama , Kairali We , Manorama News and Reporter TV as well as major news bureaus of Asianet , Kairali TV , Amrita TV and Doordarshan . Prasar Bharati maintains its earth station and broadcasting centre in Kakkanad , Kochi . Satellite television services are available through DD Direct+ , Dish TV , Airtel digital TV , Reliance DTH , Sun Direct DTH and Tata Sky . FM radio channels broadcast from Kochi are Rainbow FM ( AIR ) 101.9 MHz , AIR Kochi 102.3 MHz , Club FM 94.3 MHz , Radio Mango 91.9 MHz , Red FM 93.5 MHz , Radio Mirchi 104.0 MHz . Kochi is considered to be the hub of the vibrant Malayalam movie industry , especially new generation Malayalam movies . The rise of Kochi to the centre stage of the entertainment industry occurred coinciding with the economic boom of the last couple of decades . A large number of movies are shot in Kochi every year . Kochi also has a host of state - of - the - art production and post production facilities . Due to these reasons , major section of film personalities including of actors , technical experts and other related workers reside in Kochi . There are over 50 cinema halls that screen movies in Malayalam , Tamil , English and Hindi . The city hosts Kerala 's first cine multiplex , at the Oberon Mall with four screens . Gold Souk Grande also has a cine multiplex operated by Q cinemas with four screens . PVR with 9 screens is another national multiplex brand that has presence in Kochi and is based out of LuLu International Shopping Mall . Cinepolis at Centre Square Mall with 11 screens is the first international megaplex brand in the state . 16 more multiplex screens are expected in the city in the near future . The district has the largest number of telephone connections in Kerala . Telephony services are provided by various private sector players like Aircel , Airtel , Idea Cellular , Vodafone , Reliance Infocomm , Tata Docomo , Jio , Tata Indicom and the state owned BSNL . All the private sector telecom companies have their headquarters for Kerala circle located in Kochi . Sports Like elsewhere in Kerala , football is the most passionate sport among locals . Kochi is home to two of India 's major professional football teams , FC Kochin and Chirag United Kerala and also teams like Josco FC since 2008 . In 2014 , cricketer Sachin Tendulkar and PVP Ventures won the bid to own Kochi based football team , Kerala Blasters FC in the Indian Super League . Blasters reached the finals of Indian Super League in the debut season as well as in the 2016 season , finishing as runners - up on both occasions . The Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium is one of the largest stadiums in India The Regional Sports Centre at Kadavanthra houses the Mahesh Bhupathi Tennis Academy India 's third largest stadium and second largest cricket stadium , the Jawaharlal Nehru International Stadium located in Kaloor , is a major facility for football and cricket . Recently , the stadium was renovated to facilitate more cricket tournaments as well as for hosting IPL Matches . Kochi was home to the Indian Premier League cricket team , the Kochi Tuskers which won franchise rights to play IPL which participated in the 2011 edition of IPL . Kochi is selected as one of the six host cities for the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup to be held in India . Because of this selection , huge investments and business opportunities are expected to come to the city . The Maharaja 's Stadium located on MG Road in the heart of the city , is the major athletic facility in the state with synthetic tracks and turf grass as per international standards . The Ambedkar stadium , maintained by GCDA , will be developed exclusively for Football with funds from Government of Kerala and FIFA . Spanish club Real Madrid has proposed to set up a football school in Kochi . The Rajiv Gandhi Sports Complex at Kadavanthra is a major indoor stadium , mainly used for conducting badminton , tennis and basketball tournaments . The 25m X 10m swimming pool at the centre is one of the larger water sports facility in the state , where regular swimming competitions and coaching are conducted . The FACT Grounds at Udyogamandal , Sacred Heart 's College Grounds , HMT Grounds at Kalamassery and St. Albert 's College Grounds are the other major training facilities for various games like volleyball , badminton , cricket etc . Kochi has two golf courses in the city , and one in the suburbs . The oldest golf club is located at Bolgatty Palace constructed in 1903 , which is a nine - hole facility run by Cochin Golf Club society . The Cochin Golf and Country Club located near to Cochin Airport , operated by CIAL , is Kerala 's first 18 - hole golf course with a playing area of over 7,200 yards . The first phase of the all - weather golf course comprising nine holes was opened in May 2010 for members and public . The expansion to an 18 - hole course is progressing , which is scheduled to be open in September 2012 . Being surrounded by water bodies , the city is ideal for Yachting . The Kerala Yachting Association and the Cochin Yacht Club are located in the city . Both organisations conduct regular yachting tournaments . Kochi was the only Indian city chosen for stopover during the Volvo Ocean Race 2008 . Navy The Southern Naval Command , one of the three main formations of the Indian Navy has its HQ in Kochi at INS Venduruthy . It is commanded by the Flag Officer Commanding - in - Chief . The Southern Naval Command consists of Flag Officer Sea Training ( FOST ) , a training squadron , training establishments and bases , and land forces and survey ships . It has a naval air station , and a ship repair yard . The Indian Navy Day is also celebrated here . It is a week - long event showcasing warships , planes , helicopters etc. of the Indian Navy at INS Venduruthy . It is a public event attended in large numbers . The close by located Cochin Shipyard Limited is the largest shipbuilding and maintenance facility in India . Presently it is building the first indigenous aircraft carrier for the Indian Navy . Sister cities See also : List of twin towns and sister cities in India Kochi is twinned with : Norfolk , Virginia , United States Menlo Park , California , United States Pyatigorsk , Russia See also List of tallest buildings in Kochi List of tourist attractions in Kochi References Jump up ^ K.C. Sivaramakrishnan ( 2006 ) . People 's Participation in Urban Governance . Concept Publishing Company . p. 156 . ISBN 81 - 8069 - 326 - 0 . Jump up ^ Ganesh Kumar . Modern General Knowledge . Upkar Prakashan . p. 194 . ISBN 81 - 7482 - 180 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ernakulam_History '' . Retrieved 5 April 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf Jump up ^ `` Provisional Figures , Kerala '' ( PDF ) . Office of The Registrar General & Census Commissioner . Retrieved 7 April 2011 . Jump up ^ http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/india2/Million_Plus_UAs_Cities_2011.pdf Jump up ^ AbdulKader , Fathima . `` Ten Signs Of A True Kochiite '' . WtzupCity . 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Jump up ^ `` TELK official website '' . Telk.com . Retrieved 12 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Facts about Kochi Biennale Foundation '' . Kochi Biennale Foundation . Archived from the original on 31 October 2014 . Retrieved 9 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Facts about India '' ( PDF ) . Kochi Municipal Corporation . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 December 2009 . Retrieved 9 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fort And Harbour '' . Cghearth.com . Retrieved 12 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : C.M. Dinesh Mani , Mayor ( 2000 -- 2005 ) . `` Cochin '' ( PDF ) . Cochin ( A Monograph ) . Corporation of Kochi . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 July 2011 . Retrieved 11 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Academy , Students . Kochi - The Small Lagoon . Lulu Press , Inc. p. 30 . Jump up ^ https://indiankanoon.org/doc/198782201/ Jump up ^ `` History of Ernakulam '' . Ernakulam Portal . National Informatics Centre . Retrieved 23 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` History of Kochi Rajas '' . 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Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 November 2010 . Retrieved 3 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Academy , Students . Kochi - The Small Lagoon . Lulu Press , Inc. p. 30 . Jump up ^ `` Private firm allowed to draw Periyar water '' . The Hindu . 9 September 2003 . Retrieved 22 August 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Organisational chart '' . Kochi City Police . Archived from the original on 24 August 2006 . Retrieved 22 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Radhakrishnan , S. Anil ( 28 October 2011 ) . `` Alarming crime rate in Kochi '' . The Hindu . Jump up ^ `` Crime yes , but no Capital - Kochi - IBNLive '' . Ibnlive.in.com. 29 October 2011 . Retrieved 12 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Haridas , Anand ( 30 October 2011 ) . `` Kochi city police ' set record straight ' '' . The Hindu . Jump up ^ `` Delimitation of Constituencies , Final Order '' ( PDF ) . Chief Electoral Officer , Kerala . Retrieved 3 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Google Search , `` kerala commercial capital '' `` . Google Search . 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Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 October 2010 . Retrieved 8 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Director , Kerala Tourism . `` Kerala , Gods Own Country : Where Business Blooms '' . cbcglobelink.org . Archived from the original on 17 June 2006 . Retrieved 7 February 2006 . Jump up ^ CNN - IBN ( 27 June 2006 ) . `` Toxic curse for Kerala chemical city '' . IBNLive.com . Retrieved 25 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Money Control . `` Fertilisers and Chemicals Travancore '' . Money Control . Retrieved 2 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Petronet LNG Kochi terminal 's operating capacity goes up '' . Business Line . 18 May 2017 . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cochin Port Trust , the Cruise Destination '' . Cochin Port Trust . Archived from the original on 17 April 2010 . Retrieved 3 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kochi marina set to start operations '' . Business-standard.com. 19 April 2010 . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Southern Naval Command '' . Bharat Rakshak . Archived from the original on 25 August 2006 . Retrieved 29 August 2006 . Jump up ^ In terms of deadweight tonnage of ships built Jump up ^ `` List of ship building centres in India '' . Shipping Ministry of India . Archived from the original on 15 September 2005 . Retrieved 23 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` CPT hands over land for marina '' . The Hindu . 26 August 2005 . Retrieved 23 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The first cruise terminal in the country to come up in Kochi '' . The Hindu . 30 June 2007 . Retrieved 29 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Kochi terminal handed over to Dubai Ports International '' . The Hindu . 2 April 2005 . Retrieved 23 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Vallarpadam phase I by early 2009 : DP World '' . The Hindu . 2 April 2005 . Retrieved 23 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Vallarpadam ICTT : Set to make Kochi a key hub '' . The Hindu Business Line . 27 October 2008 . Retrieved 14 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Statement by the Government of India '' ( PDF ) . Press Information Bureau , Govt of India . 27 October 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 February 2009 . Retrieved 14 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cochin Port Trust '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kochi , the next electronic city '' . Kochi , the next electronic city . The New Indian Express . 31 August 2010 . Retrieved 11 October 2010 . Jump up ^ The Hindu Business Line , 9 July 2010 . `` Kochi , the next electronic city '' . NeST Electronics City in Kochi soon . The Hindu . Retrieved 11 October 2010 . Jump up ^ The Hindu ( 5 June 2008 ) . `` CIAL presents ' Aerotropolis ' roadmap '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 28 February 2009 . Jump up ^ The Hindu ( 5 June 2008 ) . `` Kochi airport presents ' Aerotropolis ' roadmap '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 28 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Website of Cochin International Airport '' . Cochin-airport.in . Archived from the original on 26 March 2010 . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . 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Archived from the original on 26 April 2013 . Retrieved 12 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vyttila Mobility Hub '' . Jump up ^ `` Kochi Municipal Corporation -- Urban Knowledge Base '' ( PDF ) . Kochi Municipal Corporation . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 January 2011 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ernakulam Junction ( South ) / ERS Railway Station -- Today 's Train Arrival Timings -- All Trains -- India Rail Info -- Database of Indian Railways Trains & Stations '' . India Rail Info. 19 June 2010 . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cochin State Railways '' . Irfca.org . Retrieved 12 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` More funds for metro rail ; sanction yet to be granted '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 5 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Metro Stations '' . Kochi Metro Rail Ltd . Retrieved 24 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kochi metro inauguration in pictures '' . The Hindu . Jump up ^ `` Trade with India -- major ports in India '' . National Informatics Centre . Archived from the original on 15 December 2006 . Retrieved 23 May 2006 . Jump up ^ Gopal , Madan ( 1990 ) . K.S. Gautam , ed. India through the ages . Publication Division , Ministry of Information and Broadcasting , Government of India . p. 177 . Jump up ^ `` Religious data '' . Census India -- Household Whizmap . Census of India . Archived from the original on 3 January 2009 . Retrieved 23 May 2006 . Jump up ^ Demographics of Kochi -- as given in census Jump up ^ Census of India , 2001 -- List of cities by population ; Census of India , 2001 -- Kochi : Religious demographics ( Hindus 47 % , Christians 35 % , Muslims 17 % ) ^ Jump up to : `` Jain Temples , Kerala '' . Jainsamaj . Retrieved 1 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jain Temple turns 100 '' . The Hindu . 25 November 2004 . Retrieved 1 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Punjabi part of Kochi '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 3 June 2002 . Jump up ^ Institute of Competitiveness ( 12 December 2011 ) . `` Liveability Index 2011 , The Best Cities in India '' ( PDF ) . IFC . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 April 2013 . Retrieved 11 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` City Development Plan -- Kochi '' ( PDF ) . Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 May 2008 . Retrieved 20 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` TABLE - 1.6 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 June 2011 . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` IPC crime rate in Mega Cities : Table Table - 2 ( A ) , page - 44 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 June 2011 . Retrieved 9 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Crime rate high in Kochi '' . Metrovaartha.com. 29 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 14 July 2011 . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kochi no crime capital , says police chief '' . CNN - IBN. 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kochi is safest in Kerala for women '' . AsianAge. 9 October 2012 . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Liveability Index 2011 , The Best Cities In India '' ( PDF ) . CII / Institute of Competitiveness . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 April 2013 . Retrieved 11 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 affluent Indian cities ranked '' . Nielsen Company . Retrieved 4 November 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.firstpost.com/business/why-only-98-cities-instead-of-100-announced-all-questions-answered-about-smart-cities-project-2410576.html Jump up ^ TS Sudhir ( 29 April 2006 ) . `` Kochi 's ' mini-India ' '' . NDTV . Retrieved 23 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Konkani Akademi Library '' . University of Chicago . Retrieved 1 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Konkanis in Kochi '' . The Hindu . 13 August 2009 . Retrieved 1 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bengalis celebrate Durga Puja '' . The Hindu . 19 October 2007 . Retrieved 1 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` arts , South Asian . '' Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica 2007 Ultimate Reference Suite . Jump up ^ `` Sikhs love peace - loving Kochi '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 1 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Jews , Israel , and India '' . An Interview with Nathan Katz . Jerusalem Centre for public affairs . Retrieved 17 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Fast food overtakes the spice route '' . The Hindu . 28 November 2005 . Retrieved 23 May 2006 . Jump up ^ Bradnock , Robert ; Bradnock , Roma ( 2000 ) . South India handbook . Footprint Travel Guides . p. 255 . Jump up ^ `` Kochi boasts of India 's biggest shopping mall -- Lulu Shopping Mall '' . Times of India . 11 March 2013 . Retrieved 17 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Biggest shopping mall in India opens in Kochi '' . The New Indian Express . 10 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` India 's biggest shopping mall opens in Kochi '' . The Hindu . 11 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kochi boasts of Asia 's largest shopping mall '' . Deccan Chronicle. 10 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 25 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Football and Cricket -- the Most Popular Games '' . Sports and Games in Kerala . Information and Public relations office of Kerala . Retrieved 12 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Nehru Stadium '' . cricInfo . Retrieved 2 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 April 2013 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Sudha Nambudiri ( 19 April 2011 ) . `` Kochi , the new medical hub '' . Kochi , the new medical hub . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Babu K Peter ( 26 September 2011 ) . `` Kochi set to be hub of plush hospitals '' . CNN - IBN . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gift of life '' . The Hindu . 21 December 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Top Angioplasty Surgery Hospital In Kerala , India , Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery Asia '' . Retrieved 5 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Medical Trust Hospital '' . Retrieved 5 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best IVF , Surrogacy and Infertility treatment clinic in India '' . Bourn hall IVF clinic . Retrieved 5 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` List of Schools in Ernakulam District '' ( PDF ) . Government of Kerala , Education Department . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 June 2011 . Retrieved 24 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Central Board of Secondary Education '' . Central Board of Secondary Education . Retrieved 24 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Locate Affiliated Schools '' . Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations . Archived from the original on 17 April 2011 . Retrieved 23 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Our Bureau . `` IIM - K Satellite campus in Kochi '' . Thehindubusinessline.com . Retrieved 12 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Our Bureau . `` Award for SCMS - Cochin '' . Thehindubusinessline.com . Retrieved 12 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` XIME Bangalore to inaugurate Kochi campus in November 2012 '' . Mbauniverse.com. 4 September 2012 . Retrieved 12 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Education Plus Thiruvananthapuram : In the name of law '' . The Hindu . 28 December 2004 . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . Jump up ^ url = `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 20 August 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . 8 Jump up ^ Staff Reporter ( 2011 ) , `` Journey home for relief centre inmates '' , The Hindu ( 20 February ) Jump up ^ `` Keeping Kochi updated '' . The Hindu . 19 January 2004 . Retrieved 2 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Accredited Organisations '' . KELSA . Retrieved 12 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 January 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` News '' CHILDLINE Kochi unearths bonded Labor `` . Childlineindia.org.in. 22 September 2010 . Retrieved 12 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Palluruthy '' . dbbangalore.org. 26 May 1974 . Archived from the original on 24 November 2012 . Retrieved 12 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Don Bosco Sneha Bhavan , Street Children , Young at Risk , Welfare , Palluruthy , Kochi '' . Dbsnehabhavan.org . Archived from the original on 3 November 2012 . Retrieved 12 November 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-232231282.html Jump up ^ Catholic Online ( 17 April 2006 ) . `` Indian Catholic 's ' mobile bathroom ' serves sick , abandoned - International - Catholic Online '' . Catholic.org . Archived from the original on 11 October 2012 . Retrieved 12 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Mobile bath ' serves the sick and abandoned in southern Indian city . - Free Online Library '' . Thefreelibrary.com. 5 May 2006 . Retrieved 12 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` News Archives : The Hindu '' . Retrieved 5 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` In Kochi Today '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 5 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Hindu : Engagements / Kochi : In Kochi Today '' . Retrieved 5 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Keeping Kochi updated '' . The Hindu . 15 September 2003 . Retrieved 2 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Online Radio '' VIPINDAS.CO.NR `` . Vipinmpd08.wordpress.com . Archived from the original on 27 February 2009 . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Club FM '' . Club FM . Retrieved 7 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Radio Mango Cochin '' . Retrieved 7 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RED FM Kochi '' . Kal Radio Limited . Retrieved 7 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Radio Mirchi Kochi Launches '' . Jump up ^ Subin Mananthavady ( 31 March -- 30 April 2011 ) . `` Mollywood comes to Kochi '' . Passline Business Magazine . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kochi takes centrestage in Mollywood '' . The Times of India . 5 January 2013 . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . Jump up ^ G. KRISHNAKUMAR ( 15 September 2006 ) . `` Filmmakers ' hotspot '' . Filmmakers ' hotspot . Retrieved 19 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Megamedia Films launches post-production facility in Kochi '' . Post Production Buyer 's Guide . 15 December 2008 . Archived from the original on 16 February 2013 . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chithranjali unit coming to city '' . The New Indian Express . 6 March 2010 . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chithranjali opens studio in Kochi '' . The Hindu . 7 March 2010 . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kochi sizzling onscreen '' . The New Indian Express . 29 January 2013 . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Making the right move '' . Deccan Chronicle. 10 October 2011 . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kamal in Kochi '' . Malayala Manorama. 6 May 2012 . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` PRD Kerala '' . Communications . Public Relations Department , Kerala . Retrieved 19 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` First Soccer City in Kochi Kochi Cochin News '' . Cochinsquare.com. 30 April 2010 . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Metro Plus Kochi : A home for Josco '' . The Hindu . 29 April 2010 . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium '' . 35th National Games . Retrieved 11 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nehru Stadium '' . Hindustantimes.com. 11 April 2011 . Archived from the original on 12 April 2011 . Retrieved 11 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kochi to host U-17 FIFA World Cup matches '' . Manoramaonline . Archived from the original on 8 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New International Stadium Confirmed To Come In Ernakulam ( Cochin ) -- Cochin '' . Zimbio . Archived from the original on 23 March 2010 . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Development should go beyond city limits ' '' . The Hindu . 26 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid plan to open football school in Kerala - Football - IBNLive '' . Ibnlive.in.com. 30 March 2012 . Archived from the original on 2 May 2012 . Retrieved 12 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Swimming pool complex '' . Rajiv Gandhi Sports Centre . Archived from the original on 1 August 2010 . Retrieved 12 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kochi Golf Club and Golf Course , Bolgatty '' . Cochin Golf Club Society . Retrieved 24 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 18 - Hole Golf Course To Be Opened Next Year '' . The Hindu . 5 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cochin Golf Cup '' . The Hindu . 15 March 2009 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kerala Yachting Association , Kochi '' . Kerala Yachting Association . Retrieved 12 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cochin Yacht Club '' . Cochin Yacht Club . Retrieved 12 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Cochin Shipyard : ISO 9001 Certified Shipyard of the Millenium '' . Cochinshipyard.com . Archived from the original on 14 September 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Kochi , India - Norfolk Sister City Association '' . Jump up ^ `` Kochi , Menlo Park sign agreement on cultural and economic exchange '' . Jump up ^ `` Association with Pyatigorsk '' . Further reading Ma Huan : Ying Yai Sheng Lan , The Overall Survey of the Ocean 's Shores , translated by J.V.G. Mills , 1970 Hakluyt Society , reprint 1997 White Lotus Press . ISBN 974 - 8496 - 78 - 3 Plunkett , R , Cannon , T , Davis , P , Greenway , P & Harding , P ( 2001 ) , Lonely Planet South India , Lonely Planet , ISBN 1 - 86450 - 161 - 8 Manorama Yearbook 2003 ( English Edition ) ISBN 81 - 900461 - 8 - 7 Robert Charles Bristow . Cochin Saga , Paico Pub . House ; 2d ed. edition ( 1967 ) , OCLC 1659055 Unemployment in Kerala at the turn of the 20th century Insights from the CDS gulf migration studies by K.C. Zachariah , S. Irudaya Rajan Kochi Rajyacharithram by KP Padmanabha Menon . P ( 1914 ) `` Akhilavijnanakosam '' . Malayalam Encyclopedia . DC Books Multimedia Series . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kochi , Kerala . 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Malabar Catholic Major Archeparchy of Ernakulam - Angamaly Roman Catholic Diocese of Cochin Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Verapoly Vishu Places of worship Chottanikkara Temple Sree Poornathrayeesa Temple Ernakulam Shiva Temple Thamaramkulangara Sree Dharma Sastha Temple Paradesi Synagogue St. Mary 's Syro - Malabar Catholic Cathedral Basilica , Ernakulam St. George Syro - Malabar Catholic Forane Church , Edappally St. Francis Church Vallarpadam Church Health care Amala Institute of Medical Sciences Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre Aster Medcity Gautham Hospital General Hospital Indira Gandhi Co-operative Hospital Lakeshore Hospital Lisie Hospital Lisie Heart Institute Lourdes Heart institute Lourdes Hospital ( Kerala ) Mar Augustine Kandathil Memorial Lisie Hospital Medical Trust Hospital Saraf Hospital Sunrise Hospital Kochi Renai medicity Rajagiri Hospital Schools Assissi Vidyaniketan Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan Chinmaya Vidyalaya Choice School Cochin Refineries School Kendriya Vidyalaya Navy Children School Sacred Heart Higher Secondary School , Thevara SRV High School St. Treasas Convent Girls Higher Secondary School Toc - H Public School The Delta Study Vidyodaya School Universities Cochin University of Science and Technology National University of Advanced Legal Studies Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit Model Engineering College Government Law College , Ernakulam School of Communication and Management Studies Albertian Institute of Management Rajagiri School of Engineering & Technology Federal Institute of Science and Technology Sacred Heart College , Thevara SCMS School of Engineering and Technology St. Teresa 's College Maharaja 's College , Ernakulam MES College Marampally , Aluva Government Medical College , Ernakulam Bharata Mata College St. Albert 's College Roads Mahatma Gandhi Road Chittoor Road Banerji Road Shanmugham Road Park Avenue S.A Road Kaloor - Kadavanthra Road Subhash Chandra Bose Road Kochi Bypass Seaport - Airport Road Sports Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium Regional Sports Centre Kochi Tuskers Kerala Press Malayala Manorama Mathrubhumi Madhyamam Daily Deshabhimani Sathyadeepam Television channels Reporter TV Indiavision Neighbourhoods of Kochi Alengad Aluva Ambalamugal Angamaly Arookutty Azhikode Chellanam Chendamangalam Chengamanad Cherai Cheranallur Cherthala Choornikkara Chottanikkara Chittoor Edapally Edathala Elamkulam Eloor Ezhikkara Fort Kochi Gandhi Nagar Kunnukara Kadamakkudy Kadavanthra Kadungallur Kakkanad Kalady Kalamassery Kaloor Karukutty Kizhakkambalam Kodungallur Kolenchery Kumbalam Kumbalangy Maliankara Marine Drive Moothakunnam Mulavukad Nedumbassery Njarackal North Paravur Pachalam Palarivattom Palluruthy Panampilly Nagar Panayikulam Pathalam Pattimattom Perumbavoor Puthencruz Puthuvype Thiruvankulam Thoppumpady Thrikkakara Thrippunithura Thuravoor Thekku Thuruthipuram Vaduthala Vallarpadam Varapuzha Vazhakulam Vennala Vypin Vyttila Willingdon Island Million - plus agglomerations in India North Chandigarh Delhi Haryana : Faridabad Jammu and Kashmir : Srinagar Punjab : Ludhiana Amritsar Rajasthan : Jaipur Jodhpur Kota Central Chhattisgarh : Raipur Bhilai Madhya Pradesh : Indore Bhopal Jabalpur Gwalior Uttar Pradesh : Kanpur Lucknow Ghaziabad Agra Varanasi Meerut Allahabad Eastern Bihar : Patna Jharkhand : Jamshedpur Dhanbad Ranchi West Bengal : Kolkata Asansol Western Gujarat : Ahmedabad Surat Vadodara Rajkot Maharashtra : Mumbai Pune Nagpur Nashik Vasai - Virar Aurangabad Southern Andhra Pradesh : Visakhapatnam Vijayawada Karnataka : Bangalore Kerala : Kochi Kozhikode Thrissur Malappuram Thiruvananthapuram Kannur Kollam Tamil Nadu : Chennai Coimbatore Madurai Tiruchirappalli Telangana : Hyderabad Populated places in Ernakulam district Cities and towns Aluva Angamaly Ayyampuzha Chendamangalam Chengamanad Cheranallur Choornikkara Chottanikkara Chowwara Edathala Edappally Eloor Ernakulam Kadamakkudy Kakkanad Kalamassery Kanayannur Kochi Kolenchery Kothamangalam Muvattupuzha Koothattukulam Piravom Kalady Kottuvally Kumbalam Kunnathunad Kureekkad Malayattoor Maradu Mulavukad North Paravur Perumbavoor Puthuvypin Thiruvankulam Thrikkakara Thrippunithura Varappuzha Vazhakkala Willingdon Island Sub-districts and villages Aluva Ayyampuzha Karukutty Malayattoor Manjapra Mookkannoor Parakkadavu Thuravoor Kanayannur Edakkattuvayal Kaippattur Keecherry Kulayettikara Thrikkakara North ( Part ) Kochi Chellanam Edavanakkad Kuzhuppilly Nayarambalam Pallippuram Kothamangalam Kedavoor Keerampara Kottappady Kuttamangalam Kuttampuzha Neriamangalam Pindimana Pothanikkad Thrikkariyoor ( Part ) Varappetty Kunnathunad Aikaranad North Aikaranad South Arakapady Asamannoor Irapuram Kizhakkambalam Kodanad Kombanad Mazhuvannoor Pattimattom Rayamangalam Thiruvaniyoor Vadavukode Vengoor West Vengoor Muvattupuzha Arakuzha Elanji Enanalloor Kalloorkkad Koothattukulam Maneed Manjalloor Marady ( Part ) Memury Mulavoor Muvattupuzha ( Part ) Onakkoor Palakkuzha Piravom Ramamangalam Thirumarady Valakam Paravur Ezhikkara Kunnukara State of Kerala Capital : Thiruvananthapuram Symbols Bird Great hornbill Animal Indian elephant Tree Coconut Flower Golden shower Fish Karimeen Topics Arts Culture Demographics Economy Education Film Geography Roads Ports History Flora and Fauna Government Tourism Sports Districts Thiruvananthapuram KL - 01 Kollam KL - 02 Pathanamthitta KL - 03 Alappuzha KL - 04 Kottayam KL - 05 Idukki KL - 06 Ernakulam KL - 07 Thrissur KL - 08 Palakkad KL - 09 Malappuram KL - 10 Kozhikode KL - 11 Wayanad KL - 12 Kannur KL - 13 Kasaragod KL - 14 Taluks Neyyattinkara Kattakada Thiruvananthapuram Nedumangad Chirayinkeezhu Varkala Kollam Karunagappalli Kunnathur Kottarakkara Punalur Pathanapuram Adoor Konni Kozhencherry Ranni Mallapally Tiruvalla Chengannur Mavelikkara Karthikappally Ambalappuzha Kuttanad Cherthala Changanassery Kottayam Kanjirappally Meenachil Vaikom Peermade Udumbanchola Idukki Thodupuzha Devikulam Kothamangalam Muvattupuzha Kunnathunad Kanayannur Kochi Aluva North Paravur Kodungallur Chalakudy Mukundapuram Thrissur Chavakkad Thalapilly Alathur Chittur Palakkad Pattambi Ottapalam Mannarkkad Perinthalmanna Ponnani Thirur Tirurangadi Eranad Kondotty Nilambur Kozhikode Thamarassery Koyilandy Vatakara Vythiri Sultan Bathery Mananthavady Iritty Thalassery Kannur Taliparamba Hosdurg Vellarikundu Kasaragod Manjeshwaram Municipal Corporations Thiruvananthapuram Kochi Kozhikode Kollam Thrissur Kannur Municipalities Adoor Anthoor Alappuzha Aluva Angamaly Attingal Chalakudy Changanassery Chavakkad Chengannur Cherthala Chittur Tattamangalam Eloor Guruvayur Irinjalakuda Iritty Kalamassery Kalpetta Kanhangad Karunagappalli Kasaragod Kayamkulam Kodungallur Kuthuparamba Kothamangalam Kottakkal Kottarakkara Kottayam Koyilandy Kunnamkulam Malappuram Manjeri Maradu Mattanur Mavelikkara Muvattupuzha Nedumangad Neyyattinkara Nilambur Nileshwaram North Paravur Ottapalam Palai Palakkad Panoor Paravur Pathanamthitta Payyanur Perintalmanna Perumbavoor Ponnani Punalur Shoranur Sreekandapuram Thalassery Taliparamba Tiruvalla Thodupuzha Thrikkakkara Thrippunithura Tirur Vatakara Vaikom Varkala Other Towns Parassala Balaramapuram Kattakkada Chirayinkeezhu Kilimanoor Chathannur Kundara Chavara Oachira Sasthamkotta Kunnathur Anchal Pathanapuram Kozhencherry Konni Ranni Mallapally Kumbanad Aranmula Kulanada Omalloor Vadasserikkara Parumala Mannar Charummoodu Ambalapuzha Mararikulam Aroor Kanjirapally Erumeli Mundakayam Vazhoor Karukachal Pampady Puthuppally Kuravilangad Uzhavoor Thalayolaparambu Kaduthuruthy Peermade Vandiperiyar Kumily Rajakkad Munnar Devikulam Adimali Kolenchery Puthencruz Kunnathunad Kalady Malayattoor Chottanikkara Udayamperoor Varapuzha Sreemoolanagaram Nedumbassery Mala Kodakara Pudukkad Manalur Pavaratty Chelakkara Vadakkencherry Alathur Nemmara Puthunagaram Malampuzha Sreekrishnapuram Lakkidi - 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Nova Scotia South America & Antilles 16th century 1500 -- 1822 Brazil 1534 -- 1549 Captaincy Colonies of Brazil 1549 -- 1572 Brazil 1572 -- 1578 Bahia 1572 -- 1578 Rio de Janeiro 1578 -- 1607 Brazil 1621 -- 1815 Brazil 1536 -- 1620 Barbados 17th century 1621 -- 1751 Maranhão 1680 -- 1777 Nova Colónia do Sacramento 18th century 1751 -- 1772 Grão - Pará and Maranhão 1772 -- 1775 Grão - Pará and Rio Negro 1772 -- 1775 Maranhão and Piauí 19th century 1808 -- 1822 Cisplatina ( Uruguay ) 1809 -- 1817 Portuguese Guiana ( Amapá ) 1822 Upper Peru ( Bolivia ) Coats of arms of Portuguese colonies Evolution of the Portuguese Empire Portuguese colonial architecture Portuguese colonialism in Indonesia Portuguese colonization of the Americas Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia VIAF : 248705323 GND : 4285343 - 6 BNF : cb11969178g ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kochi&oldid=804975785 '' Categories : Neighbourhoods in Kochi Kochi Cities and towns in Ernakulam district Former capital cities in India Former Portuguese colonies Historic Jewish communities Populated coastal places in India Port cities in India Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Unfit url Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use Indian English from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from May 2014 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Languages تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú भोजपुरी Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 हिन्दी বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Ladino Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Română Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Twi Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 08 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what was queen of the arabian sea kochi known as before 1996 | [
"Ancient travellers and tradesmen referred to Kochi in their writings, variously alluding to it as Cocym, Cochym, Cochin, and Kochi.[25] The Cochin Jewish community called Cochin as Kogin (קוגין), which is seen in the seal of the synagogue[26] which is still owned by the community. The origin of the name \"Kochi\" is thought to be from the Malayalam word kochu azhi, meaning 'small lagoon'. Yet another theory is that Kochi is derived from the word Kaci, meaning \"harbour\".[27] The name Cochin implies \"co-chin\", meaning \"like-China\". It looked like China when the Chinese came to the region during the 14th century and installed Chinese nets. Accounts by Italian explorers Nicolo Conti (15th century), and Fra Paoline in the 17th century say that it was called Kochchi, named after the river connecting the backwaters to the sea.[28] After the arrival of the Portuguese, and later the British, the name Cochin stuck as the official appellation. The city reverted to a closer Anglicization of its original Malayalam name, Kochi, in 1996. This change in name was challenged by the city municipal corporation but court has later dismissed the plea.[29]"
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"Cochin"
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6265074932803252556 | November Uprising | November Uprising - wikipedia November Uprising Jump to : navigation , search November Uprising Part of Polish -- Russian Wars Taking of the Warsaw Arsenal . Painting by Marcin Zaleski . Date 29 November 1830 -- 21 October 1831 Location Poland , Lithuania and Right - bank Ukraine Result Russian victory , introduction of the Organic Statute of the Kingdom of Poland , liquidation of Polish autonomy Belligerents Congress Poland Army of Congress Poland Russian Empire Imperial Russian Army Commanders and leaders Józef Chłopicki Michał Gedeon Radziwiłł Jan Zygmunt Skrzynecki Ignacy Prądzyński Kazimierz Małachowski Maciej Rybiński Jan Nepomucen Umiński Nicholas I of Russia Hans Karl von Diebitsch Ivan Paskevich Strength 150,000 180,000 -- 200,000 Casualties and losses 40,000 killed and wounded about 22,000 -- 23,000 killed Total killed and wounded at least 60,000 32,000 captured 5,230 -- 12,000 died of disease November Uprising Stoczek 1st Wawer Nowa Wieś Kałuszyn Białołęka Olszynka Grochowska 1st Puławy 2nd Puławy Kurów Markuszów 2nd Wawer Dębe Wielkie Domanice Iganie Poryck Wronów Kazimierz Dolny Boremel Sokołów Podlaski Firley Lubartów Połąga Tykocin Nur Wilno Ostrołęka Rajgród Warsaw Polish -- Russian Wars Muscovite / Lithuanian Livonian 1605 -- 18 ( Dymitriads ) Smolensk 1654 -- 67 War of the Polish Succession War of the Bar Confederation 1792 Kościuszko Uprising Napoleon 's Invasion of Russia November Uprising January Uprising Polish -- Soviet 1939 The November Uprising ( 1830 -- 31 ) , also known as the Polish -- Russian War 1830 -- 31 or the Cadet Revolution , was an armed rebellion in the heartland of partitioned Poland against the Russian Empire . The uprising began on 29 November 1830 in Warsaw when the young Polish officers from the local Army of the Congress Poland 's military academy revolted , led by lieutenant Piotr Wysocki . They were soon joined by large segments of societies of Lithuania , Belarus , and the Right - bank Ukraine . Despite local successes , the uprising was eventually crushed by a numerically superior Imperial Russian Army under Ivan Paskevich . Tsar Nicholas I decreed that henceforth Poland was an integral part of Russia , with Warsaw little more than a military garrison , its university closed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Poland Before the Uprising 2 Outbreak 3 Uprising 4 Russo - Polish War 5 Postscript 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References Poland before the Uprising ( edit ) Main article : History of Poland ( 1795 -- 1918 ) After the Partitions of Poland , Poland ceased to exist as an independent political entity at the end of 1795 . However , the Napoleonic Wars and Polish participation in the wars against Russia and Austria resulted in the creation of the Duchy of Warsaw in 1807 . The Congress of Vienna brought that state 's existence to an end in 1815 , and essentially solidified the long - term division of Poland among Russia , Prussia and the Habsburg Empire . The Austrian Empire annexed territories in the South , Prussia took control over the semi-autonomous Grand Duchy of Poznań in the West , and Russia assumed hegemony over the semi-autonomous so - called Congress Kingdom . Initially , the Russian - formed Congress Kingdom enjoyed a relatively large amount of internal autonomy and was only indirectly subject to imperial control , having its own constitution of the Kingdom of Poland . United with Russia through a personal union with the Tsar as King of Poland , the province could elect its own parliament ( the Sejm ) and government . The kingdom had its own courts , army and treasury . Over time , however , the freedoms granted to the Kingdom were gradually taken back and the constitution was progressively ignored by the Russian authorities . Alexander I of Russia never formally crowned himself as King of Poland . Instead , in 1815 , he appointed Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich as de facto viceroy , disregarding the constitution . Coat - of - arms of the November Uprising Flag of the November Uprising that carried the motto `` For our freedom and yours '' Soon after the Congress of Vienna resolutions were signed , Russia ceased to respect them . In 1819 Alexander I abandoned liberty of the press in Congress Kingdom and introduced censorship . Russian secret police commanded by Nikolay Nikolayevich Novosiltsev started infiltration and persecution of Polish clandestine organizations , and in 1821 the Tsar ordered the abolition of freemasonry . As a result , after 1825 sessions of Polish Sejm were conducted in secret . Nicholas I of Russia formally crowned himself as King of Poland on 24 May 1829 in Warsaw . Despite numerous protests by various Polish politicians who actively supported the `` personal union '' , Grand Duke Constantine had no intention of respecting the Polish constitution , one of the most progressive in Europe at that time . He abolished Polish social and patriotic organizations , the liberal opposition of the Kaliszanie faction , and replaced Poles with Russians in important administrative positions . Although married to a Pole ( Joanna Grudzińska ) , he was commonly considered as an enemy of the Polish nation . Also , his command over the Polish Army led to serious conflicts within the officer corps . These frictions led to various conspiracies throughout the country , most notably within the army . Outbreak ( edit ) The armed struggle began when a group of conspirators led by a young cadet from the Warsaw officers ' school , Piotr Wysocki , took arms from their garrison on 29 November 1830 and attacked the Belweder Palace , the main seat of the Grand Duke . The final spark that ignited Warsaw was a Russian plan to use the Polish Army to suppress France 's July Revolution and the Belgian Revolution , in clear violation of the Polish constitution . The rebels managed to enter the Belweder , but Grand Duke Constantine had escaped in women 's clothing . The rebels then turned to the main city arsenal , capturing it after a brief struggle . The following day , armed Polish civilians forced the Russian troops to withdraw north of Warsaw . This incident is sometimes called the Warsaw Uprising or the November Night . ( Polish : Noc listopadowa ) . Uprising ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Taken by surprise by the rapid unfolding of events during the night of 29 November , the local Polish government ( Administrative Council ) assembled immediately to take control and to decide on a course of action . Unpopular ministers were removed and men like Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski , the historian Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz and General Józef Chłopicki took their places . Loyalists led by Prince Czartoryski initially tried to negotiate with Grand Duke Constantine and to settle matters peacefully . However , when Czartoryski told the Council that Constantine was ready to forgive the offenders and that the matter would be amicably settled , Maurycy Mochnacki and other radicals angrily objected and demanded a national uprising . Fearing an immediate break with Russia , the Government agreed to let Constantine depart with his troops . Fighting between Polish insurgents and the Russian cuirassiers on bridge in Warsaw 's Łazienki Park . In the background , an equestrian statue of King John III Sobieski ( painting by Wojciech Kossak , 1898 ) Mochnacki did n't trust the newly constituted ministry and set out to replace it with the Patriotic Club , organized by him . At a large public demonstration on 3 December in Warsaw , he denounced the negotiations between the Government and Grand Duke Constantine , who was encamped outside the city . Mochnacki advocated a military campaign in Lithuania so as to spare the country the devastation of war and preserve the local food supply . The meeting adopted a number of demands to be communicated to the Administrative Council , including the establishment of a revolutionary government and an immediate attack upon the forces of Constantine . The Polish army , with all but two of its generals , Wincenty Krasiński and Zygmunt Kurnatowski , now joined the uprising . Battle of Stoczek by Jan Rosen The remaining four ministers of the pre-revolutionary cabinet left the Administrative Council , and their places were taken by Mochnacki and three of his associates from the Patriotic Club , including Joachim Lelewel . The new body was known as the Provisional Government . To legalize its actions the Provisional Government ordered the convocation of the Sejm and on 5 December 1830 proclaimed Chłopicki as Dictator of the Uprising . Chłopicki considered the uprising an act of madness , but bowed to pressure and consented to take command temporarily , in the hope that it would be unnecessary to take the field . An able and highly decorated soldier , he had retired from the army because of the chicanery of Constantine . He overestimated the power of Russia and underestimated the strength and fervor of the Polish revolutionary movement . By temperament and conviction he was opposed to a war with Russia , not believing in a successful outcome . He accepted the dictatorship essentially in order to maintain internal peace and to save the Constitution . Battle of Olszynka Grochowska Believing that Tsar Nicholas was unaware of his brother 's actions and that the uprising could be ended if the Russian authorities accepted the Constitution , Chłopicki 's first move was to send Prince Franciszek Ksawery Drucki - Lubecki to Saint Petersburg to negotiate . Chłopicki refrained from strengthening the Polish army and refused to initiate armed hostilities by expelling Russian forces from Lithuania . However , the radicals in Warsaw pressed for war and the complete liberation of Poland . On 13 December , the Sejm pronounced the National Uprising against Russia , and on 7 January 1831 Prince Drucki - Lubecki returned from Russia with no concessions . The Tsar demanded the complete and unconditional surrender of Poland and announced that the Poles should surrender to the grace of their Emperor . His plans foiled , Chłopicki resigned the following day . Emilia Plater leading scythemen 1831 Power in Poland was now in the hands of the radicals united in the Towarzystwo Patriotyczne ( Patriotic Society ) directed by Joachim Lelewel . On 25 January 1831 , the Sejm passed the Act of Dethronization of Nicholas I , which ended the Polish - Russian personal union and was equivalent to a declaration of war on Russia . The proclamation declared that `` the Polish nation is an independent people and has a right to offer the Polish crown to him whom it may consider worthy , from whom it might with certainty expect faith to his oath and wholehearted respect to the sworn guarantees of civic freedom . '' On 29 January , the National Government of Adam Jerzy Czartoryski was established , and Michał Gedeon Radziwiłł was chosen as successor to Chłopicki . Chłopicki was persuaded to accept active command of the army . Seal of the Dictator of the uprising Russo - Polish war ( edit ) It was too late to move the theatre of hostilities to Lithuania . On 4 February , a 115,000 strong Russian army under Field Marshal Hans Karl von Diebitsch crossed the Polish borders . The first major battle took place on 14 February 1831 , close to the village of Stoczek near Łuków . In the Battle of Stoczek , Polish cavalry under Brigadier Józef Dwernicki defeated the Russian division of Teodor Geismar . However , the victory had mostly psychological value and could not stop the Russian advance towards Warsaw . The subsequent battles of Dobre , Wawer and Białołęka were inconclusive . The Polish forces then assembled on the right bank of the Vistula to defend the capital . On 25 February , a Polish contingent of approximately 40,000 met a Russian force of 60,000 east of Warsaw , in the Battle of Olszynka Grochowska . Both armies withdrew after almost two days of heavy fighting and with considerable losses on both sides . Over 7,000 Poles fell on that field , and the number of killed in the Russian army was slightly larger . Diebitsch was forced to retreat to Siedlce and Warsaw was saved . Battle of Ostrołęka ( painting by Juliusz Kossak ) Chłopicki , whose soldierly qualities reasserted themselves by military activity , was wounded in action and his place taken by General Jan Skrzynecki who , like his predecessor , had won distinction under Napoleon for personal courage . Disliked by Grand Duke Constantine , he had retired from service . He shared with Chłopicki the conviction that war with Russia was futile , but with the opening of hostilities took command of a corps and fought creditably at Grochov . When the weak and indecisive Michał Radziwiłł surrendered the dictatorship , Skrzynecki was chosen to succeed him . He endeavored to end the war by negotiations with the Russian field commanders and hoped for benign foreign intervention . Sympathetic echoes of the Polish aspirations reverberated throughout Europe . Enthusiastic meetings had been held in Paris under Lafayette 's chairmanship , and money for the Polish cause was collected in the United States . The governments of France and Britain , however , did not share the feelings of some of their people . King Louis - Philippe of France thought mainly of securing for himself recognition on the part of all European governments , and Lord Palmerston was intent on maintaining friendly relations with Russia . England regarded with alarm the reawakening of the French national spirit and did not wish to weaken Russia , `` as Europe might soon again require her services in the cause of order , and to prevent Poland , whom it regarded as a national ally of France , from becoming a French province of the Vistula . '' Austria and Prussia adopted a position of benevolent neutrality towards Russia . They closed the Polish frontiers and prevented the transportation of munitions of war or supplies of any kind . Emilia Plater skirmishing at Šiauliai ( Polish : Szawle ) . Painting by Wojciech Kossak , 1904 . Under these circumstances the war with Russia began to take on a somber and disquieting aspect . The Poles fought desperately and attempts were made to rouse Volhynia , Podolia , Samogitia and Lithuania . With the exception of the Lithuanian uprising , in which the youthful Countess Emilia Plater and several other women distinguished themselves , the guerilla warfare carried on in the frontier provinces was of minor importance and served only to give Russia an opportunity to crush local risings . Notorious was the slaughter of the inhabitants of the small town of Ashmiany in Belarus . Meanwhile , new Russian forces under Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich of Russia arrived in Poland but met with many defeats . Constant warfare , however , and bloody battles such as that at Ostroleka in which 8,000 Poles lost their lives , considerably depleted the Polish forces . Mistakes on the part of the commanders , constant changes and numerous resignations , and the inactivity of the commanders , who continued to hope for foreign intervention , added to the feeling of despair . Comparison of number of soldiers of both sides during Polish - Russian War in 1831 Charge of the Polish uhlans city of Poznań during November Uprising The more radical elements severely criticized the government not only for its inactivity , but also for its lack of land reform and its failure to recognize the peasants ' rights to the soil they tilled , but the Sejm , fearing that the governments of Europe might regard the war with Russia as social revolution , procrastinated and haggled over concessions . The initial enthusiasm of the peasantry waned , and the ineptitude of the government became more apparent . In the meantime , the Russian forces , commanded after the death of Diebitsch by General Paskevich , were moving to encircle Warsaw . Skrzynecki failed to prevent the Russian forces from joining , and the Sejm responded to popular clamor for his deposition by appointing General Dembinski to temporary command . The atmosphere was highly charged . Severe rioting took place and the government became completely disorganized . Count Jan Krukowiecki was made President of the Ruling Council . He had little faith in the success of the military campaign , but believed that when passions had subsided he could end the war on , what seemed to him , advantageous terms . Despite desperate defense by General Józef Sowiński , Warsaw 's suburb of Wola fell to Paskevich 's forces on 6 September . The next day saw the second line of the capital 's defensive works attacked by the Russians . During the night of 7 September Krukowiecki capitulated , although the city still held out . He was immediately deposed by the Polish government and replaced by Bonawentura Niemojowski . The army and the government withdrew to the Modlin fortress , on the Vistula , subsequently renamed Novo - Georgievsk by the Russians , and then to Płock . New plans had been adopted when the news arrived that the Polish crack corps under Ramorino , unable to join the main army , had laid down its arms after crossing the Austrian frontier into Galicia . It became evident that the war could be carried on no longer . On 5 October 1831 , the remainder of the Polish army of over 20,000 men crossed the Prussian frontier and laid down their arms at Brodnica in preference to submission to Russia . Only one man , a colonel by the name of Stryjenski , gained the peculiar distinction of giving himself up to Russia . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Declaration of Horace Sébastiani in French Chamber of Deputies about situation in Poland ( 1831 ) Following the example of Dąbrowski of a generation before , General Bem endeavored to reorganize the Polish soldiers in Prussia and Galicia into Legions and lead them to France , but the Prussian government frustrated his plans . The immigrants left Prussia in bands of between fifty and a hundred , and their journey through the various German principalities was greeted with enthusiasm by the local populations . Even German sovereigns such as the King of Saxony , the Princess of Weimar and the Duke of Gotha shared in the general demonstration of sympathy . It was only upon the very insistent demands of Russia that the Polish committees all over Germany had to be closed . Lithuanian Litas commemorative coin dedicated to the uprising Polish 5 złoty coin from the Uprising Postscript ( edit ) Adam Czartoryski remarked that the war with Russia , precipitated by the rising of young patriots in November 1830 , came either too early or too late . Puzyrewski argued , that the rising should have been initiated in 1828 when Russia was experiencing reverses in Turkey and was least able to spare substantial forces for war with Poland ( Lewinski - Corwin , 1917 ) . Military critics , among them Russian pundit , General Puzyrevsky , maintained that in spite of the inequality of resources of the two countries , Poland had had every chance of holding her own against Russia , had the campaign been managed skillfully . Russia sent over 180,000 well trained men against Poland 's 70,000 ; 30 % of whom were fresh recruits who entered the service at the opening of hostilities . `` In view of this , one would think that not only was the result of the struggle undoubted , but its course should have been a triumphant march for the infinitely stronger party . Instead , the war lasted eight months , with often doubtful success . At times the balance seemed to tip decidedly to the side of the weaker adversary who dealt not only blows , but even ventured daring offensives . '' It had long been argued ( wrote Edward Lewinski - Corwin in 1917 ) that `` anarchy and a lack of concord '' among people were the causes of Poland 's national downfall . Thus , when the rising finally began , the insurgents demanded absolute power for their leaders and tolerated no criticism , afraid that discord would again prove ruinous for all . However , the men chosen to lead -- because of their past achievements -- proved unable to perform the great task expected of them . Moreover , many apparently had little faith that their joint effort could succeed . Militarily , Poland might have succeeded if the line of battle had been established in Lithuania ( wrote Lewinski - Corwin ) and if the Russian forces arriving in Poland progressively , had been dealt with separately and decisively , one - unit - after - another . After the end of the November Uprising , Polish women wore black ribands and jewellery as a symbol of mourning for their lost homeland . Such images can be seen in the first scenes of the movie Pan Tadeusz , filmed by Andrzej Wajda in 1999 , based on the Polish national epic . A 1937 German film Ride to Freedom was partly shot on location in Poland . The Scottish poet Thomas Campbell , who had championed the cause of the Poles in The Pleasures of Hope , was affected by the news of the capture of Warsaw by the Russians in 1831 as if it had been the deepest of personal calamities . `` Poland preys on my heart night and day '' , he wrote in one of his letters , and his sympathy found a practical expression in the foundation in London of the Association of the Friends of Poland . The November Uprising was also supported in the United States . Edgar Allan Poe was sympathetic to the Polish cause and volunteered to fight the Russians during the November Uprising ( Bobr - Tylingo 1982 , 145 ) . Despite Poland 's deep connection to Catholicism and the fact that many participants in the rebellion were Catholic , the rebellion was condemned by the Church . Pope Gregory XVI issued an encyclical in the following year of 1832 on the subject of civil disobedience that was entitled Cum Primum , and which stated : When the first report of the calamities , which so seriously devastated your flourishing kingdom reached our ears , We learned simultaneously that they had been caused by some fabricators of deceit and lies . Under the pretext of religion , and revolting against the legitimate authority of the princes , they filled their fatherland , which they loosed from due obedience to authority , with mourning . We shed abundant tears at the feet of God , grieving over the harsh evil with which some of our flock was afflicted . Afterward We humbly prayed that God would enable your provinces , agitated by so many and so serious dissensions , to be restored to peace and to the rule of legitimate authority . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to November Uprising . Great Emigration List of wars involving Poland Warszawianka 1831 roku Revolutionary etude Hôtel Lambert Polish National Government ( November Uprising ) Sources in Polish Emilia Plater Stanislas Hernisz Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stefan Kieniewicz , Andrzej Zahorski , Władysław Zajewski , Trzy powstania narodowe , Warszawa 1992 , p. 273 . ( in Polish ) Jump up ^ z dostępnych informacji wynika , że straty pewne to ponad 21 tys . ludzi ( suma zabitych podana przy poszczególnych bitwach ) , jednak nie wszystkie bitwy mają tę statystykę Jump up ^ Wacław Tokarz , Wojna polsko - rosyjska 1830 i 1831 , Warszawa 1993 , passim . Jump up ^ The lands of partitioned Poland , 1795 -- 1918 . By Piotr Stefan Wandycz . Page 106 . Jump up ^ `` Polish Uprising of 1830 -- 31 . '' The Great Soviet Encyclopedia , 3rd Edition ( 1970 -- 1979 ) . Gale Group , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Polish Revolution of 1830 . '' By Amy Linch. 2009 . The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 8464 - 9 Jump up ^ Tucker , S.C. , editor , 201 , A Global Chronology of Conflict , Volume Three : 1775 - 1860 , Santa Barbara : ABC - CLIO , LLC , ISBN 9781851096671 , p. 1157 ^ Jump up to : Tucker , S.C. , editor , 201 , A Global Chronology of Conflict , Volume Three : 1775 - 1860 , Santa Barbara : ABC - CLIO , LLC , ISBN 9781851096671 , p. 1155 ^ Jump up to : Tucker , S.C. , editor , 201 , A Global Chronology of Conflict , Volume Three : 1775 - 1860 , Santa Barbara : ABC - CLIO , LLC , ISBN 9781851096671 , p. 1156 ^ Jump up to : Edward H. Lewinski - Corwin , PhD ( 1917 ) . `` The War with Russia and the Aftermath ( Chapter XVIII , p. 427 ) '' ( full text , 630 pages , stored by www.archive.org ) . The Political History of Poland . New York , Polish Book Importing Co . Internet Archive www.archive.org . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Encyclical of Pope Gregory XVI on Civil Obedience on 9 June 1832 . '' EWTN , 1998 . References ( edit ) Andrzej Garlicki ( 2003 ) . Historia 1815 -- 1939 ; Polska i świat ( in Polish ) . Warsaw , Scholar . p. 444 . ISBN 83 - 7383 - 041 - 3 . `` Modern Synchronology '' . Synchronology of the Principal Events in Sacred And Profane History . Kessinger Publishing Company . p. 324 . ISBN 1 - 4179 - 5419 - 1 . ( in German ) Roman Soltyk : Polen , geographisch und historisch geschildert -- Mit einer vollständigen Geschichte der Jahre 1830 und 1831 . Von einem Augenzeugen ... 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who crushed the polish national uprising of 1830 | [
"The November Uprising (1830–31), also known as the Polish–Russian War 1830–31[3] or the Cadet Revolution, was an armed rebellion in the heartland of partitioned Poland against the Russian Empire. The uprising began on 29 November 1830 in Warsaw when the young Polish officers from the local Army of the Congress Poland's military academy revolted, led by lieutenant Piotr Wysocki. They were soon joined by large segments of societies of Lithuania, Belarus, and the Right-bank Ukraine. Despite local successes, the uprising was eventually crushed by a numerically superior Imperial Russian Army under Ivan Paskevich.[4][5][6] Tsar Nicholas I decreed that henceforth Poland was an integral part of Russia, with Warsaw little more than a military garrison, its university closed.[7]"
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"Imperial Russian Army under Ivan Paskevich"
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-8087979650891724138 | Dolphins–Patriots rivalry | Dolphins -- Patriots rivalry - wikipedia Dolphins -- Patriots rivalry Jump to : navigation , search Dolphins - Patriots rivalry Miami Dolphins New England Patriots First meeting November 27 , 1966 Patriots 20 , Dolphins 14 Latest meeting December 11 , 2017 Patriots 20 , Dolphins 27 Next meeting TBA Statistics Meetings total 105 ( including the playoffs ) All - time series Dolphins lead 54 -- 51 ( including the playoffs ) Postseason results Patriots lead 2 -- 1 January 8 , 1983 : Dolphins 28 , Patriots 13 January 12 , 1986 : Patriots 38 , Dolphins 14 December 28 , 1997 : Patriots 17 , Dolphins 3 Largest victory Dolphins : 52 -- 0 ( 1972 ) Patriots : 34 -- 0 ( 1980 ) Longest win streak Dolphins : 9 ( 1989 -- 93 ) Patriots : 7 ( 2 times : 1986 -- 88 , 2010 -- 13 ) Current win streak Dolphins : 1 win ( 2017 -- present ) The Dolphins -- Patriots rivalry is an American football rivalry between the Miami Dolphins and New England Patriots of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The Dolphins lead the all - time series 54 -- 51 . The two teams play twice every regular season . While not as famous as some other rivalries , the rivalry has a long history that dates back to the 1960s . The beginning of the rivalry was dominated by the Dolphins , as the time the Dolphins were one of the NFL 's most successful teams , while the Patriots were one of the worst . The Patriots finally made the Super Bowl in 1985 . Starting in 1986 , the rivalry was a little bit more even , with the Pats having a 7 - game winning streak from 1986 to 1988 . The Dolphins then took over the rivalry once again , winning 13 of the next 15 matchups between the 2 teams . Both teams had great quarterbacks in the 90s , with the Patriots having Drew Bledsoe and the Dolphins with Dan Marino . The Dolphins continued to dominate the rivalry through the late 1990s with the Dolphins sweeping the Patriots in back to back years , 1999 and 2000 . Since 2003 , the Patriots dominated the rivalry , though they have noticeably struggled more against the Dolphins than against the other AFC East teams during this time period . In 2004 , one of the most famous moments in the rivalry happened where the Dolphins , 2 -- 11 at the time , upset the 12 -- 1 Patriots in a game that has been known as `` The Night That Courage Wore Orange '' . In 2008 , the rivalry briefly intensified when the Dolphins became the only team other than the Patriots since 2003 to win the division . In week 3 of the aforementioned 2008 season , the Dolphins used the Wildcat formation to throw the Patriots off and went on to upset them , 38 -- 13 . Also notable is the fact that the Dolphins and Patriots are the only NFL teams to post undefeated regular season records following the NFL - AFL merger . The 1972 Dolphins finished with a 14 -- 0 regular season record and went on to win Super Bowl VIII , finishing the only complete perfect season in NFL history , while the 2007 Patriots were the first team to go undefeated in the regular season since the league expanded to 16 games , but famously lost Super Bowl XLII against the New York Giants . Contents ( hide ) 1 Results 1.1 1960s ( Dolphins 4 -- 3 ) 1.2 1970s ( Dolphins 13 -- 7 ) 1.3 1980s ( Patriots 11 -- 10 ) 1.4 1990s ( Dolphins 14 -- 7 ) 1.5 2000s ( Patriots 11 -- 9 ) 1.6 2010s ( Patriots 11 -- 4 ) 2 Notes 3 References Results ( edit ) 1960s ( Dolphins 4 -- 3 ) ( edit ) Year Date Result Winner Site 1966 November 27 20 -- 14 Patriots Orange Bowl 1967 October 15 41 -- 10 Patriots Fenway Park December 17 41 -- 32 Dolphins Orange Bowl 1968 November 24 34 -- 10 Dolphins Fenway Park December 8 38 -- 7 Dolphins Orange Bowl 1969 November 9 17 -- 16 Dolphins Alumni Stadium December 8 38 -- 23 Patriots Tampa Stadium 1970s ( Dolphins 13 -- 7 ) ( edit ) Year Date Result Winner Site 1970 September 20 27 -- 14 Patriots Harvard Stadium December 8 37 -- 20 Dolphins Orange Bowl 1971 October 17 41 -- 3 Dolphins Orange Bowl December 8 34 -- 13 Patriots Schaefer Stadium 1972 November 12 52 -- 0 Dolphins Orange Bowl December 3 37 -- 21 Dolphins Schaefer Stadium 1973 September 30 44 -- 23 Dolphins Orange Bowl October 28 30 -- 14 Dolphins Schaefer Stadium September 15 34 -- 24 Patriots Schaefer Stadium December 15 34 -- 27 Dolphins Orange Bowl September 28 22 -- 14 Dolphins Schaefer Stadium December 1 20 -- 7 Dolphins Orange Bowl 1976 September 19 30 -- 14 Patriots Schaefer Stadium October 31 10 -- 3 Dolphins Orange Bowl 1977 November 13 17 -- 5 Dolphins Orange Bowl December 11 14 -- 10 Patriots Schaefer Stadium 1978 October 22 33 -- 24 Patriots Schaefer Stadium December 18 23 -- 3 Dolphins Orange Bowl 1979 October 21 28 -- 13 Patriots Schaefer Stadium November 29 39 -- 24 Dolphins Orange Bowl 1980s ( Patriots 11 -- 10 ) ( edit ) Year Date Result Winner Site 1980 September 20 34 -- 0 Patriots Schaefer Stadium December 8 16 -- 13 Dolphins Orange Bowl 1981 November 8 30 -- 27 Dolphins Schaefer Stadium December 6 24 -- 14 Dolphins Orange Bowl 1982 November 8 3 -- 0 Patriots Schaefer Stadium 1982 January 8 , 1983 28 -- 13 Dolphins Orange Bowl September 11 34 -- 24 Dolphins Orange Bowl November 13 17 -- 6 Patriots Sullivan Stadium 1984 September 9 28 -- 7 Dolphins Orange Bowl October 21 44 -- 24 Dolphins Sullivan Stadium 1985 November 3 17 -- 13 Patriots Sullivan Stadium December 16 30 -- 27 Dolphins Orange Bowl 1985 January 12 , 1986 31 -- 14 Patriots Orange Bowl 1986 October 5 34 -- 7 Patriots Sullivan Stadium December 22 34 -- 27 Patriots Orange Bowl September 13 28 -- 21 Patriots Sullivan Stadium December 28 24 -- 10 Patriots Joe Robbie Stadium 1988 November 6 21 -- 10 Patriots Sullivan Stadium November 20 6 -- 3 Patriots Joe Robbie Stadium 1989 September 17 24 -- 10 Dolphins Sullivan Stadium December 10 31 -- 10 Dolphins Joe Robbie Stadium 1990s ( Dolphins 14 -- 7 ) ( edit ) Year Date Result Winner Site Attendance 1990 September 9 27 -- 24 Dolphins Foxboro Stadium N / A October 18 17 -- 10 Dolphins Joe Robbie Stadium N / A 1991 October 6 20 -- 10 Dolphins Foxboro Stadium N / A November 10 30 -- 20 Dolphins Joe Robbie Stadium N / A 1992 October 18 38 - 17 Dolphins Joe Robbie Stadium N / A December 27 16 -- 13 OT Dolphins Foxboro Stadium N / A 1993 November 21 17 -- 13 Dolphins Joe Robbie Stadium N / A January 2 , 1994 33 -- 27 OT Patriots Foxboro Stadium N / A 1994 September 4 39 -- 35 Dolphins Joe Robbie Stadium N / A October 30 23 -- 3 Dolphins Foxboro Stadium N / A 1995 September 10 20 -- 3 Dolphins Foxboro Stadium N / A November 12 34 -- 17 Patriots Joe Robbie Stadium N / A September 1 24 -- 10 Dolphins Pro Player Stadium 71,542 November 3 42 -- 23 Patriots Foxboro Stadium 58,492 1997 November 23 27 -- 24 Patriots Foxboro Stadium 59,002 December 22 14 -- 12 Dolphins Pro Player Stadium 74,379 1997 December 28 17 -- 3 Patriots Foxboro Stadium 60,041 1998 October 25 12 -- 9 OT Dolphins Pro Player Stadium 73,973 November 23 26 -- 23 Patriots Foxboro Stadium 58,729 1999 October 17 31 -- 30 Dolphins Foxboro Stadium 60,006 November 21 27 -- 17 Dolphins Pro Player Stadium 74,295 2000s ( Patriots 11 -- 9 ) ( edit ) Year Date Result Winner Site Attendance 2000 September 24 10 -- 3 Dolphins Pro Player Stadium 73,344 December 24 27 -- 24 Dolphins Foxboro Stadium 60,292 2001 October 7 20 -- 10 Dolphins Pro Player Stadium 72,713 December 22 20 -- 13 Patriots Foxboro Stadium 60,292 2002 October 6 26 - 13 Dolphins Pro Player Stadium 73,369 December 29 20 -- 13 OT Patriots Gillette Stadium 68,436 2003 October 19 29 -- 13 OT Patriots Pro Player Stadium 73,650 December 7 12 -- 0 Patriots Gillette Stadium 68,436 October 10 24 -- 10 Patriots Gillette Stadium 68,756 December 20 29 -- 28 Dolphins Pro Player Stadium 73,629 2005 November 13 23 -- 16 Patriots Dolphins Stadium 73,405 January 1 , 2006 28 -- 26 Dolphins Gillette Stadium 68,756 2006 October 8 20 -- 10 Patriots Gillette Stadium 68,756 December 10 21 -- 0 Dolphins Dolphin Stadium 74,033 2007 October 21 49 -- 28 Patriots Dolphin Stadium 71,951 December 23 28 -- 7 Patriots Gillette Stadium 68,756 2008 September 21 38 -- 13 Dolphins Gillette Stadium 68,756 November 23 48 -- 28 Patriots Dolphin Stadium 67,146 2009 October 17 27 -- 17 Patriots Gillette Stadium 68,756 December 26 22 -- 21 Dolphins Land Shark Stadium 70,102 2010s ( Patriots 11 -- 4 ) ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Dolphins and Patriots only played once in 1982 due to the strike shortened season References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots vs. Miami Dolphins Results The Football Database '' . FootballDB.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ Galicia , Thomas ( October 4 , 2010 ) . `` Miami Dolphins - New England Patriots : Greatest Games In The Series '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dolphins stun Patriots 38 - 13 '' . The Seattle Times . 2008 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ 1972 Perfect Season - Miami Dolphins Jump up ^ `` Giants prevent perfect season , beat Patriots '' . Sporting News . February 8 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2008 . Retrieved February 8 , 2008 . Miami Dolphins Founded in 1966 Based in Miami Gardens , Florida Headquartered in Davie , Florida Franchise Franchise History Seasons Coaches Players First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Records Honor roll Training facility Broadcasters Stadiums Orange Bowl Hard Rock Stadium Culture `` Fins '' ( Jimmy Buffett song ) Wayne Huizenga Stephen M. Ross Joe Robbie T.D. Cheerleaders Ace Ventura : Pet Detective `` Only Wanna Be with You '' ( Hootie & the Blowfish song ) Ballers Lore Perfect season The Sea of Hands Announcerless Game Epic in Miami Snowplow Game Clock Play Monday Night Miracle Rivalries Buffalo Bills New England Patriots New York Jets Tampa Bay Buccaneers Division championships ( 13 ) 1971 1972 1973 1979 1981 1984 1985 1992 1994 2000 2008 Conference championships ( 5 ) 1971 1972 1973 1982 1984 League championships ( 2 ) 1972 ( VII ) 1973 ( VIII ) Retired numbers 12 13 39 Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : East Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1966 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 52 ) 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold New England Patriots Founded in 1960 Formerly the Boston Patriots ( 1960 -- 70 ) Based and headquartered in Foxborough , Massachusetts Franchise Franchise History Hall of Fame Patriot Place Seasons Players Coaches First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Strategy Broadcasters Stadiums Nickerson Field Fenway Park Alumni Stadium Harvard Stadium Foxboro Stadium Gillette Stadium Culture Billy Sullivan Robert Kraft Jonathan Kraft Pat Patriot Cheerleaders `` I 'm Shipping Up to Boston '' `` Crazy Train '' `` Your Love '' Patriot Reign Family Guy `` Patriot Games '' `` 3 Acts of God '' `` Gronkowsbees '' `` Stunning and Brave '' ( South Park episode ) Lore Snowplow Game St. Louis Stallions Tuck Rule Game 16 - 0 Spygate 2007 game vs. New York Giants Helmet Catch Butt fumble Deflategate 28 -- 3 Philly Special Rivalries Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Denver Broncos Indianapolis Colts Brady -- Manning rivalry Division championships ( 20 ) 1963 1978 1986 1997 2001 2003 2005 2006 2007 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Conference championships ( 10 ) 1985 2001 2003 2007 2011 2014 2016 2017 League championships ( 5 ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) 2003 ( XXXVIII ) 2004 ( XXXIX ) 2014 ( XLIX ) 2016 ( LI ) Retired numbers 20 40 56 57 73 78 79 89 Media Broadcasters WBZ - FM Radio network Gil Santos Gino Cappelletti Bob Socci Scott Zolak Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : East Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold National Football League rivalries American Football Conference AFC East Bills -- Dolphins Bills -- Jets Bills -- Patriots Dolphins -- Jets Dolphins -- Patriots Jets -- Patriots AFC North Bengals -- Browns Bengals -- Steelers Browns -- Steelers Ravens -- Steelers AFC South Jaguars -- Titans Texans -- Titans AFC West Broncos -- Chargers Broncos -- Chiefs Broncos -- Raiders Chargers -- Chiefs Chargers -- Raiders Chiefs -- Raiders Intraconference Broncos -- Patriots Colts -- Patriots Raiders -- Steelers Ravens -- Patriots Steelers -- Titans National Football Conference NFC East Cowboys -- Eagles Cowboys -- Giants Cowboys -- Redskins Eagles -- Giants Eagles -- Redskins Giants -- Redskins NFC North Bears -- Lions Bears -- Packers Bears -- Vikings Lions -- Vikings Lions -- Packers Packers -- Vikings NFC South Buccaneers -- Panthers Buccaneers -- Saints Falcons -- Panthers Falcons -- Saints NFC West 49ers -- Rams 49ers -- Seahawks Intraconference 49ers -- Cowboys 49ers -- Giants Cowboys -- Packers Panthers -- Seahawks Interconference Buccaneers -- Dolphins Cowboys -- Steelers Eagles -- Steelers Giants -- Jets Governor 's Cup Missouri Texas Players Tom Brady -- Peyton Manning Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dolphins -- Patriots_rivalry&oldid = 819483755 '' Categories : National Football League rivalries Miami Dolphins New England Patriots Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 16 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many times have the dolphins beat the patriots | [
"The Dolphins–Patriots rivalry is an American football rivalry between the Miami Dolphins and New England Patriots of the National Football League (NFL). The Dolphins lead the all-time series 54–51. [1] The two teams play twice every regular season."
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"54"
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-8534235637343052841 | Goat meat | Goat meat - wikipedia Goat meat Jump to : navigation , search Raw goat meat Goat meat or goat 's meat is the meat of the domestic goat ( Capra aegagrus hircus ) . Goat meat from adults is often called chevon and cabrito , capretto , or kid when it is from young animals . While `` goat '' is usually the name for the meat found in common parlance , producers and marketers may prefer to use the French - derived word chevon ( from chèvre ) , since market research in the United States suggests that `` chevon '' is more palatable to consumers than `` goat meat '' . Cabrito , a word of Spanish and Portuguese origin , refers specifically to young , milk - fed goat . In some parts of Asia , particularly India , Pakistan , Nepal , Sri Lanka and Bangladesh ; the word `` mutton '' is sometimes used to describe both goat and sheep meat , despite its more specific meaning ( limited to the meat of adult sheep ) in the UK , US , Australia and other English - speaking countries . Contents ( hide ) 1 In cuisine 2 Characteristics 3 Production 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading In cuisine ( edit ) See also : List of goat dishes Goat is a staple in Africa , Asia and South / Central America , and a delicacy in a few European cuisines . The cuisines best known for their use of goat include African cuisine , Middle Eastern , North African , Indian , Indonesian , Nepali , Pakistani , Mexican , and Caribbean ( Haiti ) . Cabrito , or baby goat , is the typical food of Monterrey , Nuevo León , Mexico ; in Italy it is called capretto . Goat has historically been less commonplace in American , Canadian and Northern European cuisines but has become more popular in some niche markets , including those that serve immigrants from Asia and Africa who prefer goat to other meat . As of 2011 the number of goats slaughtered in the United States has doubled every 10 years for three decades , rising to nearly one million annually . While in the past goat meat in the West was confined to ethnic markets , it can now be found in a few upscale restaurants and purveyors , especially in cities such as New York and San Francisco . Brady , Texas has held its Annual World Championship BBQ Goat Cook - Off annually since 1973 . Roasted kid Goat meat is savory and less sweet than beef but slightly sweeter than lamb . It can be prepared in a variety of ways , such as being stewed , curried , baked , grilled , barbecued , minced , canned , fried , or made into sausage . Goat jerky is also another popular variety . In Okinawa ( Japan ) , goat meat is served raw in thin slices as yagisashi . On the Indian subcontinent , the rice dish mutton biryani uses goat meat as a primary ingredient to produce a rich taste . `` Curry goat '' is a common traditional Indo - Caribbean dish . In West Bengal , traditional meat dishes like kosha mangsho and rezala are prepared using meat from a `` Khashi '' , a castrated goat with a meat that has richer taste and a milder , less gamey flavour . In Indonesia , goat meat is popularly skewered and grilled as sate kambing , or curried in soups such as sup kambing and gulai kambing . Goat meat is also a major delicacy in Nepal , and both castrated ( Khashi - ko - masu ) and uncastrated ( Boka - ko - masu ) goats are sacrificed during Dashain , the largest annual celebrations in the country , as well as on other festive occasions . There are many separate dishes , which together include all edible parts of the animal . Bhutun is made from the gut , Rakhti from the blood , Karji - marji from the liver and lungs , and the feet -- Khutti -- are often made into soup . Sukuti is a kind of jerky , while Sekuwa is made from roasted meat and often eaten with alcoholic beverages . In addition to these dishes , goat meat is often eaten as part of momos , thukpa , chow mein and other dishes in various parts of the country . Taas is another popular fried goat meat dish in Nepal , particularly popular in Chitwan district of Nepal . Cabrito , a specialty especially common in Latin American cuisines such as Mexican , Peruvian , Brazilian , and Argentine , is usually slow roasted . Southern Italian , Greek and Portuguese cuisines are also known for serving roast goat in celebration of Easter ( in Italian cuisines , minced goat is used in spaghetti bolognese and lasagna as an alternative for beef ) , with the North of Portugal serving it as well on Christmas day ; goat dishes are also an Easter staple in the alpine regions of central Europe , often braised ( Bavaria ) or breaded and fried ( Tyrol ) . In Africa , the Chaga people of Tanzania , a ceremonial goat ( locally called Ndafu ) would be gutted and roasted as whole as part of tradition that spans hundreds of years . The ceremonial goat is the preferred replacement to the wedding cake used in many weddings around the world . Characteristics ( edit ) A tajine of goat meat Goat has a reputation for strong , gamey flavour , but can be mild depending on how it is raised and prepared . Caribbean cultures often prefer meat from mature goats , which tend to be more pungent ; the best meat comes from younger goats that are six to nine months old . Ribs , loins , and tenderloin goat meat are suitable for quick cooking , while other parts are best for long braising . Despite being classified as red meat , goat is leaner and contains less cholesterol , fat , and protein than both lamb and beef , and less energy than beef or chicken ; therefore , it requires low - heat , slow cooking to preserve tenderness and moisture . Production ( edit ) Goats consume less forage than beef cattle . An acre of pasture can sustain 10 goats or more , compared to two steers . A goat may produce 40 pounds of meat , however , which is much less than from cattle or pigs , often making goats unsuitable for modern meat processors . Goat meat production is growing rapidly but is still less than 4 % of total meat production ( less than 13.6 -- ovine including sheep -- out of 302 million tonnes in 2012 ) . See also ( edit ) Food portal Goat farming List of domesticated meat animals List of goat dishes Meat goat breeds References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Should You Market Chevon , Cabrito or Goat Meat ? '' ( PDF ) . The Florida Agricultural Market Research Center , University of Florida . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Whose goat is it anyway ? '' . Hindustan Times . 11 February 2012 . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mutton / Goat meat dishes '' . Indian Food . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Alford , Henry ( March 31 , 2009 ) . `` How I Learned to Love Goat Meat '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Fletcher , Janet ( July 30 , 2008 ) . `` Fresh goat meat finding favor on upscale menus '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ `` Traditional food of Nuevo León '' . Gobierno del Estado de Nuevo León . Retrieved 16 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Severson , Kim ( October 14 , 2008 ) . `` With Goat , a Rancher Breaks Away From the Herd '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` New Americans turn to goats to address food demand '' . My FOX DC . Associated Press . 2014 - 04 - 18 . Archived from the original on 20 April 2014 . Retrieved 19 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Scarbrough , Mark ; Weinstein , Bruce ( 2011 - 04 - 05 ) . `` Goat meat , the final frontier '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ McSpadden , Wyatt ( July 2011 ) . `` Brady ... Get Your Goat ! '' . Texas Highways . Retrieved 10 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Kunkle , Fredrick ; Dwyer , Timothy ( November 13 , 2004 ) . `` Long an Ethnic Delicacy , Goat Goes Mainstream '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/newsroom/docs/Final%20web%20version%202%20May%20%282%29.pdf Further reading ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Goat meat . Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Cookbook : Goat `` Gourmet goat debuts in metro '' , by Tom Perry , Metromix Des Moines , July 9 , 2008 Cuisines Regional African North West list Americas North South list Asian Central Japanese South list Caribbean Caucasian European Central Eastern list Global Latin American Mediterranean Middle - Eastern Levantine Oceanic National Afghan Albanian Algerian Angolan Argentine Armenian Australian Austrian Azerbaijani Bahraini Bangladeshi Barbadian Belarusian Belgian Belizean Beninese Bhutanese Bissau - Guinean Bolivian Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazilian British English Scottish Welsh Cornish Bruneian Bulgarian Burkinabé Burmese Burundian Cambodian Cameroonian Canadian Canadian Chinese Quebec Central African Republic Chadian Chilean Chinese Colombian Congolese Croatian Cuban Cypriot Czech Danish Djiboutian Dominican Dominican Republic Dutch East Timorese Ecuadorian Egyptian Emirati Equatorial Guinean Eritrean Estonian Ethiopian Fijian Filipino Finnish French Occitan Gabonese Gambian Georgian German Ghanaian Greek Guatemalan Guianan Guinean Haitian Honduran Hong Kong Hungarian Icelandic Indian Indonesian Iranian Iraqi Irish Israeli Italian Sicilian Ivorian ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Jamaican Japanese Jordanian Kazakh Kenyan Korean Kosovan Kuwaiti Kyrgyz Lao Latvian Lebanese Lesotho Liberian Libyan Liechtensteiner Lithuanian Luxembourg Macau Macedonian Malagasy Malawian Malaysian Malay Chinese Indian Eurasian Sabahan Sarawakian Maldivian Malian Maltese Mauritanian Mauritian Mexican Moldovan Monégasque Mongolian Moroccan Mozambican Namibian Nauruan Nepalese New Zealand Nigerian Nigerien Norwegian Niuean Omani Pakistani Palestinian Panamanian Peruvian Chinese Polish Portuguese Qatari Romanian Russian Rwandan Salvadoran Saint Helena Saint Lucian Sammarinese São Tomé and Príncipe Saudi Arabian Senegalese Serbian Seychelles Sierra Leonean Singaporean Slovak Slovenian Somali South African Spanish Andalusian Asturian Basque Catalan Galician Sri Lankan Sudanese Swazi Swedish Swiss Syrian Taiwanese Tajik Tanzanian Thai Tibetan Togolese Tunisian Turkish Trinidadian and Tobagonian Ugandan Ukrainian United States California Cuisine Hawaiian New American Puerto Rican Soul food Uruguayan Uzbek Venezuelan Vietnamese Vatican Western Saharan Yemeni Zambian Zimbabwean Ethnic and religious Ainu American Chinese Anglo - Indian Arab Assyrian Balochi Balinese Batak Bengali Berber Betawi Buddhist Cajun Cantonese Chechen Chinese Indonesian Chinese Islamic Christian Circassian Crimean Tatar Greek American Hindu Inuit Italian American Jain Javanese Jewish Sephardic Mizrahi American Bukharan Syrian Komi Kurdish Livonian Louisiana Creole Malay Manado Maharashtrian Mordovian Native American Okinawan Ossetian Padang Parsi Pashtun Pennsylvania Dutch Peranakan Punjabi Sami Sikh Sindhi Soul food Sundanese Tatar Udmurt Yamal Yup'ik Zanzibari Historical Ancient Egyptian Ancient Greek Ancient Israelite Ancient Roman Aztec Byzantine Early modern European Historical Chinese Historical South Asian History of seafood History of vegetarianism Inca Mayan Medieval Ottoman Peasant Soviet Styles Cuisine classique Fast food Fusion Haute Molecular gastronomy Note by Note Nouvelle Lists List of cuisines Lists of prepared foods Food portal Drink portal Commons Cookbook WikiProject ( hide ) Meat Main articles Entomophagy Fish Game Livestock Meat Poultry Seafood Poultry and game Alligator Chicken Crocodile Duck Goose Grouse Kangaroo Monkey Ostrich Partridge Pheasant Bat Pigeon Quail Rabbit Seal Snake Turkey Turtle Venison Livestock and minilivestock Beef Bison Black soldier fly maggots Camel Cat Crickets Dog Elephant Frog Goat Grasshoppers Guinea pig Horse Lamb and mutton Llama Mealworm Silkworm Mopane worm Palm grub Pork Veal Yak Fish and seafood Abalone Anchovy Basa Bass Calamari Carp Catfish Cod Crab Crappie Crayfish Dolphin Eel Flounder Grouper Haddock Halibut Herring Kingfish Lobster Mackerel Mahi Mahi Marlin Milkfish Mussel Octopus Orange roughy Oyster Pacific saury Perch Pike Pollock Salmon Sardine Scallop Shark Shrimp / prawn Sole Swai Swordfish Tilapia Trout Tuna Sea urchin Walleye Whale Cuts and preparation Aged Bacon Barbecued Braised Burger Charcuterie Chop Corned Cured Cutlet Dried Dum Fillet / Supreme Fried Ham Kebab Liver Luncheon meat Marinated Meatball Meatloaf Offal Pickled Poached Roasted Salt - cured Salumi Sausage Smoked Steak Stewed Tandoor Tartare List articles Beef dishes Chicken dishes Countries by meat consumption Fish dishes Food and drink prohibitions Goat dishes Lamb dishes Meatball dishes Pork dishes Ham dishes Sausage dishes Sausages Seafood dishes Smoked foods Steaks Veal dishes Meat consumption Related subjects Animal rights Bushmeat Butcher Cannibalism Carnism Christian vegetarianism Cultured meat Ethics of eating meat Factory farming Feed conversion ratio Environmental impact of meat production List of meat dishes Meat cutter Meat tenderness Pescetarianism Plant - based diet Preservation Psychology of eating meat Meat paradox Red meat Semi-vegetarianism Slaughter Slaughterhouse Veganism Vegetarianism White meat Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goat_meat&oldid=800001681 '' Categories : Goat dishes Goats Meat by animal Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from December 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latina Bahasa Melayu Русский Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 02 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what do you call meat from a goat | [
"Goat meat from adults is often called chevon and cabrito, capretto, or kid when it is from young animals. While \"goat\" is usually the name for the meat found in common parlance, producers and marketers may prefer to use the French-derived word chevon (from chèvre), since market research in the United States suggests that \"chevon\" is more palatable to consumers than \"goat meat\".[1] Cabrito, a word of Spanish and Portuguese origin, refers specifically to young, milk-fed goat. In some parts of Asia, particularly India, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh; the word \"mutton\" is sometimes used to describe both goat and sheep meat, despite its more specific meaning (limited to the meat of adult sheep) in the UK, US, Australia and other English-speaking countries.[2][3]"
] | [
"Goat meat from adults is often called chevon and cabrito, capretto, or kid when it is from young animals"
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-9223033109663158785 | Commercial Revolution | Commercial Revolution - wikipedia Commercial Revolution Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on Revolution Types ( show ) Colour Communist Democratic Nonviolent Permanent Political Proletarian Social Wave Methods ( show ) Boycott Civil disobedience Civil war Class conflict Coup d'état Demonstration Guerrilla warfare Insurgency Nonviolent resistance Protest Rebellion Revolutionary terror Samizdat Strike action Tax resistance Causes ( show ) Authoritarianism Autocracy Capitalism Collaborationism Colonialism Cronyism Despotism Dictatorship Discrimination Economic depression Economic inequality Electoral fraud Famine Fascism Feudalism Imperialism Military occupation Monarchy Natural disaster Nepotism Persecution Political corruption Political repression Poverty Totalitarianism Unemployment Examples ( show ) Commercial Revolution Industrial Revolution English Revolution Atlantic Revolutions American Revolution French Revolution Haitian Revolution Serbian Revolution Revolutions of 1820 Revolutions of 1830 Belgian Revolution Texas Revolution Revolutions of 1848 Hungarian Revolution of 1848 Philippine Revolution Persian Constitutional Revolution Young Turk Revolution Mexican Revolution Xinhai Revolution Revolutions of 1917 -- 23 Russian Revolution German Revolution of 1918 -- 19 Spanish Revolution of 1936 Guatemalan Revolution Chinese Communist Revolution Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Cuban Revolution Rwandan Revolution Cultural Revolution Nicaraguan Revolution Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution People Power Revolution Carnation Revolution Revolutions of 1989 Velvet Revolution Romanian Revolution Singing Revolution Bolivarian Revolution Bulldozer Revolution Rose Revolution Orange Revolution Tulip Revolution Kyrgyz Revolution of 2010 Arab Spring Tunisian Revolution Yemeni Revolution Euromaidan Politics portal The Commercial Revolution consisted in the creation of a European economy based on trade , which began in the 11th century and lasted until it was succeeded by the Industrial Revolution in the mid-18th century . Beginning with the Crusades , Europeans rediscovered spices , silks , and other commodities rare in Europe . This development created a new desire for trade , and trade expanded in the second half of the Middle Ages . Newly forming European states , through voyages of discovery , were looking for alternative trade routes in the 15th and 16th centuries , which allowed the European powers to build vast , new international trade networks . Nations also sought new sources of wealth and practiced mercantilism and colonialism . The Commercial Revolution is marked by an increase in general commerce , and in the growth of financial services such as banking , insurance , and investing . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins of the Commercial Revolution 1.1 Maritime Republics and Communes 2 Colonialism and Mercantilism 2.1 Geopolitical factors 2.2 Monetary factors 2.3 Technological factors 2.4 Important people 2.5 Key Features 2.6 Inflation 2.7 Banks 2.8 Managing risk 2.8. 1 Joint stock companies and stock exchanges 2.8. 2 Insurance companies 2.9 Economic theory 2.10 Trade monopolies 2.11 Triangular trade 3 Law 4 Effects 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References Origins of the Commercial Revolution ( edit ) The term itself was coined in the middle of the 20th century , by economic historian Roberto Sabatino Lopez , to shift focus away from the English Industrial Revolution . In his best - known book , The Commercial Revolution of the Middle Ages ( 1971 , with numerous reprints ) , Lopez argued that the key contribution of the medieval period to European history was the creation of a commercial economy between the 10th and the 14th century , centered at first in the Italo - Byzantine eastern Mediterranean , but eventually extending to the Italian city - states and over the rest of Europe . This kind of economy ran from approximately the 14h century through the 18th century . Walt Whitman Rostow placed the beginning `` arbitrarily '' in 1488 , the year the first European sailed around the Cape of Good Hope . Most historians , including scholars such as Robert S. Lopez , Angeliki Laiou , Irving W. Raymond , and Peter Spufford indicate that there was a commercial revolution of the 11th - 12th centuries , or that it began at this point , rather than later . Maritime republics and communes ( edit ) See also : Maritime Republics and Medieval communes The Venetian Empire . Italy first felt huge economic changes in Europe from the 11th to the 13th centuries . Typically there was : a rise in population ― the population doubled in this period ( the demographic explosion ) an emergence of huge cities ( Venice , Florence and Milan had over 100,000 inhabitants by the 13th century in addition to many others such as Genoa , Bologna and Verona , which had over 50,000 inhabitants ) the rebuilding of the great cathedrals substantial migration from country to city ( in Italy the rate of urbanization reached 20 % , making it the most urbanized society in the world at that time ) an agrarian revolution the development of commerce In recent writing on the city states , American scholar Rodney Stark emphasizes that they married responsive government , Christianity and the birth of capitalism . He argues that Italy consisted of mostly independent towns , who prospered through commerce based on early capitalist principles and kept both direct Church control and imperial power at arm 's length . Cambridge University historian and political philosopher Quentin Skinner has pointed out how Otto of Freising , a German bishop who visited central Italy during the 12th century , commented that Italian towns had appeared to have exited from feudalism , so that their society was based on merchants and commerce . Even northern cities and states were also notable for their merchant republics , especially the Republic of Venice . Compared to absolutist monarchies or other more centrally controlled states , the Italian communes and commercial republics enjoyed relative political freedom conducive to academic and artistic advancement . Geographically , and because of trade , Italian cities such as Venice became international trading and banking hubs and intellectual crossroads . Harvard historian Niall Ferguson points out that Florence and Venice , as well as several other Italian city - states , played a crucial innovative role in world financial developments , devising the main instruments and practices of banking and the emergence of new forms of social and economic organization . It is estimated that the per capita income of northern Italy nearly tripled from the 11th century to the 15th century . This was a highly mobile , demographically expanding society , fueled by the rapidly expanding Renaissance commerce . In the 14th century , just as the Italian Renaissance was beginning , Italy was the economic capital of Western Europe : the Italian States were the top manufacturers of finished woolen products . However , with the Bubonic Plague in 1348 , the birth of the English woolen industry and general warfare , Italy temporarily lost its economic advantage . However , by the late 15th century Italy was again in control of trade along the Mediterranean Sea . It found a new niche in luxury items like ceramics , glassware , lace and silk as well an experiencing a temporary rebirth in the woolen industry . During the 11th century in northern Italy a new political and social structure emerged : the city - state or commune . The civic culture which arose from this urbs was remarkable . In some places where communes arose ( e.g. Britain and France ) , they were absorbed by the monarchical state as it emerged . They survived in northern and central Italy as in a handful of other regions throughout Europe to become independent and powerful city - states . In Italy the breakaway from their feudal overlords occurred in the late 12th century and 13th century , during the Investiture Controversy between the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor : Milan led the Lombard cities against the Holy Roman Emperors and defeated them , gaining independence ( battles of Legnano , 1176 , and Parma , 1248 ; see Lombard League ) . Similar town revolts led to the foundation of city - states throughout medieval Europe , such as in Russia ( Novgorod Republic , 12th century ) , in Flanders ( Battle of Golden Spurs , 14th century ) in Switzerland ( the towns of the Old Swiss Confederacy , 14th century ) , in Germany ( the Hanseatic League , 14th -- 15th century ) , and in Prussia ( Thirteen Years ' War , 15th century ) . Some Italian city - states became great military powers very early on . Venice and Genoa acquired vast naval empires in the Mediterranean and Black Seas , some of which threatened those of the growing Ottoman Empire . During the Fourth Crusade ( 1204 ) , Venice conquered a quarter of the Byzantine Empire . The Maritime Republics were one of the main products of this new civic and social culture based on commerce and exchange of knowledge with other areas of the world outside western Europe . The Republic of Ragusa and the Republic of Venice , for example , had important trade communications with the Muslim and Hindu world and this helped the initial development of the Italian Renaissance . By the late 12th century , a new and remarkable society had emerged in Northern Italy ; rich , mobile , expanding , with a mixed aristocracy and urban borghese ( burgher ) class , interested in urban institutions and republican government . But many of the new city - states also housed violent factions based on family , confraternity and brotherhood , who undermined their cohesion ( for instance the Guelphs and Ghibellines ) . Italy in 1494 , after the Peace of Lodi By 1300 , most of these republics had become princely states dominated by a Signore . The exceptions were Venice , Florence , Lucca , and a few others , which remained republics in the face of an increasingly monarchic Europe . In many cases by 1400 the Signori were able to found a stable dynasty over their dominated city ( or group of regional cities ) , obtaining also a nobility title of sovereignty by their formal superior , for example in 1395 Gian Galeazzo Visconti bought for 100,000 gold florins the title of Duke of Milan from the emperor Wenceslaus . In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries , Milan , Venice , and Florence were able to conquer other city - states , creating regional states . The 1454 Peace of Lodi ended their struggle for hegemony in Italy , attaining a balance of power and creating the conditions for the artistic and intellectual changes produced by the Italian Renaissance . Colonialism and mercantilism ( edit ) Further information : Mercantilism Further information : Age of Discovery Portuguese discoveries and explorations from 1415 to 1543 : first arrival places and dates ; main Portuguese spice trade routes in the Indian Ocean ( in blue ) ; territories of the Portuguese Empire under the rule of King John III ( 1521 -- 1557 ) ( in green ) . The deterioration of the climate that brought about the end of the medieval warm period ( or medieval weather anomaly ) caused an economic decline at the beginning of the 14th century ( see Great Famine ) . However , demographic expansion continued until the arrival of the Black Death epidemic in 1347 , when ca . 50 % of the European population was killed by the plague . The economic effects of a labor shortage actually caused wages to rise , while agricultural yields were once again able to support a diminished population . By the beginning of the 15th century , the economic expansion associated with the Commercial Revolution in earlier centuries returned in full force , aided by improvements in navigation and cartography . Geopolitical , monetary , and technological factors drove the Age of Discovery . During this period ( 1450 - 17th century ) , the European economic center shifted from the Islamic Mediterranean to Western Europe ( Portugal , Spain , France , the Netherlands , and to some extent England ) . This shift was caused by the successful circumnavigation of Africa , which opened up sea - trade with the east : after Portugal 's Vasco da Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope and landed in Calicut , India in May 1498 , a new path of eastern trade was possible , ending the monopoly of the Ottoman Turks and the Italian city - states . The wealth of the Indies was now open for the Europeans to explore ; the Portuguese Empire was one of the early European empires to grow from spice trade . Following this , Portugal became the controlling state for trade between east and west , followed later by the Dutch city of Antwerp . Direct maritime trade between Europe and China started in the 16th century , after the Portuguese established the settlement of Goa , India in December 1510 , and thereafter that of Macau in southern China in 1557 . Since the English came late to the transatlantic trade , their commercial revolution was later as well . Geopolitical factors ( edit ) In 1453 , the Ottoman Turks took over Constantinople , which cut off ( or significantly increased the cost of ) overland trade routes to the Far East , so alternative routes had to be found . English laws were changed to benefit the navy , but had commercial implications in terms of farming . These laws also contributed to the demise of the Hanseatic League , which traded in northern Europe . Because of the Reconquista , the Spanish had a warrior culture ready to conquer still more people and places , so Spain was perfectly positioned to develop their vast overseas empire . Rivalry between the European powers produced intense competition for the creation of colonial empires , and fueled the rush to sail out of Europe . Monetary factors ( edit ) The need for silver coinage also affected the desire for expanded exploration as silver and gold were spent for trade to the Middle and Far East . The Europeans had a constant deficit in that silver and gold coin only went one way : out of Europe , spent on the very type of trade that they were now cut off from by the Ottomans . Another issue was that European mines were exhausted of silver ore and gold . What ore remained was too deep to recover , as water would fill the mine , and technology was not sufficiently advanced enough to successfully remove the water to get to the ore or gold . A second argument is that trade during the youth of the Commercial Revolution blossomed not due to explorations for bullion ( gold and silver coinings ) but due to a new found faith in gold coinage . Italian city - states such as Genoa and Florence ( where the first gold coins began to be minted in 1252 ) and kingdoms such as the Kingdom of Sicily routinely received gold through such trading partners as Tunisia and Senegal . A new , stable and universally accepted coinage that was both compatible with traditional European coinage systems and serviced the increased demand for currency to facilitate trade made it even more lucrative to carry out trade with the rest of the world . Technological factors ( edit ) In 1570 ( May 20 ) Gilles Coppens de Diest at Antwerp published 53 maps created by Abraham Ortelius under the title Theatrum Orbis Terrarum , considered the `` first modern atlas '' . Latin editions , besides Dutch , French and German editions appeared before the end of 1572 ; the atlas continued to be in demand till about 1612 . This is the world map from this atlas . From the 16th to 18th centuries , Europeans made remarkable maritime innovations . These innovations enabled them to expand overseas and set up colonies , most notably during the 16th and 17th centuries . They developed new sail arrangements for ships , skeleton - based shipbuilding , the Western `` galea '' ( at the end of the 11th century ) , sophisticated navigational instruments , and detailed charts and maps . After Isaac Newton published the Principia , navigation was transformed , because sailors could predict the motion of the moon and other celestial objects using Newton 's theories of motion . Starting in 1670 , the entire world was measured using essentially modern latitude instruments . In 1676 , the British Parliament declared that navigation was the greatest scientific problem of the age and in 1714 offered a substantial financial prize for the solution to finding longitude . This spurred the development of the marine chronometer , the lunar distance method and the invention of the octant after 1730 . By the late 18th century , navigators replaced their prior instruments with octants and sextants . Important people ( edit ) Significant contributors to European exploration include Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal , who was the first of the Europeans to venture out into the Atlantic Ocean , in 1420 . Others are Bartolomeu Dias , who first rounded the Cape of Good Hope ; Vasco da Gama , who sailed directly to India from Portugal ; Ferdinand Magellan , the first to circumnavigate the Earth ; Christopher Columbus , who significantly encountered the Americas ; Jacques Cartier , who sailed for France , looking for the Northwest Passage ; and others . Key features ( edit ) The economy of the Roman Empire had been based on money , but after the Empire 's fall , money became scarce ; power and wealth became strictly land based , and local fiefs were self - sufficient . Because trade was dangerous and expensive , there were not many traders , and not much trade . The scarcity of money did not help ; however , the European economic system had begun to change in the 14th century , partially as a result of the Black Death , and the Crusades . Banks , stock exchanges , and insurance became ways to manage the risk involved in the renewed trade . New laws came into being . Travel became safer as nations developed . Economic theories began to develop in light of all of the new trading activity . The increase in the availability of money led to the emergence of a new economic system , and new problems to go with it . The Commercial Revolution is also marked by the formalization of pre-existing , informal methods of dealing with trade and commerce . Inflation ( edit ) Further information : Price revolution Potosí ( Bolivia ) silver 8 reales , Carlos III , 1768 Spanish gold doubloon stamped as minted in 1798 Spain legally amassed approximately 180 tons of gold and 8200 tons of silver through its endeavors in the New World , and another unknown amount through smuggling , spending this money to finance wars and the arts . The spent silver , suddenly being spread throughout a previously cash starved Europe , caused widespread inflation . The inflation was worsened by a growing population but a static production level , low employee salaries and a rising cost of living . This problem , combined with underpopulation ( caused by the Black Death ) , affected the system of agriculture . The landholding aristocracy suffered under the inflation , since they depended on paying small , fixed wages to peasant tenants that were becoming able to demand higher wages . The aristocracy made failed attempts to counteract this situation by creating short - term leases of their lands to allow periodic revaluation of rent . The manorial system ( manor system of lord and peasant tenant ) eventually vanished , and the landholding aristocrats were forced to sell pieces of their land in order to maintain their style of living . Such sales attracted the rich bourgeois ( from the French word referring to this dominant class , emerging with commerce ) , who wanted to buy land and thereby increase their social status . Former `` common lands '' were fenced by the landed bourgeois , a process known as `` enclosure '' which increased the efficiency of raising livestock ( mainly sheep 's wool for the textile industry ) . This `` enclosure '' forced the peasants out of rural areas and into the cities , resulting in urbanization and eventually the industrial revolution . On the other hand , the increase in the availability of silver coin allowed for commerce to expand in numerous ways . Inflation was not all bad . Banks ( edit ) Further information : History of banking The Moneylender and his Wife ( 1514 ) Oil on panel , 71 x 68 cm Musée du Louvre , Paris Various legal and religious developments in the late Middle Ages allowed for development of the modern banking system at the beginning of the 16th century . Interest was allowed to be charged , and profits generated from holding other people 's money . Banks in the Italian Peninsula had great difficulty operating at the end of the 14th century , for lack of silver and gold coin . Nevertheless , by the later 16th century , enough bullion was available that many more people could keep a small amount hoarded and used as capital . In response to this extra available money , northern European banking interests came along ; among them was the Fugger family . The Fuggers were originally mine owners , but soon became involved in banking , charging interest , and other financial activities . They dealt with everyone , from small - time individuals , to the highest nobility . Their banks even loaned to the emperors and kings , eventually going bankrupt when their clients defaulted . This family , and other individuals , used Italian methods which outpaced the Hanseatic League 's ability to keep up with the changes occurring in northern Europe . Antwerp had one of the first money exchanges in Europe , a Bourse , where people could change currency . After the Siege of Antwerp ( 1584 - 1585 ) , the majority of business transactions were moved to Amsterdam . The Bank of Amsterdam , following the example of a private Stockholm corporation , began issuing paper money to lessen the difficulty of trade , replacing metal ( coin and bullion ) in exchanges . In 1609 the Amsterdamsche Wisselbank ( Amsterdam Exchange Bank ) was founded which made Amsterdam the financial center of the world until the Industrial Revolution . In a notable example of crossover between stock companies and banks , the Bank of England , which opened in 1694 , was a joint - stock company . Banking offices were usually located near centers of trade , and in the late 17th century , the largest centers for commerce were the ports of Amsterdam , London , and Hamburg . Individuals could participate in the lucrative East India trade by purchasing bills of credit from these banks , but the price they received for commodities was dependent on the ships returning ( which often did not happen on time ) and on the cargo they carried ( which often was not according to plan ) . The commodities market was very volatile for this reason , and also because of the many wars that led to cargo seizures and loss of ships . Managing risk ( edit ) Trade in this period was a risky business : war , weather , and other uncertainties often kept merchants from making a profit , and frequently an entire cargo would disappear all together . To mitigate this risk , the wealthy got together to share the risk through stock : people would own shares of a venture , so that if there was a loss , it would not be an all consuming loss costing the individual investor everything in one transaction . Other ways of dealing with the risk and expense associated with all of the new trade activity include insurance and joint stock companies which were created as formal institutions . People had been informally sharing risk for hundreds of years , but the formal ways they were now sharing risk was new . Even though the ruling classes would not often directly assist in trade endeavors , and individuals were unequal to the task , rulers such as Henry VIII of England established a permanent Royal Navy , with the intention of reducing piracy , and protecting English shipping . Joint stock companies and stock exchanges ( edit ) Plan of the London Royal Exchange in 1760 Stock exchanges were developed as the volume of stock transactions increased . The London Royal Exchange established in 1565 first developed as a securities market , though by 1801 it had become a stock exchange . Historian Fernand Braudel suggests that in Cairo in the 11th - century Muslim and Jewish merchants had already set up every form of trade association and had knowledge of every method of credit and payment , disproving the belief that these were invented later by Italians . In 12th century France the courratiers de change were concerned with managing and regulating the debts of agricultural communities on behalf of the banks . Because these men also traded with debts , they could be called the first brokers . In late 13th century Bruges commodity traders gathered inside the house of a man called Van der Beurse , and in 1309 they became the `` Bruges Beurse '' , institutionalizing what had been , until then , an informal meeting . The idea quickly spread around Flanders and neighboring counties and `` Beurzen '' soon opened in Ghent and Amsterdam . `` In the middle of the 13th century Venetian bankers began to trade in government securities . In 1351 the Venetian government outlawed spreading rumors intended to lower the price of government funds . '' Bankers in Pisa , Verona , Genoa and Florence also began trading in government securities during the 14th century . This practice was only possible , because these independent city states were not ruled by a duke but a council of influential citizens . The Dutch later started joint stock companies , which let shareholders invest in business ventures and get a share of their profits - or losses . In 1602 , the Dutch East India Company issued the first shares on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange . It was the first company to issue stocks and bonds . The Amsterdam Stock Exchange ( or Amsterdam Beurs ) is also said to have been the first stock exchange to introduce continuous trade in the early 17th century . The Dutch `` pioneered short selling , option trading , debt - equity swaps , merchant banking , unit trusts and other speculative instruments , much as we know them . '' Insurance companies ( edit ) A sample insurance contract . Documents such as this helped traders survive losses . Insurance companies were another way to mitigate risk . Insurance in one form or another has been around as far back as there are records . What differed about insurance going into the 16th and 17th centuries was that these informal mechanisms became formalized . Lloyd 's of London came into being in 1688 in English coffee shops that catered to sailors , traders , and others involved in trade . Interestingly , Lloyd 's coffeehouse published a newspaper , which gave news from various parts of the world , and helped the underwriters of the insurance at the coffeehouse to determine the risk . This innovation was one of many that allowed for the categorization of risk . Another innovation was the use of ship catalogs and classifications . Other forms of insurance began to appear as well . After the Great Fire of London , Nicholas Barbon began to sell fire insurance in 1667 . Laws were changed to deal with insurance issues , such as l'Ordonnance de la Marine ( by Colbert in 1681 ) . Economic theory ( edit ) Further information : History of Economic Thought As the economy grew through the Commercial Revolution , so did attempts to understand and influence it . Economic theory as a separate subject of its own came into being as the stresses of the new global order brought about two opposing theories of how a nation accumulates wealth : mercantilistic and free - trade policies . Mercantilism inflamed the growing hostilities between the increasingly centralized European powers as the accumulation of precious metals by governments was seen as important to the prestige and power of a modern nation . This involvement in accumulating gold and silver ( among other things ) became important in the development of the nation - state . Governments ' involvement in trade affected the nobility of western European nations , because increased wealth by non-nobles threatened the nobility 's place in society . Trade monopolies ( edit ) Governments became involved in trade directly through the granting of royal trade monopolies . For example , Walter Raleigh had been granted a trade monopoly by Queen Elizabeth , for the export of broadcloth and wine . Ironically , competition between colonial powers led to their granting of trade monopolies to the East India Companies . Triangular trade ( edit ) A triangular trade occurred in this period : between Africa , North America , and England ; and it worked in the following way : Slaves came from Africa , and went to the Americas ; raw materials came from the Americas and went to Europe ; from there , finished goods came from Europe and were sold back to the Americas at a much higher price . Because of the massive die - off of the indigenous people , the Atlantic Slave Trade was established to import the labor required for the extraction of resources ( such as gold and silver ) and farming . Law ( edit ) Laws began to change to deal with commerce , both internationally , and locally within individual countries . In France , for example , the Ordinance of Marine of Louis XIV was published under the auspices of Colbert in 1691 , and was the first complete code of maritime and commercial law ; and `` when we consider the originality and extent of the design and the ability with which it is executed , we shall not hesitate to admit that it deserves to be ranked among the noblest works that legislative genius and learning have ever accomplished . '' In England , the Navigation Acts were among the British effort to regulate trade . Effects ( edit ) The Commercial Revolution , coupled with other changes in the Early Modern Period , had dramatic effects on the globe . Christopher Columbus and the conquistadors , through their travels , were indirectly responsible for the massive depopulation of South America . They were directly responsible for destroying the civilizations of the Inca , Aztec , and Maya in their quest to build the Spanish Empire . Other Europeans similarly affected the peoples of North America as well . An equally important consequence of the Commercial Revolution was the Columbian Exchange . Plants and animals moved throughout the world due to human movements . For example , Yellow fever , previously unknown in North and South America , was imported through water that ships took on in Africa . Cocoa ( chocolate ) , coffee , maize , cassava , and potatoes moved from one hemisphere to the other . For more than 2000 years , the Mediterranean Sea had been the focus of European trade with other parts of the world . After 1492 , this focus shifted to the Atlantic Ocean by routes south around the Cape of Good Hope , and by trans - Atlantic trade . Another important change was the increase in population . Better food and more wealth allowed for larger families . The migration of peoples from Europe to the Americas allowed for European populations to increase as well . Population growth provided the expanding labor force needed for industrialization . Another important outcome of Europe 's commercial revolution was a foundation of wealth needed for the industrial revolution . Economic prosperity financed new forms of cultural expression during this period . See also ( edit ) List of largest European cities in history Mississippi Company Proto - globalization Putting - out system South Sea Company Treaty of Tordesillas Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Robert Lopez ( 1976 ) . The Commercial Revolution of the Middle Ages . ( New York ) : Cambridge University Press . pp. 56 -- 147 . Jump up ^ Ejvind Damsgaard Hansen ( 2001 ) . European Economic History . ( Copenhagen ) : Copenhagen Business School Press . p. 47 . ISBN 87 - 630 - 0017 - 2 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , David Kevin ( 2004 ) . The basics of economics . Westport , Conn. : Greenwood Press . p. 48 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32520 - 5 . Jump up ^ Rostow , Walt Whitman ( 1975 ) . How it all began : origins of the modern economy . London : Methuen . p. 107 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 416 - 55930 - 9 . Jump up ^ Spufford , Peter . Money and its Use in Medieval Europe . Cambridge University Press . p. 240 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 37590 - 0 . Jump up ^ Lopez , Robert ( 1955 ) . Medieval Trade in the Mediterranean World . Columbia University Press . pp. 9 , 50 , 69 , passim . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 12356 - 3 . Jump up ^ Kathryn Reyerson ( 1999 ) . `` Commerce and Communications '' in David Abulafia ed. , The New Cambridge Medieval History , vol. 5 . ( Cambridge , UK ) : Cambridge University Press . pp. 50 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Angeliki Laiou ( 1997 ) . `` Byzantium and the Commercial Revolution '' in G. Arnaldi ed. , Europa medievale e mondo bizantino . ( Rome , Italy ) : Istituto Storico per il Medioevo , Studi Storici 40 . pp. 239 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Stark , Rodney , The Victory of Reason , New York , Random House , 2005 Jump up ^ Skinner , Quentin , The Foundations of Modern Political Thought , vol I : The Renaissance ; vol II : The Age of Reformation , Cambridge University Press , p. 69 Jump up ^ Martin , J. and Romano , D. , Venice Reconsidered , Baltimore , Johns Hopkins University , 2000 Jump up ^ Ferguson , Niall , The Ascent of Money : The Financial History of the World . Penguin , 2008 ^ Jump up to : Gama , Vasco da . The Columbia Encyclopedia , Sixth Edition . Columbia University Press . Archived 2009 - 02 - 14 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Fisk , John ( 1900 ) . Old Virginia and Her Neighbours . Houton , Mifflin , and Company . p. 14 . Jump up ^ Rankin , Rebecca B. , Cleveland Rodgers ( 1948 ) . `` Chapter 1 '' . New York : the World 's Capital City , Its Development and Contributions to Progress . Harper . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Cunningham , William ( 1892 ) . The Growth of English Industry and Commerce in Modern Times . University Press . p. 26 . Jump up ^ Weatherford , J. McIver ( 1988 ) . Indian givers : how the Indians of the Americas transformed the world . New York : Fawcett Columbine . p. 231 . ISBN 0 - 449 - 90496 - 2 . Jump up ^ Diamond , Jared M. ( 1997 ) . Guns , germs , and steel : the fates of human societies . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 03891 - 2 . Jump up ^ Cowen , Richard . `` Exploiting the Earth '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Lopez , Robert S. ( 1956 ) . `` Back to Gold , 1252 '' . The Economic History Review . 9 ( 2 ) : 219 -- 240 . doi : 10.2307 / 2591743 . Jump up ^ Marcus Rautman ( 2006 ) . Daily life in the Byzantine Empire . Westport , Conn : Greenwood Press . p. 150 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32437 - 9 . Jump up ^ The Family Magazine . Redfield & Lindsay. 1838 . p. 436 . Jump up ^ Haven , Kendall F. ( 2006 ) . 100 Greatest Science Inventions of All Time . Littleton , Colo : Libraries Unlimited . p. 69 . ISBN 1 - 59158 - 264 - 4 . Jump up ^ Pope , Joseph ( 1890 ) . Jacques Cartier , his life and voyages . Printed by A.S. Woodburn . p. 49 . Jump up ^ Webster , Hutton ( 1919 ) . Medieval and Modern History . Boston : D.C. Heath & Co . Jump up ^ Lewis , Archibald ( January 1988 ) . Nomads and Crusaders : AD 1000 - 1368 . Indiana University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 20652 - 7 . Jump up ^ Walton , Timothy R. ( 1994 ) . The Spanish Treasure Fleets . Pineapple Press ( FL ) . p. 85 . ISBN 1 - 56164 - 049 - 2 . Jump up ^ Tracy , James D. ( 1994 ) . Handbook of European History 1400 - 1600 : Late Middle Ages , Renaissance , and Reformation . Boston : Brill Academic Publishers . p. 655 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 09762 - 7 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , William ( 1892 ) . The Growth of English Industry and Commerce in Modern Times . University Press . p. 15 . Jump up ^ Danbom , David B. ( 2006 ) . Born in the Country : A History of Rural America ( Revisiting Rural America ) . Baltimore : The Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 8459 - 4 . Jump up ^ Weatherford , J. McIver ( 1988 ) . Indian givers : how the Indians of the Americas transformed the world . New York : Fawcett Columbine . p. 15 . ISBN 0 - 449 - 90496 - 2 . Jump up ^ Spufford , Peter ( 1993 ) . Money and its Use in Medieval Europe . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . p. 349 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 37590 - 8 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , William ( 1892 ) . The Growth of English Industry and Commerce in Modern Times . University Press . p. 14 . Jump up ^ Brechin , Gray A. ( 1999 ) . Imperial San Francisco : urban power , earthly ruin . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 22902 - 9 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , William ( 1892 ) . The Growth of English Industry and Commerce in Modern Times . University Press . p. 24 . Jump up ^ Keyser , Henry ( 1850 ) . The law relating to transactions on the stock exchange . Oxford ( Oxfordshire ) : Oxford University Press . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Day , Clive ( 1914 ) . A History of Commerce . Longmans , Green , and Co. p. 144 . ^ Jump up to : Michie , R.C. ( 1999 ) . The London Stock Exchange : a history . Oxford ( Oxfordshire ) : Oxford University Press . p. 34 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 829508 - 1 . Jump up ^ Fisk , John ( 1900 ) . Old Virginia and Her Neighbours . Houton , Mifflin , and Company . p. 182 . Jump up ^ Lindsay , William S. ( 1872 ) . History of Merchant Shipping and ancient commerce . London : Sampson Low , Marston , Low , and Searle . p. 89 . ^ Jump up to : Shane Darrisaw , H. Common Sense Ai n't Common : A guide for positioning yourself to take full advantage of your credit and financial opportunities ! . AuthorHouse . p. 86 . ISBN 1 - 4343 - 7559 - 5 . Jump up ^ Chambers , Clem . `` Who needs stock exchanges ? '' . Mondo Visione . Retrieved 25 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Sayle , Murray ( 5 April 2001 ) . `` LRB Murray Sayle : Japan goes Dutch '' . London Review of Books XXIII. 7 . Retrieved 25 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Martin , Frederick ( 1876 ) . The History of Lloyd 's and of Marine Insurance in Great Britain . MacMillan and Company , London . pp. 65 -- 80 . Jump up ^ `` London Fire Brigade -- History , key dates ( Our history ) '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 18 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Smits , Jan ( 2006 ) . Elgar Encyclopedia of Comparative Law ( Elgar Original Reference ) . Edward Elgar Publishing . p. 315 . ISBN 1 - 84542 - 013 - 6 . Jump up ^ Markham , Jerry W. ( 2001 ) . A financial history of the United States . Armonk , N.Y. : M.E. Sharpe . p. 22 . ISBN 0 - 7656 - 0730 - 1 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Charles Burke ( 1907 ) . The law of insurance : a treatise on the law of insurance , including fire , life , accident , marine , casualty , title , credit and guarantee insurance in every form . Bobbs - Merrill . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Bergman , Leslie . `` History of colonization in South America '' . Stellenbosch University , Stellenbosch , South Africa . Archived from the original on 24 May 2010 . Retrieved 25 October 2009 . Stellenbosch , South Africa 's Department of Modern Foreign Languages 's Historical Background article South America says : `` Yellow fever was an uninvited `` guest '' brought to the Americas on the slave ships from West Africa . Yellow fever is caused by a virus spread by the bite of a species of mosquito native to West Africa , the aedes aegypti . This mosquito was accidentally carried across the Atlantic in water barrels on the slave ships . Yellow fever struck communities from New York to Rio de Janeiro , but aedes aegypti flourished in tropical zones . The mosquito , and with it yellow fever , spread rapidly throughout the Amazon River valley . The disease was so lethal to Europeans , who had little immunity to it , that mass settlement of the Amazon region was not possible until present times . '' Jump up ^ Rostow , Walt Whitman ( 1975 ) . How it all began : origins of the modern economy . London : Methuen . p. 225 . ISBN 0 - 416 - 55930 - 1 . References ( edit ) Gibbins , Henry de Beltgens ( 1891 ) . The History of Commerce in Europe . MacMillan and Company London New York . Lopez , Robert . The Commercial Revolution of the Middle Ages . pp. 56 -- 147 . Marshall , Michael ( 1999 ) . `` From Mercantilism to ' The Wealth of Nations ' '' ( PDF ) . The World & I. 5 ( Special Edition ) . `` Money Management and Imperial Power '' ( PDF ) . p. 6 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 02 - 20 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Commercial_Revolution&oldid=834522711 '' Categories : 16th - century economic history 17th - century economic history Early Modern economics History of Europe History of Europe by period Revolutions by type Age of Sail Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Català Ελληνικά Esperanto हिन्दी Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Русский 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 04 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | one effect of the commercial revolution on europe was to | [
"The Commercial Revolution consisted in the creation of a European economy based on trade, which began in the 11th century and lasted until it was succeeded by the Industrial Revolution in the mid-18th century. Beginning with the Crusades, Europeans rediscovered spices, silks, and other commodities rare in Europe. This development created a new desire for trade, and trade expanded in the second half of the Middle Ages. Newly forming European states, through voyages of discovery, were looking for alternative trade routes in the 15th and 16th centuries, which allowed the European powers to build vast, new international trade networks. Nations also sought new sources of wealth and practiced mercantilism and colonialism. The Commercial Revolution is marked by an increase in general commerce, and in the growth of financial services such as banking, insurance, and investing.",
"The Commercial Revolution consisted in the creation of a European economy based on trade, which began in the 11th century and lasted until it was succeeded by the Industrial Revolution in the mid-18th century. Beginning with the Crusades, Europeans rediscovered spices, silks, and other commodities rare in Europe. This development created a new desire for trade, and trade expanded in the second half of the Middle Ages. Newly forming European states, through voyages of discovery, were looking for alternative trade routes in the 15th and 16th centuries, which allowed the European powers to build vast, new international trade networks. Nations also sought new sources of wealth and practiced mercantilism and colonialism. The Commercial Revolution is marked by an increase in general commerce, and in the growth of financial services such as banking, insurance, and investing."
] | [
"increase in general commerce",
"the growth of financial services such as banking, insurance, and investing"
] |
7052516017927943396 | Riverdale (2017 TV series) | Riverdale ( 2017 TV series ) - wikipedia Riverdale ( 2017 TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search Riverdale Genre Teen drama Mystery Based on Characters by Archie Comics Developed by Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa Starring KJ Apa Lili Reinhart Camila Mendes Cole Sprouse Marisol Nichols Madelaine Petsch Ashleigh Murray Mädchen Amick Luke Perry Mark Consuelos Casey Cott Skeet Ulrich Narrated by Cole Sprouse Composer ( s ) Blake Neely Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 30 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Jon Goldwater Sarah Schechter Greg Berlanti Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa Producer ( s ) J.B. Moranville Location ( s ) Vancouver , British Columbia Cinematography Stephen Jackson David Lanzenberg Editor ( s ) Paul Karasick Harry Jierjian Camera setup Single - camera Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) Berlanti Productions Archie Comics Warner Bros. Television CBS Television Studios Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network The CW Original release January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website Riverdale is an American teen drama television series based on the characters of Archie Comics . The series was adapted for The CW by Archie Comics ' chief creative officer Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa , and is produced by Warner Bros. Television and CBS Television Studios , in association with Berlanti Productions and Archie Comics . Originally conceived as a feature film adaptation for Warner Bros. Pictures , the idea was re-imagined as a television series for Fox . In 2015 , development on the project moved to The CW , where the series was ordered for a pilot . Filming takes place in Vancouver , British Columbia . The series features an ensemble cast based on the characters of Archie Comics , with KJ Apa in the role of Archie Andrews ; Lili Reinhart as Betty Cooper , Camila Mendes as Veronica Lodge , and Cole Sprouse as Jughead Jones , the series ' narrator . The cast also features Madelaine Petsch as Cheryl Blossom , Ashleigh Murray as Josie McCoy and Casey Cott as Kevin Keller . Other characters in the series include the parents of the main characters : Luke Perry as Fred Andrews , Mädchen Amick as Alice Cooper , Marisol Nichols and Mark Consuelos as Hermione and Hiram Lodge , and Skeet Ulrich as FP Jones . The series debuted on January 26 , 2017 to positive reviews . A 22 - episode second season premiered on October 11 , 2017 , and is scheduled to conclude on May 16 , 2018 . On April 2 , 2018 , The CW renewed the series for a third season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 3 Episodes 3.1 Series overview 3.2 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 3.3 Season 2 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 4.4 Homages to other films and TV series 5 Release 5.1 Broadcast 5.2 Marketing 5.3 Comic - book adaptation 6 Music 6.1 Season 1 7 Reception 7.1 Critical response 7.2 Ratings 7.2. 1 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 7.2. 2 Season 2 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 7.3 Awards and nominations 8 Spin - off 9 References 10 External links Premise The series follows Archie Andrews ' life in the small town of Riverdale and explores the darkness hidden behind its seemingly perfect image . Cast and characters Main article : List of Riverdale characters KJ Apa as Archibald `` Archie '' Andrews : A high school football player who has a passion for music . He is best friends with Jughead Jones and Betty Cooper . Lili Reinhart as Elizabeth `` Betty '' Cooper : A smart girl with a longtime crush on Archie , she becomes friends with Veronica Lodge to help upend her perfect life . Camila Mendes as Veronica Lodge : A former socialite from New York who moves to Riverdale and becomes friends with Archie and Betty . Cole Sprouse as Forsythe `` Jughead '' Jones III : A philosophically inclined social outcast who is Archie 's best friend . Marisol Nichols as Hermione Lodge : Veronica 's mother , who has returned to Riverdale with her daughter following the incarceration of her husband Hiram Lodge . Madelaine Petsch as Cheryl Blossom : A wealthy , entitled , and manipulative girl who is a classmate of Archie and his friends . Ashleigh Murray as Josephine `` Josie '' McCoy : The lead singer of Josie and the Pussycats and a classmate of Archie and his friends . Mädchen Amick as Alice Cooper : Betty and Polly 's mother , who is the editor of the local paper . Luke Perry as Frederick `` Fred '' Andrews : Archie 's father , who owns a construction company . Mark Consuelos as Hiram Lodge : Veronica 's father , who was recently incarcerated for illegal activities . Consuelos joined the cast for the second season after his character was only mentioned by name in season one . Casey Cott as Kevin Keller : An openly gay high school student who is friends with Archie , Betty and Veronica and is the son of Riverdale 's sheriff . Cott was promoted to series regular in the second season . Skeet Ulrich as Forsythe `` F.P. '' Jones II : Jughead 's estranged father and the leader of the Southside Serpents , a gang of criminals that live and operate on the fringes of Riverdale . Ulrich was promoted to series regular in the second season . Episodes Series overview Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Average viewers ( in millions inc . DVR ) 13 January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 154 1.69 22 October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) May 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 16 ) TBA TBA Season 1 ( 2017 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Chapter One : The River 's Edge '' Lee Toland Krieger Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) T15. 10136 1.38 During an eventful summer , including the supposed drowning of quarterback Jason Blossom on the Fourth of July , Archie Andrews discovers his passion for music . He soon begins his sophomore year and expresses his love for music to Betty Cooper , the sweet girl - next - door who harbors her own secret -- her feelings for Archie . Meanwhile , Veronica Lodge , the daughter of Hermione and Hiram , a millionaire facing embezzlement charges , arrives in town , instantly capturing Archie 's attention . Despite the fact that a love triangle is developing , Betty and Veronica become fast friends , united when Veronica stands up against the condescending captain of the cheerleading squad , Cheryl Blossom , who may be hiding a secret concerning her brother 's death . Archie 's former best friend , Jughead Jones , begins to write a novel retelling the events of the summer , including what happened between him and Archie . Kevin Keller and Moose Mason stumble across Jason 's body , which has a gunshot wound to the head , by the lake . `` Chapter Two : A Touch of Evil '' Lee Toland Krieger Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa February 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 02 ) T13. 20302 1.15 Veronica 's kiss with Archie strains his relationship with both girls , while Miss Grundy insists that he not reveal that the two of them heard the gunshot that may have killed Jason since it would also expose their secret affair . Kevin , disturbed by the discovery of Jason 's body , refuses to acknowledge Moose 's affections for him . Jughead , after accidentally discovering Archie and Grundy holding hands , deduces their secret and confronts Archie for refusing to go to the sheriff , Kevin 's father . Archie asks his father , Fred , for advice and decides to come clean . Cheryl strikes up a friendship with Betty , but it soon ends when it becomes clear that she blames Betty 's sister , Polly , for Jason 's death . At a pep rally in his honor , Cheryl runs away after hallucinating Jason on the field ; in the locker room , where Veronica has followed to comfort her , Cheryl admits to her that Jason was supposed to `` come back . '' Against the wishes of her mother , Alice , Betty renews her friendship with both Archie and Veronica , while Archie also reconciles with Jughead . The next day , during science class , Cheryl is arrested due to evidence from Jason 's autopsy , which revealed that he was actually murdered a week after the Fourth of July . `` Chapter Three : Body Double '' Lee Toland Krieger Yolonda E. Lawrence February 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 09 ) T13. 20303 1.20 Cheryl admits to Sheriff Keller and her parents , Clifford and Penelope , that Jason wanted to run away and she helped him fake his drowning . Betty , upset with how Alice is attacking the Blossom family in the press , restarts the school newspaper , The Blue and Gold , and sends Jughead to interview the Adventure Scouts who found Cheryl at Sweet Water River just after Jason died . Veronica is enraged to learn that Chuck Clayton , whom she had one date with , has been slut shaming her to the rest of the school and , when he refuses to stop , she , Betty , and Cheryl find evidence linking him and his friends , including Jason , to the shaming . Jughead learns from one of the Scouts that the shot heard on the Fourth of July was fired by the troop 's Scoutmaster , Dilton Doiley , during a training exercise . Betty and Veronica drug and torture Chuck until he apologizes and Jughead pressures Dilton to come clean . Fred builds a grounded Archie a studio in which to practice , Chuck is kicked off the football team , and Betty and Cheryl burn the evidence together . Dilton reveals that he saw Miss Grundy 's car by the river and Jughead realizes Archie 's secret is at risk . `` Chapter Four : The Last Picture Show '' Mark Piznarski Michael Grassi February 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 16 ) T13. 20304 1.14 Jughead despairs over the news that the local drive - in where he works is closing and compares Riverdale 's atmosphere of suspicion to that of Salem . At the diner , Betty spots Archie and Fred having dinner with Miss Grundy and she confronts him about their relationship . Under the guise of an interview , Betty questions Miss Grundy about her life , while Veronica demands answers from Hermione upon learning she was speaking to a gangbanger ; Hermione insists that nothing shady happened . Betty and Veronica meet with Archie and inform him that there is no trace of Geraldine Grundy ever existing aside from a woman who died seven years ago . They break into her car and find a gun and ID with the name `` Jennifer Gibson . '' Grundy reveals that she was in an abusive relationship and only wanted to escape . At the drive - in 's final night , Veronica spots Hermione meeting with the same man from before . Alice exposes Archie 's affair and threatens to put Grundy on trial , but agrees to stand down as long as she leaves town . Sheriff Keller finds that all of his evidence pertaining to Jason 's murder has been stolen . Jughead vandalizes the projectionist 's booth before leaving his temporary home in full view of the gang leader , who turns out to be his father . 5 5 `` Chapter Five : Heart of Darkness '' Jesse Warn Ross Maxwell February 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 23 ) T13. 20305 0.98 Angry at Cheryl for helping Jason run away , Clifford and Penelope refuse to allow her to speak at Jason 's memorial , but Cheryl does so anyway , ultimately breaking down during her speech while wearing the white dress she had on the day he left . Coach Clayton pits Archie and Reggie Mantle against each other for the coveted spot of team captain . Archie is introduced to a potential songwriting mentor , who ultimately decides not to teach him . Trev informs Betty that Jason had become much more secretive in the weeks before his death and was rumored to be selling drugs . Jughead suggests searching the Blossom family mansion for clues during the memorial dinner . He and Betty encounter Jason 's grandmother , Rose , who mistakes Betty for Polly and reveals that she and Jason were engaged . While cleaning the diner , Hermione finds a box with a snake inside it , a warning from the Serpents . Betty learns that her family has hated the Blossoms ever since their ancestor killed great - grandfather Cooper decades before . Archie is named captain , but turns it down to focus on his music . Jughead and Betty deduce that her father , Hal , is responsible for stealing the sheriff 's evidence . 6 6 `` Chapter Six : Faster , Pussycats ! Kill ! Kill ! '' Steven A. Adelson Tessa Leigh Williams & Nicholas Zwart March 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 02 ) T13. 20306 1.09 With Riverdale High 's annual variety show approaching , Valerie 's efforts to help Archie prepare for his debut performance lead to a major fallout with Josie . Meanwhile , Betty and Jughead 's investigation into Jason 's murder brings them face - to - face with Betty 's sister Polly , who is revealed to be captive at a home for troubled youth , unaware of Jason 's death and seven months pregnant . As Veronica decides to rebuild her relationship with her mother , she learns that Hermione is using her for her own purposes . At the same time , Hermione 's first day of work at Andrews Construction brings her closer to Fred . Josie deals with her own family pressures after her father visits for her performance at the variety show . Betty confronts Hal and Alice about Jason 's death to no avail , but grows closer to Jughead , eventually kissing him . After , they discover a car hidden in the woods containing drugs and Jason 's belongings . However , an unknown perpetrator torches the car and destroys all the evidence before the police arrive , around the same time that Polly escapes from the home . 7 7 `` Chapter Seven : In a Lonely Place '' Allison Anders Aaron Allen March 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 09 ) T13. 20307 1.03 Cheryl informs Sheriff Keller that Polly has escaped and the town organizes a search party to find her , which fails . As tensions continue to grow between the Blossoms and the Coopers , Betty finds her sister hiding in the attic of their house . Cheryl offers to help Betty take care of Polly . F.P. , after being offered a job by Fred , reveals that he and Fred founded Andrews Construction together , but Fred kicked him out of the business after bailing him out of jail . Fred counters that F.P. was stealing money from him while abusing drugs and alcohol and that he had no choice . Jughead is taken into custody as a suspect in Jason 's murder , but Fred provides Keller with an alibi . Cheryl suspects that her parents have bad intentions with Polly , so Polly moves in with the Lodges instead . F.P. is revealed to have Jason 's jacket in his trailer . 8 8 `` Chapter Eight : The Outsiders '' David Katzenberg Julia Cohen March 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 30 ) T13. 20308 0.99 Polly reveals to Sheriff Keller that Jason was supposed to make a drug delivery for `` some biker gang '' , implied to be the Southside Serpents , in exchange for money before both of them ran away . Veronica suggests hosting a baby shower for Polly . Fred 's workers leave because of promised work from Clifford . Archie tries to help Fred by getting some friends to work on the construction project , but Moose is attacked after witnessing someone vandalize the machinery and warned they should stop . After a confrontation with F.P. Jones in the Serpents ' bar , Archie realizes Jughead 's father is a Serpent . At the baby shower , Penelope and Alice argue over with whom Polly should live . Alice learns that Hal threatened Polly with an abortion , and when he refuses to let her come back , Alice kicks him out of the Cooper household . F.P. recruits some of his Serpents to replace Fred 's crew and informs Hermione that Hiram was behind the attack on Fred 's construction site . Polly chooses to live with the Blossoms . 9 9 `` Chapter Nine : La Grande Illusion '' Lee Rose James DeWille April 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 06 ) T13. 20309 0.91 As the Blossom family 's annual maple tree - tapping ceremony approaches , Cheryl asks Archie to be her escort . When he refuses , Penelope offers to get him into an exclusive music school as a favor . Veronica grows close to Ethel but , when Hermione reveals that her father was one of Hiram 's investors , she becomes distraught upon learning that he attempted suicide due to his financial hardship . Alice prepares to publish a full - blown exposé on the Blossoms , but Hal fires her from the paper as retaliation for being kicked out of the house . Betty gets a call from Archie , learning that Polly moved in with the Blossoms to uncover the truth about Jason 's death . She and Jughead decide to write the tell - all exposé in The Blue and Gold and ask Alice to join them . Finally realizing that the Blossoms are using him , Archie attempts to reconcile with Val , but she breaks up with him . 10 10 `` Chapter Ten : The Lost Weekend '' Dawn Wilkinson Britta Lundin & Brian E. Paterson April 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 13 ) T13. 20310 0.87 Fred leaves for Chicago to finalize his divorce , leaving Archie alone . Betty learns that Jughead 's birthday is coming up and that he has never had an actual party . She and Veronica persuade Archie to let them throw it at his house . Hiram threatens retaliation against Hermione if Veronica refuses to testify on his behalf . The Vixens elect Veronica as captain over Cheryl , who retaliates by crashing the party with Chuck and his friends . F.P. also shows up after Betty 's insistence . Jughead argues with Betty and tries to leave , but Cheryl forces him to stay for a `` game '' in which participants are forced to reveal their secrets . Jughead and Chuck get into a fight and F.P. declares the party over . He urges his son to reconcile with Betty and confronts Alice , implying she was once a member of the Serpents . Archie and Veronica comfort each other and share a kiss . Veronica agrees to testify on Hiram 's behalf . To Archie 's surprise , his father returns home with his mother , Mary . 11 11 `` Chapter Eleven : To Riverdale and Back Again '' Kevin Sullivan Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa April 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 27 ) T13. 20311 0.89 While Archie and his mother reconnect , Veronica learns that Hiram may soon be released from prison . F.P. questions the purpose of Jughead 's novel , urging him to consider moving on . To learn the truth about Hiram , Veronica decides to investigate F.P. as a possible suspect in Jason 's murder . The Blossoms , increasingly suspicious of Polly , forbid her from entering their master bedroom . Fred and Mary agree to attend homecoming together . Polly and Cheryl discover the former 's engagement ring in Penelope 's jewelry collection , which she claims is because Jason threw it away in disgust after arguing with Clifford . At a contentious dinner , Alice tries to question F.P. , but he shuts her down . Afterwards , he informs Jughead that they will be moving to Toledo to reunite with the rest of the Jones family . While Archie and Veronica perform `` Kids in America '' at homecoming , the police execute a search warrant on F.P. 's trailer , find a gun , and arrest him for murder . Jughead disappears and Archie and Veronica deduce that someone is framing F.P. for Jason 's death . 12 12 `` Chapter Twelve : Anatomy of a Murder '' Rob Seidenglanz Michael Grassi May 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 04 ) T13. 20312 0.98 Jughead calls his mother , but she refuses to let him move in with her . F.P. confesses to everything , including Jason 's murder . Betty and Alice catch Hal trying to destroy evidence and learn the family secret : the Coopers are , in fact , Blossoms by blood , making Jason and Polly 's relationship technically incest . The Coopers take Polly back to their home . Mary , posing as F.P. 's lawyer , advises Jughead to visit his father , who tells him never to come see him again . With Joaquin 's help , the group tracks down one of F.P. 's associates , but finds him dead of an apparent overdose . The police are summoned and find a bag full of money with Hermione 's initials on it . With both Hal and Hermione cleared as suspects , Jughead and Betty investigate a lead from Kevin and find Jason 's varsity jacket . Inside one of the pockets , they find a thumb drive and discover Clifford murdered Jason , which they tell Cheryl . Nevertheless , Jughead learns that his father 's other charges will not be dropped . Veronica learns that Hiram has been released and is coming to Riverdale and Mary returns to Chicago . When the police go to arrest Clifford , they discover he has hanged himself in the syrup distillery . 13 13 `` Chapter Thirteen : The Sweet Hereafter '' Lee Toland Krieger Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) T13. 20313 0.96 It is revealed that Clifford was in the drug business and Jason found out . Clifford killed Jason to stop him from exposing the family business . F.P. is cleared of all charges relating to the murder , but remains in police custody . Alice reveals to Betty that , in high school , she found out she was pregnant , but Hal sent her to the Sisters of Silent Mercy and made her give up the child , a baby boy , for adoption . Jughead is placed in the care of a foster family and transfers to Southside High . Devastated by her father 's secrets and suicide , Cheryl attempts to drown herself in Sweetwater River , but Archie , along with Veronica , Betty , and Jughead , saves her . Cheryl later burns down the Thornhill mansion , much to Penelope 's dismay . The next day , Archie meets Fred at Pop 's , where a masked gunman arrives and demands Pop turn over his money . He then tells Fred to turn over his wallet at gunpoint . When Archie tries to intervene , the gunman shoots Fred . Season 2 ( 2017 -- 18 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 14 `` Chapter Fourteen : A Kiss Before Dying '' Rob Seidenglanz Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) T13. 20801 2.34 After being shot , Fred is rushed to the hospital by Archie , who is soon joined by his friends . Sheriff Keller gains a description of the shooter from Archie and calls him in for a lineup , but none of the men in the lineup are the shooter . When Veronica searches Fred 's belongings , Archie sees that his wallet is missing . Betty and Jughead visit Pop 's to look for the wallet but find nothing ; instead , they learn from Pop that the shooter did not take any money from the register , meaning that it was actually a hit against Fred . Jughead asks the Southside Serpents to investigate the shooting , but to no avail . Veronica accuses Hermione of hiring a hitman to kill Fred , but she vehemently denies this and tensions develop between them when Veronica is not sure of her mother is telling the truth . Meanwhile , Cheryl intimidates Penelope -- who suffers severe burns due to the fire at their mansion and is hospitalized -- into lying that it was an accident . Fred survives his shooting . Hiram returns to Riverdale , further escalating the tensions in the Lodge family . In the nearby town of Greendale , Ms. Grundy is strangled to death by Fred 's shooter . 15 `` Chapter Fifteen : Nighthawks '' Allison Anders Michael Grassi October 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) T13. 20802 1.76 After learning of Ms. Grundy 's murder , an increasingly anxious Archie suspects that her death is connected with Fred 's shooting , which pushes him to get a gun from Dilton Doiley . Following the shooting , business at Pop 's Chock'lit Shoppe has declined , leading Pop to consider selling the diner , but Betty convinces Pop to let her throw a retro fun night to drum up business . Jughead learns that F.P. is facing 20 years in prison and seeks help from Penny Peabody , a Serpent lawyer , who advises Jughead to ask the Blossoms to testify on F.P. 's behalf . Cheryl initially refuses , but relents when Betty extorts her with the video of Jason 's murder . With Cheryl 's testimony , the judge decides to revisit F.P 's sentence . Hiram quietly buys the diner from Pop , but tells Veronica he made a `` charitable donation '' . In the woods , Moose Mason and Midge Klump take some jingle jangle ( a new drug to Riverdale ) , and as they do so , they are shot by Fred 's shooter . 16 `` Chapter Sixteen : The Watcher in the Woods '' Kevin Sullivan Ross Maxwell October 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) T13. 20803 1.62 Kevin , who was in the forest , hears the gunshots and rushes to find Midge crying . Moose , who shielded Midge from the gunfire , is hospitalized and survives . Following the incident , Archie founds a vigilante group called the Red Circle , to protect Riverdale High students . The Coopers receive a letter from `` the Black Hood '' , taking responsibility for the shootings and the murder of Ms. Grundy , and detailing his intentions to target sinners . Polly leaves town , fearing for her babies . Meanwhile , Jughead begins his tenure at Southside High , befriends Toni Topaz , a Serpent , and refounds the school newspaper , the Red and Black , under the advisory of English teacher Robert Philips . Kevin keeps going out late at night , which concerns Betty . Betty follows him on one of his runs , which leads to him lashing out at her . Hiram tells Archie that he should utilize the Black Hood 's main weapons for the Red Circle . Inspired by this , the Red Circle makes a video calling out the Black Hood . 17 `` Chapter Seventeen : The Town That Dreaded Sundown '' Jason Stone Amanda Lasher November 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 01 ) T13. 20804 1.51 Archie 's viral video results in negative repercussions , as Principal Waldo Weatherbee demands he disband the Red Circle . Though Archie refuses , the Red Circle disbands regardless due to the football team being suspended but later reassembles when Archie runs afoul of the Serpents and assists him in a rumble , in which Dilton is injured . Veronica finds out that Archie intends to murder the Black Hood and convinces him to discard his gun . Betty receives a letter from the Black Hood , revealing that her speech from the jubilee ball inspired his actions and gives her a cipher that only she could solve . Mayor Sierra McCoy ( Josie 's mother ) hosts a town meeting to discuss action against the Black Hood , in which Alice blames the Serpents , but Fred argues against letting fear rule them . Betty and Jughead figure out that the Black Hood intends to attack town hall and have the meeting evacuated , before showing the letter to her parents , Sheriff Keller and Mayor McCoy . Later , Betty receives a call from the Black Hood . 18 5 `` Chapter Eighteen : When a Stranger Calls '' Ellen Pressman Aaron Allen November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) T13. 20805 1.47 The Black Hood reveals to Betty that he knows where Polly is and threatens to kill her unless she publishes a mugshot of Alice , which she does . Hiram invites the St. Clair 's , friends of the Lodges from New York . On the Southside , Jughead attempts to stop Sweet Pea and the Serpents from blowing up the Riverdale Register office and joins the gang to prevent this from happening . The Black Hood forces Betty to cut ties with Veronica and Jughead and later gives her a hood . At the Lodge 's open house event , Nick St. Clair drugs Cheryl and takes her back to his hotel room to rape her , but is stopped and beaten by Veronica and the Pussycats . Jughead and Toni sit in his trailer , where he tells her his relationship with Betty is over ; they kiss . Back at Betty 's house , the Black Hood tells her she has broken the rules and he will now kill Polly unless she gives him the name of a `` sinner '' to kill , to which Betty names Nick St. Clair . 19 6 `` Chapter Nineteen : Death Proof '' Maggie Kiley Tessa Leigh Williams & Arabella Anderson November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) T13. 20806 1.43 The Black Hood challenges Betty to find the identity of The Sugarman , who has been supplying the jingle jangle to Riverdale . Cheryl wants to press charges against Nick , whom the Black Hood did not attack , but Penelope agrees not to in exchange for money from the St. Clair 's . Archie goes to Southside High , where he saves Jughead from a raid organized by McCoy and Sheriff Keller . Tall Boy , F.P. 's right hand man , reaches an agreement with the Ghoulies , the dealers of jingle jangle . Jughead and Archie visit F.P. , who tells Jughead to challenge the Ghoulies to a race . During the race , Archie pulls the brake on Jughead 's car , and reveals he called Sheriff Keller , who arrests the Ghoulies leader . Veronica convinces Hiram and Hermione to stop investing with the St. Clair 's , while Cheryl does the same with Penelope . Later , the Lodges receive a call that the St. Clair 's have been run off the road , but will recover in months . Penelope reveals to Cheryl that the Sugarman is Robert Philips ; Cheryl later tells Betty , who exposes him in the Blue and Gold . Philips is subsequently arrested and shot by the Black Hood in jail . 20 7 `` Chapter Twenty : Tales from the Darkside '' Dawn Wilkinson James DeWille November 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 29 ) T13. 20807 1.45 After killing Phillips , the Black Hood leaves a letter at Pop 's challenging Riverdale to go 48 hours without sinning , or he will kill again . Jughead is enlisted by Penny Peabody to deliver a crate of drugs to repay her for her earlier help , which he does with Archie . She says this is a one - time thing , but Jughead later finds she was lying . Josie begins to receive weird messages from a secret admirer , implied to be Cheryl , including a box with a pig 's heart . Mayor McCoy reprimands her for coming home late , revealing she has received death threats . Betty , realizing that Phillips was killed in the sheriff 's office , believes Sheriff Keller might be the Black Hood . She investigates , but Keller is able to provide proof that he is not the Black Hood . However , Betty and Veronica discover that he is having an affair with Mayor McCoy . Archie , Jughead , Betty , Veronica , Josie , and Cheryl all gather at Pop 's . After Jughead leaves to visit F.P. , the Black Hood calls Pop to inform him Riverdale failed his challenge , and Pop grimly announces that `` The reckoning is upon us '' . 21 8 `` Chapter Twenty - One : House of the Devil '' Kevin Sullivan Yolonda Lawrence December 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 06 ) T13. 20808 1.48 F.P. is released from jail and begins working at Pop 's , intending to quit the Serpents . Jughead and Betty decide to throw F.P. a `` retirement '' party at the Whyte Worm , so they enlist Archie and Veronica to do the detective work . While Jughead reconnects with his dad , Betty goes to the Whyte Worm to organize the party . There , she meets Toni and tells her she wants to keep watch over Jughead . Archie and Veronica follow a lead on a past serial killer called the Riverdale Reaper , who murdered a family of four before being killed himself by a lynch mob . Their investigation leads them to discover there was a fifth member of the family , which they discover to be the school 's janitor , Joseph Svenson . Archie and Veronica confront Svenson , but decide he is n't the Black Hood . At the party , F.P. , who is upset that Jughead helped Peabody , decides to stay with the Serpents . Outside , Veronica breaks up with Archie following a discussion about love . Jughead , not wanting to bring Betty into the Serpents ' business , also ends their relationship . 22 9 `` Chapter Twenty - Two : Silent Night , Deadly Night '' Rob Seidenglanz Shepard Boucher December 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 13 ) T13. 20809 1.43 Fred receives a hospital bill of $86,000 . Failing to convince her parents to help Fred , Veronica sneaks into Hiram 's study and finds out that he bought Pop 's . She later convinces him and Hermione to stop hiding secrets from her and help Fred . Jughead rallies the younger Serpents , who kidnap Peabody and cut off her Serpent tattoo . Betty and Archie receive a box from the Black Hood , containing Svenson 's finger . They then receive a call from the Black Hood , who challenges them to find Svenson . They are able to find Svenson 's location , but instead find an empty coffin . The Black Hood then arrives and tries to force Betty into burying Archie alive , but flees when the police arrive . After a chase , Keller shoots and kills the Black Hood before he can escape . The Black Hood is then revealed to be Svenson himself . Later , with the Black Hood dead , Veronica and Archie get back together , while Betty throws away all of her findings surrounding Svenson , but she keeps the hood he gave her earlier . 23 10 `` Chapter Twenty - Three : The Blackboard Jungle '' Tim Hunter Britta Lundin & Brian E. Paterson January 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 17 ) T13. 20810 1.44 The Lodges strike a deal with Mayor McCoy for land which involves shutting down Southside High , causing Jughead , Toni , Sweet Pea and the other Serpents to transfer to Riverdale High , putting them at odds with other students . Archie is approached by FBI Agent Adams , who wants his help on finding proof of Hiram 's criminal dealings . Archie agrees to help in exchange for immunity for Veronica and Fred . Archie investigates Nick , who implies that Hiram was behind his car crash , which broke both of his legs . Despite Hal 's objections , Betty and Alice track down Alice 's son she gave up for adoption , Chic . Chic initially refuses to come with them , but Betty returns to his residence and saves him from an assault , bringing him to the Cooper household . Jughead , following advice from F.P. , gets his fellow Serpents to lay low . Archie reveals to Adams that he secretly doubts Svenson was really the Black Hood . That night , Chic lurks in Betty 's room while she sleeps . 24 11 `` Chapter Twenty - Four : The Wrestler '' Gregg Araki Greg Murray & Devon Turner January 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 24 ) T13. 20811 1.39 Pickens ' Day , a day in remembrance of Riverdale 's founder , nears . Archie tries out for the wrestling team in order to impress Hiram , a former wrestler . Betty learns that Chic is a webcam model , and attempts to reach out to him . Jughead interviews Toni 's grandfather for a school project , learning that he is a member of a Native American tribe which was slaughtered by Pickens . Jughead publishes the story , escalting tensions with the two sides . At the Pickens ' Day fest , the Serpents protest the event , but Hiram spins their words positively . That night , Archie meets with Hiram , who offers him his business tutelage , which Archie accepts . The next morning , Mayor McCoy , Sheriff Keller , and the Lodges meet at the statue of Pickens , which has been decapitated . 25 12 `` Chapter Twenty - Five : The Wicked and the Divine '' Rachel Talalay Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa January 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 31 ) T13. 20812 1.34 Veronica 's confirmation nears , bringing many Lodge family members and business associates to Riverdale . While serving at a poker game with Hiram and his associates , Archie learns that Hiram is a mobster and his associates are planning his ' removal ' after Veronica 's confirmation . Archie alerts Hiram to this , and Hiram later arranges that mobster 's death . Meanwhile , Mayor McCoy orchestrates the eviction of all Serpents from their trailer park . Jughead and Betty are alerted to the location of the Pickens head by a scrapyard owner , who gives them evidence that Tall Boy decapitated the statue . Jughead and F.P. put Tall Boy on trial , who reveals that Hiram assisted him launching a mutiny so that Tall Boy could remove F.P. and Jughead from the Serpents . Betty and Jughead get back together . A strange man comes to the Cooper house asking for Chic . Later , Betty returns home to find Alice cleaning up the man 's blood . 26 13 `` Chapter Twenty - Six : The Tell - Tale Heart '' Julie Plec Michael Grassi February 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 07 ) T13. 20813 1.28 Betty and Alice clean up the man 's body and dispose of it with help from Jughead and F.P. Jughead sends the Pickens ' statue head to the Lodges , which Hiram believes may be a declaration of war . Mayor McCoy attempts to take control of her deal with the Lodges , and the Lodges prepare to expose her affair with Sheriff Keller . Veronica , however , warns her of this , and McCoy resigns from office . Agent Adams attempts to strong - arm Archie into giving him the information , including blackmailing Archie in order for him to plant a bug in Hiram 's office . Archie instead reveals this to Hiram . Hiram 's driver takes Archie to a private location to meet with `` the boss '' , revealed to be Hermione . Hermione tells Archie that Adams is actually one of the Lodges ' capos and it was a test , which Archie has passed . Hermione welcomes him to the family . 27 14 `` Chapter Twenty - Seven : The Hills Have Eyes '' David Katzenberg Ross Maxwell March 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 07 ) T13. 20814 1.26 Hiram suggests Archie , Veronica , Betty , and Jughead go to the Lodge 's lake house for a romantic getaway . Cheryl , upset over not being invited , calls Jughead and informs him of Betty 's kiss with Archie , which causes tension within the group . Veronica and Jughead kiss to `` level the playing field '' . Later , the girls go into town while the guys have a discussion over the close mutual bonds between the four . Back in Riverdale , Josie informs Kevin of their parents affair . Cheryl reveals to Toni that she had a `` friendship - turned - lesbian - relationship '' broken up by Penelope . At the lake house , tensions arise again when Jughead and Betty learn that Hiram bought the trailer park and the Riverdale Register . A group of men that Veronica interacted with in town break into the house , but Veronica activates a silent alarm . One of Hiram 's men arrive and kills one of the intruders , and the four return to Riverdale . 28 15 `` Chapter Twenty - Eight : There Will Be Blood '' Mark Piznarski Aaron Allen March 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 14 ) T13. 20815 1.19 Jughead keeps investigating the Lodges ' plans , but he can not use what he finds . Hiram and Hermione want Fred to run for mayor , including financing his run . Hal asks Alice for a divorce , and Polly comes back to Riverdale . Clifford 's secret will is read , which entitles money to anyone of Blossom 's blood . Clifford 's twin brother Claudius returns . When Chic refuses the DNA test , Betty steals his dental floss to do her own test and discovers that Chic is not who he says to be . After Smithers points Jughead to Shankshaw Prison , F.P. 's inside contact allows them to learn the truth about the Lodge 's plans : they want to turn Southside High into a private prison and the housing Fred is building will be for the employees of the prison . After the Lodges are forced to tell Fred , he refuses to run for Mayor , so Hermione announces her run instead . Archie undergoes a blood ritual with Hiram , pledging loyalty . Meanwhile , Claudius and Penelope plot to get their house `` in order '' , including Nana and Cheryl , who overhears the plan . 29 16 `` Chapter Twenty - Nine : Primary Colors '' Sherwin Shilati James DeWille March 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 21 ) T13. 20816 1.16 Jughead learns Southside High will be turned into a prison , and goes on a hunger strike to protest . Hiram accelerates the timeline for demolition , but the high school Serpents chain themselves to the school . Fred attempts to end his contract with the Lodges , leading to a legal dispute . Hiram asks Archie to cut the Serpents ' chains , which Archie does in exchange for Fred being released from his contract . Betty learns Chic 's father is not Hal . Penelope and Claudius attempt to kill Nana Rose , but she survives . Veronica runs for student president , but everyone seems to be against her . Jughead also considers running with Betty . Betty moves in with Jughead to avoid Chic . Cheryl tells Penelope she knows what she did , leading Penelope to get Cheryl committed . Free of his contract with the Lodges , Fred announces he is running for mayor against Hermione . 30 17 `` Chapter Thirty : The Noose Tightens '' Alexis Ostrander Britta Lundin & Brian E. Paterson March 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 28 ) T13. 20817 0.96 Hermione 's run for mayor is considered risky by fellow mobsters Kowalski and Martin , believing it may lead to unwanted investigation . They demand a 25 % cut of the prison 's profits , which Hiram refuses . Kowalski and Martin , however , turn Hiram 's capo Adams into hospitalizing Andre , leaving the Lodges shorthanded on security . Archie scares the two into abandoning the deal with the help of Reggie and other Riverdale athletes . Meanwhile , the car belonging to the man Chic killed is found . The owner of the car demands $10,000 from the Coopers to prevent her from going to the police , but Jughead and the Serpents scare her away . Alice sends Chic away and apologizes the Serpents for her years of badmouthing them . Toni and Veronica discover that Cheryl has been admitted into conversion therapy , and with help from Nana Rose , find out she 's at Sister of the Quiet Mercy . Toni , Veronica , and Kevin rescue Cheryl , and Toni and Cheryl kiss . Cheryl soon returns to Riverdale High , which she declares ' will burn ' . 31 18 `` Chapter Thirty - One : A Night to Remember '' Jason Stone Arabella Anderson & Tessa Leigh Williams April 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 18 ) T13. 20818 TBD This episode will be a musical event covering songs from Carrie : The Musical . 32 19 `` Chapter Thirty - Two : Prisoners '' Jennifer Phang Cristine Chambers April 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 25 ) T13. 20819 TBD 33 20 `` Chapter Thirty - Three : Shadow of a Doubt '' Gregory Smith Yolanda E. Lawrence May 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 02 ) T13. 20820 TBD 34 21 `` Chapter Thirty - Four : Judgment Night '' Cherie Nowlan Shepard Boucher May 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 09 ) T13. 20821 TBD 35 22 `` Chapter Thirty - Five : Brave New World '' Steven A. Adelson Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa May 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 16 ) T13. 20822 TBD Production Development Warner Bros. began development on an Archie feature film in 2013 , after a pitch from writer Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa and director Jason Moore that would place Archie 's gang into a teen comedy feature film in the John Hughes tradition . The duo brought the project to Warner Bros. , where a VP recommended a more high - concept direction involving time travel or interdimensional portals , suggesting Louis C.K. to portray an older Archie . Dan Lin and Roy Lee became producers on the project , which eventually stalled as priorities shifted at the studio towards larger tentpole films and was reimagined as a television series . Riverdale was originally in development at Fox , with the network landing the project in 2014 with a script deal plus penalty . However , Fox did not go forward with the project . In 2015 , the show 's development was moved to The CW , which officially ordered a pilot on January 29 , 2016 . On March 7 , 2017 , The CW announced that the series had been renewed for a second season . On April 2 , 2018 , The CW renewed the series for a third season . Casting Casting Archie was a difficult process , with Aguirre - Sacasa stating `` I think we literally saw every redheaded young guy in L.A. It certainly felt that way . '' The production team found KJ Apa just three days before they had to present screen tests to the network , which created tension in the last few days leading up to the studio presentation . In April 2017 , it was announced Mark Consuelos had signed on for the second season to play Veronica Lodge 's father , Hiram Lodge . The role was in second position to his existing role on Pitch but the cancellation of that series was announced on May 1 , 2017 . The next month , it was announced Charles Melton was cast to take over the role of Reggie from Ross Butler in season 2 due to his status as a series regular on 13 Reasons Why . It was also announced that Casey Cott , who played Kevin Keller , was promoted to a series regular . In July 2017 , it was announced that True Blood star Brit Morgan had been cast in the recurring role of Penny Peabody , an attorney the Southside Serpents call in case of any run - ins with the law . In August 2017 , it was announced Graham Phillips had been cast to play Nick St. Clair , Veronica 's ex-boyfriend from New York . In March 2018 , Andy Cohen appeared in the sixteenth episode of the second season as himself . In the series , he and Hermione are friends . He previously offered her a role as a cast member on The Real Housewives of New York City ; however , Hermione turned down the offer to keep things private for the Lodge family . Filming The Pop 's Chock'lit Shoppe set in Vancouver , Canada Filming of the pilot began on March 14 , 2016 , and ended on April 1 in Vancouver , British Columbia . Production on the remaining 12 episodes of season one began on September 7 , 2016 , in Vancouver . Sets include Pop Tate 's Chock'lit Shoppe , a copy of the functioning diner used in the pilot that is so realistic a truck driver parked his 18 - wheeler there , believing that it was open . Season two will also be filmed in Vancouver and the nearby Fraser Valley . The aerial view of Riverdale is actually drawn from stock footage used in the series Pretty Little Liars , Gilmore Girls , and the landmark setting are the same utilized in both of the aforementioned series as well as in Hart of Dixie . Filming for the second season started on June 22 , 2017 , and concluded on March 27 , 2018 . Homages to other films and TV series Several reviewers had noted that the series ' episode titles , are often taken directly or slightly altered from the titles of older films . For example , De Elizabeth of TeenVogue points out that Riverdale 's pilot episode was named `` River 's Edge '' after the 1986 film of the same name , and the season finale also takes its name from 1997 's The Sweet Hereafter . Executive producer Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa notes that this is a deliberate choice , in order to hint at what will happen in that episode . Additionally , Katie - Kouise Smith , of Popbuzz , notes that the opening credits for Riverdale mirror those of the Twin Peaks television series , and are intended as an homage to that series ' creator , David Lynch . Release Broadcast Netflix acquired the exclusive international broadcast rights to Riverdale , making the series available as an original series to its platform less than a day after its original U.S. broadcast . Marketing In July 2016 , members of the cast and the executive producers attended San Diego Comic - Con to promote the upcoming series , where they premiered the first episode `` Chapter One : The River 's Edge '' . The first trailer for the series was released in early December 2016 . The CW also sponsored multiple Tastemade videos , where they cooked several foods that are popular in the Archie universe . Comic - book adaptation Along with heavily promoting the TV series in their regular comics since January 2017 , Archie Comics are planning to release a comic book adaptation of Riverdale , featuring auxiliary story arcs set within the television series ' own continuity . The comic book adaptation is being headed by Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa himself , along with various other writers from the show . Alongside a one - shot pilot issue , illustrated by Alitha Martinez , released in March 2017 , the first issue of the ongoing Riverdale comic book series was set to release starting April 2017 . In addition to the adaptation , Archie Comics are releasing a series of compilation graphic novels branded under the title Road to Riverdale . This series features early issues from the New Riverdale reboot line , introducing the audience of the TV series to the regular ongoing comic series that inspired it . Archie Comics plans to re-print the volumes of Road to Riverdale in subsequent months as digest magazines . The first volume was released in March 2017 . Music Musical performances are featured throughout the series , a blend of cover versions and originals . Songs performed in episodes are released as digital singles after broadcast ; WaterTower Music released a digital compilation of the season 1 songs on May 12 , 2017 . An album of Blake Neely 's scoring for season 1 was released on compact disc by La - La Land Records and simultaneously on download by WaterTower Music on July 18 , 2017 . Season 1 ( show ) Riverdale : Season 1 ( Original Television Soundtrack ) No . Title Artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` The Song That Everyone Sings '' KJ Apa 3 : 46 2 . `` Fear Nothing '' Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield and Hayley Law 2 : 37 3 . `` All Through The Night '' Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield and Hayley Law 2 : 37 4 . `` Dance Dance Dance '' KJ Apa 1 : 00 5 . `` Candy Girl ( Sugar Sugar ) '' ( Cover of the Inner Circle version feat . Flo Rida ; full - length version , Petsch is not heard on the aired version . ) Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield , Hayley Law and Madelaine Petsch 2 : 19 6 . `` I Feel Love '' Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield , Hayley Law and Camila Mendes 3 : 11 7 . `` I 'll Try '' KJ Apa 3 : 15 8 . `` I Got You '' KJ Apa and Hayley Law 3 : 32 9 . `` Kids in America '' KJ Apa and Camila Mendes 2 : 55 10 . `` Our Fair Riverdale '' Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield , Hayley Law 1 : 19 11 . `` Astronaut '' Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield , Hayley Law and Camila Mendes 3 : 28 12 . `` These Are the Moments I Remember '' Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield , Hayley Law , Camila Mendes and KJ Apa 2 : 58 ( show ) Riverdale : Season 1 ( Original Television Score ) No . Title Artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` Riverdale '' Blake Neely 2 : 58 2 . `` If You Love Me '' Blake Neely 2 : 06 3 . `` Viral Gossip in Town '' Blake Neely 3 : 08 4 . `` Everyone a Suspect '' Blake Neely 2 : 33 5 . `` Receiving the Jersey '' Blake Neely 1 : 56 6 . `` Doubts and Accusations '' Blake Neely 2 : 24 7 . `` All is OK With Milkshakes '' Blake Neely 2 : 48 8 . `` Long Reach '' Blake Neely 3 : 47 9 . `` Ended Up Drowning '' Blake Neely 4 : 11 10 . `` Irreconcilable '' Blake Neely 3 : 25 11 . `` So Many Questions '' Blake Neely 2 : 42 12 . `` A Gift / Forced to Leave '' Blake Neely 3 : 23 13 . `` Not Making the Play '' Blake Neely 3 : 25 14 . `` Overwhelming Evidence '' Blake Neely 3 : 53 15 . `` Realizations '' Blake Neely 2 : 02 16 . `` Do You Feel Guilty ? '' Blake Neely 2 : 38 17 . `` Into the Woods '' Blake Neely 3 : 21 18 . `` Name of the Game '' Blake Neely 3 : 38 19 . `` Angry and Vulnerable Girls '' Blake Neely 2 : 52 20 . `` Results of the Father '' Blake Neely 4 : 39 21 . `` Your Father Was Arrested '' Blake Neely 2 : 44 22 . `` The Recording '' Blake Neely 4 : 12 23 . `` Oh , Mommy ! '' Blake Neely 3 : 51 24 . `` What Floats Beneath '' Blake Neely 3 : 29 25 . `` Never Safe '' Blake Neely 1 : 59 Reception Critical response Season Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 88 % ( 54 reviews ) 68 ( 36 reviews ) 87 % ( 13 reviews ) TBD The first season of Riverdale has received generally positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a fresh rating of 88 % based on 54 reviews , with a weighted average of 7.27 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Riverdale offers an amusingly self - aware reimagining of its classic source material that proves eerie , odd , daring , and above all addictive . '' On Metacritic , the season has a score of 68 out of 100 based on 36 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Dave Nemetz of TVLine gave the series a `` B + '' saying that it turned , `` out to be an artfully crafted , instantly engaging teen soap with loads of potential . '' Some writers have criticized the series for its handling of minority characters . While reviewing the first season , Kadeen Griffiths of Bustle declared `` the show marginalizes and ignores the ( people of color ) in the cast to the point where they may as well not be there . '' In an article for Vulture , Angelica Jade Bastien discussed the show 's treatment of Josie and the Pussycats ( who are each played by African Americans ) , noting , `` They 're not characters so much as they are a vehicle for a Message . Josie and her fellow pussycats are positioned to communicate the message that Riverdale is more modern and inclusive than teen dramas of the past , even though it has yet to prove it beyond its casting . '' Monique Jones of Ebony noted , `` Despite the show 's multi-racial casting choices , it seems like Riverdale is still a mostly white town . '' She also expressed fondness for the relationship between Archie Andrews and Valerie Brown , but declared `` Archie should n't be what makes Valerie interesting to us '' . Ratings Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating ( average ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Thursday 9 : 00 pm 13 January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) 1.38 May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 0.96 2016 -- 17 154 1.69 0.7 / 2 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm 22 October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 2.34 TBA TBD 2017 -- 18 TBD TBD TBD Riverdale : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Source : Nielsen Media Research Season 1 ( 2017 ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Chapter One : The River 's Edge '' January 26 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.38 0.4 1.01 0.9 2.38 `` Chapter Two : A Touch of Evil '' February 2 , 2017 0.4 / 2 1.15 0.4 0.76 0.8 1.91 `` Chapter Three : Body Double '' February 9 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.20 N / A 0.71 N / A 1.90 `` Chapter Four : The Last Picture Show '' February 16 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.14 0.4 0.73 0.8 1.87 5 `` Chapter Five : Heart of Darkness '' February 23 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.98 0.4 0.71 0.7 1.69 6 `` Chapter Six : Faster , Pussycats ! Kill ! Kill ! '' March 2 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.09 N / A N / A N / A N / A 7 `` Chapter Seven : In a Lonely Place '' March 9 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.03 0.3 0.76 0.7 1.80 8 `` Chapter Eight : The Outsiders '' March 30 , 2017 0.4 / 2 0.99 N / A 0.55 N / A 1.54 9 `` Chapter Nine : La Grande Illusion '' April 6 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.91 N / A 0.63 N / A 1.54 10 `` Chapter Ten : The Lost Weekend '' April 13 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.87 0.3 0.58 0.6 1.48 11 `` Chapter Eleven : To Riverdale and Back Again '' April 27 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.89 N / A N / A N / A N / A 12 `` Chapter Twelve : Anatomy of a Murder '' May 4 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.98 0.3 0.58 0.6 1.56 13 `` Chapter Thirteen : The Sweet Hereafter '' May 11 , 2017 0.4 / 2 0.96 N / A 0.56 N / A 1.52 Season 2 ( 2017 -- 18 ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Chapter Fourteen : A Kiss Before Dying '' October 11 , 2017 0.8 / 3 2.34 0.6 1.40 1.4 3.74 `` Chapter Fifteen : Nighthawks '' October 18 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.76 0.6 1.34 1.2 3.10 `` Chapter Sixteen : The Watcher in the Woods '' October 25 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.62 0.6 1.32 1.2 2.94 `` Chapter Seventeen : The Town That Dreaded Sundown '' November 1 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.51 0.5 1.30 1.1 2.80 5 `` Chapter Eighteen : When a Stranger Calls '' November 8 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.47 0.5 1.23 1.0 2.70 6 `` Chapter Nineteen : Death Proof '' November 15 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.43 0.5 1.23 1.0 2.66 7 `` Chapter Twenty : Tales from the Darkside '' November 29 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.45 0.5 1.19 1.0 2.64 8 `` Chapter Twenty - One : House of the Devil '' December 6 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.48 0.6 1.20 1.1 2.68 9 `` Chapter Twenty - Two : Silent Night , Deadly Night '' December 13 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.43 N / A N / A N / A N / A 10 `` Chapter Twenty - Three : The Blackboard Jungle '' January 17 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.44 0.5 1.14 1.0 2.59 11 `` Chapter Twenty - Four : The Wrestler '' January 24 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.39 0.5 1.15 1.0 2.54 12 `` Chapter Twenty - Five : The Wicked and the Divine '' January 31 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.34 0.5 1.06 1.0 2.40 13 `` Chapter Twenty - Six : The Tell - Tale Heart '' February 7 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.28 0.4 0.96 0.9 2.24 14 `` Chapter Twenty - Seven : The Hills Have Eyes '' March 7 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.26 0.4 0.95 0.9 2.22 15 `` Chapter Twenty - Eight : There Will Be Blood '' March 14 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.19 0.4 0.91 0.8 2.10 16 `` Chapter Twenty - Nine : Primary Colors '' March 21 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.16 0.4 0.94 0.8 2.10 17 `` Chapter Thirty : The Noose Tightens '' March 28 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.96 TBD TBD TBD TBD Awards and nominations Year Award Category Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2017 Saturn Awards Best Action - Thriller Television Series Riverdale Won Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series KJ Apa Nominated Breakthrough Performance KJ Apa Won Leo Awards Best Production Design in a Dramatic Series Tyler Harron for `` Pilot - Chapter 1 '' Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Breakout TV Show Riverdale Won Choice Breakout TV Star K.J. Apa Nominated Lili Reinhart Won Choice Drama TV Actor Cole Sprouse Won Choice Drama TV Show Riverdale Won Choice Hissy Fit Madelaine Petsch Won Choice Scene Stealer Camila Mendes Won Choice TV Ship Lili Reinhart and Cole Sprouse Won 2018 Dorian Awards Campy TV Show of the Year Riverdale Nominated Saturn Awards Best Action - Thriller Television Series Riverdale Pending Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series KJ Apa Pending Lili Reinhart Pending Cole Sprouse Pending Spin - off Main article : Chilling Adventures of Sabrina ( TV series ) In September 2017 , it was reported that a live - action television series was being developed for The CW by Warner Bros. Television and Berlanti Productions , with a planned release in the 2018 -- 2019 television season . Based on the comic series Chilling Adventures of Sabrina , featuring the Archie Comics character Sabrina the Teenage Witch , the series would be a companion series to Riverdale. Lee Toland Krieger will direct the pilot , which will be written by Aguirre - Sacasa . Both are executive producers along with Berlanti , Schechter , and Goldwater . In December 2017 , it was reported that the project had moved to Netflix under a yet - to - be-announced new title . Two seasons , comprising ten episodes each , have been ordered by the streaming service . In January 2018 , it was announced that the lead role of Sabrina Spellman would be portrayed by Kiernan Shipka , and CW president Mark Pedowitz noted that , `` at the moment , there is no discussion about crossing over '' with Riverdale . Filming for first season began on March 19 , 2018 , just as filming of the second season of Riverdale concludes , which will allow the same crew members to work on both series . It is expected to film back - to - back with the second season . References Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` CW Picks Up Four Pilots Including Greg Berlanti 's Archie Comics Project ' Riverdale ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Finds Its Archie & Josie : KJ Apa To Topline CW Pilot '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Archie Comics CW Pilot Casts Its Betty Cooper & Jughead Jones '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' CW Pilot Finds Veronica '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' CW Pilot Finds Hermione Lodge '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' CW Pilot Finds Cheryl Blossom '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' CW Pilot Casts Mädchen Amick As Alice Cooper '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' : Luke Perry To Play Archie 's Dad in Archie Comics CW Pilot '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Mark Consuelos Joins ' Riverdale ' For Season 2 ; ' Suits ' Casts Dulé Hill '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale Promotes Casey Cott to Regular for Season 2 '' . TVLine . May 12 , 2017 . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ @ CWRiverdaleNews ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` Episode 10 is called ' The Lost Weekend ' It confirms Jordan Calloway as Chuck Clayton and the recasting of Dilton Doily . And Mary Andrews 😱 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Scream 's Skeet Ulrich Joins Riverdale -- As Jughead 's Dad ? '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' : Skeet Ulrich Upped To Series Regular For Season 2 of the CW Drama '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Apa , KJ ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` First ep of riverdale season 2 is wrapped up . directed by the legend @ robseidenglanz who is an epic director , but more importantly , an epic human being . One of the narliest weeks of shooting I 've done in a wee while , ca n't wait for you guys to see what we 're doing with Season2 ! ! 1 in the bank ! ! 21 left to go . # deehaa haha u know what 's up when u get into your trailer in the morning and the only wardrobe you have is a pair of skin * coloured jocks '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ `` Catch The CW 's Season Finales This April and May ! '' . The Futon Critic . March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scandal ' and ' My Kitchen Rules ' adjust down , Mary Tyler Moore special adjusts up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scandal ' adjusts down a little : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' adjusts up ; ' Great Indoors , ' ' Powerless , ' ' Mom , ' ' Chicago Med ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' adjust up , ' Scandal ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' How to Get Away with Murder ' finale , ' Training Day ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' When We Rise , ' ' Life in Pieces ' rerun adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mom ' and NBC shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up ; ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Scandal , ' ' Mom , ' ' Powerless ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Blacklist : Redemption ' adjust up , ' Scandal ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' Scandal ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up ; ' The Catch ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up , ' Riverdale ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up , ' The Blacklist ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' Blacklist ' adjust up , ' Dynasty ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' SEAL Team ' adjust up , ' Criminal Minds ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Blacklist ' and ' Designated Survivor ' adjust down , final World Series numbers : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` World Series ends big , ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' Blacklist , ' ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' SVU , ' CMAs and others unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' , ' SVU ' and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Riverdale , ' ' X-Files ' and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Match Game ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Amazing Race ' adjusts up , ' The Blacklist ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Riverdale ' adjust up , ' Chicago PD ' and ' Life Sentence ' down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' The X-Files ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Modern Family ' adjust up , ' Speechless ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' SEAL Team ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Matt ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Sets Musical Episode Around Stephen King Classic ' Carrie ' '' . Variety . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 218 ) `` Chapter Thirty - One : A Night to Remember '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 219 ) Chapter Thirty - Two : Prisoners '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa ( @ WriterRAS ) ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Just in time for a Valentine 's present for # Riverdale fans far and wide ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z - riverdale on cw '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa ( @ WriterRAS ) ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` One more week until a new # Riverdale ! As we start work on our penultimate episode ! Things are gon na get hot ... '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa ( @ WriterRAS ) ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` And here we are . The last episode of the Season Two of # Riverdale . We 've come a long way , but it 's still not over ... '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Barth , Bob ( February 20 , 2017 ) . `` A Touch of Evil with creator and show runner Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa '' . Welcome to Riverdale : Official Podcast ( Podcast ) . Retrieved May 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitbrook , James ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` For a Bizarre Moment , Riverdale Was Almost a Time - Travel Movie Starring Louis C.K. '' io9 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` Archie Comics Drama Series ' Riverdale ' Set at Fox With Greg Berlanti Producing '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( July 10 , 2015 ) . `` Archie Comics Drama ' Riverdale ' Moved To CW With Greg Berlanti Producing -- Comic Con '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' , ' Transylvania ' , ' No Tomorrow ' & Mars Drama Get CW Pilot Orders '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Renewed For Season 2 By the CW '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Leslie ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Riverdale , ' ' Flash , ' ' Supernatural ' Among 10 CW Renewals '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Jung , E. Alex ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` How Riverdale Found Its ( Hot ) Archie Andrews '' . Vulture . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Mark Consuelos Joins ' Riverdale ' For Season 2 ; ' Suits ' Casts Dulé Hill '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Fox 's Pitch Cancelled After One Season '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Riverdale ' Casts Its New Reggie '' . Entertainment Weekly . May 13 , 2017 . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Riverdale Promotes Casey Cott to Series Regular for Season 2 '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' : Brit Morgan Set To Recur in Season 2 of the CW Drama '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Riverdale ' : Meet Veronica 's Ex-Boyfriend '' . Entertainment Weekly . August 11 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale Casts The Good Wife Alum as Veronica 's Ex '' . TV Guide . August 11 , 2017 . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Piester , Lauren ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` How Did Andy Cohen End Up on Riverdale ? '' . E ! Online . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ RIVERDALE NEWS ! ( @ CWRiverdaleNews ) ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` # RIVERDALE has officially wrapped filming ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` Pilot Locations 2016 : Los Angeles Continues Rebound , New York Tally Slips '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Movies and TV Shows Filming in Vancouver Soon '' . Whatsfilming.ca . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Riesman , Abraham ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` Cole Sprouse on Riverdale , your drunk uncle at Thanksgiving , and Jughead 's Asexuality '' . New York . Jump up ^ Lehn , Don . `` Riverdale `` Pop 's Chock - Lit Shoppe '' Season 2 Premiere Screening in Mission Thursday October 12 ( VIDEO ) `` . FraserValleyNewsNetwork . FVN . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Katie - Louise . `` 17 Surprising Facts About `` Riverdale '' That We Bet You Did n't Even Know `` . Popbuzz . Popbuzz.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Archie Comics ( @ ArchieComics ) ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's a behind the scenes shot from the first day of filming # Riverdale Season 2 as @ kj_apa and @ CamilaMendes meet some very happy fans ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Missing or empty number = ( help ) Jump up ^ Morgan , Vanessa ( @ VanessaMorgan ) ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` & That 's a wrap on Season 2 ! 💕 📽 # Riverdale '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Burlingame , russ . `` The Movies That Will Inspire Riverdale Season 2 '' . ComicBook / tv . Comicbook.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whyte , Woodrow . `` Riverdale Has Been Dropping Massive Clues About The Plot And You 've 100 % Missed Them '' . Popbuzz . Popbuzz . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Elizabeth , De . `` What the Episode Titles of `` Riverdale '' Really Mean `` . TeenVogue.com . Vogue . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale '' . Netflix Media Center . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix UK Acquires The CW 's ' Riverdale ' , Freeform 's ' Beyond ' & Polyamorous Comedy ' You Me Her ' '' . TVWise . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Will ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Comic - Con 2016 : Riverdale pilot things to know '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Trailer : `` Every Corpse Has A Tale To Tell '' `` . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tastemade ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` '' New Girl in Town '' Cherry Chocolate Malt # Sponsored by @ TheCWRiverdale , tonight 9 / 8c on The CW ... '' Retrieved February 23 , 2018 -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ Tasetmade ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` '' The Archie Original '' Bacon Burger # Sponsored by @ TheCWRiverdale , Thurs Jan 26 on The CW ... '' Retrieved February 23 , 2018 -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ Tasetmade ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` '' Blonde Next Door '' Creamy Shake # Sponsored by @ TheCWRiverdale , Thurs Jan 26 on The CW `` . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ C. , Ron ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Check out a preview of RIVERDALE ONE SHOT and more new Archie Comics on sale 3 / 1 / 17 ! '' . Archie Comics . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : C. , Ron ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Get a sneak peek at the Archie Comics solicitations for April 2017 ! '' . Archie Comics . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.soundtrack.net/album/riverdale-season-1/ Jump up ^ https://tvsourcemagazine.com/2017/07/riverdale-season-1-score-gets-limited-edition-cd-release/ Jump up ^ `` Riverdale : Season 1 ( Original Televisión Soundtrack ) '' . iTunes . May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/ca/album/riverdale-season-1-original-television-score/1259595742 Jump up ^ `` Riverdale : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Review : Archie Gets a Dark , Moody Update ... and Surprise , It Works ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Griffiths , Kadeen ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Has A Huge Representation Problem Despite Its Amazingly Diverse Cast '' . Bustle.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bastien , Angelica ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Why Do Teen Dramas Like ' Riverdale ' Keep Sidelining Black Female Characters ? '' . Vulture.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Monique ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale 's ' Woke Report Card '' . Ebony . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale : Season One Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 12 , 2017 . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and TGIT rise above the rest in week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Agents of SHIELD ' benefit the most in week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Timeless ' lead the week 21 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' on top again : Week 22 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' makes biggest gains again : Week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sleepy Hollow ' & 5 more shows double , ' This Is Us ' has biggest total gain : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' scores again , 7 shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' iZombie ' premiere gets decent bump in week 29 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` 6 shows double , led by ' Designated Survivor ' : Week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Big Bang ' gain the most , 10 shows double : Week 33 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' finale lead week 34 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us ' : Week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' and ' This Is Us ' on top again : Week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' leads the week 24 broadcast Live + 7 ratings -- by quite a bit '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' goes out on top : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' scores highest in week 26 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Staley , Brandon ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Supergirl , Luke Cage , Doctor Strange Win at Annual Saturn Awards '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 winners and nominees by name '' . Leo Awards . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : ' Riverdale , ' Fifth Harmony Shut Out Competition '' . Variety . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' Leads Dorian Award Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Companion Series ' The Chilling Adventures of Sabrina ' In the Works at The CW '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` Sabrina The Teenage Witch Series Picked Up By Netflix With 2 - Season Order '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` Kiernan Shipka To Star in Netflix 's Sabrina The Teenage Witch Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` Why the Sabrina the Teenage Witch series went to Netflix over the CW '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brown , Scott ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` Hollywood North : Magical time for Vancouver TV production '' . The Vancouver Sun . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Leslie ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Offshoot ' Sabrina ' Moves to Netflix With 2 - Season Order '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . 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Television Television series produced in Vancouver Television series set in fictional populated places Television shows set in the United States Unemployment in fiction Works about high school football in the United States Works about misogyny Works about sexual harassment Hidden categories : Cite tweet templates with errors Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from February 2018 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Comics navigational boxes purge Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 23 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many episodes does riverdale season 2 have | [
"\n\nSeason\nEpisodes\nOriginally aired\nNielsen ratings\n\n\nFirst aired\nLast aired\nRank\nAverage viewers\n(in millions inc. DVR)\n\n\n\n1\n13\nJanuary 26, 2017 (2017-01-26)\nMay 11, 2017 (2017-05-11)\n154\n1.69[14]\n\n\n\n2\n22[15]\nOctober 11, 2017 (2017-10-11)\nMay 16, 2018 (2018-05-16)[16]\nTBA\nTBA\n\n"
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"22"
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1708836364879926969 | Marcano | Marcano - wikipedia Marcano This article is an orphan , as no other articles link to it . Please introduce links to this page from related articles ; try the Find link tool for suggestions . ( August 2016 ) Marcano family name originated in Spain . The Italian version of this surname is `` Marciano '' . It was a military family that came to the New World with Christopher Columbus . The Family later grew and spread throughout the Caribbean , where the surname became rooted in the countries of Puerto Rico , Cuba and Venezuela ( Margarita Island ) and eventually Trinidad & Tobago . The Marcano brothers ( Cuba ) ( edit ) Francisco Marcano - Alvarez born 1833 . He was made a Brigadier General of the Cuban liberation army by Carlos Manuel de Cespedes . Felix Maria Marcano - Alvarez born 12 September 1841 . He was a Coronel in the Cuban liberation army . He married Domitila Cruz and had two daughters , Josefa Antonia ( who only lived 3 years ) and María Mercedes Cristina Marcano - Cruz ( 1892 -- 1993 ) . Gabriel Marcano - Alvarez born in 1840 . He fought with the Cuban troops near Havana . He married Elvira Ayala Zayas - Bazan in 1873 in Havana , Cuba and they had six daughters , Maria de las Mercedes , Luisa Maria , Maria de Jesus , Elvira Maria , Virginia Maria , and Mercedes Cristina Marcano - Ayala ( who married Alonso del Portillo - del Junco ) . Luis Geronimo Marcano - Alvarez born 29 Sept 1831 in Bani , Dominican Republic . Was Promoted to General in the Cuban Liberation Army , married Lorenza Diaz and died in Manzanillo Cuba in March 12 , 1870 . There is a street in Bayamo , Cuba named Calle Hermanos Marcano . References ( edit ) Diario Las Americas , Los Hermanos Marcano by A.P. Marcano , October 10 , 1976 ( in Spanish ) Historia de Familias Cubanas ( Ediciones Universal , Miami , Florida 1985 ISBN 0 - 89729 - 380 - 0 ) ( in Spanish ) Bayamo by Jose Maceo Verdecia pages 193 - 199 ( Havana , Cuba , Unknown date ) ( in Spanish ) Cuba portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marcano&oldid=787222167 '' Categories : Surnames of Spanish origin Hidden categories : Orphaned articles from August 2016 All orphaned articles Articles with Spanish - language external links Talk About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 24 June 2017 , at 04 : 36 . About Wikipedia | where does the last name marcano come from | [
"Marcano family name originated in Spain. The Italian version of this surname is \"Marciano\". It was a military family that came to the New World with Christopher Columbus. The Family later grew and spread throughout the Caribbean, where the surname became rooted in the countries of Puerto Rico, Cuba and Venezuela (Margarita Island) and eventually Trinidad & Tobago."
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"Spain"
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4453353618406549903 | West Coast Customs | West Coast Customs - wikipedia West Coast Customs Jump to : navigation , search West Coast Customs Type Private company Founded 1994 ( LA Times ) , 1997 ( USA Today ) Founder Ryan Friedlinghaus Headquarters Burbank , California , U.S. Key people Quinton Dodson , Chris G. Cooley , Dana Florence Products Custom cars , branded merchandise , franchising , trade school courses Revenue $10 million ( 2008 ) Number of employees 40 ( 2015 ) Website www.westcoastcustoms.com CEO of West Coast Customs Ryan Friedlinghaus , in red , poses with three Microsoft employees . Friedlinghaus makes a `` W '' hand sign as in the opening sequence of Inside West Coast Customs , while the Microsoft employees make V signs . West Coast Customs ( abbreviated by the company as WCC ) is an automobile repair shop focusing on the customization of vehicles . It was started by co-founders Ryan Friedlinghaus and Quinton Dodson in 1994 . According to Friedlinghaus , he began the business with a $5000 loan from his grandfather , but other sources claim that he raised the seed money for the business while working at his father 's liquor store . Owing to the patronage of celebrities such as Shaquille O'Neal , and Sean Combs , along with appearances in the reality television programs Pimp My Ride and Street Customs , the company has gained a high degree of notoriety and has become a multimillion - dollar business . Besides celebrities , West Coast Customs has also created vehicles for global brands such as Virgin , Nintendo , and Microsoft . It is frequently characterized as one of the best custom car shops in the United States . However , the company has also at times been accused of missing deadlines , using aggressive sales tactics , and producing low quality and potentially unsafe customized vehicles . Some observers and past employees have also criticized the company 's employment practices . It has had some success franchising outside of the United States with open franchises in Dubai , United Arab Emirates and Shanghai , China ( as Chinese : 西海岸 汽车 定制 ) . Other franchises , however , such as the one in Berlin , Germany , closed shortly after opening due to becoming insolvent . After a long history of different locations within the U.S. state of California , its current flagship and largest facility of 60,000 square feet ( 5,600 m ) is headquartered in Burbank , California . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early years ; Pimp My Ride ( 1990 - 2007 ) 1.2 Street Customs and ( Inside ) West Coast Customs ( 2007 - 2017 ) 2 Location changes 3 Criticism 3.1 Mistreatment of employees 3.2 Quality issues alleged 3.2. 1 Jake Glazier 's Buick Century 3.2. 2 Trisha Paytas ' Mercedez - Benz G - Wagen 3.2. 3 Firefall bus for Red 5 Studios 4 Franchises 4.1 Closed franchises 4.2 Never opened franchises 4.3 Open franchises 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Early years ; Pimp My Ride ( 1990 - 2007 ) ( edit ) Main article : Pimp My Ride According to two contradictory statements in the Los Angeles Times , West Coast Customs was founded in either 1994 or 1998 by auto enthusiast Ryan Friedlinghaus . In a 2008 article , USA Today put the foundation year as 1997 . The legal entity , West Coast Customs International , LLC , was incorporated in California on 20 October 2000 . A young Friedlinghaus had gotten his custom vehicles featured on the covers auto magazines by age 14 , but he became frustrated with the tedium of dealing with multiple specialty shops which led to longer times to build the vehicles . According to Entrepreneur , this frustration , coupled to his love for custom cars , was what led to his opening of his own shop . The company moved many times in its early years , but it is at its Inglewood location that WCC began to gain a reputation for quality , which caused celebrities to have their cars modified there . According to Friedlinghaus , one of his first customers was Shaquille O'Neal , who wanted a customized Chevrolet Suburban , and this relationship helped him get contacts with other celebrities who were looking for custom automobiles . Owing to this , Music Television ( MTV ) offered Friedlinghaus the opportunity to have a reality television show filmed at his business with co-founder Quinton `` Q '' Dodson as the star and rapper Xzibit as the host ; his acceptance of this deal led to the 2004 TV show Pimp My Ride . Pimp My Ride was extremely successful , spawning international spin - offs , and its success increased the profile of West Coast Customs substantially . The show 's format was that the producers at MTV would find typical Americans with junk cars , they would be given a short interview with Xzibit , Friedlinghaus and the WCC crew to determine their interests and hobbies , and then WCC staff would fix their junk car and also transform it into a custom car embodying the interests and personality of its owner . In 2004 , CBS News reported that the show consistently ranked first place in the 12 to 34 year old demographic for its 9 : 30PM time slot . According to a former employee of the company at the time Pimp My Ride was filmed , most of the work actually done on the vehicles was done behind the scenes . Cars and expectations for the final product would arrive on Monday , and employees had until the following Friday to complete a project , sometimes necessitating twelve hour work days . According to this employee , much of the off - screen labor was done by illegal immigrants from Mexico , around eleven in total . As the employees were of WCC and not MTV , MTV was apparently unconcerned about possible ramifications of this for them . Owing to the popularity of Pimp My Ride , West Coast Customs was prominently featured in the 2005 street racing video game L.A. Rush as the car upgrade mechanism . According to the Chicago Tribune , Midway , the developer of the game , paid `` handsomely '' to be able to use the brand . In June 2005 , Friedlinghaus took over the role of host from Dodson for the fourth season . As early as 2005 , during airing of the second season of Pimp My Ride , rumors circulated that the location of the show would change and Friedlinghaus would part with MTV to host a show on a different network . These rumors were confirmed with simultaneous announcements by MTV and Friedlinghaus in 2007 , after the fourth and final season with WCC as the shop . In a 2007 interview in the Los Angeles Times Friedlinghaus gave after the Pimp My Ride relocation from West Coast Customs to Galpin Auto Sports , Friedlinghaus credited Pimp My Ride with helping him build his brand , but said that he felt that his focus on building cars for the television show damaged his relationships with his other customers . Friedlinghaus speaks with Hewlett - Packard , a client of his , at HP 's Global Influencer Summit in 2012 in Shanghai , China . Exterior of GMC Denali West Coast Customs prepared for HP for the 2012 summit . Interior of vehicle West Coast Customs prepared for HP for the 2012 summit . Street Customs and ( Inside ) West Coast Customs ( 2007 - 2017 ) ( edit ) Nevertheless , after leaving Pimp My Ride Friedlinghaus would almost immediately begin a new television program that aired simultaneously on Discovery Channel and The Learning Channel , Street Customs , produced by Pilgrim Films & Television . Instead of building the cars for the people chosen by MTV , the new show followed ongoing customizations being done for consenting customers of West Coast Customs . Friedlinghaus described the difference between the two shows thus : `` I want to build cars on TV , not for TV . '' While the break up was described as amicable , others at WCC were not so subdued : Sean Mahaney , a then - employee of WCC , reportedly said `` Most of the MTV people are not real car guys ... They pay us to build the cars , so we do what they want even if it sucks . '' Street Customs would change names twice and networks four times , but its format remained constant . While cars would still be built for individuals , more and more episodes were devoted to brands as the show ran on . Because MTV was no longer footing the bill , all episodes of the new series were about cars built for people who could afford the high cost of customization . Some notable individuals built for in Street Customs are Carroll Shelby , a Cadillac for Shaquille O'Neal ( according to Friedlinghaus , O'Neal had already had 30 cars built for him by WCC by July 2007 ) , a modified Range Rover for an unnamed member of the royal family of Dubai , and a Cadillac CTS - V for Justin Bieber . Brands built for included Chronic Tacos and Vans . According to Friedlinghaus in an interview with The Press - Enterprise , the 2008 global financial crisis affected his business heavily : he had to lay off half of the company 's employees , orders decreased , and customers opted to have used cars repaired instead of buying brand new cars to be customized . In 2010 , West Coast Customs designed three identical customized 1955 Ford F - 100 pick up truck s which were prominently featured in the film The Expendables . One of these cars was for Sylvester Stalone , who sold it at auction in 2011 for $132,000 . In 2015 , WCC created a car by combining the body of a Ford Maverick and the internals of a Ford Ranger for another film , Mad Max : Fury Road . After the 2009 season , the show was renamed to Inside West Coast Customs . Along with this change , it was also moved to Discovery HD Theater , which later became a different specifically automotive related cable channel , Velocity . In June 2013 , Fox Sports Network took over the production of the show , dropping the word `` Inside '' from the show 's name , and has continued to produce new seasons of the show until 2016 . In March 2017 , the television show moved back to Velocity with a new season . Location changes ( edit ) The company has moved several times in its history , each time to larger spaces . According to Friedlinghaus , the first shop was in Laguna Niguel , Orange County , California , after which it moved to Compton , Los Angeles in 1998 . In 2000 , it moved again to a location on Olive Street in Inglewood . After the first season of Pimp My Ride , the company moved yet another time to a larger location near Los Angeles International Airport which had a room specifically for the filming . After Pimp My Ride left the company , it moved to a location in Corona , California in preparation for the Street Customs television show . During filming of Season 5 Episode 12 `` WCC 's New Zip Part 1 '' of West Coast Customs , Friedlinghaus began moving the shop to its current location , a 60,000 square feet ( 5,600 m ) auto shop on West Empire Avenue in Burbank , Los Angeles County , California . The grand opening of the new facility occurred in January 2015 . Criticism ( edit ) Mistreatment of employees ( edit ) As early as 2008 , USA Today noted that Friedlinghaus 's auto shop routinely had 60 hour work weeks and employees had ' insane deadlines ' working for Friedlinghaus , a ' self - described micromanager ' . One former employee , Mauricio Hernández , who would go on to co-found the Mexican franchise of WCC , claimed in an interview with NPR that during the period of his employment at the California branch ( 2004 - 2009 ) , he worked ten to twelve hours per day , six days per week as an undocumented worker , without Social Security or any other benefits , and that by so doing he `` missed ... the childhood of ( his ) kids . '' In some episodes of Inside West Coast Customs , if Friedlinghaus had agreed to a too tight deadline , employees would stay at the shop late into the night , or even overnight . In Season 1 Episode 3 `` Smoothie Operator '' , Ishmael , an interior designer and upholsterer , was about to have a child with his wife , but Friedlinghaus ' sole concern was on the project . After the baby was born , Ishmael left his newborn with his wife the very next day at the request of Friedlinghaus to finish a project . In an interview with Entertainment Scoop , when asked `` What does it take to be an employee at West Coast Customs ? '' , Friedlinghaus replied : `` Not saying , ' when do I go home ? ' The guys who want to stay and work and get things done ... it 's hard to find people that are good ... ( people who will do ) whatever we ask them to do . '' On 23 April 2014 , after an investigation by the United States Department of Labor ( USDOL ) , the company was found to have violated the provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act . The government found that paying employees overtime , paying employees a minimum wage , and proper record keeping was not being done by the company . During the investigation , the government found that all employees were paid a weekly salary , regardless of how many hours they worked . Because employees were frequently coerced to work overtime , this resulted in a wage of $6 / hour for some employees . Furthermore , until 2011 , the company attempted to skirt minimum wage and overtime laws by classifying their on - site exclusive long - term employees as independent contractors , which is illegal in the United States . When presented with the opportunity to go to court or pay the fine assessed by USDOL , Friedlinghaus chose to pay the fine , which amounted to $ 157,592 in back wages for the wronged employees and $16,830 in civil penalties . In an interview with The Press - Enterprise from after the fine was paid , Daniel Pasquil , the director for the wages and hour division of the West Covina office of the USDOL , noted that `` The most important thing is that the company did correct the violations '' and stressed that the company is now in full compliance . Quality issues alleged ( edit ) A Buick Century , the same model and color of which were `` pimped '' on the MTV show . Jake Glazier 's Buick Century ( edit ) In 2015 , The Huffington Post interviewed three people who were participants on Pimp My Ride , one of whom had a vehicle that was `` pimped '' during the time that the location of the show was West Coast Customs , Jake Glazier ( featured in Season 4 Episode 7 , `` Jake 's Buick Century '' ) . During the episode , the team at West Coast Customs were told that Glazier had recently graduated from a degree program in audio engineering , so they installed an MTX Jackhammer high fidelity sound system ( with accompanying decibel meter and warning light , to , in the words of Xzibit , stave off deafness ) and a record player inside the dashboard . Other customizations were a flat black paint job ( with a red metal flake paint job on the roof with scallops on the sides and hood to match ) , four inch whitewall tires , removal of the muffler and installation of exhaust pipes , and black and white vinyl interior . Besides problems caused by the long period of time that the vehicle was in the shop , for around one half of a year , Glazier claimed that the quality of the vehicle he received was also severely compromised . According to Glazier , when the muffler was removed , three `` fake '' exhaust pipes were substituted instead : these were used to make the engine sound much more powerful to viewers of the television show , but they made the car needlessly loud . He also claimed that very little or no mechanical work was done to the car , to the extent that he had trouble driving it home from the show 's set . Due to all of the mechanical trouble , one month after acquiring the car from West Coast Customs , he sold it to MTX Audio for $18,000 . According to Glazier , MTX did not buy the car to drive it , but merely to prevent it from falling into the hands of their competitors . Glazier further claimed that when it was time to receive the car , Dana `` Big Dane '' Florence intimidated him to act more enthusiastic for the cameras , saying `` Listen , we put a lot of work into this . We expect you to be a little more fucking enthusiastic . '' Larry Hochberg , an executive producer for MTV at the time , disputed Glazier 's statements , saying that in reality great lengths were taken to provide the participants in the show with automobiles in good driving condition , and that MTV even paid for free for some further repairs and tows after the cameras were rolling . Despite the problems he faced with the vehicle , and with the caveat that he appear on a show with the same format as Pimp My Ride where MTV paid for all work done until the car was delivered ( and for some afterwards , depending on who one believes ) , Glazier said he would happily participate in the program again if given the chance . Mercedes - Benz G - Wagen of the same model and year to the one modified on behalf of Paytas . Trisha Paytas ' Mercedez - Benz G - Wagen ( edit ) There have been several high profile incidents of quality issues outside of the context of the MTV program . In 2015 , Trisha Paytas , a singer - songwriter and internet personality had her three - week old 2014 Mercedez - Benz G - Wagen customized by WCC . Among other customizations , she requested that the car be painted pink , that Swarovski crystals be integrated into the headrests and steering wheel , and that the floormats be changed out with customized ones . According to Paytas , after bringing in her vehicle she was promised that it would be ready by November 17 , but the company missed both that deadline and a further December 9 one . After the second deadline was missed , she uploaded a vlog to YouTube about her experience , and claims that WCC threatened her with a lawsuit if she refused to remove it . December 17 became the deadline that the company would ultimately keep , but when she came to pick up the vehicle she found that none of the electronic components worked , including ones which the non-use of is a crime in the United States besides being major safety issues , such as turn signals , headlights , and in some states , windshield wipers . Furthermore , the dashboard instruments did not function , which could cause the driver to underestimate her speed . To her complaints about these issues , Paytas claims that the company told her to drive the car home and then to the Mercedez - Benz dealership from which she bought it and ask them for an in - warranty repair . Paytas uploaded yet another vlog five days after this incident , after which point WCC uploaded its own video in the form of a scrolling text public relations statement . In the statement , besides denying that they had `` talked down '' to Paytas , WCC denied that its customization was the reason for the issues with her vehicle , claimed that the vehicle was late because she had changed what she had ordered `` several times '' , denied that they had ignored Paytas as she claimed , and invited Paytas to contact them with any further requests or complaints for an `` immediate resolution , '' noting that they had already committed to fix the problem ( which , though they wrote it was `` unrelated to their services '' , they would do it anyway `` as part of providing excellent customer service '' ) . The company also noted its track record , but did not provide any concrete details . As of 23 December 2016 , the statement - as - YouTube video , which has had its comments disabled , had 261 `` likes '' and 1,652 `` dislikes '' , or a ratio of 6.32 dislikes for every 1 like . Despite the many problems her car customization had received , after the fixed vehicle was received by Paytas , she would seemingly forgive West Coast Customs , reportedly writing on Instagram `` It was a bit of a struggle getting ( it ) but I do love my ( car ) so very very much . '' Firefall bus for red 5 Studios ( edit ) The Firefall promotional bus makes its debut appearance at Anime Expo 2012 In 2010 , Chinese online game operator The9 Limited announced Firefall , an MMO first - person shooter to be developed by Red 5 Studios as their first game . The game would enter closed beta in 2011 , and open beta in 2013 . Mark Kern , a video game designer , was appointed by The9 as CEO of the new Red 5 Studios . As CEO , one of Kern 's major tasks was promoting the game , and he chose to do this in part with a custom designed tour bus worth US $ 3 million made to look like one of the vehicles in the videogame and to be converted into a game room on wheels . The customization of the bus was featured on Inside West Coast Customs in Season 3 Episode 4 . While in the episode itself it is made to appear that the bus was on - time , arriving at the Los Angeles 2012 Anime Expo which took place between June 29 and July 2 , in reality it arrived much later than anticipated , according to both then - CEO Mark Kern and a report by Tech in Asia . Kern also accused WCC of not delivering what he wanted and of going over budget , while Tech in Asia noted that the bus was delivered missing some of its key features , and that it missed all of the key video game conferences for the year 2011 ( such as the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2012 , which was held between June 5 and June 7 ) . According to their report , it now `` sits in a warehouse somewhere , collecting dust . '' A Twitter parody of the bus describes itself as a `` gross demonstration of capitalistic overindulgence . '' Franchises ( edit ) West Coast Customs has attempted to franchise its brand to other parts of the world with limited success . Closed franchises ( edit ) Facade of the Berlin franchise shortly after its closure On 14 September 2008 , a franchise was opened in a converted factory building along Revaler Straße in Friedrichshain , Berlin , Germany , but it closed and declared insolvency less than one year later on 14 August 2009 . Before its closure , professional boxer Wladimir Klitschko and musician `` Evil '' Jared Hasselhoff were customers . In 2011 , following the closure of the business , the building was repainted . Mauricio Hernández , a former employee at the California location hired just before the debut on Pimp My Ride , co-founded a Mexican franchise with Friedlinghaus ' blessing in 2009 . A television show with a similar format to the American version called Tunéame la nave was first broadcast on 14 August 2009 by Azteca shortly after the opening of the new business . According to Hernández , who became the host of the show , the franchise was opened with a `` high '' fee paid to Friedlinghaus to use the brand . The show continued for six seasons on Azteca , but it is unclear if there will be a 2017 season , and where it will air . This is because on 24 May 2016 , during airing of season six , Hernández announced that he was abandoning the `` West Coast Customs '' brand and company in favor of his own brand , PacifiCoast Customs . In an interview with TuningMex , Hernández stated that the new company had hired 20 employees , had an initial investment of MXN 2.5 million ( US `` The template below ( ToUSD ) is being considered for deletion . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' $232,065 ) , and would be based in Culiacán , Sinaloa , Mexico , describing the name change as similar to cutting `` an umbilical cord . '' In a separate interview , Hernández stated that when people in Mexico think of West Coast Customs , they think of him and not Ryan Friedlinghaus ; thus hinting that he does not believe that the change in name will hurt business . In an apparent dig at Friedlinghaus , Hernández stated that the new company is projected to work on only twenty cars in its first year , thus guaranteeing quality and that employees will not be overworked . Never opened franchises ( edit ) A Japanese franchise is mentioned on the official WCC website , and a website announcing that it was `` coming soon ! '' became available in 2009 , and was online until 13 March 2012 , but by 13 April 2012 the server hosting the site began returning a 403 error , and after 7 November 2012 the server hosting the website of the Japanese franchise went offline . In a 2013 video released by HP interviewing Friedlinghaus , the Japanese franchise 's logo was displayed as ( Japanese : ウエスト ・ コースト ・ カスタムズ ) , despite the fact that no such company existed at the time . An address was never provided , no Japanese media wrote about the opening of the franchise , and no further information about it has been forthcoming from WCC , so it can be assumed that the Japanese franchise never opened . In 2010 , Dana Florence traveled to St. Petersburg , Russia for a question - and - answer session at the `` Active Open Air Show Cars ( sic ) '' , according to The Village . A Russian franchise under the name Russian : Вест Коуст Customs is likewise mentioned by the company , but as of January 2017 , as in the case of the Japanese franchise , there is no sign of its opening . A Malaysian franchise is also mentioned in the 2013 HP video as Malay : Pantai Barat Customs . The owner of the franchise claimed that he would bring `` official WCC merchandise to Malaysian shores '' in 2013 , but has made no further posts as of December 2016 . Open franchises ( edit ) Despite these setbacks , some franchisees have created successful businesses . In 2007 , Friedlinghaus announced a Dubai franchise to be owned by Al Ghussein Global Investments which continues to operate as of December 2016 . The Dubai franchise was opened with a fee of AED 18 million ( US $4.9 million ) paid to West Coast Customs to use its trademark . On 14 January 2016 , Friedlinghaus announced a further Shanghai , China franchise via a Facebook post . When the franchise opened on 18 August 2016 , the event was met with substantial positive coverage by Chinese media , with articles appearing in the Qilu Evening News , auto magazine Autohome , and the website of Chinese television station Phoenix InfoNews Channel . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Labossiere , Regine ( 2 September 2004 ) . `` Customizing Cars , a Career and Even a Show on MTV '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : MacMedan , Dan ( 11 February 2008 ) . `` ' Pimp My Ride ' car customizer moves on to his next gig '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on 4 April 2013 . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Advertisement : `` MORE ACCESSORIES . MORE VALUE . '' , Los Angeles Times , p . CB3 , 28 August 2005 Jump up ^ `` West Coast Customs Store '' . West Coast Customs Official Website . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Inside WCC - Franchising '' . West Coast Customs Official Website . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` West Coast Customs Announces West Coast Customs Academy And Launches Indiegogo Campaign '' . PRNewsWire. 5 August 2016 . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Susan ( 6 March 2005 ) . `` West Coast Customs finds a new home '' . The Orange County Register . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` West Coast Customs on Twitter '' . Twitter . 17 December 2016 . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Armored Lounge '' . Inside West Coast Customs . Season 1 . Episode 1 . 20 February 2011 . 0 minutes in . During intro : I 'm Ryan Friedlinghaus , CEO of the world famous West Coast Customs . What started as a $5000 loan from my grandfather became this : The most creative and innovative custom car shop on the planet . This is my world , and this is how it 's done . Jump up ^ Goy , Alex ( 18 November 2011 ) . `` LA Auto Show video : West Coast Customs make life size Mario Kart '' . AOL Cars UK . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Lavrinc , Damon ( 24 March 2012 ) . `` Microsoft , West Coast Customs Create the Ultimate 400 - hp ' Device ' '' . WIRED . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 20 Best Custom Car Shops in America - 3 . West Coast Customs '' . Complex . Complex Media Inc. 15 February 2013 . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Incredible Work From 25 of the Best Customs Shops in the US '' . independentmotors.net . Independent Motors Boulder . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Crenshaw , Michael ( 24 July 2013 ) . `` The 10 Best Custom Shops - # 1 . West Coast Customs '' . Rides Magazine . Harris Publications . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Custer , Charlie ( 30 December 2013 ) . `` The rise and fall of Mark Kern : how one man may have doomed Firefall and The9 ( UPDATED ) '' . Tech in Asia . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Acoba , Paulo ( 30 December 2015 ) . `` West Coast Customs Returned YouTube Star 's G - Wagen Unsafe To Drive '' . Art of Gears . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Paytas , Trisha ( 11 December 2015 ) . WEST COAST CUSTOMS NIGHTMARE ! ( YouTube video ) . ^ Jump up to : Van Luling , Todd ( 25 February 2015 ) . `` ' Pimp My Ride ' Was Way More Fake Than You Thought '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bridges , Levi ( 10 November 2015 ) . `` Transcripción : Tunéame la nave '' ( Transcription : Pimp My Ride ) . Radio Ambulante ( in Spanish ) . NPR . Retrieved 3 January 2017 . ( a ) Por eso siguió arreglando carros para `` Pimp My Ride '' , a pesar de que todavía no tenía permiso para estar ni trabajar en Estados Unidos . Pero no era el único . Había alrededor de 10 mecánicos sin papeles . Mauricio dice que a nadie de MTV parecía importarle que fueran indocumentados , porque oficialmente eran empleados de Ryan ... A nosotros nos pagaba Ryan , no nos pagaba MTV , y Ryan nos pagaba cash . Nunca recibimos beneficios , ni de nada , ni medico , ni social security , nada . ( That 's why he kept fixing cars for `` Pimp My Ride '' , despite his lack of permission to reside or work in the United States . But he was n't the only one . There were around ten other mechanics without documentation . Mauricio said that no one at MTV cared about their immigration status , because officially , they were employees of Ryan , not MTV . Ryan paid us , not MTV , and Ryan paid us in cash . We never received any benefits , or anything ; no medical , no Social Security , nothing . ) ( b ) Mauricio tuvo que hacer sacrificios muy grandes . Mauricio : Yo perdí la verdad muchas cosas de mis hijos porque estaba yo trabajando . La infancia de ellos , verlos crecer , la escuela . ( Mauricio had to make huge sacrifices . Mauricio : I lost , in truth , many things with my children because I was working . Their childhood , watching them grow , their school days . ( c ) ( d ) En el 2009 un inversionista mexicano llegó a West Coast . El mexicano quería abrir una franquicia de West Coast en su país . Tardaron seis meses en llegar a un acuerdo , con Mauricio sirviendo de traductor y pieza clave durante toda la negociación . No sabemos la cifra exacta que acordaron , pero según Mauricio , fue alta . ( In 2009 , a Mexican investor arrived at WCC . He wanted to open a franchise in Mexico . The negotiations lasted six months , and Mauricio served as translator and key figure during the entire negotiation . We do n't know the exact figure , but according to Mauricio , it was high . ) Jump up ^ Hewett , Jenny ( 15 May 2012 ) . `` Customise your car in Dubai - image 5 `` Three to try - local body shops '' `` . Time Out Dubai . ITP Digital Ltd . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 西海岸 汽车 定制 进驻 中国 , 线 下 业务 全面 启动 ! 齐鲁 晚报 '' ( West Coast Customs , now open for business in China ! ) ( in Chinese ) . Qilu Evening News . 18 August 2016 . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 西海岸 汽车 定制 '' . www.westcoastcustoms.com.cn . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RVLT Outfitted The Entire 60,000 Square Foot West Coast Customs Headquarters With Its Energy - efficient LED Flat Panels , LED Tubes And Other LED Products . ( Photo : Business Wire ) '' . TheStreet. 4 March 2015 . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Results Detail '' . Business Filings , Office of the Secretary of State of California Alex Padilla . Government of the State of California . 20 October 2000 . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Pennington , April Y. ( 1 June 2005 ) . `` Custom Made '' . Entrepreneur . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Labossiere , Regine ( 14 September 2004 ) . `` Custom car shop roars into reality TV '' . The Indianapolis Star . p . E7 . Retrieved 19 December 2016 -- via Newspapers.com . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Lopez , Benny ( 18 July 2007 ) . `` Style points score billions in this industry '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 20 December 2016 -- via Newspapers.com . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Wyatt 's Daihatsu Hi - Jet '' . Pimp My Ride . Season 1 . Episode 1 . 4 March 2004 . MTV . ^ Jump up to : Holguin , Jaime ( 11 June 2004 ) . `` MTV 's Car Makeover Show A Hit '' . CBS News . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Levi ( 18 October 2005 ) . `` ' L.A. Rush ' wrecks '' . Chicago Tribune . p. 7 ( section 2 ) . Retrieved 19 December 2016 -- via Newspapers.com . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Jessica 's AMC Pacer '' . Pimp My Ride . Season 4 . Episode 1 . 26 June 2005 . MTV . ^ Jump up to : Mays , Erin ( 29 December 2005 ) . `` West Coast Customs will no longer pimp yo ride '' . Autoblog . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History In The Making ( aka Shelby 's Mustang ) '' . Street Customs . Season 1 . Episode 1 . Jump up ^ `` Shaquillac '' . Street Customs . Season 1 . Episode 4 . Jump up ^ `` The Royal Rover '' . Street Customs . Season 1 . Episode 2 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber 's IN LOVE '' . Velocity . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultimate Taco Truck '' . Street Customs . Season 2 . Episode 7 . Jump up ^ `` Vans Van '' . Street Customs . Season 3 . Episode 4 . Jump up ^ Pierceall , Kimberly ( 13 October 2010 ) . `` Q&A : Full speed ahead for West Coast customizer '' . The Press - Enterprise . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Mata , Jr. , John ( 23 August 2010 ) . `` The expendables ' F - 100 : LMC truck teams up with West Coast customs for a wild ride '' . Truckin ' . The Enthusiast Network . Retrieved 22 January 2017 -- via Gale ( General OneFile ) . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Popa , Bogdan ( 25 January 2011 ) . `` Sylvester Stallone 's `` Expendables '' Truck Sells for $132,000 `` . autoevolution . Retrieved 22 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Ungureanu , Ionut ( 1 September 2015 ) . `` West Coast Customs Made a Magnum Opus Car for Mad Max Game , and It 's Apocalyptic '' . autoevolution . Retrieved 22 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Peter ( 20 September 2011 ) . `` Discovery 's New Velocity Channel : What Do Rich Men Want ? What 's the Sweet Spot ? Plus : Who 's Next for a Re-name ? '' . DocumentaryTelevision.com . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Zamalloa , Dana ( 6 June 2013 ) . `` West Coast Customs Moves to FOX Sports Networks '' . GlobeNewswire News Room . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Velocity and Ryan Friedlinghaus Join Forces to Bring the Inner Workings of the World - Renowned West Coast Customs Back to Velocity '' ( Press release ) . New York : Velocity. 18 January 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Laurell , David ( 3 June 2015 ) . `` On the Town : Chamber members , guests tour West Coast Customs '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . Jump up ^ West Coast Customs ( 23 January 2015 ) , Grand Opening West Coast Customs Burbank , YouTube , retrieved 19 December 2016 Jump up ^ `` Old ... Meets New '' . Inside West Coast Customs . Season 1 . Episode 5 . 27 February 2011 . 35 : 39 minutes in . Jump up ^ `` Smoothie Operator '' . Inside West Coast Customs . Season 1 . Episode 3 . 27 February 2011 . 36 : 20 minutes in . Jump up ^ Iadonisi , Jackie ( 7 March 2015 ) . West Coast Customs Burbank Exclusive Interview Ryan Friedlinghaus ( YouTube video ) . 4 : 10 minutes in . ^ Jump up to : Carnevali , Jose ( 23 April 2014 ) . `` Auto shop in hit TV show found violating wage law '' . www.dol.gov . United States Department of Labor . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Katzanek , Jack ( 23 April 2014 ) . `` West Coast Customs fined by for unpaid wages '' . Press Enterprise . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Pimp My Ride . Season 4 . Episode 7 . 7 August 2005 . MTV . Jump up ^ Paytas , Trisha ( 22 December 2015 ) . MY PINK G WAGON NIGHTMARE ! ( YouTube video ) . ^ Jump up to : West Coast Customs Official Statement ( YouTube Video ) . 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Huist , Samuel ( 20 January 2016 ) . `` Los Angeles Actress Trisha Paytas ' Pink G - Wagen Will Leave You Speechless '' . The News Wheel . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Firefall '' . Inside West Coast Customs . Season 3 . Episode 4 . Available to watch online for free , uploaded by the copyright holder 's official YouTube channel . Jump up ^ `` Anime Expo 2012 Convention Information @ AnimeCons.com '' . AnimeCons.com . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kern , Mark ( 28 December 2013 ) . `` Mark Kern : My Own Kobayashi Maru / r / firefall '' . reddit . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Firefall Bus ( @ FirefallBus ) Twitter '' . twitter.com . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Render , Tobias ( 19 July 2008 ) . `` Die Jungs von West Coast Customs eröffnen ihre Werkstatt in Berlin '' ( The guys from West Coast Customs will open a workshop in Berlin ) . Berliner Kurier ( in German ) . Retrieved 27 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Die Jungs von West Coast Customs suchen Schrauber : TV - Auto - Aufmotzen sind jetzt in Berlin '' ( The guys from West Coast Customs are seeking mechanics : Car pimping from the world of TV now in Berlin ) . Berliner Kurier ( in German ) . 6 September 2008 . Retrieved 27 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` News : : TuningScene @ West Coast Custom Corona ( CA ) '' . TuningScene. 14 November 2011 . Dann wurde es lange Zeit still in Europa um die Jungs von West Coast Customs . Wilde Gerüchte kursierten . Änderungen in der Geschäftsführung folgten , sogar eine Niederlassung in Deutschland wurde gegründet . Jedoch wurde diese Niederlassung mittlerweile wieder geschlossen . ( Then it was quiet for a long time in Europe around the guys of West Coast Customs . Wild rumors circulated . Changes in the management team followed , even a branch office in Germany was founded . However , this branch has now been closed again . ) Jump up ^ See also : West Coast Customs § § Street Customs Berlin ( geschlossen ) ( German ) Jump up ^ `` Hat West Coast - Customs Berlin dicht gemacht ? ( Tuning ) '' . Gutefrage ( in German ) . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Katja , Kirste ; Braun , Stefanie ( 17 September 2008 ) . `` DISCOVERY NETWORKS DEUTSCHLAND produziert mit `` Street Customs Berlin '' erstmals internationale TV - Serie '' ( DISCOVERY NETWORKS DEUTSCHLAND produces its first international TV series : `` Street Customs Berlin '' ) ( Press release ) ( in German ) . Germany : Discovery Networks Deutscheland . Ihren ersten Kunden haben sie auch schon : Dr. Wladimir Klitschko , der bei der Werkstatteröffnung diese Woche dabei war , konnte mit Ryan Friedlinghaus schon Einzelheiten seiner Smart - Veredelung besprechen . ( They already had their first customers : Dr. Wladimir Klitschko , who was present at the workshop opening this week , was able to discuss the details of his customization with Ryan Friedlinghaus . ) Jump up ^ `` Street Customs Berlin : Partybus für die Bloodhound Gang '' ( Street Customs Berlin : A party bus for Bloodhound Gang ) . DMAX ( in German ) . Retrieved 27 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Lemme ( 16 October 2011 ) . `` West Coast Customs Berlin '' . E36 Talk Forum ( in German ) . Retrieved 27 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tunéame la nave '' . TuningMex. 14 August 2009 . Retrieved 3 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Clavijo , Judith Chacón ( 19 April 2016 ) . `` `` Tunéame la Nave '' busca televisora '' ( `` Tunéame la Nave '' searches for a television station ) . Así Sucede ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 3 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Abre PacifiCoast Customs Ya puedes `` tunear '' tu nave en Culiacán '' ( PacifiCoast Customs opens Now you can `` pimp '' your ride in Culiacán ) . Revista Espejo ( in Spanish ) . 29 May 2016 . Retrieved 3 January 2017 . Jump up ^ González , Guadalupe Martínez ( 24 May 2016 ) . `` Mauricio Hernández deja WCC y crea PacifiCoast Customs '' ( Mauricio Hernández leaves WCC and creates PacifiCoast Customs ) . TuningMex ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 3 January 2017 . Es una decisión importante en mi vida no puedo vivir conectado en un cordón umbilical que se puede decir era West Coast es momento de empezar mi propia aventura . ( It 's an important decision in my life . I ca n't live connected by an umbilical cord , that is to say , connected to West Coast Customs ; it is time to start my own adventure . ) Jump up ^ `` West Coast Customs Japan , Coming Soon ! '' . westcoastcustoms.co.jp. 25 March 2009 . Archived from the original on 25 March 2009 . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Welcome to West Coast Customs Japan '' . westcoastcustoms.co.jp. 13 March 2012 . Archived from the original on 13 March 2012 . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` 403 Error - Forbidden '' . westcoastcustoms.co.jp. 13 April 2012 . Archived from the original on 13 April 2012 . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Internet Archive Wayback Machine '' . 13 April 2012 . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : お客様 事例 : West Coast Customs ( Customer case study : West Coast Customs ) ( YouTube Video ) ( in English and with Japanese subtitles ) . Hewlett - Packard . 18 August 2013 . 0 : 22 minutes in . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Note : Make sure to choose 720p to see the logo clearly . Sometimes the player defaults to a lower resolution . Jump up ^ Artamonov , Dmitry ( 17 June 2010 ) . `` West Coast Customs впервые в Питере '' . The Village ( in Russian ) . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` West Coast Customs Malaysia Facebook '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Friedlinghaus , Ryan ( 22 April 2007 ) . West Coast Customs ( WCC ) coming to Dubai ! ( YouTube video ) . Jump up ^ `` West Coast Customs Dubai Facebook '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Rahimi , Safura ( 24 April 2007 ) . `` Auto firm to ' pimp ' cars in Dubai '' . m.arabianbusiness.com . Arabian Business . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Friedlinghaus , Ryan ( 14 January 2016 ) . `` Ryan Friedlinghaus and WCC are going BIG ! '' . www.facebook.com . West Coast Customs , Inc via Facebook . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ( 图 ) 全球 著名 品牌 西海岸 汽车 定制 登陆 中国 '' ( World famous brand West Coast Customs landing in China ) . www.autohome.com.cn ( in Chinese ) . Autohome ( 汽车 之 家 ) . 19 July 2016 . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . 编辑 了解 到 , 今年 8 月 , 大家 期待 已 久 的 三 款 豪华 定制 车 将由 西海岸 汽车 定制 带 到 中国 上海 . ( Our editor has learned that in August of this year , the world famous luxury brand West Coast Customs will be available in China 's `` West Coast '' : Shanghai . ) Jump up ^ `` 西海岸 汽车 定制 进驻 中国 , 线 下 业务 全面 启动 ! '' . Phoenix InfoNews Channel ( in Chinese ) . ( Republishing of the article of Qilu Evening News ) . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Coast_Customs&oldid=800417456 '' Categories : Vehicle modification Motor vehicle manufacturers based in California Companies based in Burbank , California Companies established in 1994 1994 establishments in California Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 maint : Unrecognized language CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing simplified Chinese - language text Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles containing Russian - language text Articles containing Malay - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 12 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did west coast customs moved to burbank | [
"During filming of Season 5 Episode 12 \"WCC's New Zip Part 1\" of West Coast Customs, Friedlinghaus began moving the shop to its current location, a 60,000 square feet (5,600 m2) auto shop on West Empire Avenue in Burbank, Los Angeles County, California.[46] The grand opening of the new facility occurred in January 2015.[47]"
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"January 2015"
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6925934359365460685 | Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | Rock and Roll Hall of Fame - Wikipedia Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Wikimedia © OpenStreetMap Established April 20 , 1983 ; 35 years ago ( 1983 - 04 - 20 ) Location 1100 Rock and Roll Boulevard ( East Ninth Street at Lake Erie ) Cleveland , Ohio , U.S. 44114 Coordinates 41 ° 30 ′ 31 '' N 81 ° 41 ′ 44 '' W / 41.50861 ° N 81.69556 ° W / 41.50861 ; - 81.69556 Coordinates : 41 ° 30 ′ 31 '' N 81 ° 41 ′ 44 '' W / 41.50861 ° N 81.69556 ° W / 41.50861 ; - 81.69556 Visitors 441,290 ( 2013 ) President Greg Harris Public transit access North Coast station ( RTA Rapid Transit ) Website rockhall.com The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , located on the shore of Lake Erie in downtown Cleveland , Ohio , recognizes and archives the history of the best - known and most influential artists , producers , engineers , and other notable figures who have had some major influence on the development of rock and roll . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation was established on April 20 , 1983 , by Atlantic Records founder and chairman Ahmet Ertegun . In 1986 , Cleveland was chosen as the Hall of Fame 's permanent home . Contents 1 Foundation and museum 1.1 Economic impact 1.2 Layout 1.3 Architecture 2 Exhibit history 2.1 Public programs 2.2 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll 2.2. 1 Artists with four or more songs 2.3 25th anniversary concert 3 Inductees 3.1 Performers 3.2 Early Influences 3.3 Ahmet Ertegun Award for Lifetime Achievement 3.4 Award for Musical Excellence 4 Library and archives 5 Criticism 5.1 2007 vote controversy 5.2 The Monkees controversy 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Foundation and museum ( edit ) Founder Ahmet Ertegun assembled a team that included attorney Suzan Evans , Rolling Stone magazine editor and publisher Jann S. Wenner , attorney Allen Grubman , and record executives Seymour Stein , Bob Krasnow , and Noreen Woods . The Foundation began inducting artists in 1986 , but the Hall of Fame still had no home . The search committee considered several cities , including Philadelphia ( home of Bill Haley and American Bandstand ) , Memphis ( home of Sun Studios and Stax Records ) , Detroit ( home of Motown Records ) , Cincinnati ( home of King Records ) , New York City , and Cleveland . Cleveland lobbied for the museum , citing that WJW disc jockey Alan Freed both coined the term `` rock and roll '' and heavily promoted the new genre -- and that Cleveland was the location of Freed 's Moondog Coronation Ball , the first major rock and roll concert . In addition , Cleveland cited radio station WMMS , which played a key role in breaking several major acts in the U.S. during the 1970s and 1980s , including David Bowie , who began his first U.S. tour in the city , Bruce Springsteen , Roxy Music , and Rush among many others . Cleveland was also one of the premier tour stops for most rock bands . Civic leaders in Cleveland pledged $65 million in public money to fund the construction . A petition drive was signed by 600,000 fans favoring Cleveland over Memphis , and Cleveland ranked first in a 1986 USA Today poll asking where the Hall of Fame should be located . On May 5 , 1986 , the Hall of Fame Foundation chose Cleveland as the permanent home of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum . Sam Phillips of Sun Studios fame and many others were stunned and disappointed that it ended up in Cleveland . `` The hall of fame should 've been in Memphis , certainly , '' wrote Peter Guralnick , author of an acclaimed two - volume Elvis Presley biography . Cleveland may also have been chosen as the organization 's site because the city offered the best financial package . As The Plain Dealer music critic Michael Norman noted , `` It was $65 million ... Cleveland wanted it here and put up the money . '' Co-founder Jann Wenner later said , `` One of the small sad things is we did n't do it in New York in the first place , '' but then added , `` I am absolutely delighted that the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum is in Cleveland . '' During early discussions on where to build the Hall of Fame and Museum , the Foundation 's board considered the Cuyahoga River . Ultimately , the chosen location was along East Ninth Street in downtown Cleveland by Lake Erie , east of Cleveland Stadium . At one point in the planning phase , when a financing gap existed , planners proposed locating the Rock Hall in the then - vacant May Company Building , but finally decided to commission architect I.M. Pei to design a new building . Initial CEO Dr. Larry R. Thompson facilitated I.M. Pei in designs for the site . Pei came up with the idea of a tower with a glass pyramid protruding from it . The museum tower was initially planned to stand 200 ft ( 61 m ) high , but had to be cut down to 162 ft ( 49 m ) due to its proximity to Burke Lakefront Airport . The building 's base is approximately 150,000 square feet ( 14,000 m2 ) . The groundbreaking ceremony took place on June 7 , 1993 . Pete Townshend , Chuck Berry , Billy Joel , Sam Phillips , Ruth Brown , Sam Moore of Sam and Dave , Carl Gardner of the Coasters and Dave Pirner of Soul Asylum all appeared at the groundbreaking . The museum was dedicated on September 1 , 1995 , with the ribbon being cut by an ensemble that included Yoko Ono and Little Richard , among others , before a crowd of more than 10,000 people . The following night an all - star concert was held at the stadium . It featured Chuck Berry , Bob Dylan , Al Green , Jerry Lee Lewis , Aretha Franklin , Bruce Springsteen , Iggy Pop , John Fogerty , John Mellencamp , and many others . In addition to the Hall of Fame inductees , the museum documents the entire history of rock and roll , regardless of induction status . Hall of Fame inductees are honored in a special exhibit located in a wing that juts out over Lake Erie . Economic impact ( edit ) Since 1986 , the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has selected new inductees . The formal induction ceremony has been held in New York City 26 times ( 1986 -- 92 , 1994 -- 96 , 1998 -- 2008 , 2010 -- 11 , 2014 , 2016 and 2017 ) ; twice in Los Angeles ( 1993 and 2013 ) ; and four times in the Hall of Fame 's home in Cleveland ( 1997 , 2009 , 2012 and 2015 ) . Beginning in 2018 , the induction ceremonies will alternate each year between Cleveland and New York . The 2009 and 2012 induction weeks were made possible by a public -- private partnership between the City of Cleveland , the State of Ohio , the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , and local foundations , corporations , civic organizations and individuals . Collectively these entities invested $5.8 million in 2009 and $7.9 million in 2012 to produce a week of events , including free concerts , a gospel celebration , exhibition openings , free admission to the museum , and induction ceremonies filled with both fans and VIPs at Public Hall . Millions viewed the television broadcast of the Cleveland inductions ; tens of thousands traveled to Ohio during induction week to participate in Induction - related events . The economic impact of the 2009 induction week activities was more than $13 million , and it provided an additional $20 million in media exposure for the region . The 2012 induction week yielded similar results . Layout ( edit ) The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame ( left ) sits on the Lake Erie shore next to the Great Lakes Science Center ( right ) in Cleveland 's North Coast Harbor . There are seven levels in the building . On the lower level is the Ahmet M. Ertegun Exhibition Hall , the museum 's main gallery . It includes exhibits on the roots of rock and roll ( gospel , blues , rhythm & blues and folk , country and bluegrass ) . It also features exhibits on cities that have had a major impact on rock and roll : Memphis , Detroit , London and Liverpool , San Francisco , Los Angeles , New York and Seattle . There are exhibits about soul music , the Fifties , Sun Records , Atlantic Records , hip hop music , Cleveland 's rock and roll legacy , the music of the Midwest , rock and roll radio and dee - jays , and the many protests against rock and roll . This gallery also has exhibits that focus on individual artists , including the Beatles , the Rolling Stones , Jimi Hendrix and others . Finally , the Ahmet M. Ertegun Exhibition Hall includes two theaters , one of which features a film about the roots of rock and roll and one that features films on various subjects . The first floor of the museum is the entrance level . It includes a cafe , a stage that the museum uses for various special performances and events throughout the year , and a section called `` Backstage Stories . '' The second floor includes several interactive kiosks that feature programs on one - hit wonders and the Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll . This level also includes a gallery with artifact - filled exhibits about Les Paul , Alan Freed , Sam Phillips and the evolution of audio technology . Visitors enter the Hall of Fame section of the museum on the third floor . This section includes `` The Power of Rock Experience , '' which includes one of Jonathan Demme 's final works , a film shown in the Connor Theater . The film includes musical highlights from some of the Hall 's induction ceremonies . Visitors exit the Hall of Fame section on the fourth floor . That level features the Foster Theater , a state - of - the - art 3 - D theater that is used for special events and programs . Finally , the top two levels of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame feature large , temporary exhibits . Over the years , numerous exhibits have been installed on these two levels , including exhibits about Elvis Presley , hip - hop , the Supremes , the Who , U2 , John Lennon , the Clash , Bruce Springsteen , Women Who Rock , and the Rolling Stones . Architecture ( edit ) The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , showing Lake Erie in the foreground Designed by I.M. Pei and structurally engineered by Leslie E. Robertson Associates , the building rises above the shores of Lake Erie . It is a combination of geometric forms and cantilevered spaces that are anchored by a 162 - foot tower . The tower supports a dual - triangular - shaped glass `` tent '' that extends ( at its base ) onto a 65,000 - square - foot plaza that provides a main entry facade . The building houses more than 55,000 square feet of exhibition space , as well as administrative offices , a store , and a café . `` In designing this building , '' Pei said , `` it was my intention to echo the energy of rock and roll . I have consciously used an architectural vocabulary that is bold and new , and I hope the building will become a dramatic landmark for the city of Cleveland and for fans of rock and roll around the world . '' Exhibit history ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Since 1997 , the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has featured numerous temporary exhibits that range in size from major exhibits that fill the top two floors of the museum to smaller exhibits that are often installed in the main exhibition hall on the lower level . The museum 's first major exhibit opened on May 10 , 1997 . It was called I Want to Take You Higher : The Psychedelic Era , 1965 -- 1969 . It included artifacts from numerous artists , including John Lennon , Eric Clapton , John Sebastian , the Jefferson Airplane , and Janis Joplin , as well as artifacts related to the Monterey International Pop Festival and Woodstock . That exhibit was followed by Elvis is in the Building , an exhibit about the `` King of Rock and Roll '' , which ran from August 8 , 1998 , to September 5 , 1999 . This year - long tribute was the first ever special exhibit devoted to a single artist , Elvis Presley , the first inductee into the RRHOF in 1986 . Graceland supplied a significant selection of representative artifacts for this special tribute spanning Elvis ' life and legendary career . Next , the museum curated Roots , Rhymes and Rage : The Hip - Hop Story . That was the first major museum exhibit to focus on hip - hop . It ran from November 11 , 1999 , to August 6 , 2000 . It was followed by Rock Style , an exhibit that focused on rock and roll and fashion . It featured clothing from Buddy Holly to Alice Cooper , from Ray Charles to David Bowie and from Smokey Robinson to Sly Stone . After it closed in Cleveland , Rock Style traveled to other museums in the U.S. The former Annex in Soho in New York City ( now closed ) Other temporary exhibits have included Lennon : His Life and Work , which ran from October 20 , 2000 , to January 1 , 2003 . It was followed by In the Name of Love : Two Decades of U2 and then Reflections : The Mary Wilson Supreme Legacy Collection . A major exhibition on display during the Republican National Convention in Cleveland in 2016 was Louder than Words : Rock , Power , Politics . Other large temporary exhibits have focused on the Clash ( Revolution Rock : The Story of the Clash ) , the Doors ( Break on Through : The Lasting Legacy of the Doors ) , the Who 's Tommy ( Tommy : The Amazing Journey ) , and Bruce Springsteen ( From Asbury Park to the Promised Land : The Life and Music of Bruce Springsteen ) . Another thematic temporary exhibit focused on the role of women in rock and roll ( Women Who Rock : Vision , Passion , Power ) . Many of these exhibits travel to other museums after closing in Cleveland . The museum 's current major temporary exhibit is about the history of the magazine Rolling Stone . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame also curates many smaller temporary exhibits . Over the years , these exhibits have focused on such topics as the Vans Warped Tour , the Concert for Bangladesh , Woodstock 's 40th anniversary , Austin City Limits , the Monterey International Pop Festival , Roy Orbison , Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers , Marty Stuart , Paul Simon , Graham Nash , and John Mellencamp . The museum also devotes exhibits to photography and artwork related to rock and roll . Among the photographers whose work has been featured at the Hall of Fame are George Kalinsky , Alfred Wertheimer , Tommy Edwards , Kevin Mazur , Janet Macoska , Lynn Goldsmith , Mike McCartney , Robert Alford , and George Shuba . The museum also featured the artwork of Philip Burke in one of its temporary exhibits , and a later exhibit featured Herb Ritts . Public programs ( edit ) The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum produces numerous public programs , including concerts , interviews , lectures , film screenings , and other events that help tell the story of rock and roll . Every February , the museum celebrates Black History Month by hosting concerts , film screenings and lectures that illustrate the important role African - Americans have played in the history of rock and roll . Since the program began in 1996 , such artists as Robert Lockwood , Jr. , the Temptations , Charles Brown , Ruth Brown , the Ohio Players , Lloyd Price , Little Anthony and the Imperials , and Al Green have appeared at the museum during Black History Month . Another program is the Hall of Fame Series . This series began in April 1996 and features interviews with Hall of Fame inductees in a rare and intimate settings , most often in the Museum 's Foster Theater . The interviews are usually followed by a question - and - answer session with the audience and , often , a performance by the inductee . Among the inductees who have taken part in this series are Darryl `` DMC '' McDaniels of Run - D.M.C. , Lloyd Price , Marky Ramone , Seymour Stein , Ray Manzarek of the Doors , Ronnie Spector , Bootsy Collins , Ann and Nancy Wilson of Heart , and Jorma Kaukonen of the Jefferson Airplane . A similar program is the Legends Series . The only real difference between this program and the Hall of Fame Series is that it features artists who have not yet been inducted into the Hall of Fame . Peter Hook of Joy Division , Spinderella of Salt n Pepa , Tommy James , and the Chi - Lites are among the artists who have participated in the Legends Series . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum 's most acclaimed program is the annual American Music Masters series . Each year the museum celebrates one of the Hall 's inductees with a week - long series of programs that include interviews , film screenings , and , often , a special exhibit . The celebration ends with an all - star concert held at a Cleveland theater . The concerts include a diverse mix of artists , from Hall of Fame inductees to contemporary musicians . The American Music Masters series began in 1996 with Hard Travelin ' : The Life and Legacy of Pete Seeger . Since then , the programs have honored the following inductees : Jimmie Rodgers ( 1997 ) , Robert Johnson ( 1998 ) , Louis Jordan ( 1999 ) , Muddy Waters ( 2000 ) , Bessie Smith ( 2001 ) , Hank Williams ( 2002 ) , Buddy Holly ( 2003 ) , Lead Belly ( 2004 ) , Sam Cooke ( 2005 ) , Roy Orbison ( 2006 ) , Jerry Lee Lewis ( 2007 ) , Les Paul ( 2008 ) , Janis Joplin ( 2009 ) , Fats Domino and Dave Bartholomew ( 2010 ) , Aretha Franklin ( 2011 ) , and Chuck Berry ( 2012 ) . Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll ( edit ) Hall of Fame museum curator James Henke , along with `` the museum 's curatorial staff and numerous rock critics and music experts '' , created an unordered list of `` 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll '' . The list is part of a permanent exhibit at the museum , and was envisioned as part of the museum from its opening in 1995 . It contains songs recorded from the 1920s through the 1990s . The oldest song on the list is `` Wabash Cannonball '' , written circa 1882 and credited to J.A. Roff . Since then , however , an additional 160 songs have been added , and the list is now simply referred to as `` The Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll '' . The most recent songs on the list are Gnarls Barkley 's `` Crazy '' and My Chemical Romance 's `` Welcome to the Black Parade '' , both released in 2006 . The Beatles and the Rolling Stones are the most represented on the 660 - song list , with eight songs each . Artists with four or more songs ( edit ) 8 The Beatles 8 The Rolling Stones 7 Elvis Presley 5 The Beach Boys 5 Chuck Berry 5 Bob Dylan 5 Led Zeppelin 5 Bruce Springsteen 4 Stevie Wonder 4 David Bowie 4 James Brown 4 Ray Charles 4 The Drifters 4 Aretha Franklin 4 Jimi Hendrix 4 Robert Johnson 4 The Kinks 4 Bob Marley 4 The Miracles 4 Prince 4 Muddy Waters 25th anniversary concert ( edit ) The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame celebrated its 25th anniversary with a concert series over two days on October 29 and 30 , 2009 at Madison Square Garden in New York . The celebration included performances by Jerry Lee Lewis , U2 , Patti Smith , Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band , Simon & Garfunkel , Dion DiMucci , Metallica , James Taylor , Bonnie Raitt , Fergie , Mick Jagger , Lou Reed , Ray Davies , Ozzy Osbourne , Paul Simon , Jeff Beck , Buddy Guy , Aretha Franklin , Stevie Wonder , Sting , Little Anthony & the Imperials , and Crosby , Stills and Nash . The first night ran almost six hours with Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band closing the concert with special guests John Fogerty , Darlene Love , Tom Morello , Sam Moore , Jackson Browne , Peter Wolf , and Billy Joel . Inductees ( edit ) English guitarist , singer , and songwriter Eric Clapton is the only three - time inductee to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame See also : List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Artists are inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame at an annual induction ceremony . Over the years , the majority of the ceremonies have been held at the Waldorf - Astoria Hotel in New York City . However , on January 12 , 1993 , the ceremony was held in Los Angeles , and was held there again in 2013 . On May 6 , 1997 , about a year and a half after the opening of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum , the ceremony was held in Cleveland . It returned to Cleveland in 2009 and again in 2012 . Current plans call for the ceremony to be in Cleveland every three years . Generally , the number of inductees ranges from about a half - dozen to a dozen . Virtually all living inductees have attended the ceremonies , and they are presented with their Hall of Fame award by an artist who was influenced by that inductee 's music . Both the presenter and the inductee speak at the ceremonies , which also include numerous musical performances , by both the inductees and the presenters . The first group of inductees , inducted on January 23 , 1986 , included Elvis Presley , James Brown , Little Richard , Fats Domino , Ray Charles , Chuck Berry , Sam Cooke , the Everly Brothers , Buddy Holly , and Jerry Lee Lewis . Robert Johnson , Jimmie Rodgers , and Jimmy Yancey were inducted as Early Influences , John Hammond received the Lifetime Achievement Award and Alan Freed and Sam Phillips were inducted as Non-Performers . Performers ( edit ) A nominating committee composed of rock and roll historians selects names for the `` Performers '' category ( singers , vocal groups , bands , and instrumentalists of all kinds ) , which are then voted on by roughly five hundred experts across the world . Those selected to vote include academics , journalists , producers , and others with music industry experience . Artists become eligible for induction 25 years after the release of their first record . Criteria include the influence and significance of the artists ' contributions to the development and perpetuation of rock and roll . To be selected for induction , performers must receive the highest number of votes , and also greater than 50 % of the votes . Around five to seven performers are inducted each year . In 2012 , six additional groups , the Miracles , the Famous Flames , the Comets , the Blue Caps , the Midnighters , and the Crickets , were inducted as performers by a special committee due to the controversial exclusions when their lead singer was inducted . `` There was a lot of discussion about this , '' said Terry Stewart , a member of the nominating committee . `` There had always been conversations about why the groups were n't included when the lead singers were inducted . Very honestly , nobody could really answer that question -- it was so long ago ... We decided we 'd sit down as an organization and look at that . This is the result . '' Early Influences ( edit ) Early Influences includes artists from earlier eras , primarily country , folk , jazz , and blues , whose music inspired and influenced rock and roll artists . Other notable artists that have been inducted as Early Influences include Bill Kenny & The Ink Spots , country musicians Jimmie Rodgers and Hank Williams , blues musicians Howlin ' Wolf and Muddy Waters , and jazz musicians Jelly Roll Morton and Louis Armstrong . After Nat King Cole and Billie Holiday in 2000 , no one was inducted in this category until 2009 , when rockabilly singer Wanda Jackson was selected . Unlike earlier inductees in this category , Jackson 's career almost entirely took place after the traditional 1955 start of the `` rock era '' . Ahmet Ertegun award for Lifetime Achievement ( edit ) Formerly the `` Non-Performers '' award , this category encompasses those who primarily work behind the scenes in the music industry , including record label executives , songwriters , record producers , disc jockeys , concert promoters and music journalists . This category has had at least one inductee every year except 2007 and 2009 . Following the death of the Hall of Fame 's co-founder Ahmet Ertegun , this award was renamed in his honor in 2008 . Award for musical Excellence ( edit ) Formerly the `` Sidemen '' award , this category was introduced in 2000 and honors veteran session and concert players who are selected by a committee composed primarily of producers . The category was dormant from 2004 through 2007 and re-activated in 2008 . This honor was renamed the `` Award for Musical Excellence '' in 2010 . According to Joel Peresman , the president of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation , `` This award gives us flexibility to dive into some things and recognize some people who might not ordinarily get recognized . '' Library and Archives ( edit ) The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland , Ohio November 2015 The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum 's Library and Archives is the world 's most comprehensive repository of materials related to the history of rock and roll . The Library and Archives is located in a new building on the Metro Campus of Cuyahoga Community College in Cleveland 's Campus District . The Library and Archives ' mission is to collect , preserve and provide access to these materials . The Library and Archives operates on two levels : people may come into the library and read the books and magazines , listen to music and other recordings , and watch videos and films . More serious scholars , historians and journalists may also make an appointment for access to the archival collections under the supervision of the staff archivists . The library is composed of books , academic dissertations , and other references . It also includes popular magazines , scholarly journals and trade publications ; commercial audio and video recordings , and research databases . The archival collections include music - business records from record executives , artist managers , labels , historic venues , recording studios , specialists in stage design and lighting , and long - running concert tours . The collections also contain important individual items , such as personal letters penned by Aretha Franklin and Madonna , handwritten working lyrics by Jimi Hendrix and LL Cool J , papers from music journalists such as Sue Cassidy Clark , and rare concert recordings from CBGB in the 1970s . Criticism ( edit ) The most frequent criticism of the Hall of Fame is that the nomination process is controlled by a few individuals who are not themselves musicians , such as founder Jann Wenner ( co-founder and editor - in - chief of Rolling Stone magazine ) , former foundation director Suzan Evans , and writer Dave Marsh , reflecting their personal tastes rather than the views of the rock world as a whole . A former member of the nominations board once commented that `` At one point Suzan Evans lamented the choices being made because there were n't enough big names that would sell tickets to the dinner . That was quickly remedied by dropping one of the doo - wop groups being considered in favor of a ' name ' artist ... I saw how certain pioneering artists of the ' 50s and early ' 60s were shunned because there needed to be more name power on the list , resulting in ' 70s superstars getting in before the people who made it possible for them . Some of those pioneers still are n't in today . '' Sister Rosetta Tharpe is often considered `` The Godmother / Grandmother of Rock & Roll '' , but was not chosen for induction until 2017 . Also , the influential soul / funk group Tower of Power has not yet been honored . Velvet Underground drummer Maureen Tucker has dismissed the Hall of Fame as the `` Hall of Lame '' . There is also controversy in the lack of transparency in the selection process . Janet Morrissey of The New York Times wrote : `` With fame and money at stake , it 's no surprise that a lot of backstage lobbying goes on . Why any particular act is chosen in any particular year is a mystery to performers as well as outsiders -- and committee members say they want to keep it that way . '' Jon Landau , the chairman of the nominating committee , says they prefer it that way . `` We 've done a good job of keeping the proceedings nontransparent . It all dies in the room . '' According to Fox News , petitions with tens of thousands of signatures were also being ignored , and some groups that were signed with certain labels or companies or were affiliated with various committee members have even been put up for nomination with no discussion at all . The committee has also been accused of largely ignoring certain genres . According to author Brett Milano , `` entire genres get passed over , particularly progressive rock , ' 60s Top 40 , New Orleans funk and a whole lot of black music . '' In contrast , since the mid-2000s ( decade ) , numerous hip hop artists have been inducted , including Tupac Shakur ( class of 2017 ) , N.W.A ( class of 2016 ) and Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five ( class of 2007 ) . Another criticism is that too many artists are inducted . In fifteen years , 97 different artists were inducted . A minimum of 50 % of the vote is needed to be inducted ; although , the final percentages are not announced and a certain number of inductees ( five in 2011 ) is set before the ballots are shipped . The committee usually nominates a small number of artists ( 12 in 2010 ) from an increasing number of different genres . Several voters , including Joel Selvin , himself a former member of the nominating committee , did not submit their ballots in 2007 because they did not feel that any of the candidates were truly worthy . Members of the British punk rock band The Sex Pistols , inducted in 2006 , refused to attend the ceremony , calling the museum `` a piss stain '' and `` urine in wine '' . In BBC Radio 6 Music 's Annual John Peel Lecture in 2013 , the singer Charlotte Church accused the museum of gender bias , stating , `` Out of 295 acts and artists in the Rock n ' Roll Hall of Fame , 259 are entirely male , meaning that Tina Weymouth 's part in Talking Heads makes them one of the 36 female acts . '' In fact , the actual percentage of woman inductees is 8.5 % . Combining all the categories , there have been 719 inductees , out of which only 61 have been women , none of whom has been inducted more than once or awarded the Lifetime Achievement . 2016 inductee Steve Miller voiced a litany of criticisms directed at the hall , both during his induction speech and , especially , in interviews after it . His complaints included a lack of female inductees , not enough support by the hall for music education , and treatment of inductees at the award ceremony . 2007 vote controversy ( edit ) On March 14 , 2007 , two days after that year 's induction ceremony , Roger Friedman of Fox News published an article claiming that the Dave Clark Five should have been the fifth inductee , as they had more votes than inductee Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five . The article went on to say `` Jann Wenner used a technicality about the day votes were due in . In reality , The Dave Clark Five got six more votes than Grandmaster Flash . But he felt we could n't go another year without a rap act . '' The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation would later deny fixing the vote , although they did not deny that late votes were received , saying , `` No . There is a format and rules and procedure . There is a specific time when the votes have to be in , and then they are counted . The bands with the top five votes got in . '' The Dave Clark Five was subsequently nominated again and then inducted the following year . The Monkees controversy ( edit ) In June 2007 , Monkee Peter Tork complained to the New York Post that Wenner had blackballed the Monkees , commenting : ( Wenner ) does n't care what the rules are and just operates how he sees fit . It is an abuse of power . I do n't know whether the Monkees belong in the Hall of Fame , but it 's pretty clear that we 're not in there because of a personal whim . Jann seems to have taken it harder than everyone else , and now , 40 years later , everybody says , ' What 's the big deal ? Everybody else does it . ' ( Uses studio artists or backing bands . ) Nobody cares now except him . He feels his moral judgment in 1967 and 1968 is supposed to serve in 2007 . In a Facebook post , fellow Monkee Michael Nesmith stated that he does not know if the Monkees belong in the Hall of Fame because he can only see the impact of the Monkees from the inside , and further stated : `` I can see the HOF ( Hall of Fame ) is a private enterprise . It seems to operate as a business , and the inductees are there by some action of the owners of the Enterprise . The inductees appear to be chosen at the owner 's pleasure . This seems proper to me . It is their business in any case . It does not seem to me that the HOF carries a public mandate , nor should it be compelled to conform to one . '' Various magazines and news outlets , such as Time , NPR radio , The Christian Science Monitor , Goldmine magazine , Yahoo Music and MSNBC have argued that the Monkees belong in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . See also ( edit ) Rock and Roll portal Cleveland portal List of music museums References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2013 -- 14 Annual Report to the Community '' ( PDF ) . RockHall.com . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum . 2014 . p. 5 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 6 , 2015 . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Exhibits '' . Rockhall.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Peter Guralnick ( author of Sam Phillips : The Man Who Invented Rock ' n ' Roll ) , an interview , `` Bostonia , '' Winter - Spring 2016 , pp. 52 - 54 . Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum Timeline : 1995 -- 2010 '' . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Grzegorek , Vince ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Rock Hall President : Induction to Take Place in Cleveland Every Other Year Beginning in 2018 '' . CleveScene.com . Cleveland Scene . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Soeder , John . `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum is going strong , 15 years after opening '' . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Soeder , John . `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductions , done ' the Cleveland way , ' are a hit '' . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A look inside the redesign of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum : Interactive Graphic '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Swank , Niki . `` Rock & Roll Hall of Fame : the heart of rock and roll '' . Builders Exchange Magazine . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith , Troy L. ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Rock Hall premieres its spellbinding ' The Power of Rock Experience ' '' . Cleveland.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McGregor , Ellen ( June 8 , 2011 ) . `` First Major redesign of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum nears completion '' . Scripps Media / News Net 5 / ABC News ( Cleveland ) . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2015 . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Redesigned Rock Hall opens exhibit on The Beatles '' . Article . NBC News / AP . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The House That Steel Built : A Showcase of Interesting and Aesthetic Projects '' ( PDF ) . Business Literature . American Institute of Steel Construction . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( see Larry G. Keeter , `` Elvis Is In the Building , '' `` Elvis International Forum , '' Summer 2000 , pp. 28 -- 29 ) Jump up ^ Smith , Troy . `` Rock Hall announces ' Rock , Power and Politics ' exhibit to coincide with Republican National Convention '' . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Troy . `` Rock Hall exhibit lays out Rolling Stone magazine 's remarkable impact '' . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yarborough , Chuck . `` '' Just Ca n't Get Enough : The Photography of Robert Alford '' opens Sept. 19 at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum `` . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum / Past Exhibits '' . Official Website . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yarborough , Chuck . `` ' Herb Ritts : The Rock Portraits ' : Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's captivating exhibit spotlights photographer 's skill at capturing stars ' essence ( review ) '' . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hake , A. `` Rock Hall Announces Black History Month Events '' . Article . WOIO / 19 Action News . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ D.X. , Ferris . `` Slash , Billy Gibbons Jam for Les Paul at Rock Hall 's American Music Master 's Concert '' . Article . Rolling Stone Magazine . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ DeMarco , Laura . `` Rock Hall to honor Janis Joplin in American Music Masters series '' . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Soeder , John . `` Aretha Franklin Honored in Rock and Roll Hall of Fame American Music Masters Tribute '' . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Doyle , Patrick . `` Chuck Berry Praises Obama , Laments Fading Health '' . Article . Rolling Stone Magazine . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ - The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum '' . Rockhall.com . Jump up ^ `` 500 Songs That Shaped Rock '' . Infoplease.com . Retrieved 24 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Artcom Museums Tour : Rock and Roll Hall of Fame & Museum , Cleveland , OH - Moving Companies '' . Art.com . Jump up ^ `` Experience The Music : One Hit Wonders and The Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll '' . Rock & Roll Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on 28 June 2011 . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Joel is surprise guest at Rock and Roll Hall of Fame concert '' . NJ.com . Jump up ^ Henry Ray Abrams . `` Jagger , Springsteen , Black Eyed Peas jam with U2 at rock hall concert '' . NJ.com . Retrieved June 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Henry Ray Abrams . `` Songs for HBO 's Rock and Roll Hall of Fame special announced '' . NJ.com . Retrieved June 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Induction Process '' . Rockhall.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Soeder , John ( February 9 , 2012 ) . `` Crickets , Famous Flames , Comets , Miracles , Midnighters and Blue Caps added to Rock Hall induction ceremony '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Late Ertegun Honoured With New Hall Of Fame Award '' . Contactmusic.com . Jump up ^ Soeder , John ( December 15 , 2010 ) . `` Neil Diamond , Alice Cooper , Dr. John , Darlene Love and Tom Waits headed into Rock Hall '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Opens Archives to the Public '' . Rolling Stone Magazine . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Graff , Gary . `` Rock Hall Opening Library and Archives This Week '' . Article . Billboard Magazine . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Soeder , John . `` Rock Hall Library and Archives set to open Tuesday '' . article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Friedman , Roger ( April 4 , 2001 ) . `` Rock Hall of Fame Fallout : ' There Is Resentment Building Up ' '' . Fox News . Retrieved April 4 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` The Godmother of Rock & Roll : Sister Rosetta Tharpe '' . BBC Four . May 24 , 2011 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Godmother of Rock and Roll : Sister Rosetta Tharpe '' . PBS . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Doug Yule - Story '' . Olivier.landemaine.free.fr . ^ Jump up to : Morrissey , Janet ( December 3 , 2011 ) . `` Battle of the Bands ( and Egos ) for the Rock Hall of Fame '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Boehm , Mike ( December 29 , 2009 ) . `` Getting progressive : The Rock Hall votes in Genesis . Is Yes or Procol Harum next ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gundersen , Edna ( March 12 , 2007 ) . `` Dispute rocks the hall '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Friedman , Roger ( March 14 , 2007 ) . `` Rock Hall Voting Scandal : Rock Group Actually Won '' . Fox News . Retrieved April 6 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Friedman , Roger ( January 12 , 2007 ) . `` Three strikes , they 're in '' . Star Tribune . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2007 . Retrieved January 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Selvin , Joel ( November 14 , 2007 ) . `` View : Rock and Roll Hall offers lackluster candidates '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved December 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Official announcement from the Sex Pistols regarding the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame '' . Sex Pistols -- The Filth and the Fury . February 24 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Transcript : Paul Resnikoff , `` I 'm Charlotte Church . And This Is How Women Are Routinely Demoralized by the Music Industry ... , '' Digital Media News , October 15 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 6 Music - The John Peel Lecture - Downloads '' . BBC . Jump up ^ `` scroll kit '' . Scrollkit.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame : Inductees '' . Rockhall.com . Jump up ^ `` Steve Miller Rips the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame - Pitchfork '' . Pitchfork.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Heaton , Michael ( March 17 , 2007 ) . `` Rock Hall denies vote fix report '' . The Plain Dealer . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2007 . Retrieved April 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna leads list of Rock Hall inductees '' . CNN . Associated Press . 2007 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2007 . Retrieved January 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Nesmith , Michael . `` '' Should The Monkees be included in The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame ? `` , you ask '' . Facebook . Retrieved May 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McCombs , Joseph ( April 19 , 2012 ) . `` Hey , Hey Let Them In : 10 Reasons The Monkees Should Be in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame '' . Time Magazine . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hirsh , Marc . `` NOW Can We Induct The Monkees Into The Rock And Roll Hall Of Fame ? '' . NPR Radio . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame : The top 5 biggest omissions '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marder , Phill . `` No Monkee business allowed in the Rock Hall of Fame ? '' . Goldmine Magazine . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marder , Phill. `` 10 more bands snubbed by the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame '' . Goldmine Magazine . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hoskyns , Barney . `` Why Are n't the Monkees In the Rock and Roll of Fame ? '' . Yahoo Music . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sclafani , Tony . `` Hey hey , it 's the fans who want the Monkees in the Rock Hall '' . MSNBC . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2012 . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Official website Library and Archives SiriusXM.com : Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Radio City of Cleveland Topics History ( Timeline ) Demographics Economy Historic Places Media Mass Transit Nicknames Notable People Sports Skyscrapers Attractions A Christmas Story House Children 's Museum of Cleveland Cleveland Botanical Garden Cleveland Cultural Gardens Cleveland Orchestra ( Severance Hall ) Cleveland Metroparks Zoo Cleveland Museum of Art Cleveland Museum of Natural History Cleveland Play House Dittrick Museum of Medical History Great Lakes Science Center Greater Cleveland Aquarium International Women 's Air & Space Museum Jack Cleveland Casino Lake View Cemetery ( James A. Garfield Memorial ) Museum of Contemporary Art Cleveland Playhouse Square Steamship William G. 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"The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, located on the shore of Lake Erie in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, recognizes and archives the history of the best-known and most influential artists, producers, engineers, and other notable figures who have had some major influence on the development of rock and roll. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation was established on April 20, 1983, by Atlantic Records founder and chairman Ahmet Ertegun. In 1986, Cleveland was chosen as the Hall of Fame's permanent home.\n"
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"April 20, 1983"
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5398734755285551370 | Chicken | Chicken - wikipedia Chicken Jump to : navigation , search For chickens as food , see Chicken ( food ) . For the broader species of which chickens form a subspecies , see Red junglefowl . For other uses , see Chicken ( disambiguation ) , Chooks ( disambiguation ) , or Red junglefowl . Chicken A rooster or cock ( left ) and hen ( right ) Conservation status Domesticated Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Aves Order : Galliformes Family : Phasianidae Genus : Gallus Species : G. gallus Subspecies : G. g . domesticus Trinomial name Gallus gallus domesticus ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) The chicken ( Gallus gallus domesticus ) is a type of domesticated fowl , a subspecies of the red junglefowl . It is one of the most common and widespread domestic animals , with a total population of more than 19 billion as of 2011 . There are more chickens in the world than any other bird . Humans keep chickens primarily as a source of food ( consuming both their meat and eggs ) and , more rarely , as pets . Originally raised for cockfighting or for special ceremonies , chickens were not kept for food until the Hellenistic period ( fourth -- second centuries BCE ) . Genetic studies have pointed to multiple maternal origins in Southeast Asia , East Asia , and South Asia , but with the clade found in the Americas , Europe , the Middle East and Africa originating in the Indian subcontinent . From India , the domesticated chicken was imported to Lydia in western Asia Minor , and to Greece by the fifth century BC . Fowl had been known in Egypt since the mid-15th century BC , with the `` bird that gives birth every day '' having come to Egypt from the land between Syria and Shinar , Babylonia , according to the annals of Thutmose III . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 2 General biology and habitat 2.1 Behavior 2.1. 1 Social behaviour 2.1. 2 Courtship 2.1. 3 Nesting and laying behaviour 2.1. 4 Broodiness 2.1. 5 Hatching and early life 2.2 Embryology 3 Breeding 3.1 Origins 3.1. 1 South America 4 Use by humans 4.1 Farming 4.1. 1 Reared for meat 4.1. 2 Reared for eggs 4.2 As pets 4.3 Artificial incubation 5 Diseases and ailments 6 In religion and mythology 7 In history 8 Breeds ( A-Z ) 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Terminology Didactic model of a chicken . In the UK and Ireland , adult male chickens over the age of one year are primarily known as cocks , whereas in the United States , Canada , Australia and New Zealand , they are more commonly called roosters . Males less than a year old are cockerels . Castrated roosters are called capons ( surgical and chemical castration are now illegal in some parts of the world ) . Females over a year old are known as hens , and younger females as pullets , although in the egg - laying industry , a pullet becomes a hen when she begins to lay eggs , at 16 to 20 weeks of age . In Australia and New Zealand ( also sometimes in Britain ) , there is a generic term chook / tʃ ʊk / to describe all ages and both sexes . The young are often called chicks . `` Chicken '' originally referred to young domestic fowl . The species as a whole was then called domestic fowl , or just fowl . This use of `` chicken '' survives in the phrase `` Hen and Chickens '' , sometimes used as a British public house or theatre name , and to name groups of one large and many small rocks or islands in the sea ( see for example Hen and Chicken Islands ) . The word `` chicken '' is sometimes erroneously construed to mean females exclusively , despite the term `` hen '' for females being in wide circulation , and the term `` rooster '' for males being that most commonly used . In the Deep South of the United States , chickens are also referred to by the slang term yardbird . General biology and habitat Anatomy of a chicken . In some breeds the adult rooster can be distinguished from the hen by his larger comb Chickens are omnivores . In the wild , they often scratch at the soil to search for seeds , insects and even animals as large as lizards , small snakes or young mice . The average chicken may live for five to ten years , depending on the breed . The world 's oldest known chicken was a hen which died of heart failure at the age of 16 years according to the Guinness World Records . Roosters can usually be differentiated from hens by their striking plumage of long flowing tails and shiny , pointed feathers on their necks ( hackles ) and backs ( saddle ) , which are typically of brighter , bolder colours than those of females of the same breed . However , in some breeds , such as the Sebright chicken , the rooster has only slightly pointed neck feathers , the same colour as the hen 's . The identification can be made by looking at the comb , or eventually from the development of spurs on the male 's legs ( in a few breeds and in certain hybrids , the male and female chicks may be differentiated by colour ) . Adult chickens have a fleshy crest on their heads called a comb , or cockscomb , and hanging flaps of skin either side under their beaks called wattles . Collectively , these and other fleshy protuberances on the head and throat are called caruncles . Both the adult male and female have wattles and combs , but in most breeds these are more prominent in males . A muff or beard is a mutation found in several chicken breeds which causes extra feathering under the chicken 's face , giving the appearance of a beard . Domestic chickens are not capable of long distance flight , although lighter birds are generally capable of flying for short distances , such as over fences or into trees ( where they would naturally roost ) . Chickens may occasionally fly briefly to explore their surroundings , but generally do so only to flee perceived danger . Behavior Social behaviour Hen with chicks , India . Hen with chicks , Portugal . Chickens are gregarious birds and live together in flocks . They have a communal approach to the incubation of eggs and raising of young . Individual chickens in a flock will dominate others , establishing a `` pecking order '' , with dominant individuals having priority for food access and nesting locations . Removing hens or roosters from a flock causes a temporary disruption to this social order until a new pecking order is established . Adding hens , especially younger birds , to an existing flock can lead to fighting and injury . When a rooster finds food , he may call other chickens to eat first . He does this by clucking in a high pitch as well as picking up and dropping the food . This behaviour may also be observed in mother hens to call their chicks and encourage them to eat . A rooster 's crowing is a loud and sometimes shrill call and sends a territorial signal to other roosters . However , roosters may also crow in response to sudden disturbances within their surroundings . Hens cluck loudly after laying an egg , and also to call their chicks . Chickens also give different warning calls when they sense a predator approaching from the air or on the ground . Courtship To initiate courting , some roosters may dance in a circle around or near a hen ( `` a circle dance '' ) , often lowering the wing which is closest to the hen . The dance triggers a response in the hen and when she responds to his `` call '' , the rooster may mount the hen and proceed with the mating . More specifically , mating typically involves the following sequence : 1 . Male approaching the hen . 2 . Male pre-copulatory waltzing. 3 . Male waltzing. 4 . Female crouching ( receptive posture ) or stepping aside or running away ( if unwilling to copulate ) . 5 . Male mounting . 6 . Male treading with both feet on hen 's back . 7 . Male tail bending ( following successful copulation ) . Nesting and laying behaviour Chicken eggs vary in colour depending on the hen , typically ranging from bright white to shades of brown and even blue , green , and recently reported purple ( found in South Asia ) ( Araucana varieties ) . Chicks before their first outing Hens will often try to lay in nests that already contain eggs and have been known to move eggs from neighbouring nests into their own . The result of this behaviour is that a flock will use only a few preferred locations , rather than having a different nest for every bird . Hens will often express a preference to lay in the same location . It is not unknown for two ( or more ) hens to try to share the same nest at the same time . If the nest is small , or one of the hens is particularly determined , this may result in chickens trying to lay on top of each other . There is evidence that individual hens prefer to be either solitary or gregarious nesters . Broodiness Under natural conditions , most birds lay only until a clutch is complete , and they will then incubate all the eggs . Hens are then said to `` go broody '' . The broody hen will stop laying and instead will focus on the incubation of the eggs ( a full clutch is usually about 12 eggs ) . She will `` sit '' or `` set '' on the nest , protesting or pecking in defense if disturbed or removed , and she will rarely leave the nest to eat , drink , or dust - bathe . While brooding , the hen maintains the nest at a constant temperature and humidity , as well as turning the eggs regularly during the first part of the incubation . To stimulate broodiness , owners may place several artificial eggs in the nest . To discourage it , they may place the hen in an elevated cage with an open wire floor . Skull of a three - week - old chicken . Here the opisthotic bone appears in the occipital region , as in the adult Chelonian . bo = Basi - occipital , bt = Basi - temporal , eo = Opisthotic , f = Frontal , fm = Foramen magnum , fo = Fontanella , oc = Occipital condyle , op = Opisthotic , p = Parietal , pf = Post-frontal , sc = Sinus canal in supra - occipital , so = Supra - occpital , sq = Squamosal , 8 = Exit of vagus nerve . Breeds artificially developed for egg production rarely go broody , and those that do often stop part - way through the incubation . However , other breeds , such as the Cochin , Cornish and Silkie , do regularly go broody , and they make excellent mothers , not only for chicken eggs but also for those of other species -- even those with much smaller or larger eggs and different incubation periods , such as quail , pheasants , turkeys or geese . Hatching and early life Fertile chicken eggs hatch at the end of the incubation period , about 21 days . Development of the chick starts only when incubation begins , so all chicks hatch within a day or two of each other , despite perhaps being laid over a period of two weeks or so . Before hatching , the hen can hear the chicks peeping inside the eggs , and will gently cluck to stimulate them to break out of their shells . The chick begins by `` pipping '' ; pecking a breathing hole with its egg tooth towards the blunt end of the egg , usually on the upper side . The chick then rests for some hours , absorbing the remaining egg yolk and withdrawing the blood supply from the membrane beneath the shell ( used earlier for breathing through the shell ) . The chick then enlarges the hole , gradually turning round as it goes , and eventually severing the blunt end of the shell completely to make a lid . The chick crawls out of the remaining shell , and the wet down dries out in the warmth of the nest . Hens usually remain on the nest for about two days after the first chick hatches , and during this time the newly hatched chicks feed by absorbing the internal yolk sac . Some breeds sometimes start eating cracked eggs , which can become habitual . Hens fiercely guard their chicks , and brood them when necessary to keep them warm , at first often returning to the nest at night . She leads them to food and water and will call them toward edible items , but seldom feeds them directly . She continues to care for them until they are several weeks old . Embryology Play media Earliest gestation stages and blood circulation of a chicken embryo In 2006 , scientists researching the ancestry of birds `` turned on '' a chicken recessive gene , talpid2 , and found that the embryo jaws initiated formation of teeth , like those found in ancient bird fossils . John Fallon , the overseer of the project , stated that chickens have `` ... retained the ability to make teeth , under certain conditions ... '' Breeding Origins Male red junglefowl . The domestic chicken is descended primarily from the red junglefowl ( Gallus gallus ) and is scientifically classified as the same species . As such , it can and does freely interbreed with populations of red junglefowl . Recent genetic analysis has revealed that at least the gene for yellow skin was incorporated into domestic birds through hybridization with the grey junglefowl ( G. sonneratii ) . The traditional view is that chickens were first domesticated for cockfighting in Asia , Africa , and Europe . In the last decade , there have been a number of genetic studies to clarify the origins . According to one early study , a single domestication event which took place in what now is the country of Thailand gave rise to the modern chicken with minor transitions separating the modern breeds . However , that study was later found to be based on incomplete data , and recent studies point to multiple maternal origins , with the clade found in the Americas , Europe , Middle East , and Africa , originating from the Indian subcontinent , where a large number of unique haplotypes occur . It is postulated that the red junglefowl , known as the bamboo fowl in many Southeast Asian languages , is a special bird well - adapted to take advantage of the large amounts of fruits that are produced during the end of the 50 - year bamboo seeding cycle , to boost its own reproduction . In domesticating the chicken , humans took advantage of this predisposition for prolific reproduction of the red junglefowl when exposed to large amounts of food . It has been claimed ( based on paleoclimatic assumptions ) that chickens were domesticated in Southern China in 6000 BC . However , a recent study raises doubts as to whether those birds were the ancestors of chickens today . Instead , the origin could be the Harappan culture of the Indus Valley . Eventually , the chicken moved to the Tarim basin of central Asia . The chicken reached Europe ( Romania , Turkey , Greece , Ukraine ) about 3000 BC . Introduction into Western Europe came far later , about the 1st millennium BC . Phoenicians spread chickens along the Mediterranean coasts as far as Iberia . Breeding increased under the Roman Empire , and was reduced in the Middle Ages . Genetic sequencing of chicken bones from archaeological sites in Europe revealed that in the High Middle Ages chickens became less aggressive and began to lay eggs earlier in the breeding season . Middle East traces of chicken go back to a little earlier than 2000 BC , in Syria ; chickens went southward only in the 1st millennium BC . They reached Egypt for purposes of cockfighting about 1400 BC , and became widely bred only in Ptolemaic Egypt ( about 300 BC ) . Little is known about the chicken 's introduction into Africa . It was during the Hellenistic period ( fourth -- second centuries B.C.E. ) , in the Southern Levant , that chickens began widely to be domesticated for food. . This change occurred at least 100 years before domestication of chickens spread to Europe . Three possible routes of introduction in about the early first millennium AD could have been through the Egyptian Nile Valley , the East Africa Roman - Greek or Indian trade , or from Carthage and the Berbers , across the Sahara . The earliest known remains are from Mali , Nubia , East Coast , and South Africa and date back to the middle of the first millennium AD . Domestic chicken in the Americas before Western conquest is still an ongoing discussion , but blue - egged chickens , found only in the Americas and Asia , suggest an Asian origin for early American chickens . A lack of data from Thailand , Russia , the Indian subcontinent , Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa makes it difficult to lay out a clear map of the spread of chickens in these areas ; better description and genetic analysis of local breeds threatened by extinction may also help with research into this area . South America An unusual variety of chicken that has its origins in South America is the araucana , bred in southern Chile by the Mapuche people . Araucanas , some of which are tailless and some of which have tufts of feathers around their ears , lay blue - green eggs . It has long been suggested that they pre-date the arrival of European chickens brought by the Spanish and are evidence of pre-Columbian trans - Pacific contacts between Asian or Pacific Oceanic peoples , particularly the Polynesians , and South America . In 2007 , an international team of researchers reported the results of analysis of chicken bones found on the Arauco Peninsula in south - central Chile . Radiocarbon dating suggested that the chickens were Pre-Columbian , and DNA analysis showed that they were related to prehistoric populations of chickens in Polynesia . These results appeared to confirm that the chickens came from Polynesia and that there were transpacific contacts between Polynesia and South America before Columbus 's arrival in the Americas . However , a later report looking at the same specimens concluded : A published , apparently pre-Columbian , Chilean specimen and six pre-European Polynesian specimens also cluster with the same European / Indian subcontinental / Southeast Asian sequences , providing no support for a Polynesian introduction of chickens to South America . In contrast , sequences from two archaeological sites on Easter Island group with an uncommon haplogroup from Indonesia , Japan , and China and may represent a genetic signature of an early Polynesian dispersal . Modeling of the potential marine carbon contribution to the Chilean archaeological specimen casts further doubt on claims for pre-Columbian chickens , and definitive proof will require further analyses of ancient DNA sequences and radiocarbon and stable isotope data from archaeological excavations within both Chile and Polynesia . Use by humans Farming Main articles : Poultry farming and Chicken as food A former battery hen , five days after release . Note the pale comb - the comb may be a reliable indicator of health or vigor . More than 50 billion chickens are reared annually as a source of meat and eggs . In the United States alone , more than 8 billion chickens are slaughtered each year for meat , and more than 300 million chickens are reared for egg production . The vast majority of poultry are raised in factory farms . According to the Worldwatch Institute , 74 percent of the world 's poultry meat and 68 percent of eggs are produced this way . An alternative to intensive poultry farming is free - range farming . Friction between these two main methods has led to long - term issues of ethical consumerism . Opponents of intensive farming argue that it harms the environment , creates human health risks and is inhumane . Advocates of intensive farming say that their highly efficient systems save land and food resources owing to increased productivity , and that the animals are looked after in state - of - the - art environmentally controlled facilities . Reared for meat Main article : Broiler A commercial chicken house with open sides raising broiler pullets for meat Chickens farmed for meat are called broilers . Chickens will naturally live for six or more years , but broiler breeds typically take less than six weeks to reach slaughter size . A free range or organic broiler will usually be slaughtered at about 14 weeks of age . Reared for eggs Main article : Egg as food Chickens farmed primarily for eggs are called layer hens . In total , the UK alone consumes more than 34 million eggs per day . Some hen breeds can produce over 300 eggs per year , with `` the highest authenticated rate of egg laying being 371 eggs in 364 days '' . After 12 months of laying , the commercial hen 's egg - laying ability starts to decline to the point where the flock is commercially unviable . Hens , particularly from battery cage systems , are sometimes infirm or have lost a significant amount of their feathers , and their life expectancy has been reduced from around seven years to less than two years . In the UK and Europe , laying hens are then slaughtered and used in processed foods or sold as `` soup hens '' . In some other countries , flocks are sometimes force moulted , rather than being slaughtered , to re-invigorate egg - laying . This involves complete withdrawal of food ( and sometimes water ) for 7 -- 14 days or sufficiently long to cause a body weight loss of 25 to 35 % , or up to 28 days under experimental conditions . This stimulates the hen to lose her feathers , but also re-invigorates egg - production . Some flocks may be force - moulted several times . In 2003 , more than 75 % of all flocks were moulted in the US . As pets Main article : Chickens as pets Chickens are social , inquisitive , intelligent birds , and many find their behaviour entertaining . Certain breeds , such as Silkies and many bantam varieties , are generally docile and are often recommended as good pets around children with disabilities . Artificial incubation An egg incubator Incubation can successfully occur artificially in machines that provide the correct , controlled environment for the developing chick . The average incubation period for chickens is 21 days but may depend on the temperature and humidity in the incubator . Temperature regulation is the most critical factor for a successful hatch . Variations of more than 1 ° C ( 1.8 ° F ) from the optimum temperature of 37.5 ° C ( 99.5 ° F ) will reduce hatch rates . Humidity is also important because the rate at which eggs lose water by evaporation depends on the ambient relative humidity . Evaporation can be assessed by candling , to view the size of the air sac , or by measuring weight loss . Relative humidity should be increased to around 70 % in the last three days of incubation to keep the membrane around the hatching chick from drying out after the chick cracks the shell . Lower humidity is usual in the first 18 days to ensure adequate evaporation . The position of the eggs in the incubator can also influence hatch rates . For best results , eggs should be placed with the pointed ends down and turned regularly ( at least three times per day ) until one to three days before hatching . If the eggs are n't turned , the embryo inside may stick to the shell and may hatch with physical defects . Adequate ventilation is necessary to provide the embryo with oxygen . Older eggs require increased ventilation . Many commercial incubators are industrial - sized with shelves holding tens of thousands of eggs at a time , with rotation of the eggs a fully automated process . Home incubators are boxes holding from 6 to 75 eggs ; they are usually electrically powered , but in the past some were heated with an oil or paraffin lamp . Diseases and ailments Chickens are susceptible to several parasites , including lice , mites , ticks , fleas , and intestinal worms , as well as other diseases . Despite the name , they are not affected by chickenpox , which is generally restricted to humans . Some of the diseases that can affect chickens are shown below : Name Common name Cause Aspergillosis Aspergillus fungi Avian influenza bird flu virus Histomoniasis blackhead disease Histomonas meleagridis Botulism paralysis Clostridium botulinum toxin Cage layer fatigue mineral deficiency , lack of physical exercise Campylobacteriosis tissue injury in the gut Coccidiosis Coccidia Colds virus Crop bound improper feeding Dermanyssus gallinae red mite parasite Egg binding oversized egg Erysipelas Streptococcus bacteria Fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome high - energy food Fowl cholera Pasteurella multocida Fowlpox Fowlpox virus Fowl typhoid bacteria Gallid herpesvirus 1 infectious laryngotracheitis virus Gapeworm Syngamus trachea worms Infectious bronchitis Infectious Bronchitis Virus Infectious bursal disease Gumboro infectious bursal disease virus Infectious coryza in chickens Avibacterium paragallinarum Lymphoid leukosis Avian sarcoma leukosis virus Marek 's disease Gallid herpesvirus 2 Moniliasis yeast infection or thrush Candida fungi Mycoplasma bacteria Newcastle disease Avian avulavirus 1 Necrotic enteritis bacteria Omphalitis Mushy chick disease bacteria Peritonitis infection in abdomen from egg yolk Psittacosis Chlamydia psittaci Pullorum Salmonella bacteria Scaly leg Cnemidocoptes mutans Squamous cell carcinoma cancer Tibial dyschondroplasia speed growing Toxoplasmosis Toxoplasma gondii Ulcerative enteritis bacteria Ulcerative pododermatitis bumblefoot bacteria In religion and mythology Vatican Persian Cock -- A 1919 print of a fabric square of a Persian cock or a Persian bird design belonging to the Vatican ( Holy See ) in Rome dating to 600 CE . Notice the halo denoting the status of being holy in that religious schema . Since antiquity chickens have been , and still are , a sacred animal in some cultures and deeply embedded within belief systems and religious worship . The term `` Persian bird '' for the rooster appears to have been given by the Greeks after Persian contact `` because of his great importance and his religious use among the Persians '' . In Indonesia the chicken has great significance during the Hindu cremation ceremony . A chicken is considered a channel for evil spirits which may be present during the ceremony . A chicken is tethered by the leg and kept present at the ceremony for its duration to ensure that any evil spirits present go into the chicken and not the family members . The chicken is then taken home and returns to its normal life . In ancient Greece , the chicken was not normally used for sacrifices , perhaps because it was still considered an exotic animal . Because of its valor , the cock is found as an attribute of Ares , Heracles , and Athena . The alleged last words of Socrates as he died from hemlock poisoning , as recounted by Plato , were `` Crito , I owe a cock to Asclepius ; will you remember to pay the debt ? '' , signifying that death was a cure for the illness of life . The Greeks believed that even lions were afraid of roosters . Several of Aesop 's Fables reference this belief . In the New Testament , Jesus prophesied the betrayal by Peter : `` Jesus answered , ' I tell you , Peter , before the rooster crows today , you will deny three times that you know me . ' '' It happened , and Peter cried bitterly . This made the rooster a symbol for both vigilance and betrayal . Earlier , Jesus compares himself to a mother hen when talking about Jerusalem : `` O Jerusalem , Jerusalem , you who kill the prophets and stone those sent to you , how often I have longed to gather your children together , as a hen gathers her chicks under her wings , but you were not willing . '' In the sixth century , Pope Gregory I declared the rooster the emblem of Christianity and another Papal enactment of the ninth century by Pope Nicholas I ordered the figure of the rooster to be placed on every church steeple . In many Central European folk tales , the devil is believed to flee at the first crowing of a rooster . In traditional Jewish practice , a kosher animal is swung around the head and then slaughtered on the afternoon before Yom Kippur , the Day of Atonement , in a ritual called kapparos ; it is now common practice to cradle the bird and move it around the head . A chicken or fish is typically used because it is commonly available ( and small enough to hold ) . The sacrifice of the animal is to receive atonement , for the animal symbolically takes on all the person 's sins in kapparos . The meat is then donated to the poor . A woman brings a hen for the ceremony , while a man brings a rooster . Although not a sacrifice in the biblical sense , the death of the animal reminds the penitent sinner that his or her life is in God 's hands . The Talmud speaks of learning `` courtesy toward one 's mate '' from the rooster . This might refer to the fact that when a rooster finds something good to eat , he calls his hens to eat first . A rooster might also come to the aid of a hen if she is attacked . The Talmud likewise provides us with the statement `` Had the Torah not been given to us , we would have learned modesty from cats , honest toil from ants , chastity from doves and gallantry from cocks '' , which may be further understood as to that of the gallantry of cocks being taken in the context of a religious instilling vessel of `` a girt one of the loins '' ( Young 's Literal Translation ) that which is `` stately in his stride '' and `` move with stately bearing '' in the Book of Proverbs 30 : 29 - 31 as referenced by Michael V. Fox in his Proverbs 10 - 31 where Saʻadiah ben Yosef Gaon ( Saadia Gaon ) identifies the definitive trait of `` A cock girded about the loins '' in Proverbs 30 : 31 ( Douay -- Rheims Bible ) as `` the honesty of their behavior and their success '' , identifying a spiritual purpose of a religious vessel within that religious instilling schema of purpose and use . The chicken is one of the symbols of the Chinese Zodiac . In Chinese folk religion , a cooked chicken as a religious offering is usually limited to ancestor veneration and worship of village deities . Vegetarian deities such as the Buddha are not recipients of such offerings . Under some observations , an offering of chicken is presented with `` serious '' prayer ( while roasted pork is offered during a joyous celebration ) . In Confucian Chinese weddings , a chicken can be used as a substitute for one who is seriously ill or not available ( e.g. , sudden death ) to attend the ceremony . A red silk scarf is placed on the chicken 's head and a close relative of the absent bride / groom holds the chicken so the ceremony may proceed . However , this practice is rare today . A cockatrice was supposed to have been born from an egg laid by a rooster , as well as killed by a rooster 's call . In History The red junglefowl An early domestication of chickens in Southeast Asia is probable , since the word for domestic chicken ( * manuk ) is part of the reconstructed Proto - Austronesian language ( see Austronesian languages ) . Chickens , together with dogs and pigs , were the domestic animals of the Lapita culture , the first Neolithic culture of Oceania . The first pictures of chickens in Europe are found on Corinthian pottery of the 7th century BC . The poet Cratinus ( mid-5th century BC , according to the later Greek author Athenaeus ) calls the chicken `` the Persian alarm '' . In Aristophanes 's comedy The Birds ( 414 BC ) a chicken is called `` the Median bird '' , which points to an introduction from the East . Pictures of chickens are found on Greek red figure and black - figure pottery . In ancient Greece , chickens were still rare and were a rather prestigious food for symposia . Delos seems to have been a center of chicken breeding ( Columella , De Re Rustica 8.3. 4 ) . `` About 3200 BC chickens were common in Sindh . After the attacks of Aria people these fowls spred from Sindh to Balakh and Iran . During attacks and wars between Iranian and Greeks the chickens of Hellanic breed came in Iran and about 1000 BC Hellanic chickens came into Sindh through Medan '' . The Romans used chickens for oracles , both when flying ( `` ex avibus '' , Augury ) and when feeding ( `` auspicium ex tripudiis '' , Alectryomancy ) . The hen ( `` gallina '' ) gave a favourable omen ( `` auspicium ratum '' ) , when appearing from the left ( Cic. , de Div . ii. 26 ) , like the crow and the owl . For the oracle `` ex tripudiis '' according to Cicero ( Cic . de Div . ii. 34 ) , any bird could be used in auspice , and shows at one point that any bird could perform the tripudium but normally only chickens ( `` pulli '' ) were consulted . The chickens were cared for by the pullarius , who opened their cage and fed them pulses or a special kind of soft cake when an augury was needed . If the chickens stayed in their cage , made noises ( `` occinerent '' ) , beat their wings or flew away , the omen was bad ; if they ate greedily , the omen was good . In 249 BC , the Roman general Publius Claudius Pulcher had his `` sacred chickens '' `` thrown overboard when they refused to feed before the battle of Drepana , saying `` If they wo n't eat , perhaps they will drink . '' He promptly lost the battle against the Carthaginians and 93 Roman ships were sunk . Back in Rome , he was tried for impiety and heavily fined . In 162 BC , the Lex Faunia forbade fattening hens to conserve grain rations . To get around this , the Romans castrated roosters ( capon ) , which resulted in a doubling of size despite the law that was passed in Rome that forbade the consumption of fattened chickens . It was renewed a number of times , but does not seem to have been successful . Fattening chickens with bread soaked in milk was thought to give especially delicious results . The Roman gourmet Apicius offers 17 recipes for chicken , mainly boiled chicken with a sauce . All parts of the animal are used : the recipes include the stomach , liver , testicles and even the pygostyle ( the fatty `` tail '' of the chicken where the tail feathers attach ) . The Roman author Columella gives advice on chicken breeding in the eighth book of his treatise , De Re Rustica ( On Agriculture ) . He identified Tanagrian , Rhodic , Chalkidic and Median ( commonly misidentified as Melian ) breeds , which have an impressive appearance , a quarrelsome nature and were used for cockfighting by the Greeks ( De Re Rustica 8.3. 4 ) . For farming , native ( Roman ) chickens are to be preferred , or a cross between native hens and Greek cocks ( De Re Rustica 8.2. 13 ) . Dwarf chickens are nice to watch because of their size but have no other advantages . According to Columella ( De Re Rustica 8.2. 7 ) , the ideal flock consists of 200 birds , which can be supervised by one person if someone is watching for stray animals . White chickens should be avoided as they are not very fertile and are easily caught by eagles or goshawks . One cock should be kept for five hens . In the case of Rhodian and Median cocks that are very heavy and therefore not much inclined to sex , only three hens are kept per cock . The hens of heavy fowls are not much inclined to brood ; therefore their eggs are best hatched by normal hens . A hen can hatch no more than 15 - 23 eggs , depending on the time of year , and supervise no more than 30 hatchlings . Eggs that are long and pointed give more male hatchlings , rounded eggs mainly female hatchlings ( De Re Rustica 8.5. 11 ) . Columella also states that chicken coops should face southeast and lie adjacent to the kitchen , as smoke is beneficial for the animals and `` poultry never thrive so well as in warmth and smoke '' ( De Re Rustica 8.3. 1 ) . Coops should consist of three rooms and possess a hearth . Dry dust or ash should be provided for dust - baths . According to Columella ( De Re Rustica 8.4. 1 ) , chickens should be fed on barley groats , small chick - peas , millet and wheat bran , if they are cheap . Wheat itself should be avoided as it is harmful to the birds . Boiled ryegrass ( Lolium sp . ) and the leaves and seeds of alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L . ) can be used as well . Grape marc can be used , but only when the hens stop laying eggs , that is , about the middle of November ; otherwise eggs are small and few . When feeding grape marc , it should be supplemented with some bran . Hens start to lay eggs after the winter solstice , in warm places around the first of January , in colder areas in the middle of February . Parboiled barley increases their fertility ; this should be mixed with alfalfa leaves and seeds , or vetches or millet if alfalfa is not at hand . Free - ranging chickens should receive two cups of barley daily . Columella advises farmers to slaughter hens that are older than three years , those that are n't productive or are poor care - takers of their eggs , and particularly those that eat their own and other hens ' eggs . According to Aldrovandi , capons were produced by burning `` the hind part of the bowels , or loins or spurs '' with a hot iron . The wound was treated with potter 's chalk . For the use of poultry and eggs in the kitchens of ancient Rome see Roman eating and drinking . Chickens were spread by Polynesian seafarers and reached Easter Island in the 12th century AD , where they were the only domestic animal , with the possible exception of the Polynesian rat ( Rattus exulans ) . They were housed in extremely solid chicken coops built from stone , which was first reported as such to Linton Palmer in 1868 , who also `` expressed his doubts about this '' . Breeds ( A-Z ) CHICKEN BREED NAME EGG LAYING ( sort by number ) EGG COLOR COLD HARDY Ameraucana 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Light Blue Yes Ancona 7000500000000000000 ♠ Excellent ( 5 / wk ) White Yes Andalusian 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) White No Antwerp Belgian Bantam 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) Cream or Tinted No Appenzeller Spitzhauben 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) White Yes Araucana 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Light Blue Yes Aseel 7000100000000000000 ♠ Poor ( 1 / wk ) Cream or Tinted Yes Australorp 7000500000000000000 ♠ Excellent ( 5 / wk ) Brown Yes Barnevelder 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Brown Yes Belgian Bearded d'Uccle Bantam 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) Cream or Tinted No Booted Bantam 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) Cream or Tinted No Brahma 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Brown Yes Buckeye 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Brown Yes Campine 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) White Yes Catalana 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) Cream or Tinted No Chantecler 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) Brown Yes Cochin 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) Brown Yes Cornish 7000100000000000000 ♠ Poor ( 1 / wk ) Light Brown Yes Crevecoeur 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) White No Cubalaya 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) Cream or Tinted Yes Delaware 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) Brown Yes Dominique 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Brown Yes Dorking 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Cream or Tinted Yes Dutch Bantam 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) Light Brown No Easter Eggers 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) Green / Blue / Pink / Multi Yes Favaucana 7000500000000000000 ♠ Excellent ( 5 / wk ) Sage Green Yes Faverolles 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) Light Brown Yes Fayoumi 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) Cream or Tinted No Hamburg 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) White Yes Holland 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) White Yes Houdan 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) White No Japanese Bantam 7000100000000000000 ♠ Poor ( 1 / wk ) Cream or Tinted No Java 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Brown Yes Jersey Giant 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Brown Yes La Fleche 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) White No Lakenvelder 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Cream or Tinted No Langshan 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Brown Yes Legbar 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) Light Blue Yes Leghorn ( Non-White ) 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) White No Leghorn ( White ) 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) White Yes Malay 7000100000000000000 ♠ Poor ( 1 / wk ) Light Brown No Marans 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Chocolate Yes Minorca 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) White No Modern Game 7000100000000000000 ♠ Poor ( 1 / wk ) White No Naked Neck ( Turken ) 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) Light Brown Yes New Hampshire Red 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Brown Yes Old English Game 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) Cream or Tinted Yes Olive Egger - MPC 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Olive Green Yes Orpington 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Brown Yes Penedesenca 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Chocolate No Phoenix 7000100000000000000 ♠ Poor ( 1 / wk ) Cream or Tinted No Plymouth Rock 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) Brown Yes Polish 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) White No Redcap 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) White Yes Rhode Island 7000500000000000000 ♠ Excellent ( 5 / wk ) Brown Yes Rosecomb Bantam 7000100000000000000 ♠ Poor ( 1 / wk ) Cream or Tinted Yes Russian Orloff 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) Light Brown Yes Sebright Bantam 7000100000000000000 ♠ Poor ( 1 / wk ) Cream or Tinted No Sicilian Buttercup 7000200000000000000 ♠ Fair ( 2 / wk ) White No Silkie Bantam 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) Cream or Tinted Yes Star 7000500000000000000 ♠ Excellent ( 5 / wk ) Brown Yes Sultan 7000100000000000000 ♠ Poor ( 1 / wk ) White No Sumatra 7000100000000000000 ♠ Poor ( 1 / wk ) White Yes Sussex 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) Light Brown Yes Welsummer 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) Chocolate Yes White Faced Black Spanish 7000300000000000000 ♠ Good ( 3 / wk ) White No Wyandotte 7000400000000000000 ♠ Very Good ( 4 / wk ) Brown Yes Yokohama 7000100000000000000 ♠ Poor ( 1 / wk ) Cream or Tinted No See also Abnormal behaviour of birds in captivity Battery Hen Welfare Trust , a UK charity for laying hens Chicken eyeglasses Chicken fat Chicken hypnotism Chicken or the egg Chicken manure Chook raffle -- a type of raffle where the prize is a chicken . Early feeding Feral chicken Gamebird hybrids -- hybrids between chickens , peafowl , guineafowl and pheasants Henopause List of chicken breeds Poularde Rubber chicken Symbolic chickens Tastes like chicken Unihemispheric slow - wave sleep `` Why did the chicken cross the road ? '' References Jump up ^ UN 's Food and Agriculture Organisation reported in the Economist : ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/07/20/424707879/the-ancient-city-where-people-decided-to-eat-chickens Jump up ^ http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2015/07/15/1504236112 Jump up ^ Xiang , H. ; Gao , J. ; Yu , B. ; Zhou , H. ; Cai , D. ; Zhang , Y . & Zhao , X . ( 2014 ) . `` Early Holocene chicken domestication in northern China '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 111 ( 49 ) : 17564 -- 17569 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1411882111 . PMC 4267363 . Jump up ^ Maguelonne Toussaint - Samat , ( Anthea Bell , translator ) The History of Food , Ch. 11 `` The History of Poultry '' , revised ed. 2009 , p. 306 . Jump up ^ Howard Carter , `` An Ostracon Depicting a Red Jungle - Fowl ( The Earliest Known Drawing of the Domestic Cock ) '' The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology , 9. 1 / 2 ( April 1923 ) , pp. 1 - 4 . Jump up ^ Pritchard , `` The Asiatic Campaigns of Thutmose III '' Ancient Near East Texts related to the Old Testament , p240 . Jump up ^ Roehrig , Catharine H. ; Dreyfus , Renée ; Keller , Cathleen A. ( 2005 ) . Hatshepsut : From Queen to Pharaoh . New York : Metropolitan Museum of Art . p. 268 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58839 - 173 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Cockerel -- definitions from Dictionary.com '' . Dictionary.reference.com . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pullet -- definitions from Dictionary.com '' . Dictionary.reference.com . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Definition of `` chook '' in Encarta . The vernacular use is said to be offensive in this dictionary but it may also be used as a term of jocular familiarity . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dohner , Janet Vorwald ( 2001 - 01 - 01 ) . The Encyclopedia of Historic and Endangered Livestock and Poultry Breeds . Yale University Press . ISBN 030013813X . Jump up ^ Berhardt , Clyde E.B. ( 1986 ) . I Remember : Eighty Years of Black Entertainment , Big Bands . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . p. 153 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 8018 - 0 . OCLC 12805260 . Jump up ^ `` Info on Chicken Care '' . ideas4pets. 2003 . Retrieved August 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gerard P. Worrell AKA `` Farmer Jerry '' . `` Frequently asked questions about chickens & eggs '' . Ferry Landing Farm & Apiary . Retrieved August 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Poultry Guide -- A to Z and FAQs '' . Ruleworks.co.uk . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Smith , Jamon . Tuscaloosanews.com `` World 's oldest chicken starred in magic shows , was on ' Tonight Show ' '' , Tuscaloosa News ( Alabama , USA ) . August 6 , 2006 . Retrieved on February 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Stonehead . `` Introducing new hens to a flock `` Musings from a Stonehead '' . Stonehead.wordpress.com . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top cock : Roosters crow in pecking order '' . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Evans , Christopher S. ; Evans , Linda ; Marler , Peter ( 1993 - 07 - 01 ) . `` On the meaning of alarm calls : functional reference in an avian vocal system '' . Animal Behaviour. 46 ( 1 ) : 23 -- 38 . doi : 10.1006 / anbe. 1993.1158 . ISSN 0003 - 3472 . ^ Jump up to : Grandin , Temple ; Johnson , Catherine ( 2005 ) . Animals in Translation . New York City : Scribner . pp. 69 -- 71 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 4769 - 8 . Jump up ^ Cheng , Kimberly M. and Burns , Jeffrey T. ( 1988 ) . `` Dominance relationship and mating behavior of domestic cocks -- a model to study mate - guarding and sperm competition in birds '' ( PDF ) . The Condor. 90 : 697 -- 704 . doi : 10.2307 / 1368360 . Jump up ^ Sherwin , C.M. ; Nicol , C.J. ( 1993 ) . `` Factors influencing floor - laying by hens in modified cages '' . Applied Animal Behaviour Science . 36 : 211 -- 222 . doi : 10.1016 / 0168 - 1591 ( 93 ) 90011 - d . Jump up ^ http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/content/64/5/789.short Jump up ^ Scientists Find Chickens Retain Ancient Ability to Grow Teeth Ammu Kannampilly , ABC News , February 27 , 2006 . Retrieved October 1 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Wong , GK ; et al. ( December 2004 ) . `` A genetic variation map for chicken with 2.8 million single - nucleotide polymorphisms '' . Nature . 432 : 717 -- 722 . Bibcode : 2004Natur. 432 ... 717B . doi : 10.1038 / nature03156 . PMC 2263125 . PMID 15592405 . Jump up ^ Eriksson , J ; Larson , G ; Gunnarsson , U ; Bed'hom , B ; Tixier - Boichard , M ; et al. ( 2008 ) . `` Identification of the Yellow Skin Gene Reveals a Hybrid Origin of the Domestic Chicken '' . PLoS Genet. 4 : e1000010 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pgen. 1000010 . PMC 2265484 . PMID 18454198 . Jump up ^ https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/07/20/424707879/the-ancient-city-where-people-decided-to-eat-chickens Jump up ^ Fumihito , A ; Miyake , T ; Sumi , S ; Takada , M ; Ohno , S ; Kondo , N ( December 20 , 1994 ) , `` One subspecies of the red junglefowl ( Gallus gallus gallus ) suffices as the matriarchic ancestor of all domestic breeds '' , PNAS , 91 ( 26 ) : 12505 -- 12509 , Bibcode : 1994PNAS ... 9112505F , doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 91.26. 12505 , PMC 45467 Jump up ^ Liu , Yi - Ping ; Wu , Gui - Sheng ; Yao , Yong - Gang ; Miao , Yong - Wang ; Luikart , Gordon ; Baig , Mumtaz ; Beja - Pereira , Albano ; Ding , Zhao - Li ; Palanichamy , Malliya Gounder ; Zhang , Ya - Ping ( 2006 ) , `` Multiple maternal origins of chickens : Out of the Asian jungles '' , Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution , 38 ( 1 ) : 12 -- 19 , doi : 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2005.09. 014 , PMID 16275023 Jump up ^ Zeder ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Documenting domestication : the intersection of genetics and archaeology '' . Trends in Genetics . 22 ( 3 ) : 139 -- 155 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tig. 2006.01. 007 . PMID 16458995 . Jump up ^ King , Rick ( February 24 , 2009 ) , `` Rat Attack '' , NOVA and National Geographic Television Jump up ^ King , Rick ( February 1 , 2009 ) , `` Plant vs. Predator '' , NOVA Jump up ^ West , B. ; Zhou , B.X. ( 1988 ) . `` Did chickens go north ? New evidence for domestication '' . J. Archaeol . Sci. 14 : 515 -- 533 . Jump up ^ Al - Nasser , A. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` Overview of chicken taxonomy and domestication '' . World 's Poultry Science Journal . 63 : 285 -- 300 . doi : 10.1017 / S004393390700147X . ^ Jump up to : CHOF : The Cambridge History of Food , 2000 , Cambridge University Press , vol. 1 , pp496 - 499 Jump up ^ Brown , Marley ( Sep -- Oct 2017 ) . `` Fast Food '' ( PDF ) . Archaeology. 70 ( 5 ) : 18 . ISSN 0003 - 8113 . Retrieved 31 August 2017 -- via EBSCO 's Master File Complete ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2015/07/15/1504236112 Jump up ^ DNA reveals how the chicken crossed the sea Brendan Borrell , Nature , June 5 , 2007 . Retrieved October 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ A.A. Storey et al. , `` Radiocarbon and DNA evidence for a pre-Columbian introduction of Polynesian chickens to Chile '' , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.0703993104 ; John Noble Wilford , `` First Chickens in Americas were Brought from Polynesia , New York Times , June 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Gongora , Jaime ; Rawlence , Nicolas J. ; Mobegi , Victor A. ; Jianlin , Han ; Alcalde , Jose A. ; Matus , Jose T. ; Hanotte , Olivier ; Moran , Chris ; Austin , J. ; Ulm , Sean ; Anderson , Atholl J. ; Larson , Greger ; Cooper , Alan ( 2008 ) . `` Indo - European and Asian origins for Chilean and Pacific chickens revealed by mtDNA '' . PNAS. 105 ( 30 ) : 10308 -- 10313 . Bibcode : 2008PNAS ... 10510308G . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0801991105 . PMC 2492461 . PMID 18663216 . Jump up ^ Jones , E.K.M. ; Prescott , N.B. ( 2000 ) . `` Visual cues used in the choice of mate by fowl and their potential importance for the breeder industry '' . World 's Poultry Science Journal . 56 : 127 -- 138 . doi : 10.1079 / WPS20000010 . Jump up ^ `` About chickens Compassion in World Farming '' . www.ciwf.org.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Fereira , John . `` Poultry Slaughter Annual Summary '' . usda.mannlib.cornell.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Fereira , John . `` Chickens and Eggs Annual Summary '' . usda.mannlib.cornell.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Towards Happier Meals In A Globalized World '' . World Watch Institute . Jump up ^ Ilea , Ramona Cristina ( 2009 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Intensive Livestock Farming : Global Trends , Increased Environmental Concerns , and Ethical Solutions '' . Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics. 22 ( 2 ) : 153 -- 167 . doi : 10.1007 / s10806 - 008 - 9136 - 3 . ISSN 1187 - 7863 . Jump up ^ Tilman , David ; Cassman , Kenneth G. ; Matson , Pamela A. ; Naylor , Rosamond ; Polasky , Stephen ( 2002 - 08 - 08 ) . `` Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices '' . Nature . 418 ( 6898 ) : 671 -- 677 . doi : 10.1038 / nature01014 . ISSN 0028 - 0836 . PMID 12167873 . Jump up ^ `` Broiler Chickens Fact Sheet / / Animals Australia '' . Animalsaustralia.org . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UK Egg Industry Data Official Egg Info '' . www.egginfo.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Guinness World Records 2011 ed. by Craig Glenday -- page 286 ^ Jump up to : Browne , Anthony ( March 10 , 2002 ) . `` Ten weeks to live '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved April 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Patwardhan , D. ; King , A. ( 2011 ) . `` Review : feed withdrawal and non feed withdrawal moult '' . World 's Poultry Science Journal . 67 : 253 -- 268 . doi : 10.1017 / s0043933911000286 . Jump up ^ Webster , A.B. ( 2003 ) . `` Physiology and behavior of the hen during induced moult '' . Poultry Science . 82 : 992 -- 1002 . doi : 10.1093 / ps / 82.6. 992 . PMID 12817455 . Jump up ^ Molino , A.B. ; Garcia , E.A. ; Berto , D.A. ; Pelícia , K. ; Silva , A.P. ; Vercese , F. ( 2009 ) . `` The Effects of Alternative Forced - Molting Methods on The Performance and Egg Quality of Commercial Layers '' . Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science . 11 : 109 -- 113 . doi : 10.1590 / s1516 - 635x2009000200006 . Jump up ^ Yousaf , M. ; Chaudhry , A.S. ( 2008 ) . `` History , changing scenarios and future strategies to induce moulting in laying hens '' . World 's Poultry Science Journal . 64 : 65 -- 75 . doi : 10.1017 / s0043933907001729 . Jump up ^ United Poultry Concerns . `` Providing a Good Home for Chickens '' . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Clucks and Chooks : A guide to keeping chickens '' . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Joe G. Berry . `` Artificial Incubation '' ( PDF ) . Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service , Oklahoma State University . Retrieved September 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Phillip J. Clauer . `` Incubating Eggs '' ( PDF ) . Virginia Cooperative Extension Service , Virginia State University . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 13 , 2010 . Retrieved October 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ White , T.M. ; Gilden , D.H. ; Mahalingam , R. ( 2001 ) . `` An animal model of varicella virus infection '' . Brain pathology ( Zurich , Switzerland ) . 11 ( 4 ) : 475 -- 479 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1750 - 3639.2001. tb00416. x . PMID 11556693 . Jump up ^ `` Overview of Omphalitis in Poultry '' . Merck Veterinary Manual . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Clucks and Chooks : guide to keeping chickens '' . ^ Jump up to : Adler , Jerry ; Lawler , Andrew ( June 2012 ) . `` How the Chicken Conquered the World '' . Smithsonian . Jump up ^ Peters , John P. ( 1913 ) . `` The Cock '' . Journal of the American Oriental Society . 33 : 381 . JSTOR 592841 . Jump up ^ Luke 22 : 34 Jump up ^ Luke 22 : 61 Jump up ^ Matthew 23 : 37 ; also Luke 13 : 34 . For a recent study of chickens in the New Testament , see Joshua N. Tilton `` Chickens and the Cultural Context of the Gospels '' www.jerusalemperspective.com . Jump up ^ The Antiquary : a magazine devoted to the study of the past , Volume 17 edited by Edward Walford , John Charles Cox , George Latimer Apperson -- page 202 Jump up ^ The Philadelphia Museum bulletin , Volumes 1 - 5 , Pennsylvania Museum of Art , Pennsylvania Museum and School of Industrial Art , p 14 , 1906 Jump up ^ Eruvin 100b . Jump up ^ A Treasury of Jewish Quotations By Joseph L. Baron -- 1985 Jump up ^ Jonathan ben Nappaha . Talmud : Erubin 100b Jump up ^ PROVERBS 10 - 31 , Volume 18 , Michael V. Fox , Yale University Press 2009 , 704 pages Jump up ^ ( 2 ) The Cambridge History of the Pacific Islanders By Donald Denoon , Malama Meleisea -- Cambridge University Press , March 25 , 2004 -- page 56 Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Anthropological Genetics : Theory , Methods and Applications edited by Michael H. Crawford -- Cambridge University Press , November 30 , 2006 -- page 411 Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Regional Greek Cooking By Dean Karayanis , Catherine Karayanis -- Hippocrene Books , March 1 , 2008 -- page 176 Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Cooking With the Bible : Biblical Food , Feasts , And Lore By Anthony F. Chiffolo , Rayner W. Hesse -- Greenwood Publishing Group , August 30 , 2006 -- page 207 Jump up ^ Columella , Lucius Junius Moderatus ( 1941 ) . On agriculture , with a recension of the text and an English translation by Harrison Boyd Ash . Robarts - University of Toronto . Cambridge Harvard University Press . p. 355 . Jump up ^ Marely A. Jull ; Poultry Husbandry , chapter I , pages2 - 3 ; New York , 1938 Jump up ^ ( 6 ) A classical and archaeological dictionary of the manners , customs , laws , institutions , arts , etc. of the celebrated nations of antiquity , and of the middle ages : To which is prefixed A synoptical and chronological view of ancient history -- P. Austin Nuttall -- Printed for Whittaker and co. , 1840 -- page 601 Jump up ^ ( 7 ) Chambers 's information for the people , ed. by W. and R. Chambers -- Chambers W. and R. , ltd -- page 458 Jump up ^ ( 8 ) A Cabinet of Roman Curiosities : Strange Tales and Surprising Facts from the World 's Greatest Empire by J.C. McKeown -- Oxford University Press , Jul 22 , 2010 -- page 131 Jump up ^ Paul Sheridan ( November 8 , 2015 ) . `` The Sacred Chickens of Rome '' . anecdotesfromantiquity.net . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 9 ) A History of Food By Maguelonne Toussaint - Samat -- John Wiley & Sons , March 25 , 2009 -- page 305 Jump up ^ ( A History of Food By Maguelonne Toussaint - Samat -- John Wiley & Sons , March 25 , 2009 -- page 305 ) Jump up ^ Maguelonne Toussaint - Samat , ( Anthea Bell , translator ) The History of Food , Ch. 11 `` The History of Poultry '' , revised ed. 2009 , p. 305 . Jump up ^ ( 10 ) The New England farmer , Volume 6 By Thomas Greene Fessenden -- Thomas W. Shepard , 1828 -- page 69 Jump up ^ ES Forster , EH Heffner ( 1954 ) . On agriculture , volume II : books 5 -- 9 . The Loeb Classical Library : Harvard University Press . p. 355 . ISBN 978 - 0674994485 . Jump up ^ ( 11 ) The Wisdom of Birds : An Illustrated History of Ornithology By Tim Birkhead -- Bloomsbury Publishing , March 7 , 2011 -- page 278 Jump up ^ ( 12 ) The Enigmas of Easter Island By Paul Bahn , John Flenley -- Oxford University Press , May 29 , 2003 -- page 96 Jump up ^ `` Chicken Breeds '' . My Pet Chicken . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 22 . Further reading Green - Armytage , Stephen ( October 2000 ) . Extraordinary Chickens . Harry N. Abrams . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 3343 - 8 . Smith , Page ; Charles Daniel ( April 2000 ) . The Chicken Book . University of Georgia Press . ISBN 0 - 8203 - 2213 - X . Siddharth , Biswas ( 2014 ) . `` Gallus gallus domesticus Linnaeus , 1758 : Keep safe your domestic fowl from your domestic foul '' . Ambient Science . 1 ( 1 ) : 41 -- 43 . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Andrew Lawler ( 2014 ) . Why Did the Chicken Cross the World ? : The Epic Saga of the Bird that Powers Civilization . Atria Books . ISBN 978 - 1476729893 . External links Chickens at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Chicken at Encyclopædia Britannica Video : Chick hatching from egg Chicken Rooster Hen Chick As poultry Chicken as food List of chicken dishes Breeds Capon Poularde Poussin Pullet Broiler Husbandry Battery cage Free range Furnished cages Yarding Chicken tractor Poultry farming Broiler industry Beak trimming Hatchery Chick sexing Chick culling Candling Abnormal behaviour of birds in captivity European Union Council Directive 1999 / 74 / EC Religion , mythology and culture Cockatrice Cockfighting Kapparos Sarimanok Diseases Aspergillosis Avian influenza Avian sarcoma leukosis virus Histomoniasis ( blackhead disease ) Botulism Campylobacteriosis Candidiasis Coccidiosis Colds Dermanyssus gallinae Egg binding Erysipelas Fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome Fowlpox Gallid herpesvirus 1 Gapeworm Infectious bursal disease Infectious coryza in chickens Marek 's disease Mycoplasmas Newcastle disease Omphalitis Psittacosis Pullorum Scaly leg Squamous cell carcinoma Tibial dyschondroplasia Toxoplasmosis Poultry Species Chicken Duck Goose Guineafowl Grey partridge Pheasant Domestic pigeon Common quail Japanese quail Turkey Breeds Chicken breeds Duck breeds Turkey breeds Goose breeds Pigeon breeds Poultry farming Chicken coop Chicken harvester Free range Free - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the name of a young chicken | [
"In the UK and Ireland, adult male chickens over the age of one year are primarily known as cocks, whereas in the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, they are more commonly called roosters. Males less than a year old are cockerels.[9] Castrated roosters are called capons (surgical and chemical castration are now illegal in some parts of the world). Females over a year old are known as hens, and younger females as pullets,[10] although in the egg-laying industry, a pullet becomes a hen when she begins to lay eggs, at 16 to 20 weeks of age. In Australia and New Zealand (also sometimes in Britain), there is a generic term chook /tʃʊk/ to describe all ages and both sexes.[11] The young are often called chicks."
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"chicks"
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-2521623651624146231 | Stinking badges | Stinking badges - wikipedia Stinking badges Jump to : navigation , search A Mexican bandit leader named `` Gold Hat '' ( portrayed by Alfonso Bedoya ) tries to convince Fred C. Dobbs ( Humphrey Bogart ) that he and his company are Federales in The Treasure of the Sierra Madre `` Badges ? We do n't need no stinkin ' badges ! '' is a widely quoted paraphrase of a line of dialogue from the 1948 film The Treasure of the Sierra Madre . That line was in turn derived from dialogue in the 1927 novel , The Treasure of the Sierra Madre , which was the basis for the film . In 2005 , the full quote from the film was chosen as # 36 on the American Film Institute list , AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes . The shorter , better - known version of the quote was first heard in the 1967 episode of the TV series The Monkees , `` It 's a Nice Place to Visit '' . It was also included in the 1974 Mel Brooks film Blazing Saddles , and has since been included in many other films and television shows . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 In popular culture 2.1 Comics 2.2 Film 2.3 Games 2.4 Literature 2.5 Music 2.6 Television 3 References 4 External links History ( edit ) The original version of the line appeared in B. Traven 's novel The Treasure of the Sierra Madre ( 1927 ) : `` All right , '' Curtin shouted back . `` If you are the police , where are your badges ? Let 's see them . '' `` Badges , to god - damned hell with badges ! We have no badges . In fact , we do n't need badges . I do n't have to show you any stinking badges , you god - damned cabrón and chinga tu madre ! '' The line was popularized by John Huston 's 1948 film adaptation of the novel , which was altered from its content in the novel to meet the Motion Picture Production Code regulations severely limiting profanity in film . In one scene , a Mexican bandit leader named `` Gold Hat '' ( portrayed by Alfonso Bedoya ) tries to convince Fred C. Dobbs ( Humphrey Bogart ) that he and his company are Federales : Dobbs : `` If you 're the police , where are your badges ? '' Gold Hat : `` Badges ? We ai n't got no badges . We do n't need no badges . I do n't have to show you any stinkin ' badges ! In popular culture ( edit ) The phrase has often been quoted , paraphrased , and parodied in a variety of media . Comics ( edit ) In one issue of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Archie comics , the Malignoid drones Scul and Bean meet with the nihilistic industrian Null to discuss the contract between him and the Malignoid queen Maligna . When Null insists on consolidating the contract by consulting his lawyers , either Scul or Bean yells out : `` Lawyers ? ! We do n't need no stinkin ' laywers ! ! '' Film ( edit ) In Mel Brooks 's Western Blazing Saddles ( 1974 ) , the line was delivered as `` Badges ? We do n't need no stinking badges . '' In Charles Swenson 's animated film Down and Dirty Duck ( 1974 ) , a stereotypical Mexican mouse character , wearing a sombrero and a bandolier ( probably in a parody of Speedy Gonzales ) , speaks the line as `` I do n't want your stinkin ' badges ! '' In the film The Ninth Configuration ( 1980 ) , when the asylum patients are quoting lines from movies , one quotes `` Badges ? We do n't need no stinking badges . '' In the movie Gotcha ! ( 1985 ) , the character Manolo says `` Do n't show me your badges ; we do n't know nothing about no stinking badges . '' The movie Troop Beverly Hills ( 1989 ) contains the line `` We do n't need no stinkin ' patches . '' In the `` Weird Al '' Yankovic film UHF ( 1989 ) , when animal lover Raul ( Trinidad Silva ) is asked to take a consignment of badgers , he says `` Badgers ? We do n't need no stinking badgers ! '' In the film No Code of Conduct ( 1998 ) Paul Gleason 's character says in a bad Mexican accent `` Badges ? We do n't need no stinkin ' badges ! '' , then goes on to sheepishly mention that he was quoting from the 1974 film Blazing Saddles . In the film Bubble Boy ( 2001 ) , when Jimmy offers Danny Trejo 's character Slim patches for his motorcycle 's flat tire he responds , `` Patches ? I could use some stinking patches . '' In the film Zombie Strippers ( 2008 ) , when Paco ( Joey Medina ) is told to obtain some wild animals to dispose of the bodies , he says , `` Badgers ? Badgers ? We do n't need no stinking badgers . '' Games ( edit ) The trading card game Magic : the Gathering ( 1993 ) makes reference to a card that was to be included in the joke Unhinged set called , `` We do n't need no stinkin ' Merfolk ! '' The game FTL : Faster Than Light ( 2012 ) includes an achievement called , `` I do n't need no stinkin ' upgrades ! '' In the adventure game Escape from Monkey Island ( 2000 ) , the main protagonist Guybrush Threepwood is given a dialogue option , when asked for ID by the bartender , `` ID ? I do n't need no stinkin ' ID ! '' In the first - person shooter Duke Nukem Forever ( 2011 ) , the main protagonist says `` Keycard ? I do n't need no fucking keycards ! '' when he faces a door which requires a keycard to be opened . Literature ( edit ) In the Stephen King novel It ( 1986 ) , character Richie Tozier repeatedly says , in a poor imitation of a Mexican accent , `` Batches ? We do n't need no steeking batches . '' The Luis Valdez play I Do n't Have to Show You No Stinkin ' Badges ( 1987 ) draws its title from this quote , and makes a specific reference to Sierra Madre . In Eldest ( 2005 ) , the second novel in Christopher Paolini 's The Inheritance Cycle series , a cobbler named Loring eschews the use of barges as a means of human transportation , saying , `` Barges ? We do n't want no stinking barges . '' In William S. Burroughs ' report on the 1968 Democratic Convention for Esquire magazine , Burroughs has a cop demand to see the permit of the candidate 's entourage . The response is : `` Permits ? We do n't have any permits . We do n't have to show you any stinking permits . You are talking suh to the future President of America . '' Music ( edit ) The song `` Badges '' ( 1984 ) by The Minutemen quoted the line as : `` We have no badges ... we do n't need no badges ... we do n't need no stinking badges '' . The song `` Medicine Show '' ( 1985 ) by Big Audio Dynamite sampled the quote by Alfonso Bedoya from the film The Treasure of the Sierra Madre . The song prominently featured quotes sampled from other westerns as well , including several by or making reference to the Eli Wallach character Tuco from the film The Good , the Bad and the Ugly . This association -- as well as the similarity of voice and accent employed by both actors in their respective bandito roles -- reinforces the common misconception that Wallach delivered the famous line . Julian Cope 's semi-eponymous song `` Julian H Cope '' from his album Jehovahkill ( 1992 ) featured the line : `` Badges ? Badges ? We do n't need no stinkin ' badges ! So sissified , civilised , I want to be a savage ''. ( citation needed ) The 2 Skinnee J 's song `` The Good , the Bad , and The Skinnee '' ( 1998 ) from the album SuperMercado ! features the line `` Badges , we do n't need no stinking badges '' sung as a refrain five times in a row . At the beginning of the song `` Big Fat Money '' off the album Balance by Van Halen , someone ( probably Bruce Fairbairn ) asked , `` Al , you want a click on this one ? '' to which Alex Van Halen replied , `` I do n't need no stinkin ' click ! '' The New York - based jamband moe . often uses the line humorously during a pause in their song `` Mexico '' when playing it live . The Roger Clyne and the Peacemakers song `` Barons to Break , '' from the album Native Heart ( 2017 ) , includes the line in the chorus . Television ( edit ) In the episode `` It 's a Nice Place to Visit '' ( 33 , 1967 ) of The Monkees , Micky Dolenz misquoted the line as `` Badges ? We do n't need no stinking badges '' . In the episode `` Filthy Pictures '' ( 1980 ) of WKRP In Cincinnati , Johnny Fever is telling a story `` I said show me some badges , and the guys says , Badges ! uh , we do n't need no stinking badges '' In a 1983 episode of Wizards and Warriors , the character Marko ( played by Walter Olkewicz ) delivers a spoof of the line as `` Badgers ? We do n't need no stinkin ' badgers '' . In the episode `` Sledge in Toyland '' ( December 3 , 1987 ) of Sledge Hammer ! , Sledge and his partner arrive at the office of the murdered toy tycoon and the security guard sticks a visitor 's badge on his chest . Sledge throws it on the counter saying : `` Heeeey , I do n't need no sticking badges . '' ( 7 ) In a 2008 episode ( which ? ) of Ben 10 : Alien Force , when Kevin is lamenting the loss of his plumber 's badge , Ben says , `` Badges ? We do n't need no stinking badges . '' In a 2014 episode ( which ? ) of Transformers : Rescue Bots , Kade Burns says , `` Badgers ? We do n't need no stinking badgers . '' In the episode `` Ghost in the Machine '' ( season 3 ) of The Transformers , when asked to show passes Starscream replies , `` passes I do n't need to show you stinking passes . '' In an episode ( which ? ) of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles , Raphael says , `` Badges ? We do n't need no stinkin ' badges ! ( citation needed ) And in an episode ( which ? ) In an episode ( 1987 ) ( which ? ) of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles , Michelangelo says , `` Chill bro -- we do n't need no stinking surface world . '' In the Salute Your Shorts episode `` The Treasure of Sarah Madre '' ( 1991 ) , the gang is digging for buried treasure , and Z.Z. finds a junior park ranger 's badge , about which Michael states , `` Badges ? We do n't need no stinking badges ! '' In the Friends Season 8 episode `` The One with the Baby Shower '' ( 2002 ) , the quote is mentioned as one of Joey 's training questions for the show Bamboozled . In the `` A Beautiful Mine '' ( 2003 ) episode of The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron : Boy Genius , Sheen says , `` Uh , Libby , I do n't think they need no stinkin badges . '' In the `` Stuck with Dick '' episode ( 1998 ) of 3rd Rock from the Sun , Harry says `` Bagels ? Bagels ? We do n't need no stinkin ' bagels ! '' . In the `` Ghost in the Machine , '' episode 82 , season 3 ( 1986 ) of Transformers , the Ghost of Starscream accosts two Decepticon guards by saying , `` Passes ? Passes ? I do n't have to show you no stinking passes ! '' In the TV Movie `` Good Luck Charlie , It 's Christmas ! '' , When asked to see some Identification Badges , The leader of a group of Live Action Video Game players responded with , `` Badges ? We do n't need no stinkin ' badges ! '' In the episode `` Musta Been a Beautiful Baby '' ( Episode 28 , October 13 , 1993 ) of Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog , Scratch and Grounder masquerade as police officers from the `` Department of Lost Kids '' , and when asked for their badges reply `` Badges ? We do n't need no stinking - '' before being cut off and thrown out . In the episode `` Gumby with a Pokey '' ( Season 7 , Episode 21 , May 17 2010 ) of Two and a Half Men , Berta and Charlie are quoting movies while high , and Berta says the line `` Badges ? We do n't need no stinkin ' badges ! '' using a popsicle as a mustache . ( About 13 minutes into the episode ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hal Erickson ( 2010 ) . `` Alfonso Bedoya Movies '' . Blockbuster . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes '' . USA Today . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Treasure of the Sierra Madre , The ( 1948 ) '' . classicfilmguide.com. 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ Hal Erickson ( 2010 ) . `` The Treasure of the Sierra Madre ( 1948 ) '' . Blockbuster . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 05 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The Treasure of the Sierra Madre '' . Warner Bros. 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The Man Who Sold the World '' . Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures # 19 ( April 1991 ) Jump up ^ http://articles.latimes.com/1986-02-20/local/me-9883_1_badges-stinking-latino Jump up ^ Paolini , Christopher ( 2005 ) . Eldest . Knopf Books for Young Readers . p. 413 . ISBN 037582670X . Jump up ^ Penguin Portable Sixties Reader , ed . Ann Charters ( 2003 ) External links ( edit ) `` Bubble Boy ( 2001 ) Quotes '' . IMDb . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . http://www.rudebadmood.com/badges/allindex.shtml Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stinking_badges&oldid=843452484 '' Categories : English phrases Quotations from film and television Badges Misconceptions Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 07 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did the phrase we don't need no stinking badges come from | [
"\"Badges? We don't need no stinkin' badges!\" is a widely quoted paraphrase of a line of dialogue from the 1948 film The Treasure of the Sierra Madre.[1] That line was in turn derived from dialogue in the 1927 novel, The Treasure of the Sierra Madre, which was the basis for the film."
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"1927 novel, The Treasure of the Sierra Madre"
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-3899682548553779105 | The King's Speech | The King 's Speech - wikipedia The King 's Speech Jump to : navigation , search For the stage play based on the film , see The King 's Speech ( play ) . This article has an unclear citation style . The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting . Use Reference Templates . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The King 's Speech British release poster Directed by Tom Hooper Produced by Iain Canning Emile Sherman Gareth Unwin Written by David Seidler Starring Colin Firth Geoffrey Rush Helena Bonham Carter Guy Pearce Timothy Spall Derek Jacobi Jennifer Ehle Michael Gambon Music by Alexandre Desplat Cinematography Danny Cohen Edited by Tariq Anwar Production company UK Film Council See - Saw Films Bedlam Productions Distributed by The Weinstein Company ( USA ) Momentum Pictures ( UK ) Release date 6 September 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 06 ) ( Telluride Film Festival ) 7 January 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 07 ) ( United Kingdom ) Running time 119 minutes Country United Kingdom Language English Budget $15 million Box office $414.2 million The King 's Speech is a 2010 British historical drama film directed by Tom Hooper and written by David Seidler . Colin Firth plays the future King George VI who , to cope with a stammer , sees Lionel Logue , an Australian speech and language therapist played by Geoffrey Rush . The men become friends as they work together , and after his brother abdicates the throne , the new king relies on Logue to help him make his first wartime radio broadcast on Britain 's declaration of war on Germany in 1939 . Seidler read about George VI 's life after overcoming a stuttering condition he endured during his own youth . He started writing about the relationship between the therapist and his royal patient as early as the 1980s , but at the request of the King 's widow , Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother , postponed work until her death in 2002 . He later rewrote his screenplay for the stage to focus on the essential relationship between the two protagonists . Nine weeks before filming began , Logue 's notebooks were discovered and quotations from them were incorporated into the script . Principal photography took place in London and around Britain from November 2009 to January 2010 . The opening scenes were filmed at Elland Road , Leeds , and Odsal Stadium , Bradford , both locations standing in for the old Wembley Stadium . For indoor scenes , Lancaster House substituted for Buckingham Palace , and Ely Cathedral stood in for Westminster Abbey , while the weaving mill scene was filmed at the Queen Street Mill in Burnley . The cinematography differs from that of other historical dramas : hard light was used to give the story a greater resonance and wider than normal lenses were employed to recreate the Duke of York 's feelings of constriction . A third technique Hooper employed was the off - centre framing of characters : in his first consultation with Logue , the Duke is captured hunched on the side of a couch at the edge of the frame . Released in the United Kingdom on 7 January 2011 , The King 's Speech was a major box office and critical success . Censors initially gave it adult ratings due to profanity , though these were later revised downwards after criticism by the makers and distributors in the UK and some instances of swearing were muted in the US . On a budget of £ 8 million , it earned over £ 250 million internationally ( $400 million ) . It was widely praised by film critics for its visual style , art direction , and acting . Other commentators discussed the film 's representation of historical detail , especially the reversal of Winston Churchill 's opposition to abdication . The film received many awards and nominations , particularly for Colin Firth 's performance ; his Golden Globe Award for Best Actor was the sole win at that ceremony from seven nominations . The King 's Speech won seven British Academy Film Awards , including Best Film , Best Actor ( Firth ) , Best Supporting Actor ( Rush ) , and Best Supporting Actress ( Helena Bonham Carter ) . The film also won four Academy Awards : Best Picture , Best Director ( Hooper ) , Best Actor ( Firth ) , and Best Original Screenplay ( Seidler ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Location and design 3.3 Dialogue 4 Soundtrack 4.1 Track listing 5 Visual style 6 Historical accuracy 6.1 Relationship with Lionel Logue 6.2 Politics 6.3 Realism 7 Release 7.1 Cinema release 7.2 Ratings controversy 8 Reception 8.1 Box office 8.2 Critical response 8.3 Awards and nominations 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Plot ( edit ) At the closing of the British Empire Exhibition at Wembley Stadium , the Prince Albert , Duke of York , the second son of King George V , addresses them with a strong stammer . His search for treatment has been discouraging , but his wife Elizabeth persuades him to see the Australian - born Lionel Logue , a non-medically trained Harley Street speech defects therapist . `` Bertie , '' as he is called by his family , believes the first session is not going well although Lionel ( he insists that all his patients address him as such ) manages to have the potential client recite , on an acetate recording , Hamlet 's `` To be , or not to be '' soliloquy sublimely all the while hearing piped - in classical music on a pair of head phones . Bertie is disappointed and Lionel gives him the recording as a souvenir . George V delivering the Royal Christmas Message in 1934 Bertie 's father , King George V makes his 1934 Christmas wireless address , and he explains to Bertie that the machine will play a significant part in the role of the Royal Family invading the homes of the people and that Bertie 's brother 's neglect of his responsibilities make training on it necessary . The attempt is a failure . Bertie in frustration plays the recording Lionel gave him . Bertie returns for daily treatments of exercises and practices to overcome the physical and psychological roots of his speaking difficulty . George V dies in 1936 , and his eldest son David ascends the throne as King Edward VIII . A constitutional crisis arises with the new king over a prospective marriage with the twice - divorced American socialite Wallis Simpson . Edward , as head of the Church of England , can not marry her , even if she receives her second divorce , since both her previous husbands are alive . Colin Firth and Helena Bonham Carter as the Duke and Duchess of York At an unscheduled session , Albert ( Bertie ) expresses his frustration that while his speech has improved when talking to most people , he still stammers when talking to David and reveals the extent of Edward VIII 's folly with Simpson . When Lionel insists that Bertie could be a good king , Bertie accuses Lionel of speaking treason and quits Lionel . Bertie must face the Accession Council without any assistance from Lionel . Bertie and Lionel come together after King Edward decides to abdicate in order to marry Simpson , and Bertie becomes King George VI . The new Royal pair visit the home of Lionel before the Coronation , much to the surprise of Mrs. Logue when she comes upon Queen Elizabeth having tea at her dining room table , and learning that the King is her husband 's patient . Bertie and Lionel 's relationship comes to be known to the King 's advisors when there are preparations for his coronation in Westminster Abbey . It comes to light that George never asked for advice from his advisors about his speech defect treatment and that Lionel never had formal training to be a medical doctor . Lionel explains that at the time he started with speech defects there was no formal training and that the only known help that was available for returning Great War shell - shocked Australian soldiers was from personal experience . Bertie remains unconvinced about his suitability as king until provoked into expressing his voice , angered by Lionel 's disrespect for King Edward 's Chair and the Stone of Scone . Only after this pivotal moment is Bertie able to rehearse with Lionel , and then complete the coronation ceremony . Now King George VI , Bertie is in a crisis when he must declare over the wireless in 1939 Britain 's declaration of war with Nazi Germany . Lionel is summoned to Buckingham Palace to prepare the new king for his wireless address to Britain and the Empire . Knowing the challenge that lies before him , the Archbishop of Canterbury , Winston Churchill , and Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain are present to offer support . The King and Logue are then left in the broadcasting room . He delivers his speech with Logue conducting him , but by the end he is speaking freely . Preparing to leave the room for the congratulations of those present in the palace , Logue mentions to the King that he still had difficulty enunciating ' w ' and the King jokes back , `` I had to throw in a few so they 'd know it was me '' . The Royal Family step onto the balcony of the palace and are applauded by the crowd , a title card explains that Logue was always present at King George VI 's speeches during the war and that they remained friends for the rest of their lives . Cast ( edit ) Third choice to play the lead , Colin Firth 's performance earned him a BAFTA and an Academy Award , among other accolades Colin Firth as George VI Helena Bonham Carter as Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother Derek Jacobi as Cosmo Gordon Lang Geoffrey Rush as Lionel Logue Freya Wilson as Elizabeth II Ramona Marquez as Princess Margaret , Countess of Snowdon Michael Gambon as George V Guy Pearce as Edward VIII Patrick Ryecart as Clive Wigram , 1st Baron Wigram Simon Chandler as Bertrand Dawson , 1st Viscount Dawson of Penn Claire Bloom as Mary of Teck Orlando Wells as Prince George , Duke of Kent Tim Downie as Prince Henry , Duke of Gloucester Eve Best as Wallis Simpson Timothy Spall as Winston Churchill Anthony Andrews as Stanley Baldwin Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Not a great deal was written about His Majesty 's speech therapist , Lionel Logue , certainly not in the official biographies . Nor was much published about the Royal stutter ; it appeared to be a source of profound embarrassment . -- David Seidler As a child , David Seidler developed a stammer , which he believes was caused by the emotional trauma of World War II and the murder of his grandparents during the Holocaust . King George VI 's success in overcoming his stammer inspired the young Seidler , `` Here was a stutterer who was a king and had to give radio speeches where everyone was listening to every syllable he uttered , and yet did so with passion and intensity . '' When Seidler became an adult , he resolved to write about King George VI . During the late 1970s and 1980s he voraciously researched the King , but found a dearth of information on Logue . Eventually Seidler contacted Valentine Logue , who agreed to discuss his father and make his notebooks available if the Queen Mother gave her permission . She asked him not to do so in her lifetime , and Seidler halted the project . The film 's producers broke etiquette by hand - delivering Geoffrey Rush the script ; he eventually produced the film as well as performing in it . The Queen Mother died in 2002 . Three years later , Seidler returned to the story during a bout of creative work inspired by a recovery from cancer . His research , including a chance encounter with an uncle whom Logue had treated , indicated he used mechanical breathing exercises combined with psychological counselling to probe the underlying causes of the condition . Thus prepared , Seidler imagined the sessions . He showed the finished screenplay to his wife , who liked it , but pronounced it too `` seduced by cinematic technique '' . She suggested he rewrite it as a stage play to focus on the essential relationship between the King and Logue . After he had completed it , he sent it to a few friends who worked in theatre in London and New York for feedback . In 2005 , Joan Lane of Wilde Thyme , a production company in London , received the script . Lane started talking with Simon Egan and Gareth Unwin of Bedlam Productions , and they invited Seidler to London to rewrite the play again , this time for the screen . Together , Lane and Bedlam Productions organised a reading of the play in Pleasance Theatre , a small house in north London , to a group of Australian expatriates , among whom was Tom Hooper 's mother . She called her son and said , `` I 've found your next project '' . Instead of trying to contact his agent , Lane asked an Australian staff member to hand - deliver the script to Geoffrey Rush 's house , not far away from hers in Melbourne . Unwin reports that he received a four - page e-mail from Rush 's manager admonishing them for the breach of etiquette , but ending with an invitation to discuss the project further . Iain Canning from See - Saw Films became involved and , in Gareth Unwin 's words : `` We worked with ex-chair of BAFTA Richard Price , and started turning this story about two grumpy men sitting in a room into something bigger . '' Hooper liked the story , but thought that the original ending needed to be changed to reflect events more closely : `` Originally , it had a Hollywood ending ... If you hear the real speech , he 's clearly coping with his stammer . But it 's not a perfect performance . He 's managing it . '' The production team learned -- some nine weeks prior to the start of filming -- of a diary containing Logue 's original notes on his treatment of the Duke . They then went back and re-worked the script to reflect what was in the notes . Hooper said some of the film 's most memorable lines , such as at the climax , when Logue smiles , `` You still stammered on the W '' to the King , who replies , `` I had to throw in a few so they would know it was me '' were direct quotations from Logue 's notes . Changes from the script to reflect the historical record included Michael Gambon improvising the ramblings of George V as he signed away authority , and the decision in the opening scene to dress the Duke in an overcoat rather than regal finery . Seidler thought Paul Bettany would be a good choice to play King George VI , Tom Hooper preferred Hugh Grant , though both actors refused the offer . Once they met with Firth and heard him read for the part , Seidler and Hooper were convinced of his suitability for the role . The UK Film Council awarded the production £ 1 million in June 2009 . Filming began in December 2009 , and lasted 39 days . Most was shot in the three weeks before Christmas because Rush would be performing in a play in January . The schedule was further complicated by Bonham Carter 's availability : she worked on Harry Potter during the week , so her scenes had to be filmed during the weekend . Location and design ( edit ) The Pullens buildings with a 1930s advertisement . Period dramas rely to an extent on the quality of production , so combining regal opulence with scruffy , depression - era London on the relatively limited £ 8 million budget presented a challenge . On 25 November 2009 the crew took over the Pullens buildings in Southwark . To emphasise Logue 's humble background , the entire street was transformed into one from 1930s London . Large advertisements for ( among other things ) Bovril and fascism were added to walls , grit and grime to streets and buildings . To reproduce London smog of the time -- thick enough that cars might need guidance from someone walking ahead -- so much artificial smoke was used that fire alarms were triggered . On 26 November , a week 's filming with Firth , Rush , and Jacobi began at Ely Cathedral , the location used for Westminster Abbey . The production had asked for permission to film in the Abbey but were denied due to the demands of tourism . Though Lincoln Cathedral is architecturally a closer match to the Abbey , they preferred Ely , a favoured filming location . Its size allowed them to build sets showing not just the coronation , but the preparations before it . Lancaster House , an opulent government - owned period house in London , was rented ( at £ 20,000 per day ) for interior scenes of Buckingham Palace . The 1936 Accession Council at St. James 's Palace , where George VI swore an oath , was filmed in the Livery Hall of Drapers ' Hall . The room , ornate and vast , met the occasion : the daunting nature of the new King 's responsibilities was shown by surrounding him with rich detail , flags and royal portraiture . The crew investigated Logue 's former consultation rooms , but they were too small to film in . Instead , they found a high , vaulted room not far away in 33 Portland Place . Eve Stewart , the production designer , liked the mottled , peeling wallpaper there so much that she recreated the effect throughout the entire room . In his DVD commentary , Hooper said he liked Portland Place as a set because it felt `` lived - in '' , unlike other period houses in London . The scenes of the Duke of York at home with his family were also filmed here ; showing the Prince living in a townhouse `` subverted '' expectations of a royal drama . The opening scene , set at the closing ceremony of the 1925 British Empire Exhibition at Wembley Stadium , was filmed on location at Elland Road , home of Leeds United , and Odsal Stadium , home of Bradford RLFC . Elland Road was used for the speech elements of the prince stammering his way through his first public address , and Odsal Stadium was selected because of the resemblance of its curved ends to Wembley Stadium in 1925 . The crew had access to the stadium only at 10 pm , after a football game . They filled the terraces with inflatable dummies and over 250 extras dressed in period costumes . Live actors were interspersed to give the impression of a crowd . Additional people , as well as more ranks of soldiers on the pitch , were added in post-production with visual effects . Other locations include Cumberland Lodge , Harley Street , Knebworth , Hatfield House , the Old Royal Naval College in Greenwich , Queen Street Mill Textile Museum in Burnley , and Battersea Power Station , which doubled as a BBC wireless control room . The final cut of the film was completed on 31 August 2010 . Dialogue ( edit ) In developing his portrayal of George VI 's stammer , Firth worked with Neil Swain , the voice coach for the film . His sister , Kate Firth , also a professional voice coach to actors , proposed exercises the King might have done with Logue , and made suggestions on how to imagine Logue 's mix of physical and psychological coaching for the film . In addition , Firth watched archive footage of the King speaking . In an interview with Allan Tyrer published by the British Stammering Association , Swain said : `` ( It ) was very interesting while we were working on the film just to think tonally how far we could go and should go with the strength of George 's stammer . I think a less courageous director than Tom ( Hooper ) -- and indeed a less courageous actor than Colin ( Firth ) -- might have felt the need to slightly sanitise the degree and authenticity of that stammer , and I 'm really really pleased that neither of them did . '' In May 2011 Firth said he was finding traces of the stammer difficult to eliminate : `` You can probably hear even from this interview , there are moments when it 's quite infectious , '' he said . `` You find yourself doing it and if I start thinking about it the worse it gets . If nothing else it 's an insight into what it feels like . '' Soundtrack ( edit ) The King 's Speech ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Film score by Alexandre Desplat Released 22 November 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 22 ) Genre Film score Classical Length 41 : 00 Label Decca The film 's original score was composed by Alexandre Desplat . In a film about a man struggling to articulate himself , Desplat was wary of overshadowing the dramaturgy : `` This is a film about the sound of the voice . Music has to deal with that . Music has to deal with silence . Music has to deal with time . '' The score is a sparse arrangement of strings and piano ( with the addition of oboe and harp in one cut ) , intended to convey the sadness of the King 's muteness , and then the growing warmth of friendship between him and Logue . The minimalist approach emphasises the protagonist 's struggle for control . Desplat used the repetition of a single note to represent the stickiness of the King 's speech . As the film progresses , growing banks of warm strings swaddle the deepening friendship between the two leads . The music rises to a climax in the coronation scene . Hooper originally wanted to film the scene without music , but Desplat argued that it was the real climax of the story -- the point when the friendship was ratified by their decision to trust each other . `` That is really rare '' , said Desplat , `` mostly you have love stories '' . To create a dated sound , the score was recorded on old microphones extracted from the EMI archives which had been specially made for the royal family . The music played during the broadcast of the 1939 radio speech at the climax of the film is from the 2nd movement ( Allegretto ) of Beethoven 's 7th Symphony ; it was added by Tariq Anwar , the editor . When Desplat later joined the team to write the music , he praised and defended Anwar 's suggestion . Hooper further remarked that the stature of the piece helps elevate the status of the speech to a public event . The score was nominated for several awards , including Best Original Score at the Oscars , Golden Globes , and BAFTAs , winning the latter award . The score also won a Grammy at the 54th Grammy Awards . Track listing ( edit ) All tracks written by Alexandre Desplat , except where noted . No . Title Length 1 . `` Lionel and Bertie '' 2 : 10 2 . `` The King 's Speech '' 3 : 54 3 . `` My Kingdom , My Rules '' 2 : 51 4 . `` The King Is Dead '' 2 : 06 5 . `` Memories of Childhood '' 3 : 36 6 . `` King George VI '' 3 : 05 7 . `` The Royal Household '' 1 : 43 8 . `` Queen Elizabeth '' 3 : 35 9 . `` Fear and Suspicion '' 3 : 24 10 . `` The Rehearsal '' 1 : 42 11 . `` The Threat of War '' 3 : 56 12 . `` Speaking Unto Nations ( Beethoven Symphony No. 7 - II ) '' ( Terry Davies conducting the London Symphony Orchestra ) 5 : 02 13 . `` Epilogue ( Beethoven Piano Concerto No. 5 `` Emperor '' - II ) '' ( Terry Davies conducting the London Symphony Orchestra ) 3 : 56 Visual style ( edit ) Tom Hooper operating a camera on location at Queen Street Mill Textile Museum , Lancashire Hooper employed a number of cinematic techniques to evoke the King 's feelings of constriction . He and cinematographer Danny Cohen used wider than normal lenses to photograph the film , typically 14mm , 18mm , 21mm , 25mm and 27mm , where the subtle distortion of the picture helps to convey the King 's discomfort . For instance , the subjective point of view shot during the Empire exhibition speech used a close up of the microphone with a wider lens , similar to the filming technique used for one of the Duke 's early consultations with a physician . In The New York Times , Manohla Dargis wrote that the feeling of entrapment inside the King 's head was rendered overly literal with what she believed to be a fisheye lens , though in these scenes the wider lenses were used . Hooper also discussed using the 18mm lens , one he likes `` because it puts human beings in their context '' . Roger Ebert noted that the majority of the film was shot indoors , where oblong sets , corridors , and small spaces manifest constriction and tightness , in contrast to the usual emphasis on sweep and majesty in historical dramas . Hooper used wide shots to capture the actors ' body language , particularly Geoffrey Rush , who trained at L'École Internationale de Théâtre Jacques Lecoq in Paris and `` is consequently brilliant in the way he carries his body '' . Hooper widened his scope first to capture Rush 's gestures , then full body movements and silhouettes . The approach carried over to Firth as well . In the first consultation scene , the Duke is squeezed against the end of a long couch framed against a large wall , `` as if to use the arm of the sofa as a kind of friend , as a security blanket ? '' Martin Filler praised the `` low - wattage '' cinematography of Danny Cohen , as making everything look like it has been `` steeped in strong tea '' . At other times , the camera was positioned very close to the actors to catch the emotion in their faces : `` If you put a lens 6 inches from somebody 's face , you get more emotion than if you 're on a long lens 20 feet away , '' Cohen said in an interview . Hooper sought a second subtlety while filming the first consultation room scene between the two men , having placed the camera 18 inches from Colin Firth 's face : `` I wanted the nervousness of the first day to percolate into his performances . '' Historical dramas traditionally tend to use `` soft light '' , but Hooper wanted to use a harsher glare , which gives a more contemporary feel , and thus a greater emotional resonance . To achieve the effect , the lighting team erected huge blackout tents over the Georgian buildings , and used large lights filtered through Egyptian cotton . Historical accuracy ( edit ) Relationship with Lionel Logue ( edit ) The filmmakers not only tightened the chronology of the events to just a few years but even shifted the timeline of treatment . The Duke of York actually began working with Logue in October 1926 , ten years before the abdication crisis , and the improvement in his speech was apparent in months rather than years as suggested by the film . When he was dispatched to Australia to open their new parliament in 1927 , the Duke gave numerous speeches during the journey and performed well despite Logue not accompanying him on the trip . He wrote to Logue from the Caribbean , `` You remember my fear of ' The King ' . I give it every evening at dinner on board . This does not worry me anymore . '' And of his speech opening Parliament it was observed that he spoke `` resonantly and without stuttering '' . Robert Logue , a grandson of Lionel , doubted the film 's depiction of the speech therapist , stating `` I do n't think he ever swore in front of the King and he certainly never called him ' Bertie ' '' . Andrew Roberts , an English historian , states that the severity of the King 's stammer was exaggerated and the characters of Edward VIII , Wallis Simpson , and George V made more antagonistic than they really were , to increase the dramatic effect . Politics ( edit ) Christopher Hitchens and Isaac Chotiner have criticised the film for failing to indict the appeasement of the era or to portray Edward VIII 's sympathetic attitude to Nazi Germany . The Guardian also corrected the portrayal of Stanley Baldwin as having resigned due to his refusal to order Britain 's re-armament , when he in fact stepped down as `` a national hero , exhausted by more than a decade at the top '' . Hugo Vickers , an adviser on the film , agreed that the alteration of historical details to preserve the essence of the dramatic story was sometimes necessary . The high - ranking officials , for instance , would not have been present when the King made his speech , nor would Churchill have been involved at any level , `` but the average viewer knows who Churchill is ; he does n't know who Lord Halifax and Sir Samuel Hoare ( later Lord Templewood ) are . '' Hitchens and Chotiner also challenged the film 's portrayal of Winston Churchill 's role in the abdication crisis . It is well established that Churchill encouraged Edward VIII to resist pressure to abdicate , whereas he is portrayed in the film as supportive of the Duke of York and not opposed to the abdication . Hitchens attributes this treatment to the `` cult '' surrounding Churchill 's legacy . In a smart , well - made film `` would the true story not have been fractionally more interesting for the audience ? '' , he wondered . Realism ( edit ) Martin Filler acknowledged that the film legitimately used artistic licence to make valid dramatic points , such as in the probably imagined scene when George V lectures his son on the importance of broadcasting . Filler cautions that George VI would never have tolerated Logue addressing him casually , nor swearing , and the King almost certainly would have understood a newsreel of Hitler speaking in German . Filler makes the larger point that both the King and his wife were , in reality , lukewarm towards Churchill because of the latter 's support for his brother during the abdication crisis . Commenting on the film 's final scene on the balcony of Buckingham Palace , Andrew Roberts has written , `` The scene is fairly absurd from a historical point of view -- Neville Chamberlain and Winston Churchill were not present and there were no cheering crowds outside Buckingham Palace . '' But Roberts praises the film overall as a sympathetic portrayal of the King 's `` quiet , unassuming heroism '' ... The portrayals by Firth and Bonham Carter are sympathetic and acute , and the movie 's occasional factual bêtises should not detract from that . '' Release ( edit ) Cinema release ( edit ) The film had its world première on 6 September 2010 at the Telluride Film Festival in the United States . It was screened at the 2010 Toronto International Film Festival , on Firth 's 50th birthday , where it received a standing ovation and won the People 's Choice Award . The cinema release poster was re-designed to show an extreme close - up of Firth 's jaw and a microphone after Hooper criticised the first design as a `` train smash '' . Tim Appelo called the original , air - brushed effort , which showed the three leads , `` shockingly awful '' though the new one `` really is worthwhile '' . The film was distributed by Transmission Films in Australia and by Momentum Pictures in the United Kingdom . The Weinstein Company distributed it in North America , Germany , Benelux , Scandinavia , China , Hong Kong , and Latin America . The film was released in France on 2 February 2011 , under the title Le discours d'un roi . It was distributed by Wild Bunch Distribution . Ratings controversy ( edit ) The film was initially given a 15 certificate by the British Board of Film Classification , due to a minute - long scene where Logue encourages the King to shout profanities , which he could do without stuttering . At the London Film Festival , Hooper criticised the decision , questioning how the board could certify the film `` 15 '' for bad language but allow films such as Salt ( 2010 ) and Casino Royale ( 2006 ) to have `` 12A '' ratings , despite their graphic torture scenes . Following Hooper 's criticism , the board lowered the rating to `` 12A '' , allowing children under 12 years of age to see the film if they are accompanied by an adult . Hooper levelled the same criticism at the Motion Picture Association of America , which gave the film an `` R '' rating , preventing anyone under the age of 17 from seeing the film without an adult . In his review , Roger Ebert criticised the `` R '' rating , calling it `` utterly inexplicable '' , and wrote , `` This is an excellent film for teenagers . '' In January 2011 Harvey Weinstein , the executive producer and distributor , said he was considering having the film re-edited to remove some profanity , so that it would receive a lower classification and reach a larger audience . Hooper , however , refused to cut the film , though he considered covering the swear words with bleeps . Helena Bonham Carter also defended the film , saying , `` ( The film ) is not violent . It 's full of humanity and wit . ( It 's ) for people not with just a speech impediment , but who have got confidence ( doubts ) . '' After receiving his Academy Award , Colin Firth noted that he does not support re-editing the film ; while he does not condone the use of profanity , he maintains that its use was not offensive in this context . `` The scene serves a purpose '' , Firth states . An alternate version , with some of the profanities muted out , was classified as `` PG - 13 '' in the United States ; this version was released to cinemas on 1 April 2011 , replacing the R - rated one . The PG - 13 version of this film is not available on DVD and Blu - ray . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) In Great Britain and Ireland , the film was the highest earning film on its opening weekend . It took in £ 3,510,000 from 395 cinemas . The Guardian said that it was one of the biggest takes in recent memory , and compared it to Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) , which , two years earlier , earned £ 1.5 million less . The King 's Speech continued a `` stunning three weeks '' atop the UK Box office , and earned over £ 3 million for four consecutive weekends , the first film to do so since Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) . After five weeks on UK release , it was hailed as the most successful independent British film ever . In the United States The King 's Speech opened with $355,450 ( £ 220,000 ) in four cinemas . It holds the record for the highest per - cinema gross of 2010 . It was widened to 700 screens on Christmas Day and 1,543 screens on 14 January 2011 . It eventually made $138 million in North America overall . In Australia The King 's Speech made more than A $ 6,281,686 ( £ 4 million ) in the first two weeks , according to figures collected by the Motion Picture Distributors Association of Australia . The executive director of Palace Cinemas , Benjamin Zeccola , said customer feedback on the film was spectacular . `` It 's our No. 1 for all the period , all throughout the country ... I think this is more successful than Slumdog Millionaire and a more uplifting film . It 's a good example of a film that started out in the independent cinemas and then spread to the mainstream cinemas . '' Of the film 's net profit , estimated to amount to $30 -- 40 million ( £ 20 -- 25 million ) from the cinema release alone , roughly 20 % will be split between Geoffrey Rush ( as executive producer ) , Tom Hooper and Colin Firth , who receive their bonuses before the other stakeholders . The remaining profit is to be split equally between the producers and the equity investors . The UK Film Council invested £ 1 million of public funds from the United Kingdom lottery into the film . In March 2011 Variety estimated that the return could be between fifteen and twenty times that . The Council 's merger into the British Film Institute means that the profits are to be returned to that body . Critical response ( edit ) As the actor of the year in the film of the year , I ca n't think of enough adjectives to praise Firth properly . The King 's Speech has left me speechless . -- Rex Reed , New York Observer The King 's Speech has received widespread critical acclaim , with Firth 's performance receiving universal praise . Bonham Carter and Rush were also widely praised with both going on to win BAFTA 's and receiving Academy Award nominations Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 95 % based on reviews from 283 critics ; the film 's average rating was calculated as 8.6 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads : `` Colin Firth gives a masterful performance in The King 's Speech , a predictable but stylishly produced and rousing period drama . '' Metacritic gave the film a weighted score of 88 / 100 , based on 41 critical reviews , which indicates `` universal acclaim '' . CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film a rare `` A + '' grade . Empire gave the film five stars out of five , commenting , `` You 'll be lost for words . '' Lisa Kennedy of the Denver Post gave the film full marks for its humane qualities and craftsmanship : `` It is an intelligent , winning drama fit for a king -- and the rest of us '' , she said . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times awarded the film a full four stars , commenting that `` what we have here is a superior historical drama and a powerful personal one . '' Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave four stars out of five , stating , `` Tom Hooper 's richly enjoyable and handsomely produced movie ... is a massively confident crowd - pleaser . '' Manohla Dargis , whilst generally ambivalent towards the film , called the lead performances one of its principal attractions . `` With their volume turned up , the appealing , impeccably professional Mr. Firth and Mr. Rush rise to the acting occasion by twinkling and growling as their characters warily circle each other before settling into the therapeutic swing of things and unknowingly preparing for the big speech that partly gives the film its title , '' she wrote . The Daily Telegraph called Guy Pearce 's performance as Edward VIII `` formidable ... with glamour , charisma and utter self - absorption '' . Empire said he played the role well as `` a flash harry flinty enough to shed a nation for a wife . '' The New York Times thought he was able to create `` a thorny tangle of complications in only a few abbreviated scenes '' . Hooper praised the actor in the DVD commentary , saying he `` nailed '' the 1930s royal accent . Richard Corliss of Time magazine named Colin Firth 's performance one of the Top 10 Movie Performances of 2010 . The British Stammering Association welcomed the release of The King 's Speech , congratulating the film makers on their `` realistic depiction of the frustration and the fear of speaking faced by people who stammer on a daily basis . '' It said that `` Colin Firth 's portrayal of the King 's stammer in particular strikes us as very authentic and accurate . '' The Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists welcomed the film , and launched their `` Giving Voice '' campaign around the time of its commercial release . Allociné , a French cinema website , gave the film an average of four out of five stars , based on a survey of 21 reviews . Le Monde , which characterised the film as the `` latest manifestation of British narcissism '' and summarised it as `` We are ugly and boring , but , By Jove ! , we are right ! '' , nevertheless admired the performances of Firth , Rush , and Bonham Carter . It said that , though the film swept British appeasement under the carpet , it was still enjoyable . Slovenian Marxist philosopher and cultural critic Slavoj Žižek has incorporated the film into his critique of ideology by describing it as `` reactionary , '' interpreting the king 's stutter as evidence that he `` displays a minimum of common sense , experiencing the stupidity of seriously accepting that one is king by divine will '' and claiming that `` the task of the Australian voice - coach is to render him stupid enough to accept his being a king as his natural property . '' Žižek thus interprets the king 's stutter as a case of what is referred to in Lacanian psychoanalysis as `` symbolic castration . '' Queen Elizabeth II , the daughter and successor of King George VI , was sent two copies of the film before Christmas 2010 . The Sun newspaper reported she had watched the film in a private screening at Sandringham House . A palace source described her reaction as being `` touched by a moving portrayal of her father '' . Seidler called the reports `` the highest honour '' the film could receive . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by The King 's Speech Hooper and Firth in January 2011 ; each received multiple award nominations for their work At the 83rd Academy Awards , The King 's Speech won the Academy Award for Best Picture , Best Director ( Hooper ) , Best Actor ( Firth ) , and Best Original Screenplay ( Seidler ) . The film had received 12 Oscar nominations , more than any other film in that year . Besides the four categories it won , the film received nominations for Best Cinematography ( Danny Cohen ) and two for the supporting actors ( Bonham Carter and Rush ) , as well as two for its mise - en - scène : Art Direction and Costumes . At the 64th British Academy Film Awards , it won seven awards , including Best Film , Outstanding British Film , Best Actor for Firth , Best Supporting Actor for Rush , Best Supporting Actress for Bonham Carter , Best Original Screenplay for Seidler , and Best Music for Alexandre Desplat . The film had been nominated for 14 BAFTAs , more than any other film . At the 68th Golden Globe Awards , Firth won for Best Actor . The film won no other Golden Globes , despite earning seven nominations , more than any other film . It is also the first Weinstein film to win the Oscar for Best Picture . At the 17th Screen Actors Guild Awards , Firth won the Best Actor award and the entire cast won Best Ensemble , meaning Firth went home with two acting awards in one evening . Hooper won the Directors Guild of America Awards 2010 for Best Director . The film won the Darryl F. Zanuck Award for Best Theatrical Motion Picture at the Producers Guild of America Awards 2010 . The King 's Speech won the People 's Choice Award at the 2010 Toronto International Film Festival , Best British Independent Film at the 2010 British Independent Film Awards , and the 2011 Goya Award for Best European Film from the Academia de las Artes y las Ciencias Cinematográficas de España ( Spanish Academy of Cinematic Art and Science ) . See also ( edit ) Bertie & Elizabeth ( 2002 ) , a television film which also addresses the stammering of the king ( played by James Wilby ) . It was a co-production of PBS ( Masterpiece Theatre ) and Carlton Television . A Month in the Country ( 1987 ) , in which Colin Firth plays a stammering World War I veteran . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The King 's Speech rated 12A by the BBFC '' . British Board of Film Classification . Archived from the original on 2 March 2012 . Retrieved 17 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Smith , N. ( 28 February 2011 ) . `` Oscars 2011 : Film Council basks in King 's Speech glory '' . BBC News . Retrieved 28 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Never mind the Baftas ... who will get The King 's Speech riches ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 28 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The King 's Speech '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 20 May 2011 . Jump up ^ As of 21 August 2011 all US Dollar - Sterling currency conversions were made using an exchange rate of $1 = £ 0.60 ^ Jump up to : Walker , T. ( 20 January 2011 ) `` Colin Firth was the third choice to play George VI in The King 's Speech '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 20 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidler , D. ( 20 December 2010 ) . `` How the ' naughty word ' cured the King 's stutter ( and mine ) '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Adam ( 21 January 2011 ) . `` The King 's Speech : From Geoffrey Rush 's letterbox to the big screen '' . 702 ABC Sydney . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gritten , D. ( 23 December 2010 ) . `` Tom Hooper Interview for the King 's Speech '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 2 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Unwin , G. ( 3 January 2011 ) . `` Crowning Glory : How The King 's Speech got made '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Finding the real King 's Speech '' . BBC . 4 January 2011 . Retrieved 8 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Addiego , Walter ( 4 February 2011 ) . `` Q&A with ' King 's Speech ' director Tom Hooper '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas Hooper ( Director ) ( 9 May 2011 ) . The King 's Speech ( PAL ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Momentum Pictures Home Ent . ASIN : B0049MP72G . Jump up ^ `` Awards database The King 's Speech '' . UK Film Council . Retrieved 5 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bedell , G. ( 2 January 2011 ) . `` The King 's Speech : How clever sets create a compelling picture of 1930s London '' The Observer . Retrieved 2 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Sparham , Laurie ( 10 December 2010 ) . `` The King 's Speech : set report '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 28 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 25 November 2009 ) . `` Cathedral starring again in blockbuster '' . Cambridge News . Archived from the original on 12 January 2012 . Retrieved 6 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 4 December 2009 ) . `` The King 's Speech : Colin Firth and Bonham Carter in Ely '' . BBC Cambridgeshire . Retrieved 6 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The King 's Speech film locations '' . www.movielocations.com . Retrieved 4 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Martyn ( 6 February 2011 ) . `` The making of a very British smash hit '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 25 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Huddleston , Tom . `` On the set of ' The King 's Speech ' '' . Time Out . Archived from the original on 18 October 2012 . Retrieved 25 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Firth is lost for words as the monarch whose dilemma gripped the country '' . Yorkshire Post . 3 January 2011 . Retrieved 30 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dummies line terraces of Elland Road '' . Yorkshire Evening Post . 7 January 2011 . Retrieved 30 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The King 's Speech '' . UK Film Council . Retrieved 6 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Hoyle , Ben ( 9 September 2010 ) . `` Story of the King who was lost for words is an Oscar favourite '' . The Times . p. 23 . Jump up ^ Dunbar , Polly ( 23 January 2011 ) . `` Revealed : The Little Sister Who Taught Colin Firth to Stammer '' . The Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 31 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The King 's Voice '' . British Stammering Association . May 2011 . Retrieved 10 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Ward , Victoria ( 5 May 2011 ) . `` Colin Firth admits he is struggling to lose his stutter '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 21 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Martens , T. ( 26 November 2010 ) . `` The sound of silence : Alexandre Desplat on the music that ' just floats ' throughout ' The King 's Speech ' '' . Pop & hiss ( LA Times music blog ) . Retrieved 9 February 2011 . Jump up ^ McNab , K. ( 27 January 2011 ) . `` The King 's Speech score review '' . www.soundonsight.org . Retrieved 9 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Hooper , Tom ( 21 January 2011 ) . `` The King 's Speech director Tom Hooper answers your questions -- live ! '' . The Guardian Film blog Retrieved on 6 July 2011 ( archived by WebCite on 6 July 2011 ) . Jump up ^ http://www.terrydavies.com/biography.html ^ Jump up to : Appelo , T. ( 31 January 2011 ) . `` The 5 Secrets of Tom Hooper 's ' King 's Speech ' Success '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 9 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Oppenheimer , Jean ( December 2010 ) . `` Production Slate : A Future King Finds His Voice '' . American Cinematographer ( American Society of Cinematographers ) 91 ( 12 ) : pp. 18 -- 22 . ^ Jump up to : Dargis , M. ( 25 November 2010 ) . `` The King 's English , Albeit With Twisted Tongue '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 6 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ebert , Roger ( 15 December 2010 ) . `` The King 's Speech : Review '' . Rogerebert.suntimes.com . Retrieved 30 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Filler , M. ( 25 January 2011 ) . `` Hollywood 's Royal Stammer '' . NYR Blog . Retrieved 9 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Oppenheimer ( 2010 : 19 ) Jump up ^ Schultz , Cathy ( 4 January 2011 ) . `` History in the Movies '' . The Bulletin . Retrieved 4 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Logue , Mark ; Conradi , Peter ( 2010 ) . The King 's Speech , How One Man Saved the British Monarchy . Sterling . pp. 73 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Meacham , S. ( 10 November 2011 ) King 's voice coach calmed a nation . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 20 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Logue ' never swore in front of King George VI ' '' . BBC Radio Leicester. 27 January 2011 . Retrieved 27 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , A. ( 6 January 2011 ) . `` How the King found his voice '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 30 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hitchens , Christopher ( 24 January 2011 ) . `` Churchill Did n't Say That '' . Slate . Retrieved 9 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Unthinkable ? Historically accurate films '' . London : The Guardian . 29 January 2011 . Retrieved 23 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Henley , J. ( 9 January 2011 ) . `` How historically accurate is the King 's Speech ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Chotiner , I. ( 6 January 2011 ) . `` Royal Mess '' . The New Republic . Retrieved 9 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Zohn , Patricia ( 11 February 2011 ) . `` David Seidler Protects and Defends The King 's Speech '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 4 August 2011 . Jump up ^ For critiques of the film , see e.g. , Hitchens FN 47 and Chotiner FN 44 . For historical sources substantiating Churchill 's stance during the abdication crisis , see e.g. , Roy Jenkins 's biography of Churchill ( 2001 ) and Frances Donaldson 's biography of Edward VIII ( 1976 ) . Jump up ^ `` Firth movie lands Toronto Film Festival prize '' . BBC News . 20 September 2010 . Retrieved 6 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New Poster for ' The King 's Speech ' Keeps it Simple '' . The Film Stage . Retrieved 2 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Appelo , T. ( 8 December 2010 ) `` ' The King 's Speech ' Poster and Queen Bonham Carter 's Oscar Problem '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 19 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Weinstein Company Acquires The King 's Speech '' . Comingsoon.net. 2 September 2009 . Retrieved 6 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Accueil : Le discours d'un roi '' . www.allocine.fr . Retrieved 3 February 2011 ( in French ) Jump up ^ `` Colin Firth welcomes censors ' reclassification decision '' . BBC News . 22 October 2010 . Retrieved on 23 October 2010 ( archived on 3 January 2011 ) . Jump up ^ `` The King 's Speech '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved on 23 October 2010 ( archived by WebCite on 3 January 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Patrick ( 1 November 2010 ) . `` To the MPAA ratings board , ' The King 's Speech ' is just as bad as ' Saw 3D ' '' . The Big Picture ( Tribune Company ) . Retrieved on 7 November 2010 ( archived by WebCite on 3 January 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Child , B. ( 26 January 2011 ) . `` King 's Speech re-edit could cut swearing '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Labrecque , J. ( 31 January 2011 ) . `` Tom Hooper on PG - 13 ' King 's Speech ' : ' I would n't support cutting the film in any way ' -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 5 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Kemp , Stuart ( 1 March 2011 ) . `` Firth rejects ' cleaned - up ' version of film '' . The Independent . Retrieved 21 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Scrubbed ' King 's Speech ' gets PG - 13 rating '' . Los Angeles Times . 26 February 2011 . Retrieved 27 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Vilkomerson , Sara ( 24 March 2011 ) . `` ' The King 's Speech ' to be re-released as PG - 13 version on April 1 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 28 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Gant , C. ( 11 January 2011 ) . `` The King 's Speech rouses Britain to the box office '' . The Guardian Blog Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Gant , C. ( 1 February 2011 ) . `` Tangled 's revamped princess tale dethrones The King 's Speech '' . The Guardian Blog Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Arthouse Audit : ' King 's Speech ' Has Royal Debut '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 1 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Kwek , Glenda ( 6 January 2010 ) . `` Stutterly marvellous : why we clamour for the stammer story '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 7 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Dawtrey , Adam ( 12 March 2011 ) . `` Slicing ' King 's ' profit pie '' . Variety . Retrieved 4 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 12 March 2011 ) . `` U.K. Film Council had chunk of Speech '' . Variety . Retrieved 4 August 2011 . ( Archived by WebCite ® at https://www.webcitation.org/60gexco0N ) Jump up ^ Reed , R. ( 22 November 2010 ) . `` Did I Stutter ? The King 's Speech Is the Best Movie of the Year '' . New York Observer . Retrieved 8 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Holland , James R. ( 4 January 2010 ) . `` Movie Review : The King 's Speech '' . California Chronicle . Retrieved 4 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Safaya , Rubin ( 17 December 2010 ) . `` The King 's Speech '' . www.cinemalogue.com . Retrieved 4 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The King 's Speech Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 27 February 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.thewrap.com/movies-you-loved-or-hated-films-got-or-f-cinemascores-photos-90331/9/ ^ Jump up to : `` The King 's Speech Review Empire '' . Empireonline.com . Retrieved 30 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Lisa ( 24 December 2010 ) . `` Movie review : ' The King 's Speech ' is , in a word , excellent '' The Denver Post . Retrieved 4 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( 21 October 2010 ) . The King 's Speech -- review . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Gritten , D. ( 21 October 2010 ). `` The King 's Speech , London Film Festival Review '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( 9 December 2010 ) . `` The Top 10 Everything of 2010 -- Colin Firth as King George VI in The King 's Speech '' . Time . Retrieved 13 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` British Stammering Association comments on The King 's Speech '' . BSA . Retrieved 17 March 2011 . Jump up ^ McVeigh , Tracy ( 6 February 2011 ) . `` The King 's Speech : spending cuts threaten £ 765m legacy of speech and language therapy '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 8 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Discours d'un roi > Critiques Presse '' . www.allocine.fr . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . ( in French ) Jump up ^ `` '' Le Discours d'un roi '' : comment faire un roi d'un prince bègue `` . Le Monde. 1 February 2011 . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . ( in French ) Jump up ^ Žižek , Slavoj. ( 22 May 2012 ) . `` Less Than Nothing : Hegel and the Shadow of Dialectical Materialism '' . Verso Books . Retrieved 1 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Queen Elizabeth Praises ' The King 's Speech ' - BBC America '' . BBC . Jump up ^ Larcombe , D. ( 4 February 2011 ) . `` The King 's a hit with the Queen '' . The Sun . Retrieved 5 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Queen ' approves ' of King 's Speech '' . BBC News . 5 February 2011 . Retrieved 6 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Winners and Nominees for the 83rd Academy Awards '' . www.oscars.org. 2011 - 08 - 04 . Retrieved 4 August 2011 ( Archived by WebCite ® at https://www.webcitation.org/60ghsJjST ) Jump up ^ Reynolds , Simon ( 13 February 2011 ) . `` Live : BAFTA Film Awards 2011 Winners '' . Digital Spy . Hachette Filipacchi UK . Retrieved 13 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Glee and The Social Network dominate Golden Globes '' . BBC News . 17 January 2011 . Retrieved 17 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Kilday , G. ( 3 February 2011 ) . `` Can Harvey Weinstein Keep ' The King 's Speech ' Oscar Mojo ? '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 8 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Germain , D. ( 30 January 2011 ) . `` Hooper earns top DGA prize for ' King 's Speech ' '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 8 February 2011 . Jump up ^ McNary , D. ( 24 January 2011 ) . `` PGA prizes ' King 's Speech ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 9 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Firth movie lands Toronto Film Festival prize '' . BBC News . 20 September 2010 . Retrieved 20 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` King 's Speech reigns at British Independent Film awards '' . BBC News . Retrieved 28 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` King 's Speech wins ' Spanish Oscar ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 14 February 2011 . Retrieved 14 February 2011 . Further reading ( edit ) Bowen , C ( 2002 ) , `` Lionel Logue : Pioneer speech therapist '' , Speech Language Therapy , retrieved 1 January 2011 . Hitchens , Christopher ( 21 February 2011 ) . `` The King 's Speech Revisited '' . Slate . A second article by Hitchens discussing the film 's interpretation of history , and some rebuttals to Seidler 's response . Logue , Mark ; Conradi , Peter ( 2010 ) , The King 's Speech : How One Man Saved the British Monarchy ( Lionel Logue 's grandson and a Sunday Times journalist ) , New York : Sterling , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4027 - 8676 - 1 . Rhodes James , Robert ( 1998 ) . A spirit undaunted : the political role of George VI . London : Little , Brown & Co . ISBN 0 - 316 - 64765 - 9 . Retrieved 6 October 2010 . St Claire , M ( 2 January 1937 ) , `` An Australian Cures Defect in King 's Speech '' , The Australian Women 's Weekly , p. 12 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The King 's Speech Wikimedia Commons has media related to The King 's Speech . Official website The King 's Speech on IMDb The King 's Speech at AllMovie The King 's Speech at Rotten Tomatoes Flickr set of photographs from filming in Southwark , London The King to His Peoples . H.M. King George VI from Buckingham Palace September 3rd 1939 on YouTube Footage of King George VI stammering in the 1938 speech from British Pathé King George VI Addresses the Nation at the BBC Archives The King 's Speech : George and Lionel 's private thoughts -- The unseen letters and diaries of King George VI 's speech therapist , Lionel Logue Related topic navboxes Works directed by Tom Hooper Theatrical films Red Dust ( 2004 ) The Damned United ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) Les Misérables ( 2012 ) The Danish Girl ( 2015 ) Television Love in a Cold Climate ( 2001 ) Daniel Deronda ( 2002 ) Elizabeth I ( 2005 ) Longford ( 2006 ) John Adams ( 2008 ) Academy Award for Best Picture 1927 / 28 -- 1950 Wings ( 1927 / 28 ) The Broadway Melody ( 1928 / 29 ) All Quiet on the Western Front ( 1929 / 30 ) Cimarron ( 1930 / 31 ) Grand Hotel ( 1931 / 32 ) Cavalcade ( 1932 / 33 ) It Happened One Night ( 1934 ) Mutiny on the Bounty ( 1935 ) The Great Ziegfeld ( 1936 ) The Life of Emile Zola ( 1937 ) You Ca n't Take It with You ( 1938 ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) Rebecca ( 1940 ) How Green Was My Valley ( 1941 ) Mrs. Miniver ( 1942 ) Casablanca ( 1943 ) Going My Way ( 1944 ) The Lost Weekend ( 1945 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) All the King 's Men ( 1949 ) All About Eve ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 An American in Paris ( 1951 ) The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) Marty ( 1955 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Gigi ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) Oliver ! 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( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) Little Miss Sunshine ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave / Gravity ( 2013 ) Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) The Big Short ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) `` The template below ( ScreenActorsGuildAward CastMotionPicture 2001 -- 2010 ) is being considered for merging . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Gosford Park Eileen Atkins , Bob Balaban , Alan Bates , Charles Dance , Stephen Fry , Michael Gambon , Richard E. Grant , Tom Hollander , Derek Jacobi , Kelly Macdonald , Helen Mirren , Jeremy Northam , Clive Owen , Ryan Phillippe , Maggie Smith , Geraldine Somerville , Kristin Scott Thomas , Sophie Thompson , Emily Watson , James Wilby 2002 Chicago Christine Baranski , Ekaterina Shchelkanova , Taye Diggs , Denise Faye , Colm Feore , Richard Gere , Deidre Goodwin , Queen Latifah , Lucy Liu , Susan Misner , Mýa , John C. Reilly , Dominic West , Renée Zellweger , Catherine Zeta - Jones 2003 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Sean Astin , Sean Bean , Cate Blanchett , Orlando Bloom , Billy Boyd , Bernard Hill , Ian Holm , Ian McKellen , Dominic Monaghan , Viggo Mortensen , John Noble , Miranda Otto , John Rhys - Davies , Andy Serkis , Liv Tyler , Karl Urban , Hugo Weaving , David Wenham , Elijah Wood Sideways Thomas Haden Church , Paul Giamatti , Virginia Madsen , Sandra Oh 2005 Crash Christopher `` Ludacris '' Bridges , Sandra Bullock , Don Cheadle , Matt Dillon , Jennifer Esposito , William Fichtner , Brendan Fraser , Terrence Howard , Thandie Newton , Ryan Phillippe , Larenz Tate 2006 Little Miss Sunshine Alan Arkin , Abigail Breslin , Steve Carell , Toni Collette , Paul Dano , Greg Kinnear 2007 No Country for Old Men Javier Bardem , Josh Brolin , Garret Dillahunt , Tess Harper , Woody Harrelson , Tommy Lee Jones , Kelly Macdonald 2008 Slumdog Millionaire Rubina Ali , Tanay Chheda , Ashutosh Lobo Gajiwala , Azharuddin Mohammed Ismail , Anil Kapoor , Irrfan Khan , Ayush Mahesh Khedekar , Tanvi Ganesh Lonkar , Madhur Mittal , Dev Patel , Freida Pinto 2009 Inglourious Basterds Daniel Brühl , August Diehl , Julie Dreyfus , Michael Fassbender , Sylvester Groth , Jacky Ido , Diane Kruger , Mélanie Laurent , Denis Ménochet , Mike Myers , Brad Pitt , Eli Roth , Til Schweiger , Rod Taylor , Christoph Waltz , Martin Wuttke The King 's Speech Anthony Andrews , Helena Bonham Carter , Jennifer Ehle , Colin Firth , Michael Gambon , Derek Jacobi , Guy Pearce , Geoffrey Rush , Timothy Spall Complete list ( 1995 -- 2000 ) ( 2001 -- 2010 ) ( 2011 -- 2020 ) Edward VIII abdication crisis Edward VIII Wallis Simpson People Prince Albert ( Edward VIII 's brother , later George VI ) Stanley Baldwin ( Prime Minister of the United Kingdom ) Alfred Blunt ( Bishop of Bradford ) John Theodore Goddard ( Mrs. Simpson 's solicitor ) Alec Hardinge ( Edward VIII 's private secretary ) J.B.M. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does the king's speech take place | [
"The King's Speech is a 2010 British historical drama film directed by Tom Hooper and written by David Seidler. Colin Firth plays the future King George VI who, to cope with a stammer, sees Lionel Logue, an Australian speech and language therapist played by Geoffrey Rush. The men become friends as they work together, and after his brother abdicates the throne, the new king relies on Logue to help him make his first wartime radio broadcast on Britain's declaration of war on Germany in 1939."
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"1939"
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9022713809113349451 | Bella Swan | Bella Swan - wikipedia Bella Swan Jump to : navigation , search Isabella Marie Swan Twilight character Bella Swan as portrayed by Kristen Stewart in New Moon . First appearance Twilight Last appearance Breaking Dawn Midnight Sun ( unpublished ) Created by Stephenie Meyer Portrayed by Kristen Stewart Information Nickname ( s ) Bella Bells Bell Vampire girl ( by Emily Young & Embry Call ) Arizona ( in films ) Species Human ( Twilight , New Moon , Eclipse , Breaking Dawn ) Vampire ( Breaking Dawn ) Gender Female Occupation Student ( through Twilight to Eclipse ) Employee at Newton 's Olympic Outfitters ( New Moon and Eclipse ) Family Charlie Swan ( father ) Renée Dwyer ( mother ) Phil Dwyer ( stepfather ) Carlisle Cullen ( adoptive father - in - law ) Esme Cullen ( adoptive mother - in - law ) Emmett Cullen and Jasper Hale ( adoptive brothers - in - law ) Alice Cullen and Rosalie Hale ( adoptive sisters - in - law ) Spouse ( s ) Edward Cullen ( husband ) Children Renesmee Cullen ( daughter ) Nationality American Isabella Marie `` Bella '' Swan ( later Bella Cullen ) is a character and the protagonist of the Twilight series , written by Stephenie Meyer . The Twilight series , consisting of the novels Twilight , New Moon , Eclipse , and Breaking Dawn , is primarily narrated from Bella 's point of view . In the film series , Bella is portrayed by actress Kristen Stewart . In Twilight , Bella moves to her father 's home in Forks , Washington , meets the mysterious Cullen family , and falls in love with Edward Cullen . However , she soon discovers that the family is a coven of vampires . Bella expresses a desire to become a vampire herself , but Edward refuses to `` turn '' her . In the second novel , New Moon , Edward and the other Cullens leave Forks in an effort to keep Bella safe from the vampire world . Jacob Black , a member of the Quileute tribe who is also a shape shifter taking a wolf form , comforts the distraught and severely depressed Bella . She comes to care deeply for Jacob , though less than she loves Edward . At the end of Eclipse , Bella becomes engaged to Edward , and they marry in Breaking Dawn . On their honeymoon , she becomes pregnant by Edward and , due to the peculiar nature of her baby , Bella nearly dies giving birth to their daughter , Renesmee Cullen . Edward turns her into a vampire to save her life . Contents ( hide ) 1 Concept and creation 2 Appearances 2.1 Twilight 2.2 New Moon 2.3 Eclipse 2.4 Breaking Dawn 3 Characterization 3.1 Physical appearance 3.2 Personality 3.3 Film portrayal 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Concept and creation ( edit ) The premise for both the Bella Swan character and the Twilight series originated in a dream Stephenie Meyer had in which an `` average girl '' and a `` fantastically beautiful , sparkly ... vampire ... were having an intense conversation in a meadow in the woods . '' In this dream , the pair `` were discussing the difficulties inherent in the facts that ... they were falling in love with each other while ... the vampire was particularly attracted to the scent of her blood , and was having a difficult time restraining himself from killing her . '' Meyer 's original characters were unnamed ; she took to calling the characters , who would later become Edward Cullen and Bella , ' he ' and ' she ' for the purpose of convenience as she , `` did n't want to lose the dream . '' The name ' Isabella ' was decided upon , Meyer explains , because `` after spending so much time with ( the character ) , I loved her like a daughter ... Inspired by that love , I gave her the name I was saving for my daughter , ... Isabella . '' Bella 's positive reception at her new school in Forks , particularly her popularity with male characters , was modelled after Meyer 's real life move from high school to college . Meyer has said that there are similarities between Bella and the title character of Charlotte Brontë 's Jane Eyre , a novel which she has cited as an influence on the Twilight Saga . Appearances ( edit ) Twilight ( edit ) Bella , who first appears in Twilight , is a 17 - year - old girl , who moves out from her mother 's home in Phoenix , Arizona , to live with her father , Charlie Swan , a police chief , in her birthplace of Forks , Washington . There , she is enrolled at Forks High School , where she becomes intrigued by a student , Edward Cullen . When Edward saves her life , he exhibits super-human qualities . Bella learns from her family friend Jacob Black that Quileute legends say the Cullen family are actually vampires . Edward eventually admits to this truth , though his family hunts only animals , not humans , through moral choice . Edward constantly warns Bella against being with him , perceiving her life to be at constant risk if she continues to associate with him , because the scent of her blood is more powerful to him than that of any other human he has ever met . Bella 's love and confidence in Edward 's restraint is such that his warnings go unheeded , and on an outing with the rest of the Cullen family , she becomes the target of a sadistic vampire , James . With his family 's help , Edward is able to save Bella from James ' predations , though Edward is still unwilling to change Bella into a vampire himself . New Moon ( edit ) New Moon begins on Bella 's eighteenth birthday . She dreams about looking much older than Edward Cullen , her boyfriend . During a birthday celebration at the Cullen residence , Bella gets a small paper cut while unwrapping a present . Edward 's brother , Jasper , instinctively thirsting for her blood , launches an attack , though he is stopped . Edward realizes that his relationship with Bella is putting her in danger . In a misguided attempt to protect Bella , he convinces that he no longer loves her , and moves away with his family . Edward 's departure results in Bella being depressed and isolated for months . To appease her worried father , Bella attends a movie with her school friend , Jessica . While there , she carelessly approaches a group of dangerous - looking men outside a bar , and discovers she can hear Edward 's voice when her adrenaline runs high . Desperate to hear his voice again , Bella continually seeks out danger ; she convinces Jacob Black to repair two old motorcycle , s and teach her how to ride . Their friendship increases , and Jacob admits that he has romantic feelings for Bella , though she does not reciprocate them . When a vampire named Laurent tries to attack her , Bella is saved by a pack of wolves . Later , Bella learns that Jacob and other tribe members are shapeshifters , who assume a wolf form to protect humans from vampires . Bella also discovers that the vampire , Victoria , has returned to Forks , seeking to kill Bella to avenge her mate , James ' , death . To hear Edward 's voice , Bella attempts cliff - diving and nearly drowns , but she is saved by Jacob . Edward , after mistakenly being informed that Bella has committed suicide , travels to Volterra , Italy , to request the Volturi to destroy him . Alice returns to Forks and discovers Bella is still alive ; she and Bella pursue Edward to Italy and successfully prevent him from showing himself in daylight to humans , an act that would result in his execution . The trio are taken to the Volturi . Because Bella knows about vampires , the Volturi would want to kill her , but Alice claims she has foreseen Bella becoming a vampire . Because most humans are unaware that vampires exist , the Volturi threaten to kill Bella if this does not happen soon . Upon returning home , Edward tells Bella that he never stopped loving her , and he only left Forks , because he thought it would protect her . He apologizes for his misguided action , and asks for her forgiveness , which Bella accepts . Bella , intent on becoming a vampire , decides that Edward 's family should vote on her fate . All but Rosalie and Edward vote for her to be changed , but Edward agrees to change her himself if she will ever marry him . Eclipse ( edit ) Eclipse continues the drama of Bella and Edward 's relationship . Edward explains that he is reluctant to change Bella into a vampire , because he believes that vampires are soulless creatures , who have no place in heaven . Bella , whose opinion of marriage is jaded by her own parents ' early divorce , agrees to marry Edward on the condition that he will make love with her while she is still human and then turn her into a vampire . He initially refuses , saying that he could easily lose control in the heat of the moment and unintentionally kill her . However , seeing how important it is to Bella , he agrees to try , but only after they are married . The plot is driven by the machinations of the vampire Victoria , who first encountered Bella and the Cullens during the first novel , Twilight . Victoria , seeking to avenge her lover , James ' , death , hunts Bella while building a new vampire army . To combat this threat , a grudging truce is struck between the Cullen family , and the Native American shape - shifting wolf pack led by Sam Uley and Jacob Black , who pits himself against Edward as a love interest for Bella . Initially , Bella considers Jacob only as a friend but , despite her engagement to Edward , she shares a kiss with Jacob , and realizes that she loves him as well . Ultimately , Edward accepts Bella 's love for Jacob , and successfully destroys Victoria . Bella acknowledges that Edward is the most important person in her life , agreeing to announce their engagement to her father . Breaking Dawn ( edit ) Breaking Dawn begins with the wedding of Bella and Edward at the Cullen home in the outskirts of Forks . They spend their honeymoon on Isle Esme , a small island off the coast of Rio de Janeiro , Brazil that was given to Esme as a gift from Carlisle . They consummate their marriage , but their lovemaking sparks a conflict between the newlywed couple : Edward is horrified that he has bruised Bella , but she insists that she is fine and wants Edward to make love to her again . He vows not to do so again while she is still human . He eventually gives in . Afterwards , Bella becomes very sick , and realizes that she is pregnant with their child . Edward is shocked and rushes Bella home to see Carlisle , who , as a doctor , confirms that she is expecting a child . As the pregnancy takes a toll on Bella 's health , Edward tries to talk her into having an abortion to save her own life . However , Bella feels a bond with her unborn child , and insists on giving birth . Soon , Edward comes to love the baby as well , after he hears its thoughts , and learns that the baby loves Bella in return , and does n't mean to hurt her . Bella nearly dies giving birth , but Edward successfully delivers their baby girl , and then injects his venom into Bella , thus healing her wounds by turning her into a vampire . During Bella 's transformation , Jacob imprints -- an involuntary process in which a shape - shifter finds his soul mate -- on the baby , Renesmee Cullen . After a vampire named Irina mistakes Renesmee for an immortal vampire child ( a creation that is forbidden in the vampire world ) , Alice foresees the Volturi will arrive to destroy the Cullen family as punishment for the alleged transgression . The Cullen family finds an array of vampire witnesses to observe the mortality of Renesmee . Bella soon discovers her ability to shield people from their mental thoughts and senses . Edward stands with Bella and their allies to convince the Volturi that Renesmee is not an immortal child , and poses no threat to their existence . Once the Volturi leave , Edward and Bella are finally free to live their lives in peace with their daughter forever , and stay with them . Characterization ( edit ) Physical appearance ( edit ) Bella is describes as being petite , with a height of roughly 5'4 `` , and a very translucent , frail complexion . She has thick long , wavy brown hair with a wide forehead , and a widows peak . Her eyes are described as being `` chocolate brown '' and widely spaced . She has a small thin nose , prominent cheekbones , lips a bit too full for her slim jawline , and thin eyebrows that are straighter than they are arched . The scent of her negative O blood is incredibly attractive to vampires , described by Bree Tanner to be the `` sweetest scent she 'd ever smelled '' , though it is a thousand times more intense to Edward Cullen . As for distinguishing features , Bella has a small crescent - shaped scar on her hand where she was bitten by James , a tracker vampire , in Twilight . The scar is described as being pale , always a few degrees colder than the rest of her body , and it shines like a vampire 's skin when exposed to the sunlight . After Bella is changed into a vampire by Edward , she becomes extremely beautiful with even paler skin , straight waist - length hair , and crimson red eyes that will eventually turn gold after months of drinking animal blood . Her features are also heightened and perfected by the transformation . Bella wears plain shirts and jeans everywhere she goes , as she lacks care in her appearance . Personality ( edit ) Bella is described as being clumsy , having a weak constitution , being nonathletic and hating anything physical . Bella is also described as a reclusive loner , shy , quiet , insecure , and very sensitive . She also cares for the rest of the Cullen family , her father Charlie and mother Renée , and her friend Jacob Black . She has a tendency to underestimate the people around her mainly because of her concerns for their safety . Having learned to take care of her mother over the years and being naturally responsible , Bella had developed into a very mature person , especially for her age . Because she lacks any skill in anything noticeable or redeeming as a human , she mostly prefers to spend her free time reading classics from school . When it comes to fashion , Bella is n't a girly girl . She hates dressing up , saying that makeup `` is a pain '' and that she feels uncomfortable in impractical , elegant clothes ; however , Alice does n't care what Bella thinks and continues to persuade her to dress up and look glamorous . She is n't materialistic and does n't like spending money on luxurious items , as she stated to Edward in New Moon ' not to spend a dime on my birthday , ' and that fast cars are unnecessary , saying that Edward gave her himself and anything else he gives her would throw their relationship off balance . She hates being singled out , and does n't like her birthday being celebrated . She also has very negative views on teen marriage due to her parents ' early experience , but learns to overcome them later . She is an extremely private person who keeps her thoughts and feelings to herself and hates when someone tries to understand her , which is thought to be why Edward is unable to hear her thoughts . She is also known to be incredibly stubborn with her self , because of her determination to become a vampire in order to be with Edward forever . She is also said to possess poor acting skills . Ironically , she demonstrates good acting ability in Twilight when she makes her father believe that she has dumped Edward and is leaving Forks . She is a very shy and timid girl with a stiff uptight position , habit of biting her lip , which she shares with Kristen Stewart . Bella knits together her eyebrows when feeling strong emotions such as anxiety . As a human , Bella easily fainted at the sight or smell of blood , which she said smells like rust and salt in Twilight , though it changes after she became a vampire . Bella is also shown in Breaking Dawn , to have a good mood climate , and is able to run away from the smell of human blood when she goes on her first hunting trip as a vampire . Bella has a sarcastic sense of humor , especially when she gets mad ; Bella is almost always a very soft and forgiving person who is hard to anger . She is easily scared but can be surprisingly very brave , able to block painful thoughts and memories ( hence her special vampire ability ) , and tends to come face - to - face with life - threatening danger head - on , even though she can get scared later . She puts Edward before herself and everybody and everything else , but several ' selfish ' tendencies emerge ( as when she asked Edward to stay with her instead of fighting vampires in Eclipse ) . Meyer has stated that Bella 's `` tragic flaw '' in Eclipse is her lack of self - knowledge . This is most obviously illustrated in her consistent denial of any romantic feelings for Jacob Black , despite the fact that she later realizes that she is , indeed , in love with him . Bella is also a very bad liar except to herself . According to Eclipse , Jacob and Edward saying that she 's a terrible liar , are evidence to this . Besides , she also admits this throughout the whole saga , though she seemingly manages to lie to herself about her romantic feelings for Jacob . In contrary to her fearful demeanor , Bella , according to Edward in Midnight Sun , has no sense of fear when she finds out Edward is a vampire . Instead of running away , as she should have , she decides to ask lots of questions with extreme curiosity . This makes Edward believe that it is not bad luck that follows her around , but that she has no sense of self - preservation . Bella is n't very rational nor sensible as she lacks common sense and street intelligence . She hates anything cold and wet , even snow , which is why she initially hated to live in Forks . However , after meeting Edward , she found the town much more comfortable , even calling it `` home '' . As a vampire , she also dislikes the idea of feeding on humans , but is glad to have found the strength she needed to protect her loved ones . Bella inherited her mother 's high perceptiveness to some degree , as she was able to guess Edward was a mind reader , the first human to do so . However , she was not able to guess that Edward was in love with her . After being turned into a vampire , she describes having a much clearer view of the world . She is also very self - controlled , being able to ignore the scent of human blood on her first hunting trip . Bella 's private mind that was able to repel some vampires ' mental abilities while she was human evolved after she became a vampire ; her skill strengthened , allowing her to shield herself and those around her from other vampires ' mental gifts . By the end of Breaking Dawn , she is able to cast the shield away from herself . She is also described by Edward as `` very graceful '' , even for a vampire , in comparison to her earlier clumsiness . Film portrayal ( edit ) In the film adaptations , Bella is portrayed by actress Kristen Stewart . Meyer stated that she was `` very excited '' to see Stewart play the part and that she was `` thrilled to have a Bella who has practice ( in a vast array of film genres ) '' , since , according to Meyer , Twilight has moments that fit into many genres . Stewart wears contact lenses in the films in order to achieve a chocolate brown eye color as described in the books . Despite that exception , Stewart and Bella are very similar in personality , both reserved and inexpressive . Reception ( edit ) Bella has received a generally negative reception from critics . Publishers Weekly states that , after her transformation into a vampire , `` it 's almost impossible to identify with her '' in Breaking Dawn . Lilah Lohr of the Chicago Tribune compares Bella 's character to the story of the Quileute wolves and describes it as `` less satisfying . '' During Twilight , Kirkus Reviews stated that `` Bella 's appeal is based on magic rather than character '' , but that her and Edward 's `` portrayal of dangerous lovers hits the spot '' . In the review of New Moon , Kirkus Reviews said that Bella 's personality was `` flat and obsessive '' . Laura Miller of salon.com said , in regards to Edward and Bella , `` neither of them has much personality to speak of . '' Entertainment Weekly 's Jennifer Reese , in her review of Breaking Dawn noted , in regard to Bella , `` You may wish she had loftier goals and a mind of her own , but these are fairy tales , and as a steadfast lover in the Disney Princess mold , Bella has a certain saccharine appeal '' , and that during Bella 's pregnancy `` she is not only hard to identify with but positively horrifying , especially while guzzling human blood to nourish the infant . '' Washington Post journalist Elizabeth Hand noted how Bella was often described as breakable and that `` Edward 's habit of constantly pulling her onto his lap or having her ride on his back further emphasize her childlike qualities '' , continuing to write that `` the overall effect is a weird infantilization that has repellent overtones to an adult reader and hardly seems like an admirable model to foist upon our daughters ( or sons ) . '' Gina Dalfonzo , in an article posted on the National Review website , calls Bella `` self - deprecating '' before her transformation into a vampire , and afterwards she is `` insufferably vain '' . Dalfonzo also states that Bella gets what she wants and discovers her worth `` by giving up her identity and throwing away nearly everything in life that matters . '' Bella Swan was often compared to Katniss Everdeen on the publication of The Hunger Games . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Story Behind Twilight '' . Stepheniemeyer.com . Archived from the original on 30 July 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Bella 's Move to Another High School '' . Stepheniemeyer.com . Archived from the original on 30 July 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Karen Valby ( November 5 , 2008 ) . `` Stephenie Meyer : 12 of My ' Twilight ' Inspirations '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Stephenie ( 2005 ) . Twilight . Park Avenue , New York City , United States of America : Little , Brown . p. 126 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 01584 - 4 . Blood drinkers , '' he replied in a chilling voice . `` Your people call them vampires . Jump up ^ Meyer , Stephenie ( 2005 ) . Twilight . Park Avenue , New York City , United States of America : Little , Brown . p. 337 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 01584 - 4 . One night , a herd of deer passed his hiding place . He was so wild with thirst , that he attacked without thought . His strength returned and he realized there was an alternative to being the vile monster he feared . Jump up ^ Meyer , Stephenie ( 2005 ) . Twilight . Park Avenue , New York City , United States of America : Little , Brown . p. 475 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 01584 - 4 . Exactly `` , he ( Edward ) snapped . `` And I wo n't end it ( life ) for you ( Bella ) . Jump up ^ Meyer , Stephenie. ( 2006 ) New Moon . 563pp . Jump up ^ Meyer , Stephenie. ( 2007 ) Eclipse . 629pp . Jump up ^ Meyer , Stephenie. ( 2008 ) Breaking Dawn . 756pp . Jump up ^ `` Kristen Stewart chosen '' . MTV . Archived from the original on 25 July 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Excitement Towards Stewart 's role '' . Stephenie Meyer . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking Dawn : Stephenie Meyer , Author '' . Publisher 's Weekly . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Tribune Breaking Dawn review '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Twilight at Kirkus Reviews '' . Kirkus Reviews . Archived from the original on 8 August 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` New Moon at Kirkus Reviews '' . Kirkus Reviews . Archived from the original on 8 August 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Twilight series at salon.com '' . Salon.com . Archived from the original on 8 August 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Weekly Breaking Dawn review '' . Entertainment Weekly . 2008 - 08 - 08 . Archived from the original on 28 August 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Hand , Elizabeth ( 2008 - 08 - 10 ) . `` Washington Post Review '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Review '' . National Review . Archived from the original on 26 August 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Firestone , Amanda ( 2012 ) . `` Apples to Oranges '' . Of bread , blood , and the Hunger Games : critical essays on the Suzanne Collins trilogy . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland & Co. , Publishers . p. 209 . ISBN 9780786470198 . External links ( edit ) Twilight portal Novels portal Stephenie Meyer - Official Website Bella Swan on IMDb Bella Swan on Facebook ( hide ) The Twilight series by Stephenie Meyer Books Twilight New Moon Eclipse Breaking Dawn Film series Twilight The Twilight Saga : New Moon The Twilight Saga : Eclipse The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 Part 2 Cast members Characters Bella Swan Edward Cullen Jacob Black Music Twilight `` Decode '' `` Spotlight '' New Moon `` Meet Me on the Equinox '' `` Possibility '' Eclipse `` Neutron Star Collision ( Love Is Forever ) '' `` Heavy in Your Arms '' Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 `` It Will Rain '' `` A Thousand Years '' Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 `` The Forgotten '' Spin - offs The Short Second Life of Bree Tanner Midnight Sun ( unpublished ) Life and Death : Twilight Reimagined Comics Twilight : The Graphic Novel New Moon : The Graphic Novel Other The Twilight Saga : The Official Illustrated Guide Twilight fandom TwiCon Scene It ? Twilight Related articles Vampires Suck Breaking Wind Fifty Shades of Grey Gabriel 's Inferno Beautiful Bastard Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bella_Swan&oldid=816368899 '' Categories : Female characters in film Characters in fantasy literature Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Fictional characters from Arizona Fictional characters from Washington ( state ) Fictional characters who can move at superhuman speeds Fictional characters with superhuman strength Fictional vampires Fictional psychics Vampires in written fiction Twilight series characters Female characters in literature Teenage characters in film Romance film characters Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Dansk Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 22 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where do edward and bella go for their honeymoon | [
"Breaking Dawn begins with the wedding of Bella and Edward at the Cullen home in the outskirts of Forks. They spend their honeymoon on Isle Esme, a small island off the coast of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil that was given to Esme as a gift from Carlisle. They consummate their marriage, but their lovemaking sparks a conflict between the newlywed couple: Edward is horrified that he has bruised Bella, but she insists that she is fine and wants Edward to make love to her again. He vows not to do so again while she is still human. He eventually gives in. Afterwards, Bella becomes very sick, and realizes that she is pregnant with their child."
] | [
"Isle Esme, a small island off the coast of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"
] |
-8147049847547958310 | Eleanor & Park | Eleanor & Park - wikipedia Eleanor & Park Eleanor & Park the cover of Eleanor & Park Author Rainbow Rowell Country United States Language English Genre Romance Publisher St. Martin 's Press Publication date February 2013 Media type Print ( Hardback ) , Audiobook Pages 333 ISBN 1250012570 Eleanor & Park is the first young adult novel written by Rainbow Rowell , published in 2013 . The story follows dual narratives by Eleanor and Park , two misfits living in Omaha , Nebraska from 1986 to 1987 . Eleanor , a chubby , 16 - year - old girl with curly red hair , and Park , a half - Korean , 16 - year - old boy , meet on a school bus on Eleanor 's first day at the school and gradually connect through comic books and mix tapes of ' 80s music , sparking a love story . Contents 1 Plot 2 Themes 2.1 Escape 2.2 Domestic abuse 2.3 Child abuse 2.4 Bullying 2.5 Body image 3 Reception and honors 4 Controversy 5 Film 6 References 7 Further reading Plot ( edit ) Eleanor Douglas is beginning 10th grade . She is the oldest in a family of two girls and three boys . All the children live with their mother and stepfather , Richie , in a tiny two - bedroom house . The children share one bedroom . There is one bathroom , and Richie has removed the door and will not allow a curtain for privacy . Richie is physically and emotionally abusive to the mother and often drunk . The children live in terror of him . Eleanor does not own a toothbrush or properly fitting clothes . She patches her clothes in bright colors , wears ribbons in her hair , and creates strange clothing combinations , over which her fellow students bully her . Eleanor has just returned after sleeping on the couch of a family friend since Richie threw her out a year earlier . Park Sheridan has lived in Omaha his whole life . While his family is not affluent , and his parents come from very different backgrounds , his home is filled with love . While his father is tall and `` masculine '' , Park takes after his mother in appearance and is shorter than his younger brother . Park believes he is a disappointment and is unenthusiastic about taekwondo , which his father values . Park is instead interested in alternative music and comics . He feels insecure about his size and Asian heritage , despite getting along with the popular kids at school . On Eleanor 's first day at her new school , the students find her weird . They rearrange their seats on the school bus to get her yelled at by the driver . When Eleanor is about to cry , Park rudely offers her a seat . They have a few classes together , during which Park notices Eleanor is one of the smartest students in class . They begin to connect . Eleanor is bullied at school . Girls cover her gym locker with sanitary pads , and someone writes crude remarks in her school books . At home , Richie frequently screams at Eleanor 's mother while drunk . One night , Eleanor hears gunshots and calls 911 , but the police believe Richie 's lies over her report . Eleanor tries to conceal her living situation from Park , but gets frustrated when he takes some things for granted , like a telephone , batteries , or safety . She tries to reject Park 's gifts , believing herself unworthy . The two spend more time together in secret , since Richie wo n't allow Eleanor to have a boyfriend , and her mother and siblings ' loyalties have shifted to Richie . Park professes his love for Eleanor , making her uncomfortable . Her first meeting with his parents does not go well . Park gets into a fight with Steve , who was bullying Eleanor , and lands a taekwondo kick to Steve 's mouth . Park 's nose is broken in return . His mother grounds him `` forever '' , thinking Eleanor is leading Park into trouble . Park 's father , on the other hand , is proud of Park and understands that Richie is an abusive alcoholic . After seeing Eleanor 's family , Park 's mother invites Eleanor to stay at their house . Eleanor accepts and lies to her family about it . Eleanor 's uncle offers to take Eleanor to Minnesota for the summer so she can attend a program for gifted teens . Richie says no . One night , Park 's mom tells the kids to go on a date . Eleanor returns home to a fight between Richie and her mother . She finds her personal possessions destroyed . She matches a hateful message written by Richie to the handwriting of the perverted notes in her school books . Eleanor flees and ends up in Steve 's garage with him and Tina , who turn out to not be as bad as she had thought . She goes to Park 's house and tries to formulate a way to get to St. Paul , Minnesota . Park insists upon driving her . His father sees him sneaking out of the house , but , surprisingly , gives Park money and tells him to take the truck . Park leaves Eleanor at her uncle 's house . Eleanor 's aunt and uncle welcome her and plan to remove her siblings as well . Park sends Eleanor letters and gifts , but she does not respond . Park tries to forget her , but ca n't . Soon , Eleanor 's siblings and mother disappear from Richie 's house , leaving Richie alone once again . Park passes by Eleanor 's former house frequently , longing for her . Park encounters Richie one day as he is coming back from one of his drinking binges. Park fantasizes about killing Richie , because he `` can '' and `` should , '' but ends up only kicking the ground in front of Richie 's face , who had fallen in the snow . Six months later , Park receives a postcard from Eleanor with three words on it . Themes ( edit ) Escape ( edit ) Eleanor desperately seeks for a way to get out of her everyday house and Richie , even though she knows that would mean leaving Park behind . She gets what she wants when Park offers to drive her to Minnesota , away from Richie and her house but what he gets in return is that Eleanor 's mother and siblings also go to where she is , leaving Park with just memories the two have made together . Domestic abuse ( edit ) A key issue revolves around Eleanor and her stepfather , Richie . There are countless times when Eleanor notices bruising on her mother 's face . Richie abuses Eleanor 's mother both physically -- though Rowell never shows us Richie hitting Eleanor 's mother , Sabrina -- and emotionally . Richie yells at and controls Sabrina throughout most of the novel , and Eleanor is so used to it that she can `` sleep through the screaming . '' Sabrina treads lightly around Richie , so as not to spike his anger , making sure everything is right so Richie wo n't hurt her or the kids . Child abuse ( edit ) Richie physically abuses the kids , hitting them when they do something wrong , as well as verbally abusing them , calling them insults . The kids go without new clothes or shoes , wearing the few items Eleanor 's mother can get at Goodwill . The children do n't have toothbrushes or toothpaste , nor shampoo or conditioner to wash their hair ; they only have access to dish washing soap . They do n't have much to eat , either . All five children sleep in a small bedroom with a bunk bed , the boys on the floor , Eleanor on the top bunk and Eleanor 's younger sister on the bottom . Bullying ( edit ) Eleanor deals with bullying at school and at home . At school , her classmate Tina and other students bully her about her size , her hair , and her clothes . Eleanor 's father makes comments about her weight , as well as Richie , whose comments are much more vulgar . Body image ( edit ) Eleanor is constantly bullied about her size . She wears large clothing because her cast - off Goodwill clothing is seldom in her size . In one brief moment with her father , Eleanor says he used to drop `` hints about her weight . '' Richie hurls insults at Eleanor about her appearance . Eleanor does not hate being fat , but dislikes how much of an outcast she becomes because she looks different than anyone else . Park loves everything about Eleanor , body type included . Tall height is described in a positive manner while short height is described negatively in characters ' thoughts . Reception and honors ( edit ) The critical reception for the book has been mostly positive . Kirkus Reviews said : `` Funny , hopeful , foulmouthed , sexy and tear - jerking , this winning romance will captivate teen and adult readers alike . '' Author John Green said Eleanor & Park `` reminded me not just what it 's like to be young and in love with a girl , but also what it 's like to be young and in love with a book . '' The American Library Association gave the book a 2014 Michael L. Printz Award Honor book for excellence in young adult literature . Calling Eleanor & Park `` an honest , heart - wrenching portrayal of imperfect but unforgettable love , '' The Boston Globe and The Horn Book Magazine presented Rowell the 2013 Boston Globe - Horn Book Award for fiction . The New York Times Book Review named it one of seven Notable Children 's Books of 2013 . NPR said Eleanor & Park `` captures the pure , visceral thrill of a high school swoon , but it never forgets that those feelings are real and important '' in naming the book to its list of the Best Books of 2013 . The Association for Library Service to Children , the Young Adult Library Services Association and Booklist recognized the audiobook version of Eleanor & Park with a 2014 Odyssey Honor . Additional honors for Eleanor & Park : Indies Choice Young Adult Book of the Year by the American Booksellers Association Amazon 's Teen Book of the Year and Top Ten Book of the Year Goodreads Choice Award for Best Young Adult Book of the Year Young Adult Library Services Association Top Ten Best Fiction for Young Adults Audible 's Best Teen Audiobook of the Year Controversy ( edit ) The Anoka - Hennepin School District , the largest school district in Minnesota , revised its policies following a challenge of the book at Anoka High School . The parents of an Anoka High student , partnering with a citizen 's group within the district , had challenged the book 's place in school libraries , calling it `` vile profanity '' because of its crude language . They cited 227 instances of coarse language and sexuality and demanded it be pulled from library shelves . The district and the Anoka County Library withdrew an invitation to the author to speak about the book . When the Anoka High principal convened a committee of parents , staff and a student to review the book , the committee determined that it was powerful , realistic and appropriate for high schoolers . During this controversy , the book received support from the National Coalition Against Censorship , which noted irony in the school district canceling an appearance by the author that was scheduled to occur during Banned Books Week . Film ( edit ) In 2014 , it was announced that DreamWorks had purchased the rights to make an Eleanor & Park film adaptation , for which Rowell was asked to write the screenplay . In May 2016 , however , Rowell confirmed via Twitter that the film was no longer in development , and the rights were back with her . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rainbow Rowell interview comments , retrieved 9 April 2018 Jump up ^ `` Eleanor & Park . '' Kirkus Reviews 80.24 ( 2012 ) : 149 . MasterFILE Elite . Web . 31 Aug. 2013 . Jump up ^ Green , John ( March 8 , 2013 ) . `` Two Against the World : ' Eleanor & Park , ' by Rainbow Rowell '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 15 September 2013 . Jump up ^ ALA News ( January 27 , 2014 ) . `` American Library Association announces 2014 youth media award winners by ALA News '' . ALA News . Retrieved 27 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Horn Book ( May 31 , 2013 ) . `` 2013 Boston Globe -- Horn Book Awards for Excellence in Children 's Literature '' . Jump up ^ Ritter , Cynthia K. ( June 3 , 2013 ) . `` Fiction Reviews of 2013 Boston Globe -- Horn Book Award Winner and Honor Books '' . The Horn Book . Retrieved 4 May 2014 . Jump up ^ New York Times Book Review ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` Notable Children 's Books of 2013 '' . New York Times Book Review . Retrieved 4 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Our Guide to 2013 's Great Reads '' . NPR . Retrieved 4 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Luby , Kristen ( January 27 , 2014 ) . `` And the Odyssey Award goes to '' . Listening Library . Retrieved 4 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ABA Announces 2014 Indies Choice and E.B. White Read - Aloud Award Winners '' . April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best Books of the Year 2013 : Teen & Young Adult '' . Retrieved 4 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Best Books of the Year : The Top 100 in Print '' . Retrieved 4 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Goodreads . `` Results for Best Young Adult Fiction '' . Retrieved 4 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Top Ten Best Fiction for Young Adults '' . Retrieved 4 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2013 : Teens '' . Audible . Retrieved 4 May 2014 . Jump up ^ SCHOOL BOARD POLICIES - 600 EDUCATION PROGRAMS Anoka Hennepin School District . 603.1 Curriculum Development and Materials Selection and 606.2 Library Media Materials Selection revised March 26 , 2014 . `` In selecting media materials for purchase , the library media specialist will evaluate the existing collection and consult reputable , unbiased , professionally prepared selection aids and specialists from all applicable departments and / or all grade levels . '' ^ Jump up to : Prather , Shannon - After book challenge at Anoka High , district revises policies . Star Tribune , March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Talks Cancelled for YA Authors Meg Medina and Rainbow Rowell '' . National Coalition Against Censorship . September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Elavksy , Cindy ( 27 April 2014 ) . `` Celebrity Extra '' . King Features . Retrieved 10 July 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) `` Eleanor & Park . '' Publishers Weekly 259.50 ( 2012 ) : 62 - 63 . MasterFILE Elite . Web . 31 Aug. 2013 . `` Eleanor & Park . '' Publishers Weekly 260.17 ( 2013 ) : 129 . MasterFILE Elite . Web . 31 Aug. 2013 Jones , Courtney . `` Eleanor & Park . '' Booklist 109.9 / 10 ( 2013 ) : 98 . MasterFILE Elite . Web . 31 Aug. 2013 . Ritter , Cynthia K. `` Eleanor & Park . '' Horn Book Magazine 89.3 ( 2013 ) : 93 - 94 . MasterFILE Elite . Web . 31 Aug. 2013 . Paladino , Julie . `` Eleanor And Park . '' School Library Journal 59.6 ( 2013 ) : 56 . MasterFILE Elite . Web . 31 Aug. 2013 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eleanor_%26_Park&oldid=850503426 '' Categories : American young adult novels 2013 American novels Interracial romance novels Novels set in Nebraska 1986 in fiction Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 08 : 29 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does eleanor move to in eleanor and park | [
"One night, Park's mom tells the kids to go on a date. Eleanor returns home to a fight between Richie and her mother. She finds her personal possessions destroyed. She matches a hateful message written by Richie to the handwriting of the perverted notes in her school books. Eleanor flees and ends up in Steve's garage with him and Tina, who turn out to not be as bad as she had thought. She goes to Park's house and tries to formulate a way to get to St. Paul, Minnesota. Park insists upon driving her. His father sees him sneaking out of the house, but, surprisingly, gives Park money and tells him to take the truck. Park leaves Eleanor at her uncle's house. Eleanor's aunt and uncle welcome her and plan to remove her siblings as well.\n"
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"St. Paul, Minnesota"
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3254039049672484617 | Orange Is the New Black | Orange Is the New Black - Wikipedia Orange Is the New Black Orange Is the New Black Genre Comedy - drama Created by Jenji Kohan Based on Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison by Piper Kerman Starring Taylor Schilling Laura Prepon Michael Harney Michelle Hurst Kate Mulgrew Jason Biggs Uzo Aduba Danielle Brooks Natasha Lyonne Taryn Manning Selenis Leyva Adrienne C. Moore Dascha Polanco Nick Sandow Yael Stone Samira Wiley Jackie Cruz Lea DeLaria Elizabeth Rodriguez Jessica Pimentel Theme music composer Regina Spektor Opening theme `` You 've Got Time '' Composer ( s ) Scott Doherty Brandon Jay Gwendolyn Sanford Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English ( main language ) Spanish German French Russian No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 65 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Jenji Kohan Liz Friedman ( pilot ) Sara Hess Tara Herrmann Producer ( s ) Neri Kyle Tannenbaum Location ( s ) New York Camera setup Single - camera Running time 51 -- 92 minutes Production company ( s ) Lionsgate Television Tilted Productions Distributor Lionsgate Television Netflix Release Original network Netflix Picture format 1080p ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) 4K Audio format Dolby Digital Plus 5.1 with Descriptive Video Service track Original release July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) -- present External links Website Orange Is the New Black ( sometimes abbreviated to OITNB ) is an American comedy - drama web television series created by Jenji Kohan for Netflix . The series is based on Piper Kerman 's memoir , Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison ( 2010 ) , about her experiences at FCI Danbury , a minimum - security federal prison . Orange Is the New Black premiered on July 11 , 2013 on the streaming service Netflix . In February 2016 , the series was renewed for a fifth , sixth , and seventh season . The fifth season was released on June 9 , 2017 . The sixth season is scheduled to be released on July 27 , 2018 . The series is produced by Tilted Productions in association with Lionsgate Television . Orange Is the New Black has become Netflix 's most - watched original series . It has received critical acclaim and many accolades . For its first season , the series garnered 12 Primetime Emmy Award nominations , including Outstanding Comedy Series , Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series , and Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series , winning three . A new Emmy rule in 2015 forced the series to change categories from comedy to drama . For its second season , the series received four Emmy nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series , and Uzo Aduba won for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series . Orange Is the New Black is the first series to score Emmy nominations in both comedy and drama categories . The series has also received six Golden Globe Award nominations , six Writers Guild of America Award nominations , a Producers Guild of America Award , an American Film Institute award , and a Peabody Award . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.2. 1 Inmates 2.2. 2 Staff 2.2. 3 Others 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Accolades 5 Broadcast 5.1 Ratings 6 Notes 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Main article : List of Orange Is the New Black episodes Season Episodes Originally released 13 July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 13 June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 13 June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 13 June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 5 13 June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) The series revolves around Piper Chapman ( Taylor Schilling ) , a woman in her 30s living in New York City who is sentenced to 15 months in Litchfield Penitentiary , a minimum - security women 's federal prison ( initially operated by the `` Federal Department of Corrections , '' a fictional version of the Federal Bureau of Prisons , and later acquired by Management & Correction Corporation ( MCC ) , a private prison company ) in upstate New York . Piper had been convicted of transporting a suitcase full of drug money for her girlfriend Alex Vause ( Laura Prepon ) , an international drug smuggler . The offense had occurred 10 years prior to the start of the series and in that time Piper had moved on to a quiet , law - abiding life among New York 's upper middle class . Her sudden and unexpected indictment severely disrupted her relationships with her fiancé , family and friends . In prison , Piper is reunited with Alex ( who named Piper in her trial , resulting in Piper 's arrest ) and they re-examine their relationship . Simultaneously , Piper must learn how to survive in prison and how to overcome its numerous , inherent struggles . Episodes often feature flashbacks of significant events from various inmates ' and prison guards ' pasts . These flashbacks typically explain how the inmate came to be in prison or develop the character 's backstory . The show pays close attention to how corruption , drug smuggling , funding cuts , overcrowding and guard brutality affect the prisoners ' health and well - being and the prison 's basic ability to fulfill its fundamental responsibilities and ethical obligations as a federal corrections institution . One of the show 's key conflicts involves the prison Director of Human Activities , Joe Caputo , whose efforts and aims as a warden constantly conflict with the business interests of MCC , which acquired the facility when it was about to be shut down . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Orange Is the New Black characters Main cast ( edit ) Taylor Schilling as Piper Chapman , inmate Laura Prepon as Alex Vause , inmate Michael Harney as Sam Healy , correctional officer Michelle Hurst as Miss Claudette Pelage , inmate ( season 1 ) Kate Mulgrew as Galina `` Red '' Reznikov , inmate Jason Biggs as Larry Bloom , Piper 's fiancé ( season 1 -- 2 , guest season 5 ) Uzo Aduba as Suzanne `` Crazy Eyes '' Warren , inmate Danielle Brooks as Tasha `` Taystee '' Jefferson , inmate Natasha Lyonne as Nicky Nichols , inmate Taryn Manning as Tiffany `` Pennsatucky '' Doggett , inmate Selenis Leyva as Gloria Mendoza , inmate Adrienne C. Moore as Cindy `` Black Cindy '' Hayes , inmate Dascha Polanco as Dayanara `` Daya '' Diaz , inmate Nick Sandow as Joe Caputo , Director of Human Activities , later Warden Yael Stone as Lorna Morello , inmate Samira Wiley as Poussey Washington , inmate ( seasons 1 -- 4 , guest season 5 ) Jackie Cruz as Marisol `` Flaca '' Gonzales , inmate Lea DeLaria as Carrie `` Big Boo '' Black , inmate Elizabeth Rodriguez as Aleida Diaz , former inmate Jessica Pimentel as Maria Ruiz , inmate Recurring cast ( edit ) Main article : List of recurring Orange Is the New Black characters Inmates ( edit ) Laverne Cox as Sophia Burset Annie Golden as Norma Romano Laura Gómez as Blanca Flores Diane Guerrero as Maritza Ramos Vicky Jeudy as Janae Watson Julie Lake as Angie Rice Emma Myles as Leanne Taylor Abigail Savage as Gina Murphy Constance Shulman as Erica `` Yoga '' Jones Lori Tan Chinn as Mei Chang Tamara Torres as German `` Weeping Woman '' Lin Tucci as Anita DeMarco Beth Fowler as Sister Jane Ingalls ( seasons 1 - 4 ) Barbara Rosenblat as Rosa `` Miss Rosa '' Cisneros ( seasons 1 -- 2 , guest season 3 ) Madeline Brewer as Tricia Miller ( season 1 ) Kimiko Glenn as Brook Soso ( season 2 -- present ) Dale Soules as Frieda Berlin ( season 2 -- present ) Lori Petty as Lolly Whitehill ( seasons 2 -- 4 ) Lorraine Toussaint as Yvonne `` Vee '' Parker ( season 2 ) Emily Althaus as Maureen Kukudio ( season 3 -- present ) Blair Brown as Judy King ( season 3 -- present ) Ruby Rose as Stella Carlin ( season 3 , guest season 4 ) Rosal Colon as Carmen `` Ouija '' Aziza ( season 4 -- present ) Francesca Curran as Helen Van Maele ( season 4 -- present ) Daniella De Jesus as `` Zirconia '' Cabrera ( season 4 -- present ) Asia Kate Dillon as Brandy Epps ( season 4 -- present ) Shannon Esper as Alana Dwight ( season 4 -- present ) Arianda Fernandez as Michelle Carreras ( season 4 -- present ) Kelly Karbacz as Kasey Sankey ( season 4 -- present ) Miriam Morales as Ramona `` Pidge '' Contreras ( season 4 -- present ) Jolene Purdy as Stephanie Hapakuka ( season 4 -- present ) Amanda Stephen as Alison Abdullah ( season 4 -- present ) Staff ( edit ) Catherine Curtin as Wanda Bell Joel Marsh Garland as Scott O'Neill Matt Peters as Joel Luschek Alysia Reiner as Natalie `` Fig '' Figueroa Brendan Burke as Wade Donaldson ( seasons 1 - 4 ) Lolita Foster as Eliqua Maxwell ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Germar Terrell Gardner as Charles Ford ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Matt McGorry as John Bennett ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Pablo Schreiber as George `` Pornstache '' Mendez ( seasons 1 -- 3 , guest season 5 ) Lauren Lapkus as Susan Fischer ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Alan Aisenberg as Baxter `` Gerber '' Bayley ( season 3 -- present ) Beth Dover as Linda Ferguson / `` Amelia Von Barlow '' ( season 3 -- present ) Jimmy Gary Jr. as Felix Rikerson ( season 3 -- present ) James McMenamin as Charlie `` Donuts '' Coates ( season 3 -- present ) Mike Birbiglia as Danny Pearson ( seasons 3 - 4 ) Marsha Stephanie Blake as Berdie Rogers ( season 3 ) Nick Dillenburg as Ryder Blake ( season 4 -- present ) Evan Arthur Hall as Stratman ( season 4 -- present ) Mike Houston as Lee Dixon ( season 4 -- present ) Brad William Henke as Desi Piscatella ( seasons 4 -- 5 ) John Palladino as Josh ( season 4 -- present ) Emily Tarver as Artesian McCullough ( season 4 -- present ) Michael Torpey as Thomas `` Humps '' Humphrey ( seasons 4 -- 5 ) Others ( edit ) Michael Chernus as Cal Chapman ( seasons 1 -- 4 ) Tanya Wright as Crystal Burset ( seasons 1 -- 4 ) Tracee Chimo as Neri Feldman ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Berto Colon as Cesar ( seasons 1 -- 3 , 5 ) Deborah Rush as Carol Chapman ( seasons 1 -- 3 , 5 ) Maria Dizzia as Polly Harper ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Ian Paola as Yadriel ( season 2 -- present ) John Magaro as Vince Muccio ( season 3 -- present ) Mary Steenburgen as Delia Powell - Mendez ( season 3 , guest season 5 ) Production ( edit ) The series cast at The Paley Center For Media 's PaleyFest 2014 event honoring the show Show creator Jenji Kohan read Piper Kerman 's memoir after a friend sent it to her . She then set up a meeting with Kerman to pitch her on a TV adaptation , which she notes she `` screwed up '' as she spent most of the time asking Kerman about her experiences she described in the book rather than selling her on the show . This appealed to Kerman as it let her know that she was a fan and she signed off on the adaptation . Kohan would later go on to describe the main character , Piper Chapman , as a `` trojan horse '' for the series , allowing it to focus on characters whose demographics would not normally be represented on TV . In July 2011 , it was revealed that Netflix was in negotiations with Lionsgate for a 13 - episode TV adaptation of Kerman 's memoirs with Kohan as creator . In November 2011 , negotiations were finalized and the series had been greenlit . Casting announcements began in August 2012 with Taylor Schilling , the first to be cast , in the lead role as Piper Chapman , followed by Jason Biggs as Piper 's fiancé Larry Bloom . Laura Prepon and Yael Stone were next to join the series . Abigail Savage , who plays Gina , and Alysia Reiner , who plays Fig , had auditioned for role of Alex Vause . Prepon initially auditioned for Piper Chapman , however Kohan felt she would not worry about her ( in prison ) , noting a `` toughness and a presence to her that was n't right for the character . '' Kohan instead gave her the role of Alex. Stone had originally auditioned for the role of Nicky Nichols , but she was not considered `` tough enough '' for the character ; she was asked to audition for Lorna Morello instead . Likability was important for Morello , whom casting director Jen Euston deemed `` a very helpful , nice , sweet Italian girl . '' Laverne Cox , a black transgender woman , was cast as Sophia Burset , a transgender character . The Advocate touted Orange Is the New Black as possibly the first women - in - prison narrative to cast a transgender woman for this type of role . Natasha Lyonne was to audition for Alex , but was asked to read for the character Nicky Nichols ; `` ( Kohan knew ) she could do Nicky with her eyes closed . She was perfect , '' said Euston . Uzo Aduba read for the part of Janae Watson but was offered the character Suzanne `` Crazy Eyes '' Warren . Taryn Manning was offered the role of Tiffany `` Pennsatucky '' Doggett . This American Life host Ira Glass was offered a role as a public radio host , but he declined . The role instead went to Robert Stanton , who plays the fictional host Maury Kind . The series is set in a fictional prison in Litchfield , New York , which is a real town in upstate New York , but it does not have a federal penitentiary . The series began filming in the old Rockland Children 's Psychiatric Center in Rockland County , New York , on March 7 , 2013 . The title sequence features photos of real former female prisoners including Kerman herself . On June 27 , 2013 , prior to the series premiere , Netflix renewed the show for a second season consisting of 13 episodes . For the second season , Uzo Aduba , Taryn Manning , Danielle Brooks , and Natasha Lyonne were promoted to series regulars . Laura Prepon did not return as a series regular for a second season because of scheduling conflicts , but returned for season 3 as a regular . On May 5 , 2014 , the series was renewed for a third season , as revealed by actress Laura Prepon . For the third season , several actors were promoted to series regulars , including Selenis Leyva , Adrienne C. Moore , Dascha Polanco , Nick Sandow , Yael Stone , and Samira Wiley . Both Jason Biggs and Pablo Schreiber were confirmed as not returning for the third season , but Schreiber appeared in the 10th episode of the third season . The series was renewed for a fourth season on April 15 , 2015 , prior to its third - season premiere . For the fourth season , Jackie Cruz and Lea DeLaria were promoted to series regulars ; with Elizabeth Rodriguez also being promoted by the season 's sixth episode . On February 5 , 2016 , the series was renewed for a fifth , sixth and seventh season . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Season Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 93 % ( 40 reviews ) 79 ( 32 reviews ) 98 % ( 42 reviews ) 89 ( 31 reviews ) 96 % ( 24 reviews ) 83 ( 53 reviews ) 95 % ( 39 reviews ) 86 ( 19 reviews ) 5 74 % ( 35 reviews ) 67 ( 20 reviews ) Members of the cast and crew with their Peabody Award , May 2014 Orange Is the New Black has received critical acclaim . It has been particularly praised for humanizing prisoners and for its depiction of race , sexuality , gender and body types . The first season received positive reviews from critics . Review aggregator Metacritic gave it a weighted average score of 79 out of 100 based on reviews from 32 critics , indicating favorable reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , season one has a 93 % approval rating based on 40 reviews , with an average rating of 8.2 out of 10 . The site 's critical consensus is `` Orange Is the New Black is a sharp mix of black humor and dramatic heft , with interesting characters and an intriguing flashback structure . '' Hank Stuever , television critic for The Washington Post , gave Orange Is the New Black a perfect score . In his review of the series , he stated : `` In Jenji Kohan 's magnificent and thoroughly engrossing new series , Orange Is the New Black , prison is still the pits . But it is also filled with the entire range of human emotion and stories , all of which are brought vividly to life in a world where a stick of gum could ignite either a romance or a death threat . '' Maureen Ryan , of The Huffington Post , wrote : `` Orange is one of the best new programs of the year , and the six episodes I 've seen have left me hungry to see more . '' The second season also received critical acclaim . Rotten Tomatoes gave a rating of 98 % , with an average rating of 9.1 out of 10 based on 42 reviews . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` With a talented ensemble cast bringing life to a fresh round of serial drama , Orange Is the New Black 's sophomore season lives up to its predecessor 's standard for female - led television excellence . Metacritic gave the second season a score of 89 out of 100 based on 31 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim . '' David Wiegland of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the season a positive review , calling the first six episodes `` not only as great as the first season , but arguably better . '' The third season received critical acclaim . On Metacritic , it has a score of 83 out of 100 based on 24 reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a 96 % rating with an average score of 8.2 out of 10 based on 53 reviews . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` Thanks to its blend of potent comedy and rich character work , Orange is the New Black remains a bittersweet pleasure in its third season . '' The fourth season received critical acclaim . On Metacritic , it has a score of 86 out of 100 based on 19 reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a 95 % rating with an average score of 8.6 out of 10 based on 39 reviews . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` Orange is the New Black is back and better than ever , with a powerful fourth season full of compelling performances by the ensemble cast . '' James Poniewozik of The New York Times reviewed the fourth season as `` Do you measure the quality of a TV season as a beginning - to - end average or by how well it ends ? By the first yardstick , Season 4 is ambitious but uneven ; by the latter , it 's the series ' best . '' The fifth season has received `` generally favorable reviews '' . On Metacritic , it has a score of 67 out of 100 based on 20 reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a 76 % rating with an average score of 7.47 out of 10 based on 33 reviews . Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by Orange Is the New Black Orange Is the New Black has received many accolades since its debut . The series has garnered 16 Emmy Award nominations and four wins . For its first season , it received 12 Emmy Award nominations , including Outstanding Comedy Series , Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series , and Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series , winning three . Taylor Schilling received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actress in a Television Series -- Drama . In 2013 , the American Film Institute selected the series as one of the Top 10 Television Programs of the Year . A new Emmy rule in 2015 , classifying half - hour shows as comedies and hour - long shows as dramas , forced the series to change categories from comedy to drama for its second season . That year , the series received four Emmy nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series , and Aduba won her second Emmy Award , for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series . Orange Is the New Black became the first series to receive Emmy nominations in both comedy and drama categories . For its second season , the series also received three Golden Globe Award nominations : Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy , Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy for Schilling , and Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film for Aduba . At the 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards , the series won Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series and Aduba won Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series . For its third season , Orange Is the New Black won Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series and Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series ( Aduba ) . It received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy . The series has also received , among other accolades , six Writers Guild of America Award nominations , five Satellite Awards , four Critics ' Choice Television Awards , a GLAAD Media Award , an American Cinema Editors Award , a Producers Guild of America Award , and a Peabody Award . Broadcast ( edit ) Netflix is famously tight - fisted when it comes to offering up viewership data about its original series . But execs with the streaming giant have repeatedly confirmed that OITNB is its most - watched original series . That has been backed up by the efforts of outside measurement companies to track viewing in the Netflix eco-system . -- Variety The series began airing on broadcast television in New Zealand on TV2 on August 19 , 2013 . It premiered in Australia on October 9 , 2013 , on Showcase . The second season began on Showcase on July 16 , 2014 , and the third season premiered on June 11 , 2015 . The first season began airing on broadcast television in the UK on Sony Channel from April 19 , 2017 . In April 2017 , it was reported that a cybercriminal had stolen the first ten episodes of the fifth season in a security breach of a post-production company . Netflix failed to respond to ransom demands , and the cybercriminal leaked the episodes online . Netflix confirmed the security breach and an ongoing investigation by federal law enforcement . Multichannel News reported that demand for the series significantly increased over the seven - day period following the leak of the episodes . It was also said that the leak would likely cause a decrease in demand for the fifth season when Netflix releases it in June . Ratings ( edit ) Orange Is the New Black generated more viewers and hours viewed in its first week than the other top Netflix original series House of Cards and Arrested Development . In October 2013 , Netflix stated that the show is a `` tremendous success '' for the streaming platform . `` It will end the year as our most watched original series ever and , as with each of our other previously launched originals , enjoys an audience comparable with successful shows on cable and broadcast TV . '' As reported in February 2016 , Orange Is the New Black remains Netflix 's most - watched original series . In 2016 , a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that Orange Is the New Black is one of the shows most watched in urban areas , and despite its `` minority - rich ensemble cast , '' the series `` appeals more to a white audience . '' Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Michael J. Harney was credited as main cast for season 5 but did not make a single appearance . See also ( edit ) Incarceration of women in the United States Prison -- industrial complex List of dramatic television series with LGBT characters List of LGBT characters in television and radio References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dunne , Susan ( July 3 , 2013 ) . `` Danbury Women 's Prison Setting For Netflix Original Series '' . The Hartford Courant . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( September 17 , 2012 ) . `` Duo Cast in Netflix 's ' Orange Is The New Black ' , Don Stark Upped on VH 's ' Bounce ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 30 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix Sets Premiere Date for Jenji Kohan 's ' Orange Is the New Black ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Littleton , Cynthia ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Renewed For 3 Seasons By Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black Season 5 Set for June Release at Netflix '' . TVLine . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Orange Is The New Black ' Season 6 Gets Premiere Date & Teaser On Netflix '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Denham , Jess ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix renews Orange is the New Black for three more series '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` 7 Emmys rules and quirks that explain the 2015 nominations '' . Vox . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Birnbaum , Debra ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Boss Jenji Kohan on Running the Show Her Way '' . Variety . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Radish , Christina ( July 7 , 2013 ) . `` Creator Jenji Kohan Talks ORANGE IS THE NEW BLACK , Her Research Into Prison Life , and Graphic Sex Scenes '' . Collider . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Orange ' Creator Jenji Kohan : ' Piper Was My Trojan Horse ' '' . NPR . August 13 , 2013 . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 22 , 2011 ) . `` Netflix Eyeing Second Original Series -- Comedy From Weeds Creator Jenji Kohan '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 11 , 2011 ) . `` Netflix , Lionsgate TV Closing Deal For Jenji Kohan 's ' Orange Is The New Black ' Comedy '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 30 , 2012 ) . `` Taylor Schilling To Star in Jenji Kohan 's Netflix Series Orange Is The New Black '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( September 12 , 2012 ) . `` Jason Biggs to Co-Star in Netflix 's ' Orange Is the New Black ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jung , E. Alex ( July 9 , 2014 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black 's Fig Explains the ' Beer Can ' Scene '' . Vulture . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big Boo Was n't Originally Supposed To Be A Part Of ' Orange Is The New Black ' ( VIDEO ) '' . HuffPost . August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Down , Steve ( July 5 , 2015 ) . `` Yael Stone on Orange is the New Black : ' I was n't Sapphic enough to play Nicky ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Orley , Emily ( August 13 , 2014 ) . `` How The `` Orange Is The New Black '' Cast Came To Be `` . BuzzFeed . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Diane ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` Why You Should Watch ' Orange Is the New Black ' '' . The Advocate . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Byrnes , Holly ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` Orange Is The New Black 's Uzo Aduba : ' How would make someone think I 'd be right for Crazy Eyes ? ' '' . News Corp Australia . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Molloy , Tim ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` Ira Glass ' Politely Declined ' Role on ' Orange Is the New Black ' '' . The Wrap . Retrieved August 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Is the ' Orange is New Black ' Prison Real ? Yes , and it is Located Near Utica '' . WIBX 950 AM . January 6 , 2014 . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Serico , Chris ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix series ' Orange is the New Black ' filming in Rockland '' . Newsday . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2013 . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pate , Caroline ( August 21 , 2013 ) . `` ' Orange is the New Black ' Title Sequence Uses Actual Former Prisoners '' . Bustle . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Renews Original Series `` Orange Is the New Black '' for Second Season '' ( Press release ) . Netflix . June 27 , 2013 . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 8 , 2013 ) . `` Uzo Aduba Upped To Regular On ' Orange Is The New Black ' , Steven Culp In ' Revolution ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Martin , Rebecca ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black Season 3 : Laura Prepon Back as Series Regular ! '' . Wetpaint . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange is the New Black ' renewed for 3rd season '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Simms , Andrew ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange is the New Black ' season 3 promotes Dascha Polanco to series regular '' . Hypable . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' : Jason Biggs Not Returning to Season 3 '' . Variety . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Miller , Gregory E. ( July 23 , 2014 ) . `` ' Pornstache ' out ahead of ' Orange ' season 3 '' . New York Post . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Huggins , Sarah ( June 13 , 2015 ) . `` Pablo Schreiber 's Pornstache has an ' OITNB ' Season 3 surprise in store for fans '' . Zap2it . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Orange Is The New Black ' Renewed for Season 4 by Netflix '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix sets premiere dates for OITNB , Kimmy Schmidt , and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 28 , 2014 ) . `` Lea DeLaria Upped To Regular On ' Orange Is The New Black ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abramson , Seth ( July 26 , 2013 ) . `` How ' Orange Is the New Black ' humanizes inmates '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Simon , Rachel ( June 17 , 2014 ) . `` Has ' Orange is the New Black ' Changed the Way We Think of Prisoners ? Former Inmates Say No , But There 's Progress Ahead '' . Bustle . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Greenwald , Andy ( July 15 , 2013 ) . `` The Great Orange Is the New Black Is Suddenly the Best Netflix Series Yet '' . Grantland . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rorke , Robert ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' ignites a TV revolution for women '' . New York Post . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McClelland , Mac ( June 18 , 2015 ) . `` Caged Heat '' . Rolling Stone ( 1237 ) . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ross , L.A. ( March 15 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Cast Dishes on Prison Sex , Women Calling the Shots , and What Red Did '' . TheWrap . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gennis , Sadie ( July 24 , 2013 ) . `` Trans Actress Laverne Cox Breaks New Ground with Orange Is the New Black '' . TV Guide . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schroeder , Audra ( August 5 , 2013 ) . `` How `` Orange Is the New Black '' changed the way we talk about TV `` . The Daily Dot . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( July 25 , 2013 ) . `` Dead Tree Alert : Orange Is the New Black Is the New Way of Talking About TV '' . Time . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Critic Reviews for Orange Is the New Black Season 1 '' . Metacritic. 2013 . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 2013 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Steuver , Hank ( July 11 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix 's Orange Is the New Black : Brilliance behind bars '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` ' Orange Is The New Black ' Review : Subversive Netflix Prison Drama Proves Addictive '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved August 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Critic Reviews for Orange Is the New Black Season 2 '' . Metacritic. 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wiegland , David ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' review : Me vs. we '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 3 '' . Metacritic. 2015 . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 3 '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 2015 . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 4 '' . Metacritic. 2016 . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 4 '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 2016 . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Orange Is The New Black : It 's About Time '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 5 '' . Metacritic. 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 5 '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Orange Is The New Black '' . Television Academy . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Orange is the New Black '' . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Awards 2013 '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` 7 Emmys Rules and Quirks that Explain the 2015 Nominations '' . Vox . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SAG Award Winners 2015 : Full List '' . Variety . January 25 , 2015 . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SAG Awards : The Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 30 , 2016 . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Previous Nominees & Winners '' . Writers Guild of America . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Satellite Awards '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Satellite Awards '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice Television Awards 2014 : Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . June 19 , 2014 . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice Awards Winners : Full List '' . Variety . May 31 , 2015 . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` George Takei , `` Orange is the New Black , '' `` Concussion '' among # GLAADAwards recipients in New York City `` . GLAAD . May 3 , 2014 . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Wars ' Among Nominees for ACE Eddie Awards for Film Editing '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 4 , 2016 . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PGA Awards : ' Orange Is the New Black ' Wins Outstanding Producer of Episodic Television , Comedy '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 24 , 2015 . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Orange is the New Black ( Netflix ) '' . Peabody Awards . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is The New Black '' . TVNZ . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( September 9 , 2013 ) . `` Airdate : Orange is the New Black '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Most anticipated returning shows in 2014 '' . Foxtel . January 14 , 2014 . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Orange is the New Black S3 : same time as the US '' . Foxtel . June 4 , 2015 . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Szalai , Georg ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` Sony Channel U.K. Takes ' Orange Is the New Black ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hacker Releases New Episodes of ' Orange Is the New Black '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Associated Press . April 28 , 2017 . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perlroth , Nicole ; Haag , Matthew ( April 29 , 2017 ) . `` Hacker Leaks Episodes From Netflix Show and Threatens Other Networks '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baumgartner , Jeff ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Demand for ' Orange Is the New Black ' Spiked Following Hack '' . Multichannel News . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greenwald , Andy ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Brilliant ' Orange ' '' . Grantland . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kafka , Peter ( July 23 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix 's No - Name Show Beating `` House of Cards '' and `` Arrested Development '' `` . All Things Digital . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ha , Anthony ( October 21 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix : ' Orange Is The New Black ' Is Our Most - Watched Original , But Our TV Exclusives Are Even Bigger '' . TechCrunch . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Brian Anthony ( October 21 , 2013 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Is Netflix 's Most - Watched Original Series '' . Mashable . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Nigel M ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Orange is the New Black renewed for three additional seasons '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Katz , Josh ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Duck Dynasty ' vs. ' Modern Family ' : 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Weatherford Millette , Sarah . `` The Representation of Latinas in Orange Is the New Black . '' MA Thesis . George Mason University , 2015 . Piper Kerman On Her Story That Inspired The Netflix Series Orange Is The New Black . June 2014 . 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"\n\nSeason\nEpisodes\nOriginally released\n\n\n\n1\n13\nJuly 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)\n\n\n\n2\n13\nJune 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)\n\n\n\n3\n13\nJune 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)\n\n\n\n4\n13\nJune 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)\n\n\n\n5\n13\nJune 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)\n\n"
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"June 17, 2016"
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2333037074433830928 | Super Bowl XXXV | Super Bowl XXXV - wikipedia Super Bowl XXXV Jump to : navigation , search `` Festivus Maximus '' redirects here . For Festivus Maximus at the Harvest Moon Benefit Festival , see Harvest Moon Benefit Festival . Super Bowl XXXV Baltimore Ravens ( AFC ) New York Giants ( NFC ) 34 7 Total BAL 7 14 10 34 NYG 0 0 7 0 7 Date January 28 , 2001 ( 2001 - 01 - 28 ) Stadium Raymond James Stadium , Tampa , Florida MVP Ray Lewis , Linebacker Favorite Ravens by 3 Referee Gerald Austin Attendance 71,921 Future Hall of Famers Ravens : Jonathan Ogden , Shannon Sharpe , Rod Woodson Giants : Wellington Mara ( owner / administrator ) , Michael Strahan Ceremonies National anthem Backstreet Boys Coin toss Marcus Allen , Ottis Anderson , Tom Flores , Bill Parcells Halftime show Aerosmith , Britney Spears , Nelly , Mary J. Blige , and * NSYNC TV in the United States Network CBS Announcers Greg Gumbel , Phil Simms , Armen Keteyian and Bonnie Bernstein Nielsen ratings 40.3 ( est . 84.3 million viewers ) Market share 60 Cost of 30 - second commercial $2.1 million ← XXXIV Super Bowl XXXVI → Super Bowl XXXV was an American football game between the American Football Conference ( AFC ) champion Baltimore Ravens and the National Football Conference ( NFC ) champion New York Giants to decide the National Football League ( NFL ) champion for the 2000 season . The Ravens defeated the Giants by the score of 34 -- 7 , tied for the seventh largest Super Bowl margin of victory with Super Bowl XXXVII . The game was played on January 28 , 2001 at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa , Florida . The Ravens , who posted a 12 -- 4 regular season record , became the third wild card team to win the Super Bowl and the second in four years . Also , the city of Baltimore had its first Super Bowl title since the Baltimore Colts ' triumph thirty years prior and became the first city to win major professional football championships with four different franchises , the others being the Colts , the 1985 Baltimore Stars of the United States Football League and the 1995 Baltimore Stallions of the Canadian Football League . The Giants entered the game seeking to go 3 -- 0 in Super Bowls after also finishing the regular season with a 12 -- 4 record . The game was the first ( and , so far , only ) Super Bowl contested by teams representing cities that had contested a previous Super Bowl with two different franchises ( specifically , Super Bowl III between the Colts and the New York Jets ) . Baltimore allowed only 152 yards of offense by New York ( the third - lowest total ever in a Super Bowl ) , recorded 4 sacks , and forced 5 turnovers . All 16 of the Giants ' possessions ended with punts or interceptions , with the exception of the last one , which ended when time expired in the game . New York 's lone touchdown , a 97 - yard kickoff return , was quickly answered by Baltimore on an 84 - yard touchdown return on the ensuing kickoff . The Giants became the first team since the Cincinnati Bengals in Super Bowl XXIII to not score an offensive touchdown and the fifth overall ( joining the Bengals as well as the Minnesota Vikings in Super Bowl IX , the Washington Redskins in Super Bowl VII , and the Miami Dolphins in Super Bowl VI . ) Baltimore 's Ray Lewis , a native of Lakeland , Florida , less than an hour from Super Bowl host city Tampa , who made 3 solo tackles , 2 assists , and blocked 4 passes , became the second linebacker to be named Super Bowl MVP after Chuck Howley in Super Bowl V. Lewis also became the first defensive player to be honored since Larry Brown in Super Bowl XXX , and at the time the seventh defensive player to be Super Bowl MVP , joining Howley , Jake Scott , Harvey Martin , Randy White , Richard Dent , and Brown ( since Lewis , only three additional defensive players have been named Super Bowl MVP : Tampa Bay Buccaneers safety Dexter Jackson in Super Bowl XXXVII , Seattle Seahawks linebacker Malcolm Smith in Super Bowl XLVIII , and Denver Broncos linebacker Von Miller in Super Bowl 50 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Baltimore Ravens 1.2 New York Giants 1.3 Playoffs 1.4 Pre-game news 2 Television and entertainment 2.1 Pregame ceremonies 2.2 Halftime show 2.3 Community Events 3 Game summary 3.1 First Quarter 3.2 Second Quarter 3.3 Third Quarter 3.4 Fourth Quarter 3.5 Box score 3.6 Statistical overview 4 Final statistics 4.1 Statistical comparison 4.2 Individual leaders 4.3 Records set 5 Starting lineups 6 Officials 7 Surveillance 8 Notes and references Background ( edit ) NFL owners awarded Super Bowl XXXV to Tampa during their October 31 , 1996 meeting in New Orleans . Tampa became the fourth metropolitan area to host the game at least three times , joining New Orleans , Miami , and Los Angeles . Other cities under consideration at the meeting were Miami , Atlanta , and Los Angeles . Owners initially planned on selecting only two hosts ( XXXIII and XXXIV ) , but decided to name three after strong showings by the respective delegations . Tampa was essentially promised a Super Bowl after committing to the construction of a new stadium . Miami , Atlanta , and Tampa were selected to host XXXIII , XXXIV , and XXXV , respectively . Baltimore Ravens ( edit ) Main article : 2000 Baltimore Ravens season The Ravens entered the game with the second - best defense in allowing yards in the league , with the fewest points allowed ( 165 ) and the fewest rushing yards allowed ( 970 ) during the regular season . At the time , they were the only team to hold the opposition to under 1,000 yards rushing in a season since the NFL adopted a 16 - game schedule in 1978 . Baltimore 's 165 points allowed broke the record set by the 1986 Chicago Bears , who had given up 187 points . The Ravens ' defense had held their opponents to 10 or fewer points in 11 games , including four shutouts . The defense was led by a trio of outstanding linebackers : Peter Boulware , Jamie Sharper , and Ray Lewis . During the regular season , Boulware recorded 7 sacks , while Sharper forced 5 fumbles and made one interception . Lewis was named the NFL Defensive Player of the Year by recording 3 sacks , making 138 tackles , and intercepting 2 passes . Pro Bowl defensive tackle Sam Adams and veteran Tony Siragusa anchored the defensive line , along with defensive ends Rob Burnett ( 10.5 sacks , 3 forced fumbles , and 5 fumble recoveries ) and Pro Bowler Michael McCrary ( 6.5 sacks , 3 fumble recoveries ) . Baltimore also had an outstanding corps of defensive backs led by Pro Bowl veteran safety Rod Woodson , who along with Kim Herring , Duane Starks , and Chris McAlister combined for 17 interceptions . On offense , the Ravens ' main strength was rushing , led by rookie Jamal Lewis ( 1,364 yards , 6 rushing touchdowns , 27 receptions , 298 yards ) and Priest Holmes ( 588 yards , 32 receptions , 221 yards ) . Also , tight end Shannon Sharpe recorded 67 receptions for 810 yards and 5 touchdowns . Receiver Qadry Ismail added 49 receptions for 655 yards and four touchdowns . The offensive line was anchored by tackle Jonathan Ogden , who was named to the Pro Bowl for the 4th consecutive season . On special teams , Jermaine Lewis ranked second in the NFL with 36 punt returns for 578 yards and two touchdowns , while also catching 19 passes for 161 yards and another score . Kicker Matt Stover led the NFL in field goals made ( 35 ) and attempted ( 39 ) , while ranking 7th in field goal percentage ( 89.7 ) and second in scoring ( 135 points ) . However , the Baltimore offense was mediocre , ranking only 13th in the league in scoring ( 333 points ) , 16th in total yards ( 5,301 ) , and 23rd in passing yards ( 3,102 ) . The team had a lot of trouble scoring , and at one point they went through five games without scoring an offensive touchdown ( although they managed to win two of those games ) . But they managed to regroup , as head coach Brian Billick forbade anyone to use the `` P - word '' ( presumably `` postseason '' or `` playoffs '' ) until the team actually played in it . The Ravens ' outspoken defensive lineman , Tony Siragusa , did utter the word `` playoffs '' on two separate occasions and was fined , albeit a measly sum of $500 . Since the fine ( and Billick 's ban ) were clearly symbolic and playful , Billick explained himself by saying , `` He got a $400 fine for doing it on national television and $100 for doing it on his radio show . The reason being because no one listens to his show anyway . '' In place of the `` P - word , '' the word `` Festivus '' was used , the December 23 secular holiday featured in an episode of the popular American television sitcom Seinfeld ( the Ravens organization played along with this theme for that year 's playoffs by showing a clip of Cosmo Kramer saying `` A Festivus miracle ! '' on the stadium screen during the team 's only home playoff game that year ) . The Super Bowl was thereafter referred to as `` Festivus Maximus . '' Midway through the season , with the team at 5 -- 3 , Billick benched starting quarterback Tony Banks and replaced him with Trent Dilfer . Although his statistics were hardly distinguished ( 12 touchdowns , 11 interceptions , 76.6 passer rating ) , and the team lost in his first game as a starter , Dilfer led them to victory in their last seven regular season games to finish in second place in the AFC Central with a 12 -- 4 record and entered the playoffs as a wild - card team . New York Giants ( edit ) Main article : 2000 New York Giants season The Giants advanced to Super Bowl XXXV after posting a 7 -- 9 record in the previous year . Their big draft acquisition during the offseason was running back Ron Dayne , the 1999 Heisman Trophy winner . The plan was to have his power running style complement running back Tiki Barber 's speed and pass - catching ability . The two would be called the Giants ' `` Thunder and Lightning '' backfield . Although Dayne had a solid rookie year by rushing for 770 yards , the breakout star during the regular season was Barber . Barber had 1,006 rushing yards in 213 attempts , caught 70 passes for 719 yards , and scored 10 touchdowns . He also returned 44 punts for 506 yards and gained 266 yards returning kickoffs , giving him 2,495 total yards . Kerry Collins entered the season as the Giants ' unquestioned starting quarterback . Although he helped lead the Carolina Panthers to the 1996 NFC Championship Game , he endured a mediocre season in 1997 . In 1998 , he quit part way through the season after the team opened the campaign with a four - game losing streak . After spending the remainder of the 1998 season with the New Orleans Saints , Collins was signed in 1999 as the Giants ' second - string quarterback , but soon claimed the starting job . In leading the Giants to Super Bowl XXXV , Collins completed 311 out of 529 passes for 3,610 yards and 22 touchdowns during the regular season . His favorite targets , in addition to Barber , were wide receivers Amani Toomer ( 78 receptions , 1,094 yards , 7 touchdowns ) , and Ike Hilliard ( 55 receptions , 787 yards , 8 touchdowns ) . The Giants also had a powerful defense , led by Pro Bowl defensive end Michael Strahan , who recorded 9.5 sacks , and defensive tackle Keith Hamilton who recorded 10 . Defensive backs Jason Sehorn , Emmanuel McDaniel , Reggie Stephens , and Shaun Williams combined for 14 interceptions . But the Giants fell to a 7 -- 4 record midway through the season , and their playoff prospects seemed dim at best . In what would be his defining moment , head coach Jim Fassel , at a press conference following the Giants ' loss to the Detroit Lions , guaranteed that his team would make the playoffs . The Giants responded by winning their last five regular season games to reach 12 -- 4 and win the NFC East . Playoffs ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see 2000 -- 01 NFL playoffs . With an explosive defense and a `` play - it - safe '' offense , the Ravens became the seventh wild - card team to reach the Super Bowl , and third in four seasons , after allowing only a combined one touchdown and three field goals in their playoff wins over the Denver Broncos , the Tennessee Titans , and the Oakland Raiders . Meanwhile , the Giants defeated the Philadelphia Eagles , 20 -- 10 , and shut out the Minnesota Vikings , 41 -- 0 , the most lopsided game in NFC Championship game history . Pregame News ( edit ) Before the game , there was a lot of resentment from Cleveland Browns fans , as the Ravens were playing in the Super Bowl only five years removed from the 1995 Cleveland Browns relocation controversy , in which following legal action , the Browns ' existing player and staff contracts became the new Ravens franchise ; and the Browns ' name , history , and archives would stay in Cleveland , and a new Browns team would begin play in 1999 after a three - year period of `` deactivation '' . As the Browns finished with a 3 -- 13 record in 2000 , many Browns fans were upset that the Ravens were in the Super Bowl , although Matt Stover , Rob Burnett , and Larry Webster were the only players from the Cleveland days remaining with the Ravens when they won the Super Bowl . Officially , the win made the Ravens the quickest expansion team in NFL history to win a Super Bowl , although much like the 1950 Browns winning the NFL Championship in their first season in the NFL after coming over from the All - America Football Conference , the Ravens were not an expansion team in the traditional sense of the term that started out as a completely brand new organization , coaching staff and players from scratch . Television and Entertainment ( edit ) The broadcasting compound at Super Bowl XXXV The game was broadcast in the United States by CBS ( their first since Super Bowl XXVI in January 1992 ) . Play - by - play announcer Greg Gumbel became the first African - American announcer to call a major sports championship on network television . He was joined in the broadcast booth by color commentator Phil Simms . Armen Keteyian and Bonnie Bernstein served as sideline reporters . Jim Nantz hosted all the events with help from his then - fellow cast members from The NFL Today : Mike Ditka , Craig James , Randy Cross , and Jerry Glanville . The desk reporting was done aboard the famous Buccaneer Cove pirate ship at the end zone of Raymond James Stadium . The broadcast featured the brand - new EyeVision instant - replay system , which provided rapid - fire sequential shots from a series of cameras positioned around the top of the stadium . It allowed for bullet time effects , similar to those used in the movie The Matrix . It was extremely unusual for CBS to debut a major new technology system at an event the size of the Super Bowl . The EyeVision system proved its mettle when it helped to uphold a replay challenge on a Jamal Lewis 4th - quarter touchdown . EyeVision was also used during the broadcast of the Super Bowl XXXV halftime show , which was directed by Saturday Night Live director Beth McCarthy - Miller . EyeVision would mostly fall out of use after Super Bowl XXXV , not being used in an NFL game until an upgraded version was announced for Super Bowl 50 . CBS also produced a separate HDTV broadcast of the game in the 1080i format , with Kevin Harlan and Daryl Johnston announcing . It was the second year that the game was televised in both standard - definition TV ( NTSC ) and HDTV . As previously mentioned , this was the first Super Bowl to be aired on CBS in nine years ( after XXVI ) . Following the 1993 season , Fox bought the rights to air the NFC package , leaving CBS without the NFL for the next four years until 1998 , when they began broadcasting the AFC package , bringing an end to NBC 's 33 - year stint . ( NBC would later outbid ABC for the primetime NFL package in 2006 , which resulted in these matchups moving from Monday to Sunday . ) Along with being the first African - American to be the play - by - play announcer for a Super Bowl , Gumbel also became the third person to both host a Super Bowl pregame show and call the game , joining Dick Enberg and Al Michaels . Gumbel was the host during his first stint with CBS for Super Bowl XXVI , and he was the pregame host for Super Bowls XXX and XXXII when he was with NBC . Pregame ceremonies ( edit ) Before the game , a pregame show titled `` Life 's Super in Central Florida '' was held , featuring Sting , Styx , and PYT . To honor the 225th anniversary of the birth of the United States , singer Ray Charles performed `` America the Beautiful '' . The song was signed ( ASL ) by Tom Cooney . To honor the 10th anniversary of the Persian Gulf War , 10 military veterans from the conflict including former general Norman Schwarzkopf were introduced on the field . The pop group ( and Florida natives ) The Backstreet Boys then sang the national anthem becoming the only boyband to sing the national anthem at the Super Bowl . The coin toss ceremony honored the two previous Super Bowls that were played in Tampa . Representing the New York Giants ' win in Super Bowl XXV was the game 's MVP , Ottis Anderson , and former head coach Bill Parcells . Representing the Los Angeles Raiders ' win in Super Bowl XVIII was that game 's MVP , Marcus Allen , and former head coach Tom Flores . This was the last Super Bowl to have individual player introductions for both teams ( both the Ravens ' and Giants ' defenses were announced ) . In Super Bowl XXXVI , the New England Patriots bucked this trend and were introduced as a team and starting with Super Bowl XXXVII , the league decided to have the entire teams and not individual players introduced . Halftime show ( edit ) The halftime show was produced by MTV , then a sister network of CBS , and featured Aerosmith , ' N Sync , Britney Spears , Nelly , Mary J. Blige , and Tremors featuring The Earthquake Horns . The show featured a back - and - forth medley between Aerosmith and ' N Sync , featuring the songs `` Jaded '' and `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' by Aerosmith ( the former song was from their then - upcoming album Just Push Play ) and `` Bye Bye Bye '' and `` It 's Gonna Be Me '' by ' N Sync . The show ended with all of the performers singing Aerosmith 's `` Walk This Way '' . Community events ( edit ) The city of Tampa moved its annual Gasparilla Pirate Festival from its usual date in early February to the Saturday before the game . It was the largest Gasparilla in history , with over 750,000 attending . Game summary ( edit ) A view of the endzone from the press box . First quarter ( edit ) Both defenses dominated early in the first quarter as the first five possessions of the game ended in punts . On the fifth punt , Ravens kickoff / punt returner Jermaine Lewis returned the ball 33 yards to the New York 31 - yard line . Although a holding penalty on the return moved the ball back to the 41 - yard line , Baltimore took only two plays to score on quarterback Trent Dilfer 's 38 - yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Brandon Stokley . Second quarter ( edit ) Early in the second quarter , a holding penalty against the Giants nullified linebacker Jessie Armstead 's 43 - yard interception return for a touchdown that would have tied the game . Later in the period , Dilfer completed a 44 - yard pass to receiver Qadry Ismail to set up a 47 - yard field goal by Ravens kicker Matt Stover to extend Baltimore 's lead , 10 -- 0 . With the aid of a 27 - yard run from running back Tiki Barber , the Giants advanced all the way to the Ravens ' 29 - yard line on their ensuing drive , but Baltimore defensive back Chris McAlister intercepted a pass from Kerry Collins to keep New York scoreless at halftime . Third quarter ( edit ) The Giants forced the Ravens to punt on the opening drive of the second half . Five plays later , Ravens safety Kim Herring intercepted Collins at the New York 41 - yard line . The Ravens then advanced to the 24 - yard line , but the drive stalled and Stover missed a 41 - yard field goal attempt . After an exchange of punts , Ravens defensive back Duane Starks intercepted a pass from Collins and returned it 49 yards for a touchdown , setting off a chain of events unseen before in Super Bowl history : three touchdowns on three consecutive plays in 36 seconds . On the ensuing kickoff , Ron Dixon returned the ball 97 yards for the Giants ' first and only score of the game . But Jermaine Lewis returned the next kickoff 84 yards for a touchdown , making the score 24 -- 7 for the Ravens . It was the first time in history two kickoffs were returned for touchdowns in the same Super Bowl game , and on back - to - back kickoffs . Fourth quarter ( edit ) The Giants gained only one first down on their final four possessions , and were never able to move the ball into Baltimore territory . Meanwhile , the Ravens added 10 more points to their lead , making the final score 34 -- 7 . A few possessions after Jermaine Lewis ' touchdown , Giants punter Brad Maynard 's 34 - yard punt from his own 4 to the 38 - yard line and tight end Ben Coates ' 17 - yard reception set up a 3 - yard touchdown run by running back Jamal Lewis early in the fourth quarter . Dixon fumbled the ensuing kickoff to Ravens defender Robert Bailey , setting up Stover 's 34 - yard field goal with 5 : 27 left in the game . Box score ( edit ) Total Ravens 7 14 10 34 Giants 0 0 7 0 7 at Raymond James Stadium , Tampa , Florida Date : January 28 , 2001 Game time : 6 : 28 p.m. EST Game weather : 65 ° F ( 18 ° C ) , clear ( hide ) Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP BAL NYG 6 : 50 41 0 : 45 BAL Stokley 38 - yard touchdown reception from Dilfer , Stover kick good 7 0 1 : 41 7 59 2 : 28 BAL 47 - yard field goal by Stover 10 0 3 : 49 -- -- -- BAL Interception returned 49 yards for touchdown by Starks , Stover kick good 17 0 3 : 31 -- -- -- NYG Dixon 97 - yard kickoff return for a touchdown , Daluiso kick good 17 7 3 : 13 -- -- -- BAL Jermaine Lewis 84 - yard kickoff return for a touchdown , Stover kick good 24 7 8 : 45 6 38 4 : 17 BAL Jamal Lewis 3 - yard touchdown run , Stover kick good 31 7 5 : 27 5 18 3 : 02 BAL 34 - yard field goal by Stover 34 7 `` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football . 34 7 Statistical overview ( edit ) Dilfer threw for 153 yards and a touchdown , with no interceptions . Jamal Lewis rushed for 102 yards and a touchdown ( only the second rookie to rush for 100 yards in the Super Bowl , joining Timmy Smith in Super Bowl XXII , while also being the first rookie to score a rushing touchdown in a Super Bowl since Smith in 1988 ) , and caught a pass for 4 yards . Stokley was the top receiver of the game with 3 receptions for 52 yards and a touchdown . Jermaine Lewis recorded 152 total all - purpose yards ( 111 kickoff return yards , 34 punt return yards , 7 receiving yards , 1 rushing yard ) and a touchdown . Collins had a passer rating for the game of only 7.1 , the second worst in Super Bowl history , threw four interceptions ( tying a Super Bowl record that has since been surpassed by Oakland quarterback Rich Gannon 's five INTs in Super Bowl XXXVII ) and completed only 15 of 39 passes for 112 yards . Barber was the Giants ' leading rusher with 49 yards , also catching 6 passes for 26 yards and returning 2 punts for 13 yards , while Dixon tallied 6 kickoffs for 154 yards and a touchdown with a 16 - yard pass catch . While Giants punter Brad Maynard set an undesirable Super Bowl record with 11 punts , Baltimore punter Kyle Richardson had 10 punts , which would have set the record . Overall , both teams combined for only 396 total yards , the lowest in Super Bowl history . The Ravens joined Super Bowl XVIII 's Los Angeles Raiders in the record books as the only teams to score offensive , defensive and special teams touchdowns in the same Super Bowl . The third team to do the same were the Seattle Seahawks in Super Bowl XLVIII . Super Bowl XXXV was the second Super Bowl since 1975 in which the losing team failed to score at least 10 points , after Super Bowl XVIII . All the main contributors for the Ravens on offense , defense , and special teams were named Lewis . Jamal Lewis was the top rusher of the game , Jermaine Lewis notched 145 yards and a touchdown on special teams , and linebacker Ray Lewis was named Super Bowl MVP . In addition , the Ravens defense was coached by Marvin Lewis . The Ravens defense has since been considered among the greatest of all time . The Ravens defense became the third to shut - out their opponent in Super Bowl history ; the Giants ' only points came on a kickoff return . Washington in Super Bowl VII scored against Miami only after the late fumble by Garo Yepremian , which was returned for a touchdown . The only points Pittsburgh allowed to Minnesota in Super Bowl IX came on the return of a blocked punt . The New York Giants started a trend of seven different NFC Champions in seven years . The Giants would return to the Super Bowl in 2007 and again in 2011 defeating the New England Patriots on both occasions , ending the current trend at the time , but starting a new one . Beginning with the 2001 St. Louis Rams , who played in Super Bowl XXXVI , there were ten different NFC Champions in ten years . Once again , the Giants ended the trend and started another one . Beginning with the 2008 Super Bowl XLIII participant Arizona Cardinals , there were 6 different NFC Champions in 6 years . This streak was finally ended by the Seattle Seahawks , who advanced to the Super Bowl in both 2013 and 2014 . The Baltimore Ravens would later win Super Bowl XLVII in 2013 against the San Francisco 49ers ( which was also aired on CBS ) . Ray Lewis was a member of both Ravens ' Super Bowl wins . In between the Ravens ' victories , the Indianapolis Colts , the Pittsburgh Steelers , and the Patriots would have a Super Bowl appearance more than once , with New England and Pittsburgh winning more than once . The only other AFC team to make the Super Bowl in that stretch were the Oakland Raiders , in Super Bowl XXXVII . Had the Giants won , it would have marked the first year since 1989 that a Super Bowl and World Series champion came from the same metropolitan area . The New York Yankees won the World Series during the Giants ' season . Including the New Jersey Devils ' win in the Stanley Cup Finals and the New York Mets ' runner - up finish to the rival Yankees , there were four teams from the New York metropolitan area that made the championship round of their respective leagues in the same year . Final statistics ( edit ) Sources : NFL.com Super Bowl XXXV , Super Bowl XXXV Play Finder Bal , Super Bowl XXXV Play Finder NYG Statistical comparison ( edit ) Baltimore Ravens New York Giants First downs 13 11 First downs rushing 6 First downs passing 6 6 First downs penalty Third down efficiency 3 / 16 2 / 14 Fourth down efficiency 0 / 0 1 / 1 Net yards rushing 111 66 Rushing attempts 33 16 Yards per rush 3.4 4.1 Passing -- Completions - attempts 12 / 26 15 / 39 Times sacked - total yards 3 -- 20 4 -- 26 Interceptions thrown 0 Net yards passing 133 86 Total net yards 244 152 Punt returns - total yards 3 -- 34 5 -- 46 Kickoff returns - total yards 2 -- 111 7 -- 170 Interceptions - total return yards 4 -- 59 0 -- 0 Punts - average yardage 10 -- 43.0 11 -- 38.4 Fumbles - lost 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 Penalties - total yards 9 -- 70 6 -- 27 Time of possession 34 : 06 25 : 54 Turnovers 0 5 Individual leaders ( edit ) Ravens Passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Rating Trent Dilfer 12 / 25 153 0 80.9 Tony Banks 0 / 1 0 0 0 39.6 Ravens Rushing Car Yds TD LG Yds / Car Jamal Lewis 27 102 19 3.78 Priest Holmes 8 0 6 2.00 Jermaine Lewis 0 1.00 Trent Dilfer 0 0 0 0.00 Ravens Receiving Rec Yds TD LG Target Brandon Stokley 52 38t 6 Ben Coates 30 0 17 Qadry Ismail 44 0 44 Patrick Johnson 8 0 8 5 Jermaine Lewis 6 0 6 Shannon Sharpe 5 0 5 5 Jamal Lewis 0 Priest Holmes 0 Giants Passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Rating Kerry Collins 15 / 39 112 0 7.1 Giants Rushing Car Yds TD LG Yds / Car Tiki Barber 11 49 0 27 4.45 Kerry Collins 12 0 5 4.00 Joe Montgomery 5 0 2.50 Giants Receiving Rec Yds TD LG Target Tiki Barber 6 26 0 7 10 Ike Hilliard 30 0 13 11 Amani Toomer 24 0 19 5 Ron Dixon 16 0 16 Howard Cross 7 0 7 Pete Mitchell 7 0 7 Greg Comella 0 Joe Jurevicius 0 0 0 0 Completions / attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Times targeted Records set ( edit ) The following records were set in Super Bowl XXXV , according to the official NFL.com boxscore , the 2016 NFL Record & Fact Book and the ProFootball reference.com game summary . Player Records Set Most fair catches , game Jermaine Lewis 000 ( Bal ) Most punts , game 11 Brad Maynard 000 ( NYG ) Records Tied Most interceptions thrown , game Kerry Collins Most interceptions returned for td , game Duane Starks 000 ( Bal ) Most kickoff returns for touchdowns , game Ron Dixon 000 ( NYG ) Jermaine Lewis Team Records Set Most punts , game 11 Giants Records Tied Most Interceptions by Ravens Most touchdowns scored by interception return Fewest turnovers , game 0 Most kickoff returns for touchdowns Ravens Giants Fewest points , first half 0 pts Giants Fewest rushing touchdowns 0 Fewest passing touchdowns 0 Turnovers are defined as the number of times losing the ball on interceptions and fumbles . Records Set , both team totals 00Total00 Ravens Giants Fewest net yards , rushing and passing 396 yds 244 152 Most punts , game 21 10 11 Records tied , both team totals Fewest rushing attempts 49 33 16 Fewest first downs 24 13 11 Fewest first downs rushing 8 6 Starting lineups ( edit ) Source : Hall of Fame ‡ Baltimore Position Position New York Giants Offense Qadry Ismail WR Amani Toomer Jonathan Ogden ‡ LT Lomas Brown Edwin Mulitalo LG Glenn Parker Jeff Mitchell Dusty Zeigler Mike Flynn RG Ron Stone Harry Swayne RT Luke Petitgout Shannon Sharpe ‡ TE WR Ike Hilliard Brandon Stokley WR Ron Dixon Trent Dilfer QB Kerry Collins Sam Gash FB Greg Comella Priest Holmes RB Tiki Barber Defense Rob Burnett LDE Michael Strahan ‡ Sam Adams LDT Cornelius Griffin Tony Siragusa RDT Keith Hamilton Michael McCrary RDE Cedric Jones Peter Boulware LLB Micheal Barrow Ray Lewis MLB Jessie Armstead Jamie Sharper RLB Emmanuel McDaniel Duane Starks LCB Dave Thomas Chris McAlister RCB Jason Sehorn Kim Herring SS Sam Garnes Rod Woodson ‡ FS Shaun Williams Special Teams Matt Stover Brad Daluiso Kyle Richardson Brad Maynard Officials ( edit ) Referee : Gerald Austin # 34 third Super Bowl ( XXIV as side judge , XXXI as referee ) Umpire : Chad Brown # 31 first Super Bowl Head Linesman : Tony Veteri , Jr. # 36 first Super Bowl Line Judge : Walt Anderson # 66 first Super Bowl Field Judge : Bill Lovett # 98 first Super Bowl Side Judge : Doug Toole # 4 second Super Bowl ( XXXII ) Back Judge : Bill Schmitz # 122 first Super Bowl Alternate Referee : Larry Nemmers # 20 ( side judge for XXV ) Alternate Umpire : Jeff Rice # 44 Surveillance ( edit ) The American Civil Liberties Union criticized a test of a system used at the event to monitor the people in attendance . A group of four companies installed a face recognition system to scan the faces of fans entering the stadium and compare them with a database of criminals . Attendees were not told that they were subject to this surveillance . Tampa police reported that the system identified nineteen criminals , but due to complaints and trouble with false positive results , it was not re-used the next year . Super Bowl XXXVI and all subsequent Super Bowls have been designated as a National Security Special Event , qualifying for extra security detail from the Secret Service . Notes and references ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Super Bowl XXXV . Jump up ^ DiNitto , Marcus ( January 25 , 2015 ) . `` Super Bowl Betting History -- Underdogs on Recent Roll '' . The Linemakers . Sporting News . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History '' . Vegas Insider . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Jump up ^ `` mcubed.net : NFL : Super bowl scores sorted by margin of victory '' . mcubed.net . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Florida 's Super Bowls : Miami ' 99 , Tampa ' 01 ( part 1 ) '' . The Orlando Sentinel . November 1 , 1996 . p. 27 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Florida 's Super Bowls : Miami ' 99 , Tampa ' 01 ( part 2 ) '' . The Orlando Sentinel . November 1 , 1996 . p. 31 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Superbowl2001 : In Cleveland , anger remains '' . April 17 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Still Stinging Over Losing The Browns To Baltimore , Cleveland Finds The Ravens ' Super Bowl Season Hard To Swallow . '' . ^ Jump up to : Shortal , Helen ( February 7 , 2001 ) . `` Game Show : Life , Death , and Super Bowl XXXV Through the TV Eye '' . Baltimore City Paper . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's CBS Sports ' Super Bowl 50 broadcast team and all - new offerings '' . CBSSports.com . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/cbs-and-rca-join-forces-to-present-super-bowl-xxxv-and-afc-playoffs-in-hdtv-72901732.html CBS and RCA Join Forces To Present Super Bowl XXXV and AFC Playoffs in HDTV Jump up ^ `` Superbowl2001 : Gasparilla Supersized '' . www.sptimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Canzano blog : Who had a worse Super Bowl than Peyton Manning ? '' . Jump up ^ The List : Best NFL defense of all - time ESPN . July 7 , 2007 . Accessed on January 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXV boxscore '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 7 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 NFL Factbook '' ( PDF ) . NFL . pp. 654 -- 666 . Retrieved 7 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl XXXV statistics '' . Pro Football reference.com . Retrieved 6 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXV -- National Football League Game Summary '' ( PDF ) . National Football League . January 28 , 2001 . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Call It Super Bowl Face Scan I '' . Wired . February 2 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Biometrics Benched for Super Bowl '' . Wired . December 31 , 2002 . This remainder of this section includes a list of references , related reading or external links , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations . Please help to improve this remainder of this section by introducing more precise citations . ( February 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Super Bowl official website 2006 NFL Record and Fact Book . Time Inc . Home Entertainment . ISBN 1 - 933405 - 32 - 5 . Total Football II : The Official Encyclopedia of the National Football League . Harper Collins . ISBN 1 - 933405 - 32 - 5 . The Sporting News : History of the Super Bowl ( Last accessed December 4 , 2005 ) http://www.pro-football-reference.com -- Large online database of NFL data and statistics Super Bowl play - by - plays from USA Today ( Last accessed September 28 , 2005 ) All - Time Super Bowl Odds from The Sports Network ( Last accessed October 16 , 2005 ) Super Bowl NFL NFC Championship AFC Championship Football Bowl games 1960s I ( 1967 ) II ( 1968 ) III ( 1969 ) 1970s IV ( 1970 ) V ( 1971 ) VI ( 1972 ) VII ( 1973 ) VIII ( 1974 ) IX ( 1975 ) X ( 1976 ) XI ( 1977 ) XII ( 1978 ) XIII ( 1979 ) 1980s XIV ( 1980 ) XV ( 1981 ) XVI ( 1982 ) XVII ( 1983 ) XVIII ( 1984 ) XIX ( 1985 ) XX ( 1986 ) XXI ( 1987 ) XXII ( 1988 ) XXIII ( 1989 ) 1990s XXIV ( 1990 ) XXV ( 1991 ) XXVI ( 1992 ) XXVII ( 1993 ) XXVIII ( 1994 ) XXIX ( 1995 ) XXX ( 1996 ) XXXI ( 1997 ) XXXII ( 1998 ) XXXIII ( 1999 ) 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) 2020s LIV ( 2020 ) LV ( 2021 ) LVI ( 2022 ) People Champions Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions Head coaches Active head coach history Quarterbacks Officials Awards , trophies , records Super Bowl ring Vince Lombardi Trophy Most Valuable Players Records Broadcast and production National anthem Halftime Commercials USA Today Ad Meter Adbowl List Broadcast Network broadcasters Counterprogramming Lead - out programming Television ratings Super Bowl Sunday Curse Baltimore Ravens Super Bowl XXXV champions 3 Matt Stover 5 Kyle Richardson 7 Chris Redman 8 Trent Dilfer 12 Tony Banks 20 Kim Herring 21 Chris McAlister 22 Duane Starks 25 Clarence Love 26 Rod Woodson 29 Chuck Evans 30 Obafemi Ayanbadejo 31 Jamal Lewis 32 Sam Gash 33 Priest Holmes 35 Robert Bailey 38 James Trapp 42 Anthony Mitchell 43 Anthony Poindexter 45 Corey Harris 50 Brad Jackson 51 Cornell Brown 52 Ray Lewis ( MVP ) 55 Jamie Sharper 56 Anthony Davis 57 O.J. Brigance 58 Peter Boulware 60 Jeff Mitchell 62 Mike Flynn 64 Edwin Mulitalo 66 John Hudson 70 Harry Swayne 71 Spencer Folau 72 Sammy Williams 74 Orlando Bobo 75 Jonathan Ogden 76 Carl Powell 77 Kipp Vickers 79 Larry Webster 80 Brandon Stokley 81 Ben Coates 82 Shannon Sharpe 83 Patrick Johnson 84 Jermaine Lewis 85 John Jones 86 Billy Davis 87 Qadry Ismail 88 Frank Wainright 89 Travis Taylor 90 Rob Burnett 91 Lional Dalton 93 Keith Washington 95 Sam Adams 96 Adalius Thomas 98 Tony Siragusa 99 Michael McCrary Head coach : Brian Billick Coaches : Matt Cavanaugh Jim Colletto Jack Del Rio Wade Harman Donnie Henderson Milt Jackson Marvin Lewis Russ Purnell Rex Ryan Steve Shafer Matt Simon Mike Smith Bennie Thompson Paul McCord Baltimore Ravens Founded in 1996 Based in Baltimore , Maryland Headquartered in Owings Mills , Maryland Franchise History Seasons Head coaches Starting quarterbacks First - round draft picks Draft history Ring of Honor Stadiums Memorial Stadium M&T Bank Stadium Key personnel Owner : Steve Bisciotti President : Dick Cass General manager : Ozzie Newsome Head coach : John Harbaugh Culture and lore Baltimore 's Marching Ravens ( The Band That Would n't Die ) Cheerleaders Cleveland Browns relocation controversy Edgar , Allan , and Poe Mile High Miracle Rivalries Pittsburgh Steelers Division championships ( 4 ) 2003 2006 2011 2012 Conference championships ( 2 ) 2000 2012 League championships ( 2 ) 2000 ( XXXV ) 2012 ( XLVII ) Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : American Football Conference Division : North Division Seasons ( 22 ) 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold New York Giants Founded in 1925 Based and headquartered in East Rutherford , New Jersey Franchise Franchise Seasons Coaches Players First - round draft picks Quarterbacks History 1925 -- 78 1979 -- 93 1994 -- present Financial history Stadiums Polo Grounds Yankee Stadium Yale Bowl Shea Stadium Giants Stadium MetLife Stadium Culture and Lore Cleveland Bulldogs The Duke Sneakers Game The Greatest Game Ever Played The Fumble Crunch Bunch Gatorade shower Big Blue Wrecking Crew I 'm going to Disney World ! Wide Right Little Giants This team is going to the playoffs ! One Wild Finish New York Groove We Fly High The Helmet Catch Bob Sheppard Jim Hall Yankee Stadium Legacy License Plate Guy The Comeback 2007 game vs. New England Patriots Big Fan Rivalries Dallas Cowboys Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins San Francisco 49ers New York Jets Key personnel Owners : John Mara , Steve Tisch General Manager : Jerry Reese Head Coach : Ben McAdoo Division championships ( 16 ) 1933 1934 1935 1938 1939 1941 1941 1944 1946 1986 1989 1990 1997 2000 2005 2008 2011 Conference championships ( 11 ) 1956 1958 1959 1961 1962 1963 1986 1990 2000 2007 2011 League championships ( 8 ) 1927 1934 1938 1956 1986 ( XXI ) 1990 ( XXV ) 2007 ( XLII ) 2011 ( XLVI ) Retired numbers 7 11 14 14 16 32 40 42 50 56 Ring of Honor Jessie Armstead Carl Banks Tiki Barber Mark Bavaro Al Blozis Rosey Brown Harry Carson Charlie Conerly Frank Gifford Pete Gogolak Mel Hein Jim Lee Howell Sam Huff Dave Jennings Tuffy Leemans Dick Lynch Jack Mara Tim Mara Wellington Mara George Martin Joe Morrison Charlie Conerly Steve Owen Bill Parcells Andy Robustelli Phil Simms Michael Strahan Ken Strong Lawrence Taylor Bob Tisch Y.A. Tittle Amani Toomer Emlen Tunnell Brad Van Pelt Alex Webster George Young Tom Coughlin Michael Strahan Justin Tuck Ernie Accorsi Media Broadcasters Radio network Bob Papa Carl Banks Howard Cross Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 93 ) 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1989 1990 1991 1993 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold ( hide ) 2000 NFL season AFC East Central West East Central West NFC Buffalo Baltimore Denver Arizona Chicago Atlanta Indianapolis Cincinnati Kansas City Dallas Detroit Carolina Miami Cleveland Oakland NY Giants Green Bay New Orleans New England Jacksonville San Diego Philadelphia Minnesota St. Louis NY Jets Pittsburgh Seattle Washington Tampa Bay San Francisco Tennessee 2000 NFL Draft NFL playoffs Pro Bowl Super Bowl XXXV National Football League Championship Games ( 1933 -- present ) NFL Championship Game ( 1933 -- 1969 ) 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL Championship Game ( 1960 -- 1969 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL - NFL World Championship Games ( 1966 -- 1969 ) 1966 ( I ) 1967 ( II ) 1968 ( III ) 1969 ( IV ) Super Bowl ( 1970 -- present ) 1970 ( V ) 1971 ( VI ) 1972 ( VII ) 1973 ( VIII ) 1974 ( IX ) 1975 ( X ) 1976 ( XI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1978 ( XIII ) 1979 ( XIV ) 1980 ( XV ) 1981 ( XVI ) 1982 ( XVII ) 1983 ( XVIII ) 1984 ( XIX ) 1985 ( XX ) 1986 ( XXI ) 1987 ( XXII ) 1988 ( XXIII ) 1989 ( XXIV ) 1990 ( XXV ) 1991 ( XXVI ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1994 ( XXIX ) 1995 ( XXX ) 1996 ( XXXI ) 1997 ( XXXII ) 1998 ( XXXIII ) 1999 ( XXXIV ) 2000 ( XXXV ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) 2002 ( XXXVII ) 2003 ( XXXVIII ) 2004 ( XXXIX ) 2005 ( XL ) 2006 ( XLI ) 2007 ( XLII ) 2008 ( XLIII ) 2009 ( XLIV ) 2010 ( XLV ) 2011 ( XLVI ) 2012 ( XLVII ) 2013 ( XLVIII ) 2014 ( XLIX ) 2015 ( 50 ) 2016 ( LI ) 2017 ( LII ) 1921 APFA de facto championship game 1925 NFL Championship controversy 1932 NFL Playoff Game NFL Championship broadcasters AFL Championship broadcasters Super Bowl champions Super Bowl Most Valuable Players Super Bowl records Super Bowl broadcasters Super Bowl officials Super Bowl halftime Super Bowl commercials Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions NFL playoffs ( Results ) AFL playoffs 1 -- From 1966 to 1969 , the first four Super Bowls were `` World Championship '' games played between two independent professional football leagues , AFL and NFL , and when the league merged in 1970 the Super Bowl became the NFL Championship Game . 2 -- Dates in the list denote the season , not the calendar year in which the championship game was played . For instance , Super Bowl XLI was played in 2007 , but was the championship for the 2006 season . 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"Super Bowl XXXV was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Baltimore Ravens and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion New York Giants to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2000 season. The Ravens defeated the Giants by the score of 34–7, tied for the seventh largest Super Bowl margin of victory with Super Bowl XXXVII.[4] The game was played on January 28, 2001 at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida."
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-8950619907780949884 | Wernicke's area | Wernicke 's area - wikipedia Wernicke 's area Jump to : navigation , search Wernicke 's area Approximate location of Wernicke 's area highlighted in grey Identifiers NeuroNames ancil - 252 NeuroLex ID Wernicke 's area Dorlands / Elsevier a_59 / 12151778 FMA 242178 Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) Wernicke 's area ( / ˈvɛərnɪkə / or / ˈvɛərnɪki / ; German : ( ˈvɛʁnɪkə ) ) , also called Wernicke 's speech area , is one of the two parts of the cerebral cortex linked , since the late nineteenth century , to speech ( the other is Broca 's area ) . It is involved in the comprehension or understanding of written and spoken language ( in contrast to Broca 's area that is involved in the production of language ) . It is traditionally thought to be in Brodmann area 22 , which is located in the posterior section of the superior temporal gyrus ( STG ) in the dominant cerebral hemisphere ( which is the left hemisphere in about 95 % of right handed individuals and 60 % of left handed individuals ) . Damage caused to Wernicke 's area results in receptive , fluent aphasia . This means that the person with aphasia will be able to fluently connect words , but the phrases will lack meaning . This is unlike non-fluent aphasia , in which the person will use meaningful words , but in a non-fluent , telegraphic manner . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Function 2.1 Right homologous area 2.2 Modern views 3 Clinical significance 3.1 Aphasia 4 References Structure ( edit ) Wernicke 's area is classically located in the posterior section of the superior temporal gyrus ( STG ) in the ( most commonly ) left cerebral hemisphere . This area encircles the auditory cortex on the lateral sulcus ( the part of the brain where the temporal lobe and parietal lobe meet ) . This area is neuroanatomically described as the posterior part of Brodmann area 22 . However , there is an absence of consistent definitions as to the location . Some identify it with the unimodal auditory association in the superior temporal gyrus anterior to the primary auditory cortex ( the anterior part of BA 22 ) . This is the site most consistently implicated in auditory word recognition by functional brain imaging experiments . Others include also adjacent parts of the heteromodal cortex in BA 39 and BA40 in the parietal lobe . While previously thought to connect Wernicke 's area and Broca 's area , new research demonstrates that the arcuate fasciculus instead connects to posterior receptive areas with premotor / motor areas , and not to Broca 's area . Consistent with the word recognition site identified in brain imaging , the uncinate fasciculus connects anterior superior temporal regions with Broca 's area . Function ( edit ) Right homologous area ( edit ) Research using Transcranial magnetic stimulation suggests that the area corresponding to the Wernicke 's area in the non-dominant cerebral hemisphere has a role in processing and resolution of subordinate meanings of ambiguous words -- such as ' ' river ' ' when given the ambiguous word `` bank . '' In contrast , the Wernicke 's area in the dominant hemisphere processes dominant word meanings ( ' ' teller ' ' given ' ' bank ' ' ) . Modern views ( edit ) Neuroimaging suggests the functions earlier attributed to Wernicke 's area occur more broadly in the temporal lobe and indeed happen also in Broca 's area . `` There are some suggestions that middle and inferior temporal gyri and basal temporal cortex reflect lexical processing ... there is consensus that the STG from rostral to caudal fields and the STS constitute the neural tissue in which many of the critical computations for speech recognition are executed ... aspects of Broca 's area ( Brodmann areas 44 and 45 ) are also regularly implicated in speech processing . ... the range of areas implicated in speech processing go well beyond the classical language areas typically mentioned for speech ; the vast majority of textbooks still state that this aspect of perception and language processing occurs in Wernicke 's area ( the posterior third of the STG ) . '' Support for a broad range of speech processing areas was furthered by a recent study done at University of Rochester in which American Sign Language native speakers were subject to MRIs while interpreting sentences that identified a relationship using either syntax ( relationship is determined by the word order ) or inflection ( relationship is determined by physical motion of `` moving hands through space or signing on one side of the body '' ) . Distinct areas of the brain were activated with the frontal cortex ( associated with ability to put information into sequences ) being more active in the syntax condition and the temporal lobes ( associated with dividing information into its constituent parts ) being more active in the inflection condition . However , these areas are not mutually exclusive and show a large amount of overlap . These findings imply that while speech processing is a very complex process , the brain may be using fairly basic , preexisting computational methods . Clinical significance ( edit ) Human brain with Wernicke 's area highlighted in red Aphasia ( edit ) Wernicke 's area is named after Carl Wernicke , a German neurologist and psychiatrist who , in 1874 , hypothesized a link between the left posterior section of the superior temporal gyrus and the reflexive mimicking of words and their syllables that associated the sensory and motor images of spoken words . He did this on the basis of the location of brain injuries that caused aphasia . Receptive aphasia in which such abilities are preserved is also known as Wernicke 's aphasia . In this condition there is a major impairment of language comprehension , while speech retains a natural - sounding rhythm and a relatively normal syntax . Language as a result is largely meaningless ( a condition sometimes called fluent or jargon aphasia ) . While neuroimaging and lesion evidence generally support the idea that malfunction of or damage to Wernicke 's area is common in people with receptive aphasia , this is not always so . Some people may use the right hemisphere for language , and isolated damage of Wernicke 's area cortex ( sparing white matter and other areas ) may not cause severe receptive aphasia . Even when patients with Wernicke 's area lesions have comprehension deficits , these are usually not restricted to language processing alone . For example , one study found that patients with posterior lesions also had trouble understanding nonverbal sounds like animal and machine noises . In fact , for Wernicke 's area , the impairments in nonverbal sounds were statistically stronger than for verbal sounds . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Aphasia : Signs & Symptoms '' . American Speech - Language - Hearing Association . Jump up ^ Kennison , Shelia ( 2013 ) . Introduction to language development . Los Angeles : Sage . ^ Jump up to : Bogen JE , Bogen GM ( 1976 ) . `` Wernicke 's region -- Where is it ? '' . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences . 280 : 834 -- 43 . Bibcode : 1976NYASA. 280 ... 834B . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 6632.1976. tb25546. x . PMID 1070943 . Jump up ^ Démonet JF , Chollet F , Ramsay S , Cardebat D , Nespoulous JL , Wise R , Rascol A , Frackowiak R ( December 1992 ) . `` The anatomy of phonological and semantic processing in normal subjects '' . Brain . 115 ( Pt 6 ) : 1753 -- 68 . doi : 10.1093 / brain / 115.6. 1753 . PMID 1486459 . Jump up ^ DeWitt I , Rauschecker JP ( 2012 ) . `` Phoneme and word recognition in the auditory ventral stream '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 109 ( 8 ) : E505 -- E514 . Bibcode : 2012PNAS ... 109E. 505D . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1113427109 . PMC 3286918 . PMID 22308358 . Jump up ^ DeWitt I , Rauschecker JP ( 2013 ) . `` Wernicke 's area revisited : parallel streams and word processing '' . Brain Lang . 127 ( 2 ) : 181 -- 91 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bandl. 2013.09. 014 . PMC 4098851 . PMID 24404576 . Jump up ^ Mesulam MM ( June 1998 ) . `` From sensation to cognition '' . Brain . 121 ( Pt 6 ) : 1013 -- 52 . doi : 10.1093 / brain / 121.6. 1013 . PMID 9648540 . Jump up ^ Bernal B , Ardila A ( September 2009 ) . `` The role of the arcuate fasciculus in conduction aphasia '' . Brain . 132 ( Pt 9 ) : 2309 -- 16 . doi : 10.1093 / brain / awp206 . PMID 19690094 . Jump up ^ Saur D , Kreher BW , Schnell S , Kümmerer D , Kellmeyer P , Vry MS , Umarova R , Musso M , Glauche V , Abel S , Huber W , Rijntjes M , Hennig J , Weiller C ( November 2008 ) . `` Ventral and dorsal pathways for language '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 105 ( 46 ) : 18035 -- 18040 . Bibcode : 2008PNAS ... 10518035S . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0805234105 . PMC 2584675 . PMID 19004769 . Jump up ^ Harpaz Y , Levkovitz Y , Lavidor M ( October 2009 ) . `` Lexical ambiguity resolution in Wernicke 's area and its right homologue '' . Cortex. 45 ( 9 ) : 1097 -- 103 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cortex. 2009.01. 002 . PMID 19251255 . Jump up ^ Poeppel D , Idsardi WJ , van Wassenhove V ( March 2008 ) . `` Speech perception at the interface of neurobiology and linguistics '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 363 ( 1493 ) : 1071 -- 86 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 2007.2160 . PMC 2606797 . PMID 17890189 . Jump up ^ Newman AJ , Supalla T , Hauser P , Newport EL , Bavelier D ( 2010 ) . `` Dissociating neural subsystems for grammar by contrasting word order and inflection '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 107 ( 16 ) : 7539 -- 44 . Bibcode : 2010PNAS ... 107.7539 N . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1003174107 . PMC 2867749 . PMID 20368422 . Jump up ^ Wernicke K. ( 1995 ) . `` The aphasia symptom - complex : A psychological study on an anatomical basis ( 1875 ) '' . In Paul Eling . Reader in the History of Aphasia : From sasi ( Franz Gall to ) . 4 . Amsterdam : John Benjamins Pub Co. pp. 69 -- 89 . ISBN 90 - 272 - 1893 - 5 . Jump up ^ Dronkers NF. ; Redfern B B. ; Knight R T. ( 2000 ) . `` The neural architecture of language disorders '' . In Bizzi , Emilio ; Gazzaniga , Michael S . The New cognitive neurosciences ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge , Mass : MIT Press . pp. 949 -- 58 . ISBN 0 - 262 - 07195 - 9 . Jump up ^ Saygin AP , Dick F , Wilson SM , Dronkers NF , Bates E ( 2003 ) . `` Neural resources for processing language and environmental sounds : evidence from aphasia '' . Brain . 126 ( Pt 4 ) : 928 -- 45 . doi : 10.1093 / brain / awg082 . PMID 12615649 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wernicke 's area . ( hide ) Anatomy of the cerebral cortex of the human brain Frontal lobe Superolateral Prefrontal Superior frontal gyrus 6 8 Middle frontal gyrus 9 10 46 Inferior frontal gyrus : 11 47 - Pars orbitalis Broca 's area 44 - Pars opercularis 45 - Pars triangularis Superior frontal sulcus Inferior frontal sulcus Precentral Precentral gyrus Precentral sulcus Medial / inferior Prefrontal Superior frontal gyrus 6 Medial frontal gyrus 8 9 Paraterminal gyrus / Paraolfactory area 12 Straight gyrus 11 Orbital gyri / Orbitofrontal cortex 10 11 12 Ventromedial prefrontal cortex 10 Subcallosal area 25 Olfactory sulcus Orbital sulcus Precentral Paracentral lobule Paracentral sulcus Both Primary motor cortex Premotor cortex 6 Supplementary motor area 6 Supplementary eye field 6 Frontal eye fields 8 Parietal lobe Superolateral Superior parietal lobule 5 7 Inferior parietal lobule 40 - Supramarginal gyrus 39 - Angular gyrus Parietal operculum 43 Intraparietal sulcus Medial / inferior Paracentral lobule 5 Precuneus 7 Marginal sulcus Both Postcentral gyrus / Primary somatosensory cortex Secondary somatosensory cortex 5 Posterior parietal cortex 7 Occipital lobe Superolateral Occipital pole of cerebrum Lateral occipital gyrus 18 19 Lunate sulcus Transverse occipital sulcus Medial / inferior Visual cortex 17 Cuneus Lingual gyrus Calcarine sulcus Temporal lobe Superolateral Transverse temporal gyrus / Auditory cortex 41 42 Superior temporal gyrus 38 22 / Wernicke 's area Middle temporal gyrus 21 Superior temporal sulcus Medial / inferior Fusiform gyrus 37 Medial temporal lobe 27 28 34 35 36 Inferior temporal gyrus 20 Inferior temporal sulcus Interlobar sulci / fissures Superolateral Central ( frontal + parietal ) Lateral ( frontal + parietal + temporal ) Parieto - occipital Preoccipital notch Medial / inferior Longitudinal fissure Cingulate ( frontal + cingulate ) Collateral ( temporal + occipital ) Callosal sulcus Limbic lobe Parahippocampal gyrus anterior Entorhinal cortex Perirhinal cortex Postrhinal cortex Posterior parahippocampal gyrus Prepyriform area Cingulate cortex / gyrus Subgenual area 25 Anterior cingulate 24 32 33 Posterior cingulate 23 31 Isthmus of cingulate gyrus : Retrosplenial cortex 26 29 30 Hippocampal formation Hippocampal sulcus Fimbria of hippocampus Dentate gyrus Rhinal sulcus Other Supracallosal gyrus Uncus Amygdala Insular cortex Insular cortex General Operculum Poles of cerebral hemispheres Some categorizations are approximations , and some Brodmann areas span gyri . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wernicke%27s_area&oldid=777905390 '' Categories : Neurolinguistics Temporal lobe Cerebral cortex Hidden categories : Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська West - Vlams 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 April 2017 , at 00 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the location of wernicke's area in the human brain | [
"Wernicke's area (/ˈvɛərnɪkə/ or /ˈvɛərnɪki/; German: [ˈvɛʁnɪkə]), also called Wernicke's speech area, is one of the two parts of the cerebral cortex linked, since the late nineteenth century, to speech (the other is Broca's area). It is involved in the comprehension or understanding of written and spoken language (in contrast to Broca's area that is involved in the production of language). It is traditionally thought to be in Brodmann area 22, which is located in the posterior section of the superior temporal gyrus (STG) in the dominant cerebral hemisphere[citation needed] (which is the left hemisphere in about 95% of right handed individuals and 60% of left handed individuals). Damage caused to Wernicke's area results in receptive, fluent aphasia. This means that the person with aphasia will be able to fluently connect words, but the phrases will lack meaning. This is unlike non-fluent aphasia, in which the person will use meaningful words, but in a non-fluent, telegraphic manner.[1]"
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"Brodmann area 22, which is located in the posterior section of the superior temporal gyrus (STG) in the dominant cerebral hemisphere"
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-3571432592078954199 | Money in the Bank (2018) | Money in the Bank ( 2018 ) - wikipedia Money in the Bank ( 2018 ) Money in the Bank ( 2018 ) Promotional poster featuring Nia Jax and Ronda Rousey Tagline ( s ) The Irresistible Force Meets The Baddest Woman on the Planet Theme song ( s ) `` Money in the Bank '' by Jim Johnston Information Promotion WWE Brand ( s ) Raw SmackDown Sponsor ( s ) Gold Bond Ultimate WWE Champions Date June 17 , 2018 Attendance 15,214 Venue Allstate Arena City Rosemont , Illinois WWE Network event chronology NXT TakeOver : Chicago II Money in the Bank ( 2018 ) United Kingdom Championship Tournament ( 2018 ) Money in the Bank chronology Money in the Bank ( 2017 ) Money in the Bank ( 2018 ) Money in the Bank ( 2018 ) was a professional wrestling pay - per - view ( PPV ) event and WWE Network event , produced by WWE for their Raw and SmackDown brands . It took place on June 17 , 2018 , at the Allstate Arena in the Chicago suburb of Rosemont , Illinois . It was the ninth event under the Money in the Bank chronology . The card comprised eleven matches , including one match on the pre-show . In the main event , Braun Strowman won the titular ladder match on the men 's side , while Alexa Bliss won the women 's ladder match . Bliss cashed in her contract later in the night to win the Raw Women 's Championship from Nia Jax after causing a disqualification in the previous title match between Ronda Rousey and Jax . On the undercard , AJ Styles retained the WWE Championship against Shinsuke Nakamura in a Last Man Standing match , and Carmella retained the SmackDown Women 's Championship against Asuka with help from the returning James Ellsworth . Contents 1 Production 1.1 Background 1.2 Storylines 1.2. 1 Raw 1.2. 2 SmackDown 2 Event 2.1 Pre-show 2.2 Preliminary matches 2.3 Main event 3 Results 4 References 5 External links Production Background WWE 's Money in the Bank pay - per - view event centers around a match of the same name , in which multiple wrestlers use ladders to retrieve a briefcase hanging above the ring . The briefcase contains a contract that guarantees the winner a match for a world championship at any time within the next year . The contracts for 2018 specifically granted the male and female winners a match for the world championship of their respective brand . The 2018 event included two ladder matches , one for male wrestlers and one for females , each having eight participants , evenly divided between the Raw and SmackDown brands . Male wrestlers competed for a contract to grant them a match for either Raw 's Universal Championship or SmackDown 's WWE Championship , while female wrestlers competed for a contract to grant them a match for either the Raw Women 's Championship or SmackDown Women 's Championship . Storylines The card originally comprised ten matches , including one on the pre-show , that resulted from scripted storylines with results predetermined by WWE on the Raw and SmackDown brands . An impromptu eleventh match was added during the show . Storylines were produced on WWE 's weekly television shows , Monday Night Raw and SmackDown Live . Raw Qualification matches for the men 's ladder match began on May 7 on Raw . Braun Strowman defeated Kevin Owens to qualify , while Finn Bálor qualified by defeating Sami Zayn and Roman Reigns in a triple threat match , after Jinder Mahal interfered and attacked Reigns . The following week , further triple threat matches yielded two more participants : Bobby Roode defeated Baron Corbin and No Way Jose , while Owens ( standing in for Mahal , who had been injured by Reigns ) defeated Elias and Bobby Lashley after Zayn interfered and attacked Lashley . Qualification matches for the women 's ladder match also began on May 7 , with Ember Moon defeating Sasha Banks and Ruby Riott in a triple threat match to qualify . The following week , Alexa Bliss defeated Bayley and Mickie James in a triple threat match to qualify . The following week , Natalya defeated Sarah Logan , Liv Morgan , and Dana Brooke in a fatal four - way match to qualify . The final qualification match occurred on the May 28 episode of Raw , where Banks defeated Bayley , Brooke , James , Logan , Morgan , and Riott in a seven - woman gauntlet match to earn the final spot . During the NBCUniversal Upfront event on May 14 , Ronda Rousey was interviewed by Cathy Kelley . Raw Women 's Champion Nia Jax interrupted the interview and challenged Rousey to a match at Money in the Bank , putting her title on the line . Rousey accepted the challenge . The following week , both Rousey and Jax signed the contract for their match. . The following week , Jax demonstrated on an amateur wrestler that she would counter Rousey 's armbar and perform a powerbomb . On the May 7 episode of Raw , Jinder Mahal cost Roman Reigns a chance to qualify for the Money in the Bank ladder match . The following week , Reigns attacked Mahal backstage and speared him through a wall . On the May 21 episode of Raw , after Reigns and Seth Rollins defeated Mahal and Kevin Owens , Mahal attacked Reigns with a chair . A match between the two was scheduled for Money in the Bank . During a tag team match on the April 23 episode of Raw , Bobby Lashley performed a one - handed suspended vertical suplex on Sami Zayn , which Zayn claimed gave him vertigo and why he missed the Greatest Royal Rumble . At Backlash , Lashley and Braun Strowman defeated Kevin Owens and Sami Zayn . During an interview on the May 7 episode , Lashley spoke dearly about his family , including his three sisters . In response , Zayn said that Lashley was not a nice guy and promised to bring out Lashley 's sisters to tell the truth . On the May 21 episode , three men dressed up as Lashley 's sisters accused Lashley of violence . Lashley interrupted the segment and attacked the imposters along with Zayn . The following week , a match between the two was made for Money in the Bank . On the May 28 episode of Raw , Seth Rollins interrupted Elias , who was once again trying to sing for the crowd , and forced him to leave . After Rollins 's match , Elias smashed a guitar on his back . On May 31 , a match between the two for the Intercontinental Championship was made for Money in the Bank . SmackDown Qualifications for the men 's ladder match continued on SmackDown on May 8 . The Miz and Rusev qualified for the match by defeating Jeff Hardy and Daniel Bryan , respectively . The following week , Big E and Xavier Woods of The New Day defeated Cesaro and Sheamus in a tag team match , allowing one member of New Day to qualify . Samoa Joe secured the final spot by defeating Big Cass and Daniel Bryan in a triple threat match on the May 29 episode of SmackDown . Qualifications for the women 's ladder match also continued on the May 8 episode , with Charlotte Flair qualified over Peyton Royce . The following week , Becky Lynch defeated Mandy Rose and Sonya Deville in a triple threat match to qualify . On the May 15 episode , Lana and Naomi qualified for the match by defeating Billie Kay and Deville , respectively . At WrestleMania 34 , AJ Styles defeated Shinsuke Nakamura to retain the WWE Championship . After the match , Nakamura attacked Styles with a low blow , turning heel in the process . The two continued to feud through Greatest Royal Rumble and Backlash with their matches ending in draws . SmackDown Commissioner Shane McMahon scheduled a fourth match for Money in the Bank and promised there would a decisive winner . On the May 15 episode of SmackDown , Nakamura earned the right to choose a stipulation for the match by defeating Styles . The following week , Nakamura attacked Styles with a Kinshasa at ringside and chose a Last Man Standing match . Big Cass and Daniel Bryan had begun feuding after Cass returned from injury during the 2018 WWE Superstar Shake - up . Cass had attacked Bryan on SmackDown and eliminated him from the Greatest Royal Rumble match . Bryan then defeated Cass at Backlash , but was attacked by his opponent after the match . Bryan returned the favor on the May 15 episode of SmackDown and a house show in Germany . By injuring Cass ' leg , Bryan not only cost him his spot in an upcoming Money in the Bank qualifying match against Samoa Joe , but secured that spot for himself by defeating Jeff Hardy on the May 22 episode of SmackDown . However , when Cass returned from injury in time , the match was turned into the aforementioned triple threat match , won by Joe . After the match , Cass attacked Bryan again . On June 2 , another match between the two was made for Money in the Bank . On the May 15 episode of SmackDown , SmackDown Women 's Champion Carmella celebrated her championship reign . SmackDown General Manager Paige interrupted Carmella and scheduled a title match between her and Asuka for Money in the Bank . On the May 22 episode of SmackDown , Luke Gallows and Karl Anderson defeated The Usos ( Jey and Jimmy Uso ) to become the number one contenders to face The Bludgeon Brothers ( Harper and Rowan ) for the SmackDown Tag Team Championship at Money in the Bank . The match was scheduled for the Money in the Bank pre-show . Event Other on - screen personnel Role : Name : English commentators Michael Cole ( Raw / Men 's Money In The Bank Ladder Match ) Corey Graves ( all matches ) Jonathan Coachman ( Raw / Women 's Money In The Bank Ladder Match ) Tom Phillips ( SmackDown / Women 's Money In The Bank Ladder Match ) Byron Saxton ( SmackDown / Men 's Money In The Bank Ladder Match ) Spanish commentators Carlos Cabrera Marcelo Rodríguez German commentators Tim Haber Calvin Knie Ring announcers Greg Hamilton ( SmackDown / Men 's Money In The Bank Ladder Match ) JoJo ( Raw / Women 's Money In The Bank Ladder Match ) Referees Danilo Anfibio Jason Ayers Mike Chioda John Cone Dan Engler Chad Patton Charles Robinson Rod Zapata Interviewers Charly Caruso Pre-show panel Renee Young Booker T Peter Rosenberg David Otunga Pre-show During the pre-show , The Bludgeon Brothers ( Harper and Rowan ) defended the SmackDown Tag Team Championship against Luke Gallows and Karl Anderson . Harper and Rowan performed The Reckoning on Gallows to retain the title . Preliminary matches The actual pay - per - view opened with Daniel Bryan facing Big Cass . In the climax , Bryan performed a running high knee on Cass and forced him to submit with a heel hook . Next , Bobby Lashley faced Sami Zayn . In the climax , Lashley performed three delayed vertical suplexes on Zayn for the pinfall . After that , Seth Rollins defended the Intercontinental Championship against Elias . In the end , Rollins pinned Elias with a schoolboy whilst holding Elias 's tights to retain the title . In the fifth match , Ember Moon , Charlotte Flair , Alexa Bliss , Becky Lynch , Natalya , Naomi , Lana , and Sasha Banks competed in the Women 's Money in the Bank match . In the end , Lynch attempted to retrieve the briefcase only for Bliss to push the ladder causing Lynch to fall . Bliss ascended the ladder to retrieve the briefcase to win the match . Next , Roman Reigns faced Jinder Mahal , who was accompanied by an injured Sunil Singh in a wheelchair . Singh pushed Reigns into the ring post , proving his injury was fake . During the match , Reigns performed a superman punch and a spear on Singh . In the end , Reigns performed a spear on Mahal for the win . Next , Carmella defended the SmackDown Women 's Championship against Asuka . In the end , Asuka was distracted by a person masquerading as her . The masked figure revealed as a returning James Ellsworth . Carmella took advantage of the distraction and performed a Princess Kick on Asuka to retain the title . After that , AJ Styles defended the WWE Championship against Shinsuka Nakamura in a Last Man Standing match . Early in the match , Nakamura countered Styles ' Phenomenal Forearm by kicking Styles 's leg . On top of a broadcast table , Nakamura performed a Kinshasa on Styles , however , Styles stood up at a nine count . Nakamura threw Styles through a table , which was positioned in the corner in the ring , only for Styles to stand at a nine count . Styles began to target Nakamura 's leg and applied the Calf Crusher on Nakamura . Styles struck Nakamura with a chair , however , Nakamura retaliated with a low blow ; Styles stood at an eight count . At ringside , Nakamura performed a Kinshasa on Styles , who stood at a nine count . Styles performed a Phenomenal Forearm off an announce table and a Styles Clash on Nakamura off the steel steps , with Nakamura standing at a nine count . In the end , Styles attacked Nakamura with a low blow and performed a Phenomenal Forearm on Nakamura through a broadcast table . Nakamura could not stand by a ten count , thus Styles won the match and retained the title . Next , Nia Jax defended the Raw Women 's Championship against Ronda Rousey . In the end , as Rousey applied the armbar on Jax , Alexa Bliss appeared and attacked Rousey with her Money in the Bank briefcase causing a disqualification . Jax was disqualified , but retained her title . Bliss further attacked Rousey and Jax and then cashed in her Money in the Bank contract and performed a snap DDT and Twisted Bliss to win the title for a third time . Main event The main event was the men 's Money in the Bank ladder match involving Braun Strowman , Finn Bálor , The Miz , Rusev , Bobby Roode , Kevin Owens , Samoa Joe , and one member of The New Day , revealed to be Kofi Kingston . All of the participants attacked Strowman , and buried him underneath a pile of ladders . Strowman later recovered and attacked Bálor and Kingston . Joe , Owens , and Rusev placed Strowman on a table , with Owens climbing a large ladder to leap unto Strowman . Strowman broke free , climbed the ladder , and threw Owens through two tables . Joe attacked Strowman with a ladder . Bálor performed a Coup de Grâce on Roode off a ladder . Bálor ascended the ladder and attempted to retrieve the briefcase , only to be stopped by Strowman . Strowman then performed running powerslams on both Miz and Joe . In the end , as Bálor and Strowman ascended the ladder , Kingston jumped unto Strowman 's back . Strowman pushed both opponents off and retrieved the briefcase to win the match . Results No . Results Stipulations Times The Bludgeon Brothers ( Harper and Rowan ) ( c ) defeated Luke Gallows and Karl Anderson Tag team match for the WWE SmackDown Tag Team Championship 7 : 00 Daniel Bryan defeated Big Cass by submission Singles match 16 : 19 Bobby Lashley defeated Sami Zayn Singles match 6 : 35 Seth Rollins ( c ) defeated Elias Singles match for the WWE Intercontinental Championship 17 : 00 5 Alexa Bliss defeated Becky Lynch , Charlotte Flair , Ember Moon , Lana , Naomi , Natalya , and Sasha Banks Money in the Bank ladder match for a women 's championship match contract 18 : 30 6 Roman Reigns defeated Jinder Mahal ( with Sunil Singh ) Singles match 15 : 44 7 Carmella ( c ) defeated Asuka Singles match for the WWE SmackDown Women 's Championship 11 : 10 8 AJ Styles ( c ) defeated Shinsuke Nakamura Last Man Standing match for the WWE Championship 31 : 15 9 Ronda Rousey defeated Nia Jax ( c ) by disqualification Singles match for the WWE Raw Women 's Championship 11 : 05 10 Alexa Bliss defeated Nia Jax ( c ) Singles match for the WWE Raw Women 's Championship This was Bliss ' Money in the Bank cash - in match 0 : 35 11 Braun Strowman defeated Bobby Roode , Finn Bálor , Kevin Owens , Kofi Kingston , Rusev , Samoa Joe , and The Miz Money in the Bank ladder match for a world championship match contract 19 : 53 ( c ) -- refers to the champion ( s ) heading into the match P -- indicates the match took place on the pre-show References Jump up ^ `` WWE Money In The Bank 2018 `` Events Database `` CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database '' . www.cagematch.net . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` WWE Money in the Bank 2018 tickets available this Friday '' . WWE . March 5 , 2018 . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Shields , Brian ; Sullivan , Kevin ( 2009 ) . WWE : History of WrestleMania . p. 59 . Jump up ^ Grabianowski , Ed . `` How Pro Wrestling Works '' . HowStuffWorks . Discovery Communications . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2013 . Retrieved March 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Live & Televised Entertainment '' . WWE . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2009 . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McMahon , Vince ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` Vince McMahon on Twitter '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2017 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( May 25 , 2016 ) . `` WWE 's ' Smackdown ' Will Move To Live Broadcast On USA ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Powell , Jason . `` WWE Raw Live TV Review : Roman Reigns vs. Finn Balor vs. Sami Zayn in a Men 's Money in the Bank qualifier , Sasha Banks vs. Ember Moon vs. Ruby Riott in a Women 's Money in the Bank qualifier '' . Pro Wreslting Dot Net . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Powell , Jason . `` WWE Raw Live TV Review : Seth Rollins vs. Kevin Owens for the Intercontinental Championship , Baron Corbin vs. Bobby Roode vs. No Way Jose in a Men 's MITB qualifier , Alexa Bliss vs. Bayley vs. Mickie James in a Women 's MITB qualifier '' . Pro Wreslting Dot Net . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Powell , Jason . `` WWE Raw Live TV Review : Kurt Angle opens with `` huge announcements '' , Sami Zayn and Bobby Lashley 's sisters , WWE Money in the Bank build continues `` . Pro Wreslting Dot Net . 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Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Powell , Jason . `` Powell 's WWE Backlash live review : AJ Styles vs. Shinsuke Nakamura in a No DQ match for the WWE Championship , Roman Reigns vs. Samoa Joe , Carmella vs. Charlotte Flair for the Smackdown Women 's Championship , Daniel Bryan vs. Big Cass '' . Pro Wreslting Dot Net . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Martin , Adam . `` Seth Rollins vs. Elias for the Intercontinental Championship added to WWE MITB PPV '' . WrestleView . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Barnett , Jake . `` 5 / 8 Barnett 's WWE Smackdown Live TV Review : Daniel Bryan vs. Rusev , Charlotte vs. Peyton Royce , and The Miz vs. Jeff Hardy in Money in the Bank qualifying matches '' . Pro Wrestling Dot Net . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Powell , Jason . `` 5 / 15 Powell 's WWE Smackdown Live TV Review : AJ Styles vs. Shinsuke Nakamura for the right to pick the stipulation for their match at MITB , Andrade Almas and Zelina Vega debut , New Day vs. Sheamus and Cesaro for a spot in the MITB match '' . Pro Wrestling Dot Net . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Barnett , Jake . `` 5 / 29 Barnett 's WWE Smackdown Live TV Review : Daniel Bryan vs. Samoa Joe in a Money in the Bank match qualifier , New Day vs. The Miz , Sheamus , and Cesaro , Shinsuke Nakamura vs. Tye Dillinger , Naomi and Lana dance contest '' . Pro Wrestling Dot Net . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Barnett , Jake . `` 5 / 22 Barnett 's WWE Smackdown Live TV Review : Daniel Bryan vs. Jeff Hardy for the right to face Samoa Joe in a MITB qualifier , Miz TV with New Day , Billie Kay vs. Lana , and Naomi vs. Sonya Deville in MITB match qualifiers '' . Pro Wrestling Dot Net . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Powell , Jason . `` Powell 's WrestleMania 34 live review : AJ Styles vs. Shinsuke Nakamura for the WWE Championship , Brock Lesnar vs. Roman Reigns for the WWE Universal Championship , Charlotte Flair vs. Asuka for the Smackdown Women 's Championship , Ronda Rousey and Kurt Angle vs. Triple H and Stephanie McMahon '' . Pro Wreslting Dot Net . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Powell , Jason . `` Powell 's WWE Greatest Royal Rumble live review : 50 - man Royal Rumble match , Brock Lesnar vs. Roman Reigns in a cage match for the WWE Universal Championship , AJ Styles vs. Shinsuke Nakamura for the WWE Championship , John Cena vs. Triple H , Undertaker vs. Rusev in a casket match '' . Pro Wreslting Dot Net . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Martin , Adam . `` Shane McMahon books AJ Styles vs. Shinsuke Nakamura for the WWE Championship at MITB '' . WrestleView . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Big Cass helped off by WWE officials in Munich , Germany during WWE Live '' . WWE . May 20 , 2018 . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Martin , Adam ( June 2 , 2018 ) . `` Daniel Bryan vs. Big Cass announced for MITB PPV , Updated card for PPV on June 17 '' . WrestleView . Retrieved June 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Martin , Adam . `` MITB Title Match moved to Kickoff Show , WWE looks at Xavier Woods vs. Kenny Omega at E3 '' . WrestleView . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Powell , Jason . `` Powell 's WWE Money in the Bank 2018 Kickoff Show live notes : Bludgeon Brothers vs. Luke Gallows and Karl Anderson for the Smackdown Tag Titles '' . Pro Wreslting Dot Net . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Powell , Jason . `` Powell 's WWE Money in the Bank live review : Two MITB ladder matches , AJ Styles vs. Shinsuke Nakamura in a Last Man Standing match for the WWE Championship , Nia Jax vs. Ronda Rousey for the Raw Women 's Championship '' . Pro Wreslting Dot Net . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Benigno , Anthony ( June 17 , 2018 ) . `` SmackDown Tag Team Champions The Bludgeon Brothers def . Luke Gallows & Karl Anderson ( Kickoff Match ) '' . WWE . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Benigno , Anthony ( June 17 , 2018 ) . `` Daniel Bryan def . Big Cass '' . WWE . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Benigno , Anthony ( June 17 , 2018 ) . `` Bobby Lashley def . Sami Zayn '' . WWE . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Benigno , Anthony ( June 17 , 2018 ) . `` Intercontinental Champion Seth Rollins def . Elias '' . WWE . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Benigno , Anthony ( June 17 , 2018 ) . `` Alexa Bliss won the Women 's Money in the Bank Ladder Match '' . WWE . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Benigno , Anthony ( June 17 , 2018 ) . `` Roman Reigns def . Jinder Mahal '' . WWE . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Benigno , Anthony ( June 17 , 2018 ) . `` SmackDown Women 's Champion Carmella def . Asuka '' . WWE . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Benigno , Anthony ( June 17 , 2018 ) . `` WWE Champion AJ Styles def . Shinsuke Nakamura ( Last Man Standing Match ) '' . WWE . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Benigno , Anthony ( June 17 , 2018 ) . `` Ronda Rousey def . Raw Women 's Champion Nia Jax via Disqualification ; Alexa Bliss cashed in her Money in the Bank contract on Nia to become the new Raw Women 's Champion '' . WWE . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Benigno , Anthony ( June 17 , 2018 ) . `` Braun Strowman won the Men 's Money in the Bank Ladder Match '' . WWE . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . External links Professional wrestling portal Money in the Bank Official Website ← 2017 2018 ( 2018 ) WWE Network events WWE Royal Rumble Elimination Chamber Fastlane WrestleMania 34 Greatest Royal Rumble Backlash Money in the Bank United Kingdom Championship Tournament Extreme Rules SummerSlam Hell in a Cell Super Show - Down Evolution Survivor Series TLC : Tables , Ladders & Chairs NXT TakeOver : Philadelphia TakeOver : New Orleans TakeOver : Chicago II TakeOver : Brooklyn 4 TakeOver : WarGames II WWE pay - per - view and WWE Network events Money in the Bank 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Current Royal Rumble ( 1989 -- present ) Elimination Chamber ( 2010 -- 2015 , 2017 -- present ) Fastlane ( 2015 -- present ) WrestleMania ( 1985 -- present ) Greatest Royal Rumble ( 2018 -- present ) Backlash ( 1999 -- 2009 , 2016 -- present ) Money in the Bank ( 2010 -- present ) United Kingdom Championship Tournament ( 2017 -- present ) Extreme Rules ( 2009 -- present ) SummerSlam ( 1988 -- present ) Hell in a Cell ( 2009 -- present ) Super Show - Down ( 2018 -- present ) Evolution ( 2018 -- present ) Survivor Series ( 1987 -- present ) TLC : Tables , Ladders & Chairs ( 2009 -- present ) NXT TakeOver ( 2014 -- present ) Former The Wrestling Classic ( 1985 ) No Holds Barred ( 1989 ) This Tuesday in Texas ( 1991 ) One Night Only ( 1997 ) Capital Carnage ( 1998 ) In Your House ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Over the Edge ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Fully Loaded ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Invasion ( 2001 ) Rebellion ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Insurrextion ( 2000 -- 2003 ) Bad Blood ( 1997 , 2003 -- 2004 ) Taboo Tuesday ( 2004 -- 2005 ) December to Dismember ( 2006 ) New Year 's Revolution ( 2005 -- 2007 ) One Night Stand ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Unforgiven ( 1998 -- 2008 ) Cyber Sunday ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Armageddon ( 1999 -- 2000 , 2002 -- 2008 ) Judgment Day ( 1998 , 2000 -- 2009 ) The Great American Bash ( 2004 -- 2009 ) Breaking Point ( 2009 ) Fatal 4 - Way ( 2010 ) Bragging Rights ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Capitol Punishment ( 2011 ) Vengeance ( 2001 -- 2007 , 2011 ) Over the Limit ( 2010 -- 2012 ) No Way Out ( 1998 , 2000 -- 2009 , 2012 ) NXT Arrival ( 2014 ) King of the Ring ( 1993 -- 2002 , 2015 ) The Beast in the East ( 2015 ) Live from Madison Square Garden ( 2015 ) Night of Champions ( 2008 -- 2015 ) Cruiserweight Classic Finale ( 2016 ) Roadblock ( 2016 ) United Kingdom Championship Special ( 2017 ) Great Balls of Fire ( 2017 ) Battleground ( 2013 -- 2017 ) No Mercy ( 1999 -- 2008 , 2016 -- 2017 ) Payback ( 2013 -- 2017 ) Mae Young Classic Finale ( 2017 ) Clash of Champions ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Money_in_the_Bank_(2018)&oldid=853453298 '' Categories : 2018 WWE Network events WWE Money in the Bank Professional wrestling in the Chicago metropolitan area 2018 in Illinois 2018 WWE pay - per - view events Events in Chicago June 2018 events in the United States Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from May 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Official website not in Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français Italiano עברית Polski Português ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 4 August 2018 , at 22 : 14 ( UTC ) . 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"The card comprised eleven matches, including one match on the pre-show. In the main event, Braun Strowman won the titular ladder match on the men's side, while Alexa Bliss won the women's ladder match. Bliss cashed in her contract later in the night to win the Raw Women's Championship from Nia Jax after causing a disqualification in the previous title match between Ronda Rousey and Jax. On the undercard, AJ Styles retained the WWE Championship against Shinsuke Nakamura in a Last Man Standing match, and Carmella retained the SmackDown Women's Championship against Asuka with help from the returning James Ellsworth.\n"
] | [
"Alexa Bliss"
] |
2710843764305921636 | The House with a Clock in Its Walls (film) | The House with a Clock in Its Walls ( film ) - wikipedia The House with a Clock in Its Walls ( film ) The House with a Clock in Its Walls Theatrical release poster Directed by Eli Roth Produced by Brad Fischer James Vanderbilt Eric Kripke Written by Eric Kripke Based on The House with a Clock in Its Walls by John Bellairs Starring Jack Black Cate Blanchett Owen Vaccaro Renée Elise Goldsberry Sunny Suljic Kyle MacLachlan Music by Nathan Barr Cinematography Rogier Stoffers Edited by Fred Raskin Production company Amblin Entertainment Reliance Entertainment Mythology Entertainment Amblin Partners Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date September 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 21 ) ( United States ) Running time 105 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $42 million Box office $111.4 million The House with a Clock in Its Walls is a 2018 American family fantasy film directed by Eli Roth , based on the 1973 novel of the same name by John Bellairs . The film stars Jack Black , Cate Blanchett , and Owen Vaccaro , and follows a young boy who is sent to live with his uncle in a creaky old house . He soon learns it was previously also inhabited by a nefarious entity . Universal Pictures released the film in the United States on September 21 , 2018 . It has grossed over $111 million worldwide and received moderately positive reviews from critics , who largely praised the cast but said it did not fully live up to its potential . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1955 , ten - year - old Lewis Barnavelt ( Owen Vaccaro ) goes to New Zebedee , Michigan to live with his uncle Jonathan ( Jack Black ) after Lewis ' parents are killed in a car crash . Upon arriving at Jonathan 's home , Lewis meets Jonathan 's neighbor and best friend , Florence Zimmerman ( Cate Blanchett ) , with whom he trades playful insults . All Lewis has left of his parents is a Magic 8 - Ball that they gave him before the crash . During the night , Lewis hears a ticking sound in the walls , with Jonathan trying to locate it . On his first day of his new school , he meets Tarby Corrigan ( Sunny Suljic ) , who is being friendly with him just so he can get voted class president . At night , whilst Lewis is dreaming he is visited by his mother ( Lorenza Izzo ) who tells him that Jonathan is hiding something from him and that the ticking sound he hears is real . Mrs. Barnavelt also tells Lewis that he must find a book and then a key . Lewis begins exploring the house and stumbles upon several creepy - looking puppets , along with Jonathan smashing a wall with an ax . Lewis , frightened , runs away and sees the windows , piano , and a `` pet chair '' ( named Chairy ) , among other things , coming to life . At this point , Jonathan reveals to Lewis that he is a practicing warlock and that Florence is a witch . The house 's previous owner was a sinister warlock named Isaac Izard ( Kyle MacLachlan ) and his equally wicked wife Selena ( Renee Elise Goldsberry ) . Before Isaac and Selena both died the previous year , they left a clock in the house and Jonathan has been trying to find and discover its purpose . At Lewis 's request , Jonathan agrees to teach him how to be a warlock . Lewis learns that to be a legitimate warlock , he must defeat an evil spirit using his own magic . Additionally , Jonathan lets Lewis know that he has only one house rule : never open a specific cabinet in his study . Jonathan looks through an old book with clippings of Isaac when he was a famous illusionist , as well of pictures of him during World War II . Jonathan reveals to Florence that he has not told Lewis everything about Isaac and plans to keep him in the dark . Jonathan does explain to Lewis that he was not close to his family , as they disagreed with his practice of magic , forcing Jonathan to leave home . Lewis continues to practice his magic , even at school , which is noticed by a curious girl named Rose Rita Pottinger ( Vanessa Anne Williams ) . Jonathan soon finds an old picture of Isaac and Selena , leading him to discover a secret entrance into a room holding the blueprints for the clock . In the meantime , Tarby wins class president and abandons Lewis , following a failed attempt by Lewis to read the hidden book on the instruction of Tarby . Jonathan and Florence look over the blueprints and they are both stumped on how to decipher it . She notices an omega symbol with a skull , which Isaac mentioned before he died . They also realize the symbol , in early Christianity , was an indicator of Judgement Day . Lewis is once again visited by his mother in a dream . He laments that Tarby does n't see him as a friend , so Mrs. Barnavelt suggests that he use a spell from the forbidden book of necromancy to make Tarby return to his side . On Halloween night , Lewis attempts to impress Tarby by performing a necromancy spell in a cemetery , but he unknowingly summons the ghost of Isaac . Jonathan and Florence realize that Isaac is back and all of their magic stopped working in Jonathan 's house , so they hammer horseshoes on the front porch for protection . In Florence 's home , Lewis notices a poster advertising Isaac and Jonathan as a magician duo . Florence shows Lewis a series of flashbacks that showed Isaac and Jonathan performing as magicians together until Isaac left to serve in World War II . Isaac eventually returned home , but was suffering from PTSD and mentioned visiting The Black Forest , which is known for harboring dark magic , and Florence thinks Isaac made a deal with a demon in exchange for more power . Florence then explains how Isaac performed a dark magic ritual to make a key for the clock which killed him , which is believed to made of Selena 's bone . Florence also tells him she has lost faith in her power following the deaths of her family . Lewis tries to warn Tarby about Isaac , but he ignores Lewis and threatens to assault him . Lewis goes back home to find the blueprints so he can help out , but he is attacked by flying books . He escapes as Jonathan and Florence arrive to help . They go to a cafe in order for Lewis to read the blueprints , and discover that the clock is a doomsday device that will reverse time all the way to the beginning . The three return home to find the horseshoes have been pulled off the walls , indicating Isaac had returned to the house . They enter to find it ransacked . Jonathan and Florence decide to destroy the key , but it wo n't dissolve in the acid they dip it in . Lewis then confesses to resurrecting Isaac just to impress Tarby and also because he thought that if the spell worked , he could see his parents again . Feeling betrayed , Jonathan decides he wants to send Lewis away for his disobedience . Lewis runs away crying and Florence tells Jonathan that he is being a coward for trying to avoid responsibility for the boy . Lewis notices Isaac in the house of Jonathan 's neighbor Mrs. Hanchett ( Colleen Camp ) . Lewis brings her to the house , but before Lewis can find Jonathan , Isaac emerges . He then reveals that Mrs. Hanchett is really Selena in disguise and that she killed the real Mrs. Hanchett , took her place , and that the key was made from her bones . Selena also reveals that she was taking the form of Mrs. Barnavelt to persuade Lewis into summoning Isaac . Isaac captures Lewis , followed by Jonathan and Florence , where he explains to them after the war , he met a demon named Azazel in The Black Forest who granted him with more power , and reveals that the clock will turn time back so that humanity never existed and uses living puppets and killer pumpkins to send the three away . Jonathan apologizes to Lewis for how he talked to him and they all plan to go back and stop Isaac and Selena . Lewis uses the Magic 8 - Ball to learn the location of the clock under the boiler room . They return to the house , defeat the guardian pumpkins and puppets , and begin searching for the clock . Florence is taken by Jonathan 's mutated snake named Snakespeare , leaving Lewis and Jonathan to face the Izzards on their own . Isaac and Selena await as the lunar eclipse is setting , which will activate the clock 's power . Lewis and Jonathan try to fight back , but Jonathan is transformed into a baby that still has his adult head . The eclipse begins , and people around town start to de-age to children . Lewis consults the Magic 8 - Ball to know what to do and it says `` Say goodbye . '' Lewis realizes he has to let go of his pain from losing his parents to harness his true power . He drops the ball into the clock 's gears to slow it down , and using his own magic , Lewis blasts Isaac and Selena , causing them to fall , de-age , and ultimately be erased from existence . Everything goes back to normal as Florence reveals that she has fixed Snakespeare and Lewis asks her to be part of his new family . Lewis returns to school with more confidence , and gets revenge on Tarby and his friends by magically bouncing a ball on their faces , and befriends Rose Rita Pottinger . Jonathan then picks him up from school where they go home with Florence as the three of them are now like a regular family , as reflected in the stained glass window . Cast ( edit ) Jack Black as Jonathan Barnavelt , Lewis 's uncle and a warlock . Cate Blanchett as Florence Zimmerman , Jonathan 's neighbor and friend and a witch . Owen Vaccaro as Lewis Barnavelt , Jonathan 's 10 - year old nephew . Kyle MacLachlan as Isaac Izard , an evil warlock Renée Elise Goldsberry as Selena Izard , Isaac 's wife and a witch . Sunny Suljic as Tarby Corrigan , a classmate of Lewis . Vanessa Anne Williams as Rose Rita Pottinger , a classmate of Lewis . Colleen Camp as Mrs. Hanchett , Jonathan 's nosey neighbor . Lorenza Izzo as Mrs. Barnavelt , Lewis ' mother . Eli Roth as Comrade Ivan Production ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began on October 10 , 2017 in Atlanta , Georgia . One of the challenges for the visual effects team was building massive 10 - foot and 14.5 - foot gears for the Clock Room sequence . Another challenge was designing the Jack - o ' - lantern characters , which included input from Steven Spielberg on the final designs . Noah Schnapp auditioned for Lewis ' role , but ended up staying to Owen Vaccaro . Release ( edit ) The House with a Clock in Its Walls was released by Universal Pictures on September 21 , 2018 . Select IMAX screenings featured a 3D version of Michael Jackson 's Thriller , which only ran for the first week of release . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of October 28 , 2018 , The House with a Clock in Its Walls has grossed $66.5 million in the United States and Canada , and $44.8 million in other territories , for a total worldwide gross of $111.4 million , against a production budget of $42 million . In the United States and Canada , The House with a Clock in Its Walls was released alongside Assassination Nation , Life Itself and Fahrenheit 11 / 9 , and was projected to gross $15 -- 20 million from 3,592 theaters in its opening weekend . The film made $7.8 million on its first day , including $840,000 from Thursday night previews . It went on to debut to $26.9 million , finishing first at the box office and marking the best opening of Roth 's career , surpassing Hostel in 2006 ( $19.6 million ) . In its second weekend the film made $12.5 million , finishing third behind newcomers Night School and Smallfoot . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 67 % based on 166 reviews , with an average rating of 6 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` An entertaining PG detour for gore maestro Eli Roth , The House with a Clock in Its Walls is a family - friendly blend of humor and horror with an infectious sense of fun . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 57 out of 100 , based on 38 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale , while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it 3.5 out of 5 stars . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The House with a Clock In Its Walls '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved August 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The House with a Clock in Its Walls ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giles , Jeff ( September 20 , 2018 ) . `` The House with a Clock in Its Walls Ticks Along Tolerably '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office : ' The House With A Clock In Its Walls ' Strikes Midnight On Its Competition '' . Uproxx . September 23 , 2018 . Retrieved September 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` House With a Clock in Its Walls tops box office as Fahrenheit 11 / 9 fizzles '' . Entertainment Weekly . September 23 , 2018 . Retrieved September 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kripke , Eric ( @ therealKripke ) ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Day One ! # HouseWithAClockInItsWalls Break a leg @ eliroth , Jack Black , Cate Blanchett , Owen Vacarro @ Kyle_MacLachlan ! ! Dream come true ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Inside THE HOUSE WITH A CLOCK IN ITS WALLS '' . VFXVoice.com . September 27 , 2018 . Retrieved October 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The House With A Clock In Its Walls ' Sets Alarm For Next September '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fuster , Jeremy ( September 18 , 2018 ) . `` Can ' House With a Clock in Its Walls ' Become the Fall 's First Family Box Office Hit ? '' . TheWrap . Retrieved September 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( September 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' The House With A Clock In Its Walls ' Sounding Near $27 M Alarm ; Counterprogramming Still In Deep Sleep '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved September 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( September 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Night School ' Top Of The Weekend 's Box Office Class With $28 M ; Best Opening For A Comedy So Far This Year '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved September 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The House with a Clock in Its Walls ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved September 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The House with a Clock in Its Walls Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved September 26 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) The House with a Clock in Its Walls on IMDb Official website Films directed by Eli Roth Cabin Fever ( 2002 ) Hostel ( 2005 ) Hostel : Part II ( 2007 ) Grindhouse ( segment `` Thanksgiving '' , 2007 ) The Green Inferno ( 2013 ) Knock Knock ( 2015 ) Death Wish ( 2018 ) The House with a Clock in Its Walls ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_House_with_a_Clock_in_Its_Walls_(film)&oldid=866376095 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films Amblin Entertainment films American children 's fantasy films American fantasy films American comedy horror films American comedy films American fantasy - comedy films American films American ghost films Dark fantasy films Demons in film IMAX films Films about Halloween Films about orphans Films about witchcraft Films based on American horror novels Films directed by Eli Roth Films produced by Eli Roth Films set in 1955 Films shot in Newnan , Georgia Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית 日本 語 Русский Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 23 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the house with a click in the walls cast | [
"Jack Black as Jonathan Barnavelt, Lewis's uncle and a warlock.\nCate Blanchett as Florence Zimmerman, Jonathan's neighbor and friend and a witch.\nOwen Vaccaro as Lewis Barnavelt, Jonathan's 10-year old nephew.\nKyle MacLachlan as Isaac Izard, an evil warlock\nRenée Elise Goldsberry as Selena Izard, Isaac's wife and a witch.\nSunny Suljic as Tarby Corrigan, a classmate of Lewis.\nVanessa Anne Williams as Rose Rita Pottinger, a classmate of Lewis.\nColleen Camp as Mrs. Hanchett, Jonathan's nosey neighbor.\nLorenza Izzo as Mrs. Barnavelt, Lewis' mother.\nEli Roth as Comrade Ivan",
"Jack Black as Jonathan Barnavelt, Lewis's uncle and a warlock.\nCate Blanchett as Florence Zimmerman, Jonathan's neighbor and friend and a witch.\nOwen Vaccaro as Lewis Barnavelt, Jonathan's 10-year old nephew.\nKyle MacLachlan as Isaac Izard, an evil warlock\nRenée Elise Goldsberry as Selena Izard, Isaac's wife and a witch.\nSunny Suljic as Tarby Corrigan, a classmate of Lewis.\nVanessa Anne Williams as Rose Rita Pottinger, a classmate of Lewis.\nColleen Camp as Mrs. Hanchett, Jonathan's nosey neighbor.\nLorenza Izzo as Mrs. Barnavelt, Lewis' mother.\nEli Roth as Comrade Ivan",
"Jack Black as Jonathan Barnavelt, Lewis's uncle and a warlock.\nCate Blanchett as Florence Zimmerman, Jonathan's neighbor and friend and a witch.\nOwen Vaccaro as Lewis Barnavelt, Jonathan's 10-year old nephew.\nKyle MacLachlan as Isaac Izard, an evil warlock\nRenée Elise Goldsberry as Selena Izard, Isaac's wife and a witch.\nSunny Suljic as Tarby Corrigan, a classmate of Lewis.\nVanessa Anne Williams as Rose Rita Pottinger, a classmate of Lewis.\nColleen Camp as Mrs. Hanchett, Jonathan's nosey neighbor.\nLorenza Izzo as Mrs. Barnavelt, Lewis' mother.\nEli Roth as Comrade Ivan",
"Jack Black as Jonathan Barnavelt, Lewis's uncle and a warlock.\nCate Blanchett as Florence Zimmerman, Jonathan's neighbor and friend and a witch.\nOwen Vaccaro as Lewis Barnavelt, Jonathan's 10-year old nephew.\nKyle MacLachlan as Isaac Izard, an evil warlock\nRenée Elise Goldsberry as Selena Izard, Isaac's wife and a witch.\nSunny Suljic as Tarby Corrigan, a classmate of Lewis.\nVanessa Anne Williams as Rose Rita Pottinger, a classmate of Lewis.\nColleen Camp as Mrs. Hanchett, Jonathan's nosey neighbor.\nLorenza Izzo as Mrs. Barnavelt, Lewis' mother.\nEli Roth as Comrade Ivan",
"Jack Black as Jonathan Barnavelt, Lewis's uncle and a warlock.\nCate Blanchett as Florence Zimmerman, Jonathan's neighbor and friend and a witch.\nOwen Vaccaro as Lewis Barnavelt, Jonathan's 10-year old nephew.\nKyle MacLachlan as Isaac Izard, an evil warlock\nRenée Elise Goldsberry as Selena Izard, Isaac's wife and a witch.\nSunny Suljic as Tarby Corrigan, a classmate of Lewis.\nVanessa Anne Williams as Rose Rita Pottinger, a classmate of Lewis.\nColleen Camp as Mrs. Hanchett, Jonathan's nosey neighbor.\nLorenza Izzo as Mrs. Barnavelt, Lewis' mother.\nEli Roth as Comrade Ivan",
"Jack Black as Jonathan Barnavelt, Lewis's uncle and a warlock.\nCate Blanchett as Florence Zimmerman, Jonathan's neighbor and friend and a witch.\nOwen Vaccaro as Lewis Barnavelt, Jonathan's 10-year old nephew.\nKyle MacLachlan as Isaac Izard, an evil warlock\nRenée Elise Goldsberry as Selena Izard, Isaac's wife and a witch.\nSunny Suljic as Tarby Corrigan, a classmate of Lewis.\nVanessa Anne Williams as Rose Rita Pottinger, a classmate of Lewis.\nColleen Camp as Mrs. Hanchett, Jonathan's nosey neighbor.\nLorenza Izzo as Mrs. Barnavelt, Lewis' mother.\nEli Roth as Comrade Ivan",
"Jack Black as Jonathan Barnavelt, Lewis's uncle and a warlock.\nCate Blanchett as Florence Zimmerman, Jonathan's neighbor and friend and a witch.\nOwen Vaccaro as Lewis Barnavelt, Jonathan's 10-year old nephew.\nKyle MacLachlan as Isaac Izard, an evil warlock\nRenée Elise Goldsberry as Selena Izard, Isaac's wife and a witch.\nSunny Suljic as Tarby Corrigan, a classmate of Lewis.\nVanessa Anne Williams as Rose Rita Pottinger, a classmate of Lewis.\nColleen Camp as Mrs. Hanchett, Jonathan's nosey neighbor.\nLorenza Izzo as Mrs. Barnavelt, Lewis' mother.\nEli Roth as Comrade Ivan",
"Jack Black as Jonathan Barnavelt, Lewis's uncle and a warlock.\nCate Blanchett as Florence Zimmerman, Jonathan's neighbor and friend and a witch.\nOwen Vaccaro as Lewis Barnavelt, Jonathan's 10-year old nephew.\nKyle MacLachlan as Isaac Izard, an evil warlock\nRenée Elise Goldsberry as Selena Izard, Isaac's wife and a witch.\nSunny Suljic as Tarby Corrigan, a classmate of Lewis.\nVanessa Anne Williams as Rose Rita Pottinger, a classmate of Lewis.\nColleen Camp as Mrs. Hanchett, Jonathan's nosey neighbor.\nLorenza Izzo as Mrs. Barnavelt, Lewis' mother.\nEli Roth as Comrade Ivan",
"Jack Black as Jonathan Barnavelt, Lewis's uncle and a warlock.\nCate Blanchett as Florence Zimmerman, Jonathan's neighbor and friend and a witch.\nOwen Vaccaro as Lewis Barnavelt, Jonathan's 10-year old nephew.\nKyle MacLachlan as Isaac Izard, an evil warlock\nRenée Elise Goldsberry as Selena Izard, Isaac's wife and a witch.\nSunny Suljic as Tarby Corrigan, a classmate of Lewis.\nVanessa Anne Williams as Rose Rita Pottinger, a classmate of Lewis.\nColleen Camp as Mrs. Hanchett, Jonathan's nosey neighbor.\nLorenza Izzo as Mrs. Barnavelt, Lewis' mother.\nEli Roth as Comrade Ivan",
"Jack Black as Jonathan Barnavelt, Lewis's uncle and a warlock.\nCate Blanchett as Florence Zimmerman, Jonathan's neighbor and friend and a witch.\nOwen Vaccaro as Lewis Barnavelt, Jonathan's 10-year old nephew.\nKyle MacLachlan as Isaac Izard, an evil warlock\nRenée Elise Goldsberry as Selena Izard, Isaac's wife and a witch.\nSunny Suljic as Tarby Corrigan, a classmate of Lewis.\nVanessa Anne Williams as Rose Rita Pottinger, a classmate of Lewis.\nColleen Camp as Mrs. Hanchett, Jonathan's nosey neighbor.\nLorenza Izzo as Mrs. Barnavelt, Lewis' mother.\nEli Roth as Comrade Ivan"
] | [
"Jack Black",
"Cate Blanchett",
"Owen Vaccaro",
"Kyle MacLachlan",
"Renée Elise Goldsberry",
"Sunny Suljic",
"Vanessa Anne Williams",
"Colleen Camp",
"Lorenza Izzo",
"Eli Roth"
] |
-2933434821089500596 | Morpheus (The Matrix) | Morpheus ( the Matrix ) - wikipedia Morpheus ( the Matrix ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Morpheus The Matrix character First appearance The Matrix Last appearance The Matrix Revolutions Created by Wachowski Siblings Portrayed by Laurence Fishburne Information Species Human Gender Male Title Captain of the Nebuchadnezzar Fighting style Budo Krav Maga Wushu Morpheus / ˈmɔːrfiəs / is a fictional character in The Matrix franchise . He is portrayed by Laurence Fishburne in the films , and in the video game The Matrix : Path of Neo where he was the only actor to reprise his character 's voice . Contents ( hide ) 1 Concept and creation 2 Overview 3 Personality 4 Character history 4.1 The Matrix 4.2 The Matrix Reloaded 4.3 The Matrix Revolutions 4.4 The Matrix Online 4.4. 1 Simulacra 5 Other appearances 6 References 7 External links Concept and creation ( edit ) Lana and Lilly Wachowski , the creators of The Matrix franchise , instructed Fishburne to base his performance on Morpheus , a character in Neil Gaiman 's comic book series The Sandman . At the studio 's request , Gaiman later wrote `` Goliath '' , a promotional short story set in the film 's universe . The name Morpheus is that of the god of dreams in Greek mythology , which is consistent with the character 's involvement with the `` dreaming '' of the Matrix . The mythical Morpheus and his family , including two brothers ( Phobetor and Phantasos ) , lived in a dream world protected by the Gates of Morpheus with two monsters standing guard . Beyond the gates were the River of Forgetfulness , beside which Morpheus once carried his father to hide in a cave , and the River of Oblivion . This theme of duality carries over to Morpheus in The Matrix , who offers Neo either a blue pill ( to forget about The Matrix and continue to live in the world of illusion ) or a red pill ( to enter the painful world of reality ) . Overview ( edit ) In the Matrix films , Morpheus is the captain of the Nebuchadnezzar , which is a hovercraft of the human forces of the last human city , Zion , in a devastated world where most humans are grown by sentient machines and kept imprisoned in the Matrix , a virtual computer - generated world . Morpheus was once a human living inside the Matrix until he was freed . Morpheus is apparently a very popular public figure in the city of Zion . He is also known in the Matrix , but as a dangerous terrorist wanted by ' Agents ' , who appear to be Federal investigators but are sentient computer programs that patrol the Matrix , eliminating any threat to the Matrix . Like other hovercraft crews , Morpheus and his crew are dedicated to the protection of Zion and the freeing of humans from the Matrix . Earlier in his life , Morpheus gained the romantic attention of Niobe , another hovercraft captain . Their relationship became estranged shortly after Morpheus visited the Oracle , an ally living in the Matrix , who told Morpheus that he would be the person who would find the One , a human having superhuman abilities within the Matrix who could end the human / machine war . Since that visit , Morpheus has spent much of his life searching the Matrix for the One . Personality ( edit ) In The Matrix and The Matrix Reloaded , Morpheus was known to be a truly inspirational leader and influential teacher to many people , particularly the majority of his crew , to the extent that Tank commented that `` Morpheus was a father to them , as well as a leader '' . In The Matrix Revolutions , with Morpheus 's faith in the prophecy shattered , he does n't appear as strong a leader as he was in the first two films . Despite his strong faith , Morpheus still showed some rationality in dangerous situations rather than blindly relying on his beliefs to see him through the current crisis ; perhaps his only truly irrational decision was to attack Agent Smith while unarmed in order to give Neo a chance to escape . His strong , almost single - minded belief in Neo as the One has very strong Biblical correlations to that of John the Baptist 's belief in the prophecy of the Messiah . Like Morpheus preaching about the imminent return of the One into the Matrix , John was preaching in the desert of the Messiah 's imminent return , and actively searched for the Messiah to come who would deliver his people from bondage . Upon finding Jesus , he believed so strongly in Jesus as the Messiah , John willingly stepped aside and let Christ take up the groundwork that John had created and laid before him , and continue where John had left off . Character history ( edit ) The Matrix ( edit ) In the first feature film , The Matrix , Morpheus successfully finds and monitors a man named Thomas A. Anderson , a hacker who calls himself Neo . Despite a close call with Agents that capture , interrogate , and place a surveillance device on Neo , Morpheus and his crew locate him . Morpheus offers Neo a choice of ingesting a red pill , which will activate a trace program to locate Neo 's body in the real world and allow the Nebuchadnezzar crew to extract him , or a blue pill , which will leave Neo in the Matrix to live and believe as he wishes . Neo takes the red pill . The Nebuchadnezzar crew is then able to eject Neo 's body from the Matrix powerplant and retrieve him from the cold sewers where the machines patrol . Morpheus takes a risk in helping Neo escape the Matrix , as human minds that live too long in the Matrix may have trouble in comprehending the reality . Initially , Neo does experience denial when Morpheus explains the truth , a point for which Morpheus apologizes . Shortly after Neo visits the Oracle , Morpheus is captured by agents who plan to hack into his mind . Because Morpheus , as a hovercraft captain , possesses access codes to the Zion mainframe computer , the surviving members of the ship 's crew are about to unplug Morpheus from the Matrix , without reconnecting his mind and body , a process that will kill him . Neo and Trinity , however , reenter the Matrix to make a daring and successful rescue of Morpheus . Neo saves Trinity from a helicopter crash , confirming Morpheus ' belief that Neo is indeed the One . Neo is eventually killed by Agent Smith shortly after the rescue , but revived as the One and returned to the Nebuchadnezzar before the Machines ' Sentinels can destroy the ship . The Matrix Reloaded ( edit ) In the second film , The Matrix Reloaded , Morpheus is more confident that the war is nearing its end . A spiritual as well as an influential leader , Morpheus convinces one hovercraft ship to stay in the Matrix to await contact from the Oracle , despite orders from Zion for all ships to return to the city . Here he incurs the wrath of Jason Locke , commander of the Zion defensive forces ; but Morpheus ' actions are defended by Councillor Hamann , a member of the city 's ruling body . With the aid of Trinity and Niobe , Morpheus successfully retrieves the Keymaker , an exiled program that can access many hidden areas of the Matrix , including the Source , the central Machine City mainframe computer and programming heart of the Matrix . Morpheus aids Neo in successfully entering the door to the Source before returning to the Nebuchadnezzar . After Neo enters the Source and returns from the Matrix with new information , he tells Morpheus that the Prophecy was a system of control that would bring the One to the Source to disseminate the programming inside Neo into the Matrix to allow a reload of the Matrix while Zion is destroyed by the machines and rebuilt by the One and red pills . A sudden Sentinel attack destroys the Nebuchadnezzar , further damaging Morpheus ' belief in the outcome of the war . Upon witnessing the destruction of his ship , he quotes the Biblical Nebuchadnezzar ; `` I have dreamed a dream ... but now that dream is gone from me . '' The crew is rescued by the hovercraft Mjolnir commanded by Captain Roland , who joins forces with the craft Logos commanded by Niobe . The Matrix Revolutions ( edit ) In the final film , The Matrix Revolutions , Morpheus is somewhat dispirited , and has problems in understanding now what may happen to Zion and its people . Now without a ship of his own , he and Link ( the Nebuchadnezzar 's Operator ) reside on the hovercraft Mjolnir , commanded by Roland . Morpheus renews his conviction that Neo could still save Zion , and supports Trinity in finding Neo , whose mind is trapped in a computer netherworld called Mobil Avenue , despite not being jacked in . Morpheus is called to the Oracle with Trinity , and with the Oracle 's guardian , Seraph , he helps Trinity rescue Neo , via a visit to the Merovingian 's lair and a Mexican standoff . Morpheus says farewell to Neo and Trinity before they leave for the Machine City in the hovercraft Logos to stop the war . Morpheus then aids Niobe as she flies the Mjolnir in a desperate ride back to Zion . The ship successfully stops the first onslaught of the Machine attack with the ship 's electromagnetic pulse weapon . When the Sentinels suddenly stop a second wave of attacks , Morpheus realises that Neo is somehow fighting for them . When the Sentinels retreat after Neo defeats the former Agent Smith , now a virus that has threatened both humans and machines , Morpheus and Niobe embrace in celebration as cheers arise from the Zion population , who have received a brokered peace through Neo 's sacrifice . Of the original Nebuchadnezzar crew in the Matrix , Morpheus is the only surviving member to see freedom for Zion . Referring to the subjectivity of reality throughout the film trilogy , Morpheus ' last line in Matrix Revolutions , said in disbelief as the Sentinels retreat from Zion , is `` Is this real ? '' . The Matrix Online ( edit ) In Chapter 1.2 of The Matrix Online , Morpheus grows impatient with the machines and demands that they return the body of Neo . After many unanswered public speeches threatening action , Morpheus starts terrorist attacks throughout the Matrix . These attacks take the form of weapons that reveal the Matrix 's inner workings ( its code ) for all human beings to see , even those not yet awakened to the simulation . This is known to have caused mass panic and forced awakenings to those not ready to see the truth . By killing Morpheus ' simulacrum guards , redpills were however able to find means of disabling Morpheus ' bombs . During the game events on May 26 , 2005 ( as recorded on the game 's official website ) , Morpheus plants a code bomb in the Rumbaar water treatment facility . After planting the bomb , he realizes he is being hunted by the enigmatic , masked figure known as the Assassin . Morpheus escapes the treatment facility ; however , upon his leaving , the Assassin bends the code of the Matrix and emerges from a vent in the wall . Morpheus is caught off - guard and is unable to dodge the Assassin 's bullets . He dies from gunshot wounds . Some players argued against the death of the character Morpheus as the Matrix now provides an `` Emergency Jack - Out '' upgrade for redpills , eliminating the permanent death that previous redpills experienced if killed within the Matrix before the Truce . This feature could save a redpill 's life with no fatal injuries . It was later revealed that the Assassin 's bullets had contained a new form of code encryption , named a `` kill code , '' which bypassed this technology . These kill codes are explained to be extremely difficult to produce and usually require a direct sample of the subject 's residual self - image data , thus making them extremely rare and only used in the most extreme and specialist of circumstances . These codes were utilized later in the story as well , being the basis of function for The Apothecary character and the subject of The Oracle 's plan to wound the Oligarchy . Rumors and the popular belief of a faked death still run rampant however , largely based on the fact that prior to Morpheus ' assassination a few select redpills were sent an email stating that he would likely `` fade away '' and hide . As with Neo , Morpheus ' remains in the real world have yet to be found . Simulacra ( edit ) During Chapter 6 a figure appeared resembling Morpheus . It took the form of an RSI transmission , apparently originating from the Real World and spread disjointed messages about Neo 's survival and imprisonment at the hands of The Machines . This was later revealed to be nothing more than a farce created by The General to sow dissent between Zion and The Machines , an effort he 'd hoped would renew conflict between the two parties and give him purpose again . The fake , a Morpheus Simulacrum created from Zion records of the captain , took on a greater role once its master ordered it to deactivate itself . Disobeying its initial programming and refusing to shut down , the program went on to , over time , gain greater levels of self - awareness and sentience . It proved instrumental in The Machines ' unlocking of the Zion RSI Database acquired during the 6th destruction of Zion as part of the renewed war effort following the Cypherite discovery of New Zion . This was n't however done with malicious intent , in fact , the Simulacrum 's personality was notably innocent , being more concerned with the world around it and its own existence than taking sides in any political or ideological struggles . In later chapters the Morpheus Simulacrum played a supporting role in the Oracle 's faked death and subsequent plan to weaken the Oligarch forces threatening The Matrix . Approached by the Oligarch Halborn during his research into the life of The One , the Simulacrum coldly dismissed the Intruder 's actions as only leading to his inevitable defeat . Other appearances ( edit ) In January 2014 , Fishburne reprised his role as Morpheus in Kia Motors ' K900 commercial for Super Bowl XLVIII . He , somewhat ironically , sings Pavarotti 's rendition of Nessun Dorma , Italian for `` None Shall Sleep '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Navarro , Alex ( November 10 , 2005 ) . `` The Matrix : Path of Neo Review '' . GameSpot . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gaiman , Neil ( June 10 , 2003 ) . `` Neil Gaiman 's Journal : You must be this tall to ride this website ... '' . neilgaiman.com . Retrieved December 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Gaiman 's Journal : `` Do you have to ? '' `` Yes I have to . '' `` Oh . '' `` Do n't Get up . '' `` . neilgaiman.com . May 5 , 2003 . Retrieved December 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Estrada , Zac ( 2014 - 01 - 28 ) . `` Kia 's The Matrix Super Bowl Ad Sells A K900 With Morpheus And Two Keys '' . Jalopnik . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 29 . External links ( edit ) Morpheus on IMDb ( hide ) The Matrix The Matrix The Matrix Reloaded The Matrix Revolutions Score Soundtrack Score Soundtrack Score Soundtrack Characters Neo Morpheus Trinity Agent Smith Agents Oracle Architect Niobe Persephone Seraph Twins Keymaker Video games Enter the Matrix The Matrix Online Path of Neo Universe Red pill and blue pill Mega City Zion Vehicles Related articles The Animatrix soundtrack Digital rain The Matrix Revisited Jacking in to the Matrix Franchise The Matrix phone The Official Matrix Exhibit Accolades Bullet time The Matrix defense Matrixism Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morpheus_(The_Matrix)&oldid=770973106 '' Categories : The Matrix ( franchise ) characters Automobile advertising characters Fictional cyborgs Fictional African - American people Fictional hackers Fictional aikidoka Fictional jujutsuka Fictional karateka Fictional Piguaquan practitioners Fictional taekwondo practitioners Fictional kenpō practitioners Fictional Shaolin kung fu practitioners Fictional Wing Chun practitioners Fictional Zui Quan practitioners Fictional Jeet Kune Do practitioners Fictional Krav Maga practitioners Fictional characters introduced in 1999 Fictional revolutionaries Science fiction soldiers Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2013 All articles needing additional references Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 18 March 2017 , at 19 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the name of morpheus's hovercraft ship in the matrix | [
"In the Matrix films, Morpheus is the captain of the Nebuchadnezzar, which is a hovercraft of the human forces of the last human city, Zion, in a devastated world where most humans are grown by sentient machines and kept imprisoned in the Matrix, a virtual computer-generated world. Morpheus was once a human living inside the Matrix until he was freed."
] | [
"Nebuchadnezzar"
] |
950139134585475986 | Turn Down for What | Turn Down for What - wikipedia Turn Down for What `` Turn Down for What '' Single by DJ Snake and Lil Jon Released December 18 , 2013 Recorded 2012 Genre EDM trap Length 3 : 33 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) DJ Snake Producer ( s ) DJ Snake Lil Jon DJ Snake singles chronology `` Turn Down for What '' ( 2013 ) `` Get Low '' ( 2014 ) `` Turn Down for What '' ( 2013 ) `` Get Low '' ( 2014 ) Lil Jon singles chronology `` Hard White ( Up in the Club ) '' ( 2011 ) Hard White ( Up in the Club ) 2011 `` Turn Down for What '' ( 2013 ) Turn Down for What2013 `` Bend Ova '' ( 2014 ) Bend Ova 2014 Music video `` Turn Down For What '' on YouTube `` Turn Down for What '' is a song by DJ Snake and Lil Jon released on December 18 , 2013 . The song and its viral music video popularized the use of the phrase . Contents 1 Release 2 Composition 3 Chart performance 4 Critical response 5 Music video 6 Remixes 7 Usage in media 8 Charts 8.1 Weekly charts 8.2 Year - end charts 9 Certifications 10 References Release ( edit ) Lil Jon and DJ Snake had met several years prior to record the song . In December 2013 , `` Turn Down for What '' was premiered on Columbia Records website and released via iTunes shortly after . In an interview about the song , DJ Snake said , When I hit up the big homie Jon and asked him if he wanted to be on the track , this song is a pretty balling song . He heard the beat and was instantly down with the vision . What he sent me back , though , absolutely blew my mind . I knew Jon was one of the best , but he absolutely killed it on this joint . Lil Jon said in an interview , DJ Snake sent me the track with a sample and he wanted me to redo it with my voice . When I heard the song I was like this beat is too crazy for that sample . I wanted to make it hip and current , and the first thing that came to mind was the phrase ' Turn Down for What ! ' Composition ( edit ) `` Turn Down for What '' contains the lyrics of Lil Jon 's powerful and iconic voice rapping `` Fire up that loud , another round of shots '' and `` Turn down for what '' throughout the song . It also contains bass and trap music elements that are original to Atlanta , GA , Lil Jon 's hometown . `` Turn Down for What '' is written in the E Phrygian mode and is set in common time at a moderate tempo of 100 beats per minute . Chart performance ( edit ) `` Turn Down for What '' entered the top 10 on Billboard 's Dance / Electronic chart during the last week of December . In January 2014 , the single entered the top 5 on the Dance / Electronic chart and debuted at No. 38 on Billboard 's Hot 100 . It peaked at number 4 on the chart , becoming DJ Snake 's first and Lil Jon 's ninth top ten , and was certified gold in February 2014 . It reached its first million copies sold in the U.S. in March 2014 . The song reached its 3 million sales mark in July 2014 . It became the seventh best - selling song of 2014 in the US with 3,449,000 copies sold for the year . Critical response ( edit ) `` Turn Down for What '' received generally positive reviews from music critics and publications . Rolling Stone voted `` Turn Down For What '' as the second best song of the year 2014 , saying , `` The year 's nutsiest party jam was also the perfect protest banger for a generation fed up with everything . DJ Snake brings the synapse - rattling EDM and Southern trap music ; Lil Jon brings the dragon - fire holler for a hilarious , glorious , glowstick - punk fuck you . '' In January 2015 , `` Turn Down for What '' was ranked at No. 9 , tied with Beyoncé 's `` Flawless '' , on The Village Voice 's annual year - end Pazz & Jop critics ' poll . Music video ( edit ) An accompanying music video for `` Turn Down for What '' was directed by the filmmaking duo Daniels , composed of Daniel Kwan and Daniel Scheinert , and released on March 13 , 2014 . The clip stars co-director Daniel Kwan with Sunita Mani . He explained : `` For a while Daniel and I had been wanting to explore male sexuality in a really weird way . For some reason our brains came up with this image , and this other universe where dudes are so pumped up on their own dicks -- and they 're so into their testosterone -- that the way that they show that is by breaking shit with their dicks . So , whatever happens , that would just be a funny logical progression . '' Jason Newman of Rolling Stone described the video as `` perfect insanity '' and added , `` It 's hard to pinpoint specifically what makes the video for DJ Snake and Lil Jon 's ' Turn Down for What ' so compelling and ripe for repeat viewings . '' Edwin Ortiz of Complex called it `` incredibly absurd and awesome '' and wrote , `` The hard - hitting EDM record delivers an undeniable vibe that listeners ca n't help but mosh out to , and that 's clearly evident in the accompanying music video . '' Writing for Idolator , Robbie Daw said the video `` takes things to a whole new level of WTF - ness not quite seen before . '' The music video won Best Direction for DANIELS and was nominated for MTV Clubland Award , Best Art Direction , and Best Visual Effects at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards and Best Music Video at the 2015 Grammy Awards . Remixes ( edit ) On April 26 , 2014 , the official remix featuring Juicy J , 2 Chainz and French Montana was released , followed by the second official remix on April 28 , 2014 , titled the Dancehall Remix , featuring Chi Ching Ching , Assassin and Konshens , and a third release on May 7 , 2014 titled `` Turn Down for What ( Lil Jon Remix ) '' , featuring Pitbull and Ludacris . Usage in media ( edit ) `` Turn Down for What '' has been featured in various films , commercials and television programs . Uses include a TV commercial for Sol Republic , to introduce a wireless speaker , which aired in October 2013 . The song was used in the films 22 Jump Street and , briefly , Furious 7 , and in the trailers for Horrible Bosses 2 and Brick Mansions . In May 2014 , Jimmy Fallon , Seth Rogen and Zac Efron danced dressed as girls to the song during an episode of The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon . In July 2014 , Robin Wright also danced to the song during an appearance on The Tonight Show . Talk show host Ellen DeGeneres created a spoof of the Lincoln Motor Company commercial starring Matthew McConaughey using a portion of the song . In October 2014 , Lil Jon and various other celebrities appeared in an online video that featured a remix of the song , renamed to `` Turn Out for What '' , that was organized by Rock the Vote and intended to encourage young people to vote in the upcoming elections . On October 15 , 2014 , Michelle Obama posted a video clip of herself dancing to `` Turn Down For What '' while holding a turnip as a Vine response to US comedian and impressionist Iman Crosson 's post hashtagged # AskTheFirstLady . In Alphacat 's original post Michelle Obama was asked , `` On average how many calories do you burn every time you ' turn up ' ? ! '' Her response was `` Turnip for what ? '' The Vine was posted as part of a Q&A organised by the First Lady 's office to promote her Let 's Move ! healthy lifestyle campaign . In 2015 , Alvin and the Chipmunks covered the song for their film Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Road Chip and its soundtrack . In December 2014 , a portion of the song was used in an AT&T Wireless commercial announcing the `` completion '' of their network export 's goal of providing improved LTE connectivity . In March 2015 , Disney Channel used the song in a promo for the `` Tune in 4 What ? '' 4 night event , which promoted new episodes of Liv and Maddie , Dog With a Blog , Jessie , Austin & Ally , I Did n't Do It , Girl Meets World , and K.C. Undercover . In April 2017 , the song was featured in a Saturday Night Live commercial parody called `` Turtle Shirt '' . In November 2017 , `` Turn Down For What ? '' was the title of a research paper in the American Journal of Transplantation written by Mary Grace Bowring , Dorry Segev , and colleagues , about the decision to turn down offers of certain deceased donor kidneys for transplantation . In January 2018 , figure skater Jimmy Ma started using the song in his routine . Mexican luchador Blue Panther Jr. uses the song as his entrance music . The Atlanta Falcons play the song in their pregame intros and when they score a touchdown . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 13 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 35 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 41 Belgium Dance ( Ultratop Flanders ) 39 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 18 Belgium Dance ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 10 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 11 Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) 8 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 34 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 13 France ( SNEP ) 19 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 31 Ireland ( IRMA ) 42 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 21 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 23 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 10 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 20 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 58 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 41 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 26 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 36 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 23 UK Dance ( Official Charts Company ) 10 US Billboard Hot 100 US Hot Dance / Electronic Songs ( Billboard ) US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 5 US R&B / Hip - Hop Airplay ( Billboard ) 30 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 49 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 46 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 97 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 62 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 40 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 96 US Billboard Hot 100 15 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 3 × Platinum 240,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 15,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 7,500 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 40,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 400,000 United States ( RIAA ) 5 × Platinum 5,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Turn Down for What by DJ Snake & Lil Jon '' . Itunes. 18 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Complete List Of People Who Asked Me To Define ' Turn Down For What ' Over The Weekend '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ `` Lil Jon '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Lipshutz , Jason ( April 7 , 2014 ) . `` Lil Jon Feels ' Great Validation ' Thanks To ' Turn Down For What ' Success '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TURN DOWN FOR WHAT '' . Beatport . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` DJ Snake And Lil Jon Release International Hit Single `` Turn Down for What '' On Columbia Records `` . PR NEWS WIRE . Jan 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gary Trust ( January 3 , 2014 ) . `` Chart Moves : Imagine Dragons , AWOLNATION Extend Lengthy Hot 100 Stays ; Beyonce Bounds At R&B / Hip - Hop Radio ; DJ Snake , Lil Jon Debut With ' Turn Down For What ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gordon Murray ( December 27 , 2013 ) . `` DJ Snake , Lil Jon , Katy Perry Power Up Dance Charts '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( April 30 , 2014 ) . `` Pharrell Williams Tops Hot 100 For 10th Week , Iggy Azalea Vaults Into Top 10 '' . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tyler Trew ( 4 February 2014 ) . `` DJ Snake 's `` Turn Down for What '' Reaches Gold Status `` . Your EDM . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( March 19 , 2014 ) . `` Chart Watch : `` # Selfie '' Is A # Smash `` . Yahoo Music . Retrieved March 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( July 30 , 2014 ) . `` Chart Watch : Jason Aldean Is Back '' . Yahoo Music . ^ Jump up to : Christman , Ed ( January 9 , 2015 ) . `` Music in 2014 : Taylor Takes the Year , Republic Records on Top , Streaming to the Rescue '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Turn Down For What '' . Rolling Stone . ^ Jump up to : Pearl , Max ( March 20 , 2014 ) . `` Meet the Man Behind Lil Jon & DJ Snake 's `` Turn Down for What '' Video `` . Vice . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Newman , Jason ( March 12 , 2014 ) . `` DJ Snake and Lil Jon 's ' Turn Down for What ' Video Is Perfect Insanity '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ortiz , Edwin ( March 14 , 2014 ) . `` DJ Snake & Lil Jon 's New Music Video for `` Turn Down for What '' Is Incredibly Absurd and Awesome `` . Complex . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Daw , Robbie ( March 12 , 2014 ) . `` DJ Snake & Lil Jon 's `` Turn Down For What '' Video Is The Most Insane Thing You 'll Watch All Month `` . Idolator . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ C. Vernon Coleman ( 2014 - 04 - 26 ) . `` Lil Jon Featuring Juicy J , 2 Chainz & French Montana `` Turn Down For What ( Remix ) '' - XXL `` . Xxlmag.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Turn Down For What ( DANCEHALL Remix ) Dirty Master by Lil Jon on SoundCloud - Hear the world 's sounds '' . Soundcloud.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Lil Jon - Turn Down For What Feat . DJ Snake , Pitbull & Ludacris ( Remix ) Stream & Listen ( New Song ) '' . Hotnewhiphop.com. 2014 - 05 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Sol Replic Deck Radio Shack TV Commercial , Feat Lil Wayne and Michael Phelps '' . Radio Shack . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Sims , Davd ( July 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' Turn Down For What ' Watch : How Hard Will Hollywood Drive This Song Into the Ground ? '' . Thewire.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Silman , Anna ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` Watch Seth Rogen and Zac Efron Play Teen Girls on ' Ew ' '' . Vulture.com . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Strecker , Erin ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` You 're Going To Want To See Robin Wright Dance With Jimmy Fallon to ' Turn Down For What ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Putnam , Lindsay ( October 7 , 2014 ) . `` Lil Jon , Lena Dunham rock the vote in ' Turn Out For What ' '' . New York Post . Jump up ^ `` Hey , Alphacat The First Lady wants to know ... # TurnipForWhat ? # AskTheFirstLady # TD4W '' . Jump up ^ `` A question for Michelle Obama : How many calories do you burn every time you ' turn up ' ? ! '' . Jump up ^ `` Michelle Obama 's ' Turnip for What ' is just the latest great political Vine '' . Jump up ^ `` AT&T TV Spot , `` Speech '' `` . AT&T Mobility . December 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YgEPkrMOwCg Jump up ^ Bowring . `` Turn down for what ? Patient outcomes associated with declining increased infectious risk kidneys '' . American Journal of Transplantation . doi : 10.1111 / ajt. 14577 . PMID 29116674 . Jump up ^ http://www.newser.com/story/253754/figure-skaters-edgy-song-choice-grabs-notice.html Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- DJ Snake and Lil Jon -- Turn Down For What '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved May 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- DJ Snake and Lil Jon -- Turn Down For What '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved March 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- DJ Snake and Lil Jon -- Turn Down For What '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- DJ Snake and Lil Jon -- Turn Down For What '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop Dance . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- DJ Snake and Lil Jon -- Turn Down For What '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- DJ Snake and Lil Jon -- Turn Down For What '' ( in French ) . Ultratop Dance . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Snake Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Snake Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201426 into search . Retrieved July 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lil Jon , dj Snake : Turn Down For What '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved May 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- DJ Snake and Lil Jon -- Turn Down For What '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved March 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- DJ Snake and Lil Jon -- Turn Down For What '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved March 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 28 , 2014 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- DJ Snake and Lil Jon '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- DJ Snake and Lil Jon -- Turn Down For What '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved March 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- DJ Snake and Lil Jon -- Turn Down For What '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201424 into search . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201430 into search . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- DJ Snake and Lil Jon -- Turn Down For What '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved May 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- DJ Snake and Lil Jon -- Turn Down For What '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved May 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Official Dance Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` DJ Snake Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Snake Chart History ( Hot Dance / Electronic Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Snake Chart History ( Dance Mix / Show Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Snake Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Snake Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Snake Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts -- ARIA Top 100 Singles 2014 '' . ARIA Charts . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Year End Charts -- Top Canadian Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` JAAROVERZICHTEN -- Single 2014 '' ( in German ) . Dutch Charts Portal . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2014 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 - 2014 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs -- Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2014 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved September 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- DJ Snake & Lil Jon -- Turn Down For What '' . Music Canada . March 10 , 2014 . Retrieved March 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- DJ Snake feat . Lil Jon -- Turn Down For What '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- DJ Snake & Lil Jon -- Turn Down For What '' . Recorded Music NZ . May 9 , 2014 . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Snake & Lil Jon - Turn Down For What '' ( in Swedish ) . Grammofon Leverantörernas Förening . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- DJ Snake & Lil Jon -- Turn Down For What '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Gold in the Certification field . Enter Turn Down For What in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- DJ Snake & Lil Jon -- Turn Down For What '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH DJ Snake Discography Studio albums Encore Singles `` Turn Down for What '' `` Get Low '' `` You Know You Like It '' `` Lean On '' `` Middle '' `` Talk '' `` Let Me Love You '' `` A Different Way '' Lil Jon Studio albums Get Crunk , Who U Wit : Da Album We Still Crunk ! ! Put Yo Hood Up Kings of Crunk Part II Crunk Juice Crunk Rock Score MTV VMA Score 2005 Singles `` Get Low '' `` What U Gon ' Do '' `` Real Nigga Roll Call '' `` Lovers & Friends '' `` Snap Yo Fingers '' `` Act a Fool '' `` I Do '' `` Give It All U Got '' `` Ms. Chocolate '' `` Hey '' `` Turn Down for What '' `` Bend Ova '' `` Take It Off '' Featured singles `` Damn ! '' `` Salt Shaker '' `` Shake That Monkey '' `` Come Get Some '' `` Yeah ! '' `` Culo '' `` Let 's Go '' `` Real Gangstaz '' `` That 's Nasty '' `` Toma '' `` Girlfight '' `` Okay '' `` Bojangles ( Remix ) '' `` Go to Church '' `` Gangsta Gangsta '' `` The Anthem '' `` Get Buck in Here '' `` Krazy '' `` Let Me See the Booty '' `` Patron Tequila '' `` Shots '' `` Do You Remember '' `` Watagatapitusberry '' `` Turbulence '' `` Hard White ( Up in the Club ) '' `` Bobble '' Related articles Discography Production discography BME Recordings Crunk Energy Drink The Celebrity Apprentice 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turn_Down_for_What&oldid=854364297 '' Categories : 2013 singles Billboard Dance / Electronic Songs number - one singles DJ Snake songs Lil Jon songs Song recordings produced by Lil Jon Songs about alcohol 2013 songs MTV Video Music Award for Best Direction Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Flanders Dance Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Wallonia Dance Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Irish Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for UKdance Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceelectronic Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphopairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 20 : 04 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did turn down for what come out | [
"\"Turn Down for What\" is a song by DJ Snake and Lil Jon released on December 18, 2013. The song and its viral music video popularized the use of the phrase.[2][3]\n"
] | [
"December 18, 2013"
] |
6986831766497715325 | National Zoological Park (United States) | National Zoological Park ( United States ) - Wikipedia National Zoological Park ( United States ) This article is about National Zoological Park in the United States , owned by the Smithsonian Institution . For other uses , see National Zoo . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) National Zoological Park Front entrance Date opened 1889 ; 129 years ago ( 1889 ) Location 3001 Connecticut Ave . NW , Rock Creek Park , Washington , D.C. , U.S. Coordinates 38 ° 55 ′ 51.90 '' N 77 ° 02 ′ 59.03 '' W / 38.9310833 ° N 77.0497306 ° W / 38.9310833 ; - 77.0497306 Coordinates : 38 ° 55 ′ 51.90 '' N 77 ° 02 ′ 59.03 '' W / 38.9310833 ° N 77.0497306 ° W / 38.9310833 ; - 77.0497306 Land area Zoo : 163 acres ( 66 ha ) SCBI : 3,200 - acre ( 1,300 ha ) No. of animals Zoo : 2,000 SCBI : 30 -- 40 endangered species No. of species 400 Memberships AZA Major exhibits Amazonia , Asia Trail , Giant Panda Habitat , Great Ape House , Think Tank Public transit access Washington Metro at Cleveland Park or Woodley Park Website nationalzoo.si.edu The National Zoological Park , commonly known as the National Zoo , is one of the oldest zoos in the United States . It is part of the Smithsonian Institution and does not charge for admission . Founded in 1889 , its mission is to `` provide engaging experiences with animals and create and share knowledge to save wildlife and habitats '' . The National Zoo has two campuses . The first is a 163 - acre ( 66 ha ) urban park located at Rock Creek Park in Northwest Washington , D.C. , 20 minutes from the National Mall by MetroRail . The other campus is the 3,200 - acre ( 1,300 ha ) Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute ( SCBI ; formerly known as the Conservation and Research Center ) in Front Royal , Virginia . On this land , there are 180 species of trees , 850 species of woody shrubs and herbaceous plants , 40 species of grasses , and 36 different species of bamboo . The SCBI is a non-public facility devoted to training wildlife professionals in conservation biology and to propagating rare species through natural means and assisted reproduction . The National Zoo is accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums ( AZA ) . The two facilities host about 1,800 animals of 300 different species . About one - fifth of them are endangered or threatened . Most species are on exhibit at the Rock Creek Park campus . The best - known residents are the giant pandas , but the zoo is also home to birds , great apes , big cats , Asian elephants , insects , amphibians , reptiles , aquatic animals , small mammals and many more . The SCBI facility houses between 30 and 40 endangered species at any given time depending on research needs and recommendations from the zoo and the conservation community . The zoo was one of the first to establish a scientific research program . Because it is a part of the Smithsonian Institution , the National Zoo receives federal appropriations for operating expenses . A new master plan for the park was introduced in 2008 to upgrade the park 's exhibits and layout . The National Zoo is open every day of the year except for December 25 ( Christmas Day ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Modern status 3 Exhibits 3.1 Giant Panda Habitat 3.2 Asia Trail 3.3 Elephant Trails 3.4 Lemur Island 3.5 The Small Mammal House 3.6 The American Trail 3.7 The Great Ape House 3.8 The Think Tank 3.9 Gibbon Ridge 3.10 Great Cats on Lion and Tiger Hill 3.11 The Cheetah Conservation Station 3.12 The Invertebrate Exhibit 3.13 Amazonia 3.14 The Reptile Discovery Center 3.15 The Bird House 3.16 The Kids ' Farm 3.17 American Bison Exhibit 3.18 Other animals 4 Notable animals 4.1 Smokey Bear 4.2 Giant pandas 5 Special programs and events 6 Friends of the National Zoo 7 Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute 8 Incidents 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) Bridge at National Zoological Park , 1897 The zoo first started as the National Museum 's Department of Living Animals in 1886 . By an act of Congress in 1889 , for `` the advancement of science and the instruction and recreation of the people '' the National Zoo was created . In 1890 , it became a part of the Smithsonian Institution . Three well - known individuals drew up plans for the zoo : Samuel Langley , third Secretary of the Smithsonian ; William T. Hornaday , noted conservationist and head of the Smithsonian 's vertebrate division ; and Frederick Law Olmsted , the premier landscape architect of his day . William Temple Hornaday was the curator of all 185 animals when the park was first opened . Together , they designed a new zoo to exhibit animals for the public and to serve as a refuge for wildlife , such as bison and beaver , which were rapidly vanishing from North America . Olmsted Walk , near the zoo 's Elephant House For the first 50 years , the National Zoo , like most zoos around the world , focused on exhibiting one or two representative exotic animal species . The number of many species in the wild began to decline drastically because of human activities . Sometimes animals became unexpectedly available . In 1899 , the Kansas frontiersman Charles `` Buffalo '' Jones captured a bighorn sheep for the zoo . The fate of animals and plants became a pressing concern . Many of these species were favorite zoo animals , such as elephants and tigers ; hence the staff began to concentrate on the long - term management and conservation of entire species . In the mid-1950s , the zoo hired its first full - time permanent veterinarian , reflecting a priority placed on professional health care for the animals . In 1958 , Friends of the National Zoo ( FONZ ) was founded . The citizen group 's first accomplishment was to persuade Congress to fund the zoo 's budget entirely through the Smithsonian ; previously , the zoo 's budget was divided between appropriations for the Smithsonian and the District of Columbia . Congressional funding placed the zoo on a firmer financial base , allowing for a period of growth and improvement . In 2006 , Congress approved an additional 14.6 million dollars for renovations in both facilities . FONZ incorporated as a nonprofit organization and turned its attention to developing education and volunteer programs , supporting these efforts from its operation of concessions at the zoo , and expanding community support for the zoo through a growing membership which annually raises between $4 million and $8 million for the zoo . In the early 1960s , the zoo turned its attention to breeding and studying threatened and endangered species . Although some zoo animals had been breeding and raising young , it was not understood why some species did so successfully while others did not . In 1965 , the zoo created the zoological research division to study the reproduction , behavior , and ecology of zoo species , and to learn how best to meet the needs of the animals . In 1975 , the zoo established the Conservation and Research Center ( CRC ) . In 2010 , the complex was renamed the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute ( SCBI ) , a title also used as an umbrella term for the scientific endeavors that take place on both campuses . On 3,200 acres ( 13 km ) in the Virginia countryside , rare species , such as Mongolian wild horses , scimitar - horned oryx , maned wolves , cranes , and others live and breed in spacious surroundings . SCBI 's modern efforts emphasize reproductive physiology , analysis of habitat and species relationships , genetics , husbandry and the training of conservation scientists . The zoo 's last hippopotamus , Happy , was transferred to Milwaukee County Zoo in 2009 to make space for Elephant Trails . Modern status ( edit ) Expanding knowledge about the needs of zoo animals and commitment to their well being has changed the look of the National Zoo . Today , animals live in natural groupings rather than individually . Rare and endangered species , such as golden lion tamarins , Sumatran tigers , and sarus cranes , breed and raise their young -- showing the success of the zoo 's conservation and research programs . The zoo 's research team studies animals both in the wild and at the zoo . Its research encompasses reproductive biology , conservation biology , biodiversity monitoring , veterinary medicine , nutrition , behavior , ecology , and bird migration . The National Zoo has developed public - education programs to help students , teachers and families explore the intricacies of the animal world . The zoo also designed specialized programs to train wildlife professionals from around the world and to form a network to provide crucial support for international conservation . The National Zoo is at the forefront of the use of web technology and programming to expand its programs to an international virtual audience . The National Zoo has been the home to giant pandas since Ling - Ling and Hsing - Hsing arrived at the zoo in 1972 . Since 2000 , Mei Xiang and Tian Tian also lived there . On July 9 , 2005 , Mei Xiang gave birth to Tai Shan , who went to China in February 2010 . On August 23 , 2013 , Mei Xiang gave birth to Bao Bao , who still resides at the zoo . On August 22 , 2015 , Mei Xiang gave birth to Bei Bei , who still resides at the zoo . Plans for the future include modernizing the zoo 's aging facilities and expanding its education , research and conservation efforts in Washington , Virginia and in the wild . As part of a 10 - year renewal program , Asia Trail -- a series of habitats for seven Asian species including sloth bears , red pandas , and clouded leopards -- was created . Elephant Trails , opened in 2013 , provides a new home for the zoo 's Asian elephants . Kids ' Farm exhibit , opened in 2004 , was slated for closure in 2011 , but is to remain open for another 10 years following a donation to the exhibit . The zoo , which is supported by tax revenues and open to everyone , attracts 2 million visitors per year , according to the Washington Post in 2005 . The National Zoo has a Federal Law Enforcement Agency deployed on its grounds : the National Zoological Park Police ( NZPP ) , which consists of full - time Law Enforcement Officers . The NZPP is an agency that has been recognized by the United States Congress and is one of five original police agencies within the District of Columbia with full police powers . They work very closely with the Metropolitan Police Department , the United States Park Police , Department of State , Capital Police , Federal Bureau of Investigation , and the Department of Defense . The agency is considered the first line of defense in the event of any crisis . Dennis W. Kelly was named director of the zoo on February 15 , 2010 , overseeing both campuses . Kelly succeeded John Berry , who was the National Zoo director for three years until February 2009 , when he resigned to become the director of the U.S. Office of Personnel Management under the Obama Administration . Steven Monfort , the zoo 's associate director for conservation and science , served as the acting director between February 2009 and February 2010 . Kelly retired as the zoos director in November 2017 , Steven Monfort was named acting director . Exhibits ( edit ) Giant panda habitat ( edit ) Tian Tian at the National Zoo The zoo 's Giant Panda Habitat features three outdoor areas with animal enrichment , as well as an indoor area with a rocky outcrop , a waterfall , and viewing areas . The zoo 's pandas , named Mei Xiang and Tian Tian , are on loan from the China Wildlife Conservation Association , and will live at the zoo until 2020 . They are the focus of a research , conservation , and breeding program that aims to preserve the species . Mei Xiang and Tian Tian successfully had a male cub , named Tai Shan , in 2005 . Tai Shan currently lives at the Bifengxia Panda Base in Sichuan , China , taking part in Bifengxia 's breeding program . On September 16 , 2012 , Mei Xiang gave birth to another cub , but the cub died six days after its birth . On August 23 , 2013 , Mei Xiang gave birth to two cubs ; one , a female named Bao Bao , survived , while the other was stillborn . The pandas live at the Fujifilm Giant Panda Habitat , a state - of - the - art indoor and outdoor exhibit . The exhibit is designed to replicate the rocky , lush terrain of the pandas ' natural habitat . Mei delivered two cubs in August 2015 ; one died a few days later . Both cubs , fraternal twins , were sired by Tian Tian ; the surviving male was given the name Bei Bei on September 25 , 2015 and was on public exhibit in January 2016 . Asia Trail ( edit ) A group of Asia - themed exhibits opened in 2006 . Along with the giant pandas , the area also displays sloth bears , fishing cats , red pandas , a clouded leopard , Asian small - clawed otters , and Asian elephants . Next to the pandas is an exhibit for Japanese giant salamander . However , in mid-2016 , the salamander died and the exhibit space is currently unoccupied ; the zoo keeps members of the species off - exhibit in the reptile house . Elephant Trails ( edit ) Asian elephant at the National Zoo In spring 2008 , the National Zoo began construction on Elephant Trails , a new home for its 7 Asian elephants . The first part of the $52 million project opened in September 2010 , expanding the zoo 's former elephant area with a 5,700 - square - foot ( 530 m ) barn , two new yards ( one with a pool ) , and a quarter - mile ( 400 m ) walkway through woods , a total of 1.9 acres ( 0.77 ha ) of outdoor space , bringing the total size of Elephant Trails to 2 acres ( 0.81 ha ) . Elephant Trails : A Campaign to Save Asian Elephants is a comprehensive breeding , education , and scientific research program . It is designed to help scientists care for elephants in zoos and save them in the wild . The Elephant House was closed to the public from September 14 , 2009 until late March 2013 for construction of the second phase of Elephant Trails . This includes the Elephant Community Center , an indoor exhibit with many interpretive signs and graphics . Lemur Island ( edit ) Lemurs at the National zoo Lemur Island is a moated island that is home to a group of ring - tailed lemurs , red - fronted lemurs and black - and - white ruffed lemurs . Uncle Beazley near Lemur Island Uncle Beazley , a fiberglass Triceratops that Louis Paul Jonas created for the DinoLand pavilion at the 1964 New York World 's Fair , can now be seen near the island . The life - size statue , which had been located on the National Mall near the National Museum of Natural History until 1994 , is named for a dinosaur in the 1956 children 's book , The Enormous Egg , by Oliver Butterworth and in the book 's 1968 television movie adaptation , in which the statue appeared . The Small Mammal House ( edit ) Dwarf mongoose at the National Zoo The majority of the zoo 's smaller mammal species live in the Small Mammal House . The species on display include golden lion tamarins , golden - headed lion tamarins , pale - headed saki monkeys , Geoffroy 's marmosets , red ruffed lemurs , black - footed ferrets , dwarf mongooses , meerkats , brush - tailed bettongs , striped skunks , La Plata three - banded armadillos , screaming hairy armadillos , sand cats , fennec foxs , naked mole - rats , southern tamanduas , rock hyraxs and several others . A sister pair of White - nosed coatis and a male , female pair of black howler monkeys can be found behind the building , while a pair of bennett 's wallabies can be found along the side of the building . Despite not being mammals , two Von der Decken 's hornbills and a male green aracari can be found in the building . The American Trail ( edit ) The American Trail exhibit houses a variety of North American species . These include five California sea lions , four grey seals , one harbor seal , three North American beavers , two North American River Otters , two bald eagles , two common ravens , three brown pelicans , and two grey wolves . After facing severe threats , the majority of American Trail species have rebounded thanks to conservation efforts . Many of the residents of American Trail have been listed as endangered . All of plants in the animal enclosures on American Trail exhibit are native to North America . The exhibit also features a cafe called Seal Rock Cafe , which offers dishes crafted from local , seasonal , and sustainable ingredients . Menu items include Best Aquaculture Practices ( BAP ) certified shrimp and Marine Stewardship Council ( MSC ) certified fish . The American Trail was recently renovated and reopened in late summer 2012 . The Great Ape House ( edit ) Gorilla at the National Zoo The Great Ape House is separated into two sets of enclosures . One houses seven bornean orangutans ( two males named Kiko and Kyle ; four females named Lucy , Batang , Iris and Bonnie ; and a male infant named Redd , born in 2016 ) . The other houses seven western lowland gorillas ( four males named Baraka , Kojo , Kwame and Moke ; As well as three females named Mandara , Kibibi and Calaya ) . The orangutans are allowed access to the Think Tank ( see below ) by travelling along the `` O - Line '' , a series of high cables supported by metal towers that enable the orangutans to move between the two buildings . Kyle , Batang and Redd are Bornean orangutans and Kiko , Lucy , Iris and Bonnie are all hybrid orangutans . The Think Tank ( edit ) Two orangutans crossing over visitors via the `` O Line '' The Think Tank is an area designed to educate visitors about how animals think and learn about their surroundings . The Think Tank features several interactive displays that teach visitors how zoologists conduct their studies . The zoo 's orangutans ( which are sometimes used in keeper demonstrations ) are allowed to move from the Great Ape House to the Think Tank , and the building includes suitable enclosures for the apes should they choose to stay there . Other animals kept and studied in The Think Tank include brown rats , land hermit crabs , 4 Allen 's swamp monkeys and 3 red - tailed monkeys . The zoo once had a population of Celebes crested macaques living in a outdoor cage . Gibbon Ridge ( edit ) Gibbon Ridge is an enclosure housing two different species of gibbon : two Northern white - cheeked gibbons ( a male named Sydney and female named Tuyen ) , and two siamang ( a male named Bradley and a female named Ronnie ) . Great cats on lion and tiger hill ( edit ) Great Cats is separated into three enclosures . The zoo rotates African lions , two Sumatran tigers ( a female named Damai and a male named Sparky ) and a male Amur Tiger named Pavel between the three exhibits . One of the zoo 's tigers , Soyono , was euthanized in November 2012 . She was 19 years old , which is close to the limits of her life span . The tiger looked to be suffering from spondylosis , a degenerative spinal disorder , which afflicts big cats as they get older . On January 24 , 2014 , the zoo 's 10 - year - old female lion , Nababiep , gave birth to three cubs in an eight - hour period . Two of the cubs survived , and were the first lion cub litter born at the zoo in four years , the third for Nababiep , and the fourth for the eight - year - old father , Luke . The birth followed the birth of two rare Sumatran tiger cubs to mother Damai on August 5 , 2013 . There are also two ( currently indefinitely unoccupied ) exhibits for bobcats and caracals . The Cheetah Conservation Station ( edit ) The Cheetah Conservation Station at the National Zoo in Washington , D.C. Scimitar horned oryx at the Cheetah Conservation Station Lesser kudu at the National Zoo This is an outdoor exhibit designed to mimic the African savanna and educate visitors about cheetahs and what is being done to preserve them in the wild . The main part of the Cheetah Conservation Station consists of two enclosures separated by a fence . One enclosures houses four South African cheetahs ( both males ; Justin / Gat ( named for Justin Gatlin ) , Bakari , Donnie and Copley ) , while the other houses one male Grevy 's zebra named Moyo . Other animals on display in the area include two scimitar - horned oryxs , four dama gazelles , two Rüppell 's vultures , one sitatunga , three red river hogs , two male maned wolves named Mateo and Quito ( a species native to South America ) , an Abyssinian ground hornbill and three lesser kudu . A female tammar wallaby named Maji had been on display until December 2013 , when she was euthanized at the very old age of 18 ( most do not live beyond 10 ) . The Invertebrate exhibit ( edit ) This exhibit housed the zoo 's collection of invertebrates . It was permanently closed to the public on June 22 , 2014 due to inadequate funding . The zoo has mentioned they eventually want to build a hall of biodiversity which will include invertebrates . The zoo 's Bird House is currently under renovation and once complete some invertebrates ( such as Horseshoe crabs ) will be included . Amazonia ( edit ) This South America - themed walk - through exhibit contains animal and plant species native to the Amazon basin . Animals on display include multiple species of freshwater stingrays , oscars , silver arowanas , Yellow - spotted Amazon river turtles , arapaimas , black pacus , red - bellied piranhas , white - eared titi monkeys , a Southern two - toed sloth , sunbitterns , red - crested cardinals , yellow - rumped caciques and many more . The Amazonia science gallery is located on the lower level . Here visitors can learn about the zoo 's efforts to protect species around the globe . Some of the species on display include Panamanian golden frogs , African clawed frogs , aquatic caecilians , barred tiger salamanders , grey tree frogs and many species of poison frogs . Located within the science gallery is the Coral lab . Many corals are on display along with clownfish , anemones , peacock mantis shrimp , warty frogfish and other species . The Electric Fishes Demonstration Lab features a five - foot long electric eel . Bluntnose knifefish , elephant - nose knifefish and black ghost knifefish are also featured . The reptile Discovery Center ( edit ) Komodo dragon at the National Zoo The zoo 's reptile and amphibian house exhibits seventy species of reptiles and amphibians . These include Aldabra tortoises , radiated tortoises , spider tortoises , Cuban crocodiles , a Gharial , a Philippine crocodile , Eastern indigo snakes , Gaboon vipers , gila monsters , green anacondas , Burmese rock pythons , green tree pythons , Timor pythons , king cobras , northern copperheads , Eastern diamondback rattlesnakes , hellbenders , eastern red - backed salamanders , long - tailed salamanders , Alligator snapping turtles and many more . Behind the building are exhibits for a Komodo dragon , Chinese alligators and a false gavial . In the front of the building is an exhibit for an American alligator named Wally . The Bird House ( edit ) As of 2017 , The Bird House is closed for renovations for `` Experience Migration '' , an exhibition dedicated to migratory birds . Experience Migration will open in 2021 . The Kids ' Farm ( edit ) The Kids ' Farm is aimed primarily at children and housing domesticated livestock . The exhibit also features a `` Pizza Garden '' which grows traditional pizza ingredients . Animals kept in the Kids ' Farm include alpacas , Ossabaw Island hogs , miniature Mediterranean donkeys , Hereford and Holstein cows , and Nigerian dwarf , Anglo - Nubian and San Clemente Island goats . In 2011 , the zoo announced plans to close The Kids ' Farm due to budgetary constraints . However , a $1.4 million donation from State Farm Insurance allowed the exhibit to remain open . American bison exhibit ( edit ) Bison at the National Zoo The zoo opened a new American Bison Exhibit on August 30 , 2014 as part of their 125th anniversary celebration . The exhibit features two female bison , named Zora and Wilma , that were transported to the zoo earlier that year from the American Prairie Reserve in northeastern Montana . Other animals ( edit ) Other animals in the zoo 's collection include spectacled bears ( near the Amazonia exhibit ) , Przewalski 's horse , which is now gone ) ( in a yard adjacent to the Small Mammal house ) , North American porcupines ( near the Great Cats exhibit ) , black - tailed prairie dogs ( near the Great Cats exhibit ) and Patagonian maras ( near American Trail ) . Notable animals ( edit ) Smokey Bear ( edit ) Main article : Smokey Bear Smokey Bear playing in his pool , sometime in the 1950s . One of the most famous animals to have spent much of his life at the zoo was Smokey Bear , the `` living symbol '' of the cartoon icon created as part of a campaign to prevent forest fires . A black bear cub rescued from a fire , he lived at the zoo from 1950 until his death in 1976 . During his time at the zoo , he had millions of visitors and an abundance of personal mail addressed to him -- up to 13,000 letters a week -- such that the U.S. Post Office designated a special zip code for correspondence addressed to him . During his time at the zoo , he was `` married '' to Goldie Bear , with the hope that one of his offspring would continue to hold the title of Smokey Bear . When the pair produced no offspring , an orphaned bear cub was added to their cage . It was named `` Little Smokey '' , with the announcement that the bear couple had `` adopted '' the new cub . In 1975 , an official ceremony was held to recognize the retirement of Smokey Bear and the new title of `` Smokey Bear II '' for Little Smokey . Upon the death of the original Smokey Bear , The Washington Post printed an obituary , recognizing him as a `` New Mexico native '' who had resided in Washington , D.C. for many years , working for the government . Giant pandas ( edit ) Tai Shan at the National Zoo Coming off the heels of President Richard Nixon 's historic 1972 visit to China , the Chinese government donated two giant pandas , Ling - Ling ( female ) and Hsing - Hsing ( male ) , to the official United States delegation . First Lady Pat Nixon donated the pandas to the zoo , where she welcomed them in an April 1972 ceremony . The first giant pandas in America , Ling - Ling and Hsing - Hsing were among the most popular animals at the zoo . Ling - Ling died in 1992 and Hsing - Hsing in 1999 . Although Ling Ling and Hsing Hsing had five cubs between 1983 and 1989 , all died as infants . A new pair of pandas , female Mei Xiang ( `` Beautiful Fragrance '' ) and male Tian Tian ( `` More and More '' ) , arrived on loan from the Chinese government in late 2000 . The zoo paid an estimated 10 million dollars for the 10 - year loan . On July 9 , 2005 , a male panda cub was born at the zoo . It was the first surviving panda birth at the zoo and the product of artificial insemination by the zoo 's reproductive research team . The cub was named Tai Shan ( `` Peaceful Mountain '' ) on October 17 , 100 days after his birth ; the panda went without a name for its first hundred days , in observance of a Chinese custom . Tai Shan is property of the Chinese government and was scheduled to be sent to China after his second birthday , although that deadline was extended in 2007 by two years . Tai Shan left Washington , D.C. , on February 4 , 2010 , and was taken to the Ya'an Bifengxia Panda Base , part of the Wolong nature reserve 's panda conservation center . On September 16 , 2012 , Mei Xiang gave birth to another cub , believed by zoo officials to have been a female , which died after about a week . Initial results from a necropsy ( animal autopsy ) revealed the abnormal presence of fluid in the abdomen and also discoloration of the liver ( hepatic ) tissue of unknown etiology ; the cub had managed to nurse before death because milk was found in its system . Zoo officials said that , while upsetting , they ( and , by extension , the public ) can hope to learn more about giant panda breeding , reproduction , and health as a result , and will work closely and cooperatively with their Chinese colleagues during the inquiry . In January 2011 , Dennis Kelly , director of the National Zoo , and Zang Chunlin , secretary general of the China Wildlife Conservation Association , signed a new Giant Panda Cooperative Research and Breeding Agreement , extending the zoo 's giant panda program for five more years , further cementing the two countries ' commitment to the conservation of the species . The new agreement , effective through December 5 , 2015 , stipulates that the zoo will conduct research in the areas of breeding and cub behavior . In the summer of 2013 , Mei Xiang gave birth to a live female panda cub ( Tian Tian is the father ; a second cub was stillborn ) , named Bao Bao ( `` treasure '' or `` precious '' ; decided through a naming contest ) on the 100th day of her existence . As of January 18 , 2014 , Bao Bao is on public exhibit and drawing crowds , greatly increasing zoo attendance and on - line views via PandaCam . Mei Xiang gave birth in August 2015 to two live cubs ; the smaller one died a few days later ( keepers had to care for it after Mei decided to focus on the larger cub ) . Sperm from both Tian Tian and another male giant panda based in a China preserve was used . It was determined on August 28 , 2015 that both cubs were male and sired by Tian Tian . The larger , surviving cub was named Bei Bei ( `` precious treasure '' ) on September 25 , 2015 . In celebration of a state visit , the name was selected by First Lady of the United States , Michelle Obama , and First Lady of the People 's Republic of China , Peng Liyuan . Bao Bao was healthy at that time , eating bamboo and special fruitsicle treats , having been separated from Mei at 18 months of age . She celebrated her second birthday in August 2015 , shortly after the cubs were born . Her contract extended to August 2017 . Bao Bao left the National zoo on February 22 , 2017 for the Dujiangyan base of the China Panda Conservation and Research Center . Special programs and events ( edit ) In partnership with Friends of the National Zoo ( FONZ ) , a non-profit organization , the zoo holds annual fund raisers ( ZooFari , Guppy Gala , and Boo at the Zoo ) and free events ( Sunset Serenades , Fiesta Musical ) . Proceeds support animal care , conservation science , education and sustainability at the National Zoo . Woo at the Zoo -- A Valentine 's Day ( February 14 ) talk by some of the zoo 's animal experts discussing the fascinating , and often quirky , world of animal dating , mating , and reproductive habits . All proceeds benefit the zoo 's animal care program . Earth Day : Party for the Planet -- Celebrating Earth Day at the National Zoo . Guests can learn simple daily actions they can take to enjoy a more environmentally friendly lifestyle . Easter Monday -- Easter Monday has been a Washington - area multicultural tradition for many years . There is a variety of family activities , entertainment and special opportunities to learn more about the animals . Admission is free , and this event traditionally welcomes thousands of area families . The celebration began in response to the inability of African Americans to participate in the annual Easter Egg Roll held at the White House , until the Dwight Eisenhower presidency . Zoofari -- A casual evening of gourmet foods , fine wines , entertainment and dancing under the stars . Each year , thousands of attendees enjoy delicacies prepared by master chefs from 100 of the D.C. area 's finest restaurants . All proceeds benefit the zoo 's animal care program . Snore and Roar -- A FONZ program that allows individuals and families to spend the night at the zoo , in sleeping bags inside tents . A late - night flashlight tour of the zoo and a two - hour exploration of an animal house or exhibit area led by a zoo keeper are part of the experience . Snore and Roar dates are offered between June and September each year . Brew at the Zoo -- Guests can sample beer from a variety of microbreweries at the zoo . All proceeds benefit the zoo 's animal care program . ZooFiesta -- FONZ celebrates Hispanic Heritage Month with an annual fiesta at the National Zoo . Animal demonstrations , Hispanic and Latino music , costumed dancers , traditional crafts and Latin American foods are offered . Zoolights event at the National Zoological Park in Washington , D.C. Rock - N - Roar -- An event featuring live music , food and drink , and viewings of lion and tiger enrichment . Autumn Conservation Festival at Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute ( SCBI ) -- Visitors can talk with scientists one - on - one and learn about their research , and the tools and technology they use to understand animals and their environments . Guests can get behind - the - scenes looks at some of the SCBI 's endangered animals . Boo at the Zoo -- Families with children ages 2 to 12 trick - or - treat in a safe environment and receive special treats from more than 40 treat stations . There are animal encounters , keeper talks and festive decorations . All proceeds benefit the zoo 's animal care program . Zoolights -- The National Zoo 's annual winter celebration . Guests can walk through the zoo when it is covered with thousands of sparkling environmentally - friendly lights and animated exhibits , attend special keeper talks and enjoy live entertainment . Friends of the National zoo ( edit ) Friends of the National Zoo ( FONZ ) , the zoo 's membership program , is the partner of the National Zoological Park that has been providing support to wildlife conservation programs at the zoo and around the world since 1958 . FONZ members receive free parking , discounts at the zoo 's stores and restaurants , and Smithsonian Zoogoer , a magazine with the latest zoo news , research and photos . FONZ 's 40,000 members include about 20,000 families , largely in the Washington metropolitan area , and more than 1,000 volunteers . FONZ provides guest services , development support , education and outreach programs , concessions management , and financial support for research and conservation . FONZ also offers a summer day - camp at the Rock Creek Park facility , and a residential nature camp at SCBI in Front Royal . Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute ( edit ) Main article : Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute The Smithsonian established its Conservation Biology Institute ( SCBI ) in 2010 to serve as an umbrella for its global effort to conserve species and train future generations of conservationists . Headquartered in Front Royal , Virginia , the facility was previously known as the National Zoo 's Conservation and Research Center . The SCBI facilitates and promotes research programs based at Front Royal , at the National Zoo in Washington and at field research and training sites around the world . Its efforts support one of the four main goals of the Smithsonian 's new strategic plan , which advances `` understanding and sustaining a biodiverse planet . '' Conservation biology is a field of science based on the premise that the conservation of biological diversity is important and benefits current and future human societies . The Institute consists of six centers : Conservation Ecology Center ( CEC ) : focuses on recovering and sustaining at - risk wildlife species and their supporting ecosystems in key marine and terrestrial regions throughout the globe . Migratory Bird Center : studies neotropical songbirds and wetland birds , the role of disease in bird population declines , and the environmental challenges facing urban and suburban birds . They also train professionals in environmental coffee certification throughout Latin America . Center for Species Survival ( CSS ) : researches issues in reproductive physiology , endocrinology , cryobiology , embryo biology , animal behavior , wildlife toxicology and assisted reproduction . They strive to create knowledge that ensures self - sustaining populations in zoos and in the wild . Center for Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics ( CCEG ) : works to understand and conserve biodiversity through genetic research , specializing in the genetic management of wild and captive animal populations , non-invasive and ancient DNA analyses , systematics , disease diagnosis and dynamics , genetic services to the zoo community , and application of genetic methods to animal behavior and ecology . Center for Conservation Education and Sustainability ( CBES ) : teaches conservation principles and practices , finding ways to help scientists , managers , companies and industries become more environmentally responsible . Center for Wildlife Health and Husbandry Sciences : provides for the mental and physical well - being of every animal at the zoo through the complex endeavor of animal care . Incidents ( edit ) In 2002 , the zoo 's head veterinarian at the time , Dr. Suzan Murray , was accused of altering medical records . Murray responded that the software used `` was not designed as a legal document , but rather as a user - friendly way of maintaining and sharing important information . '' The American Veterinary Medical Association ( AVMA ) specifically states `` Without the express permission of the practice owner , it is unethical for a veterinarian to remove , copy , or use the medical records or any part of any record . '' In January 2003 , red pandas died after eating rat poison that had been buried in their yard by a pest control contractor . The incident led the city of Washington , D.C. to seek to fine the zoo over its claim of federally granted immunity . In July 2003 , a predator entered an exhibit and killed a bald eagle . Zoo officials later stated that the animal was likely killed by a red fox . In 2005 , a three - year - old Sulawesi macaque named Ripley died in the Think Tank when two keepers closed a hydraulic door without realizing the monkey was in the doorway . In January 2005 , the National Academy of Sciences released its final report on a two - year investigation into animal care and management at the National Zoo . The committee found that most animals were well cared - for , and there was little to question regarding large mammal deaths from 1999 to 2003 . Their evaluation suggested `` that the publicized animal deaths were not indicative of a wider , undiscovered problem with animal care '' . The problems at the zoo , which culminated with Director Lucy Spelman 's resignation , included facility and budget shortcomings , although the animal care problems were prominently highlighted . The zoo added a new head pathologist and other veterinarians . In January 2006 , the National Zoo euthanized an Asian elephant named Toni . The elephant had been suffering from arthritis and poor body conditions . Animal rights groups alleged that inadequate care led her death . In December 2006 , a clouded leopard escaped from its exhibit at the Asia Trails due to faulty fencing . See also ( edit ) District of Columbia portal Zoos and aquariums portal Perry Lions -- the lion statues that guard the entrance to the zoo Woodley Park station - Washington Metro access to the Rock Creek Park campus References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Proposed Location for a Zoological Park Along Rock Creek '' . ghostsofdc.org . Ghosts of D.C. April 12 , 2012 . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` About Us '' . nationalzoo.si.edu . National Zoological Park . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute '' . nationalzoo.si.edu . National Zoological Park . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2007 . Retrieved July 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Currently Accredited Zoos and Aquariums '' . aza.org . AZA . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mission '' . nationalzoo.si.edu . National Zoological Park . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2012 . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` By MetroRail '' . nationalzoo.si.edu . National Zoological Park . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2012 . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Zoo Facts and Figures '' . si.edu . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` History of the National Zoo -- National Zoo - FONZ '' . si.edu . Jump up ^ `` National Zoo Species '' . nationalzoo.si.edu . National Zoological Park . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Zoological Park '' . Smithsonian Institution Archives . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` History '' . nationalzoo.si.edu . National Zoological Park . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Anderson , H. Allen ( August 2000 ) . `` Buffalo Jones '' . h-net.msu.edu . H - net Online . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ruane , Michael E. ( November 12 , 2009 ) . `` For Happy the hippo , moving from Washington to Milwaukee has been a pleasure '' . Washingtonpost.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pandas Will Live in D.C. Until ( At Least ) 2020 '' . Washington City Paper . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Leadership Change at Smithsonian 's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute '' . Smithsonian 's National Zoo . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dazio , Stefanie E. ; Ruane , Michael E. ( August 28 , 2013 ) . `` Panda cub born to Mei Xiang at National Zoo '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Ruane , Michael E. ; Koh , Elizabeth ; Weil , Martin ( August 23 , 2015 ) . `` National Zoo 's giant panda Mei Xiang gives birth to two cubs hours apart '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Giant Salamander Dies at the Smithsonian 's National Zoo '' . Smithsonian 's National Zoo . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ruane , Michael E. ( September 3 , 2010 ) . `` National Zoo debuts new , larger home for elephants '' . washingtonpost.com . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Elephant Trails '' . nationalzoo.si.edu . Smithsonian Institution . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2013 . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barron , Christina ( March 26 , 2013 ) . `` Elephants move into new community center at the National Zoo '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) `` Lemurs at the Smithsonian National Zoo '' . Smithsonian National Zoological Park . Lemur Conservation Network . 2015 . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . The Smithsonian 's National Zoo currently houses four species of lemurs : black - and - white ruffed lemurs ( Varecia variegate ) , ring - tailed lemurs ( Lemur catta ) and red - fronted lemurs ( Eulemur rufus ) in their mixed species Lemur Island exhibit , ... ( 2 ) `` Meet the Lemurs : Lemur Island '' . Meet Our Animals . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian National Zoological Park . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2016 . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Three lemur species live at the Zoo . Ring - tailed lemurs and a pair of red - fronted lemurs live on Lemur Island ... ( 3 ) `` Visiting Lemur Island at the Smithsonian 's National Zoo '' ( PDF ) . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian National Zoological Park . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 7 , 2015 . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Goode , James M. ( 1974 ) . Uncle Beazley . The Outdoor Sculpture of Washington , D.C. : A Comprehensive Historical Guide . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press . p. 260 . ISBN 9780881032338 . OCLC 2610663 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 04 . This 25 - foot long replica of a Triceratops ... was placed on the Mall in 1967 ... The full - size Triceratops replica and eight other types of dinosaurs were designed by two prominent paleontologists , Dr. Barnum Brown of the American Museum of Natural History , in New York City , and Dr. John Ostrom of the Peabody Museum , in Peabody , Massachusetts . The sculptor , Louis Paul Jonas , executed these prehistoric animals in fiberglass , after the designs of Barnum and Ostrom , for the Sinclair Refining Company 's Pavilion at the New York World 's Fair of 1964 . After the Fair closed , the nine dinosaurs , which weighed between 2 and 4 tons each , were placed on trucks and taken on a tour of the eastern United States . The Sinclair Refining Company promoted the tour for public relations and advertising purposes , since their trademark was the dinosaur . In 1967 , the nine dinosaurs were given to various American museums . This particular replica was used for the filming of The Enormous Egg , a movie made by the National Broadcasting Company for television , based on a children 's book of the same name by Oliver Butterworth . The movie features an enormous egg , out of which hatches a baby Tricerotops ; the boy consults with the Smithsonian Institution which accepts Uncle Beasley for the National Zoo . ( 2 ) `` A Dinosaur at the Zoo '' . Art at the National Zoo . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian National Zoological Park . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2007 . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Small Mammal House '' . Smithsonian 's National Zoo . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` American Trail '' . Smithsonian 's National Zoo . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Newest Exhibit Area at the Smithsonian 's National Zoo '' . Smithsonian 's National Zoo . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2013 . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Weil , Martin ( November 25 , 2012 ) . `` National Zoo mourns loss of Soyono , Sumatran tiger '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 26 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Great Cat Exhibit -- National Zoo '' . si.edu . Jump up ^ `` Cheetah Conservation Station '' . Smithsonian 's National Zoo . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` National Zoo 's Invertebrate Exhibit to Close June 22 '' . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2014 . Retrieved June 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Experience Migration Project '' . Smithsonian National Zoological Park . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Amazonia '' . Smithsonian 's National Zoo . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Reptile Discovery Center '' . Smithsonian 's National Zoo . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Experience Migration '' . Smithsonian National Zoological Park . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Doren ( July 20 , 2011 ) . `` Generous Gift Keeps Kids ' Farm Open '' . NBC 4 Washington . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ileana Najarro ( August 27 , 2014 ) . `` National Zoo 's American bison are named : Zora and Wilma '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kitson Jazynka ( September 2 , 2014 ) . `` Bison return to National Zoo '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the Animals '' . Smithsonian 's National Zoo . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bennicoff , Tad ( May 27 , 2010 ) . `` Bearly Survived to become an Icon '' . blog.photography.si.edu . Smithsonian Institution Archives . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kelly , John ( April 25 , 2010 ) . `` The biography of Smokey Bear : the cartoon came first '' . washingtonpost.com . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Byron , Jimmy ( February 1 , 2011 ) . `` Pat Nixon and Panda Diplomacy '' . nixonfoundation.org . Richard Nixon Foundation . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bennefield , Robin M. ( April 16 , 1972 ) . `` Ling Ling and Hsing Hsing : Meet the Pandas : Animal Planet '' . animal.discovery.com . Discovery Communications , LLC . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Handwerk , Brian ( January 9 , 2001 ) . `` Panda `` Ambassadors '' Introduced to Washington , D.C. '' nationalgeographic.com . National Geographic News . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2015 . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2015 . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Keeper 's diary : Bao Bao 's challenge after her return from America '' . Xinhuanet.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Upcoming Events '' . nationalzoo.si.edu . National Zoological Park . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Activities '' . nationalzoo.si.edu . National Zoological Park . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2012 . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` FONZ Fact Sheet '' . nationalzoo.si.edu . National Zoological Park . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2012 . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Smithsonian Zoogoer '' . nationalzoo.si.edu . National Zoological Park . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2012 . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute '' . nationalzoo.si.edu . National Zoological Park . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Changed Veterinary Records '' . washingtonpost.com . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Response From Chief Veterinarian Suzan Murray About Changes to Veterinary Notes '' . washingtonpost.com . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Principles of Veterinary Medical Ethics of the AVMA '' . avma.org . American Veterinary Medical Association . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2012 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pegg , J.R. ( February 26 , 2004 ) . `` Experts Blast National Zoo Management , Director Resigns '' . cbsnews.com . CBS News . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Valerie ( July 6 , 2003 ) . `` Bald Eagle Killed in Attack at National Zoo : Nation 's Emblem of Freedom Dies on Independence Day After Fight With Unknown Animal '' . pqasb.pqarchiver.com . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Witte , Griff ( July 19 , 2003 ) . `` Crafty Fox No Surprise , But Attack Is a Stumper '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Third death this month at National Zoo '' . wtopnews.com . WTOP News . March 31 , 2005 . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Committee on the Review of the Smithsonian ( January 2005 ) . `` Animal Care and Management at the National Zoo : Final Report '' ( PDF ) . ISBN 0 - 309 - 09583 - 2 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 16 , 2005 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . In total , the committee evaluated 74 % of all megavertebrate deaths that occurred at the National Zoo from 1999 to 2003 . The committee concluded that in a majority of cases , the animal received appropriate care throughout its lifetime . In particular , the committee 's evaluation of randomly sampled megavertebrate deaths at the Rock Creek Park facility revealed few questions about the appropriateness of these animals ' care , suggesting that the publicized animal deaths were not indicative of a wider , undiscovered problem with animal care at the Rock Creek Park facility . Jump up ^ `` National Zoo Faulted ; Chief Quits '' . cbsnews.com . CBS News . February 25 , 2004 . Retrieved June 10 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Wilgoren , Debbi ( December 23 , 2006 ) . `` What 's New at the National Zoo ? '' . washingtonpost.com . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 23 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Zoological Park . 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National Zoological Park ( United States ) Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2013 Articles needing additional references from November 2016 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from June 2012 Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles in need of updating from September 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2014 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2017 Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano Nederlands Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Русский Simple English Українська 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 05 : 06 ( UTC ) . 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"The two facilities host about 1,800 animals of 300 different species.[8] About one-fifth of them are endangered or threatened. Most species are on exhibit at the Rock Creek Park campus.[9] The best-known residents are the giant pandas, but the zoo is also home to birds, great apes, big cats, Asian elephants, insects, amphibians, reptiles, aquatic animals, small mammals and many more. The SCBI facility houses between 30 and 40 endangered species at any given time depending on research needs and recommendations from the zoo and the conservation community.[3] The zoo was one of the first to establish a scientific research program.[7] Because it is a part of the Smithsonian Institution, the National Zoo receives federal appropriations for operating expenses. A new master plan for the park was introduced in 2008 to upgrade the park's exhibits and layout.\n"
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"about 1,800 animals of 300 different species"
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-7359378202220394515 | The Island with Bear Grylls | The Island with Bear Grylls - wikipedia The Island with Bear Grylls For the US version , see The Island ( U.S. TV series ) . The Island with Bear Grylls Starring Bear Grylls Narrated by Bear Grylls Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series 5 No. of episodes 38 ( as of 30 April 2018 ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Bear Grylls Ben Mitchell Delbert Shoopman Tim Whitwell Location ( s ) Isla Gibraleón , Isla San Telmo and Isla Bayoneta , Pearl Islands , Panama Running time 60 minutes ( inc . adverts ) Production company ( s ) Shine Television Bear Grylls Ventures Release Original network Channel 4 Original release 5 May 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 05 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Celebrity Island with Bear Grylls Surving The Island with Bear Grylls External links Official website The Island with Bear Grylls is a British reality television programme which premiered on Channel 4 on 5 May 2014 . Four series have aired since 2014 . Narrated by Bear Grylls , it features participants placed on remote uninhabited Pacific islands as a test of their survival skills . They are left completely alone , filming themselves , and with only the clothes they were wearing and some basic tools and training . Pitched as an assessment of the capabilities of British men in the 21st Century , the first series featured thirteen male participants . Following accusations of sexism , the second series used two islands , with 14 men on one , and 14 women on the other . The third series continued the gender divide theme and featured eight men and eight women abandoned on opposite sides of a single island . The fourth series , which aired from April 2017 , focused primarily on age rather than gender , featuring initially separate tribes of older people ( 30 to 66 years ) vs younger people ( 18 to 30 years ) . On 14 May 2017 , it was announced that The Island with Bear Grylls had been renewed for a fifth series to air in 2018 . On 1 May 2018 , it was confirmed by Grylls at the end of the fifth series that the series would return for a sixth series , set to air in Spring 2019 . A celebrity spin off version , Celebrity Island with Bear Grylls , was first broadcast as part of a charity campaign for Stand Up to Cancer UK in September 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Production 2.1 History 2.2 Location 2.3 Resources and training 3 Controversy 3.1 Allegations of fakery 3.2 Use of wildlife 3.3 Sexism claim 4 Reception 4.1 Reviews 4.2 Awards and nominations 4.3 Ratings 5 Series overview 6 Episodes 6.1 Series 1 ( 2014 ) 6.2 Series 2 ( 2015 ) 6.3 Series 3 ( 2016 ) 6.4 Series 4 ( 2017 ) 6.5 Series 5 ( 2018 ) 6.6 Series 6 ( 2019 ) 7 Celebrity Island with Bear Grylls 8 International adaptations 9 References 10 External links Premise ( edit ) In promoting the first series , the show was pitched as a challenge for modern men to see if they can survive when marooned on a Pacific island armed only with minimal tools and their own initiative . According to Bear Grylls , masculinity is in crisis , and he is interested to see if men can survive stripped of the luxuries of 21st century living , and the show is therefore also a social experiment to see if man can recapture his primeval instincts . In the second series , following complaints about the absence of women in the first series , two groups , 14 men and 14 women , were left on two separate islands . In the third series , two groups of eight men and eight women were left at opposite ends of the same island , with neither group knowing of the other 's presence . In the fourth series , there were two sets of participants of different age groups , while in the fifth series , the two groups were of different income levels . For the first series , the participants had to survive for one month . For the second series , this was extended to six weeks . Production ( edit ) History ( edit ) On 23 May 2014 , it was announced that The Island had been recommissioned for a second series to air in 2015 . In the second series , the men and women were featured on separate episodes on consecutive nights each week . Location ( edit ) The first series was filmed on an uninhabited Pacific island , Isla Gibraleón , which is one of the Pearl Islands off the coast of Panama . The island has an 8 - kilometre ( 5.0 - mile ) coastline , five beaches , a mangrove swamp , and is covered with jungle . The mangrove swamp is located on the east coast of the island where the men were dropped off , and the main sandy beach is on the west coast where the men set camp . The second series used two islands in the same archipelago , the women reusing the island from the first series , Isla Gibraleón , while the men were allocated Isla San Telmo . This series was filmed in the rainy season which presented additional challenges . Isla San Telmo was used in the third series . In the fourth series , a larger island , Isla Bayoneta , and a smaller neighbouring island close enough to reach at low tide were used for two sets of participants of different age groups . Resources and training ( edit ) According to Channel 4 , an island that has the natural resources necessary for the men to survive a month was chosen . Additional yuca plants were planted in order to supplement the existing supply , extra animals indigenous to the islands such as caiman were also added , and a fresh water source was topped up before filming . The participants were given training about animals native to the island that are on the protected species list , and each received one day 's survival training , including advice on how to catch and humanely kill caiman . The men were given machetes and knives , head torches , an initial one - day water supply , and an emergency medical kit . In addition , the participants had GPS spot trackers , and access to radio and satellite phone in case of an emergency . The second series participants were given two days survival training . Controversy ( edit ) Allegations of fakery ( edit ) The press made claims about fakery in the show , that the water was supplied in the island by adding a rubber - lined pool and two caiman crocodiles were released on the island , and that some of the trained crew had experience of surviving in extreme environments in the wild . Grylls however rejected the claims , and said that it was necessary to make sure that there would be just enough resources to sustain the participants , and that caiman crocodiles were added to the island so that if the men were to kill them , the natural eco system would not be damaged . Use of wildlife ( edit ) The killing of the caiman sparked a number of complaints to Ofcom . A spokesman for PETA said that it showed `` a deep ignorance of who animals are and a callous disregard for life '' , and that the ones who caught and tied up the animal `` should be prosecuted '' . Ofcom however judged that the show did not break the rules . In the second series , there were further criticisms after it was revealed that a crocodile killed by the men was not a caiman but a protected species American crocodile . Channel 4 apologised for the error and said : `` The relevant national environment agency are aware of the incident and have granted a licence to replace the animal which has now been done . '' The second series elicited more than 600 complaints from viewers ( 450 to Channel 4 , 185 to Ofcom ) , most of the complainants accused the show of `` killing animals to boost ratings '' . Sexism claim ( edit ) The first series was criticised as `` sexist '' by female survival experts for excluding women from the challenge . Lisa Fenton suggested that it was `` sexism and it 's deeply rooted '' , and Ruth England expressed disappointment with Channel 4 's decision as it `` perpetuates the myth that women need to be taken care of '' , while Sarah Outen criticised the `` male - oriented bias with adventure TV programmes '' . In response , Bear Grylls denied that the show was sexist , and said that the series was intended as a study of masculinity of modern man and their struggles . He then indicated an interest in doing an all - women version and that he `` ca n't wait to do modern women 's struggles . '' Reception ( edit ) Reviews ( edit ) Grace Dent of The Independent thought the show is interesting television as it is `` an attempt to form a show around utterly normal , non-fame hungry , not particularly pretty , non-celeb males '' , but found the first episode to be `` an hour of rather plotless bumbling and twig friction . '' Euan Ferguson of The Observer expressed concern about the `` producer selection '' of mollycoddled males who might fail to cope with the wilds of the island , but thought that the participants might `` make a fist of surviving , and confound a few lazy stereotypes '' , and that he was `` semi-hooked '' . Christopher Stevens of the Daily Mail thought that the series showed that `` survival is a tough business when you 've only got your wits and a sharpened stick to depend on . '' In the second series , Charlotte Runcie of The Daily Telegraph thought that watching people learning to `` cooperate in extreme situations is always strangely compelling '' , although Rupert Hawksley of the same paper felt that the second series , despite the presence of women , was `` every bit as sexist '' as the first series . The participants ' struggle with survival prompted joking references to Lord of the Flies . Awards and nominations ( edit ) The first series was nominated in the Reality & Constructed Factual category in the 2015 British Academy Television Awards and won . Year Award Recipient Results Ref . 2015 RTS Programme Awards Popular , Factual and Features The Island with Bear Grylls Won BAFTA TV Awards Reality & Constructed Factual Won Ratings ( edit ) The first series had an average figure of 3.1 million viewers per episode . The average viewing figure for the second series was 2.9 million . Series overview ( edit ) Series Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Series 1 6 5 May 2014 2 June 2014 Series 2 13 8 April 2015 21 May 2015 Series 3 7 28 May 2016 3 May 2016 Series 4 6 23 April 2017 14 May 2017 Series 5 5 2 April 2018 1 May 2018 Series 6 TBA Spring 2019 Spring 2019 Episodes ( edit ) Episode viewing figures below from BARB but do not include Channel 4 + 1 . Series 1 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) The first series was first broadcast on Monday nights . Total No . Title Original air date UK viewers ( Millions ) Episode 1 5 May 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 05 ) 2.74 Episode 2 12 May 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 12 ) 2.69 Episode 3 19 May 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 19 ) 2.90 Episode 4 26 May 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 26 ) 2.36 5 5 Episode 5 2 June 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 02 ) 2.48 6 6 Surviving the Island 2 June 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 02 ) 1.66 Series 2 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) For the second series , two episodes were broadcast each week -- a Wednesday episode focused on the men 's island , while the Thursday episode was for the women . Due to the United Kingdom general election on 7 May 2015 , only the women 's episode was shown that week , and the men 's episode was pushed back a week . A final special episode , Surviving the Island , followed on 21 May . The competitors remained on the island for five weeks . Total No . Title Original air date UK viewers ( Millions ) 7 Episode 1 8 April 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 08 ) 2.28 8 Episode 2 9 April 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 09 ) 2.28 9 Episode 3 15 April 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 15 ) 3.02 10 Episode 4 16 April 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 16 ) 3.18 11 5 Episode 5 22 April 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 22 ) 2.86 12 6 Episode 6 23 April 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 23 ) 3.11 13 7 Episode 7 29 April 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 29 ) 2.90 14 8 Episode 8 30 April 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 30 ) 2.68 15 9 Episode 9 6 May 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 06 ) 2.95 16 10 Episode 10 13 May 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 13 ) 3.08 17 11 Episode 11 14 May 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 14 ) 3.01 18 12 Episode 12 20 May 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 20 ) 2.80 19 13 Surviving the Island 21 May 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 21 ) 1.99 Series 3 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) The third series was broadcast on Monday nights , a return to the scheduling of the first series . Total No . Title Original air date UK viewers ( Millions ) 20 Episode 1 28 March 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 28 ) 3.33 21 Episode 2 4 April 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 04 ) 2.93 22 Episode 3 11 April 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 11 ) 2.90 23 Episode 4 18 April 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 18 ) 2.72 24 5 Episode 5 25 April 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 25 ) 2.78 25 6 Episode 6 2 May 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 02 ) 2.35 26 7 Surviving the Island 3 May 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 03 ) 1.32 Series 4 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) The fourth series was broadcast from 23 April 2017 . Total No . Title Original air date UK viewers ( Millions ) 27 Episode 1 23 April 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 23 ) 2.46 28 Episode 2 24 April 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 24 ) 1.91 29 Episode 3 1 May 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 01 ) 2.35 30 Episode 4 8 May 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 08 ) 2.06 31 5 Episode 5 14 May 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 14 ) 1.92 32 6 Surviving the Island 14 May 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 14 ) 1.29 Series 5 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) It was announced at the end of the fourth series that The Island with Bear Grylls would be renewed for a fifth series , to air in 2018 . The fifth series began airing on 2 April 2018 . It took largely the same format as the fourth series with two different groups of people . However , in the fifth series , the groups were made up of high - earning people ( with an average salary of more than £ 100,000 ) and low - earning people ( each with a salary lower than the UK national average ) . The competitors will remain on the island for five weeks . Total No . Title Original air date UK viewers ( Millions ) 33 Episode 1 2 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 02 ) 2.93 34 Episode 2 9 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 09 ) 2.64 35 Episode 3 16 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 16 ) 2.50 36 Episode 4 23 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 23 ) 2.63 37 5 Episode 5 30 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 30 ) 2.58 38 6 Surviving the Island 2018 ( 2018 ) 1.17 Series 6 ( 2019 ) ( edit ) On 1 May 2018 , it was confirmed at the end of the fifth series that the series would return for a sixth series , set to air in Spring 2019 . Celebrity Island with Bear Grylls ( edit ) Main article : Celebrity Island with Bear Grylls A celebrity version of The Island was first broadcast as part of a charity campaign for Stand Up to Cancer UK in September 2016 . It was confirmed on 3 May 2017 that a second series of Celebrity Island with Bear Grylls , which would air later in August 2017 and will be raising money for Stand Up to Cancer as the first series did . International adaptations ( edit ) The American version of the show was announced on 28 January 2015 , and it premiered on 25 May 2015 on NBC . The Spanish adaptation of the show , titled La Isla , premiered on 17 May 2017 on laSexta . The Dutch adaption of the show , simply titled The Island premiered on 21 January 2016 on Net5 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bear Grylls : ' There 's nothing fake about The Island ' '' . Daily Telegraph . 19 May 2014 . Retrieved 20 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Island with Bear Grylls Series 5 - here 's how to apply ! '' . 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.exeterexpressandecho.co.uk/island-Bear-Grylls-apply-series/story-29007088-detail/story.html Jump up ^ Emma Daly ( 3 May 2016 ) . `` Dom Joly , Zoe Salmon and Ollie Locke sign up for celebrity The Island with Bear Grylls '' . Radio Times . Jump up ^ Tom Ward ( 12 May 2014 ) . `` Bear Grylls talks masculinity on The Island , flesh - eating killer crocodiles and Harry Styles ' survival skills '' . GQ . Jump up ^ Sam Rowe ( 1 May 2014 ) . `` Bear Grylls : ' Men want to know if they have what it takes ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Theo Merz ( 8 Apr 2015 ) . `` Bear Grylls ' island : are the women tougher than the men ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Tom Eames ( 1 September 2014 ) . `` The Island with Bear Grylls to feature men and women in two shows '' . Digital Sply . Jump up ^ `` The Island with Bear Grylls '' . All 4 . Channel 4 Television . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The Island with Bear Grylls 2018 : Meet the two groups taking on the fierce battle for survival '' . Evening Standard . Jump up ^ `` Bear Grylls series The Island renewed by Channel 4 '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 23 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Fletcher takes part in The Island with Bear Grylls reality TV show '' . York Press . 10 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Phil Haigh ( 23 April 2017 ) . `` The Island with Bear Grylls 2017 start date , TV channel and what to expect with show 's new twist '' . Metro . Jump up ^ `` Terms of the Experiment '' . Channel 4 . Archived from the original on 21 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Claire Carter ( 16 May 2014 ) . `` Bear Grylls survival show accused of ' fakery ' '' . The Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Bear Grylls and the survival show fakes : Four of his reality TV contestants are professionals '' . Daily Mail . 16 May 2014 . Retrieved 20 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Island : Bear Grylls insists fake claims are untrue and says there is nothing set - up on survival series '' . Retrieved 24 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Broadcast Report '' ( PDF ) . Ofcom . Jump up ^ Dean Rousewell ( 2 June 2014 ) . `` The Island crocodile killing scene did not breach Ofcom rules -- despite 93 complaints '' . Daily Mirror . Jump up ^ Jess Denham ( 22 April 2015 ) . `` The Island with Bear Grylls under fire after male contestants kill and eat rare crocodile '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ James Leyfield ( 22 April 2015 ) . `` Bear Grylls ' The Island bosses apologise after hungry contestants hunt and eat PROTECTED American crocodile '' . Daily Mirror . Jump up ^ Matilda Battersby ( 14 May 2015 ) . `` The Island with Bear Grylls : More than 600 complaints are made about animal killings '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Choloe Hamilton ( 21 April 2014 ) . `` Women take on Bear Grylls over ' sexist ' male - only desert island show '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Catriona Wightman ( 3 May 2014 ) . `` The Island : Eight things we learned from Bear Grylls '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ Jade Bremner ( 28 April 2014 ) . `` Bear Grylls : I want to do The Island with women '' . Radio Times . Jump up ^ `` Grace Dent on TV : The Island with Bear Grylls was full of plotless bumbling and twig friction '' . The Independent . 9 May 2014 . Retrieved 20 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Euan Ferguson ( 10 May 2014 ) . `` The Island With Bear Grylls ; Blurred Lines ; Billy Connolly 's Big Send Off ; 24 -- review '' . The Observer . Jump up ^ `` Oh no ! Now even desert islands have elf ' n ' safety jobsworths : Christopher Stevens reviews last night 's TV '' . Daily Mail . 20 May 2014 . Retrieved 20 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Charlotte Runcie ( 8 April 2015 ) . `` The Island with Bear Grylls , Channel 4 , review : ' strangely compelling ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Rupert Hawksley ( 8 April 2015 ) . `` The Island with Bear Grylls is still sexist '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Will Dean ( 8 April 2015 ) . `` The Island with Bear Grylls , TV review : They 'd be better off with a spa weekend '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Sam Wollaston ( 9 April 2015 ) . `` The Island with Bear Grylls review -- unlike the fire , the banter never dies '' . The Guardian . ^ Jump up to : Denham , Jess ( 10 May 2015 ) . `` Baftas TV Awards 2015 : Winners list in full - Marvellous and The Lost Honour of Christopher Jefferies win big as Cilla leaves empty - handed '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ `` Programme Awards 2013 - 2014 : The Winners '' . Royal Television Society . Jump up ^ Ed Frankl ( 5 June 2014 ) . `` Outrage over enema scene in Bear Grylls reality show '' . Evening Standard . Jump up ^ Mayer Nissim ( 15 May 2015 ) . `` The Island with Bear Grylls will return for a third series '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ https://tellymix.co.uk/reality-tv/the-island/309507-island-bear-grylls-series-6-heres-apply.html Jump up ^ `` Viewing data Top 30s ( select appropriate week ) '' . BARB . Retrieved 28 May 2014 . Jump up ^ https://tellymix.co.uk/reality-tv/the-island/309507-island-bear-grylls-series-6-heres-apply.html Jump up ^ http://www.exeterexpressandecho.co.uk/island-Bear-Grylls-apply-series/story-29007088-detail/story.html Jump up ^ Emma Daly ( 3 May 2016 ) . `` Dom Joly , Zoe Salmon and Ollie Locke sign up for celebrity The Island with Bear Grylls '' . Radio Times . Jump up ^ Peter White ( 28 January 2015 ) . `` NBC orders The Island with Bear Grylls remake '' . Broadcast . Jump up ^ Sara Bibel ( 28 April 2015 ) . `` NBC Reveals the Cast of New Reality Series ' The Island ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ `` LaSexta estrena La Isla , el reality de supervivencia conducido por Pedro García Aguado '' . Europa Press . 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIE BOOMSMA PRESENTEERT VANAF 21 JANUARI THE ISLAND BIJ NET5 '' . 9 January 2016 . External links ( edit ) The Island with Bear Grylls at channel4.com The Island with Bear Grylls on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Island_with_Bear_Grylls&oldid=842793753 '' Categories : 2010s British reality television series 2014 British television programme debuts Channel 4 reality television programmes Television series by Shine Group English - language television programs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2015 Use British English from December 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 18 : 09 . About Wikipedia | where is the island with bear grylls based | [
"The Island with Bear Grylls is a British reality television programme which premiered on Channel 4 on 5 May 2014. Four series have aired since 2014. Narrated by Bear Grylls, it features participants placed on remote uninhabited Pacific islands as a test of their survival skills. They are left completely alone, filming themselves, and with only the clothes they were wearing and some basic tools and training.[1] Pitched as an assessment of the capabilities of British men in the 21st Century, the first series featured thirteen male participants. Following accusations of sexism, the second series used two islands, with 14 men on one, and 14 women on the other. The third series continued the gender divide theme and featured eight men and eight women abandoned on opposite sides of a single island."
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"remote uninhabited Pacific islands"
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-2367623343007018756 | Star Wars: Darth Bane: Rule of Two | Star Wars : Darth Bane : Rule of two - Wikipedia Star Wars : Darth Bane : Rule of two Jump to : navigation , search Darth Bane : Rule of Two Author Drew Karpyshyn Country United States Language English Series Canon C Genre Science fiction Publisher Del Rey Publication date December 26 , 2007 Media type Hardcover Pages 318 ISBN 0 - 345 - 47748 - 0 Preceded by Darth Bane : Path of Destruction Followed by Darth Bane : Dynasty of Evil Darth Bane : Rule of Two , the sequel to the novel Darth Bane : Path of Destruction , is part of the Star Wars expanded universe . It was written by Drew Karpyshyn , and was released on December 26 , 2007 . The novel centers on the young Sith apprentice Darth Zannah , recently taken under the wing of the Sith Lord Darth Bane . The `` Rule of Two '' of the title refers to the rule that there be only two Sith in existence at one time : a Master and an Apprentice , a rule that Bane originates . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Characters 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( March 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Darth Bane , still on the planet Ruusan , finds his apprentice Zannah , a girl only 10 years old . Together they decide to see the effects of the thought bomb , and journey into the catacombs where it lies . Inside they find a boy , Tomcat , who is Zannah 's cousin ; she spares him by cutting his hand off . Ten years later , Zannah is a woman and now a powerful Sith . Strikingly attractive , she tricks a handsome Twilek Kel into a plan to assassinate former chancellor Valorum . Kel and other members of the rebel group attack , but two members flee upon seeing bodyguard and Jedi Knight Johun Othone . After a fearsome battle , the Jedi narrowly defeats the Twilek Kel , and kills the rest of the group . Meanwhile , at base camp , Bane has been trying to construct a Sith holocron ; after three failed attempts , he fails again on the fourth one and goes into a blinding fury . Zannah plants the idea in his head that the orbalisks , a parasitic creature found on Dxun which feeds on dark energy , caused the failure . He starts to wonder whether the orbalisks are causing his mind to degrade . The two members who had fled find Zannah and accuse her of tricking them into an attack that was doomed to fail . Unable to attack in public , she follows them to their master Hetton . In him , Zannah senses the dark side of the Force . She kills the two members that fled in a dramatic flair of Sith power . Hetton , very impressed , asks Zannah to make him her apprentice . She accepts , knowing that he has a large collection of manuscripts valuable to her master . Using Hetton 's manuscripts , Bane finds the location of the tomb of Sith Lord Belia Darzu . Hoping that it will contain the secrets of holocron construction , he travels there . Darth Bane instructs Zannah to disguise herself and go to the Jedi archives , to see if she can find a way to remove the interfering orbalisks . There she finds the cure , but meets her cousin Tomcat , now called Darovit . Darovit tells the Jedi about Darth Bane . He now finds himself changing alliances and decides to come with Zannah because of his brotherly love for her . Five Jedi journey to the tomb of Belia Darzu , arriving after Zannah and Darovit . Bane instructs Darovit to hide , and he and Zannah together duel with the five Jedi . After slaying four of them , he attempts to kill the last one with Force lightning . One of the four supposedly slain Jedi is still alive and casts a Force orb around Bane as he releases the lightning . The lightning is reflected back on Bane , frying him inside the orb . Some of the orbalisks are destroyed by the tremendous force and release a toxin that will kill Bane in days . Zannah takes the group to Ambria , to find healer Caleb , who once before saved Bane 's life . Caleb refuses to heal him , but makes a deal that he will heal Bane if Zannah informs the Jedi of their existence . She accepts , but after Bane is healed , Zannah kills Caleb and makes Darovit go mad . She tricks the Jedi that come into thinking that Darovit was the Sith Lord . Meanwhile , Zannah and Bane are hiding in a secret cellar . Bane expected her to let him die , but after the Jedi leaves , she tells him that she saved him because she still has much to learn . Characters ( edit ) Darth Bane Darth Zannah , childhood name `` Rain '' Darovit , childhood name `` Tomcat '' Johun Othone Valenthyne Farfalla Blake Linder Reception ( edit ) Darth Bane : Rule of Two reached 14 on the New York Times bestseller list on January 13 , 2008 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Best Sellers : Fiction : Sunday , January 13th 2008 '' . New York Times . January 13 , 2008 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Darth Bane : Rule of Two on Wookieepedia , a Star Wars wiki Star Wars Legends novels ( 1976 -- 2014 ) Film novelizations Original trilogy Episode IV : A New Hope ( 1976 ) Episode V : The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Episode VI : Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Prequel trilogy Episode I : The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Episode II : Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) Episode III : Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Early trilogies The Han Solo Adventures ( 1979 -- 1980 ) The Adventures of Lando Calrissian ( 1983 ) Thrawn trilogy Heir to the Empire ( 1991 ) Dark Force Rising ( 1992 ) The Last Command ( 1993 ) Jedi Prince series The Glove of Darth Vader ( 1992 ) The Lost City of the Jedi ( 1992 ) Zorba the Hutt 's Revenge ( 1992 ) Mission from Mount Yoda ( 1993 ) Queen of the Empire ( 1993 ) Prophets of the Dark Side ( 1993 ) Jedi Academy trilogy Jedi Search ( 1994 ) Dark Apprentice ( 1994 ) Champions of the Force ( 1994 ) Callista trilogy Children of the Jedi ( 1995 ) Darksaber ( 1995 ) Planet of Twilight ( 1997 ) X-wing Rogue Squadron ( 1996 ) Wedge 's Gamble ( 1996 ) The Krytos Trap ( 1996 ) The Bacta War ( 1997 ) Wraith Squadron ( 1998 ) Iron Fist ( 1998 ) Solo Command ( 1999 ) Isard 's Revenge ( 1999 ) Starfighters of Adumar ( 1999 ) Mercy Kill ( 2012 ) The Hand of Thrawn Specter of the Past ( 1997 ) Vision of the Future ( 1998 ) Galaxy of Fear Eaten Alive ( 1997 ) City of the Dead ( 1997 ) Planet Plague ( 1997 ) The Nightmare Machine ( 1997 ) Ghost of the Jedi ( 1997 ) Army of Terror ( 1997 ) The Brain Spiders ( 1997 ) The Swarm ( 1998 ) Spore ( 1998 ) The Doomsday Ship ( 1998 ) Clones ( 1998 ) The Hunger ( 1998 ) The Bounty Hunter Wars The Mandalorian Armor ( 1998 ) Slave Ship ( 1998 ) Hard Merchandise ( 1999 ) Jedi Apprentice The Rising Force ( 1999 ) The Dark Rival ( 1999 ) The Hidden Past ( 1999 ) The Mark of the Crown ( 1999 ) The Defenders of the Dead ( 1999 ) The Uncertain Path ( 2000 ) The Captive Temple ( 2000 ) The Day of Reckoning ( 2000 ) The Fight for Truth ( 2000 ) The Shattered Peace ( 2000 ) The Deadly Hunter ( 2000 ) The Evil Experiment ( 2001 ) The Dangerous Rescue ( 2001 ) The Ties That Bind ( 2001 ) The Death of Hope ( 2001 ) The Call to Vengeance ( 2001 ) The Only Witness ( 2002 ) The Threat Within ( 2002 ) Special Edition # 1 : Deceptions ( 2001 ) Special Edition # 2 : The Followers ( 2002 ) The New Jedi Order Vector Prime ( 1999 ) Dark Tide I : Onslaught ( 2000 ) Dark Tide II : Ruin ( 2000 ) Agents of Chaos I : Hero 's Trial ( 2000 ) Agents of Chaos II : Jedi Eclipse ( 2000 ) Balance Point ( 2000 ) Recovery ( 2001 ) Edge of Victory I : Conquest ( 2001 ) Edge of Victory II : Rebirth ( 2001 ) Star by Star ( 2001 ) Dark Journey ( 2002 ) Enemy Lines I : Rebel Dream ( 2002 ) Enemy Lines II : Rebel Stand ( 2002 ) Traitor ( 2002 ) Destiny 's Way ( 2002 ) Ylesia ( 2002 ) Force Heretic I : Remnant ( 2003 ) Force Heretic II : Refugee ( 2003 ) Force Heretic III : Reunion ( 2003 ) The Final Prophecy ( 2003 ) The Unifying Force ( 2003 ) Jedi Quest Path to Truth ( 2001 ) The Way of the Apprentice ( 2002 ) The Trail of the Jedi ( 2002 ) The Dangerous Games ( 2002 ) The Master of Disguise ( 2002 ) The School of Fear ( 2003 ) The Shadow Trap ( 2003 ) The Moment of Truth ( 2003 ) The Changing of the Guard ( 2004 ) The False Peace ( 2004 ) The Final Showdown ( 2004 ) Clone Wars series Shatterpoint ( 2003 ) The Cestus Deception ( 2004 ) The Hive ( 2004 ) MedStar I : Battle Surgeons ( 2004 ) MedStar II : Jedi Healer ( 2004 ) Jedi Trial ( 2004 ) Yoda : Dark Rendezvous ( 2004 ) Republic Commando Hard Contact ( 2004 ) Triple Zero ( 2006 ) True Colors ( 2007 ) Order 66 ( 2008 ) 501st ( 2009 ) The Last of the Jedi The Desperate Mission ( 2005 ) Dark Warning ( 2005 ) Underworld ( 2005 ) Death on Naboo ( 2006 ) A Tangled Web ( 2006 ) Return of the Dark Side ( 2006 ) Secret Weapon ( 2007 ) Against The Empire ( 2007 ) Master of Deception ( 2008 ) Reckoning ( 2008 ) Darth Bane series Path of Destruction ( 2006 ) Rule of Two ( 2007 ) Dynasty of Evil ( 2009 ) The Force Unleashed The Force Unleashed ( 2008 ) The Force Unleashed II ( 2010 ) Coruscant Nights Jedi Twilight ( 2008 ) Street of Shadows ( 2008 ) Patterns of Force ( 2009 ) The Old Republic series The Old Republic : Fatal Alliance ( 2010 ) The Old Republic : Deceived ( 2011 ) The Old Republic : Revan ( 2011 ) The Old Republic : Annihilation ( 2012 ) The Dark Nest trilogy The Joiner King ( 2005 ) The Unseen Queen ( 2005 ) The Swarm War ( 2005 ) Legacy of the Force Betrayal ( 2006 ) Bloodlines ( 2006 ) Tempest ( 2006 ) Exile ( 2007 ) Sacrifice ( 2007 ) Inferno ( 2007 ) Fury ( 2007 ) Revelation ( 2008 ) Invincible ( 2008 ) Fate of the Jedi Outcast ( 2009 ) Omen ( 2009 ) Abyss ( 2009 ) Backlash ( 2010 ) Allies ( 2010 ) Vortex ( 2010 ) Conviction ( 2011 ) Ascension ( 2011 ) Apocalypse ( 2012 ) Other trilogies and series Young Jedi Knights ( 1995 -- 1998 ) The Black Fleet Crisis ( 1996 -- 1998 ) The Han Solo Trilogy ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Standalone Splinter of the Mind 's Eye ( 1978 ) The Truce at Bakura ( 1993 ) The Courtship of Princess Leia ( 1994 ) The Crystal Star ( 1994 ) The New Rebellion ( 1996 ) Shadows of the Empire ( 1996 ) I , Jedi ( 1998 ) Rogue Planet ( 2000 ) Cloak of Deception ( 2001 ) Darth Maul : Shadow Hunter ( 2001 ) `` Darth Maul : Saboteur '' ( 2001 ) The Approaching Storm ( 2002 ) Legacy of the Jedi ( 2003 ) A Forest Apart ( 2003 ) Tatooine Ghost ( 2003 ) Fool 's Bargain ( 2004 ) Survivor 's Quest ( 2004 ) Secrets of the Jedi ( 2005 ) Labyrinth of Evil ( 2005 ) Dark Lord : The Rise of Darth Vader ( 2005 ) Outbound Flight ( 2006 ) Boba Fett : A Practical Man ( 2006 ) Allegiance ( 2007 ) Death Star ( 2007 ) Luke Skywalker and the Shadows of Mindor ( 2008 ) Millennium Falcon ( 2008 ) The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) Death Troopers ( 2009 ) Gambit : Stealth ( 2010 ) Crosscurrent ( 2010 ) Knight Errant ( 2011 ) Choices of One ( 2011 ) Darth Plagueis ( 2012 ) Scoundrels ( 2013 ) Dawn of the Jedi : Into the Void ( 2013 ) Crucible ( 2013 ) Maul : Lockdown ( 2014 ) Full list of Star Wars books by in - universe timeline Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Star_Wars:_Darth_Bane:_Rule_of_Two&oldid=826747078 '' Categories : 2007 Canadian novels 2000s science fiction novels Books based on Star Wars Canadian science fiction novels Del Rey books Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from March 2012 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Magyar Português Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 20 : 06 . About Wikipedia | star wars who created the rule of two | [
"Darth Bane: Rule of Two, the sequel to the novel Darth Bane: Path of Destruction, is part of the Star Wars expanded universe. It was written by Drew Karpyshyn, and was released on December 26, 2007. The novel centers on the young Sith apprentice Darth Zannah, recently taken under the wing of the Sith Lord Darth Bane. The \"Rule of Two\" of the title refers to the rule that there be only two Sith in existence at one time: a Master and an Apprentice, a rule that Bane originates."
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"Bane"
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-6067402861980103219 | 2016 NCAA Division I Softball Tournament | 2016 NCAA Division I softball Tournament - wikipedia 2016 NCAA Division I softball Tournament Jump to : navigation , search 2016 NCAA Division I Softball Tournament Teams 64 Finals Site ASA Hall of Fame Stadium Oklahoma City Champions Oklahoma ( 3rd title ) Runner - Up Auburn ( 2nd WCWS Appearance ) Winning coach Patty Gasso ( 3rd title ) MOP Paige Parker Oklahoma ← 2015 NCAA Division I Softball Championship 2017 → The 2016 NCAA Division I Softball Tournament was held from May 20 through June 8 , 2016 as the final part of the 2016 NCAA Division I softball season . The 64 NCAA Division I college softball teams were to be selected out of an eligible 293 teams on May 15 , 2016 . Thirty - two teams were awarded an automatic bid as champions of their conference , and thirty - two teams were selected at - large by the NCAA Division I softball selection committee . The tournament culminated with eight teams playing in the 2016 Women 's College World Series at ASA Hall of Fame Stadium in Oklahoma City in which the Oklahoma Sooners were crowned the champions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Automatic bids 2 National seeds 3 Regionals and Super Regionals 3.1 Gainesville Super Regional 3.2 Tallahassee Super Regional 3.3 Eugene Super Regional 3.4 Auburn Super Regional 3.5 Norman Super Regional 3.6 Tuscaloosa Super Regional 3.7 Harrisonburg Super Regional 3.8 Ann Arbor Super Regional 4 Women 's College World Series 4.1 Participants 4.2 Bracket 4.3 Championship Game 5 Record by conference 6 Media coverage 6.1 Radio 6.2 Television 6.2. 1 Broadcast assignments 7 References Automatic bids ( edit ) The Big 12 , Big West , Mountain West , Pac - 12 , and West Coast Conference bids were awarded to the regular season champion . All other conferences have the automatic bid go to the conference tournament winner . Conference School Best Finish Reference America East Maine Regionals ( 2004 ) American Tulsa Regionals ( 2006 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 ) ACC Florida State WCWS ( 1987 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 2002 , 2004 , 2014 ) A-10 Fordham Regionals ( 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 ) A-Sun USC Upstate Regionals ( 2013 , 2014 , 2015 ) Big 12 Oklahoma 1st ( 2000 ) , ( 2013 ) Big East Butler 1st Appearance Big Sky Weber State Regionals ( 2015 ) Big South Longwood Regionals ( 2013 , 2015 ) Big Ten Minnesota WCWS 1976 , 1978 Big West Cal State Fullerton 1st ( 1986 ) Colonial James Madison Regionals ( 2009 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 ) Conference USA Florida Atlantic Regionals ( 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 ) Horizon League Valparaiso Regionals ( 2012 , 2013 ) Ivy League Princeton WCWS ( 1995 ) , ( 1996 ) MAC Miami University Regionals ( 2005 , 2009 , 2012 ) MAAC Marist Regionals ( 2006 , 2013 ) MEAC Florida A&M Regionals ( 1995 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2005 , 2006 , 2009 , 2014 , 2015 ) MVC Wichita State Regionals ( 1989 , 2005 ) Mountain West Fresno State 1st ( 1998 ) Northeastern LIU Brooklyn Regionals ( 2008 , 2012 ) OVC Jacksonville State Super Regionals ( 2009 ) Pac - 12 Oregon 3rd ( 2014 ) Patriot League Boston Regionals ( 1996 , 2002 , 2003 , 2009 , 2010 , 2012 , 2014 ) SEC Auburn 4th ( 2015 ) SoCon Samford 1st Appearance Southland McNeese State Regionals ( 1994 , 2005 , 2010 ) SWAC Alabama State 1st Appearance Summit League North Dakota State Super Regionals ( 2009 ) Sun Belt Louisiana -- Lafayette WCWS ( 2008 , 2014 ) WAC Cal State Bakersfield 1st Appearance WCC BYU Super Regionals ( 2010 ) National seeds ( edit ) 16 National Seeds were announced on the Selection Show Sunday , May 15 at 10 p.m. EDT on ESPNU . The 16 national seeds hosted the Regionals . Teams in italics advanced to Super Regionals . Teams in bold advanced to Women 's College World Series . 1 . Florida 2 . Michigan 3 . Oklahoma 4 . Auburn 5 . Oregon 6 . Alabama 7 . James Madison 8 . Florida State 9 . Kentucky 10 . LSU 11 . Washington 12 . UCLA 13 . Tennessee 14 . Louisiana - Lafayette 15 . Missouri 16 . Georgia Regionals and Super Regionals ( edit ) The Regionals took place May 19 -- 22 . The Columbia regional took place May 19 -- 21 because of BYU 's no Sunday - play policy . All other regionals occurred May 20 -- 22 . The Super Regionals took place from May 26 -- 29 . Gainesville Super Regional ( edit ) Round 1 Round 2 Regional Finals Super Regionals Florida 11 Alabama State 0 Florida 5 UCF 0 Florida Atlantic 0 UCF Florida 8 X Gainesville Regional UCF 0 X Alabama State 0 Florida Atlantic 8 UCF Florida Atlantic Florida 0 X 16 Georgia X 16 Georgia 6 Maine 0 16 Georgia 5 Northwestern Oklahoma State Northwestern 16 Georgia 6 Athens Regionals Oklahoma State 5 0 Maine Oklahoma State 10 Northwestern Oklahoma State Tallahassee Super Regional ( edit ) Round 1 Round 2 Regional Finals Super Regionals 9 Kentucky 6 Butler 9 Kentucky 0 Utah Illinois 0 Utah Utah 0 5 Lexington Regional 9 Kentucky Butler Illinois 9 Kentucky Illinois Utah 0 X 8 Florida State 6 X 8 Florida State Florida A&M 0 8 Florida State South Carolina 0 South Florida 0 South Carolina 8 Florida State X Tallahassee Regional South Carolina X Florida A&M South Florida 6 South Carolina 6 South Florida 0 Eugene Super Regional ( edit ) Round 1 Round 2 Regional Finals Super Regionals 5 Oregon 8 Fordham 0 5 Oregon 5 Baylor 0 Long Beach State Baylor 5 Oregon 8 X Eugene Regional Baylor X Fordham Long Beach State 9 Baylor 11 Long Beach State 5 Oregon 8 12 UCLA 12 UCLA 7 Cal State Bakersfield 0 12 UCLA Cal State Fullerton Cal State Fullerton 6 Fresno State 12 UCLA 5 X Los Angeles Regional Cal State Fullerton X Cal State Bakersfield 5 Fresno State 8 Cal State Fullerton 7 Fresno State Auburn Super Regional ( edit ) Round 1 Round 2 Regional Finals Super Regionals 13 Tennessee 10 Marist 13 Tennessee 0 Arizona Ohio State 0 Arizona Arizona X Knoxville Regional 13 Tennessee X Marist Ohio State 6 13 Tennessee 10 Ohio State Arizona 5 Auburn 6 Auburn Jacksonville State Auburn 6 USC Upstate Oregon State USC Upstate 5 Auburn 14 X Auburn Regional Jacksonville State X Jacksonville State 5 Oregon State USC Upstate Jacksonville State Norman Super Regional ( edit ) Round 1 Round 2 Regional Finals Super Regionals Oklahoma 7 Wichita State Oklahoma 9 Ole Miss Tulsa Ole Miss 5 Oklahoma X Norman Regional Ole Miss 0 X Wichita State Tulsa Ole Miss Wichita St 0 Oklahoma 8 7 X 14 UL - Lafayette 6 X 14 UL - Lafayette 9 Boston U . 5 Texas 14 UL - Lafayette 9 Texas 5 Texas A&M 0 14 UL - Lafayette 9 X Lafayette Regional Texas A&M 8 X Texas A&M 6 Boston U . 0 Texas Texas A&M 9 Tuscaloosa Super Regional ( edit ) Round 1 Round 2 Regional Finals Super Regionals 11 Washington 14 Weber State 6 11 Washington 5 Minnesota Minnesota 7 North Dakota State 11 Washington 15 X Seattle Regional Minnesota 7 X Weber State North Dakota State 5 Minnesota 7 North Dakota State 5 11 Washington X 6 Alabama 5 X 6 Alabama Samford 0 6 Alabama California California Texas State 0 6 Alabama 8 X Tuscaloosa Regional California 0 X Samford 0 Texas State California Texas State Harrisonburg Super Regional ( edit ) Round 1 Round 2 Regional Finals Super Regionals 7 James Madison 7 Princeton 0 7 James Madison 10 North Carolina Longwood North Carolina 6 7 James Madison 5 X Harrisonburg Regional Longwood X Princeton Longwood North Carolina Longwood 5 7 James Madison 0 10 LSU 10 LSU 10 LIU Brooklyn 10 LSU McNeese State Arizona State McNeese State 5 10 LSU X Baton Rouge Regional Arizona State 0 X LIU Brooklyn 0 Arizona State McNeese State Arizona State Ann Arbor Super Regional ( edit ) Round 1 Round 2 Regional Finals Super Regionals 15 Missouri 9 BYU 0 15 Missouri 8 Nebraska 0 Nebraska Louisville 15 Missouri 9 X Columbia Regional Nebraska 0 X BYU 6 Louisville Nebraska BYU 0 15 Missouri X Michigan 5 5 X Michigan 8 Valparaiso 0 Michigan 6 Miami University 0 Notre Dame Miami University Michigan 6 X Ann Arbor Regional Notre Dame X Valparaiso 0 Notre Dame 8 Miami University 0 Notre Dame 5 Women 's College World Series ( edit ) The Women 's College World Series was held June 2 through June 8 , 2016 , in Oklahoma City . Participants ( edit ) Bracket ( edit ) First round Second round Semifinals Finals 16 Georgia 5 8 Florida St . 16 Georgia Auburn Auburn 10 12 UCLA Auburn 8 X 8 Florida St . 7 X 8 Florida St . 8 12 UCLA Michigan 0 8 Florida St . Auburn 11 Oklahoma 7 Oklahoma 6 Alabama 0 Oklahoma 7 Michigan 5 Michigan 6 10 LSU Oklahoma 7 X 10 LSU X 6 Alabama 10 LSU 6 16 Georgia 10 LSU Championship Game ( edit ) School Top Batter Stats . Oklahoma Sooners Fale Aviu ( DP ) 2 - 3 RBI Auburn Tigers Jade Rhodes ( 1B ) 2 - 3 RBI HR School Pitcher IP ER BB SO AB BF Oklahoma Sooners Paige Parker 7.0 5 5 26 27 Auburn Tigers Makayla Martin 6.0 5 0 24 26 Record by conference ( edit ) Conference # of Bids Record Win % RF SR WS NS CS NC Big 12 14 - 7 . 667 Southeastern 11 41 - 22 . 651 11 6 0 ! -- Atlantic Coast 8 - 7 . 533 0 ! -- 0 ! -- Pac - 12 8 23 - 16 . 590 7 5 0 ! -- 0 ! -- 0 ! -- Big Ten 6 12 - 10 . 545 0 ! -- 0 ! -- 0 ! -- Sun Belt 4 - 4 . 500 0 ! -- 0 ! -- 0 ! -- 0 ! -- CAA 4 - 2 . 667 0 ! -- 0 ! -- 0 ! -- 0 ! -- American 3 - 7 . 300 0 ! -- 0 ! -- 0 ! -- 0 ! -- 0 ! -- Big West 3 - 4 . 429 0 ! -- 0 ! -- 0 ! -- 0 ! -- 0 ! -- Other 23 11 - 44 . 200 0 ! -- 0 ! -- 0 ! -- 0 ! -- 0 ! -- The columns RF , SR , WS , NS , CS , and NC respectively stand for the Regional Finals , Super Regionals , College World Series Teams , National Semi-Finals , Championship Series , and National Champion . Media coverage ( edit ) Radio ( edit ) Westwood One provided nationwide radio coverage of the championship series . It was streamed online at westwoodsports.com and through TuneIn . Kevin Kugler and Leah Amico provided the call for Westwood One . Television ( edit ) ESPN holds exclusive rights to the tournament . They aired games across ESPN , ESPN2 , and ESPNU . Select regionals and super-regionals were broadcast on additional ESPN stations like SEC Network , ESPN3 , SEC Network Plus , and Longhorn Network . Any regionals not picked up by ESPN may be streamed online by the host institution or broadcast by their television partners . Broadcast assignments ( edit ) Regionals Columbia - Pam Ward & Cheri Kempf Gainesville - Trey Bender & Jennie Ritter Tallahassee - Melissa Lee & Leah Ross Tuscaloosa - Cara Capuano & Leah Amico Knoxville - Beth Mowins & Michele Smith Auburn - Tiffany Greene & Jenny Dalton - Hill Lafayette - Adam Amin & Amanda Scarborough ( ESPN Nets ) Tyler Denning & Megan Willis ( LHN ) Norman - Jenn Hildreth & Carol Bruggeman Eugene - Mark Neely & Danielle Lawrie Athens - Kaleb Frady & Natalie Kerns Baton Rogue - Lyn Rollins & Yvette Girouard Lexington - Dave Baker & Dorian Craft ( Fri ) or Ginny Carroll ( Sat / Sun ) Ann Arbor - Lisa Byington & Stacey Phillips ( BTN ) Harrisonburg - Curt Dudley & Kim Fucci ( Madizone HD SN ) Seattle - Mike Brown ( P12 WASH ) Los Angeles - No commentary ( P12 UCLA ) Super Regionals Gainesville - Trey Bender & Jennie Ritter Norman - Adam Amin & Amanda Scarborough Harrisonburg - Jenn Hildreth & Carol Bruggeman Tallahassee - Cara Capuano & Leah Amico Tuscaloosa - Beth Mowins , Michele Smith , & Jessica Mendoza Ann Arbor - Pam Ward & Cheri Kempf Auburn - Tiffany Greene & Jenny Dalton - Hill Eugene - Mark Neely & Danielle Lawrie Women 's College World Series Adam Amin , Amanda Scarborough , & Laura Rutledge ( afternoons ) Beth Mowins , Jessica Mendoza , Michele Smith , & Holly Rowe ( evenings & championship series ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2016 Division I Softball conference championships , automatic qualifiers '' . NCAA.com . May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maine softball team wins first conference title in 12 years '' . WCSH . May 14 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TU Shuts Out USF , Claims AAC Championship '' . News 9 Now / News on 6 Now . May 14 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Florida State softball wins ACC title '' . 247Sports.com . May 14 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Softball Wins Four in a Row to Clinch Fourth Straight Atlantic 10 Championship '' . Fordham Sports . May 15 , 2016 . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` USC Upstate wins ASun softball championship '' . WYFF . May 14 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma Softball Wins Fifth Consecutive Big 12 Title With Sweep Of Texas Tech '' . SB Nation . May 8 , 2016 . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Butler rallies in extra innings to win its first conference title '' . NCAA . May 14 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Whitmer , Kubo lead Weber State softball to Big Sky tourney title , NCAA bid '' . KSL - TV . May 14 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` # WoodYouBelieve : Back - to - Back Champs ! ! ! '' . Longwood Lancers . May 14 , 2016 . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UM loses to Minnesota in 10 innings in Big Ten final '' . The Detroit News . May 14 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Titans claim Big West title , take series against Matadors '' . The Daily Titan . May 8 , 2016 . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` JMU Softball Wins CAA Championship Beating Towson 8 - 0 '' . WVIR - TV . May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Owls win Conference USA championship game over UAB '' . University Press . May 14 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Crusaders ' Tournament Run Culminates With Walk - Off Championship Game Win '' . Valparaiso . May 14 , 2016 . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Princeton Wins First Softball Championship Series Since 2008 '' . Ivy League . May 9 , 2016 . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bobcats fall to Miami in MAC softball final '' . The Athens Messenger . May 14 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MAy 14 Marist roundup : Softball team wins MAAC title '' . Times Herald - Record . May 14 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rattlers bring down B - CU for third straight MEAC title '' . Tallahassee Democrat . May 14 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wichita State Shockers Win MVC Softball Tournament Championship '' . KSNW . May 14 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fresno State softball clinches MW title , NCAA bid '' . The Fresno Bee . May 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.liuathletics.com Jump up ^ `` Jacksonville State Wins OVC Softball Championship '' . WIAT . May 14 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Oregon Ducks softball wins fourth straight Pac - 12 championship with 5 - 1 win over Utah Utes '' . The Register - Guard . May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Boston U wins 2016 Patriot League Softball Championship '' . Campus Insiders . May 15 , 2016 . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Auburn wins back to back SEC Softball Tournament titles '' . Montgomery Advertiser . May 14 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Samford wins SOCON Softball Championship '' . WIAT . May 14 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BREAKING : McNeese State softball team Southland Conference champs '' . American Press . May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ASU wins SWAC softball championship '' . Montgomery Advertiser . May 14 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bison Softball earns Summit League Tournament Championship '' . KVLY - TV . May 14 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Aleah Craighton 's grand slam caps Cajuns ' dominant 12 - 0 victory over Texas State '' . The Advocate . May 14 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Larios HR in 7th powers CSUB softball into NCAA Tournament '' . The Bakersfield Californian . May 14 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bravo 's 12th - inning RBI single helps BYU clinch WCC title '' . Deseret News . May 14 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . NCAA Division I Softball Tournament and Women 's College World Series Tournaments 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 WCWS 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2016 NCAA Division I softball tournaments Conference America East American Atlantic 10 ACC Atlantic Sun Big Ten Big East Big Sky Big South Colonial Conference USA Horizon Ivy MAAC Mid-American MEAC Missouri Valley Northeast Ohio Valley Patriot SEC Southern Southland SWAC The Summit League Sun Belt WAC National NCAA 2016 2015 -- 16 NCAA Division I championships Baseball Men 's basketball Women 's basketball Beach volleyball Bowling Cross country Fencing Field hockey Football ( FBS ) † Football ( FCS ) Men 's golf Women 's golf Men 's gymnastics Women 's gymnastics Men 's ice hockey Women 's ice hockey Indoor track and field Men 's lacrosse Women 's lacrosse Outdoor track and field Rifle Rowing Skiing Men 's soccer Women 's soccer Softball Men 's swimming and diving Women 's swimming and diving Tennis Men 's volleyball Women 's volleyball Men 's water polo Women 's water polo Wrestling † Not an officially sanctioned NCAA championship Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_NCAA_Division_I_Softball_Tournament&oldid=784221086 '' Categories : NCAA Division I Softball Championship 2016 NCAA Division I softball season Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 June 2017 , at 03 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won the college softball world series 2016 | [
"The 2016 NCAA Division I Softball Tournament was held from May 20 through June 8, 2016 as the final part of the 2016 NCAA Division I softball season. The 64 NCAA Division I college softball teams were to be selected out of an eligible 293 teams on May 15, 2016. Thirty-two teams were awarded an automatic bid as champions of their conference, and thirty-two teams were selected at-large by the NCAA Division I softball selection committee. The tournament culminated with eight teams playing in the 2016 Women's College World Series at ASA Hall of Fame Stadium in Oklahoma City in which the Oklahoma Sooners were crowned the champions."
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"Oklahoma Sooners"
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6179316804919395826 | Battle of Britain (film) | Battle of Britain ( film ) - wikipedia Battle of Britain ( film ) For the 1943 Frank Capra documentary , see The Battle of Britain . For the World War II battle , see Battle of Britain . Battle of Britain American release poster Directed by Guy Hamilton Produced by Harry Saltzman Benjamin Fisz Written by James Kennaway Wilfred Greatorex Starring Laurence Olivier Hein Riess Trevor Howard Robert Shaw Christopher Plummer Michael Caine Edward Fox Susannah York Ian McShane Kenneth More Ralph Richardson Patrick Wymark Michael Redgrave Curt Jürgens Nigel Patrick Music by Ron Goodwin William Walton Cinematography Freddie Young Edited by Bert Bates Distributed by United Artists Release date 15 September 1969 ( 1969 - 09 - 15 ) Running time 133 minutes Country United Kingdom Language English Budget $14 million Box office $13 million Battle of Britain is a 1969 British Second World War film directed by Guy Hamilton , and produced by Harry Saltzman and S. Benjamin Fisz . The film documented the events of the Battle of Britain . The film drew many respected British actors to accept roles as key figures of the battle , including Sir Laurence Olivier as Hugh Dowding and Trevor Howard as Keith Park . It also starred Michael Caine , Christopher Plummer and Robert Shaw as Squadron Leaders . The script by James Kennaway and Wilfred Greatorex was based on the book The Narrow Margin by Derek Wood and Derek Dempster . The film endeavoured to be an accurate account of the Battle of Britain , when in the summer and autumn of 1940 the British RAF inflicted a strategic defeat on the Luftwaffe and so ensured the cancellation of Operation Sea Lion -- Adolf Hitler 's plan to invade Britain . The film is notable for its spectacular flying sequences , in contrast with the unsatisfactory model work seen in Angels One Five ( 1952 ) and on a far grander scale than had been seen on film before ; these made the film 's production very expensive . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 British , Allies and Commonwealth 2.2 Germans and Axis 3 Production 3.1 Aircraft 3.2 Locations 3.3 Aircraft models 3.4 Releases 4 Historical accuracy 5 Musical score 6 Reception 7 Merchandise 8 In popular culture 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Notes 10.2 Citations 10.3 Bibliography 11 External links Plot ( edit ) During the Battle of France in June 1940 , RAF pilots evacuate a small airfield in advance of the German Blitzkrieg . The pilots , along with British and French military , leave just as German aircraft arrive and execute a heavy strafing attack . RAF Air Chief Marshal Hugh Dowding ( Laurence Olivier ) , realising that an imminent invasion of Great Britain will require every available aircraft and airman to counter it , stops additional aircraft being deployed to France so that they are available to defend Britain . In the next dramatic scene , French civilians watch in grim despair as a convoy of German troops marches into France and takes control . At the deserted beaches of Dunkirk , the BBC reports British Prime Minister Winston Churchill 's declaration that `` what General Weygand called the ' Battle of France ' is over , the Battle of Britain is about to begin '' . Luftwaffe Inspector - General Field Marshal Milch arrives to inspect a large German airfield in captured France . Hundreds of Heinkel bomber aircraft are stationed under Luftwaffe General Kesselring 's command . Luftwaffe commanders are stunned when the Führer informs them that the British are not their `` natural enemy '' and delays their attack while attempting a diplomatic settlement . In neutral Switzerland , the German ambassador , Baron von Richter ( Curd Jürgens ) officially proposes new peace terms to his British counterpart , Sir David Kelly ( Ralph Richardson ) , stating that continuing to fight the `` masters '' of Europe is hopeless . Kelly 's brave retort , `` Do n't threaten or dictate to us until you 're marching up Whitehall ... and even then we wo n't listen '' , is followed by a private comment to his wife that von Richter is probably correct . In England , commanders celebrate their good fortune , using the delay to build up their strength and continually train their pilots and ground controllers . The wait finally ends when Luftwaffe pilots receive orders to move to the front , where troops are preparing for a sea - borne invasion . The campaign begins with the Luftwaffe launching an early morning assault on `` Eagle Day '' . The plan is to destroy the RAF on the ground before they have time to launch their Spitfire and Hurricane fighters . Eagle Day proves highly successful , with attacks on British radar installations by Stuka dive bombers . Two radar stations are put out of action and a number of British airfields are damaged or destroyed but British losses are relatively light . A grueling battle of attrition ensues , with the RAF airfields under repeated attack while inflicting heavy , but non-critical , damage on the attacking forces . Adding to the RAF 's problems is a battle between the commanding officers of 11 Group , Keith Park ( Trevor Howard ) , and 12 Group , Trafford Leigh - Mallory ( Patrick Wymark ) . 12 Group is tasked with protecting 11 Group 's airfields while 11 Group meets the enemy , but in raid after raid 12 Group aircraft are nowhere to be seen . Called to meet Dowding , Leigh - Mallory explains that the `` Big Wing '' tactic takes time for form up , while Park complains that the tactic simply is not working . Dowding ends the debate noting a critical shortage of pilots , wearily remarking , `` We 're fighting for survival , and losing . '' The turning point occurs when a squadron of German bombers becomes lost in bad weather at night and drops bombs on London . In retaliation , the RAF attacks Berlin . Though the damage is negligible , an enraged Adolf Hitler publicly orders London to be razed . Hermann Göring ( Hein Riess ) arrives in France to personally command the attack , confident that the end of the battle nears . Their first attack skirts the RAF , who are still defending their airfields to the south , and they bomb unopposed . Night time attacks follow and London burns . Meanwhile , to supplement Commonwealth forces , the RAF has been forming units of foreign pilots who have escaped German - occupied countries ; the main difficulty is their lack of English - language skills . While on a training flight , a Free Polish squadron accidentally runs into an unescorted flight of German bombers . Ignoring the commands of their British training officer , they peel off one by one and shoot down several of the bombers with unorthodox aggressive tactics . Park rewards them by elevating them to operational status , leading Dowding to do the same for the Canadian and Czech squadrons as well . While discussing the day 's events , Park and Dowding examine the German switch to London . Given a respite , Park notes that he will be able to repair his airfields and bring his squadrons back to full strength . Dowding adds that 12 Group units north of London are now all within range , while enemy fighters are at the extreme edge of their own range . He concludes that `` turning on London could be the German 's biggest blunder . '' The next German daytime raid is met by a massive response ; watching his formations build up in 11 Group 's operations room , Wing Commander Willoughby ( Robert Flemyng ) wryly states `` this should give them something to think about . '' RAF fighters arranged into large groups , attack en masse , overwhelming the German raids . Luftwaffe losses are now critical and Göring is incensed , ordering his fighters remain with the bombers , an order the pilots hate . Losses continue to mount on both sides . The climactic air battle of 15 September 1940 arrives , with Winston Churchill in attendance at 11 Group 's operations room . In the underground bunker , British ground control personnel order every squadron into the air to meet the massive attack . Intense combat in the sky over London follows , with both sides taking heavy losses . The outcome is so confused that Dowding refuses to comment on the events . The next day the RAF anxiously await a raid that never comes . Likewise the Luftwaffe is disheartened by heavy losses and also await orders that never come to resume raiding . Two German anti-aircraft gunners , who had earlier observed a French port teeming with Kriegsmarine vessels and landing barges , now observe a deserted harbour basin . Göring leaves the front , accusing his commanders of betrayal . Dowding looks out over the gardens and up to the sky where the words of Winston Churchill appear onscreen : `` Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few . '' Cast ( edit ) The Battle of Britain has a large all - star international cast . The film was notable for its attempt to accurately portray the role of the Germans , with participants in the Battle including Group Captain Tom Gleave , Wing Commander Robert Stanford Tuck , Squadron Leader Bolesław Drobiński and Luftwaffe General Adolf Galland involved as consultants . During the War , Drobiński had heavily damaged Galland 's plane and forced him into a crash - landing . Subtitled German - speaking actors were utilised , a departure from other English language British films in the postwar period , where Germans were often played by Anglophone actors . British , Allies and Commonwealth ( edit ) Laurence Olivier as Air Chief Marshal Sir Hugh Dowding , Air Officer Commanding - in - Chief RAF , Fighter Command . Trevor Howard as Air Vice-Marshal Sir Keith Park , Air Officer commanding No. 11 Group RAF . Patrick Wymark as Air Vice-Marshal Trafford Leigh - Mallory , Air Officer commanding No. 12 Group RAF . Christopher Plummer as Canadian fighter pilot Squadron Leader Colin Harvey . Susannah York as Section Officer Maggie Harvey , Colin 's wife . Michael Caine as Squadron Leader Canfield Ralph Richardson as Sir David Kelly , British Ambassador to Switzerland . Robert Shaw as Squadron Leader Skipper Ian McShane as Sergeant Pilot Andy Moore Kenneth More as Group Captain Barker , Station Commander at RAF Duxford . Edward Fox as Pilot Officer Archie . Nigel Patrick as Group Captain Hope . Michael Redgrave as Air Vice-Marshal Douglas Evill Harry Andrews as Harold Balfour , Under - Secretary of State for Air Barry Foster as Squadron Leader Edwards Robert Flemyng as Wing Commander Willoughby Tom Chatto as Willoughby 's Assistant Controller Bill Foxley as Squadron Leader Evans Michael Bates as Warrant Officer Warwick Isla Blair as Mrs. Andy , Sergeant Pilot Andy 's wife John Baskcomb as Farmer David Griffin as Sergeant Pilot Chris Jack Gwillim as Senior Air Staff Officer André Maranne as French NCO Myles Hoyle as Peter Anthony Nicholls as Minister Duncan Lamont as Flight Sergeant Arthur Nicholas Pennell as Simon Sarah Lawson as Skipper 's wife Andrzej Scibor as Ox Mark Malicz as Pasco Jean Wladon as Jean Jacques Germans and Axis ( edit ) Curt Jürgens as Maximilian Baron von Richter Hein Riess as Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring , the Commander - in - Chief of the Luftwaffe Karl - Otto Alberty as Gen. Jeschonnek ( Luftwaffe chief of staff ) Manfred Reddemann as Major Falke Paul Neuhaus as Major Föhn Dietrich Frauboes as Field Marshal Ehrard Milch ( Inspector General , Luftwaffe ) Wilfried von Aacken as Gen. Osterkamp Peter Hager as Field Marshal Albert Kesselring Wolf Harnisch as General Johannes Fink Alexander Allerson as Major Brandt Helmut Kircher as Boehm Malte Petzel as Colonel Beppo Schmid ( Luftwaffe Intelligence ) Alf Jungermann as Lieutenant Froedl , Brandt 's navigator Reinhard Horras as Bruno Rolf Stiefel as Adolf Hitler Production ( edit ) Former participants of the battle served as technical advisors including Douglas Bader , James Lacey , Robert Stanford Tuck , Adolf Galland and Dowding himself . Aircraft ( edit ) HA - 1112 Buchón in 2015 , still sporting the livery worn during filming of the Battle of Britain . It was also used in the 2017 film Dunkirk The film required a large number of period aircraft . In September 1965 producers Harry Saltzman and S. Benjamin Fisz contacted former RAF Bomber Command Group Captain T.G. ' Hamish ' Mahaddie to find the aircraft and arrange their use . Eventually 100 aircraft were employed , called the `` 35th largest air force in the world '' . With Mahaddie 's help , the producers located 109 Spitfires in the UK , of which 27 were available although only 12 could be made flyable . Mahaddie negotiated use of six Hawker Hurricanes , of which three were flying . The film helped preserve these aircraft , including a rare Spitfire Mk II which had been a gate guardian at RAF Colerne . During the actual aerial conflict , all RAF Spitfires were Spitfire Mk I and Mark II variants . However , only one Mk Ia and one Mk IIa ( the latter with a Battle of Britain combat record ) could be made airworthy , so the producers had to use seven other different marks , all of them built later in the war . To achieve commonality , the production made some modifications to `` standardise '' the Spitfires , including adding elliptical wingtips , period canopies and other changes . To classic aircraft fans , they became known as `` Mark Haddies '' ( a play on Grp . Capt . Mahaddie 's name ) . A pair of two - seat trainer Spitfires were camera platforms to achieve realistic aerial footage inside the battle scenes . A rare Hawker Hurricane XII had been restored by Canadian Bob Diemert , who flew the aircraft in the film . Eight non-flying Spitfires and two Hurricanes were set dressing , with one Hurricane able to taxi . A North American B - 25 Mitchell N6578D , flown by pilots John `` Jeff '' Hawke and Duane Egli , was the primary filming platform for the aerial sequences . It was fitted with camera positions in what were formerly the aircraft 's nose , tail and waist gun positions . An additional camera , on an articulating arm , was mounted in the aircraft 's bomb bay and allowed 360 - degree shots from below the aircraft . The top gun turret was replaced with a clear dome for the aerial director , who would co-ordinate the other aircraft by radio . N6578D was painted garishly for line - up references and to make it easier for pilots to determine which way it was manoeuvring . When the brightly coloured aircraft arrived at Tablada airbase in Spain in early afternoon of 18 March 1968 , the comment from Derek Cracknell , the assistant director , was `` It 's a bloody great psychedelic monster ! '' The aircraft was henceforth dubbed the Psychedelic Monster . The Luftwaffe armada included over 50 real aircraft . ( screenshot ) For the German aircraft , the producers obtained 32 CASA 2.111 twin - engined bombers , a Spanish - built version of the German Heinkel He 111H - 16 . They also located 27 Hispano Aviación HA - 1112 M1L ' Buchon ' single - engined fighters , a Spanish version of the German Messerschmitt Bf 109 . The Buchons were altered to look more like correct Bf 109Es , adding mock machine guns and cannon , and redundant tailplane struts , and removing the rounded wingtips . The Spanish aircraft were powered by British Rolls - Royce Merlin engines , and thus almost all the aircraft used , British and German alike , were Merlin - powered . After the film , one HA - 1112 was donated to the German Luftwaffenmuseum der Bundeswehr , and converted to a Messerschmitt Bf 109 G - 2 variant , depicting the insignias of German ace Gustav Rödel . Two Heinkels and the 17 flyable Messerschmitts ( including one dual - controlled HA - 1112 - M4L two - seater , used for conversion training and as a camera ship ) , were flown to England to complete the shoot . In the scene where the Polish training squadron breaks off to attack , ( `` Repeat , please '' ) , the three most distant Hurricanes were Buchons marked as Hurricanes , as there were not enough flyable Hurricanes . In addition to the combat aircraft , two Spanish - built Junkers Ju 52 transports were used . Locations ( edit ) Use of RAF bases including Duxford lent an air of authenticity . Filming in England was at Duxford , Debden , North Weald and Hawkinge , all operational stations in 1940 -- one surviving First World War `` Belfast '' hangar at Duxford was blown up and demolished for the Eagle Day sequence . Some filming also took place at Bovingdon , a former wartime bomber airfield . The title - sequence scene , showing a review of German bombers on the ground by Fieldmarshal Milch , was filmed at Tablada Airfield in Spain ( now San Pablo Airport ) . Stunt coordinator Wilson Connie Edwards retained a Mark IX Spitfire , six Buchons , and a P - 51 Mustang in lieu of payment , which were stored in Texas until sold to collectors in 2014 . The village of Chilham in Kent became the base of operations for the radio controllers in the film . Denton , another Kent village , and its pub , `` The Jackdaw Inn '' , features in the film as the location where Christopher Plummer and his on - screen wife argue about her relocating closer to his posting . `` The Jackdaw Inn '' has a room devoted to an extensive collection of RAF Second World War memorabilia . Another early scene was the Dunkirk recreation which was shot at the beachfront in Huelva , Spain . To reflect the cloudless skies of summer of 1940 , many upward - facing shots were filmed over Spain , while downward - facing shots were almost all below the clouds , over southern England , where farmland is distinctive . However 1940 camouflage made it difficult to see the aircraft against the ground and sky , so a cloud background was used where possible . Only one Spitfire was relocated to Spain to stand in for the RAF defenders . After filming began , the English weather proved too unreliable and filming was moved to Hal Far and Luqa Airfields in Malta to complete the aerial sequences . Numerous scenes were shot in the preserved operations rooms , illustrating the operation of the Dowding system that controlled the fighter squadrons . Much of this footage takes place in 11 Group 's operations room , today preserved as the Battle of Britain Bunker . Other scenes take place in Fighter Command 's central `` filter room '' as well as recreations of the squadron ops rooms . One scene shows the hit on Biggin Hill 's ops room , and another shows its relocation to a local bakery , although this is a recreation of another squadron 's backup room in a local butcher 's shop . Location filming in London was carried out mainly in the St Katharine Docks area where older houses were being demolished for housing estates . Partly demolished buildings represented bombed houses and disused buildings were set on fire . St Katharine Docks was one of the few areas of London 's East End to survive The Blitz . Many extras were survivors of the Blitz . Aldwych tube station , used as a wartime air - raid shelter , was also used as a filming location . Almost all the period equipment from the London Fire Brigade Museum was used in the film . The night scenes of wartime Berlin were filmed in Donostia - San Sebastian , Basque Country . The scenes at RAF Fighter Command were filmed at RAF Bentley Priory , the headquarters of Fighter Command . Air Chief Marshal Hugh Dowding 's original office , with the original furniture , was used . Aircraft models ( edit ) Permission was granted to the producers to use the Royal Air Force Museum 's Junkers Ju 87 Stuka dive - bomber ( one of only two that survive intact ) . The 1943 aircraft was repainted and slightly modified to resemble a 1940 model Ju 87 . The engine was found to be in excellent condition and there was little difficulty in starting it , but returning the aircraft to airworthiness was ultimately too costly for the filmmakers . Instead , two Percival Proctor training aircraft were converted into half - scale Stukas , with a cranked wing , as `` Proctukas '' though , in the film , they were not used on - screen . Instead , to duplicate the steep dive of Ju 87 attacks , large models were flown by radio control . To recreate airfield scenes in the film , with the limited number of period aircraft available for the film , large scale models were used . The first requirement was for set decoration replicas . Production of full - size wood and fibreglass Hurricanes , Spitfires and Bf 109s commenced in a sort of production line set up at Pinewood Studios . A number of the replicas were fitted with motorcycle engines to enable them to taxi . Although most of these replicas were destroyed during filming , a small number were made available to museums in the UK . The other need was for models in aerial sequences , and art director and model maker John Siddall was asked by the producer to create and head a team specifically for this because of his contacts in the modelling community . A test flight was arranged at Lasham Airfield in the UK and a model was flown down the runway close behind a large American estate car with a cameraman in the rear . This test proved successful , leading to many radio - controlled models being constructed in the band rehearsal room at Pinewood Studios . Over a period of two years , a total of 82 Spitfires , Hurricanes , Messerschmitts and He 111s were built . Radio - controlled Heinkel He 111 models were flown to depict bombers being destroyed over the English Channel . When reviewing the footage of the first crash , the producers noticed a trailing - wire antenna ; this was explained by an added cutaway in which the control wires of a Heinkel are seen shot loose . Both the village of Denton and its pub , The Jackdaw Inn , appear in the film . The airfield appears in the film looking just as it did during World War II . Releases ( edit ) The quote from the 20 August 1940 speech was changed when the movie was released on DVD in 2003 . Onscreen , instead of the quote about `` The Few , '' this Churchill quote appears : `` This is not the end . It is not even the beginning of the end . But it is , perhaps , the end of the beginning . '' The 2004 Special Edition , however , reverts to the quotation about The Few : `` Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few . '' Historical accuracy ( edit ) The film is generally faithful to events and , although merging some characters , it sticks to the orthodox view -- that the Germans threw away strategic advantage by switching bombing from RAF airfields to London in revenge for RAF raids on Berlin . Some later scholarship has cast doubt on one or another aspect of the orthodox view , arguing either : ( a ) that the switch to bombing London was made not for reasons of revenge but because the Germans thought they had already defeated RAF Fighter Command , or ( b ) that accelerated British aircraft production meant that the prospect of a German victory was never likely ( this view seems doubtful , however , in part because the key issue was the number of available pilots ) . The film includes a sequence which relates the events of 15 August 1940 , in which the Luftwaffe attempted to overwhelm fighter defences by simultaneous attacks on northern and southern England , the Luftwaffe reasoning that `` even a Spitfire ca n't be in two places at once . '' North East England was attacked by 65 Heinkel He 111s escorted by 34 Messerschmitt Bf 110s , and RAF Driffield was attacked by 50 unescorted Junkers Ju . 88s . Out of 115 bombers and 35 fighters sent , 16 bombers and seven fighters were lost . As a result of these casualties , Luftflotte 5 did not appear in strength again in the campaign . The Robert Shaw character `` Squadron Leader Skipper '' is based loosely on Squadron Leader Sailor Malan , a South African fighter ace and No. 74 Squadron RAF commander during the Battle of Britain . The scene in the operation room in which the British listen to their fighters ' wireless transmissions is for dramatic reasons only . In reality , the operations room received information by telephone from the sector airfields . The scenes at the end , where the RAF pilots are seen suddenly idle and left awaiting the return of the Luftwaffe raids , are more licence ; the fighting fizzled out through late September , although daylight raids continued for some weeks after the 15 September engagement . 31 October 1940 is regarded as the official end on the British side . Zehbe 's Dornier falling on Victoria Station after being rammed by Ray Holmes , 15 September 1940 The Edward Fox character `` Pilot Officer Archie '' , is based on Flight Sergeant Ray Holmes of No. 504 Squadron RAF . On 15 September 1940 , now known as `` Battle of Britain Day '' , Homes used his Hawker Hurricane to destroy a Dornier Do - 17 bomber over London by ramming but at the loss of his own aircraft ( and almost his own life ) in one of the defining moments of the Battle of Britain . Holmes , making a head - on attack , found his guns inoperative . He flew his plane into the top - side of the German bomber , cutting off the rear tail section with his wing and causing the bomber to dive out of control and crash . Its pilot , Feldwebel Robert Zehbe , bailed out , only to die later of wounds suffered during the attack , while the injured Holmes bailed out of his plane and survived . As the RAF did not practice ramming as an air combat tactic , this was considered an impromptu manoeuvre , and an act of selfless courage . Holmes was feted by the press as a war hero who saved Buckingham Palace . This event became one of the defining moments of the Battle of Britain and elicited a congratulatory note to the RAF from Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands who had witnessed the event . This event is depicted - with considerable artistic licence - in the film . The confrontation between Dowding and Keith Park , on one side , and Trafford Leigh - Mallory on the other is fictitious , though there were undoubted tensions between the two sides . The film does not mention that , following the Battle of Britain , Dowding and Park were replaced by Sholto Douglas and Leigh - Mallory , despite Dowding and Park having demonstrated that Leigh - Mallory 's `` Big Wing '' strategy was unworkable . One omission is at the end of the film , when casualties are listed . The film does not mention losses by the Corpo Aereo Italiano , an Italian expeditionary force that took part , nor is its participation mentioned during the film . One anomalous entry in the list of pilots who served with the RAF is a pilot described by the credits as Israeli although the state of Israel was only created in 1948 . This referred to George Goodman , an ace born in Haifa while Palestine was under British military administration , who was killed in action in 1941 . There was no attempt to recreate tracer rounds . Göring 's train in the film is Spanish rather than French ( the RENFE markings are just visible on its tender ) , and the steam locomotive shown did not come into service on Spanish National Railways ( RENFE ) until 1951 . The character Major Falke is based on Adolf Galland , a famous ace during the Second World War , who did ask the Reichmarshall Göring for `` an outfit of Spitfires for my squadron '' . Galland , however explained in his autobiography that his request was only a way to upset Göring , because he was `` unbelievably vexed at the lack of understanding and stubbornness with the command ( i.e. Göring ) who gave us orders we could not execute . '' Galland did feel that the Spitfire was more manoeuvrable than the Bf 109 , which he felt made it more suitable as a defensive fighter , but he also states that `` fundamentally I preferred the ME - 109 . '' Galland was upset about the director 's decision not to use the real names . While making the film , Galland was joined by his friend Robert Stanford Tuck . During filming , Galland , who was acting as a German technical advisor , took exception to a scene where Kesselring is shown giving the Nazi salute , rather than the standard military salute . Journalist Leonard Mosley witnessed Galland spoiling the shooting and having to be escorted off the set . Galland subsequently threatened to withdraw from the production , warning `` dire consequences for the film if the scene stayed in . '' However , when the finished scene was screened before Galland and his lawyer , he was persuaded to accept the scene after all . Musical score ( edit ) As recounted in Mervyn Cooke 's A History of Film Music ( 2008 ) , the film has two musical scores . The first was written by Sir William Walton , then in his late 60s , and conducted by Malcolm Arnold , who also assisted Walton with the orchestration - notably the music accompanying the Blitz sequences , and some sections of `` Battle in the Air '' , which may have involved some compositional `` patches '' by Arnold . Aside from the undoubted originality and impact of `` The Battle in the Air '' sequence , and an opening march ( conducted at the sessions by Walton ) which was described by a journalist present at its recording as `` a grand patriotic tune to out - type and out - glory any that Sir William has yet written , whether for films or coronations '' , much of Walton 's score involves parodies of the horncall from Wagner 's Siegfried . However , Arnold and David Picker - the brothers in charge of United Artists - insisted on having the music tracks sent to them in New York ; their verdict on hearing the music , unaccompanied by the film , was that it was unsuitable and that a composer known to them should be hired to write a replacement score . The music department at United Artists furthermore objected that the score was too short to fill an LP recording which was intended to be marketed with the film . As a result , John Barry - who had scored several James Bond films - was approached , but he declined . The job was finally accepted by Ron Goodwin , who also served as conductor . Producer S. Benjamin Fisz and actor Sir Laurence Olivier protested against this decision , and Olivier threatened to take his name from the credits . In the end , one segment of the Walton score , `` Battle in the Air '' , which depicted the climactic air battles of 15 September 1940 , was retained in the final cut , as well as a few bars of his March rather clumsily edited into the final scene before the credits roll . The Walton score for the battle sequence was played with no sound effects of aircraft engines or gunfire , giving the segment a transcendent , lyrical quality . Prime Minister Edward Heath retrieved Walton 's manuscript from United Artists in 1972 , presenting it to the composer at Walton 's 70th birthday party held at 10 Downing Street . Tapes of the Walton score were believed lost forever until being rediscovered in 1990 from the sound mixer 's garage . Since then the score has been restored and released on compact disc . The option to watch the film with the complete Walton score was included on the Region 2 Special Edition DVD of the film , which was released in June 2004 and the Region A Blu - ray released on June 3 , 2008 . Ron Goodwin 's score opens with the `` Luftwaffe March '' , later retitled `` Aces High '' , in the style of a traditional German military march in 6 / 8 time . The march places heavy emphasis on the `` oom - pah '' sound of tubas and lower - pitched horns on the first and second beats and has the glockenspiel double the horns in the melody . Because of the great length of this sequence , which shows a Luftwaffe general 's inspection of a Heinkel squadron in occupied France , the `` Aces High '' has three separate bridges between choruses of the main theme , one of which recurs several times in a gently sentimental variation . Despite its origin in a representation of a tyrannical threat to democracy , the march has become a popular British march tune , like the Dambusters March ; an adaptation was first played by a British military band in 1974 by the Corps of Drums of the Royal Pioneer Corps and is now frequently played at military parades and by marching bands in Northern Ireland . American radio personality and convicted Watergate conspirator G. Gordon Liddy has used the march as bumper music on his syndicated radio programme . Reporting on the film 's premiere , The Times commented : `` Handsomely shot , soberly put together , it is weighed down somewhat by a platitudinous score from Ron Goodwin . The only sequence of the rejected Walton score , the Battle in the Air , turned down allegedly because it was not long enough to fill an LP , is not perhaps vintage Walton , but at least lifts the film with moments of sharp excitement . '' Reception ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , filming of the aerial battle scenes over London and the home counties had generated considerable pre-release publicity . The film 's premiere was held at Leicester Square in London and was attended by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II . Pre-release publicity included the film 's quad posters on prominent billboard locations and features in The Sunday Times Magazine and local press . However , the film was released at a time when anti-war feeling stirred by the Vietnam War was running high , together with cynicism among post-war generations about the heroism of those who participated in the Battle of Britain . It was generally dismissed by critics . After worldwide distribution , the film grossed just under $13,000,000 according to Guy Hamilton in an interview on the 2 - disc DVD edition , but as this was near to the huge cost of production , the film failed to make a profit ( although VHS , DVD and Blu Ray sales finally moved it into profit ) . The film lost ten million dollars worldwide . Battle of Britain currently scores 63 % on Rotten Tomatoes . Battle of Britain was the number 1 film in the United Kingdom for a total of 14 weeks beginning 26 September 1969 ( 4 weeks ) , 7 November 1969 ( 7 weeks ) , 6 February 1970 ( 2 weeks ) and finally 27 February 1970 ( 1 week ) . Merchandise ( edit ) Both a hardcover and paperback book on the making of the movie were published in 1969 . Dinky Toys produced a pair of diecast model aircraft based on the film . A Spitfire Mk II ( Dinky Toys 719 ) in 1 / 65 scale and Junkers Ju 87B Stuka ( Dinky Toys 721 ) in 1 / 72 scale were released in special boxes with Battle of Britain logo on the box and photographs from the film included . In popular culture ( edit ) The use of actual aircraft in flying sequences has led to a number of subsequent productions utilising stock footage derived from Battle of Britain including the following , albeit incomplete list of productions : The scene of a damaged Heinkel bomber trailing smoke and losing altitude was used in the film Adolf Hitler : My Part in his Downfall ( 1972 ) . Much aerial footage was cut into the American film Midway ( 1976 ) , with Spitfires and Hurricanes masquerading as Brewster F2A Buffaloes and Grumman F4F Wildcats . Short clips from the main `` Battle in the air '' sequence were used in the Baa Baa Black Sheep television series ( 1976 -- 1978 ) . A fragment of the soundtrack of one of the dogfights is used on the album The Wall ( 1979 ) by Pink Floyd , immediately before the start of the track `` Vera '' . Footage of Bf - 109s exploding and crashing into the English Channel was inserted into the opening `` Skeet Surfing '' music video in the parody film Top Secret ! ( 1984 ) . `` Newsreel '' footage shown in the cinema in the film Hope and Glory ( 1987 ) was air combat footage from Battle of Britain . Aerial sequences from the film depicted the Battle of Midway in the television mini-series War and Remembrance ( 1988 ) Some footage and out - takes were used for the 1988 ITV mini-series Piece of Cake , an aerial drama about a fictional Second World War RAF fighter squadron in 1940 . Some of the Stuka footage was re-used in the BBC drama series No Bananas ( 1996 ) . Footage from the film was incorporated in the Czech film Dark Blue World ( 2001 ) . Out - takes of dogfights and a parachute sequence were used in a History Channel documentary The Extraordinary Mr Spitfire about the life of wartime test pilot Alex Henshaw ( 2007 ) . The BBC drama First Light ( 2010 ) makes significant use of footage from the film . The formative strategy war - game Empire was notably inspired by the RAF Fighter Command scenes in Battle of Britain in which staff move counters representing friendly and enemy aircraft and ships over the large map of Britain , from which tactical decisions are made by the air commanders . Michael Caine was cast in a spoken cameo role in the film Dunkirk ( 2017 ) , based on the Dunkirk evacuation , as a Royal Air Force Spitfire pilot , as a nod to his role of RAF fighter pilot Squadron Leader Canfield in Battle of Britain . See also ( edit ) Hawker Hurricane survivors Messerschmitt Bf 109 survivors Supermarine Spitfire survivors Battle of Britain II : Wings of Victory References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ According to a booklet publicising the movie , Riess had allegedly once met Göring himself during the war . Galland himself acted as a technical adviser for the movie . Jump up ^ The Merlin in the Spanish - built variant , is not an `` inverted '' engine like the actual Bf 109E 's Daimler - Benz DB - 601 , so the nose profile of the `` Spanish Messerschmitts '' is distinctly different . Jump up ^ Only later did the directors find out that this location was where The Man Who Never Was deception had been carried out , in which the Germans were deceived by counterfeit documents purporting that the Allies were to invade Sardinia rather than Sicily , planted on a drowned man dressed as Royal Marines `` Major Martin '' , allowed to wash up on the beach in 1943 . Jump up ^ Modellers included Mick Charles , Jack Morton and Chris Ohlson . Siddall was told by production that the models would not get any credit because they did n't want it generally known that models were used in the film . Jump up ^ The film 's producers did not have access to real or replica Bf 110 or Junkers Ju 88 aircraft , so the Junkers were not mentioned and the Heinkels are described as unescorted . Jump up ^ One of the first examples of `` tie - in '' merchandising . Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tino Balio , United Artists : The Company That Changed the Film Industry , University of Wisconsin Press , 1987 p. 272 ^ Jump up to : Battle of Britain : Special Edition DVD ( 1969 ) BBC . Retrieved : 22 December 2011 Jump up ^ Battle of Britain -- Finale on YouTube Retrieved : 27 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Geoff . The History of the Battle of Britain Fighter Association : Commemorating the Few , p. 115 . Jump up ^ http://www.ejection-history.org.uk/Bailouts/bailout_1941.htm Jump up ^ Mosley 1969 , p. 33 . ^ Jump up to : Hankin 1968 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Dunkirk -- Filming the Aerial Scenes for the Epic Movie , Warbirds News , 15 August 2016 , retrieved 25 July 2017 ^ Jump up to : Hankin 1968 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Schnepf 1970 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Schnepf 1970 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ MacCarron 1999 , p. 80 . ^ Jump up to : `` It 's 1940 Again '' , Flight , Volume 93 , Issue 3082 , 4 April 1968 . ISSN 0015 - 3710 . Retrieved : 1 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Mosley 1969 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Crump 2007 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Hirshman , Dave . `` Battle of Britain Movie airplanes sold . '' AOPA Pilot , November 2014 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ `` Battle of Britain Film Focus . '' Kent Film Office . Retrieved : 15 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Mosley 1969 , p. 56 . ^ Jump up to : `` Junkers Ju - 87 G2 494083 / 8474M . '' RAF Museum . Retrieved : 26 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Rudhall 2000 , p. 126 . ^ Jump up to : Rudhall August 1988 , p. 35 . ^ Jump up to : Rudhall May 1988 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` Kent Film Office Battle of Britain Film Focus . '' Kent Film Office . Retrieved : 7 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Battle of Britain DVD , MGM Home Entertainment , Inc. , 2003 ; minute 130 , just before the credits roll Jump up ^ Robinson 1987 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ `` Document 32 . '' Battle of Britain Historical Society . Retrieved : 20 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Those Other Eagles , Shores , ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ `` Alfred Keith Ogilvie Battle of Britain Pilot with 609 Squadron . '' lycos.co.uk . Retrieved : 25 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Deighton , Len . Fighter : The True Story of the Battle of Britain . New York : Ballantine Books , 1979 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 100802 - 8 . Jump up ^ Mosley 1969 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Galland 2005 , pp. 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Baker 1996 , p. 304 . Jump up ^ Mosley 1969 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Mosley 1969 , pp. 122 -- 123 . ^ Jump up to : Tierney 1984 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Conway , Paul . `` Battle of Britain : Ron Goodwin and William Walton . '' Classical Music on the Web . Retrieved : 7 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy 1989 , p. 238 . Jump up ^ Kennedy 1989 , pp. 238 - 239 . Jump up ^ Kennedy 1989 , p. 239 . Jump up ^ ( R.P.C. Corps of Drums ) Jump up ^ The Times , 29 April 1971 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Tierney 1984 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Mackenzie 2007 , pp. 91 - 92 . Jump up ^ The Guinness Book of Box Office Hits ( 1995 ) by Phil Swern ^ Jump up to : `` Dinky Battle of Britain ad . '' flickr.com , 26 May 2011 . Retrieved : 1 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` First Light '' . BBC , 2010 . Retrieved : 7 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Bright , Walter . `` A Brief History of Empire . '' Walter Bright 's Classic Empire website , Kirkland , 2000 . Jump up ^ Whitty , Stephen ( 16 July 2017 ) . `` Chris Nolan on ' Dunkirk , ' and leaving the ' Dark Knight ' behind '' . NJ.com . Archived from the original on 16 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Nolan , Christopher . Dunkirk . Faber & Faber ; Main edition . ISBN 978 - 0571336258 . Bibliography ( edit ) Cooke , Mervyn . A History of Film Music . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 01048 - 1 . Crump , Bill . `` Bandits on Film . '' FlyPast October 2007 . Galland , Adolf . Die Ersten und die Letzten ( The First and the Last ) ( in German ) . Munich : Franz Schneekluth - Verlag Darmstadt , First edition , 1953 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 905643 - 00 - 1 . Galland , Adolf . The First and the Last : Germany 's Fighter Force in WWII ( Fortunes of War ) . South Miami , Florida : Cerberus Press , 2005 . ISBN 1 - 84145 - 020 - 0 . Hankin , Raymond . `` Filming the Battle . '' Flying Review International , Vol. 24 , no . 2 , October 1968 . Kennedy , Michael . Portrait of Walton . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press , 1989 . MacCarron , Donald . `` Mahaddie 's Air Force . '' FlyPast September 1999 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19816 - 705 - 1 . Mackenzie , S.P. The Battle of Britain on Screen : ' The Few ' in British Film and Television Drama . Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7486 - 2390 - 7 . Mosley , Leonard . Battle of Britain : The Story of a Film . London : Pan Books , 1969 . ISBN 0 - 330 - 02357 - 8 . Prins , François . `` Battle of Britain : Making an epic . '' FlyPast August 2009 . Robinson , Anthony . RAF Squadrons in the Battle of Britain . London : Arms and Armour Press Ltd. , 1987 ( republished 1999 by Brockhampton Press ) . ISBN 1 - 86019 - 907 - 0 . Rudhall , Robert . `` The Battle of Britain : The Movie , Part one : Opening Shots . '' Warbirds Worldwide , Number 5 , Volume Two , No. 1 , May 1988 . Rudhall , Robert . `` The Battle of Britain : The Movie , Part two : Lights , Camera 's , ( sic ) Action . '' Warbirds Worldwide , Number 6 , Volume Two , No. 2 , August 1988 . Rudhall , Robert J. Battle of Britain : The Movie . Worcester : Ramrod Productions , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 9519832 - 9 - 6 . Schnepf , Ed , ed . `` The Few : Making the Battle of Britain . '' Air Classics Vol. 6 , No. 4 , April 1970 . Swern , Phil . The Guinness Book of Box Office Hits . Guinness Publishing Ltd , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 85112 - 670 - 7 . Tierney , Neil . William Walton : His Life and Music . London : Robert Hale , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 7 - 0901 - 784 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Battle of Britain ( film ) Battle of Britain on IMDb Battle of Britain at the TCM Movie Database Battle of Britain at AllMovie Battle of Britain at Rotten Tomatoes Battle of Britain a 1969 Flight article Films directed by Guy Hamilton The Ringer ( 1952 ) The Intruder ( 1953 ) An Inspector Calls ( 1954 ) The Colditz Story ( 1955 ) Charley Moon ( 1956 ) Manuela ( 1957 ) The Devil 's Disciple ( 1959 ) A Touch of Larceny ( 1959 ) The Best of Enemies ( 1961 ) Man in the Middle ( 1964 ) Goldfinger ( 1964 ) The Party 's Over ( 1965 ) Funeral in Berlin ( 1966 ) Battle of Britain ( 1969 ) Diamonds Are Forever ( 1971 ) Live and Let Die ( 1973 ) The Man with the Golden Gun ( 1974 ) Force 10 from Navarone ( 1978 ) The Mirror Crack 'd ( 1980 ) Evil Under the Sun ( 1982 ) Remo Williams : The Adventure Begins ( 1985 ) Try This One for Size ( 1989 ) Films produced by Harry Saltzman James Bond films Dr. No ( 1962 ) From Russia with Love ( 1963 ) Goldfinger ( 1964 ) Thunderball ( 1965 ) You Only Live Twice ( 1967 ) On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( 1969 ) Diamonds Are Forever ( 1971 ) Live and Let Die ( 1973 ) The Man with the Golden Gun ( 1974 ) Harry Palmer films The Ipcress File ( 1965 ) Funeral in Berlin ( 1966 ) Billion Dollar Brain ( 1967 ) Other films The Iron Petticoat ( 1956 ) Look Back in Anger ( 1959 ) The Entertainer ( 1960 ) Saturday Night and Sunday Morning ( 1960 ) Call Me Bwana ( 1963 ) A Man Named John ( 1965 ) Chimes at Midnight ( 1966 ) Un monde nouveau ( 1966 ) Battle of Britain ( 1969 ) Play Dirty ( 1969 ) Toomorrow ( 1970 ) Nijinsky ( 1980 ) Documentary Israel : A Right to Live ( 1967 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Britain_(film)&oldid=856208737 '' Categories : 1969 films English - language films 1960s war films British films British war films British epic films British aviation films Battle of Britain films War epic films World War II aviation films World War II films based on actual events Films about shot - down aviators Films directed by Guy Hamilton Films shot at Pinewood Studios United Artists films Films scored by William Walton Films set in England Films set in Germany Films set in 1940 Films produced by Harry Saltzman Films scored by Ron Goodwin Epic films based on actual events Cultural depictions of Adolf Hitler Cultural depictions of Hermann Göring Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aragonés Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 16 : 38 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the battle of britain film made | [
"Battle of Britain is a 1969 British Second World War film directed by Guy Hamilton, and produced by Harry Saltzman and S. Benjamin Fisz. The film documented the events of the Battle of Britain. The film drew many respected British actors to accept roles as key figures of the battle, including Sir Laurence Olivier as Hugh Dowding and Trevor Howard as Keith Park.[2] It also starred Michael Caine, Christopher Plummer and Robert Shaw as Squadron Leaders.[2] The script by James Kennaway and Wilfred Greatorex was based on the book The Narrow Margin by Derek Wood and Derek Dempster.\n"
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"1969"
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-6038696537443517178 | List of governors of Madhya Pradesh | List of governors of Madhya Pradesh - wikipedia List of governors of Madhya Pradesh Jump to : navigation , search Governor of Madhya Pradesh Incumbent Anandiben Patel since January 23 , 2018 Style His Excellency Residence Raj Bhavan ; Bhopal Appointer President of India Term length Five Years Inaugural holder Pattabhi Sitaramayya Formation 15 August 1947 ; 70 years ago ( 1947 - 08 - 15 ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Governors of Madhya Pradesh 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Governors of Madhya Pradesh ( edit ) # Name Took Office Left Office Dr. Pattabhi Sitaramayya 1 November 1956 13 June 1957 Hari Vinayak Pataskar 14 June 1957 10 February 1965 K. Chengalaraya Reddy 11 February 1965 2 February 1966 P.V. Dixit ( Acting ) 2 February 1966 9 February 1966 K. Chengalaraya Reddy 10 February 1966 7 March 1971 6 S.N. Sinha 8 March 1971 13 October 1977 7 N.N. Wanchu 14 October 1977 16 August 1978 8 C.M. Poonacha 17 August 1978 29 April 1980 9 B.D. Sharma 30 April 1980 25 May 1981 10 G.P. Singh ( Acting ) 26 May 1981 9 July 1981 11 B.D. Sharma 10 July 1981 20 September 1983 12 G.P. Singh ( Acting ) 21 September 1983 7 October 1983 13 B.D. Sharma 8 October 1983 14 May 1984 14 Kizhekethil Chandy 15 May 1984 30 November 1987 15 Narayan Dutta Ojha ( Acting ) 1 December 1987 29 December 1987 16 Kizhekethil Chandy 30 December 1987 30 March 1989 17 Sarla Grewal 31 March 1989 5 February 1990 18 M.A. Khan 6 February 1990 23 June 1993 19 Mohammad Shafi Qureshi 24 June 1993 21 April 1998 20 Bhai Mahavir 22 April 1998 6 May 2003 21 Ram Prakash Gupta 7 May 2003 1 May 2004 22 Lt. Gen. K.M. Seth ( Acting ) 2 May 2004 29 June 2004 23 Balram Jakhar 30 June 2004 29 June 2009 24 Rameshwar Thakur 30 June 2009 7 September 2011 25 Ram Naresh Yadav 8 September 2011 7 September 2016 26 Om Prakash Kohli ( Additional charge ) 8 September 2016 January 23 , 2018 27 Anandiben Patel January 23 , 2018 See also ( edit ) Madhya Pradesh Governors of India References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` New Madhya Pradesh governor sworn - in '' . IANS . iNewsOne. 2011 - 09 - 08 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 11 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/Gujarat-governor-OP-Kohli-assumes-office-as-acting-governor-in-Madhya-Pradesh/articleshow/54189276.cms Jump up ^ Anandiben Patel to be Madhya Pradesh 's governor External links ( edit ) State of Madhya Pradesh Capital : Bhopal State symbols Animal : Barasingha Bird : Dudhraj Fish : Mahseer Flower : Lily River : Narmada Tree : Banyan Highest point : Dhupgarh Topics Tourism Governance Governors Chief Ministers Legislative Assembly High Court Police Divisions Bhopal Morena Gwalior Indore Jabalpur Narmadapuram Rewa Sagar Shahdol Ujjain Districts Agar Malwa Alirajpur Anuppur Ashoknagar Balaghat Barwani Betul Bhind Bhopal Burhanpur Chhatarpur Chhindwara Damoh Datia Dewas Dhar Dindori Guna Gwalior Harda Hoshangabad Indore Jabalpur Jhabua Katni Khandwa Khargone Mandla Mandsaur Morena Narsinghpur Neemuch Panna Raisen Rajgarh Ratlam Rewa Sagar Satna Sehore Seoni Shahdol Sidhi Singrauli Shajapur Sheopur Shivpuri Tikamgarh Ujjain Umaria Vidisha Major cities Bhopal Gwalior Indore Jabalpur Ujjain Sagar Rewa Morena Lists of governors , lieutenant governors and administrators of Indian states and union territories ( and current incumbents ) Andaman and Nicobar Devendra Kumar Joshi Andhra Pradesh E.S.L. Narasimhan Arunachal Pradesh B.D. Mishra Assam Jagdish Mukhi Bihar Satya Pal Malik Chandigarh V.P. Singh Badnore Chhattisgarh Balram Das Tandon Dadra and Nagar Haveli Praful Khoda Patel Daman and Diu Praful Khoda Patel Delhi Anil Baijal Goa Mridula Sinha Gujarat Om Prakash Kohli Haryana Kaptan Singh Solanki Himachal Pradesh Acharya Dev Vrat Jammu and Kashmir Narinder Nath Vohra Jharkhand Draupadi Murmu Karnataka Vajubhai Vala Kerala P. Sathasivam Lakshadweep Farooq Khan Madhya Pradesh Anandiben Patel Maharashtra C. Vidyasagar Rao Manipur Najma Heptulla Meghalaya Ganga Prasad Mizoram Kummanam Rajasekharan Nagaland Padmanabha Acharya Odisha Ganeshi Lal Puducherry Kiran Bedi Punjab V.P. Singh Badnore Rajasthan Kalyan Singh Sikkim Shriniwas Patil Tamil Nadu Banwarilal Purohit Telangana E.S.L. Narasimhan Tripura Tathagata Roy Uttar Pradesh Ram Naik Uttarakhand Krishan Kant Paul West Bengal Keshari Nath Tripathi Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_governors_of_Madhya_Pradesh&oldid=834184083 '' Categories : Lists of governors of Indian states Governors of Madhya Pradesh Madhya Pradesh - related lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français हिन्दी Nederlands தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 11 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the governor of madhya pradesh now | [
"\n\nGovernor of Madhya Pradesh\n\n\n\nIncumbent\nAnandiben Patel\nsince January 23, 2018\n\n\n\nStyle\nHis Excellency\n\n\nResidence\nRaj Bhavan; Bhopal\n\n\nAppointer\nPresident of India\n\n\nTerm length\nFive Years\n\n\nInaugural holder\nPattabhi Sitaramayya\n\n\nFormation\n15 August 1947; 70 years ago (1947-08-15)\n\n"
] | [
"Anandiben Patel"
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-1622112580813591413 | Parable of the Prodigal Son | Parable of the Prodigal Son - wikipedia Parable of the Prodigal Son `` Prodigal son '' redirects here . For other uses , see The Prodigal Son ( disambiguation ) . `` The Return of the Prodigal Son '' redirects here . For the painting by Rembrandt , see The Return of the Prodigal Son ( Rembrandt ) . For Egyptian film by Youssef Chahine , see The Return of the Prodigal Son ( film ) . The Return of the Prodigal Son ( 1773 ) by Pompeo Batoni The Parable of the Prodigal Son ( also known as the Two Brothers , Lost Son , Loving Father , or Lovesick Father ) is one of the parables of Jesus and appears in Luke 15 : 11 -- 32 . Jesus Christ shares it with his disciples , the Pharisees and others . In the story , a father has two sons , a younger and an older . The younger son asks the father for his inheritance , and the father grants his son 's request . However , the younger son is prodigal ( i.e. , wasteful and extravagant ) and squanders his fortune , eventually becoming destitute . The younger son is forced to return home empty - handed and intends to beg his father to accept him back as a servant . To the son 's surprise , he is not scorned by his father but is welcomed back with celebration and fanfare . Envious , the older son refuses to participate in the festivities . The father reminds the older son that one day he will inherit everything , and that they should still celebrate the return of the younger son because he was lost and is now found . It is the third and final part of a cycle on redemption , following the Parable of the Lost Sheep and the Parable of the Lost Coin . In Revised Common Lectionary and Latin Rite Catholic Lectionary , this parable is read on the fourth Sunday of Lent ( in Year C ) ; in the latter it is also included in the long form of the Gospel on the 24th Sunday of Ordinary Time in Year C , along with the preceding two parables of the cycle . In the Eastern Orthodox Church it is read on the Sunday of the Prodigal Son . James Tissot -- The Return of the Prodigal Son ( Le retour de l'enfant prodigue ) -- Brooklyn Museum The parable begins with a young man , the younger of two sons , who asks his father to give him his share of the estate . The implication is the son could not wait for his father 's death for his inheritance , he wanted it immediately . The father agrees and divides his estate between both sons . Upon receiving his portion of the inheritance , the younger son travels to a distant country and wastes all his money in extravagant living . Immediately thereafter , a famine strikes the land ; he becomes desperately poor and is forced to take work as a swineherd . ( This , too , would have been abhorrent to Jesus ' Jewish audience , who considered swine unclean animals . ) When he reaches the point of envying the food of the pigs he is watching , he finally comes to his senses : But when he came to himself he said , `` How many hired servants of my father 's have bread enough to spare , and I 'm dying with hunger ! I will get up and go to my father , and will tell him , ' Father , I have sinned against heaven , and in your sight . I am no more worthy to be called your son . Make me as one of your hired servants . ' '' He arose , and came to his father . But while he was still far off , his father saw him , and was moved with compassion , and ran towards him , and fell on his neck , and kissed him . -- Luke 15 : 17 -- 20 , World English Bible This implies the father was hopefully watching for the son 's return . The son does not even have time to finish his rehearsed speech , since the father calls for his servants to dress him in a fine robe , a ring , and sandals , and slaughter the `` fattened calf '' for a celebratory meal . The older son , who was at work in the fields , hears the sound of celebration , and is told about the return of his younger brother . He is not impressed , and becomes angry . He also has a speech for his father : But he answered his father , `` Behold , these many years I have served you , and I never disobeyed a commandment of yours , but you never gave me a goat , that I might celebrate with my friends . But when this , your son , came , who has devoured your living with prostitutes , you killed the fattened calf for him . '' -- Luke 15 : 29 -- 30 , World English Bible The parable concludes with the father explaining that because the younger son had returned , in a sense , from the dead , celebration was necessary : `` But it was appropriate to celebrate and be glad , for this , your brother , was dead , and is alive again . He was lost , and is found . '' -- Luke 15 : 32 , World English Bible Contents 1 Context and interpretation 2 Commemoration and use 2.1 Orthodox 2.2 Catholic 3 In the arts 3.1 Art 3.2 Stage 3.3 Popular music 3.4 Literature 4 Similar parable in Mahayana Buddhism 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Context and interpretation ( edit ) Engraving of the Prodigal Son as a swineherd by Hans Sebald Beham , 1538 . This is the last of three parables about loss and redemption , following the parable of the Lost Sheep and the parable of the Lost Coin , that Jesus tells after the Pharisees and religious leaders accuse him of welcoming and eating with `` sinners . '' The father 's joy described in the parable reflects divine love , the `` boundless mercy of God '' , and `` God 's refusal to limit the measure of his grace . '' The request of the younger son for his share of the inheritance is `` brash , even insolent '' and `` tantamount to wishing that the father was dead . '' His actions do not lead to success , and he eventually becomes an indentured servant , with the degrading job of looking after pigs , and even envying them for the carob pods they eat . On the son 's return , the father treats him with a generosity far more than he has a right to expect . The older son , in contrast , seems to think in terms of `` law , merit , and reward '' , rather than `` love and graciousness . '' He may represent the Pharisees who were criticizing Jesus . The father , who represents the Heavenly Father , implies to the older son that his love for both sons is not dependent upon their perfection , but their willingness to return to Him with a broken heart and a contrite spirit . Commemoration and Use ( edit ) Stained glass window based on the parable , Charleston , South Carolina . Orthodox ( edit ) The Eastern Orthodox Church traditionally reads this story on the Sunday of the Prodigal Son , which in their liturgical year is the Sunday before Meatfare Sunday and about two weeks before the beginning of Great Lent . One common kontakion hymn of the occasion reads , I have recklessly forgotten Your glory , O Father ; And among sinners I have scattered the riches which You gave to me . And now I cry to You as the Prodigal : I have sinned before You , O merciful Father ; Receive me as a penitent and make me as one of Your hired servants . Catholic ( edit ) In his 1984 apostolic exhortation titled Reconciliatio et paenitentia ( Latin for Reconciliation and Penance ) , Pope John Paul II used this parable to explain the process of conversion and reconciliation . Emphasizing that God the Father is `` rich in mercy '' and always ready to forgive , he stated that reconciliation is a gift on his part . He stated that for the Church her `` mission of reconciliation is the initiative , full of compassionate love and mercy , of that God who is love . '' He also explored the issues raised by this parable in his second encyclical , Dives in misericordia ( Latin for Rich in Mercy ) , issued in 1980 . In the arts ( edit ) Rembrandt , The Return of the Prodigal Son , 1662 -- 1669 ( Hermitage Museum , St Petersburg ) Gerard van Honthorst , 1623 , like many works of the period , allows a genre scene with moral content . The Polish Rider ; possibly the prodigal son . The subject is of much discussion . Art ( edit ) Of the thirty or so parables in the canonical Gospels , this was one of the four that were shown in medieval art almost to the exclusion of the others , but not mixed in with the narrative scenes of the Life of Christ ( the others were the Wise and Foolish Virgins , Dives and Lazarus , and the Good Samaritan . The Labourers in the Vineyard also appears in Early Medieval works ) . From the Renaissance the numbers shown widened slightly , and the various scenes -- the high living , herding the pigs , and the return -- of the Prodigal Son became the clear favourite . Albrecht Dürer made a famous engraving of the Prodigal Son amongst the pigs ( 1496 ) , a popular subject in the Northern Renaissance . Rembrandt depicted several scenes from the parable , especially the final episode , which he etched , drew , or painted on several occasions during his career . At least one of his works , The Prodigal Son in the Tavern , a portrait of himself as the Son , revelling with his wife , is like many artists ' depictions , a way of dignifying a genre tavern scene -- if the title was indeed the original intention of the artist . His late Return of the Prodigal Son ( 1662 -- 1669 , Hermitage Museum , St Petersburg ) is one of his most popular works . Stage ( edit ) In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries the theme was a sufficiently popular subject that the Prodigal Son Play can be seen as a subgenre of the English morality play . Examples include The Rare Triumphs of Love and Fortune , The Disobedient Child , and Acolastus . Notable adaptations for performance include an 1869 oratorio by Arthur Sullivan , an 1884 cantata by Claude Debussy , a 1929 ballet choreographed by George Balanchine to music written by Sergei Prokofiev , a 1957 ballet by Hugo Alfvén , and an opera , The Prodigal Son by Benjamin Britten ( 1968 ) . Many of these adaptations added to the Biblical material to lengthen the story ; for example , the 1955 film The Prodigal took considerable liberties , such as adding a temptress priestess of Astarte to the tale . Popular music ( edit ) The parable is referenced in the last verse of the traditional Irish folk tune `` The Wild Rover '' ( `` I 'll go home to me parents , confess what I 've done / and I 'll ask them to pardon their prodigal son '' ) . Oblique adaptations include that by the Reverend Robert Wilkins , who told the story of this parable in the song `` Prodigal Son '' , which is probably best known as a cover version by the Rolling Stones on their 1968 album Beggar 's Banquet . `` Prodigal Man '' was written by Ted Nugent and is the second track of the third album `` Migration '' by The Amboy Dukes and was released in 1969 . The Osmonds present a version of the parable in their 1973 hit song `` Let Me In , '' from their Mormon concept album The Plan . The British heavy metal band Iron Maiden recorded a song titled `` Prodigal Son '' , based on the parable of the same name , which appeared on their second release , Killers , in 1981 . U2 recorded a song titled `` The First Time '' on their 1993 album Zooropa . While based on the parable , it presents the idea of an alternate ending to the story . It could be argued that Kelly Willard 's 1982 song , Make Me A Servant is based on what the son said to his father when he returned home . `` The Prodigal Son Suite '' from the album The Prodigal Son is one of the first posthumous releases by the late piano player and gospel singer Keith Green in 1983 . Detroit musician , Kid Rock , also recorded a song titled `` Prodigal Son '' , which appeared on his second album The Polyfuze Method , in 1993 . Kid Rock later re-recorded the track for his 2000 album The History of Rock . The Christian Rock trio BarlowGirl recorded the song `` She Walked Away '' , influenced by the parable , as part of their 2004 self - titled album . `` Indie '' rock band Two Gallants covered the parable in the song `` The Prodigal Son '' on their 2006 album What the Toll Tells . Musician Dustin Kensrue wrote a song about the Prodigal Son entitled `` Please Come Home '' on the album of the same name released in 2007 . Rock band Sevendust has a track titled `` Prodigal Son '' on their 2008 album , Chapter VII : Hope and Sorrow . The band Bad Religion has a song of the same title on their album New Maps of Hell . The band Extreme recorded a song titled `` Who Cares ? '' , which appeared on the album III Sides to Every Story , which is influenced by this parable . Brantley Gilbert released a song called `` Modern Day Prodigal Son '' . British Reggae band Steel Pulse recorded a song titled `` Prodigal Son '' on their debut album Handsworth Revolution , recreating the Biblical story as a Rastafarian parable . The Post-Hardcore band `` Gideon '' released a song called `` Prodigal Son '' , which appeared on their second album Milestone . Christian rock outfit The Chinese Express opened and closed their 2006 release with a two part telling of the parable with songs titled `` Said the son to the Father '' and `` Said the Father to the Son '' . Post-hardcore band `` Jamie 's Elsewhere '' also released a song titled `` Prodigal Son '' . The Irish rap group House of Pain references the parable in one of the verses of their song , `` Jump Around '' . English indie rock band alt - J references the parable in the first verse of their song `` Left Hand Free '' . On their 2015 album Something Different , the Christian band Sidewalk Prophets included an uplifting song titled `` Prodigal '' with lyrics that are directed towards the Prodigal Son from the parable , or any person who is or has felt like they are in a similar situation . In 2006 Country artist Dierks Bentley wrote a song for his album `` Long Trip Alone '' entitled `` The Prodigal Son 's Prayer '' . The song is based on the son 's prospective of coming home after he 's ruined himself in the world . Gospel artists Tribute Quartet released `` When the Prodigal Comes Home '' in 2016 . Literature ( edit ) The Return of the Prodigal Son ( Leonello Spada , Louvre , Paris ) Another literary tribute to this parable is Dutch theologian Henri Nouwen 's 1992 book , The Return of the Prodigal Son : A Story of Homecoming , in which he describes his own spiritual journey infused with understanding based on an encounter with Rembrandt 's painting of the return of the Prodigal and deals with three personages : the younger , prodigal son ; the self - righteous , resentful older son ; and the compassionate father -- all of whom the author identifies with personally . An earlier work with similarities to the parable is `` Le retour de l'enfant prodigue '' ( `` The Return of the Prodigal Son '' ) , a short story by André Gide . Rudyard Kipling wrote a poem giving an interpretation of the younger brother 's perspective . The Parable of the Prodigal Son is also a recurring theme in the works of Rainer Maria Rilke , who interpreted the parable in a different way to the conventional reading . His version of the parable was not so concerned with redemption and the forgiveness of family ; the love of the family , and human love in general , was seen as less worthy than unreciprocated love , which is the purest form of love . In loving the family less , the Son can love God more , even if this love is not returned . The theme of the Prodigal Son plays a major role in Anne Tyler 's novel A Spool of Blue Thread . The Prodigal Son was also referred to in the play The Merchant Of Venice as well as As You Like It , pastoral comedies by William Shakespeare . The Prodigal Son is also mentioned in Shakespeare 's romance , The Winter 's Tale ( Act 4 , Scene 4 line 89 ) . Similar parable in Mahayana buddhism ( edit ) A similar parable of a lost son can also be found in the Mahayana Buddhist Lotus Sutra . The two parables are so similar in their outline and many details that several scholars have assumed that one version has influenced the other or that both texts share a common origin . However , an influence of the biblical story on the Lotus sutra is regarded as unlikely given the early dating of the stratum of the sutra containing the Buddhist parable . In spite of their similarities , both parables continue differently after the two meet for the first time at the son 's return . In the biblical story , there is an immediate reunion of the two . In contrast , in the Lotus sutra , the poor son does not recognize the rich man as his father . When the father sends out some attendants to welcome the son , the son panics , fearing some kind of retribution . The father then lets the son leave without telling him of their kinship . However , he gradually draws the son closer to him by employing him in successively higher positions , only to tell him of their kinship in the end . In the Buddhist parable , the father symbolises the Buddha , and the son symbolises any human being . Their kinship symbolises that any being has Buddha nature . The concealment of the kinship of the father to his son is regarded as a skillful means ( Sanskrit : upāya ) . See also ( edit ) Ministry of Jesus References ( edit ) Jump up ^ BibleGateway. 2016 . Luke 15 : 11 -- 32 The Parable of the Lost Son - Jesus . Jump up ^ BibleGateway. 2016 . Parable of the Forgiving Father ( 15 : 11 - 32 ) - The IVP New Testament Commentary Series Jump up ^ `` Lent 4C '' . TextWeek.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Proper 19 ( 24th Sunday of Ordinary Time ) '' . TextWeek.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Richard N. Longenecker , The Challenge of Jesus ' Parables , Eerdmans , 2000 , ISBN 0 - 8028 - 4638 - 6 , pp. 201 -- 213 . Jump up ^ Scott Hahn , Curtis Mitch , and Dennis Walters , Gospel of Luke : The Ignatius Study Guide , 2nd ed , Ignatius Press , 2001 , ISBN 0 - 89870 - 819 - 2 , p. 51 . ^ Jump up to : Arland J. Hultgren , The Parables of Jesus : A Commentary , Eerdmans Publishing , 2002 , ISBN 0 - 8028 - 6077 - X , pp. 70 -- 82 . Jump up ^ `` Scripture Readings Throughout the Year '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ The post-synodal apostolic exhortations of John Paul II by Catholic Church 1998 ISBN 0 - 87973 - 928 - 2 pages 234 -- 239 Jump up ^ `` Vatican website ' ' Reconciliatio et paenitentia ' ' '' . Vatican.va . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Vatican website ' ' Dives in misericordia ' ' '' . Vatican . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Emile Mâle , The Gothic Image : Religious Art in France of the Thirteenth Century , p 195 , English translation of 3rd ed , 1913 , Collins , London ( and many other editions ) , ISBN 978 - 0064300322 Jump up ^ Roland E. Fleischer and Susan C. Scott , Rembrandt , Rubens , and the art of their time : recent perspectives , Pennsylvania State University Press , 1997 , ISBN 0 - 915773 - 10 - 4 , pp. 64 - 65 . Jump up ^ Craig , Hardin ( April 1950 ) . `` Morality Plays and Elizabethan Drama '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . 1 ( 2 ) : 71 . doi : 10.2307 / 2866678 . ISSN 0037 - 3222 . Jump up ^ Don Michael Randel , The Harvard Biographical Dictionary of Music , Harvard University Press , 1996 , ISBN 0 - 674 - 37299 - 9 , pp. 13 - 14 , Jump up ^ Paul Hammond , The shadow and its shadow : surrealist writings on the cinema , 3rd ed , City Lights Books , 2000 , ISBN 0 - 87286 - 376 - X , p. 70 . Jump up ^ BarlowGirl by BarlowGirl CD review at NewReleaseTuesday.com Jump up ^ Dustin Kensrue at YouthMinistry.com Jump up ^ Deirdre LaNoue , The Spiritual Legacy of Henri Nouwen , Continuum , 2000 , ISBN 0 - 8264 - 1283 - 1 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Turnell , Martin . `` André Gide and the Disintegration of the Protestant Cell '' . Yale French Studies . Yale University Press ( 7 ) : 21 -- 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Prodigal Son '' . Famouspoetsandpoems.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Andrew Keith Malcolm Adam , Postmodern Interpretations of the Bible : A reader , Chalice Press , 2001 , ISBN 0 - 8272 - 2970 - 4 , pp. 202 -- 203 . Jump up ^ Books.google.co.uk . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Books.google.co.uk . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Sinkler , Rebecca Pepper ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Book Review : ' A Spool of Blue Thread ' by Anne Tyler '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lotus Sutra , Chapter 4 , translated By H. Kern Jump up ^ Suzuki , Takayasu ( 2015 ) . Two parables on `` The wealthy father and the poor son '' in the Saddharmapundarika and the Mahaberisutra , Journal of Indian and Budddhist Studies 63 ( 3 ) , 169 - 176 ^ Jump up to : Lai , Whalen W . `` The Buddhist Prodigal Son ' : A Story of Misperceptions '' . Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 4.2 ( 1981 ) , p. 91 Jump up ^ Nhất Hạnh , Thích ( 2003 ) . Opening the Heart of the Cosmos . Parallax Press . pp. 37 -- 41 . ISBN 9781888375336 . Further reading ( edit ) Wiggins , James , 2010 . What Did Jesus Teach ? A Detailed Survey of His Parables ISBN 978 - 1477699065 David A. Holgate , Prodigality , liberality and meanness in the parable of the prodigal son : a Greco - Roman perspective on Luke 15.11 - 32 , Continuum , 1999 , ISBN 1 - 84127 - 025 - 3 . Father Raniero Cantalamessa , Pontifical Household preacher , `` Comments on Fourth Sunday of Lent Readings '' , Zenit News Agency , March 17 , 2007 . Rev. George Dimopoulos , `` The Prodigal Son '' , Orthodoxy and the world , February 24 , 2008 . G. Campbell Morgan , The Parable of the Father 's Heart . E. Di Rocco ( a cura di ) , Il romanzo della misericordia . La parabola del figliol prodigo nella letteratura in Studium , 4 ( 2013 ) , no 109 E. Di Rocco , Leggere le Scritture con le Scritture : Ugo di Santo Caro e Nicola di Lira lettori di Luca ( 15 , 11 - 32 ) , in Studium , 4 ( 2013 ) , no 109 . E. Di Rocco ( a cura di ) , Il romanzo della misericordia . La parabola di Luca nella letteratura moderna e contemporanea. in Studium , 2 ( 2014 ) , no 110 . E. Di Rocco , Heimkehr : wohin ? , Auszug : wohin ? : la parabola esistenziale del figliol prodigo nella letteratura del Novecento. in Studium , 2 ( 2014 ) , no 110 . External links ( edit ) Brooks , David . `` The Prodigal Sons '' , The New York Times , February 17 , 2014 Media related to Prodigal son at Wikimedia Commons Jesus Historicity Chronology of Jesus Genealogy of Jesus Historical Jesus Quest for the historical Jesus portraits sources Josephus on Jesus Tacitus mention Mara bar Serapion letter Historicity Gospels race and appearance Life events Birth Nativity Mary Joseph Flight into Egypt Childhood Unknown years Baptism Temptation Apostles selecting Great Commission Ministry Sermon on the Mount / Plain Beatitudes Prayers Lord 's Prayer Parables Miracles Transfiguration Homelessness Last Supper Passion arrest trial Crucifixion sayings on the cross Tomb Resurrection Ascension New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke Gospel harmony Oral gospel traditions Life of Jesus in the New Testament Historical background of the New Testament New Testament places associated with Jesus Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament Culture Language of Jesus Bibliography Films Christianity Christ Christianity Christology Depictions of Jesus art Jesus in Christianity pre-existence incarnation Relics associated with Jesus Scholastic Lutheran Christology Second Coming Session of Christ Other views Brothers of Jesus Holy Family Jesuism Jesus in comparative mythology Christ myth theory Jesus in Islam Ahmadiyya Jesus in Scientology Judaism 's view of Jesus in the Talmud Master Jesus Religious perspectives on Jesus Criticism Parables of Jesus Canonical Gospels Barren Fig Tree Budding Fig Tree Counting the cost Drawing in the Net Faithful Servant Friend at Night Good Samaritan Good Shepherd Great Banquet Growing Seed Hidden Treasure Lamp Leaven Lost Coin Lost Sheep Master and Servant Mustard Seed New Wine into Old Wineskins Pearl Pharisee and the Publican Prodigal Son Rich Fool Rich man and Lazarus Scribe Sheep and Goats Sower Strong Man Talents or minas Tares Ten Virgins True Vine Tree and its Fruits Two Debtors Two Sons Unjust Judge Unjust Steward Unforgiving Servant Wedding Feast Wicked Husbandmen Wise and Foolish Builders Workers in the Vineyard Non-canonical / disputed Assassin Empty Jar The Parable of the Prodigal Son in arts and culture Source Luke 15 Parables of Jesus Art The Wayfarer ( 1500s ) The Prodigal Son in the Brothel ( 1637 ) The Return of the Prodigal Son ( 1660s ) The Prodigal Son ( 1922 ) Film L'Enfant prodigue ( 1907 ) The Prodigal ( 1955 ) The Gospel ( 2005 ) The Prodigal Trilogy ( 2008 ) The Imposter ( 2008 ) Preacher 's Kid ( 2010 ) Stage The London Prodigal ( 1605 play ) The Prodigal Son ( 1929 ballet ) Opera L'enfant prodigue ( 1850 ) The Prodigal Son ( 1968 ) Music The Prodigal Son ( 1869 ) L'enfant prodigue ( 1884 ) Songs Symphony No. 4 `` Walkin ' to Missouri '' ( 1952 ) `` Prodigal Son '' ( 1994 ) Album Ants'hillvania ( 1981 ) The Prodigal Son ( 1983 ) Literature Tears of the Prodigal Son ( 1622 ) Le retour de l'enfant prodigue ( 1907 ) `` Home - Coming '' Papal Dives in misericordia ( 1980 ) Reconciliatio et paenitentia ( 1984 ) Other Fatted calf The Wonderful Wizard of Ha 's ( 2007 ) `` Michael '' `` The Burglar 's Christmas '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parable_of_the_Prodigal_Son&oldid=851199282 '' Categories : Parables of Jesus Eastern Orthodox liturgical days Gospel of Luke Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Frysk Gaeilge गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lumbaart മലയാളം مصرى မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本 語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Runa Simi Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 Zeêuws 中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 July 2018 , at 18 : 45 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | verse in the bible about the prodigal son | [
"The Parable of the Prodigal Son (also known as the Two Brothers, Lost Son, Loving Father, or Lovesick Father)[1][2] is one of the parables of Jesus and appears in Luke 15:11–32. Jesus Christ shares it with his disciples, the Pharisees and others.\n"
] | [
"Luke 15:11–32"
] |
2623371693301572480 | Plasmodium | Plasmodium - wikipedia Plasmodium Jump to : navigation , search For the multinucleate stage of some microorganisms , see plasmodium ( life cycle ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Plasmodium False - colored electron micrograph of a Plasmodium sp . sporozoite . Scientific classification Domain : Eukaryota ( unranked ) : SAR ( unranked ) : Alveolata Phylum : Apicomplexa Class : Aconoidasida Order : Haemosporida Family : Plasmodiidae Genus : Plasmodium Marchiafava & Celli , 1885 Species about 200 Plasmodium is a genus of parasitic alveolates , many of which cause malaria in their hosts . The parasite always has two hosts in its life cycle : a Dipteran insect host and a vertebrate host . Sexual reproduction always occurs in the insect , making it the definitive host . The life - cycles of Plasmodium species involve several different stages both in the insect and the vertebrate host . These stages include sporozoites , which are injected by the insect vector into the vertebrate host 's blood . Sporozoites infect the host liver , giving rise to merozoites and ( in some species ) hypnozoites . These move into the blood where they infect red blood cells . In the red blood cells , the parasites can either form more merozoites to infect more red blood cells , or produce gametocytes which are taken up by insects which feed on the vertebrate host . In the insect host , gametocytes merge to sexually reproduce . After sexual reproduction , parasites grow into new sporozoites , which move to the insect 's salivary glands , from which they can infect a vertebrate host bitten by the insect . The genus Plasmodium was first described in 1885 . It now contains about 200 species , which are spread across the world where both the insect and vertebrate hosts are present . Five species regularly infect humans , while many others infect birds , reptiles , rodents , and various primates . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Life cycle 3 Description 4 Taxonomy 4.1 Evolution 4.2 Subgenera 5 Hosts 5.1 Humans 5.2 Non-human primates 5.3 Non-primate mammals 5.4 Birds 5.5 Reptiles 5.6 Insects 5.7 Species reclassified into other genera 6 Link to Ebola virus 7 Terminology 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 10.1 Identification 10.2 Biology 10.3 History 11 External links History ( edit ) Plasmodium was first identified when Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran described parasites in the blood of malaria patients in 1880 . He named the parasite Oscillaria malariae . The fact that several species may be involved in causing different forms of malaria was first recognized by Camillo Golgi in 1886 . Soon thereafter , Giovanni Batista Grassi and Raimondo Filetti named the parasites causing two different types of human malaria Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium malariae . In 1897 , William Welch identified and named Plasmodium falciparum . This was followed by the recognition of the other two species of Plasmodium which infect humans : Plasmodium ovale ( 1922 ) and Plasmodium knowlesi ( identified in long - tailed macaques in 1931 ; in humans in 1965 ) . The contribution of insect hosts to the Plasmodium life cycle was described in 1897 by Ronald Ross and in 1899 by Giovanni Batista Grassi , Amico Bignami and Giuseppe Bastianelli . Life cycle ( edit ) Further information : Malaria The life cycle of malaria parasites . Parasites enter the vertebrate host through a mosquito bite . Sporozoites enter the skin and travel through the bloodstream to the liver , where they multiply into merozoites , which return to the bloodstream . Merozoites infect red blood cells , where they develop through several stages to produce either more merozoites , or gametocytes . Gametocytes are taken up by a mosquito and infect the insect , continuing the life cycle . The life cycle of Plasmodium involves several distinct stages in the insect and vertebrate hosts . In infected mosquitoes , parasites in the salivary gland are called sporozoites . When the mosquito bites a vertebrate host , sporozoites are injected into the host with the saliva . From there , the sporozoites enter the bloodstream and are transported to the liver , where they invade and replicate within hepatocytes . At this point , some species of Plasmodium can form a long - lived dormant stage called a hypnozoite which can remain in the liver for many years . The parasites that emerge from infected hepatocytes are called merozoites , and these return to the blood to infect red blood cells . Within the red blood cells , the merozoites grow first to a ring - shaped form and then to a larger form called a trophozoite . Trophozoites then mature to schizonts which divide several times to produce new merozoites . The infected red blood cell eventually bursts , allowing the new merozoites to travel within the bloodstream to infect new red blood cells . Most merozoites continue this replicative cycle , however some merozoites upon infecting red blood cells differentiate into male or female sexual forms called gametocytes . These gametocytes circulate in the blood until they are taken up when a mosquito feeds on the infected vertebrate host , taking up blood which includes the gametocytes . In the mosquito , the gametocytes move along with the blood meal to the mosquito 's midgut . Here the gametocytes develop into male and female gametes which fertilize each other , forming a zygote . Zygotes then develop into a motile form called an ookinete , which penetrates the wall of the midgut . Upon traversing the midgut wall , the ookinete embeds into the gut 's exterior membrane and develops into an oocyst . Oocysts divide many times to produce large numbers of small elongated sporozoites . These sporozoites migrate to the salivary glands of the mosquito where they can be injected into the blood of the next host the mosquito bites , repeating the cycle . Description ( edit ) Plasmodium is a Eukaryote but with unusual features Plasmodium species each have 14 chromosomes in the nucleus , as well as genetic material in the mitochondrion and in the apicoplast . The chromosomes vary from 500 kilobases to 3.5 megabases in length . The apicoplast is involved in isoprenoid metabolism , Fe - S cluster synthesis , fatty acid synthesis , and phospholipid biosynthesis . On a molecular level , the parasite damages red blood cells using plasmepsin enzymes -- aspartic acid proteases which degrade hemoglobin . Taxonomy ( edit ) Plasmodium is a member of the family Plasmodiidae , order Haemosporidia and phylum Apicomplexa which , along with dinoflagellates and ciliates , make up the taxonomic group Alveolata . Plasmodium species were originally classified into subgenera based on their morphology , location , and host specificity . However , more recent studies of Plasmodium species using molecular methods have occasionally given results which conflict with the original taxonomic system . Evolution ( edit ) Evolutionary relationships of species within the genus Plasmodium have been controversial . Plasmodium species were originally divided by morphology , life - cycle characteristics , and host species . However , modern molecular approaches for determining evolutionary relationships have given results which conflict with older classification methods . Many attempts to clarify Plasmodium taxonomy with molecular methods have also run into technical challenges . Ribosomal RNA sequencing , which is often used in other organisms to determine evolutionary relationships , is challenging to interpret from Plasmodium species as they maintain several different copies of ribosomal RNA which are expressed at different stages of the life cycle and which may be able to recombine with one another . Another commonly used marker for evolutionary studies has been the circumsporozoite protein ( CSP ) which is present in all Plasmodium species . However , analyses of CSP sequences are complicated by the fact that the sequence of CSP , which is present on the surface of the parasite during infection , is under heavy selective pressure from the host immune system . This could potentially obscure relevant changes . Environmental factors play a considerable role in the evolution of Plasmodium and the transmission of malaria . The genetic information of Plasmodium falciparum has signaled a recent expansion that coincides with the agricultural revolution . It is likely that the development of extensive agriculture increased mosquito population densities by giving rise to more breeding sites , which may have triggered the evolution and expansion of Plasmodium falciparum . There are over one hundred species of mosquito - transmitted Plasmodium . The phylogeny of these malarial parasites suggests that the Plasmodium of mammalian hosts forms a well - defined clade strongly associated with the specialization to the Anopheles mosquito vector . This was a major evolutionary transition that allowed Plasmodium to exploit humans and other mammals . P. falciparum , the most lethal malaria parasite of humans , evolved from a `` nearly identical '' parasite of western gorillas . The high mortality and morbidity caused by malaria -- especially that caused by P. falciparum -- has placed the greatest selective pressure on the human genome in recent history . Several genetic factors provide some resistance to Plasmodium infection , including sickle cell trait , thalassaemia traits , glucose - 6 - phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency , and the absence of Duffy antigens on red blood cells . Although there are therapeutic medications to treat malaria , Plasmodium has accumulated increasing drug resistance over time . A recent examination has shown that even artemisinin , one of the most powerful anti-malarial drugs , has been experiencing decreased efficacy due to the development of resistance . Subgenera ( edit ) Plasmodium species have been subdivided into subgenera , which group species of similar morphology and with similar hosts . Subgenus Asiamoeba ( lizards ) Subgenus Bennettinia ( birds ) Subgenus Carinamoeba ( reptiles ) Subgenus Giovannolaia ( birds ) Subgenus Haemamoeba ( birds ) Subgenus Huffia ( birds ) Subgenus Lacertamoeba ( reptiles ) Subgenus Laverania ( higher primates ) Subgenus Novyella ( birds ) Subgenus Paraplasmodium ( lizards ) Subgenus Plasmodium ( monkeys , higher primates ) Subgenus Sauramoeba ( reptiles ) Subgenus Vinckeia ( non-primate mammals ) Species infecting monkeys and apes ( the higher primates ) with the exceptions of P. falciparum and P. reichenowi ( which together make up the subgenus Laverania ) are classified in the subgenus Plasmodium . Parasites infecting other mammals including lower primates ( lemurs and others ) are classified in the subgenus Vinckeia . The distinction between P. falciparum and P. reichenowi and the other species infecting higher primates was based on morphological findings but have since been confirmed by DNA analysis . The four subgenera Giovannolaia , Haemamoeba , Huffia and Novyella were created by Corradetti et al. for the known avian malarial species . A fifth -- Bennettinia -- was created in 1997 by Valkiunas . The relationships between the subgenera are a matter of current investigation . P. juxtanucleare is the only member of the subgenus Bennettinia . Unlike the mammalian and bird malarias those affecting reptiles have been more difficult to classify . In 1966 Garnham classified those with large schizonts as Sauramoeba , those with small schizonts as Carinamoeba and the single then - known species infecting snakes ( Plasmodium wenyoni ) as Ophidiella . In 1988 , Telford used this scheme as the basis for the current system . Hosts ( edit ) All Plasmodium species are parasitic and require both a vertebrate host and an insect host to reproduce . Known vertebrate hosts include various primates ( including humans ) , birds , rodents , bats , porcupines and squirrels . Mosquitoes of the genera Culex , Anopheles , Culiseta , Mansonia and Aedes often serve as insect hosts for various Plasmodium species . Humans ( edit ) Trophozoites of the Plasmodium vivax parasite among human red blood cells The species of Plasmodium that infect humans include : Plasmodium falciparum ( the cause of malignant tertian malaria ) Plasmodium vivax ( the most frequent cause of benign tertian malaria ) Plasmodium ovale ( the other , less frequent , cause of benign tertian malaria ) Plasmodium malariae ( the cause of benign quartan malaria ) Plasmodium knowlesi ( the cause of severe quotidian malaria in South East Asia since 1965 ) P. falciparum , P. vivax , P. ovale , and P. malariae together account for nearly all human infections with Plasmodium species , with P. falciparum accounting for the overwhelming majority of malaria deaths . An increasing number of cases of severe malaria in Southeast Asia have been attributed to P. knowlesi . With the use of the polymerase chain reaction additional species have been identified in humans , although whether these species can regularly infect humans is not known . An experimental infection of a human volunteer with Plasmodium eylesi and Plasmodium cynomolgi has been reported , although the infection was not able to be transferred to another susceptible host , suggesting the parasites may not be able to productively infect humans . A possible infection with Plasmodium tenue has also been reported , however doubts have been raised as to the validity of this diagnosis . Other species which have been reportedly isolated from humans include Plasmodium brasilianum , Plasmodium inui , Plasmodium rhodiani , Plasmodium schweitzi , Plasmodium semiovale , and Plasmodium simium . In addition to humans , P. vivax can infect chimpanzees and orangutans . In these hosts , infection tends to not cause severe disease , but may persist for some time . P. ovale can be transmitted to chimpanzees , and is found in Africa , the Philippines and New Guinea . Non-human primates ( edit ) Main article : Plasmodium species infecting primates Species of Plasmodium infect many primates across the world , such as the brown lemur , Eulemur fulvus , of Madagascar . The species that infect primates other than humans include : P. bouillize , P. brasilianum , P. bucki , P. cercopitheci , P. coatneyi , P. coulangesi , P. cynomolgi , P. eylesi , P. fieldi , P. foleyi , P. fragile , P. girardi , P. georgesi , P. gonderi , P. hylobati , P. inui , P. jefferyi , P. joyeuxi , P. knowlesi , P. lemuris , P. percygarnhami , P. petersi , P. reichenowi , P. rodhaini , P. sandoshami , P. semnopitheci , P. silvaticum , P. simiovale , P. simium , P. uilenbergi , P. vivax and P. youngei . Many Plasmodium species infect more than one primate host species . Primates which have been found to be infected with Plasmodium include species of the genera Alouatta ( also known as howler monkeys ) , Ateles ( spider monkeys ) , Brachyteles ( muriqui or wooly spider monkeys ) , Callicebus ( titi monkeys ) , Chiropotes ( bearded sakis ) , Lagothrix ( woolly monkeys ) , Lemur ( lemurs ) , Macaca ( macaques ) , Pan ( chimpanzees ) , Pongo ( orangutans ) , and Saimiri ( squirrel monkeys ) . The insect hosts of the Plasmodium species which infect primates are various species of Anopheles mosquitoes . Different species of Plasmdodium generally infect different species of mosquito , although some mosquito species can carry several Plasmodium species . Non-primate mammals ( edit ) Main article : Vinckeia Many non-primate mammals , such as mouse - deer ( Tragulus kanchil ) can carry malaria parasites . The subgenus Vinckeia was created by Cyril Garnham to accommodate the mammalian parasites other than those infecting primates . Species infecting lemurs have also been included in this subgenus . Plasmodium species can infect a wide variety of mammals including rodents , ungulates , and bats . Several of the species which infect rodents have been shown to also infect the mosquito Anopheles stephensi . P. aegyptensis , P. bergei , P. chabaudi , P. inopinatum , P. yoelli and P. vinckei infect rodents . P. bergei , P. chabaudi , P. yoelli and P. vinckei have been used to study malarial infections in the laboratory . Other members of this subgenus infect other mammalian hosts . Birds ( edit ) Main article : Plasmodium species infecting birds Many bird species , from raptors to passerines like the red - whiskered bulbul ( Pycnonotus jocosus ) , can carry malaria . Species in five Plasmodium subgenera infect birds -- Bennettinia , Giovannolaia , Haemamoeba , Huffia and Novyella . Giovannolaia appears to be a polyphyletic group and may be sudivided in the future . Species that infect birds include P. accipiteris , P. alloelongatum , P. anasum , P. ashfordi , P. bambusicolai , P. bigueti , P. biziurae , P. buteonis , P. cathemerium , P. circumflexum , P. coggeshalli , P. corradettii , P. coturnix , P. dissanaikei , P. durae , P. elongatum , P. fallax , P forresteri , P. gallinacium , P. garnhami , P. giovannolai , P. griffithsi , P. gundersi , P. guangdong , P. hegneri , P. hermani , P. hexamerium , P. huffi , P. jiangi , P. juxtanucleare , P. kempi , P. lophurae , P. lutzi , P. matutinum , P. nucleophilum , P. papernai , P. paranucleophilum , P. parvulum , P. pediocetti , P. paddae , P. pinotti , P. polare , P. relictum , P. rouxi , P. tenue , P. tejerai , P. tumbayaensis and P. vaughani . These infect a variety of bird species . In general each species of Plasmodium infects one to a few species of birds . Each species is also generally transmitted by a single insect species . Insect hosts include Aedes aegypti , Mansionia crassipes , and various Culex species . Reptiles ( edit ) Main article : Plasmodium species infecting reptiles Over 3000 species of lizard , including the Carolina anole ( Anolis carolinensis ) , carry some 90 kinds of malaria . Species in the subgenera Asiamoeba , Carinamoeba , Lacertaemoba , Paraplasmodium and Sauramoeba infect reptiles . These species of Plasmodium include : P. achiotense , P. aeuminatum , P. agamae , P. arachniformis , P. attenuatum , P. aurulentum , P. australis , P. azurophilum , P. balli , P. basilisci , P. beebei , P. beltrani , P. brumpti , P. brygooi , P. chiricahuae , P. circularis , P. cnemaspi , P. cnemidophori , P. colombiense , P. cordyli , P. diminutivum , P. diploglossi , P. egerniae , P. fairchildi , P. floridense , P. gabaldoni , P. giganteum , P. gologoense , P. gracilis , P. guyannense , P. heischi , P. holaspi , P. icipeensis , P. iguanae , P. josephinae , P. kentropyxi , P. lacertiliae , P. lainsoni , P. lepidoptiformis , P. lionatum , P. loveridgei , P. lygosomae , P. mabuiae , P. mackerrasae , P. maculilabre , P. marginatum , P. mexicanum , P. michikoa , P. minasense , P. pelaezi , P. pessoai , P. pifanoi , P. pitmani , P. rhadinurum , P. sasai , P. saurocaudatum , P. scorzai , P. siamense , P. robinsoni , P. sasai , P. scorzai , P. tanzaniae , P. tomodoni , P. torrealbai , P. tribolonoti , P. tropiduri , P. uluguruense , P. uzungwiense , P. vacuolatum , P. vastator , P. volans , P. wenyoni and P. zonuriae . Plasmodium species have been reported from over 3200 species of lizard and 29 species of snake . Only three species -- P. pessoai , P. tomodoni and P. wenyoni -- infect snakes . Species infecting lizards have been reported in relatively few insect hosts , including Lutzomyia and Culicoides species , Culex fatigans and Aedes aegypti . Insects ( edit ) Mosquitoes of the genera Culex , Anopheles , Culiseta , Mansonia and Aedes may act as insect hosts for various Plasmodium species . The best studies of these have been the Anopheles mosquitoes which host Plasmodium parasites that cause human malaria , as well as Culex mosquitoes which host the Plasmodium species that cause malaria in birds . In all cases , only female mosquitoes can be infected with Plasmodium species , since only the females feed on the blood of vertebrate hosts . The survivorship and relative fitness of mosquitoes are not adversely affected by Plasmodium infection , which indicates the importance of vector fitness in shaping the evolution of Plasmodium . Plasmodium has evolved the capability to manipulate mosquito feeding behavior . Mosquitoes harboring Plasmodium have a higher propensity to bite than uninfected mosquitoes . This tendency has facilitated the spread of Plasmodium to the various hosts . Species reclassified into other genera ( edit ) Further information : Hepatocystis and Garnia ( protist ) Several species of Plasmodium have been reclassified , mostly to Hepatocystis . These include : P. epomophori to Hepatocystis epomophori P. kochi to Hepatocystis kochi P. limnotragi to Hepatocystis limnotragi ( Van Denberghe 1937 ) P. pteropi to Hepatocystis pteropi ( Breinl 1911 ) P. ratufae to Hepatocystis ratufae ( Donavan 1920 ) P. vassali to Hepatocystis vassali ( Laveran 1905 ) P. gonatodi to Garnia gonatodi Link to Ebola virus ( edit ) In August 2016 , the National Institute Of Allergy and Infectious Diseases ( NIAID ) came out with a study that showed that people with the Ebola virus were 20 percent more likely to survive it if they were infected with the Plasmodium parasite . The study was published in Clinical Infectious Diseases . Researchers did their work at an ebola treatment unit in Monrovia , Liberia . Researchers also found that the greater the number of Plasmodium parasites in the body , the greater the rate of Ebola survival . NIAID is part of the National Institutes of Health . Terminology ( edit ) The plural of Plasmodium is not Plasmodia ; the genus name is a proper noun . See also ( edit ) Plasmodium molecular tools References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` CDC - Malaria Parasites - About '' . CDC : Malaria . U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` CDC - Malaria Parasites - Biology '' . CDC : Malaria . U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The History of Malaria , an Ancient Disease '' . U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ vanDooren , G ; Striepen , B ( 2013 ) . `` The Algal Past and Parasite Present of Apicoplast '' . Annual Review of Microbiology. 67 : 271 -- 289 . PMID 23808340 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev - micro-092412 - 155741 . ( page link ) . Jump up ^ Morrison , David A. ( 2009 ) . `` Evolution of the Apicomplexa : Where are we now ? '' . Trends in Parasitology. 25 ( 8 ) : 375 -- 82 . PMID 19635681 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pt. 2009.05. 010 . ^ Jump up to : Zilversmit M ; Perkins S. `` Plasmodium '' . Tree of Life Web Project . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Dooren , Giel ; Striepen , Boris ( June 26 , 2013 ) . `` The Algal Past and Parasite Present of the Apicoplast '' . Annual Review of Microbiology. 67 : 271 -- 289 . PMID 23808340 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev - micro-092412 - 155741 . Retrieved 12 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Hume , J.C. ; Lyons , E.J. ; Day , K.P. ( 2003 ) . `` Human migration , mosquitoes and the evolution of Plasmodium falciparum '' . Trends Parasitol. 19 ( 3 ) : 144 -- 9 . PMID 12643998 . doi : 10.1016 / s1471 - 4922 ( 03 ) 00008 - 4 . Jump up ^ Martinsen ES , Perkins SL , Schall JJ ( 2008 ) . `` A three - genome phylogeny of malaria parasites ( Plasmodium and closely related genera ) : evolution of life - history traits and host switches '' . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 47 ( 1 ) : 261 -- 273 . PMID 18248741 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2007.11. 012 . Jump up ^ Yotoko , K.S.C. ; Elisei C. ( November 2006 ) . `` Malaria parasites ( Apicomplexa , Haematozoea ) and their relationships with their hosts : is there an evolutionary cost for the specialization ? '' . J. Zoo . Syst . Evol . Res. 44 ( 4 ) : 265 -- 273 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0469.2006. 00377. x . Jump up ^ Weimin Liu ; Yingying Li ; Gerald H. Learn ; Rebecca S. Rudicell ; Joel D. Robertson ; Brandon F. Keele ; Jean - Bosco N. Ndjango ; Crickette M. Sanz ; David B. Morgan ; Sabrina Locatelli ; Mary K. Gonder ; Philip J. Kranzusch ; Peter D. Walsh ; Eric Delaporte ; Eitel Mpoudi - Ngole ; Alexander V. Georgiev ; Martin N. Muller ; George M. Shaw ; Martine Peeters ; Paul M. Sharp ; Julian C. Rayner ; Beatrice H. Hahn ( 23 September 2010 ) . `` Origin of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum in gorillas '' . Nature . 467 ( 7314 ) : 420 -- 425 . PMC 2997044 . PMID 20864995 . doi : 10.1038 / nature09442 . Jump up ^ Kwiatkowski DP ( 2005 ) . `` How malaria has affected the human genome and what human genetics can teach us about malaria '' . American Journal of Human Genetics . 77 ( 2 ) : 171 -- 92 . PMC 1224522 . PMID 16001361 . doi : 10.1086 / 432519 . Jump up ^ Hedrick PW ( 2011 ) . `` Population genetics of malaria resistance in humans '' . Heredity. 107 ( 4 ) : 283 -- 304 . PMC 3182497 . PMID 21427751 . doi : 10.1038 / hdy. 2011.16 . Jump up ^ Ashley , E.A. ; Dhorda , M. ; Fairhurst , R.M. ; et al. ( 2014 ) . `` Spread of artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria '' . N Engl J Med. 371 ( 5 ) : 411 -- 23 . PMC 4143591 . PMID 25075834 . doi : 10.1056 / nejmoa1314981 . Jump up ^ Corradetti A. ; Garnham P.C.C. ; Laird M. ( 1963 ) . `` New classification of the avian malaria parasites '' . Parassitologia. 5 : 1 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Valkiunas G ( 1997 ) . `` Bird Haemosporidia '' . Acta Zoologica Lituanica. 3 -- 5 : 1 -- 607 . ISSN 1392 - 1657 . ^ Jump up to : Martinsen ES , Waite JL , Schall JJ ( April 2007 ) . `` Morphologically defined subgenera of Plasmodium from avian hosts : test of monophyly by phylogenetic analysis of two mitochondrial genes '' . Parasitology. 134 ( Pt 4 ) : 483 -- 90 . PMID 17147839 . doi : 10.1017 / S0031182006001922 . Jump up ^ Garnham 1966 Jump up ^ Telford S ( 1988 ) . `` A contribution to the systematics of the reptilian malaria parasites , family Plasmodiidae ( Apicomplexa : Haemosporina ) '' . Bulletin of the Florida State Museum Biological Sciences . 34 ( 2 ) : 65 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Tsukamoto M ( 1977 ) . `` An imported human malarial case characterized by severe multiple infections of the red blood cells '' . Ann . Trop . Med . Parasitol. 19 ( 2 ) : 95 -- 104 . Jump up ^ Russel P.F. ( 1928 ) . `` Plasmodium tenue ( Stephens ) : A review of the literature and a case report '' . Am. J. Trop . Med . s1 -- 8 ( 5 ) : 449 -- 479 . Jump up ^ Reid MJ , Ursic R , Cooper D , et al. ( December 2006 ) . `` Transmission of human and macaque Plasmodium spp. to ex-captive orangutans in Kalimantan , Indonesia '' . Emerging Infect . Dis. 12 ( 12 ) : 1902 -- 8 . PMC 3291341 . PMID 17326942 . doi : 10.3201 / eid1212. 060191 . Jump up ^ Collins WE , Sullivan JS , Nace D , Williams T , Williams A , Barnwell JW ( February 2008 ) . `` Observations on the sporozoite transmission of Plasmodium vivax to monkeys '' . J. Parasitol. 94 ( 1 ) : 287 -- 8 . PMID 18372652 . doi : 10.1645 / GE - 1283.1 . Jump up ^ Collins WE , Richardson BB , Morris CL , Sullivan JS , Galland GG ( July 1998 ) . `` Salvador II strain of Plasmodium vivax in Aotus monkeys and mosquitoes for transmission - blocking vaccine trials '' . Am. J. Trop . Med . Hyg. 59 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 34 . PMID 9684622 . Jump up ^ Wiersch SC , Maier WA , Kampen H ( May 2005 ) . `` Plasmodium ( Haemamoeba ) cathemerium gene sequences for phylogenetic analysis of malaria parasites '' . Parasitol . Res. 96 ( 2 ) : 90 -- 4 . PMID 15812672 . doi : 10.1007 / s00436 - 005 - 1324 - 8 . Jump up ^ Clark , Nicholas ; Clegg , Sonya ; Lima , Marcos ( 2014 ) . `` A review of global diversity in avian haemosporidians ( Plasmodium and Haemoproteus : Haemosporida ) : new insights from molecular data '' . International Journal for Parasitology. 44 ( 5 ) : 329 -- 338 . PMID 24556563 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ijpara. 2014.01. 004 . Jump up ^ Schall JJ ( December 2000 ) . `` Transmission success of the malaria parasite Plasmodium mexicanum into its vector : role of gametocyte density and sex ratio '' . Parasitology. 121 ( Pt 6 ) : 575 -- 80 . PMID 11155927 . doi : 10.1017 / s0031182000006818 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , HM ; Mackinnon , MJ ; Chan , BH ; Read , AF. ( 2003 ) . `` Mosquito mortality and the evolution of malaria virulence '' . Evolution. 57 ( 12 ) : 2792 -- 804 . PMID 14761058 . doi : 10.1554 / 03 - 211 . Jump up ^ Koella , J.C. ; Sørensen , F.L. ; Anderson , R.A. ( 1998 ) . `` The malaria parasite , Plasmodium falciparum , increases the frequency of multiple feeding of its mosquito vector , Anopheles gambiae '' . Proc Biol Sci. 265 ( 1398 ) : 763 -- 8 . PMC 1689045 . PMID 9628035 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 1998.0358 . Jump up ^ Murtha , Alex ( 2016 - 08 - 19 ) . `` NIAID researchers explore link between Ebola virus survival and malaria - causing parasite '' . Homeland Preparedness News . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Media Availability : NIH Explores Connection Between Ebola Survival and Co-Infection with Malaria Parasites '' . www.niaid.nih.gov. 2016 - 08 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ McFadden , G.I. ( 2012 ) . `` Plasmodia -- do n't '' . Trends Parasitol. 28 ( 8 ) : 306 . PMID 22738856 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pt. 2012.05. 006 . Further reading ( edit ) Identification ( edit ) Garnham , P.C.C. ( 1966 ) . Malaria Parasites And Other Haemosporidia . Oxford : Blackwell . ISBN 0397601328 . Hewitt , R.I. ( 1940 ) . Bird Malaria . American Journal of Hygiene. 15 . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins Press . Laird , M. ( 1998 ) . Avian Malaria in the Asian Tropical Subregion . Singapore : Springer . ISBN 9813083190 . Biology ( edit ) Baldacci P , Ménard R ( October 2004 ) . `` The elusive malaria sporozoite in the mammalian host '' . Mol . Microbiol. 54 ( 2 ) : 298 -- 306 . PMID 15469504 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2958.2004. 04275. x . Bledsoe GH ( December 2005 ) . `` Malaria primer for clinicians in the United States '' ( PDF ) . South . Med. J. 98 ( 12 ) : 1197 -- 204 ; quiz 1205 , 1230 . PMID 16440920 . doi : 10.1097 / 01. smj. 0000189904.50838. eb . Shortt HE ( 1951 ) . `` Life - cycle of the mammalian malaria parasite '' . Br . Med . Bull . 8 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 9 . PMID 14944807 . History ( edit ) Slater LB ( 2005 ) . `` Malarial birds : modeling infectious human disease in animals '' . Bull Hist Med. 79 ( 2 ) : 261 -- 94 . PMID 15965289 . doi : 10.1353 / bhm. 2005.0092 . External links ( edit ) Malaria Atlas Project Taxon identifiers Wd : Q130948 iNaturalist : 199354 NCBI : 5820 Wikispecies has information related to : Plasmodium Wikimedia Commons has media related to Plasmodium . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plasmodium&oldid=804515558 '' Categories : Apicomplexa genera Malaria Plasmodium Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Кыргызча Latina Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 14 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the infective stage of malarial parasite plasmodium that enters human body is | [
"The life cycle of Plasmodium involves several distinct stages in the insect and vertebrate hosts. In infected mosquitoes, parasites in the salivary gland are called sporozoites. When the mosquito bites a vertebrate host, sporozoites are injected into the host with the saliva. From there, the sporozoites enter the bloodstream and are transported to the liver, where they invade and replicate within hepatocytes. At this point, some species of Plasmodium can form a long-lived dormant stage called a hypnozoite which can remain in the liver for many years.[2] The parasites that emerge from infected hepatocytes are called merozoites, and these return to the blood to infect red blood cells."
] | [
"merozoites"
] |
7743048817822810032 | Walkway over the Hudson | Walkway over the Hudson - wikipedia Walkway over the Hudson Jump to : navigation , search Walkway over the Hudson Carries Railroad ( 1889 -- 1974 ) Walkway ( 2009 -- present ) Crosses Hudson River Locale Poughkeepsie , New York to Highland , New York Characteristics Design Cantilever deck truss bridge Total length 6,768 feet ( 2,063 m ) Width 35 feet ( 11 m ) Height 212 feet ( 65 m ) Longest span 2 × 548 feet ( 167 m ) No. of spans 7 Clearance above Unlimited Clearance below 160 feet ( 49 m ) History Constructed by Manhattan Bridge Building Company Construction start 1886 Construction end 1889 Opened January 1 , 1889 ( railroad ) October 3 , 2009 ( walkway ) Poughkeepsie - Highland Railroad Bridge U.S. National Register of Historic Places Show map of New York Show map of the US Show all Location Poughkeepsie , New York Coordinates 41 ° 42 ′ 38 '' N 73 ° 56 ′ 40 '' W / 41.71056 ° N 73.94444 ° W / 41.71056 ; - 73.94444 Coordinates : 41 ° 42 ′ 38 '' N 73 ° 56 ′ 40 '' W / 41.71056 ° N 73.94444 ° W / 41.71056 ; - 73.94444 Built 1886 -- 1888 Architect O'Rourke , John F. ; Union Bridge Co . NRHP reference # 79001577 Added to NRHP February 23 , 1979 ( original ) May 20 , 2008 ( additional documentation ) The University of Wisconsin varsity sport rowing team competing in the Intercollegiate Rowing Association regatta on June 11 , 1914 at the Poughkeepsie Bridge The Walkway over the Hudson ( also known as the Poughkeepsie Bridge , Poughkeepsie Railroad Bridge , Poughkeepsie - Highland Railroad Bridge , and High Bridge ) is a steel cantilever bridge spanning the Hudson River between Poughkeepsie , New York , on the east bank and Highland , New York , on the west bank . Built as a double track railroad bridge , it was completed on January 1 , 1889 , and formed part of the Maybrook Railroad Line . It was taken out of service on May 8 , 1974 , after it was damaged by fire . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 , and its entry updated in 2008 . It was reopened on October 3 , 2009 as a pedestrian walkway as part of the new Walkway Over the Hudson State Historic Park . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Construction 1.2 Operation 1.3 Decline 1.4 Restoration 2 Walkway over the Hudson State Historic Park 2.1 New additions 2.2 Events and incidents 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Construction ( edit ) In 1868 , an engineer proposed a railroad bridge across the Hudson River at Poughkeepsie , in a letter published in the Poughkeepsie Eagle newspaper . The proposal seemed so absurd that the Eagle ridiculed it , and it was effectively forgotten for a few years . Over the years , many plans had been made for a fixed span across the Hudson River south of Albany to replace numerous car float and ferry operations . One of the most persistent was originally chartered in 1868 as the Hudson Highland Suspension Bridge Company , whose proposed bridge would have crossed from Anthony 's Nose to Fort Clinton , now roughly the site of the Bear Mountain Bridge . It was never built . The Poughkeepsie Bridge Company was chartered in June 1871 to build the bridge , and J. Edgar Thomson of the Pennsylvania Railroad was persuaded to support the effort . Contracts were let to a firm called the American Bridge Company ( not the company of the same name founded later ) , but the Panic of 1873 intervened and the scheme collapsed . In 1886 , the Manhattan Bridge Building Company was organized to finance the construction . Among the prominent backers was Henry Clay Frick , the coal tycoon and associate of Andrew Carnegie . The Union Bridge Company of Athens , Pennsylvania , which had completed the Michigan Central cantilever bridge at Niagara ( see Niagara Cantilever Bridge ) , was subcontracted to build the Poughkeepsie Bridge . Dawson , Symmes and Usher were the foundation engineers , while John F. O'Rourke , P.P. Dickinson and Arthur B. Paine were the structural engineers . The bridge was designed by Charles Macdonald and Arthur B. Paine . As is typical for cantilever bridges , construction was carried out by constructing cribwork , masonry piers , towers , fixed truss sections on falsework , and finally cantilever sections , with the final cantilever interconnection ( suspended ) spans floated out or raised with falsework . The first train crossed the bridge on December 29 , 1888 , and it was formally opened for scheduled passenger service on January 1 , 1889 . Considered an engineering marvel of the day , the bridge has seven main spans . The total length is 6,768 feet ( 2,063 m ) , including approaches , and the top of the deck is 212 feet ( 65 m ) above water . It is a multispan cantilever truss bridge , having two river - crossing cantilever spans of 548 feet ( 167 m ) each , one center span of 546 feet ( 166 m ) , two anchor ( connecting ) spans of 525 feet ( 160 m ) , two shore spans of 201 feet ( 61 m ) each , a 2,641 feet ( 805 m ) approach viaduct on the eastern bank and a 1,033 feet ( 315 m ) approach viaduct on the western bank . All seven spans were built of newly available Bessemer Process `` mild '' ( between 0.16 % and 0.29 % carbon ) steel , while the two approach viaducts were built of iron . It formed part of the most direct rail route between the industrial northeastern states and the midwestern and western states . Operation ( edit ) Poughkeepsie Bridge ca . 1900 The bridge was the only fixed Hudson River crossing between Albany and New York City until the construction of the Bear Mountain ( road ) Bridge in 1924 , and was advertised as a way to avoid New York City car floats and railroad passenger ferries . Ownership of the bridge passed through several railroads including the Central New England Railway ( CNE ) , New York , New Haven & Hartford Railroad ( NH ) , Penn Central ( PC ) and Conrail . Poughkeepsie Bridge in the late 20th century A strengthening of the bridge was completed in 1907 to handle heavier freight trains by engineer Ralph Modjeski , of the famed bridge civil engineering firm Modjeski and Masters , who added a third line of trusses down the middle , a central girder , and interleaved columns . In 1917 -- 18 , the double tracks on the bridge were converted to gantlet track operation to center the weight of heavier NH 2 - 10 - 2 steam locomotives . Even so , trains were restricted to 12 miles per hour . In 1959 , the gantlet tracks were replaced by a centered single track . During World War II , the bridge was a vital link for war freight traffic , guarded around the clock by United States Army soldiers . At its peak , nearly 3,500 train cars crossed over the Hudson on a daily basis . Decline ( edit ) From Highland 's Johnson - Iorio Park Traffic across the bridge began a slow decline in the 1950s as industry shrank in New England and with it the need for the raw materials railroads excelled at transporting . Traffic from the connecting New York , Ontario & Western ceased when that railroad shut down in 1957 . Another connection , the coal - , slate - , and cement - hauling Lehigh & New England shut down in 1961 . At the same time , some new traffic began crossing the bridge , such as the New Haven 's `` Super Jet '' , one of the first trains to carry truck trailers . The Penn Central 's acquisition of the New Haven in 1969 discouraged connecting traffic with the Erie Lackawanna , which competed with other Penn Central routes . After 1971 , only one through train in each direction , for Erie Lackawanna , crossed the bridge . While the Penn Central did not connect with the old New Haven on the west side of the bridge , it came close . For a short time in 1969 and 1970 , Penn Central ran a daily train between Cedar Hill Yard in New Haven , Connecticut and Potomac Yard in Alexandria , Virginia , by way of the Lehigh and Hudson River Railway , which connected with the Penn Central Belvidere Division in Belvidere , New Jersey , 72 miles south of the old interchange with the New Haven at Maybrook Yard in Maybrook , New York . The service ended in a dispute over haulage charges and the traffic was diverted to the longer all - Penn Central route through Selkirk , New York . Ironically , the only reason the Lehigh and Hudson River was not part of the Penn Central was because a Penn Central predecessor , the Pennsylvania Railroad , had prevented the New Haven from acquiring it in 1905 . The Lehigh and Hudson River and Erie Lackawanna were finally joined with the Penn Central when all were taken over by Conrail in 1976 . On May 8 , 1974 a tie fire damaged about 700 feet ( 210 m ) of decking and underlying girders on the bridge 's eastern section . It was likely started by a spark from an eastbound freight train that had just crossed the span . The Penn Central had neglected the bridge 's fire - protection system , which had no water on the day of the fire , and had laid off employees who kept watch for such fires . A photograph of the last train , a run - through from the Erie Lackawanna , was included in a 40th anniversary web feature by the Poughkeepsie Journal . In August 1974 , the Penn Central applied for $1.75 million to repair and improve the bridge from the federal government through the Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973 . By 1975 , efforts had shifted to acquiring a combination of state and railroad funding . In November 1975 , a formal agreement between the New York State Department of Transportation and the trustees of the Penn Central was approved , allowing the $359,000 insurance payout for the bridge to be spent on repairs , with the state paying the rest . In December , U.S. Representative Benjamin A. Gilman announced that $486,000 appropriated by the state legislature for repairs was undergoing final review by the state . Authorization for the state to spend its share on bridge repairs had still not been given when , on April 1 , 1976 , ownership of the bridge changed with the inception of Conrail . Having been forced to include the route over the bridge ( the Maybrook Line ) in its new system at the behest of Connecticut Senator Abraham Ribicoff , Conrail announced that it would not promise to repair and use the bridge despite a Connecticut foundation 's offer to pay half the repair cost if the bridge were used again . The railroad further said that other work required to make the route usable would raise the reactivation cost to $45.8 million . Seven years passed ; pieces of the bridge 's eastern approach viaduct over Poughkeepsie began falling onto U.S. Route 9 below , damaging passing vehicles . In response , the city sued Conrail and forced it to spend $300,000 in 1983 to remove the decking over the superstructure . Conrail then sought to dispose of the unused bridge and eventually abandoned and tore up its Maybrook Line between Hopewell Junction and Maybrook , New York in 1983 -- 1984 . Conrail made initial plans to sell the bridge to bridge enthusiast and lawyer Donald L. Pevsner , by an option granted to him on February 1 , 1984 . Later in 1984 , Conrail advised Pevsner to take title of the bridge in a shell corporation , with no assets but the bridge and no funds to pay for necessary insurance and maintenance ; the railroad just wanted to be rid of the bridge , whatever the dubious ethics of such disposal . This decision was made personally by then - Conrail Chairman L. Stanley Crane , at a time when Conrail was owned by the U.S. Government . Pevsner refused , and let his option expire on November 1 , 1984 . One day later , on November 2 , 1984 , Conrail sold the bridge for $1 to a convicted bank swindler ( SEE Poughkeepsie JOURNAL : various issues ) and ex-felon named Gordon Schreiber Miller , of St. Davids , Pennsylvania , to `` get it off the books . '' . For the next fourteen years , Miller and his successor , Vito Moreno , spent little or nothing on maintenance or insurance , while attempting to drastically increase the $25,000 annual rent paid by Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corporation for its three 115,000 - volt and three 69,000 - volt power lines across the Hudson , attached to the south side of the bridge since 1949 . In response , Central Hudson de-energized those power lines and relocated them under the river in 1985 , thereby ending Miller 's only source of bridge income . During this long period , critical bridge navigation lights were mostly inoperative , resulting in large U.S. Coast Guard fines against the Miller corporation that all went unpaid . Further , all of the 2,200 - pound brackets that connected Central Hudson 's de-energized high - tension power lines to the south side of the bridge continued to deteriorate by rusting . Though Central Hudson admitted that it normally had a legal duty to remove its abandoned power lines , it refused to remove its abandoned bridge - affixed lines , instead relying on a claim that it no longer owned the lines at issue pursuant to prior litigation with Conrail that was decided on September 26 , 1984 , and won a similar legal opinion before the New York State Public Service Commission in 1995 , which was left to stand on April 1 , 1999 when The Poughkeepsie - Highland Railroad Bridge Company , Inc. , as the successor owner to Gordon Schreiber Miller and Vito Moreno , withdrew its 1998 complaint against Central Hudson on January 27 , 1999 . Restoration ( edit ) Detail of concrete decking and original steel structure Opening Day crowds , October 3 , 2009 The elevator as seen from Upper Landing Park On June 4 , 1998 , following the long nonpayment of Dutchess and Ulster County taxes on the bridge by prior owners Gordon Schreiber Miller and his successor , Vito Moreno , Moreno deeded the bridge to a nonprofit volunteer organization called Walkway Over the Hudson , which took title through its nonprofit New York corporation , The Poughkeepsie - Highland Railroad Bridge Company , Inc. , hoping to turn it into a pedestrian and cyclist walkway . The deed was recorded in both Counties on June 5 , 1998 . The former Central Hudson power lines were finally removed in 2009 , as part of Walkway construction . On December 21 , 2010 , the Walkway corporation conveyed the entire structure to the New York State Bridge Authority , which restored high - limit liability insurance and `` deep - pocket '' maintenance assurance for the first time since November 2 , 1984 . On September 5 , 2009 , conversion work and repairs to the structural steel and the laying of concrete slabs for the walkway were completed . The volunteer head of `` Walkway '' , as it is known locally , said in 2008 , `` We think people will come from all over . It 's the equivalent of the Eiffel Tower , or the Golden Gate Bridge . '' The project initially received support from local residents , city and state officials totaling about $1,000,000 , plus forgiveness of $550,000 in taxes inherited from the previous owners . Then , Walkway solicited funding from both the State and Federal governments , for historic preservation , and from private philanthropic organizations . Funding sources as of January 13 , 2016 include : The Dyson Foundation , which has donated almost $20 million , including guaranteeing $8.1 million in loans that were made by Ulster Savings Bank and M&T Bank to complete the project in 2009 , plus $2.3 million to build the elevator that was completed in 2014 . The original $10 million in loans has been paid - off , and the remaining $1.6 million , owed to M&T Bank alone , is scheduled to be paid - off in 2019 . New York State funding , from various entities , totals about $22.5 million . Federal government funding , from various entities , totals about $3.5 million . Scenic Hudson , Inc. , which has donated $1 million . The Jane W. Nuhn Charitable Trust has donated $500,000 . The M&T Charitable Foundation has donated between $50,000 and $100,000 . Amy P. Goldman and Sarah Arno have donated between $100,000 and $250,000 . The total budget as of October , 2009 totaled about $38.8 million . The Walkway Group raised a total of $30.7 million as of October 23 , 2009 . The $8.1 million deficit was financed by lines of credit from Ulster Savings Bank ( $4 million ) and M&T Bank ( $4.1 million ) that were drawn - upon to complete the project in 2009 . These lines of credit were converted to loans , with an additional $2.3 million allocated to 2014 elevator construction , and were guaranteed by The Dyson Foundation ( see above ) . The project was separated into four phases , with the first two completed as of October , 2009 : Phase 1 -- attain ownership of the bridge . Phase 2 -- structural analysis of the bridge and creation of a comprehensive plan , including budget and timeline for completion . The group also had to find funding for the project and secure funding for the start of construction . Phase 3 -- construct and open the first 1,800 feet ( 550 m ) of the walkway on the Ulster side . The Dutchess side will get an elevator and 900 feet ( 270 m ) of walkway . This phase was complete on October 3 , 2009 ( the grand - opening date ) , excepting a $2.3 million elevator installation in Poughkeepsie that was completed during the summer of 2014 . Phase 4 -- construct and open the remaining 4,068 feet ( 1,240 m ) of the walkway and its resultant connections to the Hudson Valley Rail Trail in Highland and the Dutchess Rail Trail in Poughkeepsie . The walkway was completed on September 5 , 2009 , and opened to the public on October 3 , 2009 . The Hudson Valley Rail Trail connection was finished in the autumn of 2010 . The Dutchess Rail Trail connection has also been completed . The piers were inspected in 2008 and given a clean bill of health . Similarly , Bergmann Associates , P.C. ( of Rochester and Albany , New York ) , project engineers and managers , has stated in writing that the wind loads were carefully examined for the replacement , solid - concrete Walkway decking , and that this item is not a safety problem . The decking work was completed on September 5 , 2009 . Walkway opened the bridge to the public on October 3 , 2009 , in time for the quadricentennial celebration of Henry Hudson sailing up the Hudson River , and that day handed it over to the New York State Office of Parks , Recreation and Historic Preservation for management . Despite this , inevitable comparisons have been drawn to the similar Kinzua Bridge , in northwestern Pennsylvania , which blew over in a microburst tornado when the bolts connecting the steel framework to the piers failed . Ironically , renovation work was going on to strengthen the corroded areas when the tornado destroyed most of this former Erie Railroad viaduct . During Hurricane Irene , residents living within 500 feet of the Poughkeepsie Bridge were evacuated as a precaution , and emergency repairs to reduce bridge sway ( by the addition of new steel X-braces , supplanting the original turnbuckle - adjusted tension rods ) were hurriedly installed . The bridge became a National Recreation Trail in 2009 . Walkway over the Hudson State Historic Park ( edit ) The walkway shortly after its opening The opening ceremony of the Walkway Over the Hudson State Historic Park , on October 3 , 2009 , featured music by Pete Seeger , and was attended by Governor David Paterson , Senator Chuck Schumer , Congressman Maurice Hinchey , President of nearby Vassar College Catharine Bond Hill , John May , engineer of the last train across the bridge , and other officials . Paterson said , `` This bridge is now the longest footbridge in the world . '' The footbridge has since been surpassed in length . The walkway immediately saw many more visitors than the expected 267,000 per year . In its first three months , it saw about 415,000 people . The Bridge Walkway is operated as part of the New York State Historic Park System , open from 7 : 00 a.m. to dusk . Limited , wheelchair - friendly parking is available on either end of the bridge : East End : 61 Parker Avenue , City of Poughkeepsie ; charges $5 fee to park West End : 87 Haviland Road , Highland Restrooms are at the ends of the Walkway , although at the time of a 2008 engineering survey of the bridge , there was `` not a johnny on the spot '' . Pets are permitted , but owners should bring equipment to clean up . Bicycles and roller blades ( but not skateboards ) are permitted , and the Walkway is flat and relatively wheelchair - friendly . The Walkway connects with the Dutchess Rail Trail on the Poughkeepsie side and the Hudson Valley Rail Trail on the Highland side , making it part of a 30 mile continuous trail stretching from Hopewell Junction to the hamlet of Highland , with further extensions planned . New additions ( edit ) On May 22 , 2013 , the Walkway Over the Hudson organization opened a new East Pavilion , built entirely through donations of money and services . The pavilion will be occupied by the volunteers who serve as Walkway Ambassadors who greet and offer assistance to visitors . In October 2013 , a `` mobile Web tour '' was introduced , consisting of QR codes at locations throughout the Walkway which link to Web content related to the spot . In summer 2014 , an elevator connecting Upper Landing Park to the Walkway was opened . This allows visitors to reach the center of the span via a more direct route . It also connects the Walkway to the Poughkeepsie waterfront area , which is near the railroad station , Mid-Hudson Children 's Museum , and Waryas Park . Events and incidents ( edit ) The first footrace on the walkway occurred the day after the official opening on October 4 , 2009 . The 5k race started on the Highland side , crossed to the Poughkeepsie side and turned around at the parking lot and finished back in Highland . The race was won by James Boeding in a time of 16 : 26 . The female winner was Kira DeCaprio in 20 : 12 . There were 660 recorded finishers of the race . The 5K race , called `` Treetops to Rooftops '' , has become an annual event , organized by the Mid-Hudson Road Runners Club . On May 15 , 2010 , LED - based lights were turned on for the first time , designed to allow nighttime use of the bridge , though due to funding limitations this is expected to only be used on special occasions . Some 3,000 people paid $5 apiece to attend the sold - out ceremony . Crowd management presented a problem , prompting criticism and an apology from the Walkway organization , but ultimately no incident or injury . On February 20 , 2011 , Don Kampfer , a Korean War veteran , died of a heart attack he suffered while participating in a monthly ceremony to retire and replace the American flag on the Walkway . Kampfer is the second person to die on the Walkway , the other also being from a heart attack while walking over the bridge . On July 27 , 2011 , an Ulster County man in his late 20s jumped off the bridge after it closed in the evening . His entry to the bridge set off an alarm , bringing the police , who found only his belongings ; a suicide note was found later at his home . The man 's body was recovered two days later . Though typically closed at sunset each day , the Walkway often has events after sundown . Some of these openings ( such as for Independence Day and in December ) include fireworks displays . In July 2012 , in a photograph taken from the Walkway , an amateur photographer captured what the New York Daily News described as a `` breathtaking juxtaposition '' , capturing fireworks and a bolt of lightning in the same image . Some of the night time events have featured members of the Mid Hudson Astronomical Association , who have provided telescopes for public viewing of the moon , stars , and planets from the Walkway , along with lectures by local astronomer Bob Berman . The inaugural Walkway Marathon was held on June 13 , 2015 , with full and half marathons and a 5K run . The races sold out at 2500 athlete registrations and became verified as the first `` Green '' race in NY State by Athletes for a Fit Planet . The Walkway Marathon has become an annual event with the 2016 races held on June 12 , 2016 . The event 's Health and Wellness Expo and Race Packet Pickup were held on Saturday , June 11 . A new addition to the 2016 event was the Think Differently Dash , a one - mile race for people with physical and developmental disabilities . On January 21 , 2017 , a march was held there as part of the worldwide 2017 Women 's March the day after the inauguration of Donald Trump as president , drawing an estimated 5000 participants , extending the entire length of the Walkway . See also ( edit ) Hudson Valley portal Poughkeepsie Bridge Route Mount Carmel District List of bridges documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in New York List of fixed crossings of the Hudson River References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Walkway Over the Hudson '' ( PDF ) . American Trails . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : National Park Service ( 2008 - 04 - 15 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . ^ Jump up to : `` New listings '' . National Park Service . May 30 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Mabee , Carleton ( 2001 ) . Bridging The Hudson : The Poughkeepsie - Highland Railroad Bridge and Its Connecting Railroad Lines . Purple Mountain Press . ISBN 1 - 930098 - 24 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` History '' . Walkway Over the Hudson . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ POUGHKEEPSIE EAGLE Souvenir Edition dated January 1 , 1889 ; plus independent engineering articles from the period . ^ Jump up to : Drury , George H. ( 1994 ) . The Historical Guide to North American Railroads : Histories , Figures , and Features of more than 160 Railroads Abandoned or Merged since 1930 . Waukesha , Wisconsin : Kalmbach Publishing . pp. 222 -- 229 , 248 . ISBN 0 - 89024 - 072 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Strengthening of the Big Bridge a Remarkable Engineering Feat '' . The Poughkeepsie Eagle . Poughkeepsie , New York . December 14 , 1907 . p. 1 . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 -- via nyshistoricnewspapers.org . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` catskillarchive.com '' . Retrieved 9 July 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Hartley , Scott ( 1992 ) . New Haven Railroad : The Final Decades . Piscataway , NJ : Railpace . p. 96 . ISBN 0 - 9621541 - 5 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Swanberg , J.W. ( January 2005 ) , `` Railroad Blueprint : Maybrook , New York '' , Trains Magazine : 50 -- 59 Jump up ^ Cruz , Roberto ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` Railroad bridge fire 40th anniversary : Fire in the sky '' . The Poughkeepsie Journal . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sutherland , Joseph ( May 9 , 1974 ) , `` Fire Closes Rail Bridge 3 Months '' , The Evening News , Newburgh , NY , p. 1 Jump up ^ Cusumano , , Chris ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` INTERACTIVE : How the Poughkeepsie Railroad Bridge fire changed history '' . The Poughkeepsie Journal . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fate of Poughkeepsie Rail Bridge Up to Court '' , The Evening News , Newburgh , NY , p. 4A , August 30 , 1974 Jump up ^ `` Poughkeepsie Railroad Bridge Funds Reviewed '' , The Evening News , Newburgh , NY , p. 4A , December 16 , 1975 Jump up ^ `` Carey Asked to Fix Bridge '' , The Evening News , Newburgh , NY , p. 4A , April 9 , 1976 Jump up ^ `` Bridge Help Refused '' , The Evening News , Newburgh , NY , p. 3A , May 22 , 1976 ^ Jump up to : Poughkeepsie Journal news stories . ^ Jump up to : Poughkeepsie Journal news stories ( 1984 ) . Jump up ^ Earlier demolition bids received by Conrail in 1983 were reported in Carleton Mabee 's book , `` Bridging The Hudson : The Poughkeepsie Railroad Bridge and Its Connecting Rail Lines '' , also cited in Footnote 3 . Jump up ^ For the entire saga of Donald Pevsner 's involvement with Conrail , which saved the bridge from Conrail demolition in 1984 , see his Oral History Project interview by the Hudson Valley Institute at Marist College , updated to March 17 , 2004 , at : www.hudsonrivervalley.org/themes/pdfs/pevsnerdonald Jump up ^ Documentation of the annual rent amount paid by Central Hudson to Conrail prior to the Miller bridge purchase is located in New York State Public Service Commission records ; in Court documents for the case of Consolidated Rail Corporation v. Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corporation ( cited in Footnote 9 ) ; and in Poughkeepsie Journal news stories in 1984 - 5 . Jump up ^ Consolidated Rail Corporation v. Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corporation , Supreme Court , County of Westchester , State of New York . Jump up ^ Dispute between Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corporation and The Poughkeepsie - Highland Railroad Bridge Company , Inc. , New York State Public Service Commission CASE 98 - E-0439 . Jump up ^ Walkway organization press release , December 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hudson rail bridge to be high - altitude walkway '' . Associated Press . October 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Malone , Michael ( 2007 - 01 - 21 ) . `` Rusty Bridge , Great Views and Soon , a Walkway ? '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Merchant , Robert ( 2006 - 11 - 27 ) . `` History buff plugs for bridge : Yorktown man joins fight for railroad span '' . The Journal News . Jump up ^ `` Walkway group takes wraps off Poughkeepsie Railroad Bridge plans '' . Mid-Hudson News . 2007 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Walkway Over The Hudson October , 2009 online newsletter . Jump up ^ Walkway Over The Hudson online newsletter , Fall , 2009 . Jump up ^ Email from Andrea Reynolds , The Dyson Foundation , to Donald L. Pevsner , dated January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Phases '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Email from Peter Melewski , Bergmann Associates , P.C. Project Manager ( Albany , New York office ) , to Donald L. Pevsner , dated December 4 , 2009 : in possession of the Walkway Group . Jump up ^ `` 2009 National Recreation Trail designations '' . National Trails System . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Poughkeepsie unveils historic Walkway Over Hudson '' . Miscellany News . Poughkeepsie , New York . October 7 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Walkway Opens , Thousands Explore Unique State Park '' . Poughkeepsie Journal . Poughkeepsie , New York . October 3 , 2009 . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Longest footbridge '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New walkway exceeds expectations , as folks flock to bridge '' . Poughkeepsie Journal . Poughkeepsie , New York . December 29 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2010 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` How to Get Here - Walkway Over the Hudson '' . walkway.org . Retrieved 9 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Walkway Over the Hudson : Final Design Report and Environmental Assessment , Bergmann Associates , 2008 - 02 - 22 , p . V - 3 Jump up ^ ' Walkway East Pavilion ' Opens , Donors Thanked at Ceremony , Walkway News , Press Releases , 2013 - 05 - 22 Jump up ^ Walkway app a high - tech trek , Poughkeepsie Journal , 2013 - 10 - 22 Jump up ^ `` Race results '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Mid-Hudson Road Runners Club '' . Jump up ^ `` Walkway lights come on , to delight of thousands '' . Poughkeepsie Journal . Poughkeepsie , New York . May 16 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Official Facebook update by Walkway organization '' . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` While honoring flag , veteran suffers fatal heart attack on Walkway '' . Poughkeepsie Journal . Poughkeepsie , New York . February 24 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Police ID Walkway jumper as New Paltz man '' . Daily Freeman . Kingston , New York . August 3 , 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Body of man who jumped from Hudson Walkway found '' . Seattle PI ( from Associated Press ) . Seattle , Washington . July 29 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Fireworks spectacular raised money for Walkway Over the Hudson '' . Mid Hudson News . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Browdie , Brian . `` Amateur photographer captures lightning bolt during Independence Day fireworks display '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Member Moonwalk & Skyfest '' . Walkway over the Hudson . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BARDAVON & WALKWAY OVER THE HUDSON PRESENT ASTRONOMER BOB BERMAN '' . Bardavon Theatre . Retrieved 1 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Ferro , John ( January 21 , 2017 ) . `` Poughkeepsie women 's march across Hudson fills Walkway '' . Poughkeepsie Journal . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Walkway Over the Hudson . Walkway organization Walkway over the Hudson Web Site Walkway Over the Hudson State Historic Park New York State Historic Park information Background information Poughkeepsie Bridge at Structurae Bridging the Hudson at Poughkeepsie 1871 Bridge Prospectus CatskillArchive.com copy of Scientific American article of February 5 , 1887 ( written during construction ) has data on steel strength and testing Project Write : Documenting the Walkway ( documentary video ) Poughkeepsie Journal interactive feature on history of railroad bridge and its 1974 fire Illustrations and images Historic American Engineering Record ( HAER ) No . NY - 131 , `` Poughkeepsie Bridge '' CatskillArchive.com Construction etchings and description includes etching of cantilever cranes ( steam donkey powered ) constructing cantilevers Walkway.org History section , has pictures of falsework and cantilever cranes . CatskillArchive.com illustration of bridge ( side view ) with bent , floor , viaduct details Preservation efforts and historic register information Bridgeweb.com article on historic cantilevers and preservation efforts CatskillArchive.com Poughkeepsie Journal 1974 fire article CatskillArchive.com POK Journal other articles of interest National Register of Historic Places nomination 1978 Announcement ( hide ) Crossings of the Hudson River Upstream Kingston - Rhinecliff Bridge Poughkeepsie Bridge Downstream Mid-Hudson Bridge U.S. National Register of Historic Places Topics Architectural style categories Contributing property Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places Keeper of the Register National Park Service Property types Lists by states Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Lists by insular areas American Samoa Guam Minor Outlying Islands Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Lists by associated states Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Palau Other areas District of Columbia Morocco Portal Rail trails in New York by county List of rail trails in New York Albany Mohawk Hudson Hike / Bike Trail Albany County Rail Trail Allegany Allegheny River Valley Trail Genesee Valley Greenway Cattaraugus Allegheny River Valley Trail Pat McGee Trail Cayuga Cato -- Fair Haven Trail Cayuga Hojack Trail Columbia Harlem Valley Rail Trail Delaware Catskill Scenic Trail Dutchess Dutchess Rail Trail Harlem Valley Rail Trail Mount Beacon Incline Railway Poughkeepsie Bridge Franklin Rutland Trail Livingston Genesee Valley Greenway Monroe Genesee Valley Greenway Lehigh Valley Trail Webster Hojack Trail New York East Coast Greenway High Line Ontario Ontario Pathways Rail Trail Auburn Trail Orange Orange Heritage Trailway Walden -- Wallkill Rail Trail Oswego Oswego Recreational Trail Putnam Putnam County Trailway Rockland Dunderberg Mountain Joseph B. Clarke Rail Trail St. Lawrence Rutland Trail Schenectady Mohawk Hudson Hike / Bike Trail Ulster Hudson Valley Rail Trail Poughkeepsie Bridge Walden -- Wallkill Rail Trail Wallkill Valley Rail Trail ( Rosendale trestle ) Westchester North County Trailway South County Trailway Wyoming Genesee Valley Greenway Genesee Valley Canal Hudson River watershed Tributaries Batten Kill Black Meadow Creek Bowery Creek Breakneck Brook Canajoharie Creek Caroga Creek Casperkill Catskill Creek Cayadutta Creek Cedar River Claverack Creek Clove Brook Cobleskill Creek Coeymans Creek Coxsackie Creek Cross River Croton River East Branch Croton River East Branch Sacandaga River East Canada Creek Eightmile Creek Esopus Creek Fall Kill Fishkill Creek Fonteyn Kill Fulmer Creek Hannacrois Creek Honnedaga Brook Hoosic River Jackson Creek Jan De Bakkers Kill Kaaterskill Creek Kayaderosseras Kinderhook Creek Kisco River Lake Creek Little Shawangunk Kill Maritje Kill Miami River Mill Creek Mohawk River Moodna Creek Moordener Kill Moyer Creek Muddy Kill Neepaulakating Creek Normans Kill Nowadaga Creek Onesquethaw Creek Oriskany Creek Otsquago Creek Otter Kill Papakating Creek Peekskill Hollow Creek Pocantico River Pochuck Creek Poesten Kill Potic Creek Quassaick Creek Roeliff Jansen Kill Rondout Creek Sacandaga River Sauquoit Creek Saw Kill Saw Mill River Sawyer Kill Schoharie Creek Schroon River Shawangunk Kill Sparkill Creek Sprout Creek Steele Creek Stockport Creek Stony Clove Creek Taghkanic Creek Tenmile Creek Tin Brook Titicus River Verkeerder Kill Vloman Kill Wallkill River Walloomsac River Wappinger Creek Wawayanda Creek West Branch Papakating Creek West Branch Sacandaga River West Canada Creek Wynants Kill Lakes Alcove Reservoir Ashokan Reservoir Basic Creek Reservoir Beacon Reservoir Bog Brook Reservoir Cedar Lake Chadwick Lake Chub Lake Cross River Reservoir Croton Falls Reservoir Dyken Pond East Branch Reservoir East Caroga Lake Fall Lake Franklinton Vlaie Garnet Lake Glenmere Lake Great Sacandaga Lake Great Vlaie Henderson Lake Honnedaga Lake Indian Lake Lizard Pond Lake Maratanza Muscoot Reservoir Lake Neepaulin New Croton Reservoir Notch Lake Piseco Lake Lake Pleasant Queechy Lake Rondout Reservoir Sacandaga Lake Saratoga Lake Sturgeon Pool Surprise Lake Sylvan Lake Lake Tear of the Clouds Thompson Pond Titicus Reservoir Trout Lake West Caroga Lake Whaley Lake Winnisook Lake Towns Albany Alpine Amsterdam Bayonne Beacon Bedford Beekman Bennington Bethlehem Blooming Grove Carmel Catskill Cliffside Park Clifton Park Cohoes Colonie Cortlandt East Fishkill East Greenbush Edgewater Englewood Cliffs Fishkill Fort Lee Glenville Gloversville Greenburgh Guilderland Halfmoon Herkimer Hoboken Hyde Park Jersey City Kingston Kirkland LaGrange Lloyd Malta Middletown Milton Monroe Montgomery Moreau Mount Pleasant New Castle New Hartford New Paltz New Windsor New York City Newburgh Niskayuna North Adams North Bergen Ossining Peekskill Plattekill Poughkeepsie Queensbury Rome Rotterdam Saugerties Schenectady Shawangunk Somers Southeast Sparta Tenafly Troy Utica Vernon Wallkill Wappinger Warwick Weehawken West New York Whitestown Wilton Yonkers Yorktown Landmarks Adirondack Mountains Adirondack Park Ashokan Bridge Blenheim Bridge Buskirk Bridge Catskill Mountains Champlain Canal Cohoes Falls Copeland Bridge Delaware and Hudson Canal Eagleville Bridge East River Erie Canal George Washington Bridge Harlem River Helderberg Escarpment Hudson Highlands State Park Kaaterskill Clove Kaaterskill Falls Kill Van Kull Kingston -- Rhinecliff Bridge Mid-Hudson Bridge Newburgh -- Beacon Bridge The Palisades Perrine 's Bridge Plotter Kill Preserve Pollepel Island Popolopen Rexleigh Bridge Rip Van Winkle Bridge Salisbury Center Bridge Schoharie Bridge Shushan Bridge Sleepy Hollow Statue of Liberty Taconic Mountains Tappan Zee Bridge Verkeerderkill Falls Verrazano - Narrows Bridge Walkway over the Hudson Wallkill River National Wildlife Refuge West Canada Lake Wilderness Area West Point Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walkway_over_the_Hudson&oldid=801125499 '' Categories : Rail trails in New York ( state ) Railroad bridges in New York ( state ) Bridges over the Hudson River Cantilever bridges Truss bridges in the United States Railroad bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in New York ( state ) Buildings and structures in Poughkeepsie , New York Bridges in Ulster County , New York Bridges completed in 1889 Historic American Engineering Record in New York ( state ) Rail trail bridges in the United States Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks State parks of New York ( state ) Parks in Ulster County , New York Pedestrian bridges in New York ( state ) Hudson River Valley National Heritage Area Former railway bridges in the United States Tourist attractions in Poughkeepsie , New York 1889 establishments in New York ( state ) National Register of Historic Places in Poughkeepsie , New York Viaducts in the United States Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2011 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles using Template : Infobox bridge with clearance Pages using Infobox bridge with extra All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Structurae ID different from Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 20 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the walkway over the hudson open | [
"The Walkway over the Hudson (also known as the Poughkeepsie Bridge, Poughkeepsie Railroad Bridge, Poughkeepsie-Highland Railroad Bridge, and High Bridge) is a steel cantilever bridge spanning the Hudson River between Poughkeepsie, New York, on the east bank and Highland, New York, on the west bank. Built as a double track railroad bridge, it was completed on January 1, 1889, and formed part of the Maybrook Railroad Line. It was taken out of service on May 8, 1974, after it was damaged by fire. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979, and its entry updated in 2008.[2][3] It was reopened on October 3, 2009 as a pedestrian walkway as part of the new Walkway Over the Hudson State Historic Park.",
"The Walkway over the Hudson (also known as the Poughkeepsie Bridge, Poughkeepsie Railroad Bridge, Poughkeepsie-Highland Railroad Bridge, and High Bridge) is a steel cantilever bridge spanning the Hudson River between Poughkeepsie, New York, on the east bank and Highland, New York, on the west bank. Built as a double track railroad bridge, it was completed on January 1, 1889, and formed part of the Maybrook Railroad Line. It was taken out of service on May 8, 1974, after it was damaged by fire. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979, and its entry updated in 2008.[2][3] It was reopened on October 3, 2009 as a pedestrian walkway as part of the new Walkway Over the Hudson State Historic Park."
] | [
"January 1, 1889",
"October 3, 2009"
] |
-2705216079796436457 | List of military installations in Texas | List of military installations in Texas - wikipedia List of military installations in Texas Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of military installations in Texas , United States . Joint Base San Antonio , San Antonio , Texas Lackland Air Force Base , San Antonio , Texas Randolph Air Force Base , San Antonio , Texas Fort Sam Houston , San Antonio , Texas Brooks City - Base , San Antonio , Texas Camp Bullis , San Antonio , Texas Martindale Army Air Field , San Antonio , Texas Dyess Air Force Base , Abilene , Texas Goodfellow Air Force Base , San Angelo , Texas Laughlin Air Force Base , Del Rio , Texas Sheppard Air Force Base , Wichita Falls , Texas Fort Hood , Killeen , Texas Fort Bliss , El Paso , Texas Fort Wolters , Mineral Wells , Texas Corpus Christi Naval Air Station , Corpus Christi , Texas Naval Air Station Kingsville , Kingsville , Texas Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base Fort Worth ( Carswell AFB ) , Fort Worth , Texas Grand Prairie Armed Forces Reserve Complex , Grand Prairie , Texas Hensley Field , Grand Prairie , Texas Camp Mabry , Austin , Texas Camp Swift , Bastrop , Texas Camp Bowie , Brownwood , Texas Coast Guard Air Station Houston , Houston , Texas Coast Guard Sector Field Office Galveston , Galveston Texas Coast Guard Station Aransas , Port Aransas , Texas Coast Guard Station Freeport , Surfside Beach , Texas USCGC Galveston Island ( WPB - 1349 ) , Galveston , Texas Coast Guard Station Port O'Connor , Port O'Connor , Texas Coast Guard Station Sabine Pass , Port Arthur , Texas Coast Guard Station Saluria , Matagorda Island , Texas Coast Guard Station San Luis Pass , Galveston , Texas Coast Guard Station South Padre Island , South Padre Island , Texas Coast Guard Station Velasco , Velasco , Texas State of Texas Austin ( capital ) Topics Architecture Climate Cuisine Geography Government Healthcare History Languages Law Literature Media Newspapers Radio TV National Historic Landmarks Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks National Register of Historic Places Sites Sports Symbols Texans Tourist attractions Transportation Seal of Texas Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Gambling Politics Regions Ark ‐ La ‐ Tex Big Bend Blackland Prairies Brazos Valley Central Texas Coastal Bend Concho Valley Cross Timbers Deep East Texas East Texas Edwards Plateau Golden Triangle Hill Country Llano Estacado Northeast Texas North Texas Osage Plains Panhandle Permian Basin Piney Woods Rio Grande Valley Southeast Texas South Plains South Texas Texoma Trans - Pecos West Texas Metropolitan areas Abilene Amarillo Austin -- Round Rock Beaumont -- Port Arthur Brownsville -- Harlingen College Station -- Bryan Corpus Christi Dallas -- Fort Worth -- Arlington El Paso Houston -- The Woodlands -- Sugar Land Killeen -- Temple Laredo Longview Lubbock McAllen -- Edinburg -- Mission Midland Odessa San Angelo San Antonio -- New Braunfels Sherman -- Denison Texarkana Tyler Victoria Waco Wichita Falls Counties See : List of counties in Texas Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_military_installations_in_Texas&oldid=825383616 '' Categories : Military facilities in Texas Texas - related lists United States military - related lists Lists of United States military installations Talk About Wikipedia Languages Add links This page was last edited on 13 February 2018 , at 02 : 28 . About Wikipedia | are there any military bases in dallas texas | [
"\nJoint Base San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas\nLackland Air Force Base, San Antonio, Texas\nRandolph Air Force Base, San Antonio, Texas\nFort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas\nBrooks City-Base, San Antonio, Texas\nCamp Bullis, San Antonio, Texas\nMartindale Army Air Field, San Antonio, Texas\nDyess Air Force Base, Abilene, Texas\nGoodfellow Air Force Base, San Angelo, Texas\nLaughlin Air Force Base, Del Rio, Texas\nSheppard Air Force Base, Wichita Falls, Texas\nFort Hood, Killeen, Texas\nFort Bliss, El Paso, Texas\nFort Wolters, Mineral Wells, Texas\nCorpus Christi Naval Air Station, Corpus Christi, Texas\nNaval Air Station Kingsville, Kingsville, Texas\nNaval Air Station Joint Reserve Base Fort Worth (Carswell AFB), Fort Worth, Texas\nGrand Prairie Armed Forces Reserve Complex, Grand Prairie, Texas\nHensley Field, Grand Prairie, Texas\nCamp Mabry, Austin, Texas\nCamp Swift, Bastrop, Texas\nCamp Bowie, Brownwood, Texas\nCoast Guard Air Station Houston, Houston, Texas\nCoast Guard Sector Field Office Galveston, Galveston Texas\nCoast Guard Station Aransas, Port Aransas, Texas\nCoast Guard Station Freeport, Surfside Beach, Texas\nUSCGC Galveston Island (WPB-1349), Galveston, Texas\nCoast Guard Station Port O'Connor, Port O'Connor, Texas\nCoast Guard Station Sabine Pass, Port Arthur, Texas\nCoast Guard Station Saluria, Matagorda Island, Texas\nCoast Guard Station San Luis Pass, Galveston, Texas\nCoast Guard Station South Padre Island, South Padre Island, Texas\nCoast Guard Station Velasco, Velasco, Texas\n"
] | [
"Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base Fort Worth (Carswell AFB), Fort Worth, Texas"
] |
-8177076009664455330 | Into the Woods | Into the Woods - Wikipedia Into the Woods Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the musical play . For other uses , see Into the Woods ( disambiguation ) . Into the Woods Poster for the original Broadway production Music Stephen Sondheim Lyrics Stephen Sondheim Book James Lapine Basis The Uses of Enchantment by Bruno Bettelheim Productions 1986 San Diego 1987 Broadway 1988 US Tour 1990 West End 1998 West End revival 2002 Broadway revival 2010 West End revival 2014 Film adaptation 2015 Off - Broadway Awards Tony Award for Best Score Tony Award for Best Book Drama Desk Outstanding Musical 2002 Tony Award for Best Revival 2011 Laurence Olivier Award for Best Revival Into the Woods is a musical with music and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim and book by James Lapine . The musical intertwines the plots of several Brothers Grimm and Charles Perrault fairy tales , exploring the consequences of the characters ' wishes and quests . The main characters are taken from `` Little Red Riding Hood '' , `` Jack and the Beanstalk '' , `` Rapunzel '' , and `` Cinderella '' , as well as several others . The musical is tied together by a story involving a childless baker and his wife and their quest to begin a family ( the original beginning of The Grimm Brothers ' Rapunzel ) , their interaction with a witch who has placed a curse on them , and their interaction with other storybook characters during their journey . The musical debuted in San Diego at the Old Globe Theatre in 1986 and premiered on Broadway on November 5 , 1987 , where it won several Tony Awards , including Best Score , Best Book , and Best Actress in a Musical ( Joanna Gleason ) , in a year dominated by The Phantom of the Opera ( 1988 ) . The musical has since been produced many times , with a 1988 US national tour , a 1990 West End production , a 1997 tenth anniversary concert , a 2002 Broadway revival , a 2010 London revival and in 2012 as part of New York City 's outdoor Shakespeare in the Park series . A Disney film adaptation directed by Rob Marshall and starring Meryl Streep , Emily Blunt , James Corden , Anna Kendrick , Chris Pine , Tracey Ullman , Christine Baranski and Johnny Depp was released in 2014 . The film grossed over $213 million worldwide and received three Academy Award nominations and three Golden Globe Award nominations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 Act I 1.2 Act II 2 Productions 2.1 Pre-Broadway San Diego production 2.2 Original Broadway production 2.3 1988 US tour production 2.4 Original London production 2.5 1998 London revival production 2.6 2002 Broadway revival production 2.7 London Royal Opera House , 2007 2.8 Regent 's Park Open Air Theatre production , 2010 2.9 Central Park Delacorte Theater production , 2012 2.10 Other productions 2.10. 1 2016 Tel Aviv production 3 Casting history 4 Adaptations 4.1 Junior version 4.2 Film 5 Musical numbers 6 Analysis of book and music 7 Awards and nominations 7.1 Original Broadway production 7.2 Original London production 7.3 1999 London revival 7.4 2002 Broadway revival 7.5 2010 London revival 7.6 2012 New York revival 7.7 2014 Australian production 7.8 2015 Off - Broadway production 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Act I ( edit ) Starting with the words `` Once Upon a Time , '' the Narrator introduces four characters who each have a wish : Cinderella , the daughter of a wealthy man who has been reduced by her wicked stepmother and stepsisters into becoming their skivvy , wishes to attend the King 's festival ; Jack , a simple poor boy , wishes that his cow , Milky White , would give milk ; and a Baker and his Wife wish they could have a child . While Little Red Ridinghood wishes for bread from the Baker to take to her grandmother 's house , which they give while she steals a few sweets , Jack 's weary mother , who wishes for gold , nags him into selling the cow , and Cinderella 's stepmother and stepsisters Florinda and Lucinda tease her about wanting to attend the King 's festival . The Baker 's neighbor , an ugly old witch , reveals that the source of the couple 's infertility is a curse she placed on the Baker 's line after catching the Baker 's father in her garden stealing vegetables , including six `` magic '' beans . In addition to the curse , the Witch took the Baker 's father 's newborn child Rapunzel . She explains the curse will be lifted if the Baker and his Wife can find the four ingredients that the Witch needs for a certain potion ; `` the cow as white as milk , the cape as red as blood , the hair as yellow as corn , and the slipper as pure as gold , '' all before the chime of midnight in three days ' time . All begin their journeys into the woods -- Jack goes to the market to sell his beloved pet Milky White , Cinderella 's family goes to the Festival while Cinderella goes to her mother 's grave to ask for guidance , Little Red goes to her grandmother 's house , and the Baker , refusing his wife 's help , goes to find the ingredients ( `` Prologue '' ) . Cinderella visits her mother 's grave and receives a beautiful gown and golden slippers from her mother 's spirit ( `` Cinderella at the Grave '' ) . Jack encounters a Mysterious Man who mocks him for trying to sell his cow for more than a `` sack of beans '' and then vanishes . Little Red Ridinghood meets a hungry Wolf who convinces her to take a detour on her way to Granny 's ( `` Hello , Little Girl '' ) . The Baker sees Little Red Ridinghood in the woods , and when the Witch appears , screaming at him to get the red cape , he is so frightened that he forgets the ingredients he needs . Luckily his wife , who followed him into the forest , reminds him . They are squabbling over her presence when they come across Jack with Milky White . Not having the money necessary to buy the cow , they convince Jack that the beans the Baker has found in his father 's old hunting jacket are magic beans and buy the cow for five of them . Jack bids a tearful goodbye to his cow ( `` I Guess This Is Goodbye '' ) , and the Baker orders his wife to return to the village with the cow . He has qualms about being so dishonest , but his wife reasons that the chance to have a child justifies their trickery ( `` Maybe They 're Magic '' ) . The Witch has raised Rapunzel as her own daughter , keeping her locked away from the world in a tall tower in the middle of the woods , accessible only by climbing Rapunzel 's long , golden hair ( `` Our Little World '' ) . However , on this day a handsome prince spies the beautiful Rapunzel and resolves to climb the tower himself . In another part of the wood , the Baker has tracked down Little Red Ridinghood . Following the Witch 's advice , he attempts to simply steal the red cape , but her ensuing temper tantrum guilts him into returning it . When Little Red Ridinghood arrives at her grandmother 's house , she is swallowed by the Wolf . The Baker , in pursuit of the cape , slays the Wolf , pulling Little Red Ridinghood and her grandmother from the beast 's innards . Little Red Riding hood rewards him with the red cape , reflecting on her new experiences ( `` I Know Things Now '' ) . Meanwhile , Jack 's mother angrily tosses the beans aside , which end up growing into an enormous stalk overnight , and sends her son to bed without supper . As Cinderella flees the Festival , pursued by another handsome prince and his steward , the Wife helps her hide and quizzes Cinderella about the ball . Cinderella explains that it was a nice ball ( `` A Very Nice Prince '' ) but seems fairly ambivalent about the experience . As a giant beanstalk begins to sprout from the ground next to Jack 's cottage , the Baker 's Wife spots Cinderella 's pure gold slippers . She tries to chase after Cinderella but inadvertently allows Milky White to run off , leaving the Baker 's Wife without the slippers or the cow . The characters each state morals and credos as the first midnight chimes ( `` First Midnight '' ) and they continue their journeys through the woods . The next morning , Jack describes his thrilling adventure after he returns from climbing the beanstalk and finding a castle of two married giants , whom he robbed unnoticed ( `` Giants in the Sky '' ) . He gives the Baker five gold pieces he stole from the giants to buy back his cow . When the Baker hesitates , Jack climbs back up the beanstalk to find more . The Mysterious Man emerges and taunts the Baker , stealing the money . The Baker 's Wife confesses she has lost the cow , and she and the Baker split up to look for it . Cinderella 's Prince and Rapunzel 's Prince , who are brothers , meet and compare the misery of their newfound and unobtainable loves ( `` Agony '' ) . The Baker 's Wife , who is eavesdropping , takes note when Rapunzel 's prince mentions that he is in love with a girl in a tower with hair `` as yellow as corn . '' The Baker 's Wife fools Rapunzel into letting down her hair by telling her that she is her prince and pulls out a piece of it . Meanwhile , The Mysterious Man gives Milky White back to the Baker . The Baker 's Wife and Cinderella meet again , and the Baker 's Wife makes a desperate grab for her shoes , almost succeeding before Cinderella flees . The Baker and his wife reunite , now with three of the four items . The Baker admits that they will have to work together to fulfill the quest ( `` It Takes Two '' ) . Jack arrives with a hen that lays golden eggs and attempts to buy Milky White back , but the cow suddenly keels over dead as midnight chimes . Again , the characters exchange morals ( `` Second Midnight '' ) . The Witch discovers that the Prince has been visiting Rapunzel and begs Rapunzel to stay with her so she can protect her from the outside world ( `` Stay with Me '' ) . When Rapunzel refuses , the Witch angrily cuts off Rapunzel 's hair and banishes her to a desert . The Mysterious Man gives the Baker the money to buy another cow . Jack encounters Little Red Ridinghood , who is now sporting a wolf skin cape and a knife for protection , and tries to impress her by telling her about the kingdom of the Giant . When she refuses to believe him , he is goaded into returning once again to the Giant 's home to steal a magic harp . Cinderella , returning from the last night of the festival , describes how the Prince had spread pitch on the stairs to prevent her from escaping . Caught between wanting to escape and wanting to stay , she eventually resolves to let the Prince decide , leaving him one of her slippers as a clue to her identity ( `` On the Steps of the Palace '' ) . The Baker 's Wife frantically tries to convince her to give up her other shoe , offering her the sixth magic bean in exchange for it . Cinderella throws the bean aside , but trades shoes with the Baker 's Wife and flees , while unbeknownst to anyone a second beanstalk starts to grow . The Baker arrives with another cow ; they now have all four items . The Prince 's Steward grabs the slipper from the Baker 's Wife , and they are fighting over it when a great crash is heard and Jack 's mother runs in to report that a Giant seeking revenge from Jack for stealing his magic harp has fallen from the first beanstalk when Jack chopped it and is dead in her backyard . The Prince , more concerned with finding Cinderella , waves her off and departs with one of the slippers , giving the other to the Baker and his wife . Jack , to the relief of his mother , returns with the magic harp . The Witch discovers that the new cow is not pure white ; it is covered with flour . However , the Witch is able to bring Milky White back to life and instructs the Baker and his Wife to feed the items to her . Jack tries to milk her , but no milk comes . The Baker 's Wife admits that the hair is Rapunzel 's , and the Witch furiously explains that the magic will not work because the Witch has already touched Rapunzel 's hair , which is also why she had asked the Baker and his Wife to get the objects for her : she 's not allowed to touch any of the objects . The Mysterious Man tells the Baker to feed the hair - like corn silk to the cow . Now Milky White gives milk which is the potion . The Witch reveals that the Mysterious Man is the Baker 's father . The Witch drinks the potion , and suddenly the Mysterious Man falls dead , his reparation complete , the curse is broken , and the Witch is transformed into a beautiful young woman , reversing the effects of the curse of ugliness by which she was punished by her mother , because the Baker 's father stole the beans from her , regaining her youth and beauty . Cinderella 's Prince searches for the girl whose foot fits the slipper ; the stepsisters try but can only get it on by cutting off parts of their feet ( `` Careful My Toe '' ) . Cinderella appears , her foot fits the slipper , and she becomes the Prince 's bride . Rapunzel has twins in the desert where her Prince finds her . The Witch attempts to curse the couple , only to find that though she gained her youth and beauty , her powers have been lost . At Cinderella 's wedding to the Prince , Florinda and Lucinda are blinded by birds as they try to win Cinderella 's favor . The Baker 's Wife , very pregnant , thanks Cinderella for the slipper . Everyone is at the wedding . Everyone but the Witch and the stepsisters congratulate themselves on being able to live happily `` Ever After , '' though they fail to notice another beanstalk growing sky - high ... Act II ( edit ) The Narrator introduces the action again : `` Once Upon a Time ... Later . '' All the characters seem happy but are still wishing : The Baker and his Wife have their precious baby boy , but wish for more room and bicker over the Baker 's unwillingness to hold his child ; Jack and his mother are rich and well - fed , but Jack misses his kingdom in the sky ; Cinderella is living with her Prince Charming in the Palace , but is getting bored . ( `` So Happy '' ) . Suddenly , everyone is knocked over by a loud crash , and enormous footprints from a Giant have destroyed the Witch 's garden , sparing only a few beans . The Baker and his Wife decide that they must tell the Royal Family , and the Baker travels to the palace . His news is ignored by the Prince 's Steward , and also by Jack 's Mother when he stops at her house to ask for Jack 's aid . When he returns home , Little Red Ridinghood arrives on her way to Granny 's : her house has been destroyed and her mother is missing . The Baker and his Wife decide to escort her . Meanwhile , Jack decides that he must slay the Giant and Cinderella learns from her bird friends that her mother 's grave was disturbed and decides to investigate , dressed in her old clothes . Once again , everyone heads Into the Woods , but this time the mood is somber and the birds have stopped singing ( `` Into the Woods '' Reprise ) . While everyone else is drawn back into the woods , Rapunzel has fled there in a hysterical fit , her treatment at the hands of the Witch having driven her into madness . Her Prince has followed her , but when he encounters his brother they each confess they have another reason for their presence in the woods . They have grown bored and frustrated with their marriages and now lust after two beautiful women asleep in the woods - Snow White and Sleeping Beauty ( `` Agony '' Reprise ) . The Baker , his Wife , and Little Red Ridinghood get lost in the woods and find Cinderella 's family and the Steward , who reveal that the castle was set upon by the Giant . The Witch arrives as well , bringing news that the Giant has destroyed the village and the Baker 's house . Suddenly , thunderous footsteps are heard and the Giant appears . To the shock of all , this Giant is a woman who has come from the second beanstalk and is the widow of the Giant that Jack killed by chopping down the beanstalk . Her booming voice proclaims that she wants Jack 's blood in revenge . To satisfy the Giantess , the group realizes they must give her someone , but are unable to decide on whom until they realize that the Narrator is still commenting on the actions from the sidelines . Everyone offers her the narrator as a sacrifice , but he convinces them how lost they would be without him . Nevertheless , the Witch throws him into the Giantess 's arms and he is killed upon being dropped . Jack 's mother finds the group and aggressively defends her son , angering the Giantess , and the Steward clubs Jack 's mother to quiet her , inadvertently killing her . As the Giantess leaves to search for Jack , Rapunzel runs into her path and is trampled , to the horror of the Witch and her Prince ( `` Witch 's Lament '' ) . The Royal Family continue on their way , fleeing to a hidden Kingdom despite the Baker 's pleas for them to stay and fight the Giant . The Witch declares she will find Jack and sacrifice him to the Giant , and the Baker and his Wife decide they must find him first and split up to search . The Baker 's Wife meets Cinderella 's Prince , and he easily seduces the Wife ( `` Any Moment '' ) . Meanwhile , the Baker discovers Cinderella at her mother 's destroyed grave and convinces her to join their group for safety . The Prince , satisfied , leaves the Baker 's Wife with a few platitudes , and she realizes her error and decides to return to her happy life with the Baker and their son ( `` Moments in the Woods '' ) . However , she has lost her way , stumbles into the path of the Giant , and is consequently killed by a falling tree . The Baker , Little Red , and Cinderella await the return of the Baker 's Wife when the Witch drags in Jack , whom she found weeping over the Baker 's Wife 's body . The Baker , grief - stricken when he learns of his wife 's death , unwittingly agrees to give Jack to the Giantess , causing an argument . The characters first blame each other for their predicament , until finally they all decide to blame the Witch for growing the beans in the first place ( `` Your Fault '' ) . Disgusted and fed up , the Witch curses and scolds them for their inability to accept their own individual responsibility and throws away the rest of her magic beans , reactivating her mother 's curse and making her vanish ( `` Last Midnight '' ) . The grieving Baker flees , but is visited by his father 's spirit who convinces him to face his responsibilities ( `` No More '' ) . The Baker returns and helps plan killing the Giantess , using Cinderella 's bird friends to peck out the Giant 's eyes at an area smeared with pitch , where Jack and the Baker can finally deliver a fatal blow . Cinderella stays behind to protect the Baker 's child and when her Prince passes by , he nearly fails to recognize her . She confronts him , having learned of his infidelity from her birds and he explains his feelings of unfulfillment and his reasons for seducing another woman . She asks him to go , and he sorrowfully leaves . Little Red returns with the news that her grandmother has been killed by the Giantess . Meanwhile , the Baker tells Jack that his mother is dead . Jack vows to kill the steward in revenge until the Baker convinces him that killing the steward will not benefit anyone . Cinderella comforts Little Red and tries to answer her qualms that killing the Giant makes them no better than she is , while the Baker explains to Jack that everyone is responsible for the choices they make , good or bad ( `` No One Is Alone '' ) . The four remaining characters slay the Giant and the deceased characters now including the Royal Family ( who have lost their way and starved to death in the woods ) and the Princes ( who have their new paramours , Snow White and Sleeping Beauty , on their arms ) return to share one last set of morals with the audience . The survivors resolve to band together and rebuild . The spirit of the Baker 's Wife appears to comfort her mourning husband advising her husband to tell their child their story . The Baker begins to tell the story using the same words as the narrator did at the beginning of the play as the Witch appears with the final moral : `` Careful the things you say , Children Will Listen . '' All join in on a last reprise of the title song , surmising that we all must venture into the woods while remembering the choices we 've made and learning from each endeavor we come across ( `` Finale '' ) . As the characters conclude the song singing , `` Into the woods , and out of the woods and happily ever after '' , Cinderella closes the show with one last `` I wish ... '' Productions ( edit ) Pre-broadway San Diego production ( edit ) Into the Woods premiered at the Old Globe Theatre in San Diego , California , on December 4 , 1986 and ran for 50 performances under the direction of James Lapine . Many of the performers from that production appeared in the Broadway cast but John Cunningham , who played the Narrator , Wolf and Steward and George Coe , as the Mysterious Man and Cinderella 's Father were replaced by Tom Aldredge , who played the Narrator and Mysterious Man . Kenneth Marshall as Cinderella 's Prince was replaced by Robert Westenberg ( who also played the Wolf ) , LuAnne Ponce , who played Little Red Ridinghood , was replaced by Danielle Ferland , Ellen Foley , the Witch , was replaced by Bernadette Peters . Kay McClelland , who played both Rapunzel and the Stepsister Florinda , stayed with the cast but only played Florinda , Rapunzel being played by Pamela Winslow . The show underwent much evolution , but the most notable change was the addition of the song `` No One Is Alone '' in the middle of the run . Original Broadway production ( edit ) Into The Woods opened on Broadway at the Martin Beck Theatre on November 5 , 1987 , and closed on September 3 , 1989 after 765 performances . It starred Bernadette Peters , Joanna Gleason , Chip Zien , Kim Crosby , Ben Wright , Danielle Ferland , Chuck Wagner , Merle Louise , Tom Aldredge , and Robert Westenberg . The musical was directed by James Lapine , with musical staging by Lar Lubovitch , settings by Tony Straiges , lighting by Richard Nelson , costumes by Ann Hould - Ward ( based on original concepts by Patricia Zipprodt and Ann Hould - Ward ) , and makeup by Jeff Raum . The original production won the 1988 New York Drama Critics ' Circle Award and the Drama Desk Award for Best Musical , and the original cast recording won a Grammy Award . The show was nominated for ten Tony Awards , and won three : Best Score ( Stephen Sondheim ) , Best Book ( James Lapine ) and Best Actress in a Musical ( Joanna Gleason ) . Peters left the show after almost five months due to a prior commitment to film the movie Slaves of New York . The Witch was then played by : Betsy Joslyn ( from March 30 , 1988 ) ; Phylicia Rashad ( from April 14 , 1988 ) ; Betsy Joslyn ( from July 5 , 1988 ) ; Nancy Dussault ( from December 13 , 1988 ) ; and Ellen Foley ( from August 1 , 1989 until the closing ) . Other cast replacements included Dick Cavett as the Narrator ( as of July 19 , 1988 ) ( for a temporary engagement after which Tom Aldredge returned ) , Edmund Lyndeck as the Mysterious Man , Patricia Ben Peterson as Cinderella , LuAnne Ponce returning to the role of Little Red Ridinghood , Jeff Blumenkrantz as Jack , Marin Mazzie as Rapunzel ( as of March 7 , 1989 ) and Kay McClelland , Lauren Mitchell , Cynthia Sikes and Mary Gordon Murray as the Baker 's Wife . In 1989 , from May 23 to May 25 the full original cast ( with the exception of Cindy Robinson as Snow White instead of Jean Kelly ) reunited for three performances to tape the musical in its entirety for the Season 10 premiere episode of PBS 's American Playhouse , which first aired on March 15 , 1991 . The show was filmed professionally with seven cameras on the set of the Martin Beck Theater in front of an audience with certain elements changed from its standard production only slightly for the recording in order to better fit the screen rather than the stage such as the lighting , minor costume differences , and others . There were also pick up shots not filmed in front of an audience for various purposes . This video has since been released on Tape and DVD and on occasion , remastered and re-released . Tenth Anniversary benefit performances were held on November 9 , 1997 at The Broadway Theatre ( New York ) , with most of original cast . Original cast understudies Chuck Wagner and Jeff Blumenkrantz played Cinderella 's Prince / Wolf and The Steward in place of Robert Westenburg and Philip Hoffmann and Jonathan Dokuchitz ( who joined the broadway production as an understudy in 1989 ) played Rapunzel 's Prince in place of Wagner . This concert featured the duet `` Our Little World , '' written for the first London production of the show . On November 9 , 2014 , most of the original cast reunited for two reunion concerts and discussion in Costa Mesa , California . Mo Rocca hosted the reunion and interviewed Stephen Sondheim and James Lapine as well as each cast member . Appearing were Bernadette Peters , Joanna Gleason , Chip Zien , Danielle Ferland , Ben Wright and real life husband and wife , Robert Westenberg and Kim Crosby . The same group presented this discussion / concert on June 21 , 2015 at the Brooklyn Academy of Music , New York City . 1988 US tour production ( edit ) A United States tour began on November 22 , 1988 with Cleo Laine playing the Witch , replaced by Betsy Joslyn in May 1989 . Rex Robbins played the Narrator and Mysterious Man , Charlotte Rae played Jack 's Mother , and the Princes were played by Chuck Wagner and Douglas Sills . The set was almost completely reconstructed , and there were certain changes to the script , changing certain story elements . The 10 - month tour played cities around the country , such as Fort Lauderdale , Florida , Los Angeles , and Atlanta . The tour ran at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts from June 1989 to July 16 , 1989 , with the reviewer for The Washington Post writing : `` his lovely score -- poised between melody and dissonance -- is the perfect measure of our tenuous condition . The songs invariably follow the characters ' thinking patterns , as they weigh their options and digest their experience . Needless to say , that does n't make for traditional show - stoppers . But it does make for vivacity of another kind . And Sondheim 's lyrics ... are brilliant ... I think you 'll find these cast members alert and engaging . '' Original London production ( edit ) The album cover of the London cast recording . The original West End production opened on September 25 , 1990 at the Phoenix Theatre and closed on February 23 , 1991 after 197 performances . It was directed by Richard Jones , and produced by David Mirvish , with choreography by Anthony Van Laast , costumes by Sue Blane and orchestrations by Jonathan Tunick . The cast featured Julia McKenzie as the Witch , Ian Bartholomew as the Baker , Imelda Staunton as the Baker 's Wife and Clive Carter as the Wolf / Cinderella 's Prince . The show received seven Olivier Award nominations in 1991 , winning for Best Actress in a Musical ( Staunton ) and Best Director of a Musical ( Jones ) . The song `` Our Little World '' was added . This song was a duet sung between the Witch and Rapunzel giving further insight into the care the Witch has for her self - proclaimed daughter and the desire Rapunzel has to see the world outside of her tower . The overall feel of the show was a lot darker than that of the original Broadway production . Critic Michael Billington wrote `` But the evening 's triumph belongs also to director Richard Jones , set designer Richard Hudson and costume designer Sue Blane who evoke exactly the right mood of haunted theatricality. Old - fashioned footlights give the faces a sinister glow . The woods themselves are a semi-circular , black - and - silver screen punctuated with nine doors and a crazy clock : they achieve exactly the ' agreeable terror ' of Gustave Dore 's children 's illustrations . And the effects are terrific : doors open to reveal the rotating magnified eyeball or the admonitory finger of the predatory giant . '' 1998 London revival production ( edit ) A new intimate production of the show opened ( billed as the first London revival ) at the Donmar Warehouse on 16 November 1998 , closing on 13 February 1999 . This revival was directed by John Crowley and designed by his brother , Bob Crowley . The cast included Clare Burt as the Witch , Nick Holder as the Baker , Sophie Thompson as the Baker 's Wife , Jenna Russell as Cinderella , Sheridan Smith as Little Red Ridinghood and Frank Middlemass as the Narrator / Mysterious Man . Russell later appeared as the Baker 's Wife in the 2010 Regent 's Park production . Thompson won the 1999 Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Musical for her performance , while the production itself was nominated for Outstanding Musical Production . 2002 Broadway revival production ( edit ) A poster for the 2002 Broadway revival . A revival opened at the Ahmanson Theatre in Los Angeles , running from February 1 , 2002 to March 24 , 2002 . This production was directed and choreographed with the same principal cast that later ran on Broadway . The 2002 Broadway revival , directed by James Lapine and choreographed by John Carrafa , began previews on April 13 , 2002 and opened April 30 , 2002 at the Broadhurst Theatre , closing on December 29 after a run of 18 previews and 279 regular performances . It starred Vanessa L. Williams as the Witch , John McMartin as the Narrator , Stephen DeRosa as the Baker , Kerry O'Malley as the Baker 's Wife , Gregg Edelman as Cinderella 's Prince / Wolf , Christopher Sieber as Rapunzel 's Prince / Wolf , Molly Ephraim as Little Red Ridinghood , Adam Wylie as Jack and Laura Benanti as Cinderella . Judi Dench provided the pre-recorded voice of the Giant . Lapine revised the script slightly for this production , with a cameo appearance of the Three Little Pigs restored from the earlier San Diego production . Other changes , apart from numerous small dialogue changes , included the addition of the song `` Our Little World , '' a duet for the Witch and Rapunzel written for the first London production , the addition of a second wolf in the song `` Hello Little Girl '' who competes for Little Red 's attention with the first Wolf , the portrayal of Jack 's cow by a live performer ( Chad Kimball ) in an intricate costume and new lyrics were written for `` The Last Midnight , '' now sung by the Witch as a menacing lullaby to the Baker 's baby . This production featured Scenic design by Douglas W. Schmidt , Costume design by Susan Hilferty , Lighting design by Brian MacDevitt , Sound design by Dan Moses Schreier and Projection design by Elaine J. McCarthy . The revival won the Tony Awards for the Best Revival of a Musical and Best Lighting Design . This Broadway revival wardrobe is on display at the Costume World in South Florida . London Royal Opera house , 2007 ( edit ) A revival at the Royal Opera House 's Linbury Studio in Covent Garden had a limited run from June 14 through June 30 , 2007 followed by a short stint at The Lowry theatre , Salford Quays , Manchester between 4 -- 7 July . The production mixed Opera singers , Musical Theatre actors as well as Film and television actors ; including Anne Reid as Jack 's Mother and Gary Waldhorn as the Narrator . The production itself , directed by Will Tuckett , was met with mixed reviews ; although there were clear stand out performances . The production completely sold out three weeks before opening . As this was an ' Opera ' production , the show and its performers were overlooked for the ' Musical ' nominations in the 2008 Olivier Awards . This production featured Suzie Toase ( Little Red ) , Peter Caulfield ( Jack ) , Beverley Klein ( Witch ) , Anna Francolini ( Baker 's Wife ) , Clive Rowe ( Baker ) , Nicholas Garrett ( wolf ) and Lara Pulver ( Lucinda ) . This was the second Sondheim musical to be staged by the Opera House , following 2003 's Sweeney Todd . Regent 's Park Open Air Theatre production , 2010 ( edit ) The Olivier Award winning Regent 's Park Open Air Theatre production , directed by Timothy Sheader and choreographed by Liam Steel , ran for a six - week limited season from 6 August to 11 September 2010 . The cast included Hannah Waddingham as the Witch , Mark Hadfield as the Baker , Jenna Russell as the Baker 's wife , Helen Dallimore as Cinderella , and Judi Dench as the recorded voice of the Giant . Gareth Valentine was the Musical Director . The musical was performed outdoors in a wooded area . Whilst the book remained mostly unchanged , the subtext of the plot was dramatically altered by casting the role of the Narrator as a young school boy lost in the woods following a family argument -- a device used to further illustrate the musical 's themes of parenting and adolescence . The Regent 's Park Open Air Theatre Production , with Beverly Rudd as Little Red Ridinghood The production opened to wide critical acclaim , much of the press commenting on the effectiveness of the open air setting . The Telegraph reviewer , for example , wrote : `` It is an inspired idea to stage this show in the magical , sylvan surroundings of Regent 's Park , and designer Soutra Gilmour has come up with a marvellously rickety , adventure playground of a set , all ladders , stairs and elevated walkways , with Rapunzel discovered high up in a tree . '' The New York Times reviewer commented : `` The natural environment makes for something genuinely haunting and mysterious as night falls on the audience ... '' Stephen Sondheim attended twice , reportedly extremely pleased with the production . The production also won the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Musical Revival and Michael Xavier , who played Cinderella 's Prince and the Wolf , was nominated for the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Performance in a Supporting Role in a Musical . The production was recorded in its entirety . Central Park Delacorte Theater production , 2012 ( edit ) The Regent 's Park Open Air Theatre production transferred to the Public Theater 's 2012 summer series of free performances Shakespeare in the Park at the Delacorte Theater in Central Park , New York , with an American cast as well as new designers . Sheader again was the director and Steel served as co-director and choreographer . Performances were originally to run from July 24 ( delayed from July 23 due to the weather ) to August 25 , 2012 , but the show was extended till September 1 , 2012 . The cast included Amy Adams as The Baker 's Wife , Donna Murphy as The Witch , Denis O'Hare as The Baker , Chip Zien as the Mysterious Man / Cinderella 's Father , Jack Broderick as the young Narrator , Gideon Glick as Jack , Cooper Grodin as Rapunzel 's Prince , Ivan Hernandez as Cinderella 's Prince / Wolf , Tina Johnson as Granny , Josh Lamon as the Steward , Jessie Mueller as Cinderella , Laura Shoop as Cinderella 's Mother , Tess Soltau as Rapunzel and Glenn Close as the Voice of the Giant . The set was a `` collaboration between original Open Air Theatre designer Soutra Gilmour and ... John Lee Beatty , ( and ) rises over 50 feet in the air , with a series of tree - covered catwalks and pathways . '' The production was dedicated to Nora Ephron , who died earlier in 2012 . In February 2012 and in May 2012 , reports of a possible Broadway transfer surfaced with the production 's principal actors in negotiations to reprise their roles . In January 2013 , it was announced that the production will not transfer to Broadway due to scheduling conflicts . Other productions ( edit ) 1993 Sydney Theatre Company production A production played in Sydney from 19 March 1993 to 5 June 1993 at the Drama Theatre , Sydney Opera House . It starred Judi Connelli , Geraldine Turner , Tony Sheldon , Philip Quast , Pippa Grandison , and DJ Foster . A Melbourne Theatre Company played from 17 January 1998 to 21 February 1998 at the Playhouse , Victorian Arts Centre . It starred Rhonda Burchmore , John McTernan , Gina Riley , Lisa McCune , Peter Carroll , Tamsin Carroll and Robert Grubb . The first professional Spanish language production , `` Dentro del Bosque '' , was produced by University of Puerto Rico Repertory Theatre and premiered in San Juan at Teatro de la Universidad ( University Theatre ) on March 14 , 2013 The cast included Víctor Santiago as Baker , Ana Isabelle as Baker 's Wife and Lourdes Robles as the Witch The Roundabout Theatre production , directed by Noah Brody and Ben Steinfeld , began performances Off - Broadway on December 19 , 2014 and officially opened on January 22 , 2015 , at the Laura Pels Theatre . Like the original Broadway production 28 years prior , this production had a try - out run at the Old Globe Theatre in San Diego , California from July 12 , 2014 -- August 17 , 2014 with the opening night taking place on July 17 . This new version is completely minimalistically reimagined by the Fiasco Theater Company , featuring only ten actors playing multiple parts , and one piano accompanist . The DreamCatcher Theatre production opened in January 2015 and played a sold out run at the Adrienne Arsht Center in Miami , Florida . Tituss Burgess starred as The Witch , the first male actor to do so . The cast also included Arielle Jacobs as The Bakers Wife . The musical had a production at The Muny in Forest Park , St. Louis , Missouri running from July 21 through 28 2015 . The cast included Heather Headley ( Witch ) , Erin Dilly ( Baker 's Wife ) , Rob McClure ( Baker ) , Ken Page ( Narrator ) , Elena Shaddow ( Cinderella ) . The Hart House Theatre production in Toronto , Ontario from January 15 , 2016 to January 30 , 2016 . A production ran at the West Yorkshire Playhouse in Leeds in a collaboration with Opera North from 2 June 2016 to 25 June 2016 . 2016 Tel Aviv production ( edit ) The Israeli premiere , אל תוך היער ( El Toch Ha - ya - ar ) , opened in Tel Aviv on August 2016 for a limited run produced by The Tramp Productions and Stuff Like That , starring Roi Dolev as The Witch , the second male actor to do so . Casting history ( edit ) The principal original casts of notable stage productions of Into the Woods Role Broadway First National Tour West End Broadway Revival West End Revival DagollDagom Catalan Production `` Boscos endins '' Regent 's Park Production Central Park Production Roundabout Theatre Production Australian Production Fiasco National tour * 1988 1990 2002 2007 2007 2012 2014 2014 2016 Narrator Tom Aldredge Rex Robbins Nicholas Parsons John McMartin Gary Waldhorn Jordi Estadella / Ferran Frauca Eddie Manning Ethan Beer Joshua Swinney Jack Broderick Ensemble John Diedrich Evan Rees Cinderella Kim Crosby Kathleen Rowe McAllen Jacqui Dankworth Laura Benanti Gillian Kirkpatrick Gisela Helen Dallimore Jessie Mueller Claire Karpen Lucy Maunder Laurie Veldheer Jack Ben Wright Robert Duncan McNeill Richard Dempsey Adam Wylie Peter Caulfield Marc Pujol Ben Stott Gideon Glick Patrick Mulryan Rowan Witt Phillipe arroyo Baker Chip Zien Ray Gill Ian Bartholomew Stephen DeRosa Clive Rowe Josep Ma Gimeno Mark Hadfield Denis O'Hare Ben Steinfeld David Harris Evan Harrington Baker 's Wife Joanna Gleason Mary Gordon Murray Imelda Staunton Kerry O'Malley Anna Francolini Annabel Totusaus Jenna Russell Amy Adams Jessie Austrian Christina O'Neil Eleasha Gamble Stepmother Joy Franz Jo Ann Cunningham Ann Howard Pamela Myers Elizabeth Brice Clara del Ruste Gaye Brown Ellen Harvey Liz Hayes Antoinette Halloran Bonne Kramer Florinda Kay McClelland Susan Gordon - Clark Elizabeth Brice Tracy Nicole Chapman Louise Bowden Anna Ventura Amy Ellen Richardson Bethany Moore Andy Grotelueschen Elise McCann Darick Pead Lucinda Lauren Mitchell Danette Cuming Liza Sadovy Amanda Naughton Lara Pulver Laura Ventura Amy Griffiths Jennifer Rias Noah Brody Angela Scundi Anthony Chatmon Jack 's Mother Barbara Bryne Charlotte Rae Patsy Rowlands Marylouise Burke Anne Reid Teresa Vallicrosa Marilyn Cutts Kristine Zbornik Liz Hayes Melissa Langton Bonne Kramer Little Red Ridinghood Danielle Ferland Tracy Katz Tessa Burbridge Molly Ephraim Suzie Toase Anna Moliner Beverly Rudd Sarah Stiles Emily Young Josie Lane Lisa Helmi Johansan Witch Bernadette Peters Cleo Laine Julia McKenzie Vanessa Williams Beverly Klein Mone Hannah Waddingham Donna Murphy Jennifer Mudge Queenie van de Zandt Vanessa Reseland Cinderella 's Father Edmund Lyndeck Don Crosby John Rogan Dennis Kelly Martin Nelson Sergi Albert N / A Chip Zien David Rogers - Smith Cinderella 's Mother Merle Louise Nora Mae Lyng Eunice Gayson Laura Benanti Gemma Wardle Maria del Mar Maestu Gemma Wardle Laura Shoop Ensemble Noni McCallum N / A Mysterious Man / Baker 's Father Tom Aldredge Rex Robbins John Rogan John McMartin Martin Nelson Ferran Castells Billy Boyle Chip Zien Paul L. Coffey John Diedrich Fred Rose Big Bad Wolf Robert Westenberg Chuck Wagner Clive Carter Gregg Edelman Christopher Sieber Nicholas Garrett Carlos Gramaje Michael Xavier Ivan Hernandez Noah Brody Matthew McFarlane Anthony Chatmon Rapunzel Pamela Winslow Marguerite Lowell Mary Lincoln Melissa Dye Christina Haldane Maria del Mar Maestu Alice Fearn Tess Soltau Emily Young Olivia Cranwell Lisa Helmi Johansan Rapunzel 's Prince Chuck Wagner Douglas Sills Mark Tinkler Christopher Sieber Nic Greenshields Sergi Albert Simon Thomas Cooper Grodin Andy Groutelueschen Jeremy Kleeman Darick Pead Granny Merle Louise Nora Mae Lyng Eunice Gayson Pamela Myers Linda Hibberd Clara del Ruste Valda Aviks Tina Johnson Claire Karpen Noni McCallum Laurie Veldheer Cinderella 's Prince Robert Westenberg Chuck Wagner Clive Carter Gregg Edelman Nicholas Garrett Carlos Gramaje Michael Xavier Ivan Hernandez Noah Brody Matthew McFarlane Anthony Chatmon Steward Philip Hoffman Marcus Olson Peter Ledbury Trent Armand Kendall Byron Watson Ferran Castells Mark Goldthorp Josh Lamon Patrick Mulryan David Rogers - Smith Phillipe Arroyo Sleeping Beauty Maureen Davis N / A Kate Arneil N / A N / A Unknown Alice Fearn Tess Soltau N / A N / A N / A Snow White Jean Kelly ( Cindy Robinson in the video ) N / A Megan Kelly N / A N / A Unknown Sophie Caton Victoria Cook N / A N / A N / A Giant ( voice ) Merle Louise Nora Mae Lyng Eunice Gayson Judi Dench ( Pre-recorded ) Linda Hibberd Unknown Judi Dench ( Pre-recorded ) Glenn Close ( Pre-recorded ) Ensemble Noni McCallum * In the 2016 national tour , the show was minimalistic with only 11 cast members ( Including one musician ) therefore , some actors were cast in multiple roles . Adaptations ( edit ) Junior version ( edit ) The musical has been adapted into a child - friendly version for use by schools and young companies , with the second act completely removed , as well as almost half the material from the first . The show is shortened from the original 2 and a half hours to fit in a 50 - minute range , and the music transposed into keys that more easily fit young voices . Film ( edit ) Main article : Into the Woods ( film ) A theatrical film adaptation of the musical was produced by Walt Disney Pictures , directed by Rob Marshall , and starring Meryl Streep , Emily Blunt , James Corden , Anna Kendrick , Chris Pine , Tracey Ullman , Christine Baranski , Lilla Crawford , Daniel Huttlestone , MacKenzie Mauzy , Billy Magnussen , and Johnny Depp . The film was released on December 25 , 2014 . It was a critical and commercial hit , grossing over $213 million worldwide . For her performance as the Witch , Streep was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress . Musical numbers ( edit ) Act I `` Act I Prologue : Into the Woods '' -- Narrator , Cinderella , Jack , Baker , Baker 's Wife , Stepmother , Florinda , Lucinda , Jack 's Mother , Little Red Ridinghood , Witch , Cinderella 's Father `` Cinderella at the Grave '' -- Cinderella , Cinderella 's Mother `` Hello , Little Girl '' -- Wolf and Little Red Ridinghood `` The Spell is on My House ( Reprise ) '' -- Baker and Baker 's Wife `` I Guess This is Goodbye '' -- Jack `` Maybe They 're Magic '' -- Baker 's Wife , Baker `` Our Little World '' -- Rapunzel and Witch `` Maybe They 're Magic ( Reprise ) '' -- Baker `` I Know Things Now '' -- Little Red Ridinghood `` A Very Nice Prince '' -- Cinderella and Baker 's Wife `` First Midnight / Into the Woods ( Reprise ) '' -- Company `` Giants in the Sky '' -- Jack `` Agony '' -- Cinderella 's Prince and Rapunzel 's Prince `` A Very Nice Prince ( Reprise ) '' -- Cinderella and Baker 's Wife `` It Takes Two '' -- Baker and Baker 's Wife `` Second Midnight '' -- Witch , Cinderella , Cinderella 's Prince , Rapunzel 's Prince , Stepmother , Florinda , Lucinda , Granny `` Stay with Me '' -- Witch , Rapunzel `` On the Steps of the Palace '' -- Cinderella `` Careful , My Toe / The True Bride '' - Cinderella 's Stepmother , Florinda , Lucinda , Cinderella 's Mother `` Act I Finale : Ever After '' -- Narrator , Cinderella , Cinderella 's Prince , Baker , Baker 's Wife and Company Act I Prologue parts : Once Upon a Time / I Wish Birds in the Sky There Are Bugs on Her Dugs Into the Woods ( Little Red ) Fly Birds , Back to the Sky Witch 's Entrance / Witch 's Rap Jack , Jack , Jack , Head in a Sack / Into the Woods ( Jack 's Mother and Jack ) You Wish to Have the Curse Reversed ? Ladies , Our Carriage Awaits The Spell is on My House Into the Woods ( Company ) Act I Finale parts : So Happy - short version Happy Ever After Unhappy Ever After Into the Woods ( Reprise ) Act II `` Act II Prologue : So Happy '' -- Company `` Agony '' ( Reprise ) -- Cinderella 's Prince and Rapunzel 's Prince `` Witch 's Lament '' ( Reprise of Stay with Me ) -- Witch `` Any Moment '' -- Cinderella 's Prince and Baker 's Wife `` Moments in the Woods '' -- Baker 's Wife `` Your Fault '' -- Jack , Baker , Little Red Ridinghood , Witch and Cinderella `` Last Midnight '' -- Witch `` No More '' -- Baker and Mysterious Man `` No One is Alone '' -- Cinderella , Baker , Little Red Ridinghood and Jack `` Act II Finale : Children Will Listen '' -- Company Act II Prologue parts : Once Upon a Time - later / I Wish So Happy Witch 's Rap ( Reprise ) Into the Woods ( Reprise ) Act II Finale : Reprise of First and Second Midnight Maybe I Just Was n't Meant to Have Children ? No One is Alone ( Reprise ) Children Will Listen ( Reprise of Stay with Me and Witch 's Lament ) Into the Woods ( Finale Reprise ) Analysis of book and music ( edit ) In most productions of Into the Woods , including the original Broadway production , several parts are doubled . Cinderella 's Prince and the Wolf , who share the characteristic of being unable to control their appetites , are usually played by the same actor . Similarly , the Narrator and the Mysterious Man , who share the characteristic of commenting on the story while avoiding any personal involvement or responsibility . Granny and Cinderella 's Mother , who are both matriarchal characters in the story , are also typically played by the same person , who also gives voice to the nurturing but later murderous Giant 's Wife . The show covers multiple themes : growing up , parents and children , accepting responsibility , morality , and finally , wish fulfillment and its consequences . The Time Magazine reviewers wrote that the play 's `` basic insight ... is at heart , most fairy tales are about the loving yet embattled relationship between parents and children . Almost everything that goes wrong -- which is to say , almost everything that can -- arises from a failure of parental or filial duty , despite the best intentions . '' Stephen Holden wrote that the themes of the show include parent - child relationships and the individual 's responsibility to the community . The witch is n't just a scowling old hag , but a key symbol of moral ambivalence . James Lapine said that the most unpleasant person ( the Witch ) would have the truest things to say and the `` nicer '' people would be less honest . In the Witch 's words : `` I 'm not good ; I 'm not nice ; I 'm just right . '' Given the show 's debut during the 1980s , the height of the US AIDS crisis , the work has been interpreted to be a parable about AIDS . In this interpretation , the Giant 's Wife serves as a metaphor for HIV / AIDS , killing good and bad characters indiscriminately and forcing the survivors to band together to stop the threat and move on from the devastation , reflecting the devastation to many communities during the AIDS crisis . When asked about the thematic connection , Sondheim acknowledged that initial audiences interpreted it as an AIDS metaphor , but stated that the work was not intended to be specific . The score is also notable in Sondheim 's output , because of its intricate reworking and development of small musical motifs . In particular , the opening words , `` I wish '' , are set to the interval of a rising major second and this small unit is both repeated and developed throughout the show , just as Lapine 's book explores the consequences of self - interest and `` wishing . '' The dialogue in the show is characterized by the heavy use of syncopated speech . In many instances , the characters ' lines are delivered with a fixed beat that follows natural speech rhythms , but is also purposely composed in eighth , sixteenth , and quarter note rhythms as part of a spoken song . Like many Sondheim / Lapine productions , the songs contain thought - process narrative , where characters converse or think aloud . Sondheim drew on parts of his troubled childhood when writing the show . In 1987 , he told Time Magazine that the `` father uncomfortable with babies ( was ) his father , and ( the ) mother who regrets having had children ( was ) his mother . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Original Broadway production ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result 1988 Tony Award Best Musical Nominated Best Original Score Stephen Sondheim Won Best Book of a Musical James Lapine Won Best Direction of a Musical Nominated Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical Joanna Gleason Won Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical Robert Westenberg Nominated Best Choreography Lar Lubovitch Nominated Best Scenic Design Tony Straiges Nominated Best Costume Design Ann Hould - Ward Nominated Best Lighting Design Richard Nelson Nominated Drama Desk Award Outstanding Musical Won Outstanding Music Stephen Sondheim Nominated Outstanding Lyrics Won Outstanding Book of a Musical James Lapine Won Outstanding Director of a Musical Nominated Outstanding Actress in a Musical Bernadette Peters Nominated Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical Robert Westenberg Won Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical Joanna Gleason Won Danielle Ferland Nominated Outstanding Set Design Tony Straiges Nominated Outstanding Costume Design Ann Hould - Ward Nominated Outstanding Lighting Design Richard Nelson Nominated Outstanding Orchestrations Jonathan Tunick Nominated Original London production ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result 1991 Laurence Olivier Award Best New Musical Nominated Best Director of a Musical Richard Jones Won Best Actor in a Musical Ian Bartholomew Nominated Best Actress in a Musical Imelda Staunton Won Julia McKenzie Nominated Best Performance in a Supporting Role in a Musical Clive Carter Nominated Best Costume Design Sue Blane Nominated 1999 London revival ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result 1999 Laurence Olivier Award Outstanding Musical Production Nominated Best Actress in a Musical Sophie Thompson Won 2002 Broadway revival ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result 2002 Tony Award Best Revival of a Musical Won Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical John McMartin Nominated Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical Vanessa L. Williams Nominated Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical Gregg Edelman Nominated Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical Laura Benanti Nominated Best Direction of a Musical James Lapine Nominated Best Choreography John Carrafa Nominated Best Scenic Design Douglas W. Schmidt Nominated Best Costume Design Susan Hilferty Nominated Best Lighting Design Brian MacDevitt Won Drama Desk Award Outstanding Revival of a Musical Won Outstanding Actress in a Musical Laura Benanti Nominated Vanessa L. Williams Nominated Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical Gregg Edelman Nominated Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical Kerry O'Malley Nominated Outstanding Director of a Musical James Lapine Nominated Outstanding Set Design Douglas W. Schmidt Won Outstanding Costume Design Susan Hilferty Nominated Outstanding Sound Design Dan Moses Schreier Won 2010 London revival ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result 2011 Laurence Olivier Award Best Musical Revival Won Best Performance in a Supporting Role in a Musical Michael Xavier Nominated 2012 New York revival ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result 2013 Drama Desk Award Outstanding Actress in a Musical Donna Murphy Nominated 2014 Australian production ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result 2015 Helpmann Award Best Female Actor in a Supporting Role in a Musical Lucy Maunder Nominated Best Direction of a Musical Stuart Maunder Nominated 2015 Off - Broadway production ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result 2015 Drama Desk Award Outstanding Revival of a Musical Nominated Drama League Award Outstanding Revival of a Broadway or Off - Broadway Musical Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hutchins , Michael H. ( October 14 , 2010 ) . `` Into the Woods '' . The Stephen Sondheim Reference Guide . Retrieved January 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Piccalo , Gina ( January 5 , 2015 ) . `` Record - breaking ' Into the Woods ' is a surprise hit '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Sondheim score and Lapine book differ from the Brothers Grimm tale by rendering `` Riding Hood '' as `` Ridinghood '' . Jump up ^ `` Into the Woods ' listing , Old Globe Theatre , 1986 SondheimGuide.com , retrieved April 17 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Bernadette Peters is leaving Into the Woods as of March 30 to make the movie ' Slaves of New York ' ... '' Nemy , Enid . `` On Stage '' , The New York Times , March 11 , 1988 , Section C ; Page 2 Jump up ^ `` Phylicia Rashad is to replace Bernadette Peters in the role of the Witch ... ( Rashad ) will take over the Broadway role in mid-April . Until then , the Witch is being played by Betsy Joslyn . '' `` Phylicia Rashad Joining Cast of ' Into the Woods ' '' , The New York Times , p. C18 , March 30 , 1988 ( no author ) Jump up ^ Guernsey , Otis L. `` ' Into the Woods ' Listing '' , The Best Plays of 1988 - 1989 , Hal Leonard Corporation , 1989 , ISBN 1557830568 , p. 462 ^ Jump up to : `` Cast Replacements - Witch '' , SondheimGuide.com , accessed August 2 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` 1991 Television Version '' SondheimGuide.com , accessed March 19 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Concert , Tenth Anniversary '' SondheimGuide.com Jump up ^ Henerson , Evan . `` Bernadette Peters , Joanna Gleason , Stephen Sondheim and More Return to The Woods '' playbill.com , November 10 , 2014 Jump up ^ Gioia , Michael . `` Learn How ' Into the Woods ' Began '' playbill.com , June 22 , 2015 Jump up ^ Green , Stanley and Green , Kay . `` ' Into the Woods ' '' , Broadway Musicals , Show by Show ( 5ed ) , Hal Leonard Corporation , 1996 , ISBN 0793577500 , p. 277 Jump up ^ Hutchins , Michael H. ( October 14 , 2010 ) . `` Into the Woods , 1988 National Touring Company '' . The Stephen Sondheim Reference Guide . Retrieved January 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stearns , David Patrick . USA Today , January 26 , 1989 , p. 4D Jump up ^ Richards , David . `` Woods ' of enchantment ; At the Opera House , Sondlheim 's Bittersweet Turn on Happily Ever After '' , The Washington Post , June 24 , 1989 , p. B1 Jump up ^ `` 1990 London Production '' SondheimGuide.com , accessed March 26 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Arts : In the thickets of thought - Michael Billington sings the praises of Sondheim and Lapine 's fairy tale attempt to push the musical into new and daring directions '' , The Guardian ( London ) , September 27 , 1990 ( no page number ) Jump up ^ `` Archive Page for ' Into the Woods ' '' , Albemarle of London Jump up ^ `` 2002 Los Angeles Production '' sondheimguide.com , accessed July 1 , 2011 Jump up ^ Reviving the Woods ( 2002 ) '' sondheim.com , accessed March 26 , 2011 Jump up ^ O'Haire , Patricia. `` ' Woods ' Path Takes New Twists '' New York Daily News , January 9 , 2002 ^ Jump up to : Pressley , Nelson . `` A Spruced - Up ' Into the Woods ' Grows on Broadway '' , The Washington Post , May 1 , 2002 , p . C1 Jump up ^ `` 2002 revival production information '' sondheimguide.com Jump up ^ Cavendish , Dominic ( June 21 , 2007 ) . `` Beyond the happy - ever - after '' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hall , George ( June 20 , 2007 ) . `` Into the Woods '' . The Stage . London . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Billington , Michael ( June 20 , 2007 ) . `` Into the Woods '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved May 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Waddingham , Russel Lead Open Air Theatre 's INTO THE WOODS , 8 / 6 - 9 / 11 Broadway World , Retrieved July 27 , 2013 Jump up ^ Shenton , Mark. `` New London Production of Into the Woods Opens at Open Air Theatre , Regent 's Park Aug. 16 '' Archived 2012 - 10 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . Playbill.com , August 16 , 2010 Jump up ^ Spencer , Charles. `` ' Into the Woods ' , Open Air Theatre , Regent 's Park , review '' telegraph.co.uk , 17 August 2010 Jump up ^ Wolf , Matt. `` Playing Sondheim in the Woods '' The New York Times , August 24 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Official : ' Into the Woods ' & ' As You Like It ' Set for Shakespeare in the Park ; Lily Rabe Set for ' Rosalind ' '' broadwayworld.com , January 26 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Into The Woods , Starring Amy Adams , Denis O'Hare & Donna Murphy , Extends Central Park Run '' broadway.com , August 7 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : Hetrick , Adam ( July 23 , 2012 ) . `` '' Once Upon a Time `` : Into the Woods , With Chip Zien , Donna Murphy , Denis O'Hare and Amy Adams , Begins July 23 in Central Park '' . playbill.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Central Park ' Into The Woods ' Already Considering Broadway ? '' , Broadwayworld.com , February 22 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` The Public ' plays ' it safe '' New York Post Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam . `` Is Public Theater Considering Broadway Run of ' Into the Woods ? ' '' , Playbill.com , May 11 , 2012 Jump up ^ INTO THE WOODS Will Not Transfer to Broadway ; THE SUNSHINE BOYS Delayed to 2013 - 14 Season Broadway World , January 6 , 2013 Jump up ^ Healey , Ken ( and others ) . `` Reviews , Sydney Theatre Company , Drama Theatre , Sydney Opera House '' The Sun - Herald , ( and others ) March 28 , 1993 Jump up ^ Kemp , Peter . Roger Hodgman Unveils His Final Season at Melbourne Theatre Company `` , Playbill , September 30 , 1997 Jump up ^ Burchmore , Rhonda and Howson , Frank . Into the Woods Legs 11 , New Holland Publishers ( AU ) , 2010 , ISBN 1742570119 , ( page numbers unknown ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) vocero.com Jump up ^ `` Fiasco Theater 's Ten - Person ' Into the Woods ' Will Venture Off - Broadway for Roundabout 's 2014 - 15 Season '' playbill.com , Retrieved March 6 , 2014 Jump up ^ Into the Woods at Laura Pels Theatre Internet Off - Broadway Database , accessed March 16 , 2015 Jump up ^ Into the Woods Press Page theoldglobe.org , Retrieved August 11 , 2014 Jump up ^ Gioia , Michael . `` A New Path ! Re-Imagined , Ten - Person ' Into the Woods ' Begins Off - Broadway Tonight '' playbill.com , December 18 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Into the Woods - Adrienne Arsht Center '' . www.arshtcenter.org . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ BWW TV : Watch Highlights of INTO THE WOODS at The Muny - Heather Headley , Erin Dilly , Rob McClure and More ! Broadway World , Retrieved July 29 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Into the Woods Hart House '' . harthouse.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Into The Woods - West Yorkshire Playhouse '' . West Yorkshire Playhouse . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` הכירו את הצעיר שהקים לבד תיאטרון '' . mako. 2016 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Desk , BWW News . `` First Hebrew Production of INTO THE WOODS to Feature Male Witch , Female Narrator '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Into the Woods '' Victorian Opera `` . www.victorianopera.com.au . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 London Production Cast '' . The Stephen Sondheim Reference Guide . pp. Into the Woods . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Playbill News : Cinderella and Her Mother : Benanti Does Double Duty in Into the Woods ; Prepares Solo CD Archived 2009 - 01 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Stenton , Mark . `` Judi Dench to Provide Voice of Giant in New London Production of ' Into the Woods ' '' , Archived 2010 - 07 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . Playbill , June 18 , 2010 Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam . `` Glenn Close Will Voice Giant for Shakespeare in the Park 's Into the Woods '' , Archived 2012 - 07 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . Playbill , July 16 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Into the Woods Junior '' . www.mtishows.com . Music Theatre International . Jump up ^ Ng , David ( 5 September 2013 ) . `` Sam Mendes , Rob Marshall will revive their revival of ' Cabaret ' '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 5 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Cerasoro , Pat ( 7 August 2013 ) . `` INTO THE WOODS Rehearsals Begin ! Complete Confirmed Cast , With Stars Already Tweeting Pics & More '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved 5 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Schillaci , Sophie ; Pamela McClintock ( 13 June 2013 ) . `` Disney Dates Musical ' Into the Woods ' Opposite ' Annie ' in December 2014 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 5 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Labrecque , Jeff ( January 15 , 2015 ) . `` Oscars 2015 : Full list of nominations '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Flatow , Sheryl . Liner Notes , Into the Woods CD , 1988 , RCA Victor 6796 - 2 - RC Jump up ^ Henry , William A. and Bland , Elizabeth A. `` Theater : Some Enchanted Evening ' Into The Woods ' '' . Time Magazine ( abstract , subscription required ) , November 16 , 1987 . Jump up ^ Holden , Stephen. `` A Fairy - Tale Musical Grows Up '' . The New York Times , November 1 , 1987 Jump up ^ Schulman , Michael ( December 24 , 2014 ) . `` Why `` Into the Woods '' Matters `` . The New Yorker . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Stevens , Dana ( December 24 , 2014 ) . `` Into the Woods '' . Slate . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sondheim 's Into the Woods Comes to Suffolk '' . Suffolk.edu . March 30 , 2010 . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Ester ( January 2 , 2015 ) . `` Before Into The Woods Was A Disney Movie , It Was An AIDS Parable '' . Talking Points Memo . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Benton , Nicholas F. ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Into the Woods ' is An AIDS Parable '' . Falls Church News - Press . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Henry , William A , III ; Bland , Elizabeth L. ( December 7 , 1987 ) . `` Master of the Musical ( subscription required , abstract ) '' . Time Magazine . Retrieved July 28 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Into the Woods Into the Woods at the Internet Broadway Database Into the Woods 2012 lortel.org Into the Woods 2015 lortel.org Libretto for Into the Woods Into the Woods on The Stephen Sondheim Reference Guide Illustrated Book of Into the Woods article , Sondheim.com ( 2004 ) Into the Woods at the Music Theatre International website Into the Woods JR . at the Music Theatre International website `` Profile : Into the Woods '' , Ovrtur : International Database of Musicals `` Rapunzel '' by the Brothers Grimm Literature Grimms ' Fairy Tales ( 1812 ) Rapunzel ( 1998 ) Related myths and tales Danaë Rudaba Petrosinella Adaptations Film Barbie as Rapunzel ( 2002 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Tangled Ever After ( 2012 ) Tangled : Before Ever After ( 2017 ) Literary adaptations Rapunzel ( 1998 ) Cress ( 2014 ) Television The Mind Robber ( 1968 ) `` The Tower '' ( 2014 ) Tangled : The Series ( 2017 ) Video games Tangled : The Video Game Kingdom Hearts III See also Märchenbilder Golem in the Gears Rapunzel ( Disney ) Rapunzel syndrome Into the Woods ( stage ) Into the Woods ( film ) Cinderella by Charles Perrault and the Brothers Grimm Characters Buttons Cinderella Ugly sisters Fairy godmother Wicked stepmother Prince Charming Films Cinderella ( 1899 ) Cinderella or the Glass Slipper ( 1912 ) Cinderella ( 1914 ) A Lowland Cinderella ( 1921 ) A Kiss for Cinderella ( 1925 film ) Ella Cinders ( 1926 ) The Magic Shoes ( 1935 ) First Love ( 1939 ) Cinderella ( 1947 ) The Glass Slipper ( 1955 ) Cinderella ( 1955 ) Cinderfella ( 1960 ) Stop ! Look ! and Laugh ( 1960 ) More Than a Miracle ( 1967 ) Tři oříšky pro Popelku ( 1973 ) The Slipper and the Rose ( 1976 ) Cinderella ( 1979 ) Cinderella ' 80 ( 1984 ) Maid to Order ( 1987 ) If the Shoe Fits ( 1990 ) Ever After ( 1998 ) Ella Enchanted ( 2004 ) Cinderella ( 2006 ) Elle : A Modern Cinderella Tale ( 2010 ) Cinderella ( 2015 ) A Cinderella Story series A Cinderella Story ( 2004 ) Another Cinderella Story ( 2008 ) Once Upon a Song ( 2011 ) If the Shoe Fits ( 2016 ) Animation Cinderella Blues ( 1931 ) Poor Cinderella ( 1934 ) Cinderella Meets Fella ( 1938 ) Swing Shift Cinderella ( 1945 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Señorella and the Glass Huarache ( 1964 ) Cinderella ( 1979 ) The Tender Tale of Cinderella Penguin ( 1981 ) The Magic Riddle ( 1991 ) Cinderella ( 1994 ) Happily N'Ever After ( 2007 ) Year of the Fish ( 2008 ) Cinderella the Cat ( 2017 ) Charming ( 2018 ) Sequels Princess Cinderella ( 1941 ) Cinderella II : Dreams Come True ( 2002 ) Cinderella III : A Twist in Time ( 2007 ) Television Hey , Cinderella ! ( 1968 ) Cindy ( 1978 ) Cinderella Monogatari ( 1996 ) Cinderella ( 1997 ) CinderElmo ( 1999 ) Cinderella ( 2000 ) La Cenicienta ( 2003 ) Bawang Merah Bawang Putih ( 2004 ) Floricienta ( 2004 ) Floribella ( 2005 Brazil ) Floribella ( 2006 Portugal ) Grazilda ( 2010 ) Rags ( 2012 ) Aik Nayee Cinderella ( 2012 ) Literary adaptations Celestina ( 1791 ) Cinderella , or the Little Glass Slipper ( 1954 ) Nine Coaches Waiting ( 1958 ) Carrie ( 1974 ) The Coachman Rat ( 1989 ) Witches Abroad ( 1991 ) Ella Enchanted ( 1997 ) I Was a Rat ! or The Scarlet Slippers ( 1999 ) Just Ella ( 1999 ) Confessions of an Ugly Stepsister ( 1999 ) Chinese Cinderella ( 1999 ) The Fairy Godmother ( 2004 ) Phoenix and Ashes ( 2004 ) Bella at Midnight ( 2006 ) Ash ( 2009 ) Princess of Glass ( 2010 ) Cinder ( 2012 ) Opera Cendrillon ( 1810 Isouard ) La Cenerentola ( 1817 Rossini ) Cendrillon ( 1899 Massenet ) Cendrillon ( 1904 Viardot ) La Cenicienta ( 1966 Hen ) Ballet Cinderella ( 1893 Fitinhof - Schell ) Aschenbrödel ( 1900 Strauss - Bayer ) Cinderella ( 1945 Prokofiev ) Cinderella ( 1948 Ashton ) Musicals Cinderella and the Prince , or The Castle of Heart 's Desire ( 1904 ) Stubborn Cinderella ( 1909 ) Mr. Cinders ( 1929 ) Cinderella ( 1957 ) Cindy ( 1964 ) The Penny Friend ( 1966 ) The Slipper and the Rose ( 1984 ) Soho Cinders ( 2008 ) Cinderella ( 2013 ) Other Plays A Kiss for Cinderella ( 1916 ) Comics Cinderella : From Fabletown with Love Cinderalla Games Cinders Songs `` Spread a Little Happiness '' ( 1929 ) `` Bibbidi - Bobbidi - Boo '' ( 1949 ) `` A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes '' ( 1950 ) `` Cinderella '' ( 1987 ) `` Hey Cinderella '' ( 1993 ) `` It 's Midnight Cinderella '' ( 1996 ) `` Cinderella '' ( 2001 ) `` Cinderella '' ( 2002 ) `` Cinderella '' ( 2003 ) `` Stealing Cinderella '' ( 2007 ) `` Cinderella '' ( 2007 ) `` C \ C ( Cinderella \ Complex ) '' ( 2008 ) Albums A Cinderella Story ( 2004 soundtrack ) Disney 's Princess Favorites ( 2002 ) Sociology Cinderella complex Cinderella effect The Cinderella Movement Commercials A Coach for Cinderella A Ride for Cinderella Adult Cinder Ellen up too Late Cinderella ( 1977 ) Naughty Cinderella National variation Bawang Merah Bawang Putih ( Malay and Indonesian ) Beauty and Pock Face ( Chinese ) Chūjō - hime ( Japanese ) Fair , Brown and Trembling ( Irish ) Finette Cendron ( French ) The Green Knight ( Danish ) Katie Woodencloak ( Norwegian ) Kongji and Patzzi ( Korean ) Ochikubo Monogatari ( Japanese ) `` Rhodopis '' ( Greek ) Rushen Coatie ( Scottish ) The Sharp Grey Sheep ( Scottish ) The Story of Tam and Cam ( Vietnamese ) Sumiyoshi Monogatari ( Japanese ) The True Bride ( German ) The Wonderful Birch ( Russian ) Ye Xian ( Chinese ) Related Catskin Into the Woods Into the Woods ( 2014 film ) Politically Correct Bedtime Stories Disney 's characters Stop ! Look ! and Laugh Waltz Suite Black Cinderella Two Goes East Cinderella Monogatari Cinderella 's Sister Cinderella ( sports ) Lying to Be Perfect Cinderella 's Eyes ( 2011 ) Jack Jack and the Beanstalk Film Jack and the Beanstalk ( 1902 ) Jack and the Beanstalk ( 1952 ) Jack and the Beanstalk ( 1974 ) Jack and the Beanstalk ( 2009 ) Jack the Giant Slayer ( 2013 ) Into the Woods ( 2014 ) Television `` Beanstalks and Bad Eggs '' ( 1997 episode ) Jack and the Beanstalk : The Real Story ( 2001 miniseries ) Once Upon a Time : `` Tallahassee '' ( 2012 ) `` Tiny '' ( 2013 ) Cartoon Jack and the Beanstalk ( 1931 ) Giantland ( 1933 ) Jack - Wabbit and the Beanstalk ( 1943 ) Beanstalk Bunny ( 1955 ) Tweety and the Beanstalk ( 1957 ) Tom and Jerry 's Giant Adventure ( 2013 ) Video games Jumpin ' Kid : Jack to Mame no Ki Monogatari The Simpsons : Bart & the Beanstalk Tiny Toon Adventures : Buster and the Beanstalk Tiny Toon Adventures : The Great Beanstalk Related articles Fee - fi - fo - fum Fun and Fancy Free Into the Woods The Stinky Cheese Man and Other Fairly Stupid Tales Politically Correct Bedtime Stories Jack the Giant Killer Characters Blunderbore Cormoran Thunderdell Film Jack the Giant Killer ( 1962 ) Jack the Giant Slayer ( 2013 ) Jack the Giant Killer ( 2013 ) Novel Jack , the Giant Killer Video games Jack the Giantkiller Musicals by Stephen Sondheim Saturday Night West Side Story Gypsy A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum Anyone Can Whistle Do I Hear a Waltz ? Evening Primrose The Race to Urga Company Follies A Little Night Music The Frogs Pacific Overtures Side by Side by Sondheim Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street Marry Me a Little Merrily We Roll Along Sunday in the Park with George Into the Woods Assassins Putting It Together Passion Road Show Sondheim on Sondheim Awards for Into the Woods Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Musical The Wiz ( 1975 ) A Chorus Line ( 1976 ) Annie ( 1977 ) Ai n't Misbehavin ' ( 1978 ) Sweeney Todd ( 1979 ) Evita ( 1980 ) The Pirates of Penzance ( 1981 ) Nine ( 1982 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1983 ) Sunday in the Park with George ( 1984 ) The Mystery of Edwin Drood ( 1986 ) Les Miserables ( 1987 ) Into the Woods ( 1988 ) Jerome Robbins ' Broadway ( 1989 ) City of Angels ( 1990 ) The Secret Garden ( 1991 ) Crazy for You ( 1992 ) Kiss of the Spider Woman ( 1993 ) Passion ( 1994 ) Show Boat ( 1995 ) Rent ( 1996 ) The Life ( 1997 ) Ragtime ( 1998 ) Parade ( 1999 ) Contact ( 2000 ) The Producers ( 2001 ) Thoroughly Modern Millie ( 2002 ) Hairspray ( 2003 ) Wicked ( 2004 ) Spamalot ( 2005 ) The Drowsy Chaperone ( 2006 ) Spring Awakening ( 2007 ) Passing Strange ( 2008 ) Billy Elliot the Musical ( 2009 ) Memphis ( 2010 ) The Book of Mormon ( 2011 ) Once ( 2012 ) Matilda the Musical ( 2013 ) A Gentleman 's Guide to Love and Murder ( 2014 ) Hamilton ( 2015 ) Shuffle Along ( 2016 ) Come from Away ( 2017 ) Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Revival of a Musical She Loves Me ( 1994 ) The King and I ( 1996 ) Chicago ( 1997 ) Cabaret ( 1998 ) You 're a Good Man , Charlie Brown ( 1999 ) Kiss Me , Kate ( 2000 ) 42nd Street ( 2001 ) Into the Woods ( 2002 ) Nine ( 2003 ) Assassins ( 2004 ) La Cage aux Folles ( 2005 ) Sweeney Todd ( 2006 ) Company ( 2007 ) South Pacific ( 2008 ) Hair ( 2009 ) La Cage aux Folles ( 2010 ) Anything Goes ( 2011 ) Follies ( 2012 ) Pippin ( 2013 ) Hedwig and the Angry Inch ( 2014 ) The King and I ( 2015 ) She Loves Me ( 2016 ) Hello , Dolly ! ( 2017 ) Laurence Olivier Award for Best Musical Revival Show Boat ( 1991 ) The Boys from Syracuse ( 1992 ) Carousel ( 1993 ) Sweeney Todd ( 1994 ) She Loves Me ( 1995 ) The Who 's Tommy ( 1997 ) Chicago ( 1998 ) Oklahoma ! ( 1999 ) Candide ( 2000 ) Singin ' in the Rain ( 2001 ) My Fair Lady ( 2002 ) Anything Goes ( 2003 ) Pacific Overtures ( 2004 ) Grand Hotel ( 2005 ) Guys and Dolls ( 2006 ) Sunday in the Park with George ( 2007 ) The Magic Flute ( 2008 ) La Cage aux Folles ( 2009 ) Hello , Dolly ! ( 2010 ) Into the Woods ( 2011 ) Crazy for You ( 2012 ) Sweeney Todd ( 2013 ) Merrily We Roll Along ( 2014 ) City of Angels ( 2015 ) Gypsy ( 2016 ) Jesus Christ Superstar ( 2017 ) Follies ( 2018 ) Tony Award for Best Revival of a Musical Carousel ( 1994 ) Show Boat ( 1995 ) The King and I ( 1996 ) Chicago ( 1997 ) Cabaret ( 1998 ) Annie Get Your Gun ( 1999 ) Kiss Me , Kate ( 2000 ) 42nd Street ( 2001 ) Into the Woods ( 2002 ) Nine ( 2003 ) Assassins ( 2004 ) La Cage aux Folles ( 2005 ) The Pajama Game ( 2006 ) Company ( 2007 ) South Pacific ( 2008 ) Hair ( 2009 ) La Cage aux Folles ( 2010 ) Anything Goes ( 2011 ) Porgy and Bess ( 2012 ) Pippin ( 2013 ) Hedwig and the Angry Inch ( 2014 ) The King and I ( 2015 ) The Color Purple ( 2016 ) Hello , Dolly ! ( 2017 ) Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical 1950 -- 1975 South Pacific by Oscar Hammerstein II and Joshua Logan ( 1950 ) Hello , Dolly ! by Michael Stewart ( 1964 ) Fiddler on the Roof by Joseph Stein ( 1965 ) Company by George Furth ( 1971 ) Two Gentlemen of Verona by John Guare and Mel Shapiro ( 1972 ) A Little Night Music by Hugh Wheeler ( 1973 ) Candide by Hugh Wheeler ( 1974 ) Shenandoah by James Lee Barrett , Peter Udell and Philip Rose ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 A Chorus Line by James Kirkwood Jr. and Nicholas Dante ( 1976 ) Annie by Thomas Meehan ( 1977 ) On the Twentieth Century by Betty Comden and Adolph Green ( 1978 ) Sweeney Todd by Hugh Wheeler ( 1979 ) Evita by Tim Rice ( 1980 ) Woman of the Year by Peter Stone ( 1981 ) Dreamgirls by Tom Eyen ( 1982 ) Cats by T.S. Eliot ( 1983 ) La Cage aux Folles by Harvey Fierstein ( 1984 ) Big River by William Hauptman ( 1985 ) Drood by Rupert Holmes ( 1986 ) Les Misérables by Alain Boublil and Claude - Michel Schönberg ( 1987 ) Into the Woods by James Lapine ( 1988 ) No Award ( 1989 ) City of Angels by Larry Gelbart ( 1990 ) The Secret Garden by Marsha Norman ( 1991 ) Falsettos by William Finn and James Lapine ( 1992 ) Kiss of the Spider Woman by Terrence McNally ( 1993 ) Passion by James Lapine ( 1994 ) Sunset Boulevard by Don Black and Christopher Hampton ( 1995 ) Rent by Jonathan Larson ( 1996 ) Titanic by Peter Stone ( 1997 ) Ragtime by Terrence McNally ( 1998 ) Parade by Alfred Uhry ( 1999 ) James Joyce 's The Dead by Richard Nelson ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present The Producers by Mel Brooks and Thomas Meehan ( 2001 ) Urinetown by Greg Kotis ( 2002 ) Hairspray by Thomas Meehan and Mark O'Donnell ( 2003 ) Avenue Q by Jeff Whitty ( 2004 ) The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee by Rachel Sheinkin ( 2005 ) The Drowsy Chaperone by Bob Martin and Don McKellar ( 2006 ) Spring Awakening by Steven Sater ( 2007 ) Passing Strange by Stew ( 2008 ) Billy Elliot the Musical by Lee Hall ( 2009 ) Memphis by Joe DiPietro ( 2010 ) The Book of Mormon by Trey Parker , Robert Lopez and Matt Stone ( 2011 ) Once by Enda Walsh ( 2012 ) Matilda the Musical by Dennis Kelly ( 2013 ) A Gentleman 's Guide to Love and Murder by Robert L. Freedman ( 2014 ) Fun Home by Lisa Kron ( 2015 ) Hamilton by Lin - Manuel Miranda ( 2016 ) Dear Evan Hansen by Steven Levenson ( 2017 ) Tony Award for Best Original Score 1947 - 1975 Street Scene by Kurt Weill ( 1947 ) Kiss Me , Kate by Cole Porter ( 1949 ) South Pacific by Richard Rodgers ( 1950 ) Call Me Madam by Irving Berlin ( 1951 ) No Strings by Richard Rodgers ( 1962 ) Oliver ! by Lionel Bart ( 1963 ) Hello , Dolly ! by Jerry Herman ( 1964 ) Fiddler on the Roof by Jerry Bock and Sheldon Harnick ( 1965 ) Man of La Mancha by Mitch Leigh and Joe Darion ( 1966 ) Cabaret by John Kander and Fred Ebb ( 1967 ) Hallelujah , Baby ! by Jule Styne , Betty Comden , and Adolph Green ( 1968 ) Company by Stephen Sondheim ( 1971 ) Follies by Stephen Sondheim ( 1972 ) A Little Night Music by Stephen Sondheim ( 1973 ) Gigi by Frederick Loewe and Alan Jay Lerner ( 1974 ) The Wiz by Charlie Smalls ( 1975 ) 1976 - 2000 A Chorus Line by Marvin Hamlisch and Edward Kleban ( 1976 ) Annie by Charles Strouse and Martin Charnin ( 1977 ) On the Twentieth Century by Cy Coleman , Betty Comden , and Adolph Green ( 1978 ) Sweeney Todd by Stephen Sondheim ( 1979 ) Evita by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice ( 1980 ) Woman of the Year by John Kander and Fred Ebb ( 1981 ) Nine by Maury Yeston ( 1982 ) Cats by Andrew Lloyd Webber and T.S. Eliot ( 1983 ) La Cage aux Folles by Jerry Herman ( 1984 ) Big River by Roger Miller ( 1985 ) Drood by Rupert Holmes ( 1986 ) Les Misérables by Claude - Michel Schönberg , Herbert Kretzmer , and Alain Boublil ( 1987 ) Into the Woods by Stephen Sondheim ( 1988 ) City of Angels by Cy Coleman and David Zippel ( 1990 ) The Will Rogers Follies by Cy Coleman , Betty Comden , and Adolph Green ( 1991 ) Falsettos by William Finn ( 1992 ) Kiss of the Spider Woman by John Kander and Fred Ebb / The Who 's Tommy by Pete Townshend ( 1993 ) Passion by Stephen Sondheim ( 1994 ) Sunset Boulevard by Andrew Lloyd Webber , Don Black , and Christopher Hampton ( 1995 ) Rent by Jonathan Larson ( 1996 ) Titanic by Maury Yeston ( 1997 ) Ragtime by Stephen Flaherty and Lynn Ahrens ( 1998 ) Parade by Jason Robert Brown ( 1999 ) Aida by Elton John and Tim Rice ( 2000 ) 2001 - present The Producers by Mel Brooks ( 2001 ) Urinetown by Mark Hollmann and Greg Kotis ( 2002 ) Hairspray by Marc Shaiman and Scott Wittman ( 2003 ) Avenue Q by Robert Lopez and Jeff Marx ( 2004 ) The Light in the Piazza by Adam Guettel ( 2005 ) The Drowsy Chaperone by Lisa Lambert and Greg Morrison ( 2006 ) Spring Awakening by Duncan Sheik and Steven Sater ( 2007 ) In the Heights by Lin - Manuel Miranda ( 2008 ) Next to Normal by Tom Kitt and Brian Yorkey ( 2009 ) Memphis by David Bryan and Joe DiPietro ( 2010 ) The Book of Mormon by Trey Parker , Robert Lopez and Matt Stone ( 2011 ) Newsies by Alan Menken and Jack Feldman ( 2012 ) Kinky Boots by Cyndi Lauper ( 2013 ) The Bridges of Madison County by Jason Robert Brown ( 2014 ) Fun Home by Jeanine Tesori and Lisa Kron ( 2015 ) Hamilton by Lin - Manuel Miranda ( 2016 ) Dear Evan Hansen by Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Into_the_Woods&oldid=840480151 '' Categories : 1987 musicals Broadway musicals Drama Desk Award - winning musicals Musicals based on secular traditions Laurence Olivier Award - winning musicals Musicals by Stephen Sondheim West End musicals Plays based on fairy tales Brothers Grimm Works based on European myths and legends Musicals based on novels Musicals based on works by Charles Perrault Fantasy theatre Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from April 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Suomi Svenska 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 May 2018 , at 04 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is blinded by birds at the end of act 1 | [
"Cinderella's Prince searches for the girl whose foot fits the slipper; the stepsisters try but can only get it on by cutting off parts of their feet (\"Careful My Toe\"). Cinderella appears, her foot fits the slipper, and she becomes the Prince's bride. Rapunzel has twins in the desert where her Prince finds her. The Witch attempts to curse the couple, only to find that though she gained her youth and beauty, her powers have been lost. At Cinderella's wedding to the Prince, Florinda and Lucinda are blinded by birds as they try to win Cinderella's favor. The Baker's Wife, very pregnant, thanks Cinderella for the slipper. Everyone is at the wedding. Everyone but the Witch and the stepsisters congratulate themselves on being able to live happily \"Ever After,\" though they fail to notice another beanstalk growing sky-high..."
] | [
"Florinda and Lucinda"
] |
1316682491540309165 | Smoking ban in England | Smoking ban in England - wikipedia Smoking ban in England Since 1 July 2007 smoking has been banned in all enclosed public places in England including pubs , bars and restaurants . A smoking ban in England , making it illegal to smoke in all enclosed work places in England , came into force on 1 July 2007 as a consequence of the Health Act 2006 . Similar bans had already been introduced by the rest of the United Kingdom : in Scotland on 26 March 2006 , Wales on 2 April 2007 and Northern Ireland on 30 April 2007 . Contents 1 Before the smoking ban 2 Passage of the law 3 Following the passing of the law 4 Exemptions from the law 5 Public transport 6 Policing of the ban 7 Opposition to the ban 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Before the smoking ban ( edit ) Before the ban many businesses voluntarily introduced bans on smoking mainly as a result of public feedback . The pub chain Wetherspoons was the first major chain to introduce a complete ban on indoor smoking . Tobacco advertising had been banned in England gradually starting with a ban on Television Advertising of cigarettes in 1965 to a complete ban on all Tobacco Advertising in 2005 . Passage of the law ( edit ) On 16 November 2004 a Public Health white paper proposed a smoking ban in almost all public places in England and Wales . Smoking restrictions would be phased in , with a ban on smoking in NHS and government buildings by 2006 , in enclosed public places by 2007 , and pubs , bars and restaurants ( except pubs not serving food ) by the end of 2008 . On 26 October 2005 , after external challenge and debates within the Cabinet , the government announced that it would continue with its plans . All workplaces , including restaurants and pubs selling food , would have to comply by summer 2007 However , there was widespread criticism from all sides of the argument on this , with a number of MPs threatening to try to overturn the bill . Many representatives of the licensed trade told the Government that only a total ban would work , and over 90 MPs signed a motion demanding this , with over 100 signing a petition for a free vote on the issue . It was reported on 24 November that Chief Medical Officer Liam Donaldson nearly quit over the partial ban , but decided to stay to champion a total ban . On the same day , the government released the results of the public consultation , after Cancer Research UK demanded them under the Freedom of Information Act , which revealed that nearly 9 out of 10 respondents wanted a total ban . On 11 January 2006 , the government further announced that it would give MPs a free vote on an amendment to the Health Bill , submitted by the Health select committee , to instigate a comprehensive smoke - free workplace regulations . Health Secretary Patricia Hewitt voted in favour of the amendment and , in so doing , voted against her own Department 's then publicly stated policy ( i.e. the proposed partial regulations ) . All other parties had offered free votes on the issue which was debated on 14 February , with three options : the present compromise , a total ban , or an exemption for members ' clubs only . On 14 February 2006 , the House of Commons first voted on the amendment to the original compromise plan , to extend the ban to all enclosed public places except private members ' clubs . The amendment was carried with a large majority . MPs then voted on a further amendment to ban smoking in all enclosed public places including private members ' clubs . Again this amendment gained significant support and was carried with a large majority . This therefore replaced the earlier successful amendment which would have allowed smoking only in private members ' clubs . The legislation was passed by the House of Lords , allowing a total smoking ban in enclosed public places to come into force in England . Political opposition did not entirely disappear at this point , the House of Lords Economic Affairs Committee accused the Government of overreacting to the threat posed by passive smoking and said that the smoking ban was symptomatic of MPs ' failure to understand risk on 7 June 2006 . The ban came into force on 1 July 2007 , as announced on 30 November 2006 by former Secretary of State for Health Patricia Hewitt , who called it `` a huge step forward for public health '' . Following the passing of the law ( edit ) Many pubs provide smoking areas outdoors , where smoking remains generally permitted . A smoking shelter outside an office building in England . Since 2007 such shelters have become commonplace at workplaces . On 30 June 2010 , the recently formed Coalition Government announced that it would not be reviewing the ban . An attempt in October 2010 by Conservative MP David Nuttall to amend the law to exempt private members ' clubs and pubs from the smoking ban was defeated in the House of Commons on its first reading . Exemptions from the law ( edit ) While the ban affects almost all indoor workplaces , some exemptions were provided : designated hotel rooms designated rooms in nursing homes designated rooms in prisons designated rooms in offshore oil rigs designated rooms in mental health units ( until 1 July 2008 ) specialist tobacconists in relation to sampling cigars and / or pipe tobacco . An exemption was also theoretically possible within the Palace of Westminster , as for other Royal Palaces , although members of the House of Commons and the House of Lords agreed to observe the spirit of the ban and restrict any smoking within the grounds of Parliament to four designated outside areas . Smoking is permitted in a private residence , although not in areas used as a shared work - space . In flats with communal entrances or shared corridors , these must be smoke - free . University halls of residence presented some dilemmas in practice as regards defining what is public and private . Several universities have imposed a blanket ban on smoking including halls of residence . Public transport ( edit ) As part of the implementation of the smoking ban , Transport for London announced that smoking would be no longer permitted on taxis , private hire vehicles and all London Buses premises , including all bus stop shelters . The Association of Train Operating Companies and Network Rail introduced an extended ban on smoking covering all railway property including all National Rail station platforms whether enclosed or not . The ban has since been extended to cover the use of Electronic cigarettes . Smoking on board trains was banned in 2005 when both GNER and First Caledonian Sleeper withdrew smoking accommodation from their services . The Tyne and Wear Metro was the first public transport system to ban in its entirety which has been enforced since the system first opened in 1980 . Policing of the ban ( edit ) The ban is enforced by Environmental Health Officers in England , who issue warnings and offer advice before resorting to punitive measures and have had to issue a low frequency of fines since the law came into force . However , there were some objectors who generated higher - profile legal cases , for instance Hugh Howitt , also known as Hamish Howitt , the landlord of the Happy Scots Bar in Blackpool who was the first landlord to be prosecuted for permitting smoking in a smoke - free place under his control . On 2 August 2007 , Howitt appeared before Blackpool Magistrates ' Court and pleaded not guilty to 12 counts of failing to stop people smoking in his pub . On 2 December 2008 , Howitt effectively had his premises licence revoked , after an appeal by Blackpool Council was upheld ; he was not allowed to appeal , and Howitt had to close the Delboys Bar following the decision . There have been some incidents of violence perpetrated by people refusing to obey the ban , in one of which a former heavyweight boxer , James Oyebola , was shot in the head after he asked a customer at a nightclub to stop smoking and later died of his injuries . However , the view of enforcement authorities is that the smoke - free workplace regulations are simple to understand , popular , and as a result largely ' self - policing ' . For a short while , bars in the UK that offered shisha ( the smoking of flavoured tobacco through a pipe ) were still allowed to provide their services inside the establishment , however the ban covered this area in late 2007 leading to a rapid decline in shisha bars . A legal blunder by Stoke - on - Trent City Council meant that , while the smoking ban still applied in the city , the council were unable to issue fines to people caught flouting the law until 16 July 2007 . The blunder caused the city to briefly be dubbed Smoke - on - Trent . Opposition to the ban ( edit ) A group calling themselves `` Freedom To Choose '' , launched a campaign for a judicial review of the smoke - free workplace regulations claiming a breach of the Human Rights Act 1998 , as it does not respect the right to privacy of people who wish to smoke in public . Supporters of the regulations put forward counter-arguments positing that the rights of smokers to indulge in their habit cease as soon as it negatively affects other people in the vicinity . In 2010 pub landlord Nick Hogan was jailed for an offence related to the smoking ban . In 2012 it was reported that `` Five years after the introduction of the smoking ban in England , almost seven out of 10 licensees want the legislation amended to allow for separate smoking rooms in pubs '' . See also ( edit ) Smoking in the United Kingdom List of smoking bans Smokeasy FOREST Action on Smoking and Health References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Wetherspoon pubs ban smoking '' . BBC Online . BBC News . 24 January 2005 . Retrieved 19 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Smoking ban proposed for England '' . BBC News . 16 November 2004 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Smoke ban bill details released '' . BBC News . 27 October 2005 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chief medic considered quitting '' . BBC News . 24 November 2005 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ https://www.webcitation.org/5tkNlefMT?url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/health/article672477.ece Jump up ^ `` BBC News - ' No plans ' for smoking ban review '' . Bbc.co.uk. 1 July 2010 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Smoking ban exemptions bid defeated News '' . Thisislondon.co.uk . Archived from the original on 25 December 2010 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Smoke - free ( Premises and Enforcement ) Regulations 2006 '' . Opsi.gov.uk. 16 July 2010 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Smoke - free ( Exemptions and Vehicles ) Regulations 2007 '' . Opsi.gov.uk. 16 July 2010 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Parliamentary Privilege First Report '' . The Stationery Office . 4 September 2007 . Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . Retrieved 4 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` MPs ' smoking in Commons toilets ' '' . BBC News . 5 July 2007 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Part 3B Section 13.1 '' ... warwick.ac.uk . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Smoking ban : impact on London 's transport network '' . tfl.gov.uk . Transport for London . 6 June 2007 . Retrieved 31 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Smoke Free Law and Vehicles '' . Smoke Free England . Smoke Free England . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Saul , Heather ( 12 August 2015 ) . `` Rail companies ban e-cigarettes from trains and stations '' . Independent . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` End of the line for train smoking '' . BBC News ( London ) . BBC News . 29 August 2005 . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` First ScotRail withdraws smoking on Caledonian Sleeper service ahead of £ 1million refurbishment '' . First Scotrail . First Group . 28 August 2005 . Archived from the original on 15 March 2015 . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How Metro was built '' . Tyne and Wear Metro . Nexus . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilmore , James ( 2 December 2008 ) . `` Blackpool smoke ban rebel loses licence '' . The Publican . Retrieved 5 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Fielding , Paul ( 5 December 2008 ) . `` Bar shuts as smoking rebel loses court fight '' . Blackpool Gazette . Retrieved 5 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Boxer shot over club smoking row '' . BBC News . 24 July 2007 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Boxer shot in smoking row dies '' . BBC News . 27 July 2007 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Council error stubs out smoke ban '' . BBC . BBC News . 11 July 2007 . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Kathryn ( 11 July 2007 ) . `` Smoke - on - Trent reignites debate '' . BBC . BBC Stoke . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Freedom To Choose '' . Freedom2choose.info. 12 October 2010 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Swindon Advertiser ( 19 June 2007 ) . `` Non-smoking landlord braced for High Court ban battle '' . Retrieved 2 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Chris Melville ( 1 July 2007 ) . `` Smoking ban : why did we have to wait for so long ? '' . eurosong.net . Retrieved 2 July 2007 . Jump up ^ The Daily Mail ( 27 February 2010 ) . `` Pub landlord is first person in Britain to be jailed over smoking ban '' . Retrieved 14 April 2012 . Jump up ^ The Publican 's Morning Advertiser ( 3 July 2012 ) . `` Smoking ban : Majority of licensees want smoking legislation amended for pubs '' . Retrieved 7 September 2012 . External links ( edit ) NHS Smokefree website ( focused on Quitting ) Archived NHS Smokefree website ( Contains signage , and more legal info than the current site ) Video clips Discussing the ban with TV GP Dr Chris Steel David Cameron discussing the ban Smokefree England TV advert England articles History Overviews Timeline Education Local government Maritime Military Social Chronology Prehistoric Roman Britain Lloegyr Anglo - Saxon England Heptarchy Kingdom of England Norman conquest Angevin Empire Wars of the Roses Tudor period Stuart period English Renaissance English Reformation Elizabethan era Jacobean era Civil War Union with Scotland Georgian era Regency Victorian era Edwardian period The Blitz Geography Counties Districts Gardens Islands Parishes Places Regions Towns Politics Economy Middle Ages Elizabethan government Independence Monarchy Parliament Culture Afternoon Tea Anglophilia Castles Country clothing Cuisine Cultural icons Demographics Education Folklore Fête Landscape garden Identity Innovations and discoveries English language in England Middle England Museums People list Religion Church of England Science education Sport Cricket national team Football The Football Association national team Rugby league Rugby Football League national team Rugby union Rugby Football Union national team Wimbledon Symbols Coat of arms Flags national flag Heraldry Oak tree Royal Standards Royal Supporters St. George St George 's Day Tudor Rose Outline Book Category Portal Smoking Country and region Albania Argentina Brazil Canada China Colombia East Timor Ecuador Egypt Finland France Germany Greece Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iraq Iran Ireland Italy Japan Korea North South Macau Malaysia New Zealand Nigeria Norway Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sweden Syria Taiwan Tokelau Turkey United Kingdom United States Uruguay Vietnam Religion Smoking in Jewish law Tobacco fatwa Ceremonial pipe Chanunpa Kinnikinnick Pipe bag Health Health effects of tobacco ( Nicotine poisoning Nicotine withdrawal ) Passive smoking Third - hand smoke Prevalence of tobacco use Schizophrenia and smoking Sidestream smoke Smokeless tobacco keratosis Smoker 's face Smoker 's melanosis Stomatitis nicotina Smoking age Smoking and male infertility Smoking cessation Tobacco - Free Pharmacies Tobacco packaging warning messages WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products World No Tobacco Day Youth smoking Women and smoking Breastfeeding difficulties Breast cancer Cervical cancer Menopause Ptosis of the breast Smoking and female infertility Smoking and pregnancy Smoking ban Inflight smoking List of smoking bans Smoking bans in private vehicles Tobacco - Free College Campuses Country and region Australia England United States Other Chain smoking Cigarette consumption per capita History of smoking Smokeasy Smoking fetishism Tobacco advertising Tobacco bowdlerization Tobacco industry Tobacco smoking Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smoking_ban_in_England&oldid=857115784 '' Categories : Governance of England Smoking in the United Kingdom 2007 establishments in England 2007 in politics Tobacco control Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 17 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did smoking in the workplace stop uk | [
"A smoking ban in England, making it illegal to smoke in all enclosed work places in England, came into force on 1 July 2007 as a consequence of the Health Act 2006. Similar bans had already been introduced by the rest of the United Kingdom: in Scotland on 26 March 2006, Wales on 2 April 2007 and Northern Ireland on 30 April 2007.\n",
"A smoking ban in England, making it illegal to smoke in all enclosed work places in England, came into force on 1 July 2007 as a consequence of the Health Act 2006. Similar bans had already been introduced by the rest of the United Kingdom: in Scotland on 26 March 2006, Wales on 2 April 2007 and Northern Ireland on 30 April 2007.\n",
"A smoking ban in England, making it illegal to smoke in all enclosed work places in England, came into force on 1 July 2007 as a consequence of the Health Act 2006. Similar bans had already been introduced by the rest of the United Kingdom: in Scotland on 26 March 2006, Wales on 2 April 2007 and Northern Ireland on 30 April 2007.\n",
"A smoking ban in England, making it illegal to smoke in all enclosed work places in England, came into force on 1 July 2007 as a consequence of the Health Act 2006. Similar bans had already been introduced by the rest of the United Kingdom: in Scotland on 26 March 2006, Wales on 2 April 2007 and Northern Ireland on 30 April 2007.\n"
] | [
"1 July 2007",
"26 March 2006",
"2 April 2007",
"30 April 2007"
] |
-2733244276534584303 | The Great British Bake Off (series 3) | The Great British bake Off ( series 3 ) - wikipedia The Great British bake Off ( series 3 ) Jump to : navigation , search The Great British Bake Off ( series 3 ) Starring Mel Giedroyc Sue Perkins Mary Berry Paul Hollywood Country of origin United Kingdom No. of episodes 10 Release Original network BBC Two Original release 14 August ( 2012 - 08 - 14 ) -- 16 October 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 16 ) Series chronology ← Previous Series 2 Next → Series 4 The third series of The Great British Bake Off began airing on Tuesday 14 August 2012 . The series was filmed at Harptree Court in East Harptree , Somerset . Seven thousand applied for the competition and twelve contestants were chosen . For the first time , all three finalists were male : Brendan Lynch , John Whaite and James Morton . The competition was won by John Whaite . Contents ( hide ) 1 The Bakers 2 Results summary 3 Episodes 3.1 Episode 1 : Cakes 3.2 Episode 2 : Bread 3.3 Episode 3 : Tarts 3.4 Episode 4 : Desserts 3.5 Episode 5 : Pies 3.6 Episode 6 : Puddings 3.7 Episode 7 : Sweet dough 3.8 Episode 8 : Biscuits 3.9 Episode 9 : Pâtisserie ( semi-final ) 3.10 Episode 10 : Final 3.11 Extras and special episodes 4 Post-show career 5 Ratings 5.1 Specials 6 References The Bakers ( edit ) Baker Age ( on show ) Occupation ( on show ) Hometown Links Brendan Lynch 63 Recruitment consultant Sutton Coldfield Cathryn Dresser 27 Shop assistant Pease Pottage , West Sussex Danny ( Daniele ) Bryden 45 Intensive care consultant Sheffield James Morton 21 Medical student Hillswick , Shetland Islands John Whaite 23 Law student Wigan Manisha Parmar 27 Nursery nurse Leicester Natasha Stringer 36 Midwife Tamworth , Staffordshire Peter Maloney 43 Sales manager Windsor , Berkshire Ryan Chong 38 Photographer Bristol Sarah - Jane Willis 28 Vicar 's wife Bewbush , West Sussex Victoria Chester 50 CEO of the charity Plantlife Somerset Stuart Marston - Smith 26 PE teacher Lichfield , Staffordshire Results summary ( edit ) Elimination chart Baker 5 6 7 8 9 10 John SB WINNER Brendan SB SB Runner Up James SB SB Runner Up Danny SB OUT Cathryn OUT Ryan SB OUT Sarah - Jane OUT Manisha OUT Stuart OUT Victoria SB OUT Peter OUT Natasha OUT No one was eliminated this week due to John having injured his finger and could not complete the last bake , and the judges thought it would be unfair to eliminate anyone . Two were eliminated the next week . Colour key : -- Baker got through to the next round -- Baker was eliminated -- Baker was one of the judges ' least favourite bakers that week , but was not eliminated . -- Baker was the Star Baker -- Baker was one of the judges ' favourite bakers that week , but did not win star baker -- Baker was the series runner - up -- Baker was the series winner Episodes ( edit ) Episode 1 : cakes ( edit ) The contestants were required to make an upside - down cake for their signature bake . The bakers were given two hours to make a sponge topped with fruits of their choice . For the technical bake , Paul set the bakers the challenge of making four rum babas with cream in the middle and sliced fruits on top , to be completed in three hours . For the showstopper , the bakers were given the task of making a cake in five hours , and the cake baked should reveal a hidden design when cut . Baker eliminated Star Baker Winner Baker Signature ( Upside Down Cake ) Technical ( Rum Baba ) Showstopper ( Hidden Design Cake ) Brendan Plum , Sour Cherry & Walnut Upside Down Cake 10th UNKNOWN Cathryn Apple , Hazelnut and Calvados Upside Down Cake 5th Hidden Cupcake Cake Danny Plum , Ginger and Orange Upside Down Cake 7th UNKNOWN James Parsnip , Pear , and Pecan Upside Down Cake 2nd `` Simmer Dim '' Sunset Cake John Toffee Apple , Orange & Cranberry Upside Down Cake 11th Hidden Pink Hearts Cake Manisha Vanilla , Peach and Raspberry Upside Down Cake 6th UNKNOWN Natasha Pineapple & Passion Fruit Upside Down Cake 12th Mother 's Day Layered Rose Cake Peter Pear , Muscat & Chocolate Upside Down Cake 3rd Jubilee Cake Ryan Kumquat and Orange Polenta Upside Down Cake 8th Hidden Flowerbed Mousse Cake Sarah - Jane Pear , Chocolate and Hazelnut Upside Down Cake 1st Hidden Crown Cake Stuart Tomato and Ginger Upside Down Cake 9th Lemon and Pistachio Union Flag Cake Victoria Pear and Pecan Upside Down Cake 4th Blackbird Pie Cake Episode 2 : bread ( edit ) For the signature bake , the baker are required to make twelve flatbreads , twelve with yeast , twelve without . They were give two and a half hours to complete the task . For the technical challenge , they had to make an eight - strand plaited loaf in two hours using a recipe from Paul . For the showstopper bake , the bakers were given four hours to make 24 bagels , 12 sweet , and 12 savoury . Baker Signature ( 2 types of Flatbreads - Leavened and Unleavened ) Technical ( Plaited Loaf ) Showstopper ( 2 types of Bagels - Sweet and Savoury ) Brendan Middle Eastern Taboon Bread Indian Roti 4th Chocolate and Vanilla Bagels Cumin and Gruyere Bagels Cathryn Spiced Mango Naan Lime , Coriander and Chilli Tortilla 8th Cranberry and Orange Bagels Chipotle , Chili , and Smoked Cheddar Bagels Danny Lime Coriander and Coconut Tortillas Zaatar Naan with Dukkah 3rd UNKNOWN James Tomato , Garlic , and Parmesan Flatbread Tattie Scones 2nd Orange , Mint and Chocolate Bagels ' Millers ' Sourdough Bagels John Coriander and Chilli Rotis Garlic , Pomegranate and Potato Pitas 1st Fig , Walnut and Gruyere Bagels Blueberry and White Chocolate Bagels Manisha Indian Flatbreads Italian Flatbreads 6th UNKNOWN Peter Fennel and Nigella Seed Naan Bannock Bread 11th Apple and Cinnamon Bagels Rosemary and Sea Salt Bagels Ryan Shanghai Spring Onion Flatbread Garlic and Coriander Naan 5th Cinnamon and Date Bagels Tarragon and Rosemary Bagels Sarah - Jane Coconut Roti Oatcakes 10th UNKNOWN Stuart Chorizo and Spring Onion Naan Bombay Bread 9th Cinnamon and Cranberry Bagels Tomato and Thyme Bagels Victoria Coriander and Lemon Naan Garlic and Parsnip Chapatis 7th Saffron and Golden Raisin Bagels Porcini Bagels Episode 3 : tarts ( edit ) The classic tarte tatin was set as the signature challenge . The tarte tatin may be sweet or savoury , and should be finished in two and half hours . Baking a treacle tart was set as the technical challenge by Mary , with the requirement that the pastry lattice on top be woven . The bakers were given two hours for the challenge . For the showstopper , the bakers were required to make in three hours a large designer fruit tart fit for a window display . Baker Signature ( Tarte Tatin ) Technical ( Treacle Tart ) Showstopper ( Designer Fruit Tart ) Brendan Apple and Ginger Tarte Tatin 9th Blackberry , Nectarine and Dragon Fruit Tart Cathryn Plum , Cherry and Five Spice Tarte Tatin 3rd Raspberry , Pistachio and Lemon Tart Danny Savoury Pear and Roquefort Tarte Tatin 2nd Pineapple , Coconut and Frangipane Tart James Apple and Lavender Tarte Tatin 1st Rose , Lychee and Raspberry Fruit Tart John Apple and Vanilla Tarte Tatin with Walnut Praline 6th Berries , Grapes and Pomegranate Tart Manisha Cinnamon , Apple and Pear Tarte Tatin 10th Rum and Tropical Fruit Tart Ryan Spiced Pear Tarte Tatin 5th UNKNOWN Sarah - Jane Caramelized Banana Tarte Tatin 8th French Apple Tart with Blackberry and Cassis Jam Stuart Pear and Almond Tarte Tatin 7th Raspberry Triple Chocolate Layered Tart Victoria Fig , Walnut and Pink Peppercorn Tarte Tatin 4th Tropical Fruit Tart with Black Pepper Crust Episode 4 : desserts ( edit ) The bakers were given three hours to make a torte cake as the signature bake . The torte should be more than 20 cm in diameter . Mary set crème caramel as the technical challenge , to be finished two and three - quarter hours . A four - layered meringue dessert was the showstopper challenge . Baker Signature ( Torte Cake ) Technical ( crème caramel ) Showstopper ( Meringue Dessert ) Brendan Clementine and Chestnut Torte 1st Pear , Chocolate and Hazelnut Dacquoise Cathryn White Chocolate , Macadamia and Coffee Torte 3rd Gooseberry , Almond and Honey Meringue Danny Blackberry , White Chocolate , Lemon and Elderflower Torte 2nd ' Monte Bianco ' Chestnut , Chocolate and Coffee Dacquoise James Hazelnut , Chocolate and Passionfruit Torte 5th Fig , Chestnut , Cherry and Chocolate Layered Meringue John ' Torte Noir ' Black Forest Torte with Boozy Cream 6th Elderflower and Bramble Berry Pavlova Manisha Almond , Chocolate and Cherry Torte 9th Tiramisu Layered Meringue Dessert Ryan Green Tea Opera Torte 7th Strawberry , Rose and Pistachio Meringue Sarah - Jane Chocolate and Almond Truffle Torte 4th Hazelnut Tiramisu Layered Meringue Stuart Black Forest Torte 8th Choca Blocka Mocha Meringue In this episode , Mel was n't present but will be present in the next episode . Episode 5 : pies ( edit ) For the signature bake , Paul specified that the Wellington that was their challenge should be at least 8 inches long and completely covered with pastry . The bakes were given three hours for the challenge . He also set the bakers to make a hand - raised pie in two and a quarter hour as the technical challenge . The pie was to be made with hot water crust molded using a dolly . The pie was let to set overnight and judged the next day . For the showstopper challenge , the bakers were required to bake a family - sized sweet American - style pie in three and a half hours . Baker Signature ( Wellington ) Technical ( Hand - Raised Pie ) Showstopper ( American Pie ) Brendan Salmon Coulibiac in a Scandinavian Pastry 3rd All American Chiffon Pie Cathryn Full English Wellington 1st Chocolate and Peanut Butter Pumpkin Pie Danny Chickpea , Spinach & Mushroom Wellington 7th Trick or Treat Pumpkin Pie James Four Pig Wellington 6th Sweet Potato Pie John Venison and Haggis Wellington 2nd Star - Spangled Pecan Pie Manisha Lamb Wellington with Rosemary and Mint 5th Banana Scotch Pie Ryan Curry Spiced Seabass Wellington 8th Key Lime Pie Sarah - Jane Beef Wellington with Parma Ham and Gorgonzola Cheese 4th Chocolate and Banana Cream Pie During the broadcast , Ryan 's pie was identified as a key lime pie . However , it was made with ordinary limes rather than key limes , and thus was not a key lime pie . Moreover , the pies described as American - style were actually tarts . American pies are baked in a smooth , slant sides pie pan , not the fluted tart pans that were used . Episode 6 : puddings ( edit ) The bakers were challenged to make , in two hours , two different flavoured sponge puddings with different accompaniments , six of each . Mary set the Queen of Puddings as the technical challenge . For the showstopper , the bakers were required to make in three and a half hours one large strudel , either with sweet or savoury fillings . John cut a deep wound on his finger on the blade of the food processor , had to leave the show to receive medical attention , and therefore did not complete his challenge . As a result , the judges thought that it would be unfair to eliminate any baker this week . Baker Signature ( 2 different flavours of Sponge Puddings ) Technical ( Queen of Puddings ) Showstopper ( Strudels ) Brendan Rhubarb , Strawberry and Ginger Puddings Sticky Toffee Puddings 1st Spinach , Cheese and Walnut Strudel Cathryn Chocolate Walnut Whip Puddings Elderflower Sponges 3rd Roasted Vegetable Couscous and Sheep Cheese Strudel Danny Banoffee Puddings with Walnut Butterscotch Sauce Jubilee Chocolate Fondants 2nd Leek , Potato , Pistachio and Gruyère Strudel James Banana and Clove Puddings Clootie Dumplings 7th Strawberry , Rhubarb and Ginger Strudel John Spicy Toffee Puddings Raspberry and White Chocolate Puddings 5th Did not complete due to injury Ryan Chocolate Fondants Sticky Ginger and Date Puddings 6th Apple , Sour Cherry , Raisin and Mixed Nuts Strudel Sarah - Jane Sticky Toffee Puddings Granny 's Saucy Lemon Puddings 4th Sweet Strudel with Sour Cherries Episode 7 : sweet dough ( edit ) For the signature bake , the bakers were set to bake 24 buns made with yeast in three hours The buns should be all of the same size and evenly baked . For the technical bake , the bakers were challenged to make ten jam doughnuts using Paul 's recipe in two and a half hours . The jam doughnut should be of consistent size and shape , as well jam distribution and colour . For the showstopper , the bakers each made a celebratory enriched - dough loaf . This challenge started straight after the technical bake , so that the dough could be proofed overnight if necessary . Two bakers were eliminated this week as there was no elimination the previous week . Baker Signature ( Buns ) Technical ( Jam Doughnut ) Showstopper ( Celebratory loaf ) Brendan Chelsea Bunski 's 4th Black Forest Christmas Stollen Cathryn Lady Arundel 's Manchet Buns 5th Bonfire Night Tear ' n ' Share Brioche Danny Bakewell Chelsea Buns 2nd European Christmas Wreath James Easter Chelsea Buns 1st Whisky Kugelhopf - Brioche Baba John Cherry and Almond Saffron Buns 3rd Marzipan Stollen Ryan Lardy Cakes 6th Char Siu Bao Sarah - Jane Orange , Nutmeg and Saffron Buns 7th Sour Cherry and Dark Chocolate Christmas Plait Episode 8 : biscuits ( edit ) The bakers are given two hours to make 48 crackers or crisp bread for their signature bake . They should be thin , evenly baked and crack when snapped in two . For the technical challenge , the bakers were asked to make six chocolate teacakes in two hours using Paul 's recipe , a task made more difficult because the high temperature that day would not allow the chocolate to cool . For the showstopper bake , the bakers were challenged to make a gingerbread structure , which should not be a gingerbread house , in four hours . Baker Signature ( 48 Crackers ) Technical ( 6 Chocolate Teacakes ) Showstopper ( Gingerbread Structure ) Brendan Multi-Seed Savoury Crackers 2nd Fantasy Gingerbread Bird House Cathryn Cheese and Pickle Crackers 5th Gingerbread Buckingham Palace Danny Spiced Almond Drinks Crackers 4th Gingerbread Big Ben James Smoky Cayenne , Cumin and Chilli Crackers 1st Gingerbread Barn John Asian Spice Crackers 3rd Gingerbread Roman Coliseum Episode 9 : pâtisserie ( semi-final ) ( edit ) For the first test , the bakers were required to make three type of petits fours , twelve of each . These should be small ( each a single mouthful ) , exquisite and perfect . Mary set the bakers to make a Fraisier cake for the technical challenge . Choux pastry gateau was set as the showstopper bake . Baker Signature ( 3 types of Petits Fours ) Technical ( Fraisier Cake ) Showstopper ( Choux Pastry Gateau ) Brendan Coffee Meringue and Hazelnut Creams Apricot and Pistachio Friands Lime Curd Choux Pastry Cygnets 3rd Gateau St. Honoré Danny Blackberry and Peppermint Macaroons Miniature Raspberry and Basil Financiers Orange and White Chocolate Langues de Chat 4th Rosewater and Lychee St. Honoré James Lemon and Rhubarb Tartlets Chocolate Indulgence Petits Fours Chilli , Lime and Raspberry Macaroons 1st Coffee , Caramel and Hazelnut Paris - Brest John Lemon Madeleines White Chocolate and Raspberry Tartlets Dark Chocolate and Cherry Macaroons 2nd Gateau St. Honoré a la Passion Episode 10 : final ( edit ) The finalists were set the task of making savoury Pithivier in two and a half hours . Paul and Mary 's technical challenge required 25 Fondant Fancies . For the final showstopper , the finalists were required to make in four hours a chiffon cake based on the theme of their personal highlights of 2012 . All the bakes were served at a special summer fête held on the ground of Harptree Court . Baker Signature ( Pithivier ) Technical ( Fondant Fancies ) Showstopper ( Chiffon Cake ) Brendan Potato and Pepper Pithivier 2nd Family Reunion Chiffon Cake James Spanish Pithivier with Chorizo and Red Pepper 1st United Chiffon Cakes John Italian Sausage and Roasted Vegetable Pithivier 2nd Heaven and Hell Chiffon Cake Extras and special episodes ( edit ) Four additional episodes were broadcast after the final . Episode 11 was a masterclass by Paul and Mary where they demonstrated how to make the technical challenges they set - treacle tarts , rum babas , creme caramels , the hand - raised pie , and the eight - strand plaited loaf . Episode 12 revisited the bakers from series 2 to catch up on what these contestants had been doing after the show ended . Another masterclass was shown in episode 13 where Paul and Mary showed how to make queen of puddings , jam doughnuts , tempered chocolate teacakes , fraisier cakes and fondant fancies . In episode 14 , Paul and Mary showed which signature bakes they would have chosen if they were in the bakers ' shoes ( including sponge puddings , flat breads and sweet buns ) . A further episode of Masterclass was shown before Easter . Post-show career ( edit ) John Whaite gained a first - class degree from the University of Manchester after sitting his law exams while filming Bake Off , but he rejected a career in law and opted to take classes at Le Cordon Bleu and pursue a career in baking . His book John Whaite Bakes : Recipes for Every Day and Every Mood was published on 25 April 2013 . His second book , John Whaite Bakes At Home , was published on 27 March 2014 . He first set up a chocolate shop The Hungry Dog Artisan Chocolates , and opened a cookery school on his family 's dairy farm in Lancashire . He also appeared as a resident chef on the ITV show Lorraine , and wrote a column on food for The Daily Telegraph . In 2016 , Whaite presented with Rosemary Shrager a daytime cookery competitive show Chopping Block on ITV . James Morton aimed for a career in medicine but has written a book on bread , titled Brilliant Bread , published on 29 August 2013 . He writes a baking column for the Scottish newspaper Sunday Mail . His second book , How Baking Works : ... And what to do if it does n't , was published on 12 March 2015 . Brendan Lynch is teaching cookery classes . Cathryn Dresser and Sarah - Jane Willis teamed up to open a stall at Horsham Market . Dresser wrote a baking book for children and parents titled Let 's Bake , published on 22 May 2014 . and ran The Little Handcross Bakery in Handcross , West Sussex between September 2014 and May 2015 . Ratings ( edit ) The final of this series had a record overnight figure of 6.5 million viewers , beating every other programme in other channels in its time slot . Official episode viewing figures are from BARB . Episode no . Airdate Viewers ( millions ) BBC Two weekly ranking 14 August 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 14 ) 3.85 21 August 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 21 ) 4.60 28 August 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 28 ) 4.53 4 September 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 04 ) 4.71 5 11 September 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 11 ) 4.61 6 18 September 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 18 ) 4.82 7 25 September 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 25 ) 5.10 8 2 October 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 02 ) 5.35 9 9 October 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 09 ) 5.70 10 16 October 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 16 ) 6.74 Specials ( edit ) Episode no . Airdate Viewers ( millions ) BBC Two weekly ranking The Great British Bake Off Masterclass 22 October 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 22 ) 2.56 5 24 October 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 24 ) 2.19 8 25 October 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 25 ) 2.33 6 The Great British Bake Off Revisited 23 October 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 23 ) 2.76 The Great British Bake Off , Christmas Masterclass 18 December 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 18 ) 3.48 The Great British Bake Off , Easter Masterclass 26 March 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 26 ) 2.76 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Food on BBC Two , 26 April 2012 Jump up ^ `` ' Sir ' beat 7,000 hopefuls to join baking dozen '' . Lichfield Mercury . 9 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Emily Hill ( 13 October 2012 ) . `` The fabulous Bake Off boys ... as definitely NOT seen on TV ! '' . The Daily Mail . Jump up ^ Vicky Frost ( 16 October 2012 ) . `` Great British Bake Off : John Whaite is surprise winner '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Brendan Lynch . `` Brendan '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Bake with Cat '' . Jump up ^ Danny Bryden . `` Baking as Therapy '' . Archived from the original on 16 May 2013 . Jump up ^ James Morton . `` James Morton - the one that bakes '' . Jump up ^ `` John Whaite '' . Jump up ^ Ryan Chong . `` Bakology - Home of Baking from Ryan Chong '' . Jump up ^ `` Plantlife '' . Plantlife International . Jump up ^ Stuart Marston - Smith . `` Layered '' . Jump up ^ Jenny Johnston ( 19 April 2013 ) . `` John Whaite was destined for a highly paid but deathly dull job in the City when he won Bake Off . Now he 's hoping to make even more dough '' . The Daily Mail . Jump up ^ Sophia Moir ( 26 April 2013 ) . `` John Whaite : How baking helps me battle depression - EXCLUSIVE '' . Yahoo Lifestyle . Jump up ^ Josh Willacy ( 27 March 2014 ) . `` The winner bakes it all : Great British Bake Off ace John Whaite reveals guilty secrets and making mum jealous '' . Mancunian Matters . Jump up ^ Debashine Thangevelo ( 10 July 2014 ) . `` Whaite 's victory tastes extra sweet '' . Tonight . Jump up ^ Jess Denham ( 7 October 2014 ) . `` Great British Bake Off 2014 : What past winners are doing now from Edd Kimber to last year 's Frances Quinn '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Helena Kealey ( 5 August 2014 ) . `` Bake Off : the winners reveal their secrets '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` John Whaite '' . ITV . Jump up ^ `` John Whaite '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Chopping Block '' . 24 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Heather Greenaway ( 20 January 2013 ) . `` Great British Bake Off star James Morton : Cooking is great ... but my real dream is to be a doctor '' . Daily Record . Jump up ^ `` James and the World Bread Awards '' . Edinburgh Foody. 19 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jame Mortan '' . Daily Record and Sunday Mail . Jump up ^ Pippa Bailey Monday ( 5 October 2015 ) . `` Great British Bake Off : 10 best cookbooks '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Giulia Rhodes ( 24 March 2013 ) . `` Baking an end to the lonely days '' . Daily Express . Retrieved 31 March 2017 . Jump up ^ James Brindle ( 25 October 2012 ) . `` Bake off finalist to join Seasoned Cookery School '' . Uttoxeter Advertiser . Jump up ^ Roz Laws ( 2 August 2014 ) . `` Whatever happened to the ' Great British Bake Off ' bakers from the Midlands ? '' . Birmingham Mail . Jump up ^ `` Crawley Bake Off stars set up own business '' . The Argus. 23 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TV Bake - off stars team up to run market stall '' . Crawley and Horley Observer. 31 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Anna James ( 20 May 2014 ) . `` REVIEW : LET 'S BAKE BY CATHRYN DRESSER '' . We Love This Book . Jump up ^ `` Hectic life of a mother and celebrity baker '' . Jump up ^ John Plunkett ( 17 October 2012 ) . `` Great British Bake Off : 6.5 m watch John Whaite rise to the top '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . ( hide ) The Great British Bake Off Series 5 6 7 8 Winners Edd Kimber Joanne Wheatley John Whaite Frances Quinn Nancy Birtwhistle Nadiya Hussain Candice Brown Other contestants James Morton Glenn Cosby Ali Imdad Beca Lyne - Pirkis Ruby Tandoh Martha Collison Related topics List of Star Bakers Junior Bake Off The Great British Bake Off : An Extra Slice Bake Off : Crème de la Crème International versions Australia Brazil Canada France Ireland United States 2013 2015 - present Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Great_British_Bake_Off_(series_3)&oldid=809122676 '' Categories : The Great British Bake Off 2012 British television seasons Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2015 Use British English from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 07 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wins season 3 of the great british baking show | [
"\nJohn Whaite\n23\nLaw student\nWigan\n[9]\n"
] | [
"John Whaite"
] |
-4015827601084159168 | Super Bowl VI | Super Bowl VI - wikipedia Super Bowl VI Jump to : navigation , search Super Bowl VI Dallas Cowboys ( NFC ) Miami Dolphins ( AFC ) 24 Total DAL 7 7 7 24 MIA 0 0 0 Date January 16 , 1972 ( 1972 - 01 - 16 ) Stadium Tulane Stadium , New Orleans , Louisiana MVP Roger Staubach , Quarterback Favorite Cowboys by 6 Referee Jim Tunney Attendance 81,023 Future Hall of Famers Cowboys : Tex Schramm ( team administrator ) , Tom Landry ( coach ) , Herb Adderley , Lance Alworth , Mike Ditka , Forrest Gregg , Bob Hayes , Bob Lilly , Mel Renfro , Roger Staubach , Rayfield Wright . Dolphins : Don Shula ( coach ) , Nick Buoniconti , Larry Csonka , Bob Griese , Jim Langer , Larry Little , Paul Warfield . Ceremonies National anthem U.S. Air Force Academy Chorale Coin toss Jim Tunney Halftime show `` Salute to Louis Armstrong '' with Ella Fitzgerald , Carol Channing , Al Hirt and the U.S. Marine Corps Drill Team TV in the United States Network CBS Announcers Ray Scott and Pat Summerall Nielsen ratings 44.2 ( est . 56.64 million viewers ) Market share 74 Cost of 30 - second commercial $86,000 ← V Super Bowl VII → Super Bowl VI was an American football game between the National Football Conference ( NFC ) champion Dallas Cowboys and the American Football Conference ( AFC ) champion Miami Dolphins to decide the National Football League ( NFL ) champion for the 1971 season . The Cowboys defeated the Dolphins by the score of 24 -- 3 , to win their first Super Bowl . The game was played on January 16 , 1972 , at Tulane Stadium in New Orleans , Louisiana , the second time the Super Bowl was played in that city . Despite the southerly location , it was unseasonably cold at the time , with the kickoff air temperature of 39 ° F ( 4 ° C ) making this the coldest Super Bowl ever played . Dallas , in its second Super Bowl appearance , entered the game with a reputation of not being able to win big playoff games such as Super Bowl V and the 1966 and 1967 NFL Championship Games prior to the 1970 AFL -- NFL merger . They posted an 11 -- 3 record during the 1971 regular season before defeating the Minnesota Vikings and the San Francisco 49ers in the playoffs . The Dolphins were making their first Super Bowl appearance after building a 10 -- 3 -- 1 regular season record , including eight consecutive wins , and posting postseason victories over the Kansas City Chiefs and the Baltimore Colts . The Cowboys dominated Super Bowl VI , setting Super Bowl records for the most rushing yards ( 252 ) , the most first downs ( 23 ) , and the least points allowed ( 3 ) . They remain the only team ever to prevent their opponent from scoring a touchdown in the Super Bowl . The game was close in the first half , with the Cowboys only leading 10 -- 3 at halftime . But Dallas opened the third quarter with a 71 - yard , 8 - play touchdown drive , and then Dallas linebacker Chuck Howley 's 41 - yard interception return in the fourth quarter set up another score . Cowboys quarterback Roger Staubach , who completed 12 out of 18 passes for 119 yards , threw 2 touchdown passes , and rushed 5 times for 18 yards , was named the Super Bowl 's Most Valuable Player . This was the last Super Bowl to be blacked out in the TV market in which the game was played . Under the NFL 's unconditional blackout rules at the time , the Super Bowl could not be broadcast locally even if the local team did not advance to the Super Bowl , and it was a sellout . The following year , the league changed their rules to allow games to be broadcast in the local market if sold out 72 hours in advance . It was the last Super Bowl played with the hashmarks ( also called the inbound lines ) set at 40 feet apart ( 20 yards from the sidelines , and the last NFL game overall ) ; the next season , they were brought in to 18 ⁄ feet , the width of the goalposts , where they still stand to this day . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Dallas Cowboys 1.2 Miami Dolphins 1.3 Playoffs 1.4 Super Bowl pregame news and notes 2 Television and entertainment 3 Game summary 3.1 First quarter 3.2 Second quarter 3.3 Third quarter 3.4 Fourth quarter 3.5 Aftermath 3.6 Box score 4 Final statistics 4.1 Statistical comparison 4.2 Individual leaders 4.3 Records Set 5 Starting lineups 6 Officials 7 References 8 External links 9 Further reading Background ( edit ) The NFL awarded Super Bowl VI to New Orleans on March 23 , 1971 at the owners meetings held in Palm Beach , Florida . Dallas Cowboys ( edit ) The Cowboys entered the season still having the reputation of `` not being able to win the big games '' and `` next year 's champion '' . The Super Bowl V loss added more fuel to that widely held view . As in the previous season , Dallas had a quarterback controversy as Staubach and Craig Morton alternated as starting quarterback ( in a loss to the Bears in game 7 , Morton and Staubach alternated plays ) . The Cowboys were 4 -- 3 at the season midpoint , including a 24 -- 14 loss to the New Orleans Saints at Tulane Stadium . But after head coach Tom Landry settled on Staubach , the Cowboys won their last seven regular season games to finish with an 11 -- 3 record . Dallas running back Duane Thomas rushing for a 3rd quarter touchdown in Super Bowl VI . Staubach finished the regular season as the NFL 's top rated passer ( 101.8 ) by throwing for 1,882 yards , 15 touchdowns , and only 4 interceptions . He was also a terrific rusher , gaining 343 yards and 2 touchdowns on 41 carries . Dallas also had an outstanding trio of running backs , Walt Garrison , Duane Thomas , and Calvin Hill , who rushed for a combined total of 1,690 yards and 14 touchdowns during the season . Garrison led the team in receptions during the season ( 40 ) . ( Thomas , upset that the Cowboys would not renegotiate his contract after his excellent rookie year , had stopped talking to the press and to almost everyone on the team ) . Wide Receivers Bob Hayes and Lance Alworth also provided a deep threat , catching a combined total of 69 passes for 1,327 yards and 10 touchdowns . The offensive line , anchored by all - pro tackle Rayfield Wright , Pro Bowlers John Niland and Ralph Neely , and future Hall of Famer Forrest Gregg , was also a primary reason for their success on offense . Neely had broken his leg in November in a dirt - bike accident , and was replaced first by Gregg and then by Tony Liscio , who came out of retirement . The Dallas defense ( nicknamed the `` Doomsday Defense '' ) had given up only one touchdown in the last 14 quarters prior to the Super Bowl . Their defensive line was anchored by Pro Bowl defensive tackle Bob Lilly , who excelled at pressuring quarterbacks and breaking up running plays . Dallas also had an outstanding trio of linebackers : Pro Bowler Chuck Howley , who recorded 5 interceptions and returned them for 122 yards ; Dave Edwards 2 interceptions ; and Lee Roy Jordan , who recorded 2 interceptions . The Cowboys secondary was led by 2 future Hall of Fame cornerbacks Herb Adderley ( 6 interceptions for 182 return yards ) and Mel Renfro ( 4 interceptions for 11 yards ) . Safeties Cliff Harris and Pro Bowler Cornell Green also combined for 4 interceptions . They were also helped out by weak side linebacker D.D. Lewis . Miami Dolphins ( edit ) The Dolphins , who advanced to the Super Bowl just five years after their founding in 1966 , were based primarily around their league - leading running attack , led by running backs Larry Csonka and Jim Kiick . Csonka rushed for 1,051 yards , averaging over five yards per carry , and scored seven touchdowns . Versatile Jim Kiick rushed for 738 yards and three touchdowns , and was second on the Dolphins in receiving with 40 receptions for 338 yards . They fumbled once ( by Kiick ) between the two of them during the regular season . But Miami also had a threatening passing game . Quarterback Bob Griese , the AFC 's leading passer and most valuable player , put up an impressive performance during the season , completing 145 passes for 2,089 yards and 19 touchdowns with only 9 interceptions . Griese 's major weapon was wide receiver Paul Warfield , who caught 43 passes for 996 yards ( a 23.2 yards per catch average ) and a league - leading 11 touchdowns . The Dolphins also had an excellent offensive line to open up holes for their running backs and protect Griese on pass plays , led by future Hall of Fame guard Larry Little . Miami 's defense was a major reason why the team built a 10 -- 3 -- 1 regular season record , including eight consecutive wins . Future Hall of Fame linebacker Nick Buoniconti was a major force reading and stopping plays , while safety Jake Scott recorded 7 interceptions . Playoffs ( edit ) Main article : 1971 -- 72 NFL playoffs Before this season , the Dolphins had never won a playoff game in franchise history , but they surprised the entire NFL by advancing to the Super Bowl with wins against the two previous Super Bowl champions . First Miami defeated the Kansas City Chiefs ( winners of Super Bowl IV ) , 27 -- 24 , in the longest game in NFL history with kicker Garo Yepremian 's game - winning field goal after 22 minutes and 40 seconds of overtime play in the final Chiefs game at Municipal Stadium . Later , Miami shut out the defending Super Bowl champion Baltimore Colts , 21 -- 0 , in the AFC Championship Game , with safety Dick Anderson intercepting 3 passes from Colts quarterback Johnny Unitas and returning one of them for a 62 - yard touchdown . Meanwhile , the Cowboys marched to the Super Bowl with playoff wins over the Minnesota Vikings , 20 -- 12 in the NFC Divisional Playoffs , and the San Francisco 49ers , 14 -- 3 in the NFC Championship Game , giving up only one touchdown in the two games . Super Bowl pregame News and notes ( edit ) Soon after the Dolphins ' win in the AFC Championship Game , Shula received a phone call at his home from President Richard Nixon at 1 : 30 in the morning . Nixon had a play he thought would work , a particular pass to Warfield . ( That particular play , which was called late in the first quarter , was broken up by Mel Renfro . ) When asked about the Dolphins ' defensive team prior to Super Bowl VI , Landry said that he could not recall any of the players ' names , but they were a big concern to him . Over the years this remark has been regarded as the origin of the nickname `` No - Name Defense '' . However , it was Miami defensive coordinator Bill Arnsparger who had originally given his squad the nickname after the Dolphins had beaten the Baltimore Colts in the AFC Championship . According to Tom Landry , the Cowboys were very confident . `` When they talked among themselves they said there was no way they were going to lose that game . '' The Cowboys used the New Orleans Saints ' practice facility in Metairie as its training headquarters for the game . The Dolphins split their practices between Tulane Stadium and Tad Gormley Stadium in New Orleans ' City Park . Dallas ' team hotel was the Hilton across from New Orleans International Airport in Kenner , and Miami lodged at the Fontainebleau Motor Hotel in New Orleans ' Mid-City neighborhood . On Media Day , Duane Thomas refused to answer any questions and sat silently until his required time was up . Roger Staubach surmises that Duane Thomas would have been named MVP if he had cooperated with the press prior to the game . In the Cowboys ' locker room after the game , flustered CBS reporter Tom Brookshier asked Duane Thomas a long - winded question , the gist of which was `` You 're fast , are n't you ? '' Thomas , who had shunned the press all season , simply said `` Evidently . '' Thomas became the first player to score touchdowns in back - to - back Super Bowls , having a receiving touchdown in Super Bowl V . Dolphins safety Jake Scott entered Super Bowl VI with a broken left hand . He broke his right wrist during the game but never came out . With both hands in casts for three months , he said `` When I go to the bathroom , that 's when I find out who my real friends are . '' This was the first Super Bowl to match two teams which played its home games on artificial turf . Both of the Cowboys ' home stadiums of 1971 , the Cotton Bowl and Texas Stadium , had turf , as did the Dolphins ' Orange Bowl ( specifically Poly - Turf ) . The previous year , the Cowboys became the first team to play its home games on turf to make it to a Super Bowl . Through Super Bowl LI , this is the only Super Bowl in which both teams played their home games in states which were members of the Confederate States of America during the Civil War . The Washington Redskins , who faced the Dolphins in Super Bowl VII and Super Bowl XVII , have their training facilities in Virginia , which was a Confederate state during the Civil War , but have never played home games in the state , moving from Washington , D.C. proper to Maryland in 1997 . This game was originally scheduled to be the last to be played in Tulane Stadium . It was hoped the Louisiana Superdome would be ready in time for the 1972 NFL season . However , political wrangling led to a lengthy delay in construction , and groundbreaking did not take place until August 11 , 1971 , five months before this game . The Superdome was not completed until August 1975 , forcing Super Bowl IX to be moved to Tulane Stadium . That Super Bowl proved to be the final NFL game in the stadium , which was demolished in late 1979 . The temperature at kickoff was a sunny and windy 39 ° F ( 4 ° C ) , making this the coldest Super Bowl to date . Television and Entertainment ( edit ) The game was broadcast in the United States by CBS with play - by - play announcer Ray Scott and color commentator Pat Summerall . Although Tulane Stadium was sold out for the game , unconditional blackout rules in the NFL prohibited the live telecast from being shown in the New Orleans area . This was the last Super Bowl to be blacked out in the TV market in which the game was played . The game was not blacked out in Baton Rouge , which was blacked out during Saints home games . The following year , the NFL allowed Super Bowl VII to be televised live in the host city ( Los Angeles ) when all tickets were sold . In 1973 , the league changed its blackout policy to allow any game to be broadcast in the home team 's market if sold out 72 hours in advance . The blackout rule has been suspended since 2015 . The Tyler Junior College Apache Belles drill team performed during the pregame and halftime festivities . Later , the U.S. Air Force Academy Chorale sang the national anthem . This was followed by an eight - plane flyover of F - 4 Phantoms from Eglin Air Force Base , which featured a plane in the missing man formation . The halftime show was a `` Salute to Louis Armstrong '' featuring jazz singer Ella Fitzgerald , actress and singer Carol Channing , trumpeter Al Hirt and the U.S. Marine Corps Drill Team . Armstrong , a New Orleans native , died in July 1971 . Despite being the second Super Bowl after the AFL -- NFL merger , Super Bowl VI was the first one to have the NFL logo painted at the 50 - yard line . The NFL would do this for all but one Super Bowl after this until Super Bowl XXXI ( the exception was Super Bowl XXV , when the Super Bowl logo was painted at midfield instead ) . The night before the game , Joe Frazier successfully defended his heavyweight boxing championship with a fourth - round knockout of Terry Daniels at the Rivergate Convention Center , which was approximately one mile south of the construction site for the Superdome on Poydras Street . This game was featured in the movie Where the Buffalo Roam where the protagonist character Hunter S. Thompson is sent to cover the game by Rolling Stone magazine , although the host site set in the movie is Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ( site of Super Bowl VII ) , not Tulane Stadium . Game summary ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) According to Roger Staubach , the Cowboys ' game plan was to neutralize the Dolphins ' key offensive and defensive players -- Paul Warfield and Nick Buoniconti . Warfield was double - teamed by Green and Renfro . `` They pretty much shut him down '' , wrote Staubach . Since the running game was the key to the Cowboys ' offense , they wanted to take the quick - reacting Buoniconti out of each play . Two linemen , usually Niland and center Dave Manders , were assigned to block Buoniconti . Combined with counterplays and the excellent cutback running of Thomas , this tactic proved very successful . Buoniconti sustained a concussion which he suffered from throughout the second half , during which he did not keep track of the score , thinking it was still 10 - 3 when it had become 24 - 3 . Miami 's defense was designed to stop Staubach 's scrambling . According to Staubach , although his scrambing was shut down this did not work to the Dolphins ' benefit because it opened things up for the other backs . First quarter ( edit ) Miami won the coin toss and elected to receive . Neither team could mount a drive on its first possession . On the first play of the Dolphins ' second possession , Larry Csonka , on his first carry of the game , gained 12 yards on a sweep aided by a big block by Larry Little on Herb Adderley . That would be his longest gain of the day . On the next play , Csonka fumbled a handoff from Bob Griese , his first fumble of the season , and it was recovered by linebacker Chuck Howley at the Cowboys 48 - yard line . Runs by Walt Garrison put Dallas within field goal range , but Staubach was sacked by Jim Riley and Bob Heinz for a 12 - yard loss . However , Staubach found Bob Hayes open for a pass and then Staubach passed to Duane Thomas for first and goal . On third and goal , Dick Anderson made a great play to keep Thomas out of the end zone . Dallas kicker Mike Clark kicked a 9 - yard field goal to give the Cowboys a 3 -- 0 lead . On the third play of the Dolphins ' next possession at their own 38 - yard line , Griese was sacked by Bob Lilly for a Super Bowl record 29 - yard loss , which still stands as the longest negative play from scrimmage in Super Bowl history ( A picture of Griese being chased by Larry Cole , Lilly and Jethro Pugh is the game 's most famous photograph ) . Second quarter ( edit ) Early in the second quarter , Miami drove to the Cowboys 42 - yard line with the aid of a 20 - yard reception by receiver Howard Twilley , but the drive stalled and ended with no points after kicker Garo Yepremian missed a 49 - yard field goal attempt . Starting with 6 : 15 left in the period , Dallas drove 76 yards in 10 plays , including a 21 - yard reception by Lance Alworth and Calvin Hill 's three carries for 25 yards , and then scored on a 7 - yard touchdown pass from Staubach to Alworth to increase their lead to 10 -- 0 . Miami started the ensuing drive with just 1 : 15 left in the half , and quarterback Bob Griese completed three consecutive passes , two to receiver Paul Warfield and one to running back Jim Kiick , for 44 total yards to reach the Dallas 24 - yard line . On the next play Griese threw to Warfield , who was open at the 2 - yard line , but the ball was deflected by Green and bounced off Warfield 's chest . Miami had to settle for Yepremian 's 31 - yard field goal to cut the Dolphins deficit to 10 -- 3 going into halftime . Third quarter ( edit ) But Dallas dominated the second half , preventing any chance of a Miami comeback . Dallas reasoned that Miami would make adjustments to stop the Cowboys ' inside running game which had been so successful in the first half . So the Cowboys decided to run outside . The Cowboys opened the third period with a 71 - yard , 8 - play drive , which included four runs by Thomas for 37 yards , a reverse by Hayes for 16 yards , and only one pass , scoring on Thomas ' 3 - yard sweep to make the score 17 -- 3 . This seemed to fire up the Dallas defense , who managed to prevent Miami from getting a single first down in the entire third quarter . The farthest advance Miami had in the third quarter was to its own 42 - yard line as Griese and the offense were , as Don Shula put it , `` destroyed . '' On an incomplete pass , Jake Scott hit Roger Staubach on a blitz that shook him up late in the third quarter , but Staubach returned in the fourth . Fourth quarter ( edit ) Miami did manage to advance to midfield early in the final period , opening the fourth quarter with their first third down conversion of the game . Howley ended the drive , however , by intercepting a pass from Griese intended for Kiick in the flat . After returning the ball 41 yards , Howley tripped and fell at the Dolphins 9 - yard line with no one near him . But three plays later , Staubach threw a 7 - yard touchdown pass to tight end Mike Ditka , increasing the Dallas lead to 24 -- 3 with twelve minutes left in the game . Miami began their next possession at their own 23 - yard line and mounted only their third sustained drive of the game , reaching the Dallas 16 - yard line in six plays . However , Griese fumbled the snap and the ball was recovered by Cowboys left end Larry Cole at the 20 - yard line . The Cowboys then mounted an eleven - play drive to the Miami 1 - yard line which featured just one pass and a fake field goal attempt on fourth - and - one at the Miami 20 - yard line . However , on first - and - goal at the 1 - yard line , Hill fumbled while attempting to dive across the goal line , and the ball was recovered at the 4 - yard line by Dolphins defensive tackle Manny Fernandez with just under two minutes left . Miami then ran four meaningless plays to end the game . Aftermath ( edit ) Staubach became the first quarterback of a winning team in the Super Bowl to play the entire game . Wrote Staubach , `` I can say that I do n't think I ever felt any better as an athlete than how I felt after that game ... '' Nick Buoniconti wrote , `` I was knocked senseless ... The Cowboys seemed to be moving so much faster than we were ... We were overmatched psychologically as well as physically . '' Jim Kiick said , `` Dallas was n't that much better , but football is momentum . We lost it in the first quarter when we fumbled and they scored , and we never got it back . '' Said the Dolphins ' Howard Twilley : It 's so hard to figure . We went in confident . We really thought we 'd win and win handily . Something happened , though , during the week . I guess it was that week . The week has its own momentum , like nothing we 'd been in before ... ( Shula ) said we 'd been embarrassed . He said we did n't even compete ... That 's the sickest feeling I 've ever had . Said Cornell Green , `` The difference between the Dolphins and Cowboys was that the Dolphins were just happy to be in the game and the Cowboys came to win the game . '' . Griese completed the same amount of passes as Staubach ( 12 ) , and threw for 15 more yards ( 134 ) , but threw no touchdown passes and was intercepted once . Csonka and Kiick , were held to just 80 combined rushing yards ( 40 yards each ) , no touchdowns , and lost 1 fumble on 19 carries . Warfield was limited to just 4 receptions for 39 yards . Thomas was the top rusher of the game with 19 carries for 95 yards and a touchdown . He also caught 3 passes for 17 yards . Dallas running back Walt Garrison added 74 rushing yards and caught 2 passes for 11 yards . The Dallas Cowboys became the first team to win the Super Bowl after losing it the previous year . The Miami Dolphins would duplicate this feat the following season by winning Super Bowl VII . This would be the only game the Dolphins would lose in 1972 , going undefeated the next season prior to their Super Bowl VII win . To date , Miami holds the unenviable record of least amount of points scored in a Super Bowl , with 3 , and the only team not to score a touchdown . No team has been shutout in a Super Bowl . Box score ( edit ) Super Bowl VI : Dallas Cowboys 24 , Miami Dolphins 3 Total Cowboys 7 7 7 24 Dolphins 0 0 0 at Tulane Stadium , New Orleans , Louisiana Date : January 16 , 1972 Game time : 1 : 35 p.m. CST Game weather : 39 ° F ( 4 ° C ) , windy . ( hide ) Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP DAL MIA 1 : 23 11 50 7 : 48 DAL 9 - yard field goal by Mike Clark 0 1 : 15 10 76 5 : 00 DAL Lance Alworth 7 - yard touchdown reception from Roger Staubach , Clark kick good 10 0 0 : 04 44 1 : 11 MIA 31 - yard field goal by Garo Yepremian 10 9 : 43 8 71 5 : 17 DAL Duane Thomas 3 - yard touchdown run , Clark kick good 17 11 : 42 9 0 : 53 DAL Mike Ditka 7 - yard touchdown reception from Staubach , Clark kick good 24 `` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football . 24 Final statistics ( edit ) Sources : The NFL 's Official Encyclopedic History of Professional Football , ( 1973 ) , p. 153 , Macmillan Publishing Co . New York , LCCN 73 - 3862 , NFL.com Super Bowl VI , Super Bowl VI Play Finder Dal , Super Bowl VI Play Finder Mia , Super Bowl VI Play by Play Statistical comparison ( edit ) Dallas Cowboys Miami Dolphins First downs 23 10 First downs rushing 15 First downs passing 8 7 First downs penalty 0 0 Third down efficiency 7 / 14 2 / 9 Fourth down efficiency 1 / 1 0 / 0 Net yards rushing 252 80 Rushing attempts 48 20 Yards per rush 5.3 4.0 Passing -- Completions / attempts 12 / 18 12 / 23 Times sacked - total yards 2 -- 19 1 -- 29 Interceptions thrown 0 Net yards passing 100 105 Total net yards 352 185 Punt returns - total yards 1 -- 1 1 - 21 Kickoff returns - total yards 2 - 34 5 - 122 Interceptions - total return yards 1 -- 41 0 -- 0 Punts - average yardage 5 -- 37.2 5 -- 40.0 Fumbles - lost 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 Penalties - total yards 3 -- 15 0 -- 0 Time of possession 39 : 12 20 : 48 Turnovers Individual leaders ( edit ) Cowboys Passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Rating Roger Staubach 12 / 19 119 0 122.2 Cowboys Rushing Car Yds TD LG Yds / Car Duane Thomas 19 95 23 5.00 Walt Garrison 14 74 0 17 5.29 Calvin Hill 7 25 0 13 3.57 Roger Staubach 5 18 0 5 3.60 Mike Ditka 17 0 17 17.00 Bob Hayes 16 0 16 16.00 Dan Reeves 7 0 7 7.00 Cowboys Receiving Rec Yds TD LG Target Duane Thomas 17 0 11 Lance Alworth 28 21 Mike Ditka 28 21 Bob Hayes 23 0 18 5 Walt Garrison 11 0 7 Calvin Hill 12 0 12 Dolphins Passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Rating Bob Griese 12 / 23 134 0 51.7 Dolphins Rushing Car Yds TD LG Yds / Car Larry Csonka 9 40 0 12 4.44 Jim Kiick 10 40 0 9 4.00 Bob Griese 0 0 0 0.00 Dolphins Receiving Rec Yds TD LG Target Paul Warfield 39 0 23 10 Jim Kiick 21 0 11 6 Larry Csonka 18 0 16 Marv Fleming 27 0 27 Howard Twilley 20 0 20 Jim Mandich 9 0 9 Completions / attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Times targeted Records set ( edit ) The following records were set or tied in Super Bowl VI , according to the official NFL.com boxscore and the ProFootball reference.com game summary . Some records have to meet NFL minimum number of attempts to be recognized . The minimums are shown ( in parenthesis ) . Records set in Super Bowl VI Rushing Records Most yards , career 139 yds Walt Garrison 000 ( Dal ) Most attempts , career 37 Duane Thomas 000 ( Dal ) Highest average gain , career ( 20 attempts ) 5.3 yards ( 139 - 26 ) Walt Garrison Combined yardage records Most Attempts , career 44 Duane Thomas Defense Most interceptions , career Chuck Howley Special Teams Longest kickoff return 37 yds Mercury Morris 000 ( Mia ) Most punts , career 14 Ron Widby 000 ( Dal ) Records Tied Most touchdowns , career Duane Thomas Most touchdown passes , game Roger Staubach Most kickoff returns , game Mercury Morris Most kickoff returns , career Most kickoff return yards , game 90 yds Most kickoff return yards , career 90 yds Highest kickoff return average , game ( 3 returns ) 22.5 yds ( 4 - 90 ) Highest kickoff return average , career ( 4 returns ) 22.5 yds ( 4 - 90 ) Most fumbles , game Most fumbles , career Calvin Hill 000 ( Dal ) Bob Griese Larry Csonka Most fumbles recovered , game Most fumbles recovered , career Larry Cole 000 ( Dal ) Chuck Howley Manny Fernandez 000 ( Mia ) † This category includes rushing , receiving , interception returns , punt returns , kickoff returns , and fumble returns . ‡ Sacks an official statistic since Super Bowl XVII by the NFL . Sacks are listed as `` Tackled Attempting to Pass '' in the official NFL box score for Super Bowl III . Team Records Set Points , Touchdowns Fewest points , game 3 pts Dolphins Fewest points , second half 0 pts Fewest touchdowns , game 0 Net yards Fewest net yards , rushing and passing 185 yds Dolphins Rushing Most rushing attempts 48 Cowboys Most rushing yards ( net ) 252 yds Passing Fewest yards passing ( net ) 100 yds Cowboys First Downs Most first downs 23 Cowboys Most first downs rushing 15 Defense Fewest yards allowed 185 Cowboys Punting Lowest average , game ( 4 punts ) 37.2 yds ( 5 - 186 ) Cowboys Punt returns Fewest yards gained , game - 1 yds Cowboys Penalties Fewest penalties , game 0 Dolphins Fewest yards penalized , game 0 yds Dolphins Records Tied Most Super Bowl appearances Cowboys Most consecutive Super Bowl appearances Most passing touchdowns Most Super Bowl losses Dolphins Fewest passing touchdowns 0 Fewest rushing touchdowns 0 Fewest first downs 10 Fewest first downs penalty 0 Cowboys Dolphins Fewest punt returns , game Turnovers are defined as the number of times losing the ball on interceptions and fumbles . Records set , both team totals Total Cowboys Dolphins Rushing , Both Teams Most rushing attempts 68 48 20 Most rushing yards ( net ) 332 yds 252 80 Passing , Both Teams Fewest passing attempts 42 19 23 Fewest yards passing ( net ) 205 yds 100 105 First Downs , Both Teams Most first downs rushing 18 15 Fewest first downs , penalty 0 0 0 Punt returns , Both Teams Fewest punt returns , game Penalties , Both Teams Fewest penalties , game 0 Fewest yards penalized 15 yds 15 0 Records tied , both team totals Fewest rushing touchdowns 0 Fewest times intercepted 0 Fewest interceptions by 0 Starting lineups ( edit ) Hall of Fame ‡ Miami Position Dallas Offense Paul Warfield ‡ WR Bob Hayes ‡ Doug Crusan LT Tony Liscio Bob Kuechenberg LG John Niland Bob DeMarco Dave Manders Larry Little ‡ RG Blaine Nye Norm Evans RT Rayfield Wright ‡ Marv Fleming TE Mike Ditka ‡ Howard Twilley WR Lance Alworth ‡ Bob Griese ‡ QB Roger Staubach ‡ Larry Csonka ‡ FB Walt Garrison Jim Kiick HB Duane Thomas Defense Jim Riley LE Larry Cole Manny Fernandez LDT Jethro Pugh Bob Heinz RDT Bob Lilly ‡ Bill Stanfill RE George Andrie Doug Swift LOLB Dave Edwards Nick Buoniconti ‡ MLB Lee Roy Jordan Mike Kolen ROLB Chuck Howley Tim Foley LCB Herb Adderley ‡ Curtis Johnson RCB Mel Renfro ‡ Dick Anderson SS Cornell Green Jake Scott FS Cliff Harris Officials ( edit ) Referee : Jim Tunney # 32 , first Super Bowl Umpire : Joe Connell # 57 , first Super Bowl Head Linesman : Al Sabato # 10 , second Super Bowl ( I ) Line Judge : Art Holst # 33 , first Super Bowl Back Judge : Ralph Vandenberg # 47 , first Super Bowl Field Judge : Bob Wortman # 84 , first Super Bowl Alternate Referee : Bernie Ulman # 6 , worked Super Bowl I as head linesman Alternate Umpire : Tony Sacco # 18 , did not work Super Bowl on the field during career Note : A seven - official system was not used until the 1978 season References ( edit ) Jump up ^ DiNitto , Marcus ( January 25 , 2015 ) . `` Super Bowl Betting History -- Underdogs on Recent Roll '' . The Linemakers . Sporting News . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History '' . Vegas Insider . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Winners '' . NFL.com . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Super Bowl Nielsen TV Ratings , 1967 -- 2009 -- Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl Game - Time Temperatures '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . 2017 . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Play Finder Dallas vs. Miami '' . Pro Football Reference . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl VI Play by Play '' . Jump up ^ `` Owners give offense big seven - yard boost '' . Rome News - Tribune . Georgia . Associated Press . March 24 , 1972 . p. 6A . ^ Jump up to : Roger Staubach , `` Super Bowl VI '' , Super Bowl : The Game of Their Lives , Danny Peary , editor . Macmillan , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 860841 - 0 Jump up ^ `` 1971 Dallas Cowboys Statistics & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . January 1 , 1970 . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Everybody At Super Bowl Except Silent Duane Talking About President 's Play '' . The Bee . Associated Press . January 11 , 1972 . p. 9 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Paul ( July 30 , 1989 ) . `` Nixon and the Straw '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Underwood , John ( January 10 , 1972 ) . `` They Kept Coming and Coming '' . Sports Illustrated : 15 -- 17 . ^ Jump up to : Bill McGrane , `` Winning the Big One '' , The Super Bowl : Celebrating a Quarter - Century of America 's Greatest Game . Simon and Schuster , 1990 ISBN 0 - 671 - 72798 - 2 Jump up ^ Dave Hyde , Still Perfect ! The Untold Story of the 1972 Miami Dolphins , p115 . Dolphins / Curtis Publishing , 2002 ISBN 0 - 9702677 - 1 - 1 Jump up ^ `` Dallas Finally Lands Big One '' . nydailynews.com . Jump up ^ Mike Clark 's 9 - yard field goal tied the New York Jets ' Jim Turner 's 9 - yard three - pointer in Super Bowl III for the shortest field goal in Super Bowl history . At the time , the goal posts were on goal lines instead of at the back of the end zones . Thus , this shared record will stand indefinitely unless the league decides to move the goal posts back to the goal lines . Jump up ^ Bart Starr was relieved by Zeke Bratkowski in the first two Super Bowls when the Packers had the game safely in hand ; Joe Namath was relieved briefly by Babe Parilli in Super Bowl III ; Len Dawson gave way to Mike Livingston late in Super Bowl IV when the Chiefs had clinched the game ; Earl Morrall came in for an injured Johnny Unitas late in the first half of Super Bowl V and led the Baltimore Colts to a come - from - behind victory over the Cowboys . ^ Jump up to : Nick Buoniconti , `` Super Bowl VII '' , Super Bowl : The Game of Their Lives , Danny Peary , editor . Macmillan , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 860841 - 0 Jump up ^ John Underwood , `` The Blood and Thunder Boys '' , Sports Illustrated , August 7 , 1972 Jump up ^ This remains the lowest game - time temperature for a Super Bowl game to date . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl VI boxscore '' . NFL.com . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl VI statistics '' . Pro Football reference.com . Retrieved 6 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 NFL Factbook '' ( PDF ) . NFL . Retrieved 7 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl definitions '' . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 06 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Super Bowl VI . Super Bowl VI : NFL Full Game on YouTube Super Bowl official website Super Bowl play - by - plays from USA Today ( Last accessed September 28 , 2005 ) All - Time Super Bowl Odds from The Sports Network ( Last accessed October 16 , 2005 ) Further reading ( edit ) 2006 NFL Record and Fact Book . Time Inc . Home Entertainment . ISBN 1 - 933405 - 32 - 5 . Total Football II : The Official Encyclopedia of the National Football League . Harper Collins . ISBN 1 - 933405 - 32 - 5 . The Official NFL Encyclopedia Pro Football . NAL Books . ISBN 0 - 453 - 00431 - 8 . The Sporting News Complete Super Bowl Book 1995 . ISBN 0 - 89204 - 523 - X . 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Lewis 51 Dave Manders 52 Dave Edwards 54 Chuck Howley 55 Lee Roy Jordan 56 Tom Stincic 60 Lee Roy Caffey 61 Blaine Nye 62 John Fitzgerald 63 Larry Cole 64 Tony Liscio 66 George Andrie 67 Pat Toomay 70 Rayfield Wright 71 Rodney Wallace 72 Don Talbert 73 Ralph Neely 74 Bob Lilly 75 Jethro Pugh 76 John Niland 77 Bill Gregory 79 Forrest Gregg 83 Mike Clark 85 Tody Smith 87 Billy Truax 89 Mike Ditka Head coach : Tom Landry Coaches : Ermal Allen Bobby Franklin Jim Myers Dan Reeves Ray Renfro Ernie Stautner Jerry Tubbs Dallas Cowboys Founded in 1960 Based in Arlington , Texas Headquartered in Frisco , Texas Franchise Franchise History Coaches Players Seasons Expansion draft Draft history Starting quarterbacks First - round draft picks The Ford Center at The Star Stadiums Cotton Bowl Texas Stadium AT&T Stadium Culture NFL on Thanksgiving Day America 's Team Cheerleaders Doomsday Defense Crazy Ray Rowdy Jerry Jones Black Sunday ( film ) King of the Hill Lore Tom Landry Tex Schramm Captain Comeback Ice Bowl Hail Mary The Catch Herschel Walker trade Dirty Dozen Ring of Honor Bounty Bowl series Rivalries New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Green Bay Packers San Francisco 49ers Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Oilers / Texans Division championships ( 23 ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1981 1985 1992 1993 1994 1995 1998 2007 2009 2014 2016 Conference championships ( 10 ) 1966 1967 1970 1971 1977 1978 1992 1993 1995 League Championships ( 5 ) 1971 ( VI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1995 ( XXX ) Ring of Honor Bob Lilly Don Meredith Don Perkins Chuck Howley Mel Renfro Roger Staubach Lee Roy Jordan Tom Landry Tony Dorsett Randy White Bob Hayes Tex Schramm Cliff Harris Rayfield Wright Troy Aikman Michael Irvin Emmitt Smith Drew Pearson Charles Haley Larry Allen Darren Woodson Media Broadcasters Radio network KRLD - FM Brad Sham Babe Laufenberg Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Miami Dolphins Founded in 1966 Based in Miami Gardens , Florida Headquartered in Davie , Florida Franchise Franchise History Seasons Coaches Players First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Records Honor roll Training facility Broadcasters Stadiums Orange Bowl Hard Rock Stadium Culture `` Fins '' ( Jimmy Buffett song ) Wayne Huizenga Stephen M. Ross Joe Robbie T.D. Cheerleaders Ace Ventura : Pet Detective `` Only Wanna Be with You '' ( Hootie & the Blowfish song ) Ballers Lore Perfect season The Sea of Hands Announcerless Game Epic in Miami Snowplow Game Clock Play Monday Night Miracle Rivalries Buffalo Bills New England Patriots New York Jets Tampa Bay Buccaneers Division championships ( 13 ) 1971 1972 1973 1979 1981 1984 1985 1992 1994 2000 2008 Conference championships ( 5 ) 1971 1972 1973 1982 1984 League championships ( 2 ) 1972 ( VII ) 1973 ( VIII ) Retired numbers 12 13 39 Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : East Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1966 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 52 ) 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold ( hide ) 1971 NFL season AFC East Central West East Central West NFC Baltimore Cincinnati Denver Dallas Chicago Atlanta Buffalo Cleveland Kansas City NY Giants Detroit Los Angeles Miami Houston Oakland Philadelphia Green Bay New Orleans New England Pittsburgh San Diego St. Louis Minnesota San Francisco NY Jets Washington 1971 NFL Draft NFL Playoffs Pro Bowl Super Bowl VI National Football League Championship Games ( 1933 -- present ) NFL Championship Game ( 1933 -- 1969 ) 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL Championship Game ( 1960 -- 1969 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL - NFL World Championship Games ( 1966 -- 1969 ) 1966 ( I ) 1967 ( II ) 1968 ( III ) 1969 ( IV ) Super Bowl ( 1970 -- present ) 1970 ( V ) 1971 ( VI ) 1972 ( VII ) 1973 ( VIII ) 1974 ( IX ) 1975 ( X ) 1976 ( XI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1978 ( XIII ) 1979 ( XIV ) 1980 ( XV ) 1981 ( XVI ) 1982 ( XVII ) 1983 ( XVIII ) 1984 ( XIX ) 1985 ( XX ) 1986 ( XXI ) 1987 ( XXII ) 1988 ( XXIII ) 1989 ( XXIV ) 1990 ( XXV ) 1991 ( XXVI ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1994 ( XXIX ) 1995 ( XXX ) 1996 ( XXXI ) 1997 ( XXXII ) 1998 ( XXXIII ) 1999 ( XXXIV ) 2000 ( XXXV ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) 2002 ( XXXVII ) 2003 ( XXXVIII ) 2004 ( XXXIX ) 2005 ( XL ) 2006 ( XLI ) 2007 ( XLII ) 2008 ( XLIII ) 2009 ( XLIV ) 2010 ( XLV ) 2011 ( XLVI ) 2012 ( XLVII ) 2013 ( XLVIII ) 2014 ( XLIX ) 2015 ( 50 ) 2016 ( LI ) 2017 ( LII ) 1921 APFA de facto championship game 1925 NFL Championship controversy 1932 NFL Playoff Game NFL Championship broadcasters AFL Championship broadcasters Super Bowl champions Super Bowl Most Valuable Players Super Bowl records Super Bowl broadcasters Super Bowl officials Super Bowl halftime Super Bowl commercials Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions NFL playoffs ( Results ) AFL playoffs 1 -- From 1966 to 1969 , the first four Super Bowls were `` World Championship '' games played between two independent professional football leagues , AFL and NFL , and when the league merged in 1970 the Super Bowl became the NFL Championship Game . 2 -- Dates in the list denote the season , not the calendar year in which the championship game was played . For instance , Super Bowl XLI was played in 2007 , but was the championship for the 2006 season . NFL on CBS Related programs Inside the NFL The NFL on Westwood One Sports ( commentators ) The NFL Today Thursday Night Football ( 2014 -- present ) Non-NFL programs CBS Arena Football CBS SEC ( commentators ) Related articles Fox affiliate switches of 1994 ( Repercussions ) NFL on television ( history ) Primary television stations KDKA - TV WBZ - TV WCBS - TV WFOR - TV Super Bowl TV ratings ( lead - out programs ) Prime - time results Monday night NFL games prior to 1970 Thursday Night Football results ( 2006 - present ) Commentators Commentator pairings NFL Today personalities Pro Bowl Postseason AFC Championship Game NFC Championship Game Super Bowl Pre-AFL -- NFL merger NFL Championship Game Playoff Bowl Non-US based games American Bowl Bills Toronto Series Lore AFL -- NFL merger `` Bottlegate '' `` Bounty Bowl series '' `` Miracle at the Meadowlands '' `` Miracle in Motown '' `` Porkchop Bowl '' 16 - 0 `` The Snow Bowl '' Tom Dempsey 's 63 - yard field goal `` The Wrong Way Run '' 0 - 16 Postseason lore `` The Block '' `` The Catch '' `` The Fog Bowl '' `` The Hail Mary '' `` The Instant Replay Game '' `` The Ice Bowl '' `` Mile High Miracle '' Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime - show controversy `` The Tuck Rule Game '' Holiday lore NFL on Thanksgiving Day Christmas games Music `` Confidence '' `` Fly , Robin , Fly '' `` Crazy on You '' `` Horizontal Hold '' `` Moviendo Caderas '' `` In My City '' `` One Shining Moment '' `` Posthumus Zone '' `` Star Wars Theme / Cantina Band '' `` The Winner Takes It All '' NFL Championship 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Super Bowl Pre-AFL -- NFL merger I ( 1966 ) II ( 1967 ) IV ( 1969 ) NFC package carrier ( 1970 -- 1993 ) VI ( 1971 ) VIII ( 1973 ) X ( 1975 ) XII ( 1977 ) XIV ( 1979 ) XVI ( 1981 ) XVIII ( 1983 ) XXI ( 1986 ) XXIV ( 1989 ) XXVI ( 1991 ) AFC package carrier ( 1998 -- present ) XXXV ( 2000 ) XXXVIII ( 2003 ) XLI ( 2006 ) XLIV ( 2009 ) XLVII ( 2012 ) 50 ( 2015 ) LIII ( 2018 ) LVI ( 2021 ) Pro Bowl 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1973 2007 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super_Bowl_VI&oldid=815309807 '' Categories : 1971 National Football League season 1972 in American football 1972 in sports in Louisiana American football in New Orleans Dallas Cowboys postseason Miami Dolphins postseason Sports competitions in New Orleans Super Bowl January 1972 sports events 1970s in New Orleans Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles needing additional references from February 2008 All articles needing additional references All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 02 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the cowboys win their first super bowl | [
"Super Bowl VI was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Dallas Cowboys and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Miami Dolphins to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1971 season. The Cowboys defeated the Dolphins by the score of 24–3, to win their first Super Bowl. The game was played on January 16, 1972, at Tulane Stadium in New Orleans, Louisiana, the second time the Super Bowl was played in that city. Despite the southerly location, it was unseasonably cold at the time, with the kickoff air temperature of 39 °F (4 °C) making this the coldest Super Bowl ever played.[5]"
] | [
"January 16, 1972"
] |
3430308086136651384 | Robert McCallister (Brothers & Sisters) | Robert McCallister ( Brothers & Sisters ) - Wikipedia Robert McCallister ( Brothers & Sisters ) hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( November 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( November 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Robert McCallister Brothers & Sisters character Portrayed by Rob Lowe First appearance `` Mistakes Were Made , Part 2 '' 1x09 , November 19 , 2006 Last appearance `` On The Road Again '' 4x24 , May 16 , 2010 Created by Jon Robin Baitz Profile Occupation U.S. senator for California Residence San Marino , California show Family Family Jason McCallister Spouse Courtney McCallister ( divorced ) Kitty Walker ( 2007 -- 10 ) Children Sophia McCallister Jack McCallister Evan McCallister Robert Alexander McCallister is a fictional character on the ABC television series Brothers & Sisters . He is portrayed by Rob Lowe . Married to Kitty Walker ( Calista Flockhart ) , he was a Republican United States Senator from the state of California , a former candidate for President of the United States , and a former candidate for Governor of California . Contents 1 Storylines 1.1 Season 1 1.2 Season 2 1.3 Season 3 1.4 Season 4 1.5 Season 5 2 References Storylines ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) Robert McCallister first met Katherine ' Kitty ' Walker ( Calista Flockhart ) when she interviewed him on her talk show . A recent divorcee his wife Courtney ( Marin Hinkle ) with two young children , he was involved in a scandal regarding allegations of infidelity . Kitty was more interested in asking for his help to get her brother Justin ( Dave Annable ) out of being sent to Iraq , but Robert could do nothing . With Kitty 's talk show folded , Robert asked her to become the communications director for his Presidential campaign . They soon began a romantic relationship , over the vehement objections of her gay brother Kevin ( Matthew Rhys ) , who objected to Robert 's record on gay marriage . Thanks to Kitty , Kevin had a brief relationship with Robert 's gay brother Jason ( Eric Winter ) , which ended badly , not doing much to endear Robert or Kevin to each other , but they came to an understanding . Season 2 ( edit ) Robert and Kitty got engaged and had their party at Kitty 's family home . Robert 's own family , however , stole the spotlight . Robert came under the spotlight when the Republican primary for President kicked into a higher gear . During the Gulf War , Robert was hailed as a hero for something he did not actually do . This secret was revealed during the primary , causing his opponent to question his patriotism . Robert was forced to hire a very skilled consultant named Isaac ( Danny Glover ) , whom he disliked due to Isaac outing Jason while working for one of Robert 's primary opponents during a state senate campaign . When Jason found out Isaac had been the one responsible , and was now working for Robert , he was furious , but soon forgave his brother . Kitty discovered she was pregnant . She had a miscarriage , but wanted to try again . This led to some tension with Robert , who did n't want any more kids , even though he 'd told her otherwise . They worked out the conflict and got married . Season 3 ( edit ) Robert soldiered on in his primary campaign , but eventually conceded defeat to the frontrunner , a deep conservative who had engaged in what Robert and Kitty saw as dirty tricks . He asked Robert to be his running mate , much to Kitty 's disgust . Robert considered the idea , but ultimately rejected him . In a later episode , Kitty is watching a newscast about the inauguration of Barack Obama , signaling that the show takes place in real time with the actual winner of the race , despite the fictional candidates in this show . Robert announces his candidacy for governor of California shortly before suffering a heart attack on the way to see his new adopted baby at the hospital . His recovery is a source of tension to his marriage . Season 4 ( edit ) Robert steps down as Senator and his soon to be vacant seat is vied for by his wife Kitty , who during the first half of the season battles ( and enters remission for ) stage 3 lymphoma . Though his marriage with Kitty faces a number of bumps , he spends this season developing his skills as a supportive husband . Robert and Kitty renew their vows before her bone marrow transplant . In the season 4 finale , it 's revealed that Robert 's heart has been acting up again and he 's taken to the hospital following chest pains at dinner . The following night , his car strikes a truck as they are returning home . He was last shown with a gaping head wound , unable to communicate with Kitty and eventually dies . Season 5 ( edit ) A year later , Robert is still in a coma with Kitty tending to him , refusing to let him go . The entire family is doubtful of his recovery chances and Justin finally tells Kitty that Robert would n't want this , using his last words to help Holly as proof . Kitty realizes he 's right and shuts off Robert 's life support . References ( edit ) Brothers & Sisters Episodes Season 1 Characters Holly Harper Julia Walker Justin Walker Kevin Walker Kitty Walker Nora Walker Rebecca Harper Robert McCallister Sarah Walker Saul Holden Scotty Wandell Tommy Walker Related Secretos de familia Hermanos y hermanas Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_McCallister_(Brothers_%26_Sisters)&oldid=834502442 '' Categories : Brothers & Sisters characters Fictional American people of Scottish descent Fictional Republicans ( United States ) Fictional characters from Los Angeles Fictional United States presidential candidates Fictional characters introduced in 2006 Fictional United States Senators Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2010 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from November 2010 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from November 2010 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 01 : 53 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | when does robert die in brothers and sisters | [
"Robert steps down as Senator and his soon to be vacant seat is vied for by his wife Kitty, who during the first half of the season battles (and enters remission for) stage 3 lymphoma. Though his marriage with Kitty faces a number of bumps, he spends this season developing his skills as a supportive husband. Robert and Kitty renew their vows before her bone marrow transplant. In the season 4 finale, it's revealed that Robert's heart has been acting up again and he's taken to the hospital following chest pains at dinner. The following night, his car strikes a truck as they are returning home. He was last shown with a gaping head wound, unable to communicate with Kitty and eventually dies.\n"
] | [
"the season 4 finale"
] |
-8103912166126648275 | ValueTales | ValueTales - wikipedia ValueTales Jump to : navigation , search ValueTales is a series of simple biographical children 's books published primarily by the now - defunct Value Communications , Inc. in La Jolla , California . The forty - three books were written by Dr. Spencer Johnson and Ann Donegan Johnson , and illustrated by Stephen Pileggi . Each book gave a simplified and fictionalized biography of a historical figure as an allegory , illustrating the value of a positive characteristic . Each volume was a white pictorial glossy hardback book around 60 pages long with a brightly colored cartoon of the figure , along with some anthropomorphic item or animal that would narrate the subject 's life throughout the book . The title of each book would be The Value of x : The story of y , where x is the characteristic being exemplified and y is the subject ( i.e. The Value of Determination : The Story of Helen Keller ) . Early editions of the books used a different format : The Valuetale of y : The value of x . So for instance the first edition of the Helen Keller book was called The ValueTale of Helen Keller : the value of determination The books were quite popular in homes , elementary school libraries , pediatrics offices , and sunday schools across North America . Most of the ValueTales books are out of print . In October 2010 , Simon & Schuster Children 's Books published anthologized five of the ValueTales books in an edition with new illustrations by Dan Andreason . There are 43 books in all . Books ( edit ) Value Subject Sex Author Publication Date ISBN Notes Adventure Sacagawea Ann Donegan Johnson 1981 February 1 ISBN 0 - 916392 - 59 - 7 Facing a Challenge Terry Fox Ann Donegan Johnson 1985 November 1 ISBN 0 - 7172 - 8134 - 5 Saving Benjamin Franklin Spencer Johnson , Steve Pileggi 1978 August ISBN 0 - 916392 - 17 - 1 Imagination Charles Dickens Spencer Johnson , Steve Pileggi 1977 December ISBN 0 - 916392 - 15 - 5 Foresight Thomas Jefferson Ann Donegan Johnson , Steve Pileggi 1980 February ISBN 0 - 916392 - 42 - 2 Kindness Elizabeth Fry Spencer Johnson , Steve Pileggi 1977 March ISBN 0 - 916392 - 09 - 0 ISBN 0 - 916392 - 04 - X Creativity Thomas Edison Ann Donegan Johnson , Steve Pileggi ( Illustrator ) 1984 November ISBN 0 - 916392 - 72 - 4 Boldness Captain Cook Johnson , Ann Donegan Johnson 1986 June ISBN 0 - 7172 - 8188 - 4 Positive Attitude Michael Landon Ann Donegan Johnson 1992 January 1 ISBN 0 - 7172 - 8263 - 5 Understanding Margaret Mead Spencer Johnson , Steve Pileggi ( Illustrator ) 1979 June ISBN 0 - 916392 - 37 - 6 Dedication Albert Schweitzer Spencer Johnson , Steve Pileggi 1980 February ISBN 0 - 916392 - 44 - 9 Leadership Winston Churchill Ann Donegan Johnson , Steve Pileggi ( Illustrator ) 1989 August ISBN 0 - 86679 - 046 - 2 Charity Paul - Emile Léger Ann Donegan Johnson ISBN 0 - 7172 - 1884 - 8 Courage Jackie Robinson Spencer Johnson 1977 August ISBN 0 - 916392 - 12 - 0 Believing in Yourself Louis Pasteur Spencer Johnson , Steve Pileggi 1977 March ISBN 0 - 916392 - 06 - 6 ISBN 0 - 916392 - 01 - 5 a.k.a. Believing Determination Helen Keller Ann Donegan Johnson 1977 March ISBN 0 - 916392 - 02 - 3 ISBN 0 - 916392 - 07 - 4 Helping Harriet Tubman Ann Donegan Johnson , Steve Pileggi 1980 February ISBN 0 - 916392 - 41 - 4 Respect Abraham Lincoln Ann Donegan Johnson , Steve Pileggi 1977 June ISBN 0 - 916392 - 14 - 7 Friendship Jane Addams Ann Donegan Johnson , Steve Pileggi ( Illustrator ) 1980 February ISBN 0 - 916392 - 45 - 7 Fairness Nellie Bly Ann Donegan Johnson 1977 December ISBN 0 - 916392 - 16 - 3 Giving Beethoven Ann Donegan Johnson 1979 June ISBN 0 - 916392 - 34 - 1 Humility Mother Teresa Ann Donegan Johnson ISBN 0 - 7172 - 8316 - X Patience Wright Brothers Spencer Johnson , Steve Pileggi 1977 March ISBN 0 - 916392 - 08 - 2 Honesty Confucius Steve Pileggi , Spencer , M.D. Johnson 1979 June ISBN 0 - 916392 - 36 - 8 Tenacity Maurice Richard Ann Donegan Johnson , Steve Pileggi 1984 June ISBN 978 - 0 - 7172 - 8143 - 5 Love Johnny Appleseed Ann Donegan Johnson , Steve Pileggi 1979 June ISBN 0 - 916392 - 35 - X Discipline Alexander Graham Bell Ann D. Johnson , Steven Pileggi ( Illustrator ) 1985 April ISBN 0 - 7172 - 1887 - 2 ISBN 0 - 7172 - 8176 - 0 a.k.a. Self - Discipline , June 1985 Responsibility Ralph Bunche Ann Donegan Johnson 1978 November ISBN 0 - 916392 - 29 - 5 Curiosity Christopher Columbus Spencer Johnson 1977 November ISBN 0 - 916392 - 13 - 9 Caring Eleanor Roosevelt Ann D. Johnson , Steve Pileggi ( Illustrator ) 1977 July ISBN 0 - 916392 - 11 - 2 Overcoming Adversity Wilma Rudolph Ann Donegan Johnson ISBN 0 - 7172 - 8731 - 9 Dignity Arthur Ashe Ann Donegan Johnson ISBN 0 - 7172 - 8339 - 9 Sharing Mayo Brothers Spencer Johnson , Steve Pileggi 1978 November ISBN 0 - 916392 - 28 - 7 Humor Will Rogers Spencer Johnson , Steve Pileggi 1977 March ISBN 0 - 916392 - 05 - 8 Conviction Cesar Chavez Ann Donegan Johnson 1995 ISBN 0 - 7172 - 8482 - 4 Compassion Florence Nightingale Ann Donegan Johnson 1987 July ISBN 0 - 7172 - 8482 - 4 Commitment Jacques Cousteau Ann Donegan Johnson 1998 ISBN 0 - 7172 - 8820 - X Optimism Amelia Earhart Ann Donegan Johnson ISBN 0 - 7172 - 8780 - 7 Fantasy Hans Christian Andersen Spencer Johnson , Steve Pileggi 1980 Feb ISBN 0 - 916392 - 43 - 0 Truth and Trust Cochise Spencer Johnson , Steve Pileggi 1980 Jan ISBN 0 - 307 - 69957 - 9 ISBN 0 - 916392 - 10 - 4 Learning Marie Curie Spencer Johnson , Ann D. Johnson 1979 June ISBN 0 - 686 - 98175 - 8 ISBN 0 - 916392 - 18 - X Laughter Lucille Ball Ann Donegan Johnson 1990 May ISBN 0 - 7172 - 8217 - 1 Imagination Jim Henson Ann Donegan Johnson ISBN 978 - 0 - 7172 - 8253 - 1 External links ( edit ) ValueTales.com Dan Andreasen , children 's book illustrator Children 's literature portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ValueTales&oldid=788882390 '' Categories : Children 's non-fiction books American biographies Series of children 's books Series of non-fiction books Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 July 2017 , at 01 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many books are in the valuetales series | [
"ValueTales is a series of simple biographical children's books published primarily by the now-defunct Value Communications, Inc. in La Jolla, California. The forty-three books were written by Dr. Spencer Johnson and Ann Donegan Johnson, and illustrated by Stephen Pileggi."
] | [
"forty-three"
] |
5506986131033113832 | List of awards and nominations received by Patricia Arquette | List of awards and nominations received by Patricia Arquette - wikipedia List of awards and nominations received by Patricia Arquette This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness . You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries . Patricia Arquette awards Academy Awards BAFTA Awards Golden Globe Awards Primetime Emmy Awards SAG Awards 6 Awards won 38 Nominations 24 This is a list of awards and nominations received by American actress Patricia Arquette . Contents 1 Major associations 1.1 Academy Awards 1.2 BAFTA Awards 1.3 Golden Globe Awards 1.4 Screen Actors Guild Awards 1.5 Primetime Emmy Award 2 Other awards and nominations 2.1 AACTA International Award 2.2 Austin Film Critics Association Award 2.3 Alliance of Women Film Journalists Award 2.4 Boston Society of Film Critics Award 2.5 Blockbuster Entertainment Awards 2.6 CableACE Award 2.7 Central Ohio Film Critics Association Award 2.8 Chicago Film Critics Association Award 2.9 Critics ' Choice Movie Awards 2.10 Dallas - Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award 2.11 Denver Film Critics Society Award 2.12 Detroit Film Critics Society Award 2.13 Dublin Film Critics ' Circle Award 2.14 Florida Film Critics Circle Award 2.15 GLAAD Media Awards 2.16 Georgia Film Critics Association Award 2.17 Golden Raspberry Awards 2.18 Gotham Independent Film Award 2.19 Houston Film Critics Society Award 2.20 Independent Spirit Awards 2.21 International Online Film Critics ' Poll Award 2.22 Iowa Film Critics Award 2.23 Kansas City Film Critics Circle Award 2.24 London Film Critics ' Circle Award 2.25 Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award 2.26 MTV Movie & TV Awards 2.27 National Society of Film Critics Award 2.28 New York Film Critics Circle Award 2.29 New York Film Critics Online Award 2.30 North Carolina Film Critics Association Award 2.31 North Texas Film Critics Association Award 2.32 Oklahoma Film Critics Circle Award 2.33 Online Film Critics Society Award 2.34 Phoenix Film Critics Society Award 2.35 San Diego Film Critics Society Award 2.36 San Francisco Film Critics Circle Award 2.37 Satellite Awards 2.38 Saturn Award 2.39 Seattle International Film Festival Award 2.40 Southeastern Film Critics Association Award 2.41 St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Award 2.42 Toronto Film Critics Association Award 2.43 Vancouver Film Critics Circle Award 2.44 Village Voice Film Poll 2.45 Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award 3 External links Major associations ( edit ) Academy Awards ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2014 Best Supporting Actress Boyhood Won BAFTA Awards ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2014 Best Actress in a Supporting Role Boyhood Won Golden Globe Awards ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2006 Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Medium Nominated 2007 Nominated 2008 Nominated 2014 Best Supporting Actress -- Motion Picture Boyhood Won Screen Actors Guild Awards ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2006 Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Medium Nominated 2007 Nominated Nominated 2014 Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Boardwalk Empire Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role Boyhood Won Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Nominated Primetime Emmy Award ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2005 Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series Medium Won 2007 Nominated Other awards and nominations ( edit ) AACTA International Award ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2014 Best Supporting Actress Boyhood Won Austin Film Critics Association Award ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2014 Best Supporting Actress Boyhood Won Alliance of Women Film Journalists Award ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2014 Best Ensemble Cast Boyhood Nominated Best Supporting Actress Nominated Boston Society of Film Critics Award ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2014 Best Cast Boyhood Won Blockbuster Entertainment Awards ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 1999 Favorite Actress -- Horror Stigmata Nominated CableACE Award ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 1991 Best Ensemble Wildflower Won Central Ohio Film Critics Association Award ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2014 Best Ensemble Boyhood Nominated Best Supporting Actress Nominated Chicago Film Critics Association Award ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2014 Best Supporting Actress Boyhood Won Critics ' Choice Movie Awards ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2014 Best Supporting Actress Boyhood Won Best Acting Ensemble Nominated Dallas - Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2014 Best Supporting Actress Boyhood Won Denver Film Critics Society Award ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2014 Best Supporting Actress Boyhood Won Detroit Film Critics Society Award ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2014 Best Supporting Actress Boyhood Won Dublin Film Critics ' Circle Award ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2014 Best Actress Boyhood Nominated Florida Film Critics Circle Award ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2014 Best Supporting Actress Boyhood Won Best Cast Nominated GLAAD Media Awards ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2017 Vanguard Award Herself Won Georgia Film Critics Association Award ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2014 Best Ensemble Boyhood Nominated Best Supporting Actress Nominated Golden Raspberry Awards ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2000 Worst Supporting Actress Little Nicky Nominated Gotham Independent Film Award ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2014 Best Actress Boyhood Nominated Houston Film Critics Society Award ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2014 Best Supporting Actress Boyhood Won Independent Spirit Awards ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2014 Best Supporting Female Boyhood Won International Online Film Critics ' Poll Award ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2014 Supporting Actress Boyhood Won Iowa Film Critics Award ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2014 Best Supporting Actress Boyhood Won Kansas City Film Critics Circle Award ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2014 Best Supporting Actress Boyhood Won London Film Critics ' Circle Award ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2014 Supporting Actress of the Year Boyhood Won Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2014 Best Actress Boyhood Won MTV Movie & TV Awards ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 1993 Best Kiss ( shared with Christian Slater ) True Romance Nominated National Society of Film Critics Award ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2014 Best Supporting Actress Boyhood Won New York Film Critics Circle Award ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2014 Best Supporting Actress Boyhood Won New York Film Critics Online Award ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2014 Best Supporting Actress Boyhood Won North Carolina Film Critics Association Award ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2014 Best Supporting Actress Boyhood Won North Texas Film Critics Association Award ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2014 Best Supporting Actress Boyhood Won Oklahoma Film Critics Circle Award ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2014 Best Supporting Actress Boyhood Won Online Film Critics Society Award ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2014 Best Supporting Actress Boyhood Won Phoenix Film Critics Society Award ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2014 Best Supporting Actress Boyhood Nominated San Diego Film Critics Society Award ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2014 Best Supporting Actress Boyhood Nominated San Francisco Film Critics Circle Award ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2014 Best Supporting Actress Boyhood Won Satellite Awards ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2005 Outstanding Actress in a Series , Drama Medium Nominated 2014 Best Supporting Actress - Motion Picture Boyhood Won Saturn Award ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 1993 Best Actress True Romance Nominated 2006 Best Actress on Television Medium Nominated 2007 Best Actress in a Television Program Nominated Seattle International Film Festival Award ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2014 Best Actress Boyhood Won Southeastern Film Critics Association Award ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2014 Best Supporting Actress Boyhood Won St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Award ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2014 Best Supporting Actress Boyhood Won Toronto Film Critics Association Award ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2014 Best Supporting Actress Boyhood Won Vancouver Film Critics Circle Award ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2014 Best Supporting Actress Boyhood Won Village Voice Film Poll ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2014 Best Supporting Actress Boyhood Won Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2014 Best Supporting Actress Boyhood Won Best Ensemble Nominated External links ( edit ) List of awards and nominations received by Patricia Arquette on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Patricia_Arquette&oldid=841156675 '' Categories : Lists of awards by actor Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from December 2017 All articles lacking sources Dynamic lists Use dmy dates from July 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 10 : 27 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what did patricia arquette win an oscar for | [
"\n\n\nYear\n\nCategory\n\nNominated work\n\nResult\n\n\n2014\n\nBest Supporting Actress\n\nBoyhood\n\nWon\n",
"\n\n\nYear\n\nCategory\n\nNominated work\n\nResult\n\n\n2014\n\nBest Supporting Actress\n\nBoyhood\n\nWon\n"
] | [
"Best Supporting Actress",
"Boyhood"
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-6041637304558541462 | Amazon tax | Amazon tax - Wikipedia Amazon tax The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Amazon tax collection policy has changed over the years . In the U.S. , state and local sales taxes are levied by state and local governments , not at the federal level . In most countries where Amazon operates , a sales tax or value added tax is uniform throughout the country , and Amazon is obliged to collect it from all customers . Many U.S. states have passed online shopping sales tax laws designed to compel Amazon.com and other e-commerce retailers to collect state and local sales taxes from its customers . Amazon.com originally collected sales tax only from five states as of 2011 , but as of April 2017 collects sales taxes from customers in all 45 states that have a state sales tax and in Washington , D.C. Amazon does not collect sales taxes from Alaska , Delaware , Montana , New Hampshire , and Oregon , since those states do not have state sales taxes . Additionally , approximately half of all Amazon.com purchases are sold on the Amazon Marketplace through 3rd - party vendors , and these purchases remain free of tax except for in Washington state , where these purchases ( starting in 2018 ) are now taxed . Contents 1 Background 2 State legislation 2.1 Alabama 2.2 Arizona 2.3 Arkansas 2.4 California 2.4. 1 Compromise with Amazon.com 2.5 Colorado 2.6 Connecticut 2.7 District of Columbia 2.8 Florida 2.9 Georgia 2.10 Hawaii 2.11 Idaho 2.12 Illinois 2.13 Indiana 2.14 Iowa 2.15 Kansas 2.16 Kentucky 2.17 Louisiana 2.18 Maine 2.19 Maryland 2.20 Massachusetts 2.21 Michigan 2.22 Minnesota 2.23 Mississippi 2.24 Missouri 2.25 Nebraska 2.26 Nevada 2.27 New Jersey 2.28 New Mexico 2.29 New York 2.30 North Carolina 2.31 North Dakota 2.32 Ohio 2.33 Oklahoma 2.34 Pennsylvania 2.35 Rhode Island 2.36 South Carolina 2.37 South Dakota 2.38 Tennessee 2.39 Texas 2.40 Utah 2.41 Vermont 2.42 Virginia 2.43 West Virginia 2.44 Washington 2.45 Wisconsin 2.46 Wyoming 3 Affiliates 4 Entity isolation 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) Proponents of forcing Amazon.com to collect sales tax -- at least in states where it maintains a physical presence -- argue the corporation wields an anti-competitive advantage over storefront businesses forced to collect sales tax . Tax opponents respond to this argument by pointing out that individual states could make storefront businesses more competitive by lowering or entirely eliminating sales tax . Amazon is under increasing legal and political pressure from state governments , traditional retailers and other groups because of its refusal to collect sales tax in 41 of the 45 states with a statewide sales tax ( as of March 2017 ) . Those states include several where Amazon has a clear physical presence via distribution centers and wholly owned subsidiaries . Amazon says it would support a federal solution to the sales tax problem as long as such legislation was fair and simple . As of May 2011 legislation has been introduced in Congress to allow states to impose sales taxes on sales to their residents from out - of - state . Amazon has not stated a public position on the bill . Amazon 's competitors say it is insincere . Similar legislation , called the Main Street Fairness Act , failed in committee in 2010 . Several earlier versions of the bill also failed to advance . Amazon lobbyists met four times with members of Congress or their aides in 2010 regarding the Main Street Fairness Act . The company spent $100,000 on lobbying in 2010 , although these expenses also covered other bills discussed at the same time . Amazon has increased political contributions to federal lawmakers . Amazon 's political action committee spent $214,000 during the 2010 election cycle , double what it spent for the 2008 elections . State legislation ( edit ) Not all states listed below have instituted Amazon laws . State responses have varied widely . In many cases , Amazon has started collecting sales taxes because they have opened up a fulfillment center or some other physical presence in the state . In other cases , states have entered into agreements with Amazon to collect sales taxes , but formal laws have not been passed . Finally , some states have passed laws that require out - of - state retailers to either collect sales tax or notify buyers that they are responsible for reporting their owed sales tax to state tax authorities . During the first wave of `` Amazon laws '' , many states determined that if an affiliate or other entity in the state received compensation for referrals to an online retailer , then that constituted a nexus in the state and hence retailers were liable for collecting sales taxes . In many cases , after these laws were passed , Amazon shut down its affiliate program in those states and was able to avoid collecting sales taxes . Other states ( such as New York ) took stricter stances and required online retailers to collect sales taxes on all sales and shipments to residents of their states whether or not the retailer had a physical presence in the state . Finally , many agreements and laws require Amazon and other online retailers to only collect state sales tax , not local sales taxes . Alabama ( edit ) On October 1 , 2015 , Alabama allowed retailers to voluntarily join their Simplified Sellers Use Tax program in which sellers would collect a flat 8 % sales tax no matter where they shipped to within the state . Alabama 's law also allows them to lock in the 8 percent rate even if the federal government adopts a higher figure in the future . The tax applies to all sales regardless of where they are shipped in the state . Furthermore , if sellers paid on time , they would be able to keep 2 % and only remit 6 % to Alabama . As a condition of joining the program , sellers agree to maintain records of all sales into Alabama , including purchaser name and address as well as purchase amount and taxes collected . Then , on January 1 , 2016 , new rules promulgated by the Alabama Department of Revenue required any out - of - state sellers doing more than $250,000 in sales to Alabama residents would be required to collect sales tax . This appears to be in contradiction to Quill Corp. v. North Dakota . As of November 1 , 2016 , Amazon started collecting state sales tax by participating in Alabama 's Simplified Use Tax Remittance Program , joining over 50 other retailers that had joined the program . Arizona ( edit ) On October 26 , 2012 , Amazon reached an agreement with the Arizona Department of Revenue to pay $53 million to settle unpaid sales taxes . Furthermore , effective February 1 , 2013 , Amazon agreed to begin collecting sales taxes for goods sold to Arizonans . Furthermore , on July 1 , 2013 , Amazon would also begin collecting sales tax on digital products or services , like books . Amazon only agreed to collect the 6.6 % state sales tax , but there was no requirement to collect local sales taxes , which can bring total tax close to 10 % . This was an agreement between Amazon and Arizona , which mainly centered on Amazon 's tax obligations because it maintains warehouses in Arizona . Arizona does not have a state law forcing other online retailers to collect sales tax if they do not have a physical nexus in Arizona . Arkansas ( edit ) In 2011 , Arkansas passed a bill requiring Amazon to collect sales tax . The bill took advantage of Amazon 's use of affiliates based in Arkansas to establish the necessary physical nexus . Amazon responded by terminating the contracts of its Arkansas - based affiliates effective July 24 , 2011 . As of March 1 , 2017 , Amazon will be charging Arkansas residents sales tax after legislation was being moved to collect sales taxes from online retailers . Whether Amazon collects local sales taxes is unclear . Arkansas is currently considering two bills that would require online retailers to collect sales tax ( SB 140 ) or notify Arkansas residents that they owe sales taxes to the Arkansas government ( HB 1388 ) . In April 2017 , Amazon began collecting sales tax in the state . California ( edit ) In 2009 , California representative Nancy Skinner pushed legislation to tax online sales that was approved as part of the state budget . Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger vetoed the legislation . On January 19 , 2011 Skinner introduced similar legislation in the form of AB153 that later became law . The bill required out - of - state online sellers with affiliates in California to collect sales tax on purchases made by state residents . The affiliate provision was included to ensure that only sellers with a California nexus are taxed , as required by federal law . `` This legislation will close the current loophole in tax law that has allowed out - of - state companies to avoid collecting California sales and use tax , '' stated Skinner . Skinner estimated that AB153 could produce between $250 million and $500 million per year in new revenue . She and other supporters of the bill believe that the election of Jerry Brown to the governorship and support from retailers such as Barnes & Noble will help the measure become law . In 2011 , Amazon threatened to terminate roughly 10,000 of its affiliates located in California if legislation pending in the state legislature to deem such affiliates as constituting a nexus that requires the collection of sales tax is passed . California affiliates would no longer receive commissions on referrals to Amazon . As of March 2011 , four bills are pending in the state legislature that would define the use of associates located in California - * for sales referrals as activity subject to taxation by California . In a letter addressed to California 's Board of Equalization , the agency responsible for collecting sales taxes , Amazon called such legislation `` unconstitutional '' and said it would terminate its California affiliates if passed . `` If any of these new tax collection schemes were adopted , Amazon would be compelled to end its advertising relationships with well over 10,000 California - based participants in the Amazon ' Associates Program , ' '' wrote Paul Misener , Amazon 's Vice President for Global Public Policy . Responding to Amazon , Nancy Skinner said , `` This is really about e-fairness . It 's really to be fair and show our California Businesses that we 're not hanging them out to dry . '' According to the American Independent Business Alliance , the corporation has operations in at least seven California cities and should be forced to collect sales tax regardless of its threats . In July 2011 , Amazon made good on its promises to terminate California affiliates . According to the Performance Marketing Association , there were 25,000 Amazon affiliates based in California . However , on Amazon 's website , under `` United States Subsidiaries , '' listed are four California locations for A2Z Development Center Inc. - `` an innovative customer - centric software development company '' - including in San Francisco and Cupertino , where the Kindle was designed ; a search engine company called A9.com in Palo Alto ; and , in San Francisco , Alexa Internet , another Amazon search company . Due to its opposition to rules that would require the company to collect sales tax , Amazon.com is facing a boycott from a coalition of California non-profits . One of the groups behind the boycott , Think Before You Click CA , says improved sales tax enforcement will bring in $200 million per year in additional revenue and encourage people to shop at local traditional retailers instead of online . Compromise with Amazon.com ( edit ) In response to resistance from Amazon.com , other online retailers , and anti-tax groups , the State of California agreed to a delay of one year before requiring online retailers to begin collecting sales tax on sales to California addresses . In return for the one - year delay , Amazon.com says it will create 10,000 full - time jobs , 25,000 seasonal jobs , invest $500 million in various facilities in California over the next few years , and begin remitting sales taxes on orders shipped to California . California began collecting sales taxes on September 15 , 2012 and the rate will depend upon where the buyer is located . However , this requirement may not apply to third - party sellers on Amazon . Colorado ( edit ) In response to HB 10 - 1193 passed in 2010 , Amazon terminated its relationship with all affiliates located in Colorado . The bill originally sought to tax sales to Colorado residents by online retailers with Colorado affiliates . The bill was amended to remove all reference to affiliates in order to discourage Amazon from cutting ties with them . The final bill required large online retailers to either remit tax on sales to Colorado residents or provide information on Colorado customers to the state . In spite of this move Amazon still decided to terminate its Colorado affiliates . Amazon began collecting sales tax in Colorado on February 1 , 2016 . On February 23 , 2016 , the Federal 10th Circuit Court of Appeals court upheld the law against a legal challenge by the Direct Marketing Association . Ruling Judge Neil M. Gorsuch contended that overturning the law would create a statewide `` tax shelter '' for online retailers . Following the ruling , policy experts predicted that the decision could lead to a unified push for national internet sales taxes . It is unclear whether or not Amazon collects local taxes . Connecticut ( edit ) In May 2011 , Connecticut Gov. Dannel P. Malloy signed legislation that requires online retailers to collect sales tax if they have affiliates in the state . The legislation aims to raise $9.4 million . Amazon said Connecticut 's legislation violates Quill Corporation v. North Dakota and immediately moved to terminate its affiliate relationships in Connecticut . Amazon accused traditional retailers such as Wal - Mart of being behind Connecticut 's new law . `` We opposed this new tax law because it is unconstitutional and counterproductive . It was supported by big - box retailers , most of which are based outside Connecticut , that seek to harm the affiliate advertising programs of their competitors . Similar legislation in other states has led to job and income losses , and little , if any , new tax revenue , '' Amazon said in a letter to its affiliates . Amazon has agreed to collect state sales tax of 6.35 % in CT starting November 1 , 2013 . Amazon has also agreed to invest $50 million in Connecticut and to create hundreds of new full - time jobs in the state . District of Columbia ( edit ) Amazon began collecting DC 's 5.75 % sales tax on October 1 , 2016 . Florida ( edit ) In a 2012 editorial supporting tax equity , the Florida St. Petersburg Times wrote , `` As long as Internet - only sellers such as Amazon.com can get away with not collecting state sales tax and effectively sell their products for at least 6 percent less , Florida merchants pay the price . It 's past time for lawmakers to work toward a level playing field . '' In May 2014 , Amazon started collecting sales tax in Florida after starting plans to build two warehouses in the state . Amazon agreed to collect the state sales tax of 6 % , but there was no mention of collecting local sales taxes Georgia ( edit ) Georgia had passed a law that became effective in January 2012 expanding the definition of what constituted a physical presence in the state in hopes that it would force online retailers to begin collecting sales taxes . However , Amazon did not collect sales taxes until Amazon agreed to start collecting Georgia sales tax on September 1 , 2013 . Hawaii ( edit ) In January 2017 , Hawaii state lawmakers were considering legislation requiring Amazon and other online retailers to collect sales tax . Amazon began to collect a 4 % state sales tax , beginning April 1 , 2017 . Idaho ( edit ) Amazon began collecting Idaho 's 6 % sales tax from customers who reside in Idaho beginning Saturday , April 1 , 2017 . Illinois ( edit ) Illinois passed legislation to tax online sales made to consumers located in the state . In March 2011 Gov. Pat Quinn signed the `` Main Street Fairness Act , '' which targets online retailers with Illinois affiliates . Quinn said the act would help create fair competition and generate more revenue for the state . Illinois estimates that it loses $153 million in sales taxes every year because out - of - state retailers do not remit sales tax on purchases made by Illinois residents . Some online retailers have responded to this legislation and similar efforts in other states by threatening income tax revenues collected from their online affiliates . Amazon , along with Overstock.com , has threatened to terminate affiliates in states that demand that sales tax be collected by online retailers , including Illinois . Wal - Mart responded by inviting online businesses based in Illinois to join its affiliate network . The Illinois Policy Institute has said that the law has been `` all pain and no gain . '' While it was `` sold as a significant revenue raiser and a step toward improved tax fairness , it is accomplishing little more than pushing online entrepreneurs out of state . '' The law was declared unconstitutional in October 2013 by the Illinois Supreme Court because it applied only to online businesses . Illinois subsequently passed similar legislation which applied to `` catalog , mail - order and similar retailers along with online sellers ... if they have sales of $10,000 or more in the prior year . '' Although the law went into effect January 1 , 2015 , retailers were given an additional month to comply with the legislation . Online retailers are required to collect the 6.25 % state sales tax , but do not have to collect local sales taxes in addition to the state rate . Amazon announced in October that it plans to build several facilities in Illinois by 2017 , including the first this year , which eventually would have required it to collect the state 's use tax . Indiana ( edit ) Indianapolis based Simon Property Group sued the state in 2011 to force it to collect sales tax from Amazon in an attempt to level the playing field . In a settlement deal brokered by Gov. Mitch Daniels in January 2012 , Amazon agreed to collect sales tax from Indiana residents beginning January 1 , 2014 . Amazon owns four distribution centers in Indiana , which satisfies the physical requirement . Iowa ( edit ) On January 1 , 2017 , Amazon began collecting 6 % sales tax in Iowa . As Amazon has no physical presence in Iowa , it is not compelled by law to collect state sales tax . Amazon will not collect the local option portion of the sales tax . Kansas ( edit ) Amazon has collected sales tax in Kansas since at least 2005 even though it opened up a distribution center back in 1999 , which satisfies the physical presence requirement that often forces retailers to collect sales taxes . Proposed Senate Bill 111 would require online retailers to notify Kansas residents of their sales tax liabilities if the retailer does not collect sales taxes on the transaction . Kentucky ( edit ) Amazon has collected sales tax in Kentucky since 2005 according to the Tax Justice Blog , but Amazon has maintained a distribution center in Kentucky since at least 1999 . Kentucky does not have a law requiring sales tax collection for companies that do not have a physical presence in the state . In a 2011 editorial The State ( A South Carolina paper ) criticized the Kentucky incentives given to Amazon to build a distribution center in Lexington . They wrote , with respect to the South Carolina deal , that that deal with Amazon created `` ... yet another exemption in our Swiss - cheese tax code , and surrender ( ed ) what little leverage we have to collect taxes on the fastest - growing segment of the retail sector -- from which we derive the largest share of the revenue that runs state government . It 's only a small step from giving Amazon a five - year exemption from collecting the sales taxes from S.C. residents to giving that same break to Walmart , Target and all the other businesses that offer online shopping -- as one Senate amendment actually proposed to do . '' Louisiana ( edit ) As of January 1 , 2017 , Amazon began collecting sales tax in Louisiana . Louisiana citizens , whose state has one of the highest average combined sales tax rate in the nation , now pay , on average , 9 % in state and local sales and use tax for Amazon purchases . Act 22 , passed in on March 14 , 2016 requires online retailers to collect sales taxes on online purchases . Maine ( edit ) On April 1 , 2017 , Amazon started collecting 5.5 % sales tax in Maine following pressure from State officials . Maryland ( edit ) On October 1 , 2014 , Amazon started collecting sales tax in Maryland ahead of a planned opening of a new distribution center in Southeast Baltimore . Maryland does not currently require online retailers without a physical presence in the state to collect sales taxes . Massachusetts ( edit ) On November 1 , 2013 , Amazon began collecting the states ' 6.25 % sales tax for Massachusetts residents . The collection only applies to purchases made on Amazon and not to third - party sellers through Amazon . Amazon is now collecting sales taxes primarily because it now has a physical presence in Massachusetts . Michigan ( edit ) On October 1 , 2015 , Amazon started collecting sales tax in Michigan in accordance with a state law compelling online retailers to do so if they have a physical presence in the state . Minnesota ( edit ) On October 1 , 2014 , Amazon started collecting sales tax in Minnesota . There is no state law compelling it to collect taxes . This decision came ahead of Amazon 's decision to open up a distribution center in Shakopee that is opened in early 2017 . Mississippi ( edit ) On January 12 , 2017 , Mississippi 's chief tax collector filed to require any company doing more than $250,000 of sales in Mississippi each year to collect the state 's 7 % sales tax . Amazon has already begun collecting sales tax as of February 1 , 2017 . Furthermore , at least 3 bills have been introduced into the state legislature to require remote retailers to pay sales tax . Mississippi will allow the internet tax bill passed by the house committee on February 1 , 2017 , to die in committee . Lt. Gov. Tate Reeves called the bill unconstitutional . Missouri ( edit ) Two legislators in Missouri have proposed joining the Streamlined Sales Tax Project to ensure that the state collects sales tax on goods shipped from online retailers located out - of - state . Currently Missourians are required to remit use tax for purchases made online but the state government has no practical method to force compliance . Legislative staff report that taxing online sales should significantly increase revenue . Rep. Margo McNeil cited a University of Tennessee study saying that Missouri stands to lose $187 million in 2011 by not taxing online sales . McNeil also said the streamlined sales tax is a good way to end the unfair advantages enjoyed by online retailers over traditional businesses . `` The tax is a step in trying to even the playing field because right now we have a lot of people who are going in and using the stores as a showroom and then going home and buying on the Internet ... , '' McNeil said . On February 1 , 2017 , Amazon began collecting the state portion of the sales tax rate in Missouri that is 4.225 percent , but does not collect city and county portions of the sales tax rate that is charged on local purchases . Nebraska ( edit ) Amazon began collecting sales tax in Nebraska on January 1 , 2017 . Nebraska does not currently have a law requiring online retailers to collect sales taxes if they do not have a physical presence in the state . The sales tax in Nebraska is 6 % . Nevada ( edit ) Legislation that would have required Amazon to collect sales tax on purchases shipped to Nevada failed in committee in the state legislature in May 2011 . The legislation was proposed by the Retail Association of Nevada and was expected to generate $16 million annually in additional sales tax collections . Concerns about whether such a move might prompt Amazon.com to close its distribution center in the state were partially responsible for derailing this legislation . However , in April 2012 , an agreement was reached that would require Amazon to collect sales tax from Nevada customers beginning on January 1 , 2014 . The agreement would include collecting state and local sales taxes . Nevada does not require other online retailers without a physical presence in Nevada to collect sales taxes . New Jersey ( edit ) Amazon began collecting sales tax in New Jersey on July 1 , 2013 . This was a result of opening up warehouses in New Jersey . New Jersey has not passed a law that would require online retailers without a physical presence to collect sales taxes . New Mexico ( edit ) Effective April 1 , 2017 , Amazon began collecting sales taxes in New Mexico . New Mexico 's Revenue Department says that just over 5 percent sales tax will be collected with some going to the state 's general fund and some going to the cities where the product was purchased . This 5 percent is much less than the average combined state and local sales tax of 7.51 % . Several bills are currently under consideration to reform New Mexico 's tax laws and force online retailers to collect sales taxes . New York ( edit ) In 2008 , New York passed a law that would force online retailers to collect sales taxes on shipments to state residents . Shortly after the law was signed , Amazon filed a complaint in the New York Supreme Court objecting to the law . The complaint was n't based on whether in - state customers should pay tax , but upon the long - standing practice of it being the responsibility of the customer to report the sales tax ( known as use tax in this case ) and not that of the out - of - state businesses . The lawsuit was tossed out of court in January 2009 , when New York State Supreme Court Justice Eileen Bransten stated `` there is no basis upon which Amazon can prevail . '' As of 2011 Overstock.com is suing New York state to prevent being required to collect sales taxes on goods shipped to New York residents . In order to comply with the physical presence requirement of Quill Corp. v. North Dakota the law targets out - of - state retailers who make use of New York - based affiliates . Overstock.com argues that the use of affiliates is not enough to meet the physical presence test and that the law thus violates the Commerce Clause . In addition to filing suit , Overstock.com has terminated its 3,400 affiliates in New York . In early 2017 , Governor Cuomo proposed that sales tax collection be applied to Amazon 's `` Marketplace '' operations . In April 2017 , Amazon began collecting sales tax in the state . North Carolina ( edit ) Due to former state laws , Amazon did not allow North Carolina residents to participate in the Amazon Affiliates program , however this is no longer the case . Starting February 1 , 2014 , Amazon began collecting NC state sales tax on orders . North Dakota ( edit ) Amazon has collected sales tax in North Dakota since at least 2001 because they operated a fulfillment center in Grand Forks at that time until 2005 . Even after closing the fulfillment center , they still collect sales tax even though North Dakota still has not passed any Amazon tax laws . Ohio ( edit ) A study released by the University of Cincinnati in October 2011 determined that Ohio 's state government could increase tax revenue by at least $200 million per year if Congress were to require online retailers to collect and remit sales taxes . Ohio consumers who make online purchases are already required to self - report and pay sales tax but compliance is rare . According to the study , even though more than 60 percent of households in the state made at least one purchase from an online retailer in 2010 less than 1 percent of Ohio state income tax returns included tax payments for such purchases . On June 1 , 2015 , Amazon began collecting sales tax in the State of Ohio due to the new data centers that are being built at the Columbus , Ohio area . This satisfies the requirement of a physical presence of Amazon to begin collecting sales tax in the state due to the affiliate owned by Amazon . Oklahoma ( edit ) Oklahoma Governor Mary Fallin announced in February 2017 that on March 1 , Amazon would begin collecting sales taxes on online purchases . This followed the passage by the state legislature of the Oklahoma Retail Protection Act , introduced by Representative Chad Caldwell . Under the Act , affected retailers are responsible for either collecting and remitting state and local sales tax or notifying their customers of their tax obligations . Pennsylvania ( edit ) The Pennsylvania Department of Revenue released a sales tax bulletin on December 1 , 2011 outlining the Commonwealth 's interpretation of the Tax Reform Code of 1971 ( TRC ) . The bulletin focuses on the Commonwealth 's definition of a nexus for the purposes of collecting sales tax , and points out that the TRC defines a business as `` maintaining a place of business in this Commonwealth '' if that business engages in an activity within the Commonwealth `` either directly or through a subsidiary , representative , or agent , in connection with the lease , sale or delivery of tangible personal property . '' While issuing the sales tax bulletin , Revenue Secretary Dan Meuser said that the Commonwealth would lose an estimated $380 million in 2011 due to the non-collection of online sales taxes . At issue is the presence of four Amazon Fulfillment Centers located in Pennsylvania . Early in December 2011 , Meuser said that if out - of - state sellers who have n't previously collected state sales tax register and start collecting the taxes by February 1 , 2012 , then the Commonwealth would not seek payments of back taxes . After this deadline , Meuser said the Commonwealth would take enforcement action seeking back taxes . On January 27 , 2012 , Meuser said that the new tax collection policy was being granted a one time extension until September 1 , 2012 because the original `` compliance deadline ( was ) impractical from operational and technical standpoints . '' Amazon began collecting sales tax in the state beginning on that September 1 deadline . Currently , Amazon just collects Pennsylvania 's 6 % sales tax , but does not collect any local sales taxes . Rhode Island ( edit ) On February 1 , 2017 , Amazon began voluntarily collecting Rhode Island 's 7 % sales tax . Back in 2009 , Rhode Island had passed a law which would have forced Amazon to collect sales taxes if it had `` affiliates '' in the state . As a result , Amazon cut ties with its affiliates in Rhode Island . South Carolina ( edit ) Amazon had agreed to open a distribution center near Columbia , South Carolina that would employ 1,200 people in exchange for a five - year exemption from collection of sales taxes from shoppers in South Carolina . The state House of Representatives rejected the deal in April 2011 and Amazon cancelled plans for its distribution center . Amazon resumed negotiations and offered 2,000 jobs in exchange for a sales tax exemption and other incentives . Under a compromise approved by the South Carolina state legislature in May 2011 , Amazon agreed to notify South Carolina customers by email that sales tax was owed on their purchases but shoppers would still be responsible for paying the tax by themselves . Governor Nikki Haley says she plans to allow the bill to become law without signing it . In a statement made after the deal for Amazon passed the state House the Alliance for Main Street Fairness said , `` Today 's vote in the South Carolina House of Representatives is just one step in the process , yet it 's unfortunate that the majority of the House favors special deals for one prospective retailer at the expense of our state 's existing employers and their 375,000 employees . The vote is particularly disappointing in light of dubious , last minute promises that certainly appear to have influenced some legislators to switch their vote . We 'll rally our troops and voice our concerns to the Senate where we hope they will come to a more fair and rational decision . The case against this special deal continues to grow on a daily basis . '' Main Street expressed strong disapproval of the South Carolina Senate 's approval of this arrangement . In a press release Main Street said , `` Nobody complained when Amazon was given free land , property tax cuts , job tax credits and a repeal of the limits on weekend sales . But in the end , this special exemption only passed after backroom deals and last - minute promises were made by Amazon officials -- something which should disappoint everyone interested in transparency and good government . '' South Carolina has passed legislation that required Amazon and other internet retailers to start collecting sales tax in 2016 . Prior to 2016 , Amazon was not required to collect sales tax on purchases made by South Carolina residents . However , the company was responsible for notifying South Carolina residents via e-mail that they faced liability for sales tax and residents were still required to report the value of all purchases made on Amazon in the previous year and pay the appropriate sales tax on their South Carolina tax return . As of January 1 , 2016 , the tax legislation has expired , meaning that Amazon is now required to collect sales tax at the point of sale from South Carolina residents . South Dakota ( edit ) On February 1 , 2017 , Amazon agreed to being collecting sales tax in South Dakota . This followed legislation passed in 2016 requiring retailers to remit sales tax even if they did not have a physical presence in the state . Tennessee ( edit ) Amazon attempted to avoid being required to collect Tennessee sales tax during negotiations with economic development officials to build two warehouses outside of Chattanooga . Amazon argues that its warehouses are not directly affiliated with the company and thus do not create a nexus that would require the collection of sales taxes . Tennessee revenue officials will not reveal any specific information on a deal with Amazon as they claim doing so would violate state confidentiality laws . A legal opinion by the state attorney general affirmed the constitutionality of a proposed bill in the state legislature that would require Amazon to collect sales tax on goods it ships to Tennessee residents . The opinion also stated that Amazon 's construction of distribution centers in the state constitutes a physical nexus . According to study done by the University of Tennessee 's Center for Business and Economic Research , the Tennessee state government and local governments will lose about $410 million in tax revenue in 2011 due to online sales . On January 1 , 2014 , Amazon began collecting sales tax on purchases in Tennessee , after a two - year delay from when Governor Haslam signed the online sales tax bill in 2012 . Amazon collects both state and local sales tax . Texas ( edit ) In 2010 , Texas sent a demand letter for $269 million in sales taxes that the state argues should have been collected and remitted for sales to Texas customers . This dollar amount covers uncollected taxes from December 2005 to December 2009 and also includes penalties and interest . Texas authorities began an investigation of Amazon 's tax status after a May 2008 report by The Dallas Morning News questioned why Amazon does not collect sales tax from Texas customers despite maintaining a distribution center in Irving near the Dallas / Fort Worth International Airport . Amazon argues that this distribution center , owned by Amazon.com KYDC LLC , located at the same address as Amazon 's corporate headquarters in Seattle , is a legally separate entity and thus does not establish a physical presence in Texas that would require Amazon to collect sales taxes . Amazon has decided to close the Irving distribution center in order to avoid future attempts by Texas to force the collection of sales taxes . Texas Comptroller Susan Combs faced skeptical questions and criticism from members of the Texas Senate Finance Committee February 16 , 2011 over her attempts to collect back sales tax from Amazon.com . Combs replied by saying that all businesses must obey the law `` It is our belief that this is a very , very clear issue about nexus . As I say , this started probably because of catalog sales 47 years ago in 1963 , '' said Combs . Combs also cited a Texas law to back up her argument that Amazon is required to collect sales taxes : `` A retailer is engaged in business in this state if the retailer : 1 . ) maintains , occupies , or uses in this state permanently , temporarily , directly , indirectly or through a subsidiary or agent , however named , an office , place of distribution , sales or sample room or place , warehouse , storage place , or any other place of business . '' The Dallas Morning News published an editorial supporting Combs ' efforts to collect sales tax from Amazon.com on 17 February 2011 . The paper wrote , `` It defies logic that a book bought online can elude sales tax while the same book bought in a bookstore ca n't . A sales transaction is a sales transaction , and if one is taxed , why should n't the other be taxed as well ? '' In March 2010 , State Rep. Linda Harper - Brown filed House Bill 2719 . House Bill 2719 would allow Amazon to avoid Texas sales tax by amending the state tax code to exempt companies or individuals from being classified as retailers or being ordered to provide state agencies with information on purchases made in Texas , if they make use of `` only a fulfillment center ... or computer server . '' House Bill 2719 stands in sharp contrast to House Bill 2403 , introduced by Rep. John Otto . House Bill 2403 would close loopholes in the Texas tax code that support Amazon 's claim of being exempt from collecting sales tax . Legislation pushed by Rep. John Otto to require Amazon and other online retailers with a physical nexus in the state of Texas to collect and remit sales tax became law in 2011 . The legislation deems any company with a store , distribution center , or other place of business in Texas as having a physical nexus there for the purpose of collecting sales tax . Otto said that Amazon contended that they did not need to collect the state sales tax because the company did not have a store front in the state and that a subsidiary owned their distribution center in Irving , Texas . In April 2012 , Amazon agreed to create 2,500 jobs and invest $200 million in new distribution centers in Texas if the state forgave $269 million in back sales taxes . Under the agreement , Amazon began collecting sales taxes from Texas customers beginning July 1 , 2012 . Under the agreement , Amazon collects the state sales tax of 6.25 % , but likely not local sales tax . Utah ( edit ) Under Utah state law , internet retailers are only required to collect sales tax for online sales if they have a physical presence and Amazon does not have a physical presence in Utah . However , on December 7 , 2016 , Gov. Gary Herbert announced that his 2017 tax plan includes a deal with Amazon to start collecting sales tax on Utah purchases . Amazon began collecting sales tax on January 1 , 2017 . The details of the deal between the state and Amazon , however , remain confidential . Vermont ( edit ) As of February 1 , 2017 , Amazon began collecting Vermont 's 6 % state sales tax , ahead of a Vermont statute about internet sales tax due to go into effect in July 2017 . Online retailers will not be required to collect the 1 % local sales tax that many Vermont towns impose . Virginia ( edit ) As of January 2012 , Virginia state senator Frank Wagner has introduced legislation that would require companies with a distribution center , warehouse , fulfillment center , office , or other such location in the Commonwealth of Virginia to collect and remit sales tax . Amazon has announced its intent to build two distribution centers in Richmond . This legislation is supported by the Alliance for Main Street Fairness . This legislation was passed in early 2013 with an effective date of September 1 , 2013 . The only retailers to be affected by this bill , since it only clarifies what qualifies as a physical nexus , are Amazon and backcountry.com . On January 22 , 2012 , Gov. Robert F. McDonnell 's office announced that an agreement that Amazon.com would begin collecting state sales tax had been reached with Amazon.com and members of the General Assembly . The announcement notes that Amazon.com began collecting and remitting Virginia sales tax on September 1 , 2013 . West Virginia ( edit ) Starting on October 1 , 2013 , Amazon began collecting sales tax in West Virginia . This was after West Virginia passed a law requiring out - of - state retailers to apply sales tax if they or a subsidiary have a physical presence in the state . Washington ( edit ) In 2008 , Amazon began collecting sales tax in Washington , their home state , after a state law was passed requiring in - state online retailers to collect sales tax . On January 1 , 2018 , Amazon began enforcing and collecting tax on third - party merchant sales to Washington state customers , as required by a new state law . Washington was the first to have this policy enforced , with plans to bring merchant order taxes to other states in the future . Wisconsin ( edit ) Amazon began collecting sales taxes in Wisconsin on November 1 , 2013 , about a year before its Kenosha distribution center was set to open . Amazon will only be collecting the 5 % state sales tax , but not the local sales tax . Wisconsin has not passed an Amazon law , Amazon is collecting sales tax because of its distribution center in the state . Wyoming ( edit ) Starting March 1 , 2017 , Amazon voluntarily agreed to begin collecting sales tax in Wyoming . On March 1 , 2017 , Wyoming passed a bill requiring anyone that does more than 200 transactions or over $100,000 in sales in Wyoming to pay state sales tax . Affiliates ( edit ) Amazon in the past was often able to overcome threats from state governments by cutting ties with local partners or leaving the state in question . Amazon severed its relationships with affiliates in Colorado due to efforts by the state government to collect sales tax on internet purchases . Amazon has threatened similar action against affiliates in Illinois over the same issue . In February 2011 , Amazon announced that it would be closing its Dallas , Texas distribution center over the sales - tax dispute Entity isolation ( edit ) Amazon has created subsidiaries that are treated separately for tax matters , a legal technique called `` entity isolation '' . The subsidiary that developed the Kindle is in California , but because it does n't sell the Kindle directly to customers , Amazon 's legal position was that it was n't required to collect sales taxes in California . In the company 's financial report for the quarter ending September 30 , 2009 , the company stated that the imposition of sales - tax collection by more states or Congress could `` decrease our future sales . '' See also ( edit ) Alliance for Main Street Fairness National Bellas Hess v. Illinois Quill Corp. v. North Dakota Sales taxes in the United States References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Amazon will start collecting sales tax nationwide starting April 1st '' . The Verge . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon to start collecting state sales taxes everywhere '' . CNN Money . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.cnbc.com/2017/11/15/amazon-marketplace-tax-collection-comes-to-washington-in-2018.html Jump up ^ Milchen , Jeff ( 28 April 2011 ) . `` To Help Main Street , Close the Internet Sales Tax Loophole '' . Archived from the original on 15 March 2016 . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amazon 's Physical Presence ( Nexus ) in States and the Sales Tax Battle '' . American Independent Business Alliance . Archived from the original on 25 June 2015 . Retrieved 16 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Song , Kyung M. ( May 21 , 2011 ) . `` Battle over Internet sales taxes rekindles in Congress '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hansell , Saul . `` Amazon Sues New York State to Void Sales Tax Rules '' . The New York Times . May 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Why Amazon shoppers in Alabama will soon be paying more '' . August 15 , 2016 . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Magee , Julie . `` State of Alabama Department of Revenue Notice '' ( PDF ) . State of Alabama Department of Revenue . Retrieved 1 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Alabama Regulation to Require Out - of - State Sell ers to Collect Sales and Use Tax Contrary to Supreme Court Precede nt '' . grantthornton.com . Retrieved 1 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Gore , Leada ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` Amazon shoppers in Alabama : Your bill is going up by 8 percent on Nov. 1 '' . AL.com . Retrieved 1 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com will collect AZ sales tax '' . October 27 , 2012 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sam Gustin ( June 14 , 2011 ) . `` Amazon to Connecticut , Arkansas : ' Drop Dead ' Over Sales Tax '' . Wired . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brantley , Max ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` Amazon set to begin collecting sales tax on Arkansas purchases in March '' . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Brooke ; Caputo , Ibby ( 2 February 2017 ) . `` Online sales tax legislation advances '' . Arkansas Times . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` HB1388 TO REQUIRE OUT - OF - STATE SELLERS AND FACILITATORS TO PROVIDE NOTICE TO ARKANSAS PURCHASERS REGARDING TAX DUE ON CERTAIN PURCHASES AND TO REPORT SALES MADE TO ARKANSAS PURCHASERS '' . January 30 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SB140 TO PROVIDE FOR THE COLLECTION OF SALES AND USE TAX RATHER THAN USE TAX ON SALES BY CERTAIN REMOTE SELLERS '' . January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Marc Lifsher ( January 20 , 2011 ) . `` California lawmaker pushes to tax online sales '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Russian investment gives Plastic Logic flexibility , by Andrew S. Ross , The San Francisco Chronicle , January 19 , 2011 Jump up ^ Major retailers back bid for ' Amazon tax ' , by Kevin Yamamura , Sacramento Bee , January 20 , 2011 Jump up ^ Jan Norman ( March 4 , 2011 ) . `` Amazon makes threats over Calif. sales tax bills '' . Orange County Register . Retrieved March 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Scott Weber ( March 31 , 2011 ) . `` State to Amazon.com : Charge Sales Tax '' . nbcloasangeles.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Metz , Rachel ( June 30 , 2011 ) . `` Amazon cuts off California affiliates over sales tax '' . SFGate . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andrew S. Ross ( July 1 , 2011 ) . `` Internet sellers must collect tax , like it or not '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Losowsky , Andrew ( August 16 , 2011 ) . `` Amazon Boycott Over Internet Sales Tax Gains Momentum '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Postponing Online Tax Bill Helps Create More Jobs '' . 13 September 2011 . Archived from the original on 9 January 2012 . Retrieved 16 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Free ride is over -- Amazon.com collecting California sales tax '' . 15 September 2012 . Retrieved 9 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave Taylor ( March 8 , 2010 ) . `` Amazon Reacts To Colorado Internet Sales Tax Measure By Firing Its Colorado Associates '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Greg Avery ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` Amazon sales tax collection begins in Colorado , but how much it 's collecting remains a mystery '' . Denver Business Journal . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chuang , Tamara ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Colorado 's ' Amazon Tax ' law upheld in federal appeals court '' . www.denverpost.com . Digital First Media . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon sales tax collection begins in Colorado , but how much it 's collecting remains a mystery '' . February 1 , 2016 . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon to Collect Colorado Sales Tax , February 2016 '' . January 22 , 2016 . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dan Carroll , The Motley Fool ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` Amazon to Collect Connecticut Sales Tax - Connecticut Post '' . Ctpost.com . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon To Start Collecting Sales Tax Friday '' . October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sturdivant , Christina ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` D.C. Customers Will Have To Pay Sales Tax On Amazon Orders '' . DCist . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved March 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clabaugh , Jeff ( 16 September 2016 ) . `` Amazon says it will start charging sales tax in DC '' . WTOP . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Close Internet sales tax loophole '' . St. Petersburg Times . February 19 , 2011 . Retrieved April 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Griswold , Alison ( May 1 , 2014 ) . `` Collecting Sales Tax on Amazon Purchases Does n't Really Help Local Businesses '' . slate.com . Slate Magazine . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon To Open Two Warehouses In Florida '' . October 23 , 2013 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon to start collecting sales tax in Georgia on Sept. 1 '' . August 9 , 2013 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaii sees potential in internet sales tax '' . January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Amazon 's Fight With Illinois Is A Small Part Of A Bigger Global Battle Between Online Retailers And Tax Authorities , by Paul Wallbank , Business Insider , January 18 , 2011 Jump up ^ Klayman , Ben ( March 17 , 2011 ) . `` States , business watch for effects of Illinois tax '' . Reuters . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rasmussen , Kristina ( October 26 , 2011 ) . `` Illinois Policy Institute - All pain and no gain : Why lawmakers should put the affiliate nexus law on hold '' . Illinois Policy . Illinoispolicy.org . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Illinois Supreme Court strikes down ' Amazon tax ' '' . Chicago Tribune . October 18 , 2013 . Retrieved October 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New rules help Illinois collect out - of - state sales taxes '' . Washington Times . January 19 , 2015 . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Elejalde - Ruiz , Alexia ; Karp , Gregory ( 23 January 2015 ) . `` Amazon to start collecting Illinois sales tax '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Elejalde - Ruiz , Alexia ; Karp , Gregory ( January 23 , 2015 ) . `` Amazon to start collecting Illinois sales tax '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Simon Property Sues Indiana Over Failure to Tax Amazon E-Commerce Sales '' . Bloomberg L.P. November 3 , 2011 . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Barr , Alistair ( January 9 , 2012 ) . `` Amazon , Indiana strike state sales tax deal '' . Reuters . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Frazee , Gretchen ( January 2 , 2014 ) . `` Amazon Begins Charging Sales Tax In Indiana '' . Indiana Public Media . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ford , George ( December 30 , 2016 ) . `` Amazon.com to begin collecting Iowa sales tax Sunday '' . The Gazette ( Cedar Rapids ) . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Carl ( 23 November 2015 ) . `` Why Online Holiday Shopping Will Cost More This Year '' . Institute for Taxation and Economic Policy . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Salazar , Daniel ( 8 February 2017 ) . `` Colorado 's ' Amazon tax ' inspires Kansas bill '' . Witchita Eagle . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Carl , Davis ( 23 November 2015 ) . `` Why Online Holiday Shopping Will Cost More This Year '' . Institute for Tax and Economic Policy . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kentucky joins national Sales Tax Simplification Agreement '' ( PDF ) . Kentucky Department of Revenue . Commonwealth of Kentucky . 21 July 2005 . Retrieved 19 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Editorial ( May 29 , 2011 ) . `` We must learn from Amazon , improve policy '' . The State . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Amazon will start charging Louisiana sales tax in 2017 '' . NOLA.com . December 20 , 2016 . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Louisiana sales tax system now ranks worse than last place '' . New Orleans Advocate. April 5 , 2016 . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` HB30 TAX / SALES & USE : Provides for the collection of sales and use taxes due on sales made in Louisiana by a remote dealer '' . March 14 , 2016 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bensinger , Gary ( October 1 , 2014 ) . `` States That Make Amazon Pay Sales Taxes '' . www.wsj.com . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Mirabella , Lorraine ( 28 September 2014 ) . `` Amazon to start collecting sales tax from Maryland shoppers '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Taryn , Luna ( 29 October 2013 ) . `` Amazon to begin collecting Mass . sales tax Friday '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Emily ( September 29 , 2015 ) . `` Michiganders to pay more at online retailers '' . www.mlive.com . MLive Media Group . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Painter , Kristen ; Kumar , Kavita ( 22 April 2015 ) . `` Amazon plans to employ 1,000 at new distribution center in Shakopee , seeks tax breaks '' . Minnesota Star - Tribune . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` Mississippi To Collect Amazon Sales Tax '' . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ganucheau , Adam ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` Reeves : Internet sales tax bill is dead '' . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patane , Matthew ( February 16 , 2011 ) . `` Legislators work to close loophole in Internet tax policy '' . Call . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brown , Lisa ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Amazon to begin charging sales tax in Missouri '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon will begin collecting sales tax on purchases by Nebraskans '' . www.Omaha.com . The Omaha World Herald . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spillman , Benjamin ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` Taxation committee drops Internet sales tax amendment '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vogel , Ed . `` Gov. Sandoval reaches sales tax deal with Amazon '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , David . `` Nevada reaches agreement with Amazon on collection of sales tax '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon To Collect N.J. Sales Tax Under Agreement , Lawmaker Says '' . Bloomberg L.P . May 30 , 2012 . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Griff , Martin ( January 9 , 2013 ) . `` Amazon 's prime location : Business experts say distribution hub in Mercer is ideal '' . www.nj.com . The Times of Trenton . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Matt ; Renshaw , Jarrett ( 30 May 2012 ) . `` Amazon.com to begin collecting sales tax on N.J. orders next year '' . Star - Ledger . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon to Collect Sales Tax in New Mexico Starting in April '' . U.S. News and World Report . Associated Press . 6 March 2017 . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Kaeding , Nicole ( 29 February 2016 ) . Facts & Figures 2016 : How Does Your State Compare ? . Washington DC : Tax Foundation . ISBN 978 - 1 - 942768 - 08 - 1 . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Dyer , Jessica ( 6 March 2017 ) . `` Amazon to begin collecting taxes in NM next month '' . Albuquerque Journal . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Sage , Alexandria and Edith Honan . `` NY Judge Tosses amazon.com Lawsuit Over Sales Tax '' . Reuters . January 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Overstock and Patrick Byrne sue New York over Amazon Tax , by Cade Metz , The Register , June 2 , 2008 Jump up ^ Karlin , Rick ( 29 January 2017 ) . `` New York 's expanded ' Amazon tax ' to take center stage '' . Timesunion . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Associates Program Operating Agreement '' . www.amazon.com . Amazon . November 1 , 2016 . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chambers Jr. , Stan , ed . ( January 18 , 2014 ) . `` Amazon to collect NC sales tax '' . www.wral.com . Capitol Broadcasting Company . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon Global Fulfillment Center Network '' . MWPVL International . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Carl ( 23 November 2015 ) . `` Why Online Holiday Shopping Will Cost More This Year '' . Institute for Tax and Economic Policy . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Meek , Jason ( June 3 , 2015 ) . `` Amazon is Now Charging Sales Tax in Ohio '' . Cleveland Scene . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon to start collecting sales tax on Oklahoma purchases '' . KFOR.com . The Associated Press . February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pennsylvania Department of Revenue ( December 1 , 2011 ) . `` Sales and Use Tax Bulletin 2011 - 01 '' ( pdf ) . Pennsylvania Department of Revenue . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Jim T. ( December 9 , 2011 ) . `` Online sales tax collection could see backlash '' . Central Penn Business Journal . Retrieved January 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Novack , Janet ( December 6 , 2011 ) . `` Pa . Sales Tax Crackdown Means Grief For Amazon Merchants '' . Forbes Magazine . Retrieved January 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Revenue Department Offers One - Time Extension on Nexus Compliance Deadline for Remote Sellers '' ( PDF ) . Pennsylvania Department of Revenue . January 27 , 2012 . Retrieved January 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Peter ( August 30 , 2012 ) . `` Amazon to begin collecting Pa. sales tax '' . Associated Press . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bogdan , Jennifer ( 18 January 2017 ) . `` Amazon.com to collect R.I. sales tax '' . Providence Journal . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Nesi , Ted ; Tomison , Bill ( 18 January 2017 ) . `` Amazon will charge sales tax in RI '' . WPRI . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EDITORIAL : A reversal on Amazon '' . The Herald . May 30 , 2011 . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2011 . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Main Street Responds To House Vote Battle For Brick - And - Mortar Business Continues '' ( Press release ) . Alliance for Main Street Fairness . May 18 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Main Street Responds To South Carolina Senate Vote '' ( Press release ) . Alliance for Main Street Fairness . May 27 , 2011 . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Corbin , Kenneth ( January 30 , 2012 ) . `` Amazon Notifies South Carolina Shoppers of Sales Tax Owed '' . EcommerceBytes.com . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2012 . Retrieved January 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wise , Warren ( 31 December 2015 ) . `` Amazon must collect S.C. sales taxes , corporate break also ends Amazon ' in a league of its own ' in online sales E-commerce giant claims almost 25 % of retail sales growth '' . The Post and Courier . Retrieved 16 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , Dana ; Sneve , Joe ( 10 January 2017 ) . `` Amazon to collect , remit South Dakota sales tax '' . Argus Leader . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Tenn. retailers oppose Amazon sales tax pass , by Bonna Johnson , USA Today , January 31 , 2011 Jump up ^ Pare , Mike ( June 29 , 2011 ) . `` Attorney General : State can force Amazon on taxes '' . Times Free Press . Flessner , Dave . Chattanooga Publishing Company . Retrieved July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sher , Andy ( August 17 , 2011 ) . `` U.S. Sen. Bob Corker says Internet sales tax collections ' will be resolved ' '' . Times Free Press . Chattanooga Publishing Company . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon to start collecting online sales tax in Tennessee next month '' . WSMV. 16 December 2013 . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` HB 2370 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Flessner , Dave ( 30 April 2014 ) . `` Amazon hurt by new tax rules in Tennessee , other states '' . Times Free Press . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Texas bills Amazon for millions in sales taxes , by Maria Halkias , The Dallas Morning News , October 23 , 2010 Jump up ^ Campoy , Ana ( February 17 , 2011 ) . `` Amazon 's Exit Spurs Tax Fight in Texas '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Josh Hinkle ( 16 February 2011 ) . `` Combs defends Amazon sales tax fight '' . Austin News KXAN.com . Archived from the original on 11 January 2012 . Retrieved 16 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Editorial : Texas is right to pursue Amazon for uncollected sales taxes '' . The Dallas Morning News . February 17 , 2011 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Harrell , Barry ( March 9 , 2011 ) . `` Competing bills in House set battle lines in Amazon fight '' . Austin Statesman . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved March 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Franco , Melecio ( July 3 , 2011 ) . `` Rep. Otto offers legislative summary '' . The Eastex Advocate . Hearst Newspapers . Retrieved July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Copelin , Laylan . `` Documents : Amazon risking little in Texas sales tax deal '' . Statesman . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2012 . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sales - tax deal with Texas is Amazon 's latest '' . Reuters. 27 April 2012 . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Governor announces deal with Amazon to collect sales tax on Utah purchases '' . KSL . December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Utah wo n't release details on Amazon tax deal , says info would give advantage to competitors '' . Salt Lake Tribune . January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon will start collecting sales tax in Vermont '' . WCAX News . 23 January 2017 . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon to begin collecting 6 percent sales tax in VT '' . Associated Press . 23 January 2017 . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Editorial : Vermont wins with ' Amazon tax ' '' . Burlington Free Press . 1 February 2017 . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Dashiell , Joe ( January 30 , 2012 ) . `` Virginia legislation targets Amazon.com '' . WDBJ7.com . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2013 . Retrieved January 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Paitsel , Nicole ( 30 August 2013 ) . `` ' Amazon tax ' takes effect Sept. 1 '' . Daily Press . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Vozzella , Laura ( February 22 , 2012 ) . `` ' Amazon loophole ' to close in Virginia '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Blackwell , John Reid ( February 23 , 2012 ) . `` Amazon to start collecting sales taxes '' . www.richmond.com . BH Media Group . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon to collect 6 percent sales tax in West Virginia '' . The Register - Herald . Associated Press . 23 September 2013 . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.cnbc.com/2017/11/15/amazon-marketplace-tax-collection-comes-to-washington-in-2018.html Jump up ^ Daykin , Tom ( 10 October 2013 ) . `` Amazon.com will start collecting sales tax from Wisconsin customers '' . Milwaukee - Wisconsin Journal Sentinel . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Temple - West , Patrick ( 17 October 2013 ) . `` Wisconsin adds sales tax to Amazon.com shopping cart '' . Reuters . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Brown , Aaron ( 12 January 2017 ) . `` Amazon State Tax in Wyoming '' . KGWN . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Gruver , Mead ( 1 March 2017 ) . `` Wyoming Puts Teeth in Collecting Online Sales Taxes '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ American - Statesman Staff ( 10 February 2011 ) . `` Amazon says it will close Texas distribution center '' . Austin American - Statesman . Archived from the original on 16 May 2014 . Retrieved 16 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Randall Stross ( December 26 , 2009 ) . `` Sorry , Shoppers , but Why Ca n't Amazon Collect More Tax ? '' . New York Times . 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Statistically improbable phrase Vine List of Amazon brands List of Amazon locations List of mergers and acquisitions by Amazon List of Amazon products and services LibraryThing Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amazon_tax&oldid=842772082 '' Categories : Taxation in the United States Amazon ( company ) Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from June 2016 Articles with limited geographic scope from June 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from April 2018 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles created via the Article Wizard Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 15 : 24 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | how many states does amazon collect sales tax | [
"Many U.S. states have passed online shopping sales tax laws designed to compel Amazon.com and other e-commerce retailers to collect state and local sales taxes from its customers. Amazon.com originally collected sales tax only from five states as of 2011, but as of April 2017 collects sales taxes from customers in all 45 states that have a state sales tax and in Washington, D.C.[1]\nAmazon does not collect sales taxes from Alaska, Delaware, Montana, New Hampshire, and Oregon, since those states do not have state sales taxes. Additionally, approximately half of all Amazon.com purchases are sold on the Amazon Marketplace through 3rd-party vendors, and these purchases remain free of tax except for in Washington state, where these purchases (starting in 2018) are now taxed.[2][3]\n"
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-1707384106708198536 | Dredd | Dredd - wikipedia Dredd Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2012 film . For other uses , see Dredd ( disambiguation ) . Dredd Theatrical release poster Directed by Pete Travis Produced by Alex Garland Andrew Macdonald Allon Reich Screenplay by Alex Garland Based on Judge Dredd by John Wagner Carlos Ezquerra Starring Karl Urban Olivia Thirlby Wood Harris Lena Headey Music by Paul Leonard - Morgan Cinematography Anthony Dod Mantle Edited by Mark Eckersley Production company DNA Films IM Global Reliance Entertainment Distributed by Entertainment Film Distributors Lionsgate Release date 11 July 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 11 ) ( San Diego Comic - Con ) 7 September 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 07 ) ( United Kingdom ) 28 September 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 28 ) ( South Africa ) Running time 95 minutes Country United Kingdom South Africa Language English Budget $30 -- 45 million Box office $41.5 million Dredd is a 2012 science - fiction action film directed by Pete Travis and written and produced by Alex Garland . It is based on the 2000 AD comic strip Judge Dredd and its eponymous character created by John Wagner and Carlos Ezquerra . Karl Urban stars as Judge Dredd , a law enforcer given the power of judge , jury and executioner in a vast , dystopic metropolis called Mega-City One that lies in a post-apocalyptic wasteland . Dredd and his apprentice partner , Judge Anderson ( Olivia Thirlby ) , are forced to bring order to a 200 - storey high - rise block of flats and deal with its resident drug lord , Ma - Ma ( Lena Headey ) . Garland began writing the script in 2006 , although the development of a new Judge Dredd film adaptation , unrelated to the 1995 film Judge Dredd , was not announced until December 2008 . Produced by British studio DNA Films , Dredd began principal photography , using 3D cameras throughout , in November 2010 . Filming took place on practical sets and locations in Cape Town and Johannesburg . Dredd was released on 7 September 2012 in the United Kingdom and on 21 September worldwide . Critics were generally positive about the film 's visual effects , casting and action , while criticism focused on excessive violence as well as a perceived lack of the satirical elements that are found in the source comic . Despite the positive critical response , the film earned just over $41 million at the box office on an estimated budget of $30 -- 45 million . Dredd saw greater success following its home release , and has since been recognised as a cult film . The theatrical gross made a sequel unlikely , but home media sales and fan efforts endorsed by 2000 AD 's publisher Rebellion Developments have maintained the possibility of a second film . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Design 3.4 Filming 3.5 Post-production 4 Music 5 Marketing 6 Release 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical reception 6.3 Home media 7 Sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) The future United States is a dystopic irradiated wasteland known as the Cursed Earth . On the east coast lies Mega-City One , a violent metropolis with 800 million residents and 17,000 crimes reported daily . The only force for order are the Judges , who act as judge , jury and executioner . Judge Dredd is tasked by the Chief Judge with evaluating new recruit Cassandra Anderson , a powerful psychic who failed the aptitude tests to become a Judge . In Peach Trees , a 200 - storey slum tower block , drug lord Madeline Madrigal , also known as `` Ma - Ma '' , executes three rogue drug dealers by having them skinned alive , infused with Slo - Mo ( an addictive new drug which reduces the user 's perception of time to 1 % of normal ) and thrown down the atrium from the top floor . Dredd and Anderson are sent in to investigate and learn of a drug den , which they raid . They arrest a thug named Kay , whom Anderson 's mind probe reveals to be the one who carried out the drug dealers ' executions . Dredd decides to take him in for questioning . In response , Ma - Ma 's forces seize the tower 's security control room and seal the building , using its blast shields under the pretence of a security test , preventing the Judges from leaving or summoning help . Ma - Ma orders Dredd and Anderson killed , forcing the Judges to fight their way through dozens of armed thugs . Arriving at the 76th floor , the Judges are assaulted by Ma - Ma and her men with Vulcan cannons that rip through the walls , killing numerous residents . The Judges breach an outer wall and call for backup . Meanwhile , Ma - Ma sends her henchman Caleb to search for the Judges . When they meet , Dredd throws Caleb off the tower in full view of Ma - Ma . Dredd suspects Ma - Ma is desperate to keep Kay quiet and beats him for information . Anderson reads Kay 's mind and learns that Peach Trees is the centre of Slo - Mo production and distribution . Anderson suggests they hide while awaiting assistance , but Dredd insists they move up the tower and pursue Ma - Ma . Judges Volt and Guthrie respond to Dredd 's call , but Ma - Ma 's computer expert denies them entry by persuading them the security system is malfunctioning . A pair of armed teens confront Dredd and Anderson , allowing Kay to disarm and overpower Anderson . Kay then escapes with her as hostage , and takes her to Ma - Ma 's base on the top floor . While Dredd works his way towards Ma - Ma , she calls in the corrupt Judges Lex , Kaplan , Chan and Alvarez . The four relieve Volt and Guthrie from duty and are allowed into the building . Dredd encounters Chan and is suspicious that he does not ask about Anderson 's status . Seeing his cover blown , Chan attacks Dredd , but is killed . Meanwhile , Kay tries to execute Anderson with her own weapon , but the pistol 's DNA scanner does not recognise him and explodes , taking his arm off . She escapes and later encounters Kaplan , whom she promptly kills after reading Kaplan 's mind . Elsewhere , Dredd kills Alvarez but runs out of ammunition , and is shot by Lex in the abdomen . Lex moves in to execute Dredd , but Dredd stalls him long enough for Anderson to arrive and kill Lex . Anderson and Dredd obtain the code to Ma - Ma 's apartment from her computer expert and confront her . Ma - Ma tells Dredd that , in the case of her death , a device on her wrist will detonate explosives on the top floors , destroying the building . Dredd reasons that the detonator 's signal will not reach the explosives from the ground floor , so he forces Ma - Ma to inhale Slo - Mo and throws her down the atrium to her death . In the aftermath , Anderson accepts that she has failed her evaluation by getting disarmed , and leaves . The Chief Judge asks Dredd about Anderson 's performance ; he responds that she has passed . Cast ( edit ) Olivia Thirlby promoting the film at the 2012 Fantastic Fest Karl Urban as Dredd : A famed and feared Judge . Producer Allon Reich described Dredd as `` an extreme character , and he administers justice with an extreme lack of prejudice '' . Urban approached the producers about joining the film . He found the role challenging because the character never removes his helmet , requiring Urban to convey emotion without using his eyes . He viewed the character as an average man with an insanely tough job in a fragmenting society and likened Dredd 's heroism to that of a fireman . The role also demanded physical preparation ; Urban undertook intensive physical training to become a `` beast of a man '' . He also underwent weapons and technical training to learn how to operate under fire , arrest criminals and breach doors . He insisted on performing his own motorcycle stunts for the film . He played Dredd with a raspy and harsh vocal tone akin to `` a saw cutting through bone '' , which he found difficult to sustain . Olivia Thirlby as Cassandra Anderson : A rookie Judge and genetic mutant with powerful psychic abilities . Anderson can sense the thoughts and emotions of others . Thirlby contrasted her character with Dredd 's `` black and white '' perspective , describing Anderson as existing `` in a grey area where everything is enhanced or clouded by the fact ( that ) she knows what is going on in the very interior of a person '' . She undertook weapons and combat training , learning to perform a roundhouse kick to make her believably physically commanding . The character was partially inspired by singer Debbie Harry . Lena Headey as Madeline `` Ma - Ma '' Madrigal : A former prostitute turned drug lord and criminal kingpin who is the sole supplier of Slo - Mo , a new and addictive drug . Headey 's performance was inspired by punk - rock singer Patti Smith . Reich described the character as someone who does `` not care at all about what anybody thinks or feels and she will do , and behave , as she wants '' . Headey said : `` I think of ( Ma - Ma ) like an old great white shark who is just waiting for someone bigger and stronger to show up and kill her ... she 's ready for it . In fact , she ca n't wait for it to happen ... She 's an addict , so she 's dead in that way , but that last knock just has n't come . '' Before Headey 's casting , the character was described as a heavily made - up , scarred and obese older woman . Wood Harris as Kay : Ma - Ma 's clansman . Harris described the character as a villain , but one that sees himself as no worse than the Judges . Harris said : `` ... Dredd goes around literally judging and killing people if they do wrong ... Anyone who goes against the system might end up the bad guy . So I think Kay has justified fighting that in his mind . '' The cast also includes : Domhnall Gleeson as the gang 's unnamed computer expert ; Warrick Grier as Ma - Ma 's right - hand man Caleb ; Deobia Oparei as TJ , Peach Trees ' medic ; Francis Chouler as Judge Guthrie , Daniel Hadebe as Judge Volt , and Rakie Ayola as the Chief Judge . Langley Kirkwood , Edwin Perry , Karl Thaning , and Michele Levin portray , respectively , the corrupt Judges Lex , Alvarez , Chan , and Kaplan . Dredd also features Junior Singo as Amos and Luke Tyler as Freel , young boys who confront Dredd ; Jason Cope as Zwirner , the thug executed by Dredd during the opening scene ; Joe Vaz as Big Joe , the thug that leads the confrontation outside of the med station ; Scott Sparrow as Japhet , Anderson 's first execution ; and Nicole Bailey as Cathy , Japhet 's wife , in whose apartment the Judges take refuge . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Development of the film was announced on 20 December 2008 , although writer Alex Garland had begun working on the script in 2006 . British studio DNA Films produced the film , and partnered with sales agency IM Global to sell the worldwide distribution rights . By May 2010 , this partnership saw IM Global and its owner Reliance Big Pictures agree to co-finance the 3 - D project with a $45 million production budget , and a schedule to begin filming in Johannesburg , South Africa in late 2010 . Pete Travis was named as the film 's director and Garland , Andrew Macdonald and Allon Reich would produce it . Duncan Jones had previously been offered the role of director . In a 2010 interview , Jones said that his vision for the film was unconventional -- describing it as weird , dark , and funny -- and it did not mesh well with Garland 's script . In September 2010 , it was reported that the film would be titled Dredd . Pre-production commenced on 23 August 2010 at Cape Town Film Studios in Cape Town , South Africa . During the 2010 San Diego Comic - Con International in July , Urban confirmed that he had been offered the role of Judge Dredd , and on 18 August 2010 , it was reported that Urban officially had the role . In September 2010 , it was announced that Thirlby would play Dredd 's telepathic rookie Cassandra Anderson . In the same month during the Toronto International Film Festival , the film attracted $30 million in worldwide pre-sales to distributors in 90 % of theatrical markets . The sales included a $7 million deal with British distributor Entertainment Film Distributors . On 2 November 2010 , Lions Gate Entertainment secured the North American distribution rights to Dredd . Headey joined the cast as drug - dealer Ma - Ma in January 2011 . Judge Dredd creator John Wagner acted as a consultant on the film . In 2012 , he confirmed that it was a new adaptation of the comic material and was not a remake of the 1995 adaptation Judge Dredd , which starred Sylvester Stallone . Writing ( edit ) `` ... what John ( Wagner ) does ( in the comic ) is have Dredd evolve , in the way that a glacier moves : you look a year later and something actually has shifted ! I tried to be true to that . '' Alex Garland concerning writing Dredd 's character . Garland began writing Dredd during post-production of his other writing credit Sunshine , and completed his first draft while serving as an executive producer during filming of 28 Weeks Later . Garland 's draft revolved around one of Dredd 's main enemies , the undead Judge Death . He described the story as a `` riff on the whole Judge system '' , but that it did not work because the Judge system had not yet been established and required too much knowledge about the Judge Dredd comic from the audience . He also considered the end result too surreal and extreme . From this script , Garland decided that the story needed to be more focused and grounded . He instead considered adapting some of the notable Judge Dredd storylines , including `` Democracy '' ( 1986 ) and `` Origins '' ( 2006 ) . He decided to avoid these lengthy tales in favour of a shorter , day - in - the - life story about Dredd and his function as a cop in the dystopian environment of Mega-City One . When developing the Judge Dredd character , Garland tried to closely follow that of the comic - book character , who undergoes only small personality changes over a lengthy period of time . He said : `` I did n't think Dredd could have a great epiphany , but there is definitely a change in him over the course of the movie . He makes a very clear statement at the beginning of the film which he then contradicts at the end . That 's about as far as the shift goes . '' Garland intentionally gave the traditional character development to Anderson to compensate for Dredd 's character stability . Discussing the film 's setting within the Peach Tree Block tower , Garland said the buildings were `` like micro city states ... you could live and die in those buildings '' . He also considered that the setting met Wagner 's suggestion that the future portrayed in Dredd should relate to modern ways of living . Garland named the tower after a restaurant called `` The Peach Tree '' in Shrewsbury , England , where he first met with Wagner . The budget limited his ability to represent some of the comic aspects of Mega-City One , such as robots and aliens . Throughout the production , Garland would send his script to Wagner , who would revise some of the dialogue . Urban would then further revise the script during his performance . Design ( edit ) Play media The Slo - Mo sequences were designed over several years with the intention of replicating the effects of hallucinogenic drugs , combining high - speed photography and colour saturation . Alex Garland questioned if the effect could make the film 's violence beautiful . The filmmakers decided that Dredd should appear lean and fast like a boxer rather than bulky like `` someone who spends hours sort of steroiding himself up . '' His Judge uniform was altered from the comic version ; an extruded eagle statuette was removed from his shoulder pad to emphasise the outfit 's functionality and give it a sense of realism . Garland said : `` If you did a very faithful adaptation of the uniform you 'd have someone who if he got stabbed in the stomach he 'd be in big trouble . Dredd is out there on the frontline so he needed protection . '' Remaining faithful to the comic , Dredd 's face , except for his mouth , is never shown and his helmet is not removed throughout the film . Urban said : `` He is supposed to be the faceless representative of the law and I think that is part of his enigma ... You would n't get to the end of a Sergio Leone Western and go , ' God , I did n't even know the character 's name ! ' It 's irrelevant . '' Dredd 's signature weapon , the `` Lawgiver '' was developed as a fully operational weapon based on a 9mm firing system , capable of firing ammunition and being changed from automatic to semi-auto fire . His motorcycle `` Lawmaster '' was a modified 500cc motorcycle . A large fairing was added over the motorcycle with machine guns , an extended wheel base and the largest functional tyres possible . The vehicle was also operational and Urban insisted on riding it himself rather than relying on Chroma key visual effects . Wagner described the necessity of adaptation from the source material and said that the 1995 film 's attempt to directly replicate the comic 's motorcycle was unable to steer because the tyres were too large . Garland and VFX supervisor Jon Thum began developing the Slo - Mo concept sequences in 2009 during filming for Never Let Me Go . They experimented with an effect to replicate the visual effects of hallucinogenic drugs to see how long it could be used before it distracted the viewer from the story or action sequence . They continued to develop and modify the effect until the end of post-production , tweaking colours , colour saturation , image framing and camera motion . Slo - Mo scenes also feature a rainbow colour scheme and sparkle highlights to create an unreal and otherworldly effect . The filmmakers experimented with blood bags , prosthetics , shooting real bullets , and compressed air to see the effect of direct body hits in slow motion . In the finished film , compressed air was used to create impact ripples on flesh . Garland said the concept was inspired by nature documentaries that used high - speed photography to capture animals in slow motion . He said , `` You see a whale or a shark breach the water ... then you 'd stop thinking about the animal and you get transfixed by ... how water droplets connect and touch against each other . Somehow like a real ( drug ) trip , sort of stepping outside it but staying attached at the same time . '' He questioned whether the technique could be used with violence to make it purely aesthetic . He said : `` Can it be so abstract that it becomes genuinely beautiful ? ... really aesthetically beautiful even if someone is having their cheek blown out or their head crushing into concrete . '' Comic artist Jock provided concept art for the film design . Filming ( edit ) Final art of the city by VFX art director Neil Miller ; Peach Trees is on the left . The `` micro-city state '' - like towers were gradually positioned further apart to emphasise their size and allow for a more detailed city to exist between them , highlighting the scale of Mega-City One . With a $45 million production budget , filming began on 12 November 2010 in Cape Town and took approximately 13 weeks , with second unit photography occurring over seven weeks . Filming locations included Johannesburg and Cape Town Film Studios ( Dredd was the first project filmed at the studio ) . The project involved a majority of Cape Town crew members and about 40 imported crew . The producers chose to film in South Africa because of the lowered cost of employing cast and crew compared to locations in Europe and North America , and government incentives that offered to rebate up to 25 % of the production costs . The film was shot digitally and primarily in 3D using RED MX , SI2K and Phantom Flex high - speed cameras . Multiple camera rigs were used . Some 2D elements were converted to 3D in post-production . DNA Films ' co-founder Andrew Macdonald engaged cinematographer Anthony Dod Mantle to manage the shoot ; it was the first time Mantle had worked with 3D . The filmmakers wanted Dredd to have a realistic , visceral look , and drew inspiration from crime and gangster films . For scenes conveying the time and space altering effects of Slo - Mo , Mantle aimed to create images that would be beautiful but disorienting . Mega-City One and its high rise towers were created in Cape Town Film Studios . Finding a suitable set for the expansive Peach Trees atrium proved difficult , and the producers did not want to build an expensive set . While observing scouting photos of Cape Town , the filmmakers noticed a large three - walled external space that looked like an interior when filmed at night . A key sequence involving Ma - Ma and her gang firing rotary cannons across the atrium in their attempt to kill Judge Dredd required ten days of filming and eight different sets inside and outside the studio which were blended together with visual effects . Visual effects supervisor Jon Thum was unable to accompany a helicopter flight to obtain planned aerial shots of Johannesburg due to last - minute flight permissions ; the resulting shots were non-specific and Thum had to pick out ones that could tell the story . Mantle had to develop new rigs to obtain close - up shots . Describing the aesthetic he aimed to achieve , he said : `` I hope it will be more painterly . If we get it right , it will be a cross between Blade Runner and Clockwork Orange . '' Garland was a constant presence on the shoot ; Urban turned to Garland for direction instead of Travis . Post-production ( edit ) The filmmakers experimented with the visuals of Mega-City One , including the design and positioning of the city 's tower blocks , to create the impression that the city had risen out of the remains of another . They found that replicating the comic visuals of blocks close together made the blocks appear small . Instead they allowed more space between the buildings to emphasise the larger buildings and allow for the presence of roads and cars to allow for extrapolation outside of the picture . Outcrops and appendages were added to break up the buildings ' straight lines . On 7 October 2011 , the Los Angeles Times reported that Travis was prohibited from participating in the editing process following creative disagreements between producers and executives . Garland took over the editing process ; his contribution was considered significant enough for him to seek a co-director credit -- a situation considered unusual as Garland had never directed a film before and had not been in charge of any filming . The disagreement concerned a disapproval over the footage that Travis was providing . Although Travis was removed from the editing process , he was monitoring the progress of the film . On 10 October , Travis and Garland released a joint statement claiming that they had agreed on an `` unorthodox collaboration '' before production began , that Travis was still involved in the film and that Garland was not seeking a co-director credit . Music ( edit ) `` Ma - Ma 's Requiem '' Tracks matching the slow motion visuals of the film were composed with real instruments before being slowed down by thousands of percent ( 0 : 21 ) . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Paul Leonard - Morgan wrote the film 's industrial music score . Leonard - Morgan created music to suit the film 's futuristic setting . He experimented with band - based music , but decided it sounded over-produced and too safe . He turned to electronic music and used 1980s - style synthesisers and modern sound modules to create various combinations and applied distortion and other effects to the result . Leonard - Morgan said , `` I was looking to create a timeless score which could n't be placed in any particular era . So it 's ended up being a cross between a modern dance track and evocative soundscapes . '' For scenes conveying the effect of the Slo - Mo narcotic , he composed new music with real instruments and then slowed the songs down by thousands of percent to match the visuals , such that one second of his composed score could last ten minutes . He then added additional real - time score to the slowed track . An unofficially altered Justin Bieber song served as inspiration for the Slo - Mo theme . Garland said that Portishead instrumentalist Geoff Barrow `` sent me a link to a Justin Bieber song slowed down 800 times and it became this stunning trippy choral music . '' Morgan then recreated the effect based on the modified track , which was used in the finished film . The film used Bieber 's music as a temporary placeholder during editing before the score was finalised . The film also features songs by artists including : `` Poison Lips '' by Vitalic ; `` Dubstride '' by Yann McCullough and Gemma Kicks ; `` Snuffbox '' by Matt Berry ; `` Pontiac Moon '' by Robert J. Walsh ; and `` Jubilee ( Do n't Let Nobody Turn You Around ) '' by Bobby Womack . All tracks written by Paul Leonard - Morgan . ( show ) Track listing No . Title Length 1 . `` She 's a Pass '' 3 : 16 2 . `` Mega City One '' 3 : 13 3 . `` The Plan '' 2 : 37 4 . `` The Rise of Ma - Ma '' 1 : 55 5 . `` Anderson 's Theme '' 2 : 37 6 . `` Lockdown '' 2 : 46 7 . `` Cornered '' 2 : 17 8 . `` Kay Escapes '' 3 : 17 9 . `` Mini-Guns '' 2 : 02 10 . `` Undefined Space '' 1 : 17 11 . `` Bad Judges '' 2 : 03 12 . `` Judgment Time '' 1 : 52 13 . `` Hiding Out '' 2 : 23 14 . `` Order in the Chaos '' 1 : 16 15 . `` Slo - Mo '' 1 : 27 16 . `` Taking Over Peach Trees '' 1 : 27 17 . `` It 's All a Deep End '' 2 : 20 18 . `` Judge , Jury and Executioner '' 2 : 18 19 . `` Any Last Requests ? '' 3 : 25 20 . `` You Look Ready '' 1 : 38 21 . `` Ma - Ma 's Requiem '' 3 : 37 22 . `` Apocalyptic Wasteland '' 2 : 24 Marketing ( edit ) External video The `` Big Addicted '' trailer on YouTube . The Dredd motion poster Flash format In August 2012 , the viral advertising site `` Dredd Report '' was launched , satirising the Drudge Report . The site featured a video condemning the use of Slo - Mo , and links to news about the film . A tie - in comic book was published ; its plot serves as a prequel to the film 's narrative and follows Ma - Ma 's life as a prostitute , controlled by her pimp Lester Grimes . Ma - Ma forms a relationship with Eric -- the creator of Slo - Mo . Lester kills Eric for interfering with his business , Ma - Ma castrates Lester with her teeth in retaliation and Ma - Ma takes over the Slo - Mo operation . The comic was written by Judge Dredd Megazine editor Matt Smith , drawn by 2000 AD artist Henry Flint and was released on 5 September 2012 . An exclusive film poster featuring artwork by Jock was released by Mondo to promote the film 's appearance at the 2012 Fantastic Fest in September 2012 . Dredd 's marketing campaign won a Golden Trailer Award for Best Thriller TV Spot for the trailer `` Big Addicted '' , and received nominations for : Best Action TV Spot , Most Original TV Spot , Best Graphics in a TV Spot , Best Music TV Spot , and Best Action Poster and Most Original Poster for the Dredd motion poster . Reports indicate that Lionsgate contributed $25 million to advertising and print costs . Urban has criticised the film 's marketing campaign , saying that the film had `` zero audience awareness . Nobody knew the movie was being released . Dredd represents a failure in marketing , not filmmaking . '' Release ( edit ) Dredd premiered at the San Diego Comic - Con International on 11 July 2012 . It was also screened at the Toronto International Film Festival on 6 September , and at the Fantastic Fest in late September . The film was first theatrically released on 7 September in the UK and on 21 September worldwide . A South African release followed on 28 September . Box Office ( edit ) Dredd earned $27.6 million from markets outside of North America and $13.4 million from North America , for a total of $41 million . In the UK , Dredd grossed £ 1.05 million ( $1.7 million ) from 415 cinemas during its opening weekend . This made it the weekend 's number - one film , the first film restricted to audiences over 18 years of age to do so since Saw 3D in 2010 . In its second weekend , the film placed number five , earning £ 769,381 . Dredd was primarily shown in 3D in the UK , and 2D screenings were notoriously limited as the distributor denied cinemas ' requests for 2D prints ; the decision was considered to have limited the film 's audience where 2D was their preferred format . Dredd earned a total of $6.9 million in the UK . In North America , pre-release tracking estimated that the film would gross between $8 and $10 million during its opening weekend based on its adult rating and the poor reputation of the 1995 adaptation . The film earned $2.2 million on its opening day and finished the weekend in sixth place , grossing $6.3 million from 2,506 cinemas -- an average of $2,514 per cinema . The largest demographic of the opening weekend audience was over the age of 25 ( 69 % ) and male ( 75 % ) . The film 's North American run ended on 1 November 2012 , after 42 days . Outside of the UK and North America , Dredd had its most successful total gross takings in China ( $4.5 million ) , Russia ( $4 million ) , and Australia ( $2 million ) . Critical reception ( edit ) Karl Urban promoting the film at the 2012 Fantastic Fest . Critics praised his performance . The film received positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes the film has a rating of 78 % , based on 149 reviews , with an average rating of 6.5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Fueled by bombastic violence and impressive special effects , rooted in self - satire and deadpan humor , Dredd 3D does a remarkable job of capturing its source material 's gritty spirit . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 59 out of 100 , based on 29 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . CinemaScore polls reported that the average grade moviegoers gave the film was a `` B '' on a scale of A+ to F . At its premiere screening at the 2012 San Diego Comic - Con International , Dredd received positive reviews . IGN awarded the film eight out of ten and said , `` Dredd is a character study , primarily , one fuelled by violence and action , and we ca n't think of a better way to re-introduce this character to cinema audiences . '' Indiewire said , `` As Dredd , Urban either has a better character to play than ( Sylvester Stallone ) did , or simply has a better grasp on what makes him tick , but the actor continues to distinguish himself as a versatile performer who turns mimicry into emotional meaning . '' Empire 's Chris Hewitt scored the film three out of five stars , and said it gets the lead character `` absolutely , incontrovertibly right '' and that Urban 's Dredd is `` a deadpan delight -- he does n't grow as a person and he does n't crack wise ... the movie generates its few laughs from his sheer intractability '' . Hewitt also called Thirlby 's Anderson engaging and wrote that the film is `` a solid , occasionally excellent take on ( Judge Dredd ) , with Urban 's chin particularly impressive . '' Variety 's Geoff Berkshire said the film is `` Grim , gritty and ultra-violent '' , called Dredd a `` badass of few words '' , and wrote that Urban `` does a fine job embodying the more mythic qualities of Dredd as an upright law enforcer no lowlife would want to confront . '' He also praised Thirlby for carrying the film 's emotional story and said , `` one of the film 's true thrills comes in watching Thirlby effortlessly balance the conflict between a Judge 's merciless duties and a psychic 's compassionate understanding . '' Entertainment Weekly 's Darren Franich said that the film is a `` darkly funny blood - soaked romp '' and singled out Urban for his `` credibly wry performance using little more than his gravelly , imitation - Eastwood voice -- and his chin . '' The Guardian 's Phelim O'Neill scored the film 4 stars out of 5 and praised Urban 's performance , saying , `` The essence of Dredd is that he is almost an anti-character -- he does n't change or learn -- and Urban nails it in an ego - free performance '' . He also wrote , `` In a world of compromised adaptations , Dredd is something of a triumph . '' The New Statesman 's Laura Sneddon noted that Dredd passed the Bechdel test , lacking in sexism or misogyny and positively portraying female characters who are no weaker , more sexualised or shown less than their male counterparts . Sneddon described Anderson as repeatedly shown to have power over men who underestimate her , while Ma - Ma displays more intelligence and sadism than any of her male gang members , and neither woman interacts with the other on the basis of their gender . The Hollywood Reporter 's Stephen Dalton wrote that the `` dark , ironic , very British humour of the original strip '' was largely absent from the film and that `` ( t ) he limited location , computer game - style plot and muted humour '' of the film might disappoint some fans of the comic . Dalton also said that Urban 's performance , while close to the comic , lacked something . Overall , however , Dalton said , `` ( p ) itched at the right level to please original fans , but still slick and accessible enough to attract new ones , ( Dredd ) feels like a smart and muscular addition to the sci - fi action genre . '' Many US newspaper critics were less taken with the film . Mark Olsen of the Los Angeles Times called it `` a clunk - headed action picture '' that `` simply becomes a monotonous series of bad - guy confrontations . '' Frank Lovece of Newsday described it as a `` soullessly gritty '' film , which apart from one believable scene involving Thirlby , is `` all tough - guy talk and humorless cynicism '' . Kyle Smith of the New York Post , who found the police tactics distasteful , wrote , `` Justice is supposed to be blind , but in this case I think what the Law really wants is unaccountability '' and called Dredd a `` thudding , repetitive movie '' . He also wrote , `` It 's not that the movie is in bad taste or cheesy ( though it is ) but that all of its hyper - violence adds up to nothing '' . Stephen Whitty of The Star - Ledger called it a `` gray and ugly film '' , said that there was little to draw viewers in , and wrote that apart from the drug - induced slow - motion sequences , the film offers nothing new . The visual effects and slow - motion sequences induced by Slo - Mo received broad praise . Berkshire said that they are notable and eye - catching with `` impressively utilised 3d . '' Hewitt said the visuals were `` genuinely surreal splashes of heightened colour that ... do n't outstay their welcome . The film 's use of 3D is often excellent ( including the credits ) and it really comes to life in the Slo - mo scenes '' . Dalton said the film `` constantly impresses on a visual level , with a gritty style more akin to cult hits like District 9 or 28 Days Later than to standard Hollywood comic - book blockbusters . '' Dalton said , `` ( Mantle 's ) first venture into 3D is a blaze of saturated colours , gorgeous high - resolution close - ups and dazzling slow - motion sequences . '' Dredd won The Art of 3D award at the 2013 Empire Awards , and was nominated for Best British Film and Best Science - fiction / Fantasy . Judge Dredd creator John Wagner , who had been critical of the 1995 adaptation , gave a positive review of Dredd . He said : `` I liked the movie . It was , unlike the first film , a true representation of Judge Dredd ... Karl Urban was a fine Dredd and I 'd be more than happy to see him in the follow - up . Olivia Thirlby excelled as Anderson ... The character and storyline are pure Dredd . '' Dredd has been recognised as a cult film since its release . Some reviewers drew comparisons between Dredd and The Raid : Redemption , another action film released a few months earlier , noting that similar elements in setting , story , and characters made Dredd appear derivative . Home Media ( edit ) Dredd was released on DVD , Blu - ray and Digital Download on 8 January 2013 in North America , and 14 January in the UK . The Blu - ray edition contains the 2D and 3D versions of the film and a digital copy . The DVD and Blu - ray editions contain seven featurettes : `` Mega-City Masters : 35 Years of Judge Dredd '' , `` Day of Chaos : The Visual Effects of Dredd 3D '' , `` Dredd '' , `` Dredd 's Gear '' , `` The 3rd Dimension '' , `` Welcome to Peachtrees '' , and a `` Dredd Motion Comic Prequel '' narrated by Urban . During its first week on sale in the UK , Dredd was the number 1 selling DVD and Blu - ray . During the week of its release in North America , it was the number 1 selling DVD and Blu - ray with approximately 650,000 units sold , and Blu - ray units accounting for nearly 50 % of that figure . It was also the best - selling digital download for that period . Sales spiked in the United Kingdom in June 2013 , following a reported rumour that it could influence DNA Films ' decision to pursue a sequel . By September 2013 , Dredd was estimated to have earned approximately $10 million in home media sales in North America , while in the UK it marked over 270 days in online - retailer Amazon 's top 100 selling home media . By July 2017 , this sales figure was estimated to have increased to $20 million . Sequel ( edit ) At the London Film and Comic Con in July 2012 , Garland said that a North American gross of over $50 million for Dredd would make sequels possible and that he had plans for a trilogy of films . A second film would focus on the origins of Dredd and Mega-City One , and a third would introduce Dredd 's nemeses , the undead Judge Death and his Dark Judges . In August 2012 , Garland said that a Judge Dredd television series would be a positive future step for the series . In September 2012 , Garland said that he would explore the `` Origins '' and `` Democracy '' storylines , would introduce characters Judge Cal and Chopper , and would pursue the concept that Judge Dredd is a fascist . That same month , Macdonald said that further films would be made in partnership with IM Global and would likely be shot in South Africa . In March 2013 , executive producer Adi Shankar said that a sequel was unlikely . In May 2013 , Urban said that a sequel was still possible , noting that the film had found an audience , and the response of fans could resurrect the project . Dredd fans on Facebook launched a petition calling for a sequel . In July 2013 , 2000 AD endorsed the fan petition , supporting the campaign by printing advertisements in their publications , and by September 2013 it had attracted over 80,000 signatures . In April 2013 , 2000 AD released an image teasing a continuation of the film in comic book form with a release date scheduled for September 2013 . The comic , titled Dredd : Underbelly , was made available in Judge Dredd Megazine # 340 which was released on 18 September 2013 . In October 2014 , Shankar announced the production of an unofficial spinoff online series based on the Dark Judges that would be released later that month . The animated miniseries was titled Judge Dredd : Superfiend and all its six episodes were released on 27 October 2014 on YouTube . In March 2015 , Garland said that a direct sequel would likely not happen in the near future , at least not with the crew involved in the original film . In 2016 , Urban said that `` conversations are happening '' regarding a Dredd continuation on streaming services Netflix or Amazon Prime . In an interview in May 2016 , Urban said that while the film 's `` mishandled '' marketing strategy and `` unfortunate '' box office performance meant that it was `` problematic '' to try to make a sequel , `` the success it has achieved in all post-theatrical mediums has definitely strengthened the argument in favour of a sequel . '' In May 2017 , a television series named Judge Dredd : Mega-City One was announced to be in development by IM Global Television and Rebellion . In August 2017 , Urban stated he was in discussion to star in the series . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dredd '' . British Board of Film Classification . 29 August 2012 . Archived from the original on 29 August 2012 . Retrieved 29 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Production 2012 , p. 31 . ^ Jump up to : Brew , Simon ( 12 May 2016 ) . `` Karl Urban interview : Dredd , Dredd 2 '' . Den of Geek . Archived from the original on 10 May 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Judge Dredd : Karl Urban ' In Discussions ' For TV Series - ScreenRant Documents `` Dredd Production Notes '' . Lions Gate Publicity . Lions Gate Entertainment . Archived from the original ( DOC ) on 3 September 2012 . Retrieved 31 August 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dredd . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Dredd Film portal Science fiction portal Official website Dredd on IMDb Dredd at AllMovie Dredd at Box Office Mojo Dredd at Metacritic Dredd at Rotten Tomatoes Judge Dredd Judges Mega-City One Judge Anderson Judge Beeny Judge Buell Galen DeMarco Dirty Frank Judge Dredd Judge Edgar Chief Judge Fargo Judge Francisco Judge Giant Judge Goodman Judge Griffin Judge Guthrie Judge Hershey Judge Karyn Judge McGruder Judge Niles Judge Rico Judge Shenker Judge Silver Judge Solomon Judge Volt Other Detective - Judge Armitage Inspector Shimura Devlin Waugh Johnny Woo Villains Angel Gang Mean Machine Angel Judge Bachmann President Booth Judge Cal Dark Judges Judge Death Rico Dredd Judge Grice Morton Judd Kleggs Judge Kraken Mechanismo PJ Maybe Nero Narcos Orlok the Assassin Judge Sinfield Stan Lee Other characters Chopper Vienna Dredd Fergee Minor characters Otto Sump Walter the Wobot Fictional world Atomic Wars Chief Judge of Mega-City One City Block Diktatorat Lawgiver Mayor of Mega-City One Organizations Public Surveillance Unit Space Corps SJS Sky - surfer Technology Wally Squad Locations Academy of Law Brit - Cit Ciudad Barranquilla Cursed Earth East Meg One Grand Hall of Justice Hondo City Mega-City One Mega-City Two Megacities in Judge Dredd Pan-Africa Undercity Storylines America The Apocalypse War Block Mania City of the Damned The Cursed Earth Day of Chaos Democracy The Doomsday Scenario The Hunting Party The Judge Child Judgement Day Mechanismo Mutants Necropolis Origins Oz The Pit The Robot Wars Tour of Duty Trifecta Wilderlands Crossovers Judge Dredd vs. Aliens Judgement on Gotham Predator vs. Judge Dredd Mars Attacks Judge Dredd Publications 2000 AD Diceman Judge Dredd Megazine Zarjaz Judge Dredd ( IDW Publishing ) Judge Dredd : The Mega Collection 2000 AD : The Ultimate Collection Spin - offs Anderson : Psi Division Banzai Battalion The Dead Man Insurrection Low Life Red Razors The Simping Detective Other media Films Hardware Judge Dredd Dredd Games Judge Dredd ( 1995 video game ) Judge Dredd : Dredd vs. Death Judge Dredd ( role - playing game ) Judge Dredd ( pinball ) Novels Bad Moon Rising Black Atlantic Cursed Earth Asylum Deathmasques Dread Dominion Dreddlocked Dredd Vs Death Eclipse The Final Cut The Hundredfold Problem Kingdom of the Blind The Medusa Seed Psykogeddon The Savage Amusement Silencer Swine Fever Wetworks Whiteout Radio plays Wanted : Dredd or Alive Death Trap The Big Shot ! Trapped on Titan Dreddline Jihad Pre-Emptive Revenge Grud is Dead Crime Chronicles : Double Zero Films directed by Pete Travis Henry VIII ( 2003 ) Omagh ( 2004 ) Vantage Point ( 2008 ) Endgame ( 2009 ) Dredd ( 2012 ) Legacy ( 2013 ) City of Tiny Lights ( 2016 ) Works by Alex Garland Novels The Beach ( 1996 ) The Tesseract ( 1998 ) The Coma ( 2004 ) Films written and directed Ex Machina ( 2015 ) Annihilation ( 2018 ) Films written 28 Days Later ( 2002 ) Sunshine ( 2007 ) Never Let Me Go ( 2010 ) Dredd ( 2012 , also producer ) Video games written Enslaved : Odyssey to the West ( 2010 ) DmC : Devil May Cry ( 2013 ) VIAF : 288909590 LCCN : no2012141312 BNE : XX5309581 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dredd&oldid=826575796 '' Categories : 2012 films English - language films Judge Dredd films British action films British science fiction films Science fiction action films Dystopian films Cyberpunk films Live - action films based on comics Films based on British comics British 3D films 2012 3D films 2010s science fiction films Films directed by Pete Travis Screenplays by Alex Garland Reboot films DNA Films films IM Global films Lions Gate Entertainment films Reliance Entertainment films Films set in the future Films set in the United States Films shot in South Africa Hidden categories : Featured articles Use British English from August 2012 Use dmy dates from August 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Ирон Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Українська 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 22 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays judge dredd in the 2012 movie | [
"Dredd is a 2012 science-fiction action film directed by Pete Travis and written and produced by Alex Garland. It is based on the 2000 AD comic strip Judge Dredd and its eponymous character created by John Wagner and Carlos Ezquerra. Karl Urban stars as Judge Dredd, a law enforcer given the power of judge, jury and executioner in a vast, dystopic metropolis called Mega-City One that lies in a post-apocalyptic wasteland. Dredd and his apprentice partner, Judge Anderson (Olivia Thirlby), are forced to bring order to a 200-storey high-rise block of flats and deal with its resident drug lord, Ma-Ma (Lena Headey)."
] | [
"Karl Urban"
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2672479777902214053 | Don't Worry, Be Happy | Do n't Worry , Be Happy - wikipedia Do n't Worry , Be Happy Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song by Bobby McFerrin . For other uses , see Do n't Worry , Be Happy ( disambiguation ) . `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' Single by Bobby McFerrin from the album Simple Pleasures A-side `` Do n't Worry Be Happy '' B - side `` Good Lovin ' '' `` Simple Pleasures '' ( optional ) Released September 1988 , 1989 , 2000 Format 12 '' maxi 7 '' promo 7 '' single CD single Recorded 1988 Genre Reggae jazz a cappella Length 4 : 50 ( album version ) 4 : 03 ( music video ) 3 : 50 ( radio edit ) Label EMI - Manhattan Records Songwriter ( s ) Bobby McFerrin Producer ( s ) Linda Goldstein Audio sample file help `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' is a popular worldwide hit song by musician Bobby McFerrin . Released in September 1988 , it became the first a cappella song to reach number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , a position it held for two weeks . The song 's title is taken from a famous quotation by Meher Baba . The `` instruments '' in the a cappella song are entirely overdubbed voice parts and other sounds made by McFerrin , using no instruments at all ; McFerrin also sings with an affected accent . The comedic original music video for the song stars McFerrin , Robin Williams , and Bill Irwin , and is somewhat shorter than the album version . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Chart performance 3 Usage in popular culture 4 Awards 5 Charts 6 Certifications 7 Cover versions 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) Meher Baba , who often used the phrase `` Do n't worry , be happy '' The Indian mystic and sage Meher Baba ( 1894 -- 1969 ) often used the expression `` Do n't worry , be happy '' when cabling his followers in the West . In the 1960s , the expression was printed up on inspirational cards and posters of the era . In 1988 , McFerrin noticed a similar poster in the apartment of the jazz duo Tuck & Patti in San Francisco . Inspired by the expression 's charm and simplicity , McFerrin wrote the now famous song , which was included in the soundtrack of the movie Cocktail , and became a hit single the next year . In an interview by Bruce Fessier for USA Weekend magazine in 1988 McFerrin said , `` Whenever you see a poster of Meher Baba , it usually says ' Do n't worry , be happy , ' which is a pretty neat philosophy in four words , I think . '' Linda Goldstein , the song 's producer , said the song gave McFerrin `` the freedom to explore , '' adding , `` He is a man of infinite , unfathomable , boundless voices and everything he has ever heard has gone into his brain , from the Mickey Mouse Club theme to the Metropolitan Opera . '' Chart performance ( edit ) Originally released in conjunction with the film Cocktail in 1988 , the song originally peaked at No. 88 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The song was re-released the same year and peaked at No. 1 on September 24 , 1988 displacing `` Sweet Child o ' Mine '' by Guns N ' Roses which had previously held the No. 1 spot . The song also peaked at No. 11 on the Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Tracks chart and No. 7 on the Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart . The song was also a hit in the United Kingdom and on the UK Singles Chart , the song reached number 2 during its fifth week on the chart ( kept from the top spot by Whitney Houston 's `` One Moment in Time '' ) . The song is the first a cappella song to reach the Billboard Hot 100 chart and one critic noted it is a `` formula for facing life 's trials . '' While the song reached No. 1 on the charts , its album Simple Pleasures reached No. 12 on the album charts after starting out at No. 20 when it was first released . Usage in popular culture ( edit ) Comedian George Carlin wrote in Napalm and Silly Putty that many Americans would embrace the philosophy of denial in the song . Featured in the 1988 romance film , Cocktail , starring Tom Cruise and Elisabeth Shue . It was also released as part of the film 's official soundtrack . The song was used in George H.W. Bush 's 1988 U.S. presidential election as Bush 's 1988 official presidential campaign song , without Bobby McFerrin 's permission or endorsement . In reaction , Bobby McFerrin ( a Democrat ) publicly protested that particular use of his song , including stating that he was going to vote against Bush , and completely dropped the song from his own performance repertoire , to make the point even clearer . The George H.W. Bush campaign then reportedly desisted from further use of the song . In 1989 , Delacorte Press published a book titled Do n't Worry , Be Happy with the song 's lyrics , 20 new verses written by McFerrin , and illustrations by Bennett Carlson . The song became an unofficial anthem in Jamaica after Hurricane Gilbert struck the island in September 1988 ( coinciding with the song 's release ) and caused months of hardship to the population . The song is often erroneously attributed to Bob Marley . In 1997 , the song was featured in the direct - to - video film Casper : A Spirited Beginning . In 2001 , Mondo Club recorded the titular single . The performer was Trevor Taylor . In 2005 , featured in the biographical military drama , Jarhead , starring Jake Gyllenhaal . In 2006 , the song was parodied in the animated film Flushed Away . In 2008 , the song was featured in the Disney / Pixar animated film WALL - E. McFerrin had previously provided vocal work for Pixar 's short film Knick Knack . In November 2014 , it was featured as a mashup with `` Winter Wonderland '' by a cappella group Pentatonix featuring Tori Kelly on the album That 's Christmas to Me . It was featured in the dance video game Just Dance 2015 . This song is used on the commercials of Mattress Firm The song was covered by Z - Kety on his album The World Will Be Happy and The Artists ' Masters With Z - Kety with composer ZipZap Burning Master . Awards ( edit ) The song is ranked No. 31 on VH1 's 100 Greatest One Hit Wonders of the 80s and also appears on Rolling Stone 's list of the 15 Best Whistling Songs of All Time . At the 1989 Grammy Awards , `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' won the awards for Song of the Year , Record of the Year , and Best Male Pop Vocal Performance . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1988 -- 89 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canadian RPM 30 Retail Singles Canadian RPM Top Singles France ( SNEP ) 29 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Irish Singles Chart Italy ( FIMI ) 18 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 5 South African Chart Spain ( AFYVE ) 5 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary 7 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Singles 11 Chart ( 2016 ) Peak position Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 75 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 500,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Cover versions ( edit ) Versions of `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' have been recorded by several artists . The Katsimiha Brothers made a Greek cover of the song with original lyrics , and Montenegrin musician Rambo Amadeus made a parody entitled `` Do n't Happy , Be Worry '' , as a critique to the optimism of the music scene in the former Yugoslavia in the face of war and economic depression . In addition , the lyrics of `` Fight the Power '' by hip - hop artists Public Enemy refer critically to `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' . A version of this song sung by The Hit Crew is also added into the Big Mouth Billy Bass , a very popular animatronic singing toy . Hermes House Band covered the song on their Rhythm of the Nineties album in 2009 . Reggae artist Cas Haley covered the song as a hidden bonus track on his Favorites album ( together with former Jah Roots lead singer , Josh Heinrichs ) . Also in 1989 Dutch rock DJ Alfred Lagarde recorded a version in Dutch with a heavy Surinam accent under the name Johnny Camaro . Spanish Ska band The Locos covered this song in a similar style , Ska . In 2015 , Alvin and the Chipmunks and The Chipettes covered the song for the live stage tour Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Musical . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Bobby McFerrin -- Do n't Worry Be Happy '' . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ SPIN june 1989 ( PDF ) . SPIN Media LLC. 1989 . p. 66 . ISSN 0886 - 3032 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Saunders , Michael . `` ' Do n't Worry , Be Happy ' -- It 's Catching '' Fort Lauderdale , Florida : Sun - Sentinel : 1988 . Jump up ^ Heldenfels , Rich ( June 27 , 2012 ) . `` Mailbag : Mr. Noodle explained '' . Akron Beacon - Journal . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Bhau Kalchuri ( 1986 ) . ' Meher Prabhu : Lord Meher , The Biography of the Avatar of the Age , Meher Baba . Manifestation , Inc . pp. 5134 , 5770 , 5970 , 6405 , 6742 . Jump up ^ `` ' USA Weekend Magazine '' . October 21 , 1988 . In an interview by Bruce Fessier for USA Weekend magazine in 1988 McFerrin said , `` Whenever you see a poster of Meher Baba , it usually says ' Do n't worry , be happy Jump up ^ `` Bobby McFerrin Extended Interview '' ( Video Interview ) . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Hot 100 : The Week of September 24 , 1988 '' . billboard.com . Billboard . ^ Jump up to : Holden , Stephen ( Sep 29 , 1988 ) . `` Don ` t Worry , Be Happy : Bobby Mcferrin Has A No. 1 Hit '' . New York Times News Service . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . McFerrin ` s hit is earning the superb vocal improviser a mass audience , as his album , ` ` Simple Pleasures ` ` leaps from No. 20 to No. 12 on the album chart . Jump up ^ `` Bobby McFerrin Awards '' . All Media Network , LLC . March 11 , 1950 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 Official Charts Company '' . www.officialcharts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Do n't Worry , Be Happy . B Happy - Benny to Beyonce , 2012 - books.google.com Jump up ^ Carlin , George ( 2001 ) . Napalm and Silly Putty . Jump up ^ `` '' Do n't Worry , Be Happy `` , Bobby McFerrin '' . VH1 's Pop - up Video . 1997 . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Helen . `` Revd Helen OSullivan on Do n't Worry Be Happy '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Barry ( Dec 11 , 2013 ) . `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy 5.4 Project '' . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Mondo Club -- Do n't Worry Be Happy Jump up ^ `` ( Official Video ) Winter Wonderland / Do n't Worry Be Happy - Pentatonix ( ft Tori Kelly ) '' . YouTube . November 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Kate ( September 30 , 2011 ) . `` The 15 Best Whistling Songs of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2012 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Bobby McFerrin -- Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Bobby McFerrin -- Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Bobby McFerrin -- Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy in Canadian 30 Retail Singles Chart '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy in Canadian Top Singles Chart '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Bobby McFerrin -- Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Bobby McFerrin -- Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy in Irish Chart '' . IRMA . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2009 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 05 . Only one result when searching `` Do n't worry be happy '' Jump up ^ `` The best - selling singles of 1989 in Italy '' . HitParadeItalia ( it ) . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 05 . 97 . Do n't Worry , Be Happy - Bobby McFerrin ( # 18 , 1988 / 89 ) Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Bobby McFerrin search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Bobby McFerrin -- Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Bobby McFerrin -- Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Bobby McFerrin -- Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ John Samson . `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy in South African Chart '' . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` LISTAS DE AFYVE - Singles 1988 '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Bobby McFerrin -- Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Bobby McFerrin -- Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` 1988 Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive - 22nd October 1988 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bobby McFerrin awards on Allmusic '' . All Media Network , LLC . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved 18 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Bobby McFerrin ; ' Do n't Worry , Be Happy ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Bobby Mc Ferrin -- Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) 1980s portal Bobby McFerrin -- Official Website MetroLyrics ( Song Lyrics and Video ) Preceded by `` Sweet Child o ' Mine '' by Guns N ' Roses Billboard Hot 100 number one single September 24 , 1988 -- October 1 , 1988 Succeeded by `` Love Bites '' by Def Leppard Grammy Award for Record of the Year ( 1980s ) `` What a Fool Believes '' * by The Doobie Brothers ( Jeffrey Baxter , John Hartman , Keith Knudsen , Michael McDonald , Tiran Porter , Patrick Simmons ) produced by Ted Templeman ( 1980 ) `` Sailing '' * by Christopher Cross produced by Michael Omartian ( 1981 ) `` Bette Davis Eyes '' * by Kim Carnes produced by Val Garay ( 1982 ) `` Rosanna '' by Toto ( Bobby Kimball , Steve Lukather , David Paich , Jeff Porcaro , David Hungate , Steve Porcaro ) produced by Toto ( 1983 ) `` Beat It '' by Michael Jackson produced by Michael Jackson & Quincy Jones ( 1984 ) `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' by Tina Turner produced by Terry Britten ( 1985 ) `` We Are the World '' * by USA for Africa produced by Quincy Jones ( 1986 ) `` Higher Love '' by Steve Winwood produced by Russ Titelman & Steve Winwood ( 1987 ) `` Graceland '' by Paul Simon produced by Paul Simon ( 1988 ) `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' * by Bobby McFerrin produced by Linda Goldstein ( 1989 ) Complete list ( 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) Grammy Award for Song of the Year ( 1980s ) 1980 Kenny Loggins & Michael McDonald - `` What a Fool Believes '' 1981 Christopher Cross - `` Sailing '' 1982 Donna Weiss & Jackie DeShannon - `` Bette Davis Eyes '' Johnny Christopher , Mark James & Wayne Carson - `` Always on My Mind '' 1984 Sting - `` Every Breath You Take '' 1985 Graham Lyle & Terry Britten - `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' 1986 Michael Jackson & Lionel Richie - `` We Are the World '' Burt Bacharach & Carole Bayer Sager - `` That 's What Friends Are For '' 1988 James Horner , Barry Mann & Cynthia Weil - `` Somewhere Out There '' Bobby McFerrin - `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' Complete list ( 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) Meher Baba Publications God Speaks ( 1955 ) Discourses ( 1939 ) God in a Pill ? ( 1966 ) Terms and concepts God - realization Perfect Master Involution Mast Mandali New Life Prayers Parvardigar Prayer Prayer of Repentance Beloved God Prayer Seven Names of God Prayer 101 Names of God Traditions Amartithi Silence Day Dhuni Meher Baba 's missing book Important places Meherabad ashram Pilgrim Center shrine / tomb Meherazad Meher Spiritual Center Meher Mount Avatar 's Abode Family Shireen Irani ( mother ) Sheriar Irani ( father ) Mani Irani ( sister ) Associated figures Mehera Irani Norina Matchabelli Kitty Davy Eruch Jessawala Faredoon Driver Bhau Kalchuri Francis Brabazon William Donkin Lyn Ott Charles Purdom Gabriel Pascal Quentin Tod Meredith Starr Pete Townshend Tom Hopkinson Mirza Ismail Contacted masters Hazrat Babajan Upasni Maharaj Sai Baba of Shirdi Hazrat Tajuddin Baba Narayan Maharaj Organizations Avatar Meher Baba Trust Sufism Reoriented Legacy `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' Beyond Words ( 1997 documentary ) Nema aviona za Zagreb ( 2012 film ) Happy Birthday ( 1970 album ) I Am ( 1972 album ) With Love ( 1976 album ) O Parvardigar ( 1976 film ) `` Parvardigar '' ( 2001 album ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_Worry,_Be_Happy&oldid=800682435 '' Categories : 1988 singles Grammy Award for Record of the Year Grammy Award for Song of the Year Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles A cappella songs RPM Top Singles number - one singles Songs about happiness Meher Baba 1988 songs Manhattan Records singles EMI Records singles Debut singles Songs from animated films Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use mdy dates from April 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands Polski Русский Simple English Slovenčina Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 01 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who made the song don't worry be happy | [
"\"Don't Worry, Be Happy\" is a popular worldwide hit song by musician Bobby McFerrin. Released in September 1988, it became the first a cappella song to reach number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, a position it held for two weeks. The song's title is taken from a famous quotation by Meher Baba. The \"instruments\" in the a cappella song are entirely overdubbed voice parts and other sounds made by McFerrin, using no instruments at all; McFerrin also sings with an affected accent.[3] The comedic original music video for the song stars McFerrin, Robin Williams, and Bill Irwin,[4] and is somewhat shorter than the album version."
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"Bobby McFerrin"
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860868569838320638 | DNA replication | DNA replication - wikipedia DNA replication Jump to : navigation , search DNA replication : The double helix is un'zipped ' and unwound , then each separated strand ( turquoise ) acts as a template for replicating a new partner strand ( green ) . Nucleotides ( bases ) are matched to synthesize the new partner strands into two new double helices . In molecular biology , DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule . This process occurs in all living organisms and is the basis for biological inheritance . The cell possesses the distinctive property of division , which makes replication of DNA essential . DNA is made up of a double helix of two complementary strands . During replication , these strands are separated . Each strand of the original DNA molecule then serves as a template for the production of its counterpart , a process referred to as semiconservative replication . As a result of semi-conservative replication , the new helix will be composed of an original DNA strand as well as a newly synthesized strand . Cellular proofreading and error - checking mechanisms ensure near perfect fidelity for DNA replication . In a cell , DNA replication begins at specific locations , or origins of replication , in the genome . Unwinding of DNA at the origin and synthesis of new strands , accommodated by an enzyme known as helicase , results in replication forks growing bi-directionally from the origin . A number of proteins are associated with the replication fork to help in the initiation and continuation of DNA synthesis . Most prominently , DNA polymerase synthesizes the new strands by adding nucleotides that complement each ( template ) strand . DNA replication occurs during the S - stage of interphase . DNA replication can also be performed in vitro ( artificially , outside a cell ) . DNA polymerases isolated from cells and artificial DNA primers can be used to initiate DNA synthesis at known sequences in a template DNA molecule . The polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) , a common laboratory technique , cyclically applies such artificial synthesis to amplify a specific target DNA fragment from a pool of DNA . Contents ( hide ) 1 DNA structure 2 DNA polymerase 3 Replication process 3.1 Initiation 3.2 Elongation 3.3 Replication fork 3.3. 1 Leading strand 3.3. 2 Lagging strand 3.3. 3 Dynamics at the replication fork 3.4 DNA replication proteins 3.5 Replication machinery 3.6 Termination 4 Regulation 4.1 Eukaryotes 4.1. 1 Replication focus 4.2 Bacteria 5 Polymerase chain reaction 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References DNA structure ( edit ) DNA exists as a double - stranded structure , with both strands coiled together to form the characteristic double - helix . Each single strand of DNA is a chain of four types of nucleotides . Nucleotides in DNA contain a deoxyribose sugar , a phosphate , and a nucleobase . The four types of nucleotide correspond to the four nucleobases adenine , cytosine , guanine , and thymine , commonly abbreviated as A , C , G and T. Adenine and guanine are purine bases , while cytosine and thymine are pyrimidines . These nucleotides form phosphodiester bonds , creating the phosphate - deoxyribose backbone of the DNA double helix with the nucleobases pointing inward ( i.e. , toward the opposing strand ) . Nucleobases are matched between strands through hydrogen bonds to form base pairs . Adenine pairs with thymine ( two hydrogen bonds ) , and guanine pairs with cytosine ( three hydrogen bonds ) . DNA strands have a directionality , and the different ends of a single strand are called the `` 3 ' ( three - prime ) end '' and the `` 5 ' ( five - prime ) end '' . By convention , if the base sequence of a single strand of DNA is given , the left end of the sequence is the 5 ' end , while the right end of the sequence is the 3 ' end . The strands of the double helix are anti-parallel with one being 5 ' to 3 ' , and the opposite strand 3 ' to 5 ' . These terms refer to the carbon atom in deoxyribose to which the next phosphate in the chain attaches . Directionality has consequences in DNA synthesis , because DNA polymerase can synthesize DNA in only one direction by adding nucleotides to the 3 ' end of a DNA strand . The pairing of complementary bases in DNA ( through hydrogen bonding ) means that the information contained within each strand is useless . phosphoodiester ( intra-strand ) bonds are stronger than hydrogen ( inter-strand ) bonds . This allows the strands to be separated from one another . The nucleotides on a single strand can therefore be used to reconstruct nucleotides on a newly synthesized partner strand . DNA polymerase ( edit ) Main article : DNA polymerase DNA polymerases adds nucleotides to the 3 ' end of a strand of DNA . If a mismatch is accidentally incorporated , the polymerase is inhibited from further extension . Proofreading removes the mismatched nucleotide and extension continues . DNA polymerases are a family of enzymes that carry out all forms of DNA replication . DNA polymerases in general can not initiate synthesis of new strands , but can only extend an existing DNA or RNA strand paired with a template strand . To begin synthesis , a short fragment of RNA , called a primer , must be created and paired with the template DNA strand . DNA polymerase adds a new strand of DNA by extending the 3 ' end of an existing nucleotide chain , adding new nucleotides matched to the template strand one at a time via the creation of phosphodiester bonds . The energy for this process of DNA polymerization comes from hydrolysis of the high - energy phosphate ( phosphoanhydride ) bonds between the three phosphates attached to each unincorporated base . Free bases with their attached phosphate groups are called nucleotides ; in particular , bases with three attached phosphate groups are called nucleoside triphosphates . When a nucleotide is being added to a growing DNA strand , the formation of a phosphodiester bond between the proximal phosphate of the nucleotide to the growing chain is accompanied by hydrolysis of a high - energy phosphate bond with release of the two distal phosphates as a pyrophosphate . Enzymatic hydrolysis of the resulting pyrophosphate into inorganic phosphate consumes a second high - energy phosphate bond and renders the reaction effectively irreversible . In general , DNA polymerases are highly accurate , with an intrinsic error rate of less than one mistake for every 10 nucleotides added . In addition , some DNA polymerases also have proofreading ability ; they can remove nucleotides from the end of a growing strand in order to correct mismatched bases . Finally , post-replication mismatch repair mechanisms monitor the DNA for errors , being capable of distinguishing mismatches in the newly synthesized DNA strand from the original strand sequence . Together , these three discrimination steps enable replication fidelity of less than one mistake for every 10 nucleotides added . The rate of DNA replication in a living cell was first measured as the rate of phage T4 DNA elongation in phage - infected E. coli . During the period of exponential DNA increase at 37 ° C , the rate was 749 nucleotides per second . The mutation rate per base pair per replication during phage T4 DNA synthesis is 1.7 per 10 . Replication process ( edit ) Main articles : Prokaryotic DNA replication and Eukaryotic DNA replication DNA replication , like all biological polymerization processes , proceeds in three enzymatically catalyzed and coordinated steps : initiation , elongation and termination . Initiation ( edit ) Role of initiators for initiation of DNA replication . Formation of pre-replication complex . For a cell to divide , it must first replicate its DNA . This process is initiated at particular points in the DNA , known as `` origins '' , which are targeted by initiator proteins . In E. coli this protein is DnaA ; in yeast , this is the origin recognition complex . Sequences used by initiator proteins tend to be `` AT - rich '' ( rich in adenine and thymine bases ) , because A-T base pairs have two hydrogen bonds ( rather than the three formed in a C-G pair ) and thus are easier to strand - separate . Once the origin has been located , these initiators recruit other proteins and form the pre-replication complex , which unwinds the double - stranded DNA . Elongation ( edit ) DNA polymerase has 5 ′ -- 3 ′ activity . All known DNA replication systems require a free 3 ' hydroxyl group before synthesis can be initiated ( note : the DNA template is read in 3 ′ to 5 ′ direction whereas a new strand is synthesized in the 5 ′ to 3 ′ direction -- this is often confused ) . Four distinct mechanisms for DNA synthesis are recognized : All cellular life forms and many DNA viruses , phages and plasmids use a primase to synthesize a short RNA primer with a free 3 ′ OH group which is subsequently elongated by a DNA polymerase . The retroelements ( including retroviruses ) employ a transfer RNA that primes DNA replication by providing a free 3 ′ OH that is used for elongation by the reverse transcriptase . In the adenoviruses and the φ29 family of bacteriophages , the 3 ' OH group is provided by the side chain of an amino acid of the genome attached protein ( the terminal protein ) to which nucleotides are added by the DNA polymerase to form a new strand . In the single stranded DNA viruses -- a group that includes the circoviruses , the geminiviruses , the parvoviruses and others -- and also the many phages and plasmids that use the rolling circle replication ( RCR ) mechanism , the RCR endonuclease creates a nick in the genome strand ( single stranded viruses ) or one of the DNA strands ( plasmids ) . The 5 ′ end of the nicked strand is transferred to a tyrosine residue on the nuclease and the free 3 ′ OH group is then used by the DNA polymerase to synthesize the new strand . The first is the best known of these mechanisms and is used by the cellular organisms . In this mechanism , once the two strands are separated , primase adds RNA primers to the template strands . The leading strand receives one RNA primer while the lagging strand receives several . The leading strand is continuously extended from the primer by a DNA polymerase with high processivity , while the lagging strand is extended discontinuously from each primer forming Okazaki fragments . RNase removes the primer RNA fragments , and a low processivity DNA polymerase distinct from the replicative polymerase enters to fill the gaps . When this is complete , a single nick on the leading strand and several nicks on the lagging strand can be found . Ligase works to fill these nicks in , thus completing the newly replicated DNA molecule . The primase used in this process differs significantly between bacteria and archaea / eukaryotes . Bacteria use a primase belonging to the DnaG protein superfamily which contains a catalytic domain of the TOPRIM fold type . The TOPRIM fold contains an α / β core with four conserved strands in a Rossmann - like topology . This structure is also found in the catalytic domains of topoisomerase Ia , topoisomerase II , the OLD - family nucleases and DNA repair proteins related to the RecR protein . The primase used by archaea and eukaryotes , in contrast , contains a highly derived version of the RNA recognition motif ( RRM ) . This primase is structurally similar to many viral RNA - dependent RNA polymerases , reverse transcriptases , cyclic nucleotide generating cyclases and DNA polymerases of the A / B / Y families that are involved in DNA replication and repair . In eukaryotic replication , the primase forms a complex with Pol α . Multiple DNA polymerases take on different roles in the DNA replication process . In E. coli , DNA Pol III is the polymerase enzyme primarily responsible for DNA replication . It assembles into a replication complex at the replication fork that exhibits extremely high processivity , remaining intact for the entire replication cycle . In contrast , DNA Pol I is the enzyme responsible for replacing RNA primers with DNA . DNA Pol I has a 5 ′ to 3 ′ exonuclease activity in addition to its polymerase activity , and uses its exonuclease activity to degrade the RNA primers ahead of it as it extends the DNA strand behind it , in a process called nick translation . Pol I is much less processive than Pol III because its primary function in DNA replication is to create many short DNA regions rather than a few very long regions . In eukaryotes , the low - processivity enzyme , Pol α , helps to initiate replication because it forms a complex with primase . In eukaryotes , leading strand synthesis is thought to be conducted by Pol ε ; however , this view has recently been challenged , suggesting a role for Pol δ . Primer removal is completed Pol δ while repair of DNA during replication is completed by Pol ε . As DNA synthesis continues , the original DNA strands continue to unwind on each side of the bubble , forming a replication fork with two prongs . In bacteria , which have a single origin of replication on their circular chromosome , this process creates a `` theta structure '' ( resembling the Greek letter theta : θ ) . In contrast , eukaryotes have longer linear chromosomes and initiate replication at multiple origins within these . Replication fork ( edit ) Scheme of the replication fork . a : template , b : leading strand , c : lagging strand , d : replication fork , e : primer , f : Okazaki fragments Many enzymes are involved in the DNA replication fork . The replication fork is a structure that forms within the nucleus during DNA replication . It is created by helicases , which break the hydrogen bonds holding the two DNA strands together . The resulting structure has two branching `` prongs '' , each one made up of a single strand of DNA . These two strands serve as the template for the leading and lagging strands , which will be created as DNA polymerase matches complementary nucleotides to the templates ; the templates may be properly referred to as the leading strand template and the lagging strand template . DNA is always synthesized in the 5 ' to 3 ' direction . Since the leading and lagging strand templates are oriented in opposite directions at the replication fork , a major issue is how to achieve synthesis of nascent ( new ) lagging strand DNA , whose direction of synthesis is opposite to the direction of the growing replication fork . Leading strand ( edit ) The leading strand is the strand of nascent DNA which is being synthesized in the same direction as the growing replication fork . This sort of DNA replication is continuous . Lagging strand ( edit ) The lagging strand is the strand of nascent DNA whose direction of synthesis is opposite to the direction of the growing replication fork . Because of its orientation , replication of the lagging strand is more complicated as compared to that of the leading strand . As a consequence , the DNA polymerase on this strand is seen to `` lag behind '' the other strand . The lagging strand is synthesized in short , separated segments . On the lagging strand template , a primase `` reads '' the template DNA and initiates synthesis of a short complementary RNA primer . A DNA polymerase extends the primed segments , forming Okazaki fragments . The RNA primers are then removed and replaced with DNA , and the fragments of DNA are joined together by DNA ligase . Dynamics at the replication fork ( edit ) The assembled human DNA clamp , a trimer of the protein PCNA . As helicase unwinds DNA at the replication fork , the DNA ahead is forced to rotate . This process results in a build - up of twists in the DNA ahead . This build - up forms a torsional resistance that would eventually halt the progress of the replication fork . Topoisomerases are enzymes that temporarily break the strands of DNA , relieving the tension caused by unwinding the two strands of the DNA helix ; topoisomerases ( including DNA gyrase ) achieve this by adding negative supercoils to the DNA helix . Bare single - stranded DNA tends to fold back on itself forming secondary structures ; these structures can interfere with the movement of DNA polymerase . To prevent this , single - strand binding proteins bind to the DNA until a second strand is synthesized , preventing secondary structure formation . Clamp proteins form a sliding clamp around DNA , helping the DNA polymerase maintain contact with its template , thereby assisting with processivity . The inner face of the clamp enables DNA to be threaded through it . Once the polymerase reaches the end of the template or detects double - stranded DNA , the sliding clamp undergoes a conformational change that releases the DNA polymerase . Clamp - loading proteins are used to initially load the clamp , recognizing the junction between template and RNA primers . DNA replication proteins ( edit ) At the replication fork , many replication enzymes assemble on the DNA into a complex molecular machine called the replisome . The following is a list of major DNA replication enzymes that participate in the replisome : Enzyme Function in DNA replication DNA Helicase Also known as helix destabilizing enzyme . Helicase separates the two strands of DNA at the Replication Fork behind the topoisomerase . DNA Polymerase The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the addition of nucleotide substrates to DNA in the 5 ' to 3 ' direction during DNA replication . Also performs proof - reading and error correction . There exist many different types of DNA Polymerase , each of which perform different functions in different types of cells . DNA clamp A protein which prevents elongating DNA polymerases from dissociating from the DNA parent strand . Single - Strand Binding ( SSB ) Proteins Bind to ssDNA and prevent the DNA double helix from re-annealing after DNA helicase unwinds it , thus maintaining the strand separation , and facilitating the synthesis of the nascent strand . Topoisomerase Relaxes the DNA from its super-coiled nature . DNA Gyrase Relieves strain of unwinding by DNA helicase ; this is a specific type of topoisomerase DNA Ligase Re-anneals the semi-conservative strands and joins Okazaki Fragments of the lagging strand . Primase Provides a starting point of RNA ( or DNA ) for DNA polymerase to begin synthesis of the new DNA strand . Telomerase Lengthens telomeric DNA by adding repetitive nucleotide sequences to the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes . This allows germ cells and stem cells to avoid the Hayflick limit on cell division . Replication machinery ( edit ) Replication machineries consist of factors involved in DNA replication and appearing on template ssDNAs . Replication machineries include primosotors are replication enzymes ; DNA polymerase , DNA helicases , DNA clamps and DNA topoisomerases , and replication proteins ; e.g. single - stranded DNA binding proteins ( SSB ) . In the replication machineries these components coordinate . In most of the bacteria , all of the factors involved in DNA replication are located on replication forks and the complexes stay on the forks during DNA replication . These replication machineries are called replisomes or DNA replicase systems . These terms are generic terms for proteins located on replication forks . In eukaryotic and some bacterial cells the replisomes are not formed . Since replication machineries do not move relatively to template DNAs such as factories , they are called a replication factory . In an alternative figure , DNA factories are similar to projectors and DNAs are like as cinematic films passing constantly into the projectors . In the replication factory model , after both DNA helicases for leading strands and lagging strands are loaded on the template DNAs , the helicases run along the DNAs into each other . The helicases remain associated for the remainder of replication process . Peter Meister et al. observed directly replication sites in budding yeast by monitoring green fluorescent protein ( GFP ) - tagged DNA polymerases α . They detected DNA replication of pairs of the tagged loci spaced apart symmetrically from a replication origin and found that the distance between the pairs decreased markedly by time . This finding suggests that the mechanism of DNA replication goes with DNA factories . That is , couples of replication factories are loaded on replication origins and the factories associated with each other . Also , template DNAs move into the factories , which bring extrusion of the template ssDNAs and nascent DNAs . Meister 's finding is the first direct evidence of replication factory model . Subsequent research has shown that DNA helicases form dimers in many eukaryotic cells and bacterial replication machineries stay in single intranuclear location during DNA synthesis . The replication factories perform disentanglement of sister chromatids . The disentanglement is essential for distributing the chromatids into daughter cells after DNA replication . Because sister chromatids after DNA replication hold each other by Cohesin rings , there is the only chance for the disentanglement in DNA replication . Fixing of replication machineries as replication factories can improve the success rate of DNA replication . If replication forks move freely in chromosomes , catenation of nuclei is aggravated and impedes mitotic segregation . Termination ( edit ) Eukaryotes initiate DNA replication at multiple points in the chromosome , so replication forks meet and terminate at many points in the chromosome . Because eukaryotes have linear chromosomes , DNA replication is unable to reach the very end of the chromosomes . Due to this problem , DNA is lost each replication cycle from the end of the chromosome . Telomeres are regions of repetitive DNA close to the ends and help prevent loss of genes due to this shortening . Shortening of the telomeres is a normal process in somatic cells . This shortens the telomeres of the daughter DNA chromosome . As a result , cells can only divide a certain number of times before the DNA loss prevents further division . ( This is known as the Hayflick limit . ) Within the germ cell line , which passes DNA to the next generation , telomerase extends the repetitive sequences of the telomere region to prevent degradation . Telomerase can become mistakenly active in somatic cells , sometimes leading to cancer formation . Increased telomerase activity is one of the hallmarks of cancer . Termination requires that the progress of the DNA replication fork must stop or be blocked . Termination at a specific locus , when it occurs , involves the interaction between two components : ( 1 ) a termination site sequence in the DNA , and ( 2 ) a protein which binds to this sequence to physically stop DNA replication . In various bacterial species , this is named the DNA replication terminus site - binding protein , or Ter protein . Because bacteria have circular chromosomes , termination of replication occurs when the two replication forks meet each other on the opposite end of the parental chromosome . E. coli regulates this process through the use of termination sequences that , when bound by the Tus protein , enable only one direction of replication fork to pass through . As a result , the replication forks are constrained to always meet within the termination region of the chromosome . Regulation ( edit ) Main articles : Cell division and Cell cycle The cell cycle of eukaryotic cells . Eukaryotes ( edit ) Within eukaryotes , DNA replication is controlled within the context of the cell cycle . As the cell grows and divides , it progresses through stages in the cell cycle ; DNA replication takes place during the S phase ( synthesis phase ) . The progress of the eukaryotic cell through the cycle is controlled by cell cycle checkpoints . Progression through checkpoints is controlled through complex interactions between various proteins , including cyclins and cyclin - dependent kinases . Unlike bacteria , eukaryotic DNA replicates in the confines of the nucleus . The G1 / S checkpoint ( or restriction checkpoint ) regulates whether eukaryotic cells enter the process of DNA replication and subsequent division . Cells that do not proceed through this checkpoint remain in the G0 stage and do not replicate their DNA . Replication of chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes occurs independently of the cell cycle , through the process of D - loop replication . Replication focus ( edit ) In vertebrate cells , replication sites concentrate into positions called replication foci . Replication sites can be detected by immunostaining daughter strands and replication enzymes and monitoring GFP - tagged replication factors . By these methods it is found that replication foci of varying size and positions appear in S phase of cell division and their number per nucleus is far smaller than the number of genomic replication forks . P. Heun et al. ( 2001 ) tracked GFP - tagged replication foci in budding yeast cells and revealed that replication origins move constantly in G1 and S phase and the dynamics decreased significantly in S phase . Traditionally , replication sites were fixed on spatial structure of chromosomes by nuclear matrix or lamins . The Heun 's results denied the traditional concepts , budding yeasts do n't have lamins , and support that replication origins self - assemble and form replication foci . By firing of replication origins , controlled spatially and temporally , the formation of replication foci is regulated . D.A. Jackson et al. ( 1998 ) revealed that neighboring origins fire simultaneously in mammalian cells . Spatial juxtaposition of replication sites brings clustering of replication forks . The clustering do rescue of stalled replication forks and favors normal progress of replication forks . Progress of replication forks is inhibited by many factors ; collision with proteins or with complexes binding strongly on DNA , deficiency of dNTPs , nicks on template DNAs and so on . If replication forks stall and the remaining sequences from the stalled forks are not replicated , the daughter strands have nick obtained un-replicated sites . The un-replicated sites on one parent 's strand hold the other strand together but not daughter strands . Therefore , the resulting sister chromatids can not separate from each other and can not divide into 2 daughter cells . When neighboring origins fire and a fork from one origin is stalled , fork from other origin access on an opposite direction of the stalled fork and duplicate the un-replicated sites . As other mechanism of the rescue there is application of dormant replication origins that excess origins do n't fire in normal DNA replication . Bacteria ( edit ) Dam methylates adenine of GATC sites after replication . Most bacteria do not go through a well - defined cell cycle but instead continuously copy their DNA ; during rapid growth , this can result in the concurrent occurrence of multiple rounds of replication . In E. coli , the best - characterized bacteria , DNA replication is regulated through several mechanisms , including : the hemimethylation and sequestering of the origin sequence , the ratio of adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) to adenosine diphosphate ( ADP ) , and the levels of protein DnaA . All these control the binding of initiator proteins to the origin sequences . Because E. coli methylates GATC DNA sequences , DNA synthesis results in hemimethylated sequences . This hemimethylated DNA is recognized by the protein SeqA , which binds and sequesters the origin sequence ; in addition , DnaA ( required for initiation of replication ) binds less well to hemimethylated DNA . As a result , newly replicated origins are prevented from immediately initiating another round of DNA replication . ATP builds up when the cell is in a rich medium , triggering DNA replication once the cell has reached a specific size . ATP competes with ADP to bind to DnaA , and the DnaA - ATP complex is able to initiate replication . A certain number of DnaA proteins are also required for DNA replication -- each time the origin is copied , the number of binding sites for DnaA doubles , requiring the synthesis of more DnaA to enable another initiation of replication . See also : Plasmid , Plasmid copy number , and Plasmid partition system Polymerase chain reaction ( edit ) Main article : Polymerase chain reaction Researchers commonly replicate DNA in vitro using the polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) . PCR uses a pair of primers to span a target region in template DNA , and then polymerizes partner strands in each direction from these primers using a thermostable DNA polymerase . Repeating this process through multiple cycles amplifies the targeted DNA region . At the start of each cycle , the mixture of template and primers is heated , separating the newly synthesized molecule and template . Then , as the mixture cools , both of these become templates for annealing of new primers , and the polymerase extends from these . As a result , the number of copies of the target region doubles each round , increasing exponentially . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to DNA replication . Wikiversity has learning resources about DNA # DNA_Replication Autopoiesis Data storage device Self - replication Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The energetics of this process may also help explain the directionality of synthesis -- if DNA were synthesized in the 3 ' to 5 ' direction , the energy for the process would come from the 5 ' end of the growing strand rather than from free nucleotides . The problem is that if the high energy triphosphates were on the growing strand and not on the free nucleotides , proof - reading by removing a mismatched terminal nucleotide would be problematic : Once a nucleotide is added , the triphosphate is lost and a single phosphate remains on the backbone between the new nucleotide and the rest of the strand . If the added nucleotide were mismatched , removal would result in a DNA strand terminated by a monophosphate at the end of the `` growing strand '' rather than a high energy triphosphate . So strand would be stuck and would n't be able to grow anymore . In actuality , the high energy triphosphates hydrolyzed at each step originate from the free nucleotides , not the polymerized strand , so this issue does not exist . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pray , Leslie A. `` Semi-Conservative DNA Replication ; Meselson and Stahl '' . Jump up ^ Imperfect DNA replication results in mutations . Berg JM , Tymoczko JL , Stryer L , Clarke ND ( 2002 ) . `` Chapter 27 : DNA Replication , Recombination , and Repair '' . Biochemistry . W.H. Freeman and Company . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 3051 - 0 . External link in chapter = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Alberts B , Johnson A , Lewis J , Raff M , Roberts K , Walter P ( 2002 ) . `` 5DNA Replication , Repair , and Recombination '' . Molecular Biology of the Cell . Garland Science . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 3218 - 1 . External link in chapter = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Berg JM , Tymoczko JL , Stryer L , Clarke ND ( 2002 ) . `` Chapter 27 , Section 4 : DNA Replication of Both Strands Proceeds Rapidly from Specific Start Sites '' . Biochemistry . W.H. Freeman and Company . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 3051 - 0 . External link in chapter = ( help ) Jump up ^ Alberts , B. , et al. , Molecular Biology of the Cell , Garland Science , 4th ed. , 2002 , pp. 238 -- 240 ISBN 0 - 8153 - 3218 - 1 Jump up ^ Allison , Lizabeth A. Fundamental Molecular Biology . Blackwell Publishing . 2007 . p. 112 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 0379 - 4 Jump up ^ Berg JM , Tymoczko JL , Stryer L , Clarke ND ( 2002 ) . Biochemistry . W.H. Freeman and Company . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 3051 - 0 . Chapter 27 , Section 2 : DNA Polymerases Require a Template and a Primer ^ Jump up to : McCulloch , Scott D ; Kunkel , Thomas A ( January 2008 ) . `` The fidelity of DNA synthesis by eukaryotic replicative and translesion synthesis polymerases '' . Cell Research . 18 ( 1 ) : 148 -- 161 . doi : 10.1038 / cr. 2008.4 . PMC 3639319 . PMID 18166979 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , David ; Minner , Charles ; Bernstein , Harris ; Bernstein , Carol ( October 1976 ) . `` DNA elongation rates and growing point distributions of wild - type phage T4 and a DNA - delay amber mutant '' . Journal of Molecular Biology . 106 ( 4 ) : 963 -- 981 . doi : 10.1016 / 0022 - 2836 ( 76 ) 90346 - 6 . PMID 789903 . Jump up ^ Drake JW ( 1970 ) The Molecular Basis of Mutation . Holden - Day , San Francisco ISBN 0816224501 ISBN 978 - 0816224500 Jump up ^ Alberts B , Johnson A , Lewis J , Raff M , Roberts K , Walter P ( 2002 ) . Molecular Biology of the Cell . Garland Science . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 3218 - 1 . Chapter 5 : DNA Replication Mechanisms Jump up ^ Weigel C , Schmidt A , Rückert B , Lurz R , Messer W ( November 1997 ) . `` DnaA protein binding to individual DnaA boxes in the Escherichia coli replication origin , oriC '' . The EMBO Journal . 16 ( 21 ) : 6574 -- 83 . doi : 10.1093 / emboj / 16.21. 6574 . PMC 1170261 . PMID 9351837 . Jump up ^ Lodish H , Berk A , Zipursky LS , Matsudaira P , Baltimore D , Darnell J ( 2000 ) . Molecular Cell Biology . W.H. Freeman and Company . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 3136 - 3 . 12.1 . General Features of Chromosomal Replication : Three Common Features of Replication Origins Jump up ^ Aravind , L. ; Leipe , D.D. ; Koonin , E.V. ( 1998 ) . `` Toprim -- a conserved catalytic domain in type IA and II topoisomerases , DnaG - type primases , OLD family nucleases and RecR proteins '' . Nucleic Acids Research . 26 ( 18 ) : 4205 -- 4213 . doi : 10.1093 / nar / 26.18. 4205 . PMC 147817 . PMID 9722641 . Jump up ^ Frick , David ; Richardson , Charles ( July 2001 ) . `` DNA Primases '' . Annual Review of Biochemistry . 70 : 39 -- 80 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. biochem. 70.1. 39 . PMID 11395402 . Jump up ^ Barry , Elizabeth R. ; Bell , Stephen D. ( 8 December 2006 ) . `` DNA Replication in the Archaea '' . Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews . 70 ( 4 ) : 876 -- 887 . doi : 10.1128 / MMBR. 00029 - 06 . PMC 1698513 . PMID 17158702 . Jump up ^ Stillman , Bruce ( July 2015 ) . `` Reconsidering DNA Polymerases at the Replication Fork in Eukaryotes '' . Molecular Cell. 59 ( 2 ) : 139 -- 141 . doi : 10.1016 / j. molcel. 2015.07. 004 . PMC 4636199 . PMID 26186286 . Jump up ^ Distinguishing the pathways of primer removal during Eukaryotic Okazaki fragment maturation Contributor Author Rossi , Marie Louise . Date Accessioned : 2009 - 02 - 23T17 : 05 : 09Z . Date Available : 2009 - 02 - 23T17 : 05 : 09Z . Date Issued : 2009 - 02 - 23T17 : 05 : 09Z . Identifier Uri : http://hdl.handle.net/1802/6537 . Description : Dr. Robert A. Bambara , Faculty Advisor . Thesis ( PhD ) -- School of Medicine and Dentistry , University of Rochester . UR only until January 2010 . UR only until January 2010 . Jump up ^ Huberman , Joel A. ; Riggs , Arthur D. ( March 1968 ) . `` On the mechanism of DNA replication in mammalian chromosomes '' . Journal of Molecular Biology . 32 ( 2 ) : 327 -- 341 . doi : 10.1016 / 0022 - 2836 ( 68 ) 90013 - 2 . PMID 5689363 . Jump up ^ Alberts B , Johnson A , Lewis J , Raff M , Roberts K , Walter P ( 2002 ) . Molecular Biology of the Cell . Garland Science . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 3218 - 1 . DNA Replication Mechanisms : DNA Topoisomerases Prevent DNA Tangling During Replication Jump up ^ Reece , Richard J. ; Maxwell , Anthony ; Wang , James C. ( 26 September 2008 ) . `` DNA Gyrase : Structure and Function '' . Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology . 26 ( 3 - 4 ) : 335 -- 375 . doi : 10.3109 / 10409239109114072 . PMID 1657531 . Jump up ^ Alberts B , Johnson A , Lewis J , Raff M , Roberts K , Walter P ( 2002 ) . Molecular Biology of the Cell . Garland Science . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 3218 - 1 . DNA Replication Mechanisms : Special Proteins Help to Open Up the DNA Double Helix in Front of the Replication Fork Jump up ^ Griffiths A.J.F. ; Wessler S.R. ; Lewontin R.C. ; Carroll S.B. ( 2008 ) . Introduction to Genetic Analysis . W.H. Freeman and Company . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 6887 - 9 . ( Chapter 7 : DNA : Structure and Replication . pg 283 -- 290 ) Jump up ^ `` Will the Hayflick limit keep us from living forever ? '' . Howstuffworks . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : James D. Watson et al. ( 2008 ) , `` Molecular Biology of the gene '' , Pearson Education : 237 ^ Jump up to : Peter Meister , Angela Taddei1 , Susan M. Gasser ( June 2006 ) , `` In and out of the Replication Factory '' , Cell 125 ( 7 ) : 1233 -- 1235 Jump up ^ TA Brown ( 2002 ) . Genomes . BIOS Scientific Publishers . ISBN 1 - 85996 - 228 - 9 . 13.2. 3 . Termination of replication Jump up ^ Alberts B , Johnson A , Lewis J , Raff M , Roberts K , Walter P ( 2002 ) . Molecular Biology of the Cell . Garland Science . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 3218 - 1 . Intracellular Control of Cell - Cycle Events : S - Phase Cyclin - Cdk Complexes ( S - Cdks ) Initiate DNA Replication Once Per Cycle Jump up ^ Brown , TA ( 2002 ) . `` 13 '' . Genomes ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford : Wiley - Liss . Jump up ^ Tobiason DM , Seifert HS ( 2006 ) . `` The Obligate Human Pathogen , Neisseria gonorrhoeae , Is Polyploid '' . PLoS Biology . 4 ( 6 ) : e185 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pbio. 0040185 . PMC 1470461 . PMID 16719561 . Jump up ^ Slater , Steven ; Wold , Sture ; Lu , Min ; Boye , Erik ; Skarstad , Kirsten ; Kleckner , Nancy ( September 1995 ) . `` E. coli SeqA protein binds oriC in two different methyl - modulated reactions appropriate to its roles in DNA replication initiation and origin sequestration '' . Cell. 82 ( 6 ) : 927 -- 936 . doi : 10.1016 / 0092 - 8674 ( 95 ) 90272 - 4 . PMID 7553853 . Jump up ^ Saiki , Randall ; Gelfand , David H. ; Stoffel , Susanne ; Scharf , Stephen J. ; Higuchi , Russell ; Horn , Glenn T. ; Mullis , Kary B. ; Erlich , Henry A. ( 29 January 1988 ) . `` Primer - directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase '' . Science . 239 ( 4839 ) : 487 -- 491 . Bibcode : 1988Sci ... 239 ... 487S . doi : 10.1126 / science. 2448875 . PMID 2448875 . Retrieved 7 April 2016 . ( hide ) DNA replication ( comparing Prokaryotic to Eukaryotic ) Initiation Prokaryotic ( initiation ) Pre-replication complex dnaC Cdc6 Helicase dnaA dnaB T7 Primase dnaG Eukaryotic ( preparation in G1 phase ) Pre-replication complex Origin recognition complex ORC1 ORC2 ORC3 ORC4 ORC5 ORC6 Cdc6 Cdt1 Minichromosome maintenance MCM2 MCM3 MCM4 MCM5 MCM6 MCM7 Licensing factor Autonomously replicating sequence Single - strand binding protein SSBP2 SSBP3 SSBP4 RNase H RNASEH1 RNASEH2A Helicase : HFM1 Primase : PRIM1 PRIM2 Both Origin of replication / Ori / Replicon Replication fork Lagging and leading strands Okazaki fragments Primer Replication Prokaryotic ( elongation ) DNA polymerase III holoenzyme dnaC dnaE dnaH dnaN dnaQ dnaT dnaX holA holB holC holD holE Replisome DNA ligase DNA clamp Topoisomerase DNA gyrase Prokaryotic DNA polymerase : DNA polymerase I Klenow fragment Eukaryotic ( synthesis in S phase ) Replication factor C RFC1 Flap endonuclease FEN1 Topoisomerase Replication protein A RPA1 Eukaryotic DNA polymerase : alpha POLA1 POLA2 PRIM1 PRIM2 delta POLD1 POLD2 POLD3 POLD4 epsilon POLE POLE2 POLE3 POLE4 DNA clamp PCNA Control of chromosome duplication Both Movement : Processivity DNA ligase Termination Telomere : Telomerase TERT TERC DKC1 Molecular and cellular biology portal GND : 4153174 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DNA_replication&oldid=843609652 '' Categories : DNA replication Senescence Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 48 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 07 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does the process of dna replication begin | [
"For a cell to divide, it must first replicate its DNA.[11] This process is initiated at particular points in the DNA, known as \"origins\", which are targeted by initiator proteins.[4] In E. coli this protein is DnaA; in yeast, this is the origin recognition complex.[12] Sequences used by initiator proteins tend to be \"AT-rich\" (rich in adenine and thymine bases), because A-T base pairs have two hydrogen bonds (rather than the three formed in a C-G pair) and thus are easier to strand-separate.[13] Once the origin has been located, these initiators recruit other proteins and form the pre-replication complex, which unwinds the double-stranded DNA."
] | [
"\"origins\""
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-4811126676821191364 | Flag of Belgium | Flag of Belgium - wikipedia Flag of Belgium For a list of flags associated with Belgium , see List of Belgian flags . Belgium Use National flag Proportion 13 : 15 Adopted 23 January 1831 Design A vertical tricolour of black , yellow , and red . Variant flag of Belgium Use civil ensign Proportion 2 : 3 or similar Variant flag of Belgium Use State ensign Proportion 2 : 3 Adopted 1950 Design As above , with the central pale defaced by a lion rampant ensigned by a crown , both sable ( black ) , the lion armed and langued gules ( red ) . Variant flag of Belgium Use Naval ensign Proportion 2 : 3 Adopted 23 February 1950 Design A yellow saltire on a white field , bordered above and below in red and to the left and right in black , charged on the top with a crown above crossed cannons and on the bottom by a fouled anchor . The national flag of the kingdom of Belgium ( Dutch : Vlag van het koninkrijk België , French : Drapeau de la Belgique , German : Flagge Belgiens ) is a tricolour of three bands of black , yellow , and red . The colours were taken from the coat of arms of the Duchy of Brabant , and the vertical design may be based on the flag of France . When flown , the black band is nearest the pole ( at the hoist side ) . It has the unusual proportions of 13 : 15 . Contents 1 Previous flags 2 Independence and adoption of current flag 3 Design and specifications 4 Variants 4.1 National flag and civil ensign 4.2 Naval ensign and jack 4.3 Royal standard and flags on the royal palaces 5 Protocol 6 Related flags 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Previous flags ( edit ) After the death of Charlemagne , the present - day territory of Belgium ( except the County of Flanders ) became part of Lotharingia , which had a flag of two horizontal red stripes separated by a white stripe . The territory then passed into Spanish hands , and after the coronation of Charles V , Holy Roman Emperor yellow and red , the colours of Spain , were added . From the 16th century to the end of the 18th century , the colours of what is now Belgium were red , white and yellow . Occasionally the red cross of Burgundy was placed on the white section of the flag . During the period of Austrian rule , a number of different flags were tried , until the Austrian Emperor imposed the Austrian flag . The population of Brussels was opposed to this , and following the example of France , red , yellow and black cockades began to appear ; those being the colours of Brabant . The colours thus correspond to the red lion of Hainaut , Limburg and Luxembourg , the yellow lion of Brabant , and the black lion of Flanders and Namur . Independence and adoption of current flag ( edit ) Flag of the Brabant Revolution ( 1789 -- 1790 ) Flag of the Belgian Revolution ( 1830 -- 1831 ) The early revolutionary variations of the Belgian tricolour On 26 August 1830 , the day after the rioting at the Brussels Opera and the start of the Belgian Revolution , the flag of France flew from the city hall of Brussels . The insurgents hastily replaced it with a tricolour of red , yellow and black horizontal stripes ( similar to the one used during the Brabant Revolution of 1789 -- 1790 which had established the United States of Belgium ) made at a nearby fabric store . As a result , Article 193 of the Constitution of Belgium describes the colours of the Belgian nation as Red , Yellow and Black instead of using the order shown in the official flag . On 23 January 1831 , the stripes changed from horizontal to vertical , and on 12 October the flag attained its modern form , with the black placed at the hoist side of the flag . Design and specifications ( edit ) The official guide to protocol in Belgium states that the national flag measures 2.6 m ( 8.5 ft ) tall for each 3 m ( 9.8 ft ) wide , giving it a ratio of 13 : 15 . Each of the stripes is one - third of the width of the flag . The yellow is in fact yellow and not the darker gold of the flag of Germany , which is a black - red - gold tricolour , striped horizontally . Colour scheme Black Yellow Red Pantone Black Yellow 115 Red 32 CMYK 0 - 0 - 0 - 100 0 - 6 - 87 - 0 0 - 86 - 63 - 0 RGB 0 - 0 - 0 253 - 218 - 36 239 - 51 - 64 Hex triplet # 000000 # FDDA24 # EF3340 Variants ( edit ) The flag on the Royal Palace of Brussels . National flag and civil ensign ( edit ) The national flag has the unusual proportions of 13 : 15 . The 2 : 3 flag is the civil ensign , the correct flag for use by civilians at sea . Naval ensign and jack ( edit ) The naval ensign of Belgium has the three national colours in a saltire , on a white field , with a black crown above crossed cannons at the top and a black anchor at the bottom . It was created in 1950 , shortly after the Belgian Navy was re-established , having been a section of the British Royal Navy during World War II , and it is reminiscent of the white ensign of the Royal Navy . There is also an official Belgian naval jack , which is the same as the national flag , except in a 1 : 1 ratio , making it square . Royal standard and flags on the Royal palaces ( edit ) The royal standard of Belgium is the personal standard of the current king , Philippe , and features his monogram , an ' F ' ( for the Dutch ' Filip ' ) , crossed with a ' P ' in the four corners . The designs of royal standards of past monarchs have been similar . Notably , the flag of Belgium flown on the Royal Palace of Brussels and the Royal Castle of Laeken is in none of the proportions above . It has the irregular 4 : 3 ratio , making it taller than it is wide . The stripes remain vertical . These proportions are explained as an aesthetic consideration , as the palaces are large , and the flags are thus viewed from far below , which makes them look more normal due to foreshortening . The flags are flown above the palaces when the king is in Belgium , not necessarily just in one of the palaces . The flags are not flown if the king is on a state visit to another country or on vacation outside Belgium , There have been exceptions to this rule , but in general presence or absence of the flag is a reasonably reliable indicator of whether or not the king is in the country . Protocol ( edit ) The flag on the Belgian Senate building . As Belgium is a federal state , the flag of Belgium and the flags of the communities or regions in principle occupy the same rank . Nonetheless , when flags are raised and lowered or carried in a procession , the national flag takes precedence over all the others . The order of precedence is : The national flag of Belgium The flag of the community or region of Belgium The European flag The flags of the provinces of Belgium , in alphabetical order in the local language , if more than one is flown The flag of the municipality If there is a visiting head of state , that country 's flag may be set second in precedence , all other flags dropping a rank . Related flags ( edit ) Flag of the Austrian Netherlands Flag of the United Belgian States Flag of Belgium ( 1830 ) Flag of the Netherlands Flag of France Flag of Benelux See also ( edit ) Belgium portal Flag of Flanders Flag of Wallonia Flag of Brussels Driekleur trikot References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Van den Bussche , E. , Chief of Protocol , Belgian Federal Department of the Interior ( 2008 ) . Noble Belgique , ô Mère chérie - LE PROTOCOLE EN BELGIQUE ( PROTOCOL IN BELGIUM ) ( in French ) . Heule : Editions UGA . ISBN 978 - 90 - 6768 - 935 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Belgium '' . Flags of the World . June 6 , 2009 . Retrieved October 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Converted from CMYK using an online colour converter . Jump up ^ `` Civil flag and Ensign of Belgium '' . Flags of the World . April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved November 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Belgium : Naval ensign and jack '' . Flags of the World . July 7 , 2006 . Retrieved November 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Belgium : Royal standard '' . Flags of the World . Retrieved July 3 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of Belgium . Belgium at Flags of the World Belgium articles History Gallia Belgica Prince - Bishopric of Liège Burgundian Netherlands Southern Netherlands Spanish Netherlands Austrian Netherlands Brabant Revolution United Kingdom of the Netherlands Long nineteenth century Belgian Revolution Crisis of 1870 Empire World War I invasion occupation World War II invasion occupation Royal Question Congo Crisis State reform Geography Climate Extreme points Lakes Mountains Rivers Subdivisions Politics Constitution Elections Executive Foreign relations Human rights LGBT Law enforcement Judiciary Military Monarchy Parliament Political parties Prime Minister Economy 2008 -- 2009 financial crisis Banking Central bank Communications Energy Tourism Trade unions Transport Science and technology Society Demographics People list Religion Education Honours Crime Languages Media Healthcare Culture Architecture Art Cinema Comics Cuisine Flag Literature Music Public holidays Sport Television World Heritage Sites Outline Index Book Portal Flags of Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union Sovereign Military Order of Malta National flags and coats of arms National flags Sovereign states Dependent territories Timeline National coats of arms Sovereign states Dependent territories Heraldry portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Belgium&oldid=847942983 '' Categories : Flags of Belgium National flags National symbols of Belgium Flags introduced in 1831 Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles containing Dutch - language text Articles containing French - language text Articles containing German - language text Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans አማርኛ Aragonés Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Ślůnski Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 中文 55 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 June 2018 , at 20 : 41 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who has a black yellow and red flag | [
"The national flag of the kingdom of Belgium (Dutch: Vlag van het koninkrijk België, French: Drapeau de la Belgique, German: Flagge Belgiens) is a tricolour of three bands of black, yellow, and red. The colours were taken from the coat of arms of the Duchy of Brabant, and the vertical design may be based on the flag of France. When flown, the black band is nearest the pole (at the hoist side). It has the unusual proportions of 13:15.\n"
] | [
"Belgium"
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-6223123667103189774 | Miracle on 34th Street | Miracle on 34th Street - wikipedia Miracle on 34th Street Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1947 film . For other uses , see Miracle on 34th Street ( disambiguation ) . Miracle on 34th Street Theatrical release poster Directed by George Seaton Produced by William Perlberg Screenplay by George Seaton Story by Valentine Davies Starring Maureen O'Hara John Payne Natalie Wood Edmund Gwenn Music by Cyril J. Mockridge Cinematography Lloyd Ahern Charles G. Clarke Edited by Robert L. Simpson Production company 20th Century Fox Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date June 4 , 1947 ( 1947 - 06 - 04 ) Running time 96 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $630,000 Box office $2.7 million ( US rentals ) Miracle on 34th Street ( originally released in the United Kingdom as The Big Heart ) is a 1947 American Christmas comedy - drama film written and directed by George Seaton and based on a story by Valentine Davies . It stars Maureen O'Hara , John Payne , Natalie Wood and Edmund Gwenn . The story takes place between Thanksgiving Day and Christmas Day in New York City , and focuses on the impact of a department store Santa Claus who claims to be the real Santa . The film has become a perennial Christmas favorite . The film won Academy Awards for Best Actor in a Supporting Role ( Edmund Gwenn ) , Best Writing , Original Story ( Valentine Davies ) and Best Writing , Screenplay . It was also nominated for Best Picture , losing to Gentleman 's Agreement . In 2005 , the film was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically or aesthetically significant '' . The Academy Film Archive preserved Miracle on 34th Street in 2009 . Davies also penned a short novelization of the tale , which was published by Harcourt Brace simultaneously with the film 's release . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Legal inaccuracies 4 Release 5 Reaction 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Awards and honors 6 Home media and colorization 7 Remake 8 In other media 8.1 Radio 8.2 Theatre 8.3 Television 8.4 Puppets 8.5 Changing character names 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) Kris Kringle ( Edmund Gwenn ) is indignant to find that the man ( Percy Helton ) assigned to play Santa in the annual Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade is intoxicated . When he complains to event director Doris Walker ( Maureen O'Hara ) , she persuades Kris to take his place . He does so well , he is hired to play Santa at Macy 's flagship New York City store on 34th Street . Ignoring instructions to steer parents to buy from Macy 's , Kris directs one shopper ( Thelma Ritter ) to a competitor . Impressed , she tells Julian Shellhammer ( Philip Tonge ) , head of the toy department , that she will become a loyal customer . Attorney Fred Gailey ( John Payne ) , Doris 's neighbor , takes the young divorcée 's daughter Susan ( Natalie Wood ) to see Santa . Doris has raised her to not believe in fairy tales , but Susan is shaken after seeing Kris speak Dutch with a girl who does not know English . Doris asks Kringle to tell Susan that he is not Santa , but he insists that he is . Worried , Doris decides to fire him . However , Kris has generated so much positive publicity and goodwill for Macy 's that Macy ( Harry Antrim ) promises Doris and Julian bonuses . To alleviate Doris 's misgivings , Julian has Granville Sawyer ( Porter Hall ) administer a `` psychological evaluation '' . Kris passes , and questions Sawyer 's own mental health . The store expands on the concept . To avoid looking greedy , competitor Gimbels implements the same policy , forcing Macy 's and others to escalate . Eventually , Kris does the impossible : he reconciles bitter rivals Macy and Gimbel ( Herbert Heyes ) . Pierce ( James Seay ) , the doctor at Kris ' nursing home , assures Doris that Kris is harmless . Kris makes a pact with Fred -- he will work on Susan 's cynicism while Fred does the same with Doris , disillusioned by her failed marriage . When Susan reveals she wants a house , Kris reluctantly promises to do his best . Kris learns that Sawyer has convinced young employee Alfred that he is unstable simply because he is kind - hearted . Finding Sawyer unwilling to budge , Kris hits him on the head with Sawyer 's umbrella , which was on the desk . Sawyer exaggerates his pain in order to have Kris confined to Bellevue Hospital . Tricked into cooperating , and believing Doris to be in on the deception , Kris deliberately fails his examination and is recommended for permanent commitment . However , Fred persuades Kris not to give up . At a hearing before Judge Henry X . Harper ( Gene Lockhart ) , District Attorney Thomas Mara ( Jerome Cowan ) gets Kris to assert that he is Santa Claus and rests his case . Fred argues that Kris is not insane because he actually is Santa . Mara requests Harper rule that Santa does not exist . In private , Harper 's political adviser , Charlie Halloran ( William Frawley ) , warns him that doing so would be disastrous for his upcoming reelection bid . The judge buys time by hearing evidence . Doris quarrels with Fred when he quits his job at a prestigious law firm to defend Kris . Fred calls Macy as a witness . When Mara asks if he believes Kris to be Santa , Macy starts to equivocate , but when pressed , he remembers the good Kris has done and states , `` I do ! '' Afterward , Macy fires Sawyer . Fred then calls Mara 's own young son ( Bobby Hyatt ) , who testifies that his father told him that Santa was real . Mara concedes the point . Mara then demands that Fred prove that Kris is `` the one and only '' Santa Claus on the basis of some competent authority . While Fred searches frantically , Susan writes Kris a letter to cheer him up , which Doris also signs . When a mail sorter ( Jack Albertson ) sees Susan 's letter , he suggests delivering the many letters to Santa taking up space in the dead letter office too . Fred presents Judge Harper with three of them ( from 21 full mailbags ) , addressed simply to `` Santa Claus '' and delivered to Kris , asserting the Post Office has acknowledged that he is the Santa Claus. Harper dismisses the case . On Christmas morning , Susan is disappointed that Kris could not get her what she wanted . Kris gives Fred and Doris a route home that avoids traffic . Along the way , Susan sees her dream house with a `` For Sale '' sign in the front yard . Fred learns that Doris had encouraged Susan to have faith and suggests they get married and purchase the house . He then boasts that he must be a great lawyer since he proved Kris was Santa . However , when they spot a cane inside that looks just like Kris 's , he is not so sure . Cast ( edit ) Maureen O'Hara as Doris Walker John Payne as Frederick M. `` Fred '' Gailey Edmund Gwenn as Kris Kringle Gene Lockhart as The Hon . Henry X . Harper Natalie Wood as Susan Walker Porter Hall as Granville Sawyer William Frawley as Charlie Halloran Jerome Cowan as District Attorney Thomas Mara Philip Tonge as Julian Shellhammer Uncredited ( alphabetically ) : Jack Albertson as `` Al '' , the Post Office Mail Sorter Harry Antrim as R.H. Macy Lela Bliss as Mrs. Shellhammer Jeff Corey as Reporter Mary Field as Dutch Girl 's Adopted Mother William Forrest as Dr. Rogers at Bellevue Alvin Greenman as Alfred Theresa Harris as Cleo , the Walkers ' maid / housekeeper Percy Helton as Drunken Santa Claus Herbert Heyes as Mr. Gimbel Robert Karnes as 2nd Bellevue Intern Snub Pollard as Mail - Bearing Court Officer Thelma Ritter as Peter 's Mother James Seay as Dr. Pierce , physician at the Brooks Memorial Home for the Aged Production ( edit ) Although the film is set during the Christmas season , studio head Darryl F. Zanuck insisted that it be released in May , arguing that more people go to the movies in warmer weather . The studio rushed to promote it while keeping its Christmas setting a secret . Fox 's promotional trailer depicted a fictional producer roaming the studio backlot and encountering such stars as Rex Harrison , Anne Baxter , Peggy Ann Garner , and Dick Haymes extolling the virtues of the film . In addition , the movie posters prominently featured O'Hara and Payne , with Gwenn 's character kept in the background . The film opened in New York City at the Roxy Theatre on June 4 , 1947 . By contrast , modern home video packaging has Gwenn and Wood dominating the imagery , with the DVD release having Kringle in his Santa Claus costume . O'Hara was initially reluctant to take the role , having recently moved back to Ireland . She immediately changed her mind after reading the script and came back to the United States for the film . The Christmas window displays seen in the film were originally made by Steiff for Macy 's . Macy 's later sold the window displays to FAO Schwarz in New York . FAO Schwarz then sold the windows to the Marshall & Ilsley Bank of Milwaukee , Wisconsin , where they are on display every December in the bank 's lobby on North Water Street . The house shown at the end of the film is a 1703 square foot single family home built in 1943 at 24 Derby Road , Port Washington , New York . The home looks practically the same as it did in 1947 , except that the roof line has been altered by the addition of a window . Rowland Hussey Macy , called R.H. Macy in the film , died 70 years prior to the film ( in 1877 ) . Legal inaccuracies ( edit ) In the book Reel Justice , the authors claim that Judge Harper could have dismissed the case early without the political repercussions he feared . In their theory , once the prosecutor rested his case immediately after Kris Kringle admitted in court simply that he believed he was Santa Claus , Judge Harper could have ruled that prosecution had forfeited its opportunity to prove that Kringle was dangerous ( the basic point of such hearings ; Kringle 's actual mental state itself being irrelevant ) , and ordered him immediately released . However , this high standard for involuntary commitment was not instituted until 1975 with the U.S. Supreme Court 's decision O'Connor v. Donaldson . When demonstrating that he has taken several mental examinations in the past , Kris Kringle answers his own question about who was the Vice President under John Quincy Adams as Daniel D. Tompkins . Tompkins actually served under James Monroe . John C. Calhoun is the correct answer to Kringle 's question . Tompkins was the 6th vice-president and Quincy Adams was the 6th president , leading to confusion in the script . Release ( edit ) The film was re-released in theatres on December 20 and 23 , 2015 , as part of the `` TCM Presents '' series by Turner Classic Movies and Fathom Events . Reaction ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2014 ) Miracle on 34th Street received mostly positive reviews from critics . Bosley Crowther of The New York Times said : `` For all those blasé skeptics who do not believe in Santa Claus -- and likewise for all those natives who have grown cynical about New York -- but most especially for all those patrons who have grown weary of the monotonies of the screen , let us heartily recommend the Roxy 's new picture , Miracle on 34th Street . As a matter of fact , let 's go further : let 's catch its spirit and heartily proclaim that it is the freshest little picture in a long time , and maybe even the best comedy of this year . '' Today , it is considered by many as one of the best films of 1947 . The film currently holds a 96 % `` Fresh '' rating on the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes . The Catholic Legion of Decency gave the movie a `` B '' , `` morally objectionable in part '' rating . This was mainly due to the fact that O'Hara was portraying a divorcée in the film . Awards and honors ( edit ) The film won Academy Awards for Best Actor in a Supporting Role ( Edmund Gwenn ) , Best Writing , Original Story ( Valentine Davies ) and Best Writing , Screenplay . It was also nominated for Best Picture , losing to Gentleman 's Agreement . It was ranked ninth by the American Film Institute on 100 Years ... 100 Cheers , a list of America 's most inspiring films . Miracle on 34th Street was listed as the fifth best film in the fantasy genre in the American Film Institute 's `` Ten top Ten '' lists in 2008 . In 2005 , Miracle on 34th Street was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . American Film Institute Lists AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers -- # 9 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- Nominated AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- # 5 Fantasy Film Home media and colorization ( edit ) Miracle on 34th Street was first released on VHS and laserdisc in 1987 . In 1985 , it became one of the first full - length black and white films to be colorized . The 41⁄2 - month process was carried out by Color Systems Technology , Inc . In 1993 , this version was released on laserdisc and VHS and was followed four years later by a `` 50th Anniversary Edition '' , remastered by THX . The first DVD release was in October 1999 , featuring the B&W version alongside the original theatrical trailer and a TV spot . In November 2006 , it was re-released as a two - disc `` Special Edition '' DVD , with disc one containing an `` all new colorized version '' carried out by Legend Films . The second disc had the original black - and - white version and numerous extras , including The 20th Century Fox Hour 's 1955 TV remake . Both discs also included a full - length audio commentary by Maureen O'Hara . The B&W disc has since been re-released several times , including in a pairing with the 1994 remake . In October 2009 , 20th Century Fox released the B&W version on Blu - ray with all previous extras , bar the TV remake . Remake ( edit ) Main article : Miracle on 34th Street ( 1994 film ) A 1994 feature film starred Richard Attenborough , Elizabeth Perkins , Dylan McDermott , J.T. Walsh , Timothy Shea , James Remar , Jane Leeves , Simon Jones , William Windom and Mara Wilson . It was adapted by John Hughes from the Seaton script , and directed by Les Mayfield . Due to Macy 's refusal to give permission to use its name , it was replaced by the fictitious `` Cole 's '' . Gimbels no longer existed by 1994 and was replaced with the fictional `` Shopper 's Express '' . Alvin Greenman ( Alfred in the original version ) played a doorman . This version had a more serious tone than the original and a large portion was rewritten , although the majority of the plot and characters remained intact . The film also added a subtext concerning religious faith . In other media ( edit ) There are four remakes of the movie and a Broadway musical . Radio ( edit ) Lux Radio Theater broadcast an adaptation in 1947 which starred the original cast including Natalie Wood . In 1948 it was done again on Lux , without Natalie Wood 's participation , and it was adapted as a half - hour radio play on two broadcasts of Screen Director 's Playhouse , all featuring Edmund Gwenn in his screen role . In these production Kris correctly cites James Monroe as the President for whom Daniel D. Tompkins was the Vice-President . Theatre ( edit ) A 1963 Broadway musical version , entitled Here 's Love , was written by Meredith Willson . The novella was adapted into a stage play by Will Severin , Patricia Di Benedetto Snyder and John Vreeke in 2000 . It is a favorite in many community and regional theaters during the Christmas season . The characters ' names are those used in the novella , and the stage setting is distinctly late 1940s . Production rights are held by Samuel French , Inc . Television ( edit ) A 1955 one - hour television adaptation of the movie starred Thomas Mitchell as Kris , Macdonald Carey as Fred , Teresa Wright as Doris , and Sandy Descher as Susan . This version did not show the drunken Santa at all . Titled `` The Miracle on 34th Street '' , it originally aired as an episode of The 20th Century Fox Hour . It was later re-run as `` Meet Mr. Kringle '' . Ed Wynn played Kris in a 1959 television adaptation of the movie . Also featured was Orson Bean . It was broadcast live and in color on NBC the day after Thanksgiving . NBC made a kinescope of the program , probably for broadcasting opening night on the West Coast . The copy was in a large collection of kinescopes donated by NBC to the Library of Congress and recently unearthed by Richard Finegan , who reported his experiences in the December 2005 issue of Classic Images . A 1973 television version featured Jane Alexander , David Hartman , Roddy McDowall , Sebastian Cabot as Kris ( without his natural beard ; he was forced to shave and wear a false beard for the role ) , Suzanne Davidson , Jim Backus , David Doyle and Tom Bosley . It was adapted by Jeb Rosebrook from the George Seaton screenplay , and directed by Fielder Cook . Mrs. Walker 's first name is changed to Karen in this version . This would prove to be the final version in which the department store was actually Macy 's . David Doyle , who played R.H. Macy in this version had played Mr. Sawyer in the original Broadway cast of Here 's Love 10 years earlier . Puppets ( edit ) The flagship Macy 's Department Store at Herald Square in New York features a 30 - minute puppet version of the story within its Santaland display , featuring the voice talents of Broadway stars Brian Stokes Mitchell and Victoria Clark . Changing character names ( edit ) 1947 1955 1959 1963 Broadway musical 1973 Doris Walker Karen Walker Dorey Walker Frederick M. Gailey Bill Schaffner Bryan Bedford Kris Kringle Susan Walker Cleo ( eliminated ) Drunk Santa ( no name given ) ( no name given ) Tony Falacchi Julian Shellhammer Mr. Shellhammer Marvin Shellhammer Horace Shellhammer Donald Shellhammer Mrs. Shellhammer ( eliminated ) Alfred Alfred ( eliminated ) Granville Sawyer Dr. Albert Sawyer Dr. William Sawyer Dr. Bartholomew Sawyer Dr. Henry Sawyer ( eliminated ) R.H. Macy Mr. Macy R.H. Macy C.F. Cole Mr. Gimbel Victor Landbergh Dr. Pierce ( eliminated ) Dr. Pierce ( eliminated ) Hon . Henry X . Harper Hon. Harper Hon . Martin Group Hon. Harper Hon . Henry Harper Charlie Halloran Tammany O'Halloran ( eliminated ) Thomas Mara Mr. Mara Thomas Mara Ed Collins Mrs. Mara ( eliminated ) ( eliminated ) Rebecca Collins Macy 's Department Store Cole 's Department Store Gimbels Department Store Shopper 's Express See also ( edit ) Trial movies References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Top Grossers of 1947 '' , Variety , 7 January 1948 , p. 63 Jump up ^ BFI : Miracle on 34th Street Retrieved December 22 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Miracle on 34th Street , Release Info , Also Known As '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 21 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Heart Poster '' . Movie Poster Studio . Retrieved 21 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Preserved Projects '' . Academy Film Archive . Jump up ^ Brown , Gene ( 1995 ) . Movie Time : A Chronology of Hollywood and the Movie Industry from Its Beginnings to the Present . New York , NY : Macmillan . p. 186 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 860429 - 6 . Jump up ^ O'Hara , Maureen ; John Nicoletti ( 2005 ) . ' Tis herself : a memoir . London : Pocket . p. 139 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7434 - 9535 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Rowland Hussey Macy '' . Find a Grave . June 3 , 1998 . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Making of Miracle on 34th Street , 50th Anniversary Edition '' ( Sindpiper Publishing ) , 1997 Jump up ^ Kelley , Seth ( June 9 , 2015 ) . `` ' Psycho , ' ' Grease ' Returning to Cinemas in ' TCM Presents ' Series '' . Variety . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Crowther , Bosley ( June 5 , 1947 ) . `` Movie Review : ' Miracle on 34th Street , ' With Edmund Gwenn in the Role of Santa Claus , at Roxy -- ' Web ' at Loew 's Criterion '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Greatest Films of 1947 '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved May 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Best Movies of 1947 by Rank '' . Films101.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Miracle on 34th Street Movie Reviews , Pictures '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Catcher , Jessica ( December 12 , 2014 ) . `` 12 Awesome Facts You Did n't Know About The Original Miracle On 34th Street '' . ViralNova . Retrieved May 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers '' . American Film Institute . 2006 . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Crowns Top 10 Films in 10 Classic Genres '' . ComingSoon.net . June 17 , 2008 . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Fantasy '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Miracle on 34th Street '' . On Location Tours . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Miracle on 34th Street ( 1947 ) : Awards '' . IMDb . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies Nominees '' ( PDF ) . AFI. 2002 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores Nominees : Official Ballot '' ( PDF ) . AFI . September 23 , 2005 . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) Ballot '' ( PDF ) . AFI. 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Miracle on 34th Street ( 1947 ) - Articles - TCM.com '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Nitrate Wo n't Wait : A History of Film Preservation in the United States ( 2000 ) by Anthony Slide , page 125 . Jump up ^ `` Miracle on 34th Street Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rancho Cucamonga Community Theatre Presents Miracle on 34th Street '' . Lewis Family Playhouse . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Patricia Di Benedetto ; Severin , Will ; Vreeke , John ( 2000 ) . Miracle on 34th Street : A Play from the Novel by Valentine Davies . Samuel French , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0573628924 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Miracle on 34th Street Wikimedia Commons has media related to Miracle on 34th Street ( film ) . Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Miracle on 34th Street '' dated 2017 - 03 - 26 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Backstage and deleted scenes Miracle on 34th Street at AllMovie Miracle on 34th Street at the TCM Movie Database Miracle on 34th Street on IMDb Miracle on 34th Street at the American Film Institute Catalog Streaming audio Miracle on 34th Street on Lux Radio Theater : December 22 , 1947 Miracle on 34th Street on Screen Directors Playhouse : December 23 , 1949 Miracle on 34th Street on Screen Directors Playhouse : December 21 , 1950 Miracle on 34th Street on Lux Radio Theater : December 21 , 1954 Miracle on 34th Street Films Miracle on 34th Street ( 1947 ) Miracle on 34th Street ( 1994 ) Television productions `` The Miracle on 34th Street '' ( The 20th Century Fox Hour ) ( 1955 ) `` Miracle on 34th Street '' ( NBC Friday Night Special Presentation ) ( 1959 ) Miracle on 34th Street ( 1973 ) Other versions Miracle on 34th Street ( 1947 novella ) Here 's Love ( 1963 musical ) Films directed by George Seaton Diamond Horseshoe ( 1945 ) Junior Miss ( 1945 ) The Shocking Miss Pilgrim ( 1947 ) Miracle on 34th Street ( 1947 ) Apartment for Peggy ( 1948 ) Chicken Every Sunday ( 1949 ) The Big Lift ( 1950 ) For Heaven 's Sake ( 1950 ) Anything Can Happen ( 1952 ) Little Boy Lost ( 1953 ) The Country Girl ( 1954 ) The Proud and Profane ( 1956 ) Williamsburg : the Story of a Patriot ( 1957 ) Teacher 's Pet ( 1958 ) The Pleasure of His Company ( 1961 ) The Counterfeit Traitor ( 1962 ) The Hook ( 1963 ) 36 Hours ( 1965 ) What 's So Bad About Feeling Good ? ( 1968 ) Airport ( 1970 ) Showdown ( 1973 ) Macy 's , Inc . Bloomingdale 's Bluemercury Macy 's Key people Terry Lundgren Fred Lazarus Jr . Simon Lazarus Rowland Hussey Macy Isidor Straus Nathan Straus Events Glamorama Macy 's Great Tree Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade My Macy 's Holiday Parade Related Macy 's Herald Square Miracle on 34th Street Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miracle_on_34th_Street&oldid=829676822 '' Categories : 1947 films English - language films 1940s comedy - drama films 1940s fantasy films 20th Century Fox films American black - and - white films American fantasy films American Christmas films American comedy films American films Films based on short fiction Films directed by George Seaton Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Academy Award - winning performance Films set in department stores Films set in New York City Films shot in New York City Films that won the Academy Award for Best Story Films whose writer won the Best Adapted Screenplay Academy Award Santa Claus in film United States National Film Registry films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2017 Articles to be expanded from November 2014 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 March 2018 , at 02 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played the girl in miracle on 34th street | [
"Attorney Fred Gailey (John Payne), Doris's neighbor, takes the young divorcée's daughter Susan (Natalie Wood) to see Santa. Doris has raised her to not believe in fairy tales, but Susan is shaken after seeing Kris speak Dutch with a girl who does not know English. Doris asks Kringle to tell Susan that he is not Santa, but he insists that he is."
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"Natalie Wood"
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-5233506623721128116 | Viggo Mortensen | Viggo Mortensen - wikipedia Viggo Mortensen Jump to : navigation , search Viggo Mortensen Mortensen in May 2016 ( 1958 - 10 - 20 ) October 20 , 1958 ( age 58 ) New York City , New York , U.S. Occupation Actor , producer , author , musician , photographer , poet , painter Years active 1984 -- present Spouse ( s ) Exene Cervenka ( m . 1987 ; div. 1998 ) Partner ( s ) Ariadna Gil ( 2009 -- present ) Children Viggo Peter Mortensen Jr. ( / ˈviːɡoʊ ˈmɔːrtənsən / ; Danish : ( viːɡo ˈmɒːdn̩sn̩ ) ; born October 20 , 1958 ) is a Danish - American actor , producer , author , musician , photographer , poet , and painter . Mortensen made his film debut in Peter Weir 's 1985 thriller Witness and appeared in many notable films of subsequent years , including The Indian Runner ( 1991 ) , Carlito 's Way ( 1993 ) , Crimson Tide ( 1995 ) , Daylight ( 1996 ) , The Portrait of a Lady ( 1996 ) , G.I. Jane ( 1997 ) , A Perfect Murder ( 1998 ) , A Walk on the Moon ( 1999 ) , and 28 Days ( 2000 ) . Mortensen received international attention in the early 2000s with his role as Aragorn in the epic film trilogy The Lord of the Rings . In 2005 , Mortensen won critical acclaim for David Cronenberg 's crime thriller A History of Violence . Two years later , another Cronenberg film , Eastern Promises ( 2007 ) , earned him further critical acclaim and a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actor . A third teaming with Cronenberg in A Dangerous Method ( 2011 ) resulted in a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picture . Other well - received films have included Appaloosa ( 2008 ) and Far from Men ( 2014 ) . He received a second Best Actor nomination in 2017 at the 89th Academy Awards for his role in Captain Fantastic . Aside from acting , Mortensen 's other artistic pursuits include fine arts , photography , poetry , and music . In 2002 , he founded the Perceval Press to publish the works of little - known artists and authors . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Acting career 2.2 Perceval Press 2.3 Bibliography 2.4 Visual arts and discography 2.5 Awards and honors 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 5 Books 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Viggo Peter Mortensen Jr. was born in New York City on October 20 , 1958 , the son of Grace Gamble ( née Atkinson ) and Viggo Peter Mortensen Sr. His mother was American , while his father was Danish ; they met in Norway . His maternal grandfather was a Canadian from Nova Scotia , and his maternal grandmother 's family was from New England . The family moved to Venezuela , then Denmark , and eventually settled in Argentina in the provinces of Córdoba , Chaco , and Buenos Aires , where Mortensen attended primary school and acquired a fluent proficiency in Spanish while his father managed poultry farms and ranches . When Mortensen was 11 , his parents divorced and he and his mother returned to New York , where he spent the rest of his childhood , graduating from Watertown High School in Watertown in 1976 . He then attended St. Lawrence University in Canton , earning a bachelor 's degree in Spanish Studies and Politics in 1980 . Upon graduating , he lived in England and Spain , then moved back to Denmark , where he took various jobs such as driving trucks in Esbjerg and selling flowers in Copenhagen . He eventually returned to the United States to pursue an acting career . Career ( edit ) Acting career ( edit ) Mortensen made his first film appearance playing an Amish farmer in Peter Weir 's Witness ( Mortensen had actually acted in at least one prior film , The Purple Rose of Cairo , but his scenes were deleted from the final cuts ) . Also in 1985 , he was cast in the role of Bragg on Search for Tomorrow . Mortensen 's 1987 performance in Bent at the Coast Playhouse , Los Angeles , won him a Dramalogue Critics ' Award . Coincidentally , the play , about homosexual concentration camp prisoners , was originally brought to prominence by Ian McKellen , with whom Mortensen later costarred in The Lord of the Rings . In 1987 , Mortensen guest starred as a police detective on the hit series Miami Vice . During the 1990s , Mortensen appeared in supporting roles in a variety of films , including Jane Campion 's The Portrait of a Lady , Young Guns II , Prison , Leatherface : The Texas Chainsaw Massacre III , Sean Penn 's The Indian Runner , Danny Cannon 's The Young Americans , Carl Colpaert 's The Crew , which won the São Paulo Film Festival Audience Award , Brian de Palma 's Carlito 's Way , Crimson Tide , G.I. Jane , Daylight , A Walk on the Moon , American Yakuza , Charles Robert Carner 's remake Vanishing Point , Philip Ridley 's films The Reflecting Skin and The Passion of Darkly Noon , the remake films A Perfect Murder and Gus Van Sant 's Psycho ( the 1998 remakes of two Alfred Hitchcock 's movies Dial M for Murder and Psycho ) , 28 Days , and The Prophecy , with Christopher Walken . Of these roles , Mortensen was probably best known for playing Master Chief John Urgayle in G.I. Jane . Mortensen at the premiere of The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King , December 1 , 2003 . Another major mainstream breakthrough came in 1999 , when Peter Jackson cast him as Aragorn in The Lord of the Rings film trilogy . According to the Special Extended Edition DVD of The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring , Mortensen was a last - minute replacement for Stuart Townsend , and would not have taken the part of Aragorn had it not been for his son 's enthusiasm for the J.R.R. Tolkien novel . In The Two Towers DVD extras , the film 's swordmaster , Bob Anderson , described Mortensen as `` the best swordsman I 've ever trained . '' Mortensen often performed his own stunts , and even the injuries he sustained during several of them did not dampen his enthusiasm . At one point during shooting of The Two Towers , Mortensen , Orlando Bloom , and Brett Beattie ( scale double for John Rhys - Davies ) all had painful injuries , and during a shoot of them , running in the mountains , Peter Jackson jokingly referred to the three as `` the walking wounded . '' Also , according to the Special Extended Edition DVD of The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King , Mortensen purchased the two horses , Uraeus and Kenny , whom he rode and bonded with over the duration of the films . He received critical acclaim for his portrayal of Aragorn , and was ranked No. 15 on a 2015 survey of `` The 100 Greatest Movie Characters '' conducted by Empire . In 2004 , Mortensen starred as Frank Hopkins in Hidalgo , the story of an ex-army courier who travels to Arabia to compete with his horse , Hidalgo , in a dangerous desert race for a contest prize . In 2005 , Mortensen starred in David Cronenberg 's movie A History of Violence as a family man revealed to have had an unsavory previous career . He was nominated for a Satellite Award for Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture for this role . In the DVD extras for A History of Violence , Cronenberg related that Mortensen is the only actor he had come across who would come back from weekends with his family with items he had bought to use as props on the set . Interviewed by eTalk Daily at the 2005 Toronto International Film Festival , for A History of Violence In 2006 , he starred as Captain Diego Alatriste in the Spanish language film Alatriste , based on the series of novels The Adventures of Captain Alatriste , written by the Spanish writer Arturo Pérez - Reverte . In September 2007 , the film Eastern Promises , directed by David Cronenberg , was released to critical acclaim for the film itself and for Mortensen 's performance as a Russian gangster on the rise in London . His nude fight scene in a steam room was applauded by Roger Ebert : `` Years from now , it will be referred to as a benchmark . '' Mortensen 's performance in Eastern Promises resulted in his winning the Best Performance by an Actor in a British Independent Film award from the British Independent Film Awards . He was also nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor . In 2009 , Mortensen appeared as himself in the film Reclaiming The Blade , in which he discussed his passion for the sword and his sword - work in films such as The Lord of the Rings and Alatriste . Mortensen also talked about his work with Bob Anderson , the swordmaster on The Lord of the Rings , Alatriste , Pirates of the Caribbean and many others . Mortensen at the 32nd Genie Awards in March 2012 . In 2009 , Mortensen performed in The People Speak , a documentary feature film that uses dramatic and musical performances of the letters , diaries , and speeches of everyday Americans , based on historian Howard Zinn 's A People 's History of the United States . While it was reported in April 2009 that Mortensen had , at least temporarily , retired from film acting , Mortensen said he was misquoted . In a 2012 interview , he denied that he ever said he was retiring , only that he did n't have `` plans to do another movie '' at the time and that he was `` taking a little break now . I do n't have anything lined up . '' In 2009 he joined the cast of The Road , a film adaptation of the Cormac McCarthy novel of the same name , and collaborated with David Cronenberg for a third time on A Dangerous Method . After two decades , Mortensen returned to theatre in 2011 , starring in Ariel Dorfman 's Purgatorio in Madrid . Mortensen in 2010 Perceval Press ( edit ) With part of his earnings from The Lord of the Rings , Mortensen founded the Perceval Press publishing house -- named after the knight from the legend of King Arthur -- to help other artists by publishing works that might not find a home in more traditional publishing venues . Perceval Press is also the home of Mortensen 's many personal artistic projects in the area of fine arts , photography , poetry , song , and literature ( see below ) . Bibliography ( edit ) Viggo Mortensen at the 2009 Venice Film Festival . Mortensen is also an author , with various books of poetry , photography , and painting published . His bibliography includes : Ten Last Night -- ( 1993 ) , his first collection of poetry . Recent Forgeries -- ( 1998 ) , ISBN , 5th Edition , documents Viggo 's first solo exhibition and includes a CD with music and spoken - word poetry . Introduction by Dennis Hopper . Errant Vine -- ( 2000 ) , limited edition booklet of an exhibit at the Robert Mann Gallery . Hole in the Sun -- ( 2002 , ISBN ) , color and black & white photographs of a back yard swimming pool . SignLanguage -- ( 2002 ISBN ) , a catalog from an exhibition of his works , combining photographs , paintings , and poetry into a multimedia diary of his time in New Zealand while filming The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring . Introduction by Kevin Power . Coincidence of Memory -- ( 2002 , ISBN ) Third Edition . In this book , the artist combines photographs , paintings , and poems that cover his artistic output from 1978 to 2002 . Mo Te Upoko - o - te - ika / For Wellington -- ( 2003 ) , ISBN , a book to accompany the joint exhibitions at Massey University and the Wellington City Gallery during the premiere of The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King . 45301 -- ( 2003 ) , ISBN . Abstract images , fragments , and phrases from poems comprise this photography book . Many of the photographs were shot during travels to Morocco , Cuba , and the northern plains of the United States . Un hueco en el sol -- ( 2003 ) , a small booklet published to accompany the exhibition `` Un hueco en el sol '' at the Fototeca de Cuba in Havana . In Spanish . Miyelo -- ( 2003 ) , a series of panoramic photographs of a Lakota Ghost Dance . It also tells about the events leading up to the massacre at Wounded Knee . Nye Falsknerier -- ( 2003 ) . Paintings and poems translated into Danish from Ten Last Night , Recent Forgeries , Coincidence of Memory . The Horse is Good -- ( 2004 ) , ISBN , a photography book , partly shot during his work on the film Hidalgo , about horses as partners , teachers , and fellow travelers . Images from Morocco , South Dakota , Montana , California , Iceland , New Zealand , Denmark , Brazil , and Argentina . This book reflects Mortensen 's fondness for horses . In fact , he bought Uraeus -- the horse who played Brego , Aragorn 's steed ( Roheryn in the books ) in The Lord of the Rings movies -- as well as TJ , one of the horses who played Hidalgo . He also purchased the stallion that played Arwen 's horse , a grey Andalusian stallion named Florian , and gave it to the stunt woman , Jane Abbott , who rode the horse in place of Liv Tyler . Linger -- ( 2005 ) . In this book , the artist combines black and white photographs and prose poems . Images from Spain ( partly shot during his work on the film Alatriste ) , Morocco , Iceland , United States , Denmark ... I Forget You For Ever -- ( 2006 ) . Texts and photographs . Skovbo -- ( 2008 ) . Collection of photographs , poems ( in English , Spanish and Danish ) and quotes . Sådanset -- ( 2008 ) . A small booklet published to accompany the exhibition Sådanset ( October 18 -- November 16 , 2008 ) at the Palæfløjen in Roskilde ( Denmark ) . Canciones de Invierno -- Winter Songs -- ( 2010 ) . Collection of photographs and poems . Bilingual : in Spanish and English . It includes new texts ( most of the poems and all the translations ) and revised versions of texts previously published . They 're accompanied by pictures of landscapes taken during the previous two winters . That Turned Ugly Fast - ( 2015 ) , ISBN , Poems by Mark Berriman , with a foreword by Viggo Mortensen . Visual arts and discography ( edit ) Mortensen at the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival Mortensen is a painter and photographer . His paintings are frequently abstract and often contain fragments of his poetry in them . His paintings have been featured in galleries worldwide , and many of the paintings of the artist he portrayed in A Perfect Murder are his own . Mortensen experiments with his poetry and music by mixing the two art forms . He has collaborated with guitarist Buckethead on several albums , mostly released on his own label ( Perceval Press ) or TDRS Music . Viggo was first introduced to Buckethead 's work while working on sounds for an educational CD on Greek mythology . The finished product included a guitar part by Buckethead , which caught Viggo 's ear and led him to initiate contact with the guitarist . The collaboration grew from there . Mortensen 's discography includes : 1994 : Do n't Tell Me What to Do 1997 : One Less Thing to Worry About 1998 : Recent Forgeries 1999 : The Other Parade 1999 : One Man 's Meat 1999 : Live at Beyond Baroque 2003 : Pandemoniumfromamerica 2004 : Live At Beyond Baroque II 2004 : Please Tomorrow 2004 : This , That , and The Other 2005 : Intelligence Failure 2006 : 3 Fools 4 April 2007 : Time Waits for Everyone 2008 : At All 2010 : Canciones de Invierno 2011 : Reunion 2013 : Acá Mortensen is featured on The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King soundtrack , singing `` Aragorn 's Coronation '' ( the name of the extended version of this song in the 3rd original sound track is `` The Return of the King '' ) , the words by Tolkien and the music composed by Mortensen . In the extended DVD edition of the first Lord of the Rings movie , The Fellowship of the Ring , he sings the song `` The Lay of Beren and Lúthien '' . His poems are written in English , Danish , and Spanish . Awards and honors ( edit ) Mortensen and Kodi Smit - McPhee , screenwriter Joe Penhall , director John Hillcoat and producer Steve Schwartz at the 2009 Venice Film Festival for The Road Following his appearance in the Lord of the Rings trilogy , in 2006 he was granted an honorary doctorate by his alma mater , St. Lawrence University . On October 13 , 2006 , he was awarded the Gold Medal of the Province and the City of León , Spain . On April 16 , 2010 , he was awarded the Knight 's Cross of the Order of the Dannebrog . In 2017 he received a Best Actor nomination in the 89th Academy Awards for his role in Captain Fantastic . Personal life ( edit ) Mortensen holds dual American and Danish citizenship . He speaks fluent Danish , English , French , and Spanish ; he is also conversational in Italian , and understands Norwegian and Swedish . He has stated that he was raised speaking English and Spanish , and sometimes feels more comfortable expressing himself in Spanish . He also has some knowledge of Catalan ; twice , when receiving a prize in Catalonia , he made a short speech in Catalan . Mortensen met actress and singer Exene Cervenka in 1986 on the set of the comedy Salvation ! The couple married on July 8 , 1987 . On January 28 , 1988 , Cervenka gave birth to a son named Henry Blake Mortensen . Mortensen and Cervenka lived in Idaho for three years . Mortensen and Cervenka separated in 1992 and divorced in 1997 . Since 2009 , he has been in a relationship with Spanish actress Ariadna Gil . Mortensen is a fan of soccer , with his favorite players being Argentine star Diego Maradona and Héctor `` Bambino '' Veira . He has professed a liking of Argentine club San Lorenzo de Almagro , English team Fulham FC , Turkish side Besiktas ( after attending games whilst shooting The Two Faces of January in Turkey ) , and both the Argentine and Danish national teams . He is also a hockey fan , particularly of the Montreal Canadiens ; he wore a Montreal Canadiens shirt underneath his costume throughout the filming of the Lord of the Rings trilogy . He is also a fan of the New York Mets and , in an interview promoting 2009 film The Road , was seen wearing apparel indicating his support of the Australian Football League 's Collingwood Magpies . While appearing on the Late Show with David Letterman , he held a sign supporting the New York Giants . Mortensen was a good friend of Icelandic painter Georg Guðni Hauksson until the latter 's death in 2011 . He had long been an admirer of Georg Guðni 's work as a landscape artist , and the two published books together as well as maintaining a close friendship . He was one of the signees of the `` Toronto Declaration '' protesting against spotlighting Tel - Aviv at the Toronto International Film Festival in 2009 . Mortensen has owned property in northern Sandpoint , Idaho , and spends time there when not filming movies . Mortensen endorsed Green Party candidate Jill Stein in the 2016 U.S Presidential race . Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1985 Witness Moses Hochleitner Miami Vice Eddie Episode : `` Red Tape '' Salvation ! Jerome Stample Prison Burke / Forsythe Electrocution Fresh Horses Green Once in a Blue Moon Tripwire Hans Leatherface : The Texas Chainsaw Massacre III Edward `` Tex '' Sawyer Young Guns II John W. Poe The Reflecting Skin Cameron Dove 1991 The Indian Runner Frank Roberts Boiling Point Ronnie Ruby Cairo John E. `` Johnny '' Faro Carlito 's Way Lalin The Young Americans Carl Frazer The Crew Phillip Floundering Homeless Man Gospel According to Harry Wes American Yakuza Nick Davis / David Brandt 1995 Gimlet Hombre Crimson Tide Lieutenant Peter `` Weps '' Ince The Passion of Darkly Noon Clay Black Velvet Pantsuit Junkie The Prophecy Lucifer Albino Alligator Guy Foucard Daylight Roy Nord The Portrait of a Lady Caspar Goodwood Vanishing Point Jimmy Kowalski G.I. Jane Master Chief John James `` Jack '' Urgayle My Brother 's Gun Juanito 1998 A Perfect Murder David Shaw Psycho Samuel `` Sam '' Loomis 1999 A Walk on the Moon Walker Jerome 2000 28 Days Eddie Boone 2001 The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring Aragorn Nominated -- Empire Award for Best Actor Nominated -- Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Cast Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture 2002 The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Cast SFX Award for Best SF or Fantasy Film Actor Nominated -- Empire Award for Best Actor Nominated -- Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture Drama Nominated -- Saturn Award for Best Actor Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture 2003 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Cast National Board of Review Award for Best Cast Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Nominated -- Empire Award for Best Actor Nominated -- Saturn Award for Best Actor Hidalgo Frank Hopkins 2005 A History of Violence Tom Stall / Joey Cusack Nominated -- Empire Award for Best Actor Nominated -- London Film Critics Circle Award for Actor of the Year Nominated -- New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor ( 3rd place ) Nominated -- Satellite Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama Nominated -- Saturn Award for Best Actor 2006 Alatriste Diego Alatriste y Tenorio Nominated -- Goya Award for Best Actor 2007 Eastern Promises Nikolai Luzhin British Independent Film Award for Best Actor Sant Jordi Award for Best Foreign Actor Satellite Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama Toronto Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor Vancouver Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor in a Canadian Film Nominated -- Academy Award for Best Actor Nominated -- BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role Nominated -- Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor Nominated -- Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor Nominated -- Genie Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role Nominated -- Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama Nominated -- Houston Film Critics Society Award for Best Actor Nominated -- New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor ( 2nd place ) Nominated -- Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Actor Nominated -- San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Actor ( 2nd place ) Nominated -- Saturn Award for Best Actor Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role Nominated -- St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor Nominated -- Vancouver Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor 2008 Appaloosa Everett Hitch Good John Halder 2009 The Road The Man Nominated -- Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor Nominated -- Fangoria Chainsaw Award for Best Actor Nominated -- Houston Film Critics Society Award for Best Actor Nominated -- San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Actor Nominated -- Saturn Award for Best Actor Nominated -- Toronto Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor Nominated -- Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor 2011 A Dangerous Method Sigmund Freud Genie Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role Vancouver Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Canadian Film Nominated -- Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture Nominated -- New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor ( 3rd place ) Nominated -- Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture 2012 On the Road Old Bull Lee Everybody Has a Plan Agustín / Pedro ( assumes twin characters ) 2014 The Two Faces of January Chester MacFarland Jauja Gunnar Dinesen Far from Men Daru 2016 Captain Fantastic Ben Cash Satellite Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Nominated -- Academy Award for Best Actor Nominated -- BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role Nominated -- Florida Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor Nominated -- Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama Nominated -- Houston Film Critics Society Award for Best Actor Nominated -- Independent Spirit Award for Best Male Lead Nominated -- Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Actor Nominated -- San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Actor Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Nominated -- St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor Books ( edit ) With anthropologists Federico Bossert and Diego Villar , Mortensen made several works related to ethnography of natives in South America , specifically in Argentina , Brasil , Paraguay , and Uruguay . Some of the published books , co-authored by Mortensen , are Sons of the Forest and Skovbo . See also ( edit ) List of actors with Academy Award nominations References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Stone , Andrew ; Carolyn Bain ; Michael Booth ; Fran Parnell ( 2008 ) . `` Cinema '' . Lonely Planet Denmark . Lonely Planet . p. 46 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 741 - 04669 - 4 . Although ( Mortensen ) was born in New York and has lived outside of Denmark for most of his life , he retains Danish citizenship . Jump up ^ `` Flawed father role a test for Viggo Mortensen '' . Toronto Star , Michael O'Sullivan , July 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oscar Nominations 2017 : Viggo Mortensen on ' Captain Fantastic ' Nod '' . ABC News . January 24 , 2017 . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Viggo Mortensen gets nude for ' Eastern Promises ' fight scene HamptonRoads.com PilotOnline.com Archived October 12 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` St. Lawrence University : Commencement '' . Stlawu.edu . May 21 , 2006 . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Film : Viggo Mortensen magret seg ned 15 kilo for drømmerollen VG Nett '' . Vg.no . May 20 , 2009 . Retrieved May 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pearlman , Cindy . `` Superstar Viggo 's a serious soul at heart . '' Chicago Sun - Times . September 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Doyle , Macreena A. ( 2003 ) . `` Viggo Mortensen ' 80 REMEMBERS '' . St. Lawrence Magazine . St. Lawrence University . Retrieved October 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ DePaulo , Lisa . `` Why Viggo Mortensen Is Off the Grid '' . Esquire . Retrieved June 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Xan ( April 17 , 2009 ) . `` The happy trails of Viggo Mortensen '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lane , Harriet ( February 22 , 2008 ) . `` My mother is very happy about it '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Viggo Mortensen '' . denmark.dk . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Applebaum , Stephen ( December 5 , 2002 ) . `` Mortensen 's battle scars '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Greatest Movie Characters '' . Empire , June 29 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Eastern Promises '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved December 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` British Independent Film Awards 2007 nominations '' . British Independent Film Awards . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2007 . Retrieved January 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 80th Academy Awards '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2008 . Retrieved January 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rigorous Promotions Have Viggo Mortensen Considering Retirement '' . starpulse.com. April 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gilsdorf , Ethan ( March 10 , 2012 ) . `` Viggo Mortensen Speaks : Part 1 of 3 '' . Wired . Jump up ^ Shoard , Catherine ( August 6 , 2010 ) . `` Viggo Mortensen to star in Walter Salles 's On the Road '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved March 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lodderhose , Diana ( April 22 , 2010 ) . `` UPI to distribute new Cronenberg pic '' . Variety . Retrieved February 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Viggo Mortensen vuelve al teatro con Carme Elias en una obra sobre la capacidad de perdón ( in Spanish ) '' . El País . Retrieved November 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Little press shines with star power '' . Los Angeles Times . March 3 , 2004 . Retrieved May 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Viggo & Buckethead '' , March 5 , 2004 , IGN Music `` . Retrieved August 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Viggo Mortensen Tells Grads ' Activism Not A Dirty Word ' '' . Newswise . May 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Bysted A / S. `` Kongehuset - Forside '' . Kongehuset.dk . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Questions for Viggo Mortensen '' . Time . December 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Trucks , Rob ( May 20 , 2008 ) . `` Interview : Exene Cervenka of X '' . The Village Voice . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2014 . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Heller , Zoe ( December 2 , 2011 ) . `` Viggo Talks and Talks '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Interview with Clarín ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ `` Hollywood'da doğdu Beşiktaşlı oldu - Hürriyet Magazin Hattı '' . Hürriyet . Retrieved November 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hockey is my religion , the Canadiens are my god . '' The Globe and Mail . January 23 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Best of ABC Online '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ DV ehf . `` Viggo Mortensen kveður Georg Guðna '' . DV.is . Retrieved August 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Visit with Viggo . '' Sandpoint Magazine . Winter 2004 Edition . Jump up ^ Viggo editará la obra de Branislava Susnik . ABC Color ( Paraguay ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Viggo Mortensen . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Viggo Mortensen Viggo Mortensen on IMDb Viggo Mortensen at DMOZ Perceval Press Viggo Mortensen 's publishing house Viggo Mortensen at BAFTA , A Life in Pictures event Awards for Viggo Mortensen Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television award winners for Best Supporting Actor Canadian Film Award 1969 -- 1978 Michael Posner ( 1969 ) Gratien Gélinas ( 1970 ) Danny Freedman ( 1971 ) Donald Pilon ( 1972 ) Willie Lamothe ( 1973 ) no award ( 1974 ) Henry Beckman ( 1975 ) Frank Moore ( 1976 ) Jean Lapointe ( 1977 ) Henry Beckman ( 1978 ) Genie Award 1980 -- 2011 Gordon Pinsent ( 1980 ) Germain Houde ( 1981 ) Saul Rubinek ( 1982 ) R.H. Thomson ( 1983 ) Michael Zelniker ( 1984 ) Alan Scarfe ( 1985 ) Alan Arkin ( 1986 ) Gabriel Arcand ( 1987 ) Germain Houde ( 1988 ) Rémy Girard ( 1989 ) Rémy Girard ( 1990 ) August Schellenberg ( 1991 ) Michael Hogan ( 1992 ) Kevin Tighe ( 1993 ) Don McKellar ( 1994 ) Kenneth Welsh ( 1995 ) Peter Donaldson ( 1996 ) Peter MacNeill ( 1997 ) Callum Keith Rennie ( 1998 ) Mark McKinney ( 1999 ) Martin Cummins ( 2000 ) Vincent Gale ( 2001 ) Elias Koteas ( 2002 ) Stéphane Rousseau ( 2003 ) Jean Lapointe ( 2004 ) Denis Bernard ( 2005 ) Stephen McHattie ( 2006 ) Armin Mueller - Stahl ( 2007 ) Callum Keith Rennie ( 2008 ) Maxim Gaudette ( 2009 ) Dustin Hoffman ( 2010 ) Viggo Mortensen ( 2011 ) Canadian Screen Award 2012 -- present Serge Kanyinda ( 2012 ) Gordon Pinsent ( 2013 ) John Cusack ( 2014 ) Nick Serino ( 2015 ) Vincent Cassel ( 2016 ) BIFA Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a British Independent Film Ray Winstone ( 1998 ) Ian McKellen ( 1999 ) Daniel Craig ( 2000 ) Ben Kingsley ( 2001 ) James Nesbitt ( 2002 ) Chiwetel Ejiofor ( 2003 ) Phil Davis ( 2004 ) Ralph Fiennes ( 2005 ) Tony Curran ( 2006 ) Viggo Mortensen ( 2007 ) Michael Fassbender ( 2008 ) Tom Hardy ( 2009 ) Colin Firth ( 2010 ) Michael Fassbender ( 2011 ) Toby Jones ( 2012 ) James McAvoy ( 2013 ) Brendan Gleeson ( 2014 ) Tom Hardy ( 2015 ) Dave Johns ( 2016 ) Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Acting Ensemble ( 2001 -- 2009 ) Gosford Park ( 2001 ) : Eileen Atkins , Bob Balaban , Alan Bates , Charles Dance , Stephen Fry , Michael Gambon , Richard E. Grant , Tom Hollander , Derek Jacobi , Kelly Macdonald , Helen Mirren , Jeremy Northam , Clive Owen , Ryan Phillippe , Maggie Smith , Geraldine Somerville , Kristin Scott Thomas , Sophie Thompson , Emily Watson , James Wilby Chicago ( 2002 ) : Christine Baranski , Ekaterina Shchelkanova , Taye Diggs , Denise Faye , Colm Feore , Richard Gere , Deidre Goodwin , Queen Latifah , Lucy Liu , Susan Misner , Mýa , John C. Reilly , Dominic West , Renée Zellweger , Catherine Zeta - Jones The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) : Sean Astin , Sean Bean , Cate Blanchett , Orlando Bloom , Billy Boyd , Bernard Hill , Ian Holm , Ian McKellen , Dominic Monaghan , Viggo Mortensen , John Noble , Miranda Otto , John Rhys - Davies , Andy Serkis , Liv Tyler , Karl Urban , Hugo Weaving , David Wenham , Elijah Wood Sideways ( 2004 ) : Thomas Haden Church , Paul Giamatti , Virginia Madsen , Sandra Oh Crash ( 2005 ) : Christopher `` Ludacris '' Bridges , Sandra Bullock , Don Cheadle , Matt Dillon , Jennifer Esposito , William Fichtner , Brendan Fraser , Terrence Howard , Thandie Newton , Ryan Phillippe , Larenz Tate Little Miss Sunshine ( 2006 ) : Alan Arkin , Abigail Breslin , Steve Carell , Toni Collette , Paul Dano , Greg Kinnear Hairspray ( 2007 ) : Nikki Blonsky , Amanda Bynes , Paul Dooley , Zac Efron , Allison Janney , Elijah Kelley , Queen Latifah , James Marsden , Michelle Pfeiffer , Brittany Snow , Jerry Stiller , John Travolta , Christopher Walken Milk ( 2008 ) : Josh Brolin , Joseph Cross , James Franco , Victor Garber , Emile Hirsch , Diego Luna , Denis O'Hare , Sean Penn , Alison Pill Inglourious Basterds ( 2009 ) : Daniel Brühl , August Diehl , Julie Dreyfus , Michael Fassbender , Sylvester Groth , Jacky Ido , Diane Kruger , Mélanie Laurent , Denis Ménochet , Mike Myers , Brad Pitt , Eli Roth , Til Schweiger , Rod Taylor , Christoph Waltz , Martin Wuttke ( 2010 -- present ) The Fighter ( 2010 ) : Amy Adams , Christian Bale , Melissa Leo , Jack McGee , Mark Wahlberg The Help ( 2011 ) : Jessica Chastain , Viola Davis , Bryce Dallas Howard , Allison Janney , Chris Lowell , Ahna O'Reilly , Sissy Spacek , Octavia Spencer , Mary Steenburgen , Emma Stone , Cicely Tyson , Mike Vogel Silver Linings Playbook ( 2012 ) : Bradley Cooper , Robert De Niro , Anupam Kher , Jennifer Lawrence , Chris Tucker , Jacki Weaver American Hustle ( 2013 ) : Amy Adams , Christian Bale , Louis C.K. , Bradley Cooper , Jack Huston , Jennifer Lawrence , Alessandro Nivola , Michael Peña , Jeremy Renner , Elisabeth Röhm , Shea Whigham Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) : Zach Galifianakis , Michael Keaton , Edward Norton , Andrea Riseborough , Amy Ryan , Emma Stone , Naomi Watts Spotlight ( 2015 ) : Billy Crudup , Brian d'Arcy James , Michael Keaton , Rachel McAdams , Mark Ruffalo , Liev Schreiber , John Slattery , Stanley Tucci Moonlight ( 2016 ) : Mahershala Ali , Patrick Decile , Alex R. Hibbert , Naomie Harris , André Holland , Jharrel Jerome , Janelle Monáe , Jaden Piner , Trevante Rhodes , Ashton Sanders Satellite Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy ( 1996 -- 2010 , retired ) Tom Cruise ( 1996 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1997 ) Ian Bannen ( 1998 ) Philip Seymour Hoffman ( 1999 ) Michael Douglas ( 2000 ) Ewan McGregor ( 2001 ) Kieran Culkin ( 2002 ) Bill Murray ( 2003 ) Jamie Foxx ( 2004 ) Terrence Howard ( 2005 ) Joseph Cross ( 2006 ) Ryan Gosling ( 2007 ) Ricky Gervais ( 2008 ) Michael Stuhlbarg ( 2009 ) Michael Cera ( 2010 ) Motion Picture Drama ( 1996 -- 2010 , retired ) Geoffrey Rush ( 1996 ) Robert Duvall ( 1997 ) Edward Norton ( 1998 ) Terence Stamp ( 1999 ) Geoffrey Rush ( 2000 ) Brian Cox ( 2001 ) Michael Caine / Daniel Day - Lewis ( 2002 ) Sean Penn ( 2003 ) Don Cheadle ( 2004 ) Philip Seymour Hoffman ( 2005 ) Forest Whitaker ( 2006 ) Viggo Mortensen ( 2007 ) Richard Jenkins ( 2008 ) Jeremy Renner ( 2009 ) Colin Firth ( 2010 ) Motion Picture ( 2011 -- present ) Ryan Gosling ( 2011 ) Bradley Cooper ( 2012 ) Matthew McConaughey ( 2013 ) Michael Keaton ( 2014 ) Leonardo DiCaprio ( 2015 ) Andrew Garfield / Viggo Mortensen ( 2016 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture ( 2001 -- 2010 ) 2001 Gosford Park Eileen Atkins , Bob Balaban , Alan Bates , Charles Dance , Stephen Fry , Michael Gambon , Richard E. Grant , Tom Hollander , Derek Jacobi , Kelly Macdonald , Helen Mirren , Jeremy Northam , Clive Owen , Ryan Phillippe , Maggie Smith , Geraldine Somerville , Kristin Scott Thomas , Sophie Thompson , Emily Watson , James Wilby 2002 Chicago Christine Baranski , Ekaterina Shchelkanova , Taye Diggs , Denise Faye , Colm Feore , Richard Gere , Deidre Goodwin , Queen Latifah , Lucy Liu , Susan Misner , Mýa , John C. Reilly , Dominic West , Renée Zellweger , Catherine Zeta - Jones 2003 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Sean Astin , Sean Bean , Cate Blanchett , Orlando Bloom , Billy Boyd , Bernard Hill , Ian Holm , Ian McKellen , Dominic Monaghan , Viggo Mortensen , John Noble , Miranda Otto , John Rhys - Davies , Andy Serkis , Liv Tyler , Karl Urban , Hugo Weaving , David Wenham , Elijah Wood Sideways Thomas Haden Church , Paul Giamatti , Virginia Madsen , Sandra Oh 2005 Crash Christopher `` Ludacris '' Bridges , Sandra Bullock , Don Cheadle , Matt Dillon , Jennifer Esposito , William Fichtner , Brendan Fraser , Terrence Howard , Thandie Newton , Ryan Phillippe , Larenz Tate 2006 Little Miss Sunshine Alan Arkin , Abigail Breslin , Steve Carell , Toni Collette , Paul Dano , Greg Kinnear 2007 No Country for Old Men Javier Bardem , Josh Brolin , Garret Dillahunt , Tess Harper , Woody Harrelson , Tommy Lee Jones , Kelly Macdonald 2008 Slumdog Millionaire Rubina Ali , Tanay Chheda , Ashutosh Lobo Gajiwala , Azharuddin Mohammed Ismail , Anil Kapoor , Irrfan Khan , Ayush Mahesh Khedekar , Tanvi Ganesh Lonkar , Madhur Mittal , Dev Patel , Freida Pinto 2009 Inglourious Basterds Daniel Brühl , August Diehl , Julie Dreyfus , Michael Fassbender , Sylvester Groth , Jacky Ido , Diane Kruger , Mélanie Laurent , Denis Ménochet , Mike Myers , Brad Pitt , Eli Roth , Til Schweiger , Rod Taylor , Christoph Waltz , Martin Wuttke The King 's Speech Anthony Andrews , Helena Bonham Carter , Jennifer Ehle , Colin Firth , Michael Gambon , Derek Jacobi , Guy Pearce , Geoffrey Rush , Timothy Spall Complete list ( 1995 -- 2000 ) ( 2001 -- 2010 ) ( 2011 -- 2020 ) VIAF : 75052789 LCCN : nr99025465 ISNI : 0000 0001 1029 6296 GND : 133819671 SUDOC : 057750009 BNF : cb140198291 ( data ) ULAN : 500349273 MusicBrainz : 44b3288f - c16f - 430d - 81dd - 545cf3d2963f BNE : XX1149093 RKD : 239525 IATH : w6nz8fs3 PIC : 294461 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viggo_Mortensen&oldid=804978215 '' Categories : 1958 births 20th - century American painters 21st - century American painters 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors 20th - century Danish male actors 21st - century Danish male actors 20th - century Danish painters 21st - century Danish painters 20th - century Danish poets 21st - century Danish poets American expatriates in Argentina American emigrants to Argentina American expatriates in Denmark American expatriates in Venezuela American male film actors American male painters American male singers American people of Canadian descent American people of Danish descent American people of English descent American photographers American male poets Artists from New York City Best Supporting Actor Genie and Canadian Screen Award winners Danish male film actors Danish male singers Danish people of American descent Danish people of Canadian descent Danish people of English descent Danish male poets Danish photographers Empire Icon Award winners Knights of the Order of the Dannebrog Living people Male actors from New York City Singers from New York ( state ) Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners People from Sandpoint , Idaho People from Watertown , New York St. Lawrence University alumni Truck drivers Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Spanish - language external links Use mdy dates from July 2017 Articles with hCards Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with PIC identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Azərbaycanca Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Lietuvių Magyar მარგალური Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 08 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays strider in lord of the rings | [
"Viggo Peter Mortensen Jr. (/ˈviːɡoʊ ˈmɔːrtənsən/; Danish: [viːɡo ˈmɒːdn̩sn̩]; born October 20, 1958) is a Danish-American[1] actor, producer, author, musician, photographer, poet, and painter."
] | [
"Viggo Peter Mortensen Jr."
] |
8028545246747630704 | volatile (computer programming) | Volatile ( computer programming ) - wikipedia Volatile ( computer programming ) Jump to : navigation , search In computer programming , particularly in the C , C++ , C# , and Java programming languages , the volatile keyword indicates that a value may change between different accesses , even if it does not appear to be modified . This keyword prevents an optimizing compiler from optimizing away subsequent reads or writes and thus incorrectly reusing a stale value or omitting writes . Volatile values primarily arise in hardware access ( memory - mapped I / O ) , where reading from or writing to memory is used to communicate with peripheral devices , and in threading , where a different thread may have modified a value . Despite being a common keyword , the behavior of volatile differs significantly between programming languages , and is easily misunderstood . In C and C++ , it is a type qualifier , like const , and is a property of the type . Furthermore , in C and C++ it does not work in most threading scenarios , and that use is discouraged . In Java and C# , it is a property of a variable and indicates that the object to which the variable is bound may mutate , and is specifically intended for threading . In the D programming language , there is a separate keyword shared for the threading usage , but no volatile keyword exists . Contents ( hide ) 1 In C and C++ 1.1 Example of memory - mapped I / O in C 1.2 Optimization comparison in C 1.3 C + + 11 2 In Java 3 In C# 4 In Fortran 5 References 6 External links In C and C++ ( edit ) In C , and consequently C++ , the volatile keyword was intended to allow access to memory - mapped I / O devices allow uses of variables between setjmp and longjmp allow uses of sig_atomic_t variables in signal handlers . Operations on volatile variables are not atomic , nor do they establish a proper happens - before relationship for threading . This is specified in the relevant standards ( C , C++ , POSIX , WIN32 ) , and volatile variables are not threadsafe in the vast majority of current implementations . Thus , the usage of volatile keyword as a portable synchronization mechanism is discouraged by many C / C++ groups . Example of memory - mapped I / O in C ( edit ) In this example , the code sets the value stored in foo to 0 . It then starts to poll that value repeatedly until it changes to 255 : static int foo ; void bar ( void ) ( foo = 0 ; while ( foo ! = 255 ) ; ) An optimizing compiler will notice that no other code can possibly change the value stored in foo , and will assume that it will remain equal to 0 at all times . The compiler will therefore replace the function body with an infinite loop similar to this : void bar_optimized ( void ) ( foo = 0 ; while ( true ) ; ) However , foo might represent a location that can be changed by other elements of the computer system at any time , such as a hardware register of a device connected to the CPU . The above code would never detect such a change ; without the volatile keyword , the compiler assumes that the current program is the only part of the system that could change the value ( which is by far the most common situation ) . To prevent the compiler from optimizing code as above , the volatile keyword is used : static volatile int foo ; void bar ( void ) ( foo = 0 ; while ( foo ! = 255 ) ; ) With this modification the loop condition will not be optimized away , and the system will detect the change when it occurs . Generally , there are memory barrier operations available on platforms ( which are exposed in C + + 11 ) that should be preferred instead of volatile as they allow the compiler to perform better optimization and more importantly they guarantee correct behaviour in multi-threaded scenarios ; neither the C specification ( before C11 ) nor the C++ specification ( before C + + 11 ) specifies a multi-threaded memory model , so volatile may not behave deterministically across OSes / compilers / CPUs ) . Optimization comparison in C ( edit ) The following C programs , and accompanying assemblies , demonstrate how the volatile keyword affects the compiler 's output . The compiler in this case was GCC . While observing the assembly code , it is clearly visible that the code generated with volatile objects is more verbose , making it longer so the nature of volatile objects can be fulfilled . The volatile keyword prevents the compiler from performing optimization on code involving volatile objects , thus ensuring that each volatile variable assignment and read has a corresponding memory access . Without the volatile keyword , the compiler knows a variable does not need to be reread from memory at each use , because there should not be any writes to its memory location from any other thread or process . ( show ) Assembly comparison Without volatile keyword With volatile keyword # include < stdio. h > int main ( ) ( / * These variables will never be created on stack * / int a = 10 , b = 100 , c = 0 , d = 0 ; / * `` printf '' will be called with arguments `` % d '' and 110 ( the compiler computes the sum of a + b ) , hence no overhead of performing addition at run - time * / printf ( `` % d '' , a + b ) ; / * This code will be removed via optimization , but the impact of ' c ' and ' d ' becoming 100 can be seen while calling `` printf '' * / a = b ; c = b ; d = b ; / * Compiler will generate code where printf is called with arguments `` % d '' and 200 * / printf ( `` % d '' , c + d ) ; return 0 ; ) # include < stdio. h > int main ( ) ( volatile int a = 10 , b = 100 , c = 0 , d = 0 ; printf ( `` % d '' , a + b ) ; a = b ; c = b ; d = b ; printf ( `` % d '' , c + d ) ; return 0 ; ) gcc - S - O3 - masm = intel noVolatileVar. c - o without. s gcc - S - O3 - masm = intel VolatileVar. c - o with. s . file `` noVolatileVar. c '' . intel_syntax noprefix . section . rodata. str1. 1 , `` aMS '' , @ progbits , 1 . LC0 : . string `` % d '' . section . text. startup , `` ax '' , @ progbits . p2align 4 , , 15 . globl main . type main , @ function main : . LFB11 : . cfi_startproc sub rsp , 8 . cfi_def_cfa_offset 16 mov esi , 110 mov edi , OFFSET FLAT :. LC0 xor eax , eax call printf mov esi , 200 mov edi , OFFSET FLAT :. LC0 xor eax , eax call printf xor eax , eax add rsp , 8 . cfi_def_cfa_offset 8 ret . cfi_endproc . LFE11 : . size main , . - main . ident `` GCC : ( GNU ) 4.8. 2 '' . section . note. GNU - stack , `` '' , @ progbits . file `` VolatileVar. c '' . intel_syntax noprefix . section . rodata. str1. 1 , `` aMS '' , @ progbits , 1 . LC0 : . string `` % d '' . section . text. startup , `` ax '' , @ progbits . p2align 4 , , 15 . globl main . type main , @ function main : . LFB11 : . cfi_startproc sub rsp , 24 . cfi_def_cfa_offset 32 mov edi , OFFSET FLAT :. LC0 mov DWORD PTR ( rsp ) , 10 mov DWORD PTR ( rsp + 4 ) , 100 mov DWORD PTR ( rsp + 8 ) , 0 mov DWORD PTR ( rsp + 12 ) , 0 mov esi , DWORD PTR ( rsp ) mov eax , DWORD PTR ( rsp + 4 ) add esi , eax xor eax , eax call printf mov eax , DWORD PTR ( rsp + 4 ) mov edi , OFFSET FLAT :. LC0 mov DWORD PTR ( rsp ) , eax mov eax , DWORD PTR ( rsp + 4 ) mov DWORD PTR ( rsp + 8 ) , eax mov eax , DWORD PTR ( rsp + 4 ) mov DWORD PTR ( rsp + 12 ) , eax mov esi , DWORD PTR ( rsp + 8 ) mov eax , DWORD PTR ( rsp + 12 ) add esi , eax xor eax , eax call printf xor eax , eax add rsp , 24 . cfi_def_cfa_offset 8 ret . cfi_endproc . LFE11 : . size main , . - main . ident `` GCC : ( GNU ) 4.8. 2 '' . section . note. GNU - stack , `` '' , @ progbits C + + 11 ( edit ) According to the C + + 11 ISO Standard , the volatile keyword is only meant for use for hardware access ; do not use it for inter-thread communication . For inter-thread communication , the standard library provides std : : atomic < T > templates . In Java ( edit ) The Java programming language also has the volatile keyword , but it is used for a somewhat different purpose . When applied to a field , the Java qualifier volatile provides the following guarantees : In all versions of Java , there is a global ordering on reads and writes of all volatile variables ( this global ordering on volatiles is a partial order over the larger synchronization order ( which is a total order over all synchronization actions ) ) . This implies that every thread accessing a volatile field will read its current value before continuing , instead of ( potentially ) using a cached value . ( However , there is no guarantee about the relative ordering of volatile reads and writes with regular reads and writes , meaning that it 's generally not a useful threading construct . ) In Java 5 or later , volatile reads and writes establish a happens - before relationship , much like acquiring and releasing a mutex . Using volatile may be faster than a lock , but it will not work in some situations . The range of situations in which volatile is effective was expanded in Java 5 ; in particular , double - checked locking now works correctly . In C# ( edit ) In C# , volatile ensures that code accessing the field is not subject to some thread - unsafe optimizations that may be performed by the compiler , the CLR , or by hardware . Only the following types can be marked volatile : all reference types , Single , Boolean , Byte , SByte , Int16 , UInt16 , Int32 , UInt32 , Char , and all enumerated types with an underlying type of Byte , SByte , Int16 , UInt16 , Int32 , or UInt32 . ( This excludes value structs , as well as the primitive types Double , Int64 , UInt64 and Decimal . ) Basically volatile is a shorthand for calling Thread. VolatileRead and Thread. VolatileWrite . These methods are special . In effect , these methods disable some optimizations usually performed by the C# compiler , the JIT compiler , and the CPU itself . The methods work as follows : The Thread. VolatileWrite method forces the value in address to be written to at the point of the call . In addition , any earlier program - order loads and stores must occur before the call to VolatileWrite . The Thread. VolatileRead method forces the value in address to be read from at the point of the call . In addition , any later program - order loads and stores must occur after the call to VolatileRead . The Thread. MemoryBarrier method does not access memory but it forces any earlier program order loads and stores to be completed before the call to MemoryBarrier . It also forces any later program - order loads and stores to be completed after the call to MemoryBarrier . MemoryBarrier is much less useful than the other two methods . In Fortran ( edit ) The volatile is part of the Fortran 2003 standard , although earlier version supported it as an extension . Making all variables volatile in a function is also useful finding aliasing related bugs . integer , volatile : : i ! When not defined volatile the following two lines of code are identical write ( * , * ) i * * 2 ! Loads the variable i once from memory and multiplies that value times itself write ( * , * ) i * i ! Loads the variable i twice from memory and multiplies those values References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Publication on C++ standards committee '' . Jump up ^ `` Volatile Keyword In Visual C + + '' . Microsoft MSDN . Jump up ^ `` Linux Kernel Documentation -- Why the `` volatile '' type class should not be used `` . kernel.org . Jump up ^ `` C++ and the Perils of Double - Checked Locking '' ( PDF ) . DDJ . Jump up ^ `` Linux : Volatile Superstition '' . kerneltrap.org . Retrieved Jan 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` volatile ( C++ ) '' . Microsoft MSDN . Jump up ^ Section 17.4. 4 : Synchronization Order `` The Java ® Language Specification , Java SE 7 Edition '' . Oracle Corporation . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Neil Coffey . `` Double - checked Locking ( DCL ) and how to fix it '' . Javamex . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ Richter , Jeffrey ( February 11 , 2010 ) . `` Chapter 7 : Constants and Fields '' . CLR Via C# . Microsoft Press . p. 183 . ISBN 0 - 7356 - 2704 - 5 . Jump up ^ Richter , Jeffrey ( February 11 , 2010 ) . `` Chapter 28 : Primitive Thread Synchronization Constructs '' . CLR Via C# . Microsoft Press . pp. 797 -- 803 . ISBN 0 - 7356 - 2704 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` VOLATILE Attribute and Statement '' . Cray . External links ( edit ) Ada Reference Manual C. 6 : Shared Variable Control Linux kernel : volatile - considered - harmful Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volatile_(computer_programming)&oldid=809321043 '' Categories : C ( programming language ) Concurrency control Variable ( computer science ) Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Français 한국어 Magyar Bahasa Melayu Polski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 November 2017 , at 12 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the purpose of volatile in c | [
"In computer programming, particularly in the C, C++, C#, and Java programming languages, the volatile keyword indicates that a value may change between different accesses, even if it does not appear to be modified. This keyword prevents an optimizing compiler from optimizing away subsequent reads or writes and thus incorrectly reusing a stale value or omitting writes. Volatile values primarily arise in hardware access (memory-mapped I/O), where reading from or writing to memory is used to communicate with peripheral devices, and in threading, where a different thread may have modified a value."
] | [
"indicates that a value may change between different accesses, even if it does not appear to be modified"
] |
-4488161532265230168 | Amazon tax | Amazon tax - Wikipedia Amazon tax The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Amazon tax collection policy has changed over the years . In the U.S. , state and local sales taxes are levied by state and local governments , not at the federal level . In most countries where Amazon operates , a sales tax or value added tax is uniform throughout the country , and Amazon is obliged to collect it from all customers . Many U.S. states have passed online shopping sales tax laws designed to compel Amazon.com and other e-commerce retailers to collect state and local sales taxes from its customers . Amazon.com originally collected sales tax only from five states as of 2011 , but as of April 2017 collects sales taxes from customers in all 45 states that have a state sales tax and in Washington , D.C. Amazon does not collect sales taxes from Alaska , Delaware , Montana , New Hampshire , and Oregon , since those states do not have state sales taxes . Additionally , approximately half of all Amazon.com purchases are sold on the Amazon Marketplace through 3rd - party vendors , and these purchases remain free of tax except for in Washington state , where these purchases ( starting in 2018 ) are now taxed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 State legislation 2.1 Alabama 2.2 Arizona 2.3 Arkansas 2.4 California 2.4. 1 Compromise with Amazon.com 2.5 Colorado 2.6 Connecticut 2.7 District of Columbia 2.8 Florida 2.9 Georgia 2.10 Hawaii 2.11 Idaho 2.12 Illinois 2.13 Indiana 2.14 Iowa 2.15 Kansas 2.16 Kentucky 2.17 Louisiana 2.18 Maine 2.19 Maryland 2.20 Massachusetts 2.21 Michigan 2.22 Minnesota 2.23 Mississippi 2.24 Missouri 2.25 Nebraska 2.26 Nevada 2.27 New Jersey 2.28 New Mexico 2.29 New York 2.30 North Carolina 2.31 North Dakota 2.32 Ohio 2.33 Oklahoma 2.34 Pennsylvania 2.35 Rhode Island 2.36 South Carolina 2.37 South Dakota 2.38 Tennessee 2.39 Texas 2.40 Utah 2.41 Vermont 2.42 Virginia 2.43 West Virginia 2.44 Washington 2.45 Wisconsin 2.46 Wyoming 3 Affiliates 4 Entity isolation 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) Proponents of forcing Amazon.com to collect sales tax -- at least in states where it maintains a physical presence -- argue the corporation wields an anti-competitive advantage over storefront businesses forced to collect sales tax . Tax opponents respond to this argument by pointing out that individual states could make storefront businesses more competitive by lowering or entirely eliminating sales tax . Amazon is under increasing legal and political pressure from state governments , traditional retailers and other groups because of its refusal to collect sales tax in 41 of the 45 states with a statewide sales tax ( as of March 2017 ) . Those states include several where Amazon has a clear physical presence via distribution centers and wholly owned subsidiaries . Amazon says it would support a federal solution to the sales tax problem as long as such legislation was fair and simple . As of May 2011 legislation has been introduced in Congress to allow states to impose sales taxes on sales to their residents from out - of - state . Amazon has not stated a public position on the bill . Amazon 's competitors say it is insincere . Similar legislation , called the Main Street Fairness Act , failed in committee in 2010 . Several earlier versions of the bill also failed to advance . Amazon lobbyists met four times with members of Congress or their aides in 2010 regarding the Main Street Fairness Act . The company spent $100,000 on lobbying in 2010 , although these expenses also covered other bills discussed at the same time . Amazon has increased political contributions to federal lawmakers . Amazon 's political action committee spent $214,000 during the 2010 election cycle , double what it spent for the 2008 elections . State legislation ( edit ) Not all states listed below have instituted Amazon laws . State responses have varied widely . In many cases , Amazon has started collecting sales taxes because they have opened up a fulfillment center or some other physical presence in the state . In other cases , states have entered into agreements with Amazon to collect sales taxes , but formal laws have not been passed . Finally , some states have passed laws that require out - of - state retailers to either collect sales tax or notify buyers that they are responsible for reporting their owed sales tax to state tax authorities . During the first wave of `` Amazon laws '' , many states determined that if an affiliate or other entity in the state received compensation for referrals to an online retailer , then that constituted a nexus in the state and hence retailers were liable for collecting sales taxes . In many cases , after these laws were passed , Amazon shut down its affiliate program in those states and was able to avoid collecting sales taxes . Other states ( such as New York ) took stricter stances and required online retailers to collect sales taxes on all sales and shipments to residents of their states whether or not the retailer had a physical presence in the state . Finally , many agreements and laws require Amazon and other online retailers to only collect state sales tax , not local sales taxes . Alabama ( edit ) On October 1 , 2015 , Alabama allowed retailers to voluntarily join their Simplified Sellers Use Tax program in which sellers would collect a flat 8 % sales tax no matter where they shipped to within the state . Alabama 's law also allows them to lock in the 8 percent rate even if the federal government adopts a higher figure in the future . The tax applies to all sales regardless of where they are shipped in the state . Furthermore , if sellers paid on time , they would be able to keep 2 % and only remit 6 % to Alabama . As a condition of joining the program , sellers agree to maintain records of all sales into Alabama , including purchaser name and address as well as purchase amount and taxes collected . Then , on January 1 , 2016 , new rules promulgated by the Alabama Department of Revenue required any out - of - state sellers doing more than $250,000 in sales to Alabama residents would be required to collect sales tax . This appears to be in contradiction to Quill Corp. v. North Dakota . As of November 1 , 2016 , Amazon started collecting state sales tax by participating in Alabama 's Simplified Use Tax Remittance Program , joining over 50 other retailers that had joined the program . Arizona ( edit ) On October 26 , 2012 , Amazon reached an agreement with the Arizona Department of Revenue to pay $53 million to settle unpaid sales taxes . Furthermore , effective February 1 , 2013 , Amazon agreed to begin collecting sales taxes for goods sold to Arizonans . Furthermore , on July 1 , 2013 , Amazon would also begin collecting sales tax on digital products or services , like books . Amazon only agreed to collect the 6.6 % state sales tax , but there was no requirement to collect local sales taxes , which can bring total tax close to 10 % . This was an agreement between Amazon and Arizona , which mainly centered on Amazon 's tax obligations because it maintains warehouses in Arizona . Arizona does not have a state law forcing other online retailers to collect sales tax if they do not have a physical nexus in Arizona . Arkansas ( edit ) In 2011 , Arkansas passed a bill requiring Amazon to collect sales tax . The bill took advantage of Amazon 's use of affiliates based in Arkansas to establish the necessary physical nexus . Amazon responded by terminating the contracts of its Arkansas - based affiliates effective July 24 , 2011 . As of March 1 , 2017 , Amazon will be charging Arkansas residents sales tax after legislation was being moved to collect sales taxes from online retailers . Whether Amazon collects local sales taxes is unclear . Arkansas is currently considering two bills that would require online retailers to collect sales tax ( SB 140 ) or notify Arkansas residents that they owe sales taxes to the Arkansas government ( HB 1388 ) . In April 2017 , Amazon began collecting sales tax in the state . California ( edit ) In 2009 , California representative Nancy Skinner pushed legislation to tax online sales that was approved as part of the state budget . Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger vetoed the legislation . On January 19 , 2011 Skinner introduced similar legislation in the form of AB153 that later became law . The bill required out - of - state online sellers with affiliates in California to collect sales tax on purchases made by state residents . The affiliate provision was included to ensure that only sellers with a California nexus are taxed , as required by federal law . `` This legislation will close the current loophole in tax law that has allowed out - of - state companies to avoid collecting California sales and use tax , '' stated Skinner . Skinner estimated that AB153 could produce between $250 million and $500 million per year in new revenue . She and other supporters of the bill believe that the election of Jerry Brown to the governorship and support from retailers such as Barnes & Noble will help the measure become law . In 2011 , Amazon threatened to terminate roughly 10,000 of its affiliates located in California if legislation pending in the state legislature to deem such affiliates as constituting a nexus that requires the collection of sales tax is passed . California affiliates would no longer receive commissions on referrals to Amazon . As of March 2011 , four bills are pending in the state legislature that would define the use of associates located in California - * for sales referrals as activity subject to taxation by California . In a letter addressed to California 's Board of Equalization , the agency responsible for collecting sales taxes , Amazon called such legislation `` unconstitutional '' and said it would terminate its California affiliates if passed . `` If any of these new tax collection schemes were adopted , Amazon would be compelled to end its advertising relationships with well over 10,000 California - based participants in the Amazon ' Associates Program , ' '' wrote Paul Misener , Amazon 's Vice President for Global Public Policy . Responding to Amazon , Nancy Skinner said , `` This is really about e-fairness . It 's really to be fair and show our California Businesses that we 're not hanging them out to dry . '' According to the American Independent Business Alliance , the corporation has operations in at least seven California cities and should be forced to collect sales tax regardless of its threats . In July 2011 , Amazon made good on its promises to terminate California affiliates . According to the Performance Marketing Association , there were 25,000 Amazon affiliates based in California . However , on Amazon 's website , under `` United States Subsidiaries , '' listed are four California locations for A2Z Development Center Inc. - `` an innovative customer - centric software development company '' - including in San Francisco and Cupertino , where the Kindle was designed ; a search engine company called A9.com in Palo Alto ; and , in San Francisco , Alexa Internet , another Amazon search company . Due to its opposition to rules that would require the company to collect sales tax , Amazon.com is facing a boycott from a coalition of California non-profits . One of the groups behind the boycott , Think Before You Click CA , says improved sales tax enforcement will bring in $200 million per year in additional revenue and encourage people to shop at local traditional retailers instead of online . Compromise with Amazon.com ( edit ) In response to resistance from Amazon.com , other online retailers , and anti-tax groups , the State of California agreed to a delay of one year before requiring online retailers to begin collecting sales tax on sales to California addresses . In return for the one - year delay , Amazon.com says it will create 10,000 full - time jobs , 25,000 seasonal jobs , invest $500 million in various facilities in California over the next few years , and begin remitting sales taxes on orders shipped to California . California began collecting sales taxes on September 15 , 2012 and the rate will depend upon where the buyer is located . However , this requirement may not apply to third - party sellers on Amazon . Colorado ( edit ) In response to HB 10 - 1193 passed in 2010 , Amazon terminated its relationship with all affiliates located in Colorado . The bill originally sought to tax sales to Colorado residents by online retailers with Colorado affiliates . The bill was amended to remove all reference to affiliates in order to discourage Amazon from cutting ties with them . The final bill required large online retailers to either remit tax on sales to Colorado residents or provide information on Colorado customers to the state . In spite of this move Amazon still decided to terminate its Colorado affiliates . Amazon began collecting sales tax in Colorado on February 1 , 2016 . On February 23 , 2016 , the Federal 10th Circuit Court of Appeals court upheld the law against a legal challenge by the Direct Marketing Association . Ruling Judge Neil M. Gorsuch contended that overturning the law would create a statewide `` tax shelter '' for online retailers . Following the ruling , policy experts predicted that the decision could lead to a unified push for national internet sales taxes . It is unclear whether or not Amazon collects local taxes . Connecticut ( edit ) In May 2011 , Connecticut Gov. Dannel P. Malloy signed legislation that requires online retailers to collect sales tax if they have affiliates in the state . The legislation aims to raise $9.4 million . Amazon said Connecticut 's legislation violates Quill Corporation v. North Dakota and immediately moved to terminate its affiliate relationships in Connecticut . Amazon accused traditional retailers such as Wal - Mart of being behind Connecticut 's new law . `` We opposed this new tax law because it is unconstitutional and counterproductive . It was supported by big - box retailers , most of which are based outside Connecticut , that seek to harm the affiliate advertising programs of their competitors . Similar legislation in other states has led to job and income losses , and little , if any , new tax revenue , '' Amazon said in a letter to its affiliates . Amazon has agreed to collect state sales tax of 6.35 % in CT starting November 1 , 2013 . Amazon has also agreed to invest $50 million in Connecticut and to create hundreds of new full - time jobs in the state . District of Columbia ( edit ) Amazon began collecting DC 's 5.75 % sales tax on October 1 , 2016 . Florida ( edit ) In a 2012 editorial supporting tax equity , the Florida St. Petersburg Times wrote , `` As long as Internet - only sellers such as Amazon.com can get away with not collecting state sales tax and effectively sell their products for at least 6 percent less , Florida merchants pay the price . It 's past time for lawmakers to work toward a level playing field . '' In May 2014 , Amazon started collecting sales tax in Florida after starting plans to build two warehouses in the state . Amazon agreed to collect the state sales tax of 6 % , but there was no mention of collecting local sales taxes Georgia ( edit ) Georgia had passed a law that became effective in January 2012 expanding the definition of what constituted a physical presence in the state in hopes that it would force online retailers to begin collecting sales taxes . However , Amazon did not collect sales taxes until Amazon agreed to start collecting Georgia sales tax on September 1 , 2013 . Hawaii ( edit ) In January 2017 , Hawaii state lawmakers were considering legislation requiring Amazon and other online retailers to collect sales tax . Amazon began to collect a 4 % state sales tax , beginning April 1 , 2017 . Idaho ( edit ) Amazon began collecting Idaho 's 6 % sales tax from customers who reside in Idaho beginning Saturday , April 1 , 2017 . Illinois ( edit ) Illinois passed legislation to tax online sales made to consumers located in the state . In March 2011 Gov. Pat Quinn signed the `` Main Street Fairness Act , '' which targets online retailers with Illinois affiliates . Quinn said the act would help create fair competition and generate more revenue for the state . Illinois estimates that it loses $153 million in sales taxes every year because out - of - state retailers do not remit sales tax on purchases made by Illinois residents . Some online retailers have responded to this legislation and similar efforts in other states by threatening income tax revenues collected from their online affiliates . Amazon , along with Overstock.com , has threatened to terminate affiliates in states that demand that sales tax be collected by online retailers , including Illinois . Wal - Mart responded by inviting online businesses based in Illinois to join its affiliate network . The Illinois Policy Institute has said that the law has been `` all pain and no gain . '' While it was `` sold as a significant revenue raiser and a step toward improved tax fairness , it is accomplishing little more than pushing online entrepreneurs out of state . '' The law was declared unconstitutional in October 2013 by the Illinois Supreme Court because it applied only to online businesses . Illinois subsequently passed similar legislation which applied to `` catalog , mail - order and similar retailers along with online sellers ... if they have sales of $10,000 or more in the prior year . '' Although the law went into effect January 1 , 2015 , retailers were given an additional month to comply with the legislation . Online retailers are required to collect the 6.25 % state sales tax , but do not have to collect local sales taxes in addition to the state rate . Amazon announced in October that it plans to build several facilities in Illinois by 2017 , including the first this year , which eventually would have required it to collect the state 's use tax . Indiana ( edit ) Indianapolis based Simon Property Group sued the state in 2011 to force it to collect sales tax from Amazon in an attempt to level the playing field . In a settlement deal brokered by Gov. Mitch Daniels in January 2012 , Amazon agreed to collect sales tax from Indiana residents beginning January 1 , 2014 . Amazon owns four distribution centers in Indiana , which satisfies the physical requirement . Iowa ( edit ) On January 1 , 2017 , Amazon began collecting 6 % sales tax in Iowa . As Amazon has no physical presence in Iowa , it is not compelled by law to collect state sales tax . Amazon will not collect the local option portion of the sales tax . Kansas ( edit ) Amazon has collected sales tax in Kansas since at least 2005 even though it opened up a distribution center back in 1999 , which satisfies the physical presence requirement that often forces retailers to collect sales taxes . Proposed Senate Bill 111 would require online retailers to notify Kansas residents of their sales tax liabilities if the retailer does not collect sales taxes on the transaction . Kentucky ( edit ) Amazon has collected sales tax in Kentucky since 2005 according to the Tax Justice Blog , but Amazon has maintained a distribution center in Kentucky since at least 1999 . Kentucky does not have a law requiring sales tax collection for companies that do not have a physical presence in the state . In a 2011 editorial The State ( A South Carolina paper ) criticized the Kentucky incentives given to Amazon to build a distribution center in Lexington . They wrote , with respect to the South Carolina deal , that that deal with Amazon created `` ... yet another exemption in our Swiss - cheese tax code , and surrender ( ed ) what little leverage we have to collect taxes on the fastest - growing segment of the retail sector -- from which we derive the largest share of the revenue that runs state government . It 's only a small step from giving Amazon a five - year exemption from collecting the sales taxes from S.C. residents to giving that same break to Walmart , Target and all the other businesses that offer online shopping -- as one Senate amendment actually proposed to do . '' Louisiana ( edit ) As of January 1 , 2017 , Amazon began collecting sales tax in Louisiana . Louisiana citizens , whose state has one of the highest average combined sales tax rate in the nation , now pay , on average , 9 % in state and local sales and use tax for Amazon purchases . Act 22 , passed in on March 14 , 2016 requires online retailers to collect sales taxes on online purchases . Maine ( edit ) On April 1 , 2017 , Amazon started collecting 5.5 % sales tax in Maine following pressure from State officials . Maryland ( edit ) On October 1 , 2014 , Amazon started collecting sales tax in Maryland ahead of a planned opening of a new distribution center in Southeast Baltimore . Maryland does not currently require online retailers without a physical presence in the state to collect sales taxes . Massachusetts ( edit ) On November 1 , 2013 , Amazon began collecting the states ' 6.25 % sales tax for Massachusetts residents . The collection only applies to purchases made on Amazon and not to third - party sellers through Amazon . Amazon is now collecting sales taxes primarily because it now has a physical presence in Massachusetts . Michigan ( edit ) On October 1 , 2015 , Amazon started collecting sales tax in Michigan in accordance with a state law compelling online retailers to do so if they have a physical presence in the state . Minnesota ( edit ) On October 1 , 2014 , Amazon started collecting sales tax in Minnesota . There is no state law compelling it to collect taxes . This decision came ahead of Amazon 's decision to open up a distribution center in Shakopee that is opened in early 2017 . Mississippi ( edit ) On January 12 , 2017 , Mississippi 's chief tax collector filed to require any company doing more than $250,000 of sales in Mississippi each year to collect the state 's 7 % sales tax . Amazon has already begun collecting sales tax as of February 1 , 2017 . Furthermore , at least 3 bills have been introduced into the state legislature to require remote retailers to pay sales tax . Mississippi will allow the internet tax bill passed by the house committee on February 1 , 2017 , to die in committee . Lt. Gov. Tate Reeves called the bill unconstitutional . Missouri ( edit ) Two legislators in Missouri have proposed joining the Streamlined Sales Tax Project to ensure that the state collects sales tax on goods shipped from online retailers located out - of - state . Currently Missourians are required to remit use tax for purchases made online but the state government has no practical method to force compliance . Legislative staff report that taxing online sales should significantly increase revenue . Rep. Margo McNeil cited a University of Tennessee study saying that Missouri stands to lose $187 million in 2011 by not taxing online sales . McNeil also said the streamlined sales tax is a good way to end the unfair advantages enjoyed by online retailers over traditional businesses . `` The tax is a step in trying to even the playing field because right now we have a lot of people who are going in and using the stores as a showroom and then going home and buying on the Internet ... , '' McNeil said . On February 1 , 2017 , Amazon began collecting the state portion of the sales tax rate in Missouri that is 4.225 percent , but does not collect city and county portions of the sales tax rate that is charged on local purchases . Nebraska ( edit ) Amazon began collecting sales tax in Nebraska on January 1 , 2017 . Nebraska does not currently have a law requiring online retailers to collect sales taxes if they do not have a physical presence in the state . The sales tax in Nebraska is 6 % . Nevada ( edit ) Legislation that would have required Amazon to collect sales tax on purchases shipped to Nevada failed in committee in the state legislature in May 2011 . The legislation was proposed by the Retail Association of Nevada and was expected to generate $16 million annually in additional sales tax collections . Concerns about whether such a move might prompt Amazon.com to close its distribution center in the state were partially responsible for derailing this legislation . However , in April 2012 , an agreement was reached that would require Amazon to collect sales tax from Nevada customers beginning on January 1 , 2014 . The agreement would include collecting state and local sales taxes . Nevada does not require other online retailers without a physical presence in Nevada to collect sales taxes . New Jersey ( edit ) Amazon began collecting sales tax in New Jersey on July 1 , 2013 . This was a result of opening up warehouses in New Jersey . New Jersey has not passed a law that would require online retailers without a physical presence to collect sales taxes . New Mexico ( edit ) Effective April 1 , 2017 , Amazon began collecting sales taxes in New Mexico . New Mexico 's Revenue Department says that just over 5 percent sales tax will be collected with some going to the state 's general fund and some going to the cities where the product was purchased . This 5 percent is much less than the average combined state and local sales tax of 7.51 % . Several bills are currently under consideration to reform New Mexico 's tax laws and force online retailers to collect sales taxes . New York ( edit ) In 2008 , New York passed a law that would force online retailers to collect sales taxes on shipments to state residents . Shortly after the law was signed , Amazon filed a complaint in the New York Supreme Court objecting to the law . The complaint was n't based on whether in - state customers should pay tax , but upon the long - standing practice of it being the responsibility of the customer to report the sales tax ( known as use tax in this case ) and not that of the out - of - state businesses . The lawsuit was tossed out of court in January 2009 , when New York State Supreme Court Justice Eileen Bransten stated `` there is no basis upon which Amazon can prevail . '' As of 2011 Overstock.com is suing New York state to prevent being required to collect sales taxes on goods shipped to New York residents . In order to comply with the physical presence requirement of Quill Corp. v. North Dakota the law targets out - of - state retailers who make use of New York - based affiliates . Overstock.com argues that the use of affiliates is not enough to meet the physical presence test and that the law thus violates the Commerce Clause . In addition to filing suit , Overstock.com has terminated its 3,400 affiliates in New York . In early 2017 , Governor Cuomo proposed that sales tax collection be applied to Amazon 's `` Marketplace '' operations . In April 2017 , Amazon began collecting sales tax in the state . North Carolina ( edit ) Due to former state laws , Amazon did not allow North Carolina residents to participate in the Amazon Affiliates program , however this is no longer the case . Starting February 1 , 2014 , Amazon began collecting NC state sales tax on orders . North Dakota ( edit ) Amazon has collected sales tax in North Dakota since at least 2001 because they operated a fulfillment center in Grand Forks at that time until 2005 . Even after closing the fulfillment center , they still collect sales tax even though North Dakota still has not passed any Amazon tax laws . Ohio ( edit ) A study released by the University of Cincinnati in October 2011 determined that Ohio 's state government could increase tax revenue by at least $200 million per year if Congress were to require online retailers to collect and remit sales taxes . Ohio consumers who make online purchases are already required to self - report and pay sales tax but compliance is rare . According to the study , even though more than 60 percent of households in the state made at least one purchase from an online retailer in 2010 less than 1 percent of Ohio state income tax returns included tax payments for such purchases . On June 1 , 2015 , Amazon began collecting sales tax in the State of Ohio due to the new data centers that are being built at the Columbus , Ohio area . This satisfies the requirement of a physical presence of Amazon to begin collecting sales tax in the state due to the affiliate owned by Amazon . Oklahoma ( edit ) Oklahoma Governor Mary Fallin announced in February 2017 that on March 1 , Amazon would begin collecting sales taxes on online purchases . This followed the passage by the state legislature of the Oklahoma Retail Protection Act , introduced by Representative Chad Caldwell . Under the Act , affected retailers are responsible for either collecting and remitting state and local sales tax or notifying their customers of their tax obligations . Pennsylvania ( edit ) The Pennsylvania Department of Revenue released a sales tax bulletin on December 1 , 2011 outlining the Commonwealth 's interpretation of the Tax Reform Code of 1971 ( TRC ) . The bulletin focuses on the Commonwealth 's definition of a nexus for the purposes of collecting sales tax , and points out that the TRC defines a business as `` maintaining a place of business in this Commonwealth '' if that business engages in an activity within the Commonwealth `` either directly or through a subsidiary , representative , or agent , in connection with the lease , sale or delivery of tangible personal property . '' While issuing the sales tax bulletin , Revenue Secretary Dan Meuser said that the Commonwealth would lose an estimated $380 million in 2011 due to the non-collection of online sales taxes . At issue is the presence of four Amazon Fulfillment Centers located in Pennsylvania . Early in December 2011 , Meuser said that if out - of - state sellers who have n't previously collected state sales tax register and start collecting the taxes by February 1 , 2012 , then the Commonwealth would not seek payments of back taxes . After this deadline , Meuser said the Commonwealth would take enforcement action seeking back taxes . On January 27 , 2012 , Meuser said that the new tax collection policy was being granted a one time extension until September 1 , 2012 because the original `` compliance deadline ( was ) impractical from operational and technical standpoints . '' Amazon began collecting sales tax in the state beginning on that September 1 deadline . Currently , Amazon just collects Pennsylvania 's 6 % sales tax , but does not collect any local sales taxes . Rhode Island ( edit ) On February 1 , 2017 , Amazon began voluntarily collecting Rhode Island 's 7 % sales tax . Back in 2009 , Rhode Island had passed a law which would have forced Amazon to collect sales taxes if it had `` affiliates '' in the state . As a result , Amazon cut ties with its affiliates in Rhode Island . South Carolina ( edit ) Amazon had agreed to open a distribution center near Columbia , South Carolina that would employ 1,200 people in exchange for a five - year exemption from collection of sales taxes from shoppers in South Carolina . The state House of Representatives rejected the deal in April 2011 and Amazon cancelled plans for its distribution center . Amazon resumed negotiations and offered 2,000 jobs in exchange for a sales tax exemption and other incentives . Under a compromise approved by the South Carolina state legislature in May 2011 , Amazon agreed to notify South Carolina customers by email that sales tax was owed on their purchases but shoppers would still be responsible for paying the tax by themselves . Governor Nikki Haley says she plans to allow the bill to become law without signing it . In a statement made after the deal for Amazon passed the state House the Alliance for Main Street Fairness said , `` Today 's vote in the South Carolina House of Representatives is just one step in the process , yet it 's unfortunate that the majority of the House favors special deals for one prospective retailer at the expense of our state 's existing employers and their 375,000 employees . The vote is particularly disappointing in light of dubious , last minute promises that certainly appear to have influenced some legislators to switch their vote . We 'll rally our troops and voice our concerns to the Senate where we hope they will come to a more fair and rational decision . The case against this special deal continues to grow on a daily basis . '' Main Street expressed strong disapproval of the South Carolina Senate 's approval of this arrangement . In a press release Main Street said , `` Nobody complained when Amazon was given free land , property tax cuts , job tax credits and a repeal of the limits on weekend sales . But in the end , this special exemption only passed after backroom deals and last - minute promises were made by Amazon officials -- something which should disappoint everyone interested in transparency and good government . '' South Carolina has passed legislation that required Amazon and other internet retailers to start collecting sales tax in 2016 . Prior to 2016 , Amazon was not required to collect sales tax on purchases made by South Carolina residents . However , the company was responsible for notifying South Carolina residents via e-mail that they faced liability for sales tax and residents were still required to report the value of all purchases made on Amazon in the previous year and pay the appropriate sales tax on their South Carolina tax return . As of January 1 , 2016 , the tax legislation has expired , meaning that Amazon is now required to collect sales tax at the point of sale from South Carolina residents . South Dakota ( edit ) On February 1 , 2017 , Amazon agreed to being collecting sales tax in South Dakota . This followed legislation passed in 2016 requiring retailers to remit sales tax even if they did not have a physical presence in the state . Tennessee ( edit ) Amazon attempted to avoid being required to collect Tennessee sales tax during negotiations with economic development officials to build two warehouses outside of Chattanooga . Amazon argues that its warehouses are not directly affiliated with the company and thus do not create a nexus that would require the collection of sales taxes . Tennessee revenue officials will not reveal any specific information on a deal with Amazon as they claim doing so would violate state confidentiality laws . A legal opinion by the state attorney general affirmed the constitutionality of a proposed bill in the state legislature that would require Amazon to collect sales tax on goods it ships to Tennessee residents . The opinion also stated that Amazon 's construction of distribution centers in the state constitutes a physical nexus . According to study done by the University of Tennessee 's Center for Business and Economic Research , the Tennessee state government and local governments will lose about $410 million in tax revenue in 2011 due to online sales . On January 1 , 2014 , Amazon began collecting sales tax on purchases in Tennessee , after a two - year delay from when Governor Haslam signed the online sales tax bill in 2012 . Amazon collects both state and local sales tax . Texas ( edit ) In 2010 , Texas sent a demand letter for $269 million in sales taxes that the state argues should have been collected and remitted for sales to Texas customers . This dollar amount covers uncollected taxes from December 2005 to December 2009 and also includes penalties and interest . Texas authorities began an investigation of Amazon 's tax status after a May 2008 report by The Dallas Morning News questioned why Amazon does not collect sales tax from Texas customers despite maintaining a distribution center in Irving near the Dallas / Fort Worth International Airport . Amazon argues that this distribution center , owned by Amazon.com KYDC LLC , located at the same address as Amazon 's corporate headquarters in Seattle , is a legally separate entity and thus does not establish a physical presence in Texas that would require Amazon to collect sales taxes . Amazon has decided to close the Irving distribution center in order to avoid future attempts by Texas to force the collection of sales taxes . Texas Comptroller Susan Combs faced skeptical questions and criticism from members of the Texas Senate Finance Committee February 16 , 2011 over her attempts to collect back sales tax from Amazon.com . Combs replied by saying that all businesses must obey the law `` It is our belief that this is a very , very clear issue about nexus . As I say , this started probably because of catalog sales 47 years ago in 1963 , '' said Combs . Combs also cited a Texas law to back up her argument that Amazon is required to collect sales taxes : `` A retailer is engaged in business in this state if the retailer : 1 . ) maintains , occupies , or uses in this state permanently , temporarily , directly , indirectly or through a subsidiary or agent , however named , an office , place of distribution , sales or sample room or place , warehouse , storage place , or any other place of business . '' The Dallas Morning News published an editorial supporting Combs ' efforts to collect sales tax from Amazon.com on 17 February 2011 . The paper wrote , `` It defies logic that a book bought online can elude sales tax while the same book bought in a bookstore ca n't . A sales transaction is a sales transaction , and if one is taxed , why should n't the other be taxed as well ? '' In March 2010 , State Rep. Linda Harper - Brown filed House Bill 2719 . House Bill 2719 would allow Amazon to avoid Texas sales tax by amending the state tax code to exempt companies or individuals from being classified as retailers or being ordered to provide state agencies with information on purchases made in Texas , if they make use of `` only a fulfillment center ... or computer server . '' House Bill 2719 stands in sharp contrast to House Bill 2403 , introduced by Rep. John Otto . House Bill 2403 would close loopholes in the Texas tax code that support Amazon 's claim of being exempt from collecting sales tax . Legislation pushed by Rep. John Otto to require Amazon and other online retailers with a physical nexus in the state of Texas to collect and remit sales tax became law in 2011 . The legislation deems any company with a store , distribution center , or other place of business in Texas as having a physical nexus there for the purpose of collecting sales tax . Otto said that Amazon contended that they did not need to collect the state sales tax because the company did not have a store front in the state and that a subsidiary owned their distribution center in Irving , Texas . In April 2012 , Amazon agreed to create 2,500 jobs and invest $200 million in new distribution centers in Texas if the state forgave $269 million in back sales taxes . Under the agreement , Amazon began collecting sales taxes from Texas customers beginning July 1 , 2012 . Under the agreement , Amazon collects the state sales tax of 6.25 % , but likely not local sales tax . Utah ( edit ) Under Utah state law , internet retailers are only required to collect sales tax for online sales if they have a physical presence and Amazon does not have a physical presence in Utah . However , on December 7 , 2016 , Gov. Gary Herbert announced that his 2017 tax plan includes a deal with Amazon to start collecting sales tax on Utah purchases . Amazon began collecting sales tax on January 1 , 2017 . The details of the deal between the state and Amazon , however , remain confidential . Vermont ( edit ) As of February 1 , 2017 , Amazon began collecting Vermont 's 6 % state sales tax , ahead of a Vermont statute about internet sales tax due to go into effect in July 2017 . Online retailers will not be required to collect the 1 % local sales tax that many Vermont towns impose . Virginia ( edit ) As of January 2012 , Virginia state senator Frank Wagner has introduced legislation that would require companies with a distribution center , warehouse , fulfillment center , office , or other such location in the Commonwealth of Virginia to collect and remit sales tax . Amazon has announced its intent to build two distribution centers in Richmond . This legislation is supported by the Alliance for Main Street Fairness . This legislation was passed in early 2013 with an effective date of September 1 , 2013 . The only retailers to be affected by this bill , since it only clarifies what qualifies as a physical nexus , are Amazon and backcountry.com . On January 22 , 2012 , Gov. Robert F. McDonnell 's office announced that an agreement that Amazon.com would begin collecting state sales tax had been reached with Amazon.com and members of the General Assembly . The announcement notes that Amazon.com began collecting and remitting Virginia sales tax on September 1 , 2013 . West Virginia ( edit ) Starting on October 1 , 2013 , Amazon began collecting sales tax in West Virginia . This was after West Virginia passed a law requiring out - of - state retailers to apply sales tax if they or a subsidiary have a physical presence in the state . Washington ( edit ) In 2008 , Amazon began collecting sales tax in Washington , their home state , after a state law was passed requiring in - state online retailers to collect sales tax . On January 1 , 2018 , Amazon began enforcing and collecting tax on third - party merchant sales to Washington state customers , as required by a new state law . Washington was the first to have this policy enforced , with plans to bring merchant order taxes to other states in the future . Wisconsin ( edit ) Amazon began collecting sales taxes in Wisconsin on November 1 , 2013 , about a year before its Kenosha distribution center was set to open . Amazon will only be collecting the 5 % state sales tax , but not the local sales tax . Wisconsin has not passed an Amazon law , Amazon is collecting sales tax because of its distribution center in the state . Wyoming ( edit ) Starting March 1 , 2017 , Amazon voluntarily agreed to begin collecting sales tax in Wyoming . On March 1 , 2017 , Wyoming passed a bill requiring anyone that does more than 200 transactions or over $100,000 in sales in Wyoming to pay state sales tax . Affiliates ( edit ) Amazon in the past was often able to overcome threats from state governments by cutting ties with local partners or leaving the state in question . Amazon severed its relationships with affiliates in Colorado due to efforts by the state government to collect sales tax on internet purchases . Amazon has threatened similar action against affiliates in Illinois over the same issue . In February 2011 , Amazon announced that it would be closing its Dallas , Texas distribution center over the sales - tax dispute Entity isolation ( edit ) Amazon has created subsidiaries that are treated separately for tax matters , a legal technique called `` entity isolation '' . The subsidiary that developed the Kindle is in California , but because it does n't sell the Kindle directly to customers , Amazon 's legal position was that it was n't required to collect sales taxes in California . In the company 's financial report for the quarter ending September 30 , 2009 , the company stated that the imposition of sales - tax collection by more states or Congress could `` decrease our future sales . '' See also ( edit ) Alliance for Main Street Fairness National Bellas Hess v. Illinois Quill Corp. v. North Dakota Sales taxes in the United States References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Amazon will start collecting sales tax nationwide starting April 1st '' . The Verge . 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Jump up ^ `` Why Amazon shoppers in Alabama will soon be paying more '' . August 15 , 2016 . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Magee , Julie . `` State of Alabama Department of Revenue Notice '' ( PDF ) . State of Alabama Department of Revenue . Retrieved 1 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Alabama Regulation to Require Out - of - State Sell ers to Collect Sales and Use Tax Contrary to Supreme Court Precede nt '' . grantthornton.com . Retrieved 1 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Gore , Leada ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` Amazon shoppers in Alabama : Your bill is going up by 8 percent on Nov. 1 '' . AL.com . Retrieved 1 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com will collect AZ sales tax '' . October 27 , 2012 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sam Gustin ( June 14 , 2011 ) . `` Amazon to Connecticut , Arkansas : ' Drop Dead ' Over Sales Tax '' . Wired . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brantley , Max ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` Amazon set to begin collecting sales tax on Arkansas purchases in March '' . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Brooke ; Caputo , Ibby ( 2 February 2017 ) . `` Online sales tax legislation advances '' . Arkansas Times . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` HB1388 TO REQUIRE OUT - OF - STATE SELLERS AND FACILITATORS TO PROVIDE NOTICE TO ARKANSAS PURCHASERS REGARDING TAX DUE ON CERTAIN PURCHASES AND TO REPORT SALES MADE TO ARKANSAS PURCHASERS '' . January 30 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SB140 TO PROVIDE FOR THE COLLECTION OF SALES AND USE TAX RATHER THAN USE TAX ON SALES BY CERTAIN REMOTE SELLERS '' . January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Marc Lifsher ( January 20 , 2011 ) . `` California lawmaker pushes to tax online sales '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Russian investment gives Plastic Logic flexibility , by Andrew S. Ross , The San Francisco Chronicle , January 19 , 2011 Jump up ^ Major retailers back bid for ' Amazon tax ' , by Kevin Yamamura , Sacramento Bee , January 20 , 2011 Jump up ^ Jan Norman ( March 4 , 2011 ) . `` Amazon makes threats over Calif. sales tax bills '' . Orange County Register . Retrieved March 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Scott Weber ( March 31 , 2011 ) . `` State to Amazon.com : Charge Sales Tax '' . nbcloasangeles.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Metz , Rachel ( June 30 , 2011 ) . `` Amazon cuts off California affiliates over sales tax '' . SFGate . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andrew S. Ross ( July 1 , 2011 ) . `` Internet sellers must collect tax , like it or not '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Losowsky , Andrew ( August 16 , 2011 ) . `` Amazon Boycott Over Internet Sales Tax Gains Momentum '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Postponing Online Tax Bill Helps Create More Jobs '' . 13 September 2011 . Archived from the original on 9 January 2012 . Retrieved 16 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Free ride is over -- Amazon.com collecting California sales tax '' . 15 September 2012 . Retrieved 9 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave Taylor ( March 8 , 2010 ) . `` Amazon Reacts To Colorado Internet Sales Tax Measure By Firing Its Colorado Associates '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Greg Avery ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` Amazon sales tax collection begins in Colorado , but how much it 's collecting remains a mystery '' . Denver Business Journal . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chuang , Tamara ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Colorado 's ' Amazon Tax ' law upheld in federal appeals court '' . www.denverpost.com . Digital First Media . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon sales tax collection begins in Colorado , but how much it 's collecting remains a mystery '' . February 1 , 2016 . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon to Collect Colorado Sales Tax , February 2016 '' . January 22 , 2016 . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dan Carroll , The Motley Fool ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` Amazon to Collect Connecticut Sales Tax - Connecticut Post '' . Ctpost.com . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon To Start Collecting Sales Tax Friday '' . October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sturdivant , Christina ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` D.C. Customers Will Have To Pay Sales Tax On Amazon Orders '' . DCist . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved March 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clabaugh , Jeff ( 16 September 2016 ) . `` Amazon says it will start charging sales tax in DC '' . WTOP . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Close Internet sales tax loophole '' . St. Petersburg Times . February 19 , 2011 . Retrieved April 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Griswold , Alison ( May 1 , 2014 ) . `` Collecting Sales Tax on Amazon Purchases Does n't Really Help Local Businesses '' . slate.com . Slate Magazine . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon To Open Two Warehouses In Florida '' . October 23 , 2013 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon to start collecting sales tax in Georgia on Sept. 1 '' . August 9 , 2013 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaii sees potential in internet sales tax '' . January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Amazon 's Fight With Illinois Is A Small Part Of A Bigger Global Battle Between Online Retailers And Tax Authorities , by Paul Wallbank , Business Insider , January 18 , 2011 Jump up ^ Klayman , Ben ( March 17 , 2011 ) . `` States , business watch for effects of Illinois tax '' . Reuters . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rasmussen , Kristina ( October 26 , 2011 ) . `` Illinois Policy Institute - All pain and no gain : Why lawmakers should put the affiliate nexus law on hold '' . Illinois Policy . Illinoispolicy.org . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Illinois Supreme Court strikes down ' Amazon tax ' '' . Chicago Tribune . October 18 , 2013 . Retrieved October 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New rules help Illinois collect out - of - state sales taxes '' . Washington Times . January 19 , 2015 . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Elejalde - Ruiz , Alexia ; Karp , Gregory ( 23 January 2015 ) . `` Amazon to start collecting Illinois sales tax '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Elejalde - Ruiz , Alexia ; Karp , Gregory ( January 23 , 2015 ) . `` Amazon to start collecting Illinois sales tax '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Simon Property Sues Indiana Over Failure to Tax Amazon E-Commerce Sales '' . Bloomberg L.P. November 3 , 2011 . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Barr , Alistair ( January 9 , 2012 ) . `` Amazon , Indiana strike state sales tax deal '' . Reuters . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Frazee , Gretchen ( January 2 , 2014 ) . `` Amazon Begins Charging Sales Tax In Indiana '' . Indiana Public Media . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ford , George ( December 30 , 2016 ) . `` Amazon.com to begin collecting Iowa sales tax Sunday '' . The Gazette ( Cedar Rapids ) . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Carl ( 23 November 2015 ) . `` Why Online Holiday Shopping Will Cost More This Year '' . Institute for Taxation and Economic Policy . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Salazar , Daniel ( 8 February 2017 ) . `` Colorado 's ' Amazon tax ' inspires Kansas bill '' . Witchita Eagle . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Carl , Davis ( 23 November 2015 ) . `` Why Online Holiday Shopping Will Cost More This Year '' . Institute for Tax and Economic Policy . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kentucky joins national Sales Tax Simplification Agreement '' ( PDF ) . Kentucky Department of Revenue . Commonwealth of Kentucky . 21 July 2005 . Retrieved 19 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Editorial ( May 29 , 2011 ) . `` We must learn from Amazon , improve policy '' . The State . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Amazon will start charging Louisiana sales tax in 2017 '' . NOLA.com . December 20 , 2016 . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Louisiana sales tax system now ranks worse than last place '' . New Orleans Advocate. April 5 , 2016 . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` HB30 TAX / SALES & USE : Provides for the collection of sales and use taxes due on sales made in Louisiana by a remote dealer '' . March 14 , 2016 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bensinger , Gary ( October 1 , 2014 ) . `` States That Make Amazon Pay Sales Taxes '' . www.wsj.com . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Mirabella , Lorraine ( 28 September 2014 ) . `` Amazon to start collecting sales tax from Maryland shoppers '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Taryn , Luna ( 29 October 2013 ) . `` Amazon to begin collecting Mass . sales tax Friday '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Emily ( September 29 , 2015 ) . `` Michiganders to pay more at online retailers '' . www.mlive.com . MLive Media Group . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Painter , Kristen ; Kumar , Kavita ( 22 April 2015 ) . `` Amazon plans to employ 1,000 at new distribution center in Shakopee , seeks tax breaks '' . Minnesota Star - Tribune . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` Mississippi To Collect Amazon Sales Tax '' . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ganucheau , Adam ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` Reeves : Internet sales tax bill is dead '' . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patane , Matthew ( February 16 , 2011 ) . `` Legislators work to close loophole in Internet tax policy '' . Call . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brown , Lisa ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Amazon to begin charging sales tax in Missouri '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon will begin collecting sales tax on purchases by Nebraskans '' . www.Omaha.com . The Omaha World Herald . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spillman , Benjamin ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` Taxation committee drops Internet sales tax amendment '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vogel , Ed . `` Gov. Sandoval reaches sales tax deal with Amazon '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , David . `` Nevada reaches agreement with Amazon on collection of sales tax '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon To Collect N.J. Sales Tax Under Agreement , Lawmaker Says '' . Bloomberg L.P . May 30 , 2012 . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Griff , Martin ( January 9 , 2013 ) . `` Amazon 's prime location : Business experts say distribution hub in Mercer is ideal '' . www.nj.com . The Times of Trenton . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Matt ; Renshaw , Jarrett ( 30 May 2012 ) . `` Amazon.com to begin collecting sales tax on N.J. orders next year '' . Star - Ledger . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon to Collect Sales Tax in New Mexico Starting in April '' . U.S. News and World Report . Associated Press . 6 March 2017 . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Kaeding , Nicole ( 29 February 2016 ) . Facts & Figures 2016 : How Does Your State Compare ? . Washington DC : Tax Foundation . ISBN 978 - 1 - 942768 - 08 - 1 . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Dyer , Jessica ( 6 March 2017 ) . `` Amazon to begin collecting taxes in NM next month '' . Albuquerque Journal . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Sage , Alexandria and Edith Honan . `` NY Judge Tosses amazon.com Lawsuit Over Sales Tax '' . Reuters . January 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Overstock and Patrick Byrne sue New York over Amazon Tax , by Cade Metz , The Register , June 2 , 2008 Jump up ^ Karlin , Rick ( 29 January 2017 ) . `` New York 's expanded ' Amazon tax ' to take center stage '' . Timesunion . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Associates Program Operating Agreement '' . www.amazon.com . Amazon . November 1 , 2016 . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chambers Jr. , Stan , ed . ( January 18 , 2014 ) . `` Amazon to collect NC sales tax '' . www.wral.com . Capitol Broadcasting Company . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon Global Fulfillment Center Network '' . MWPVL International . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Carl ( 23 November 2015 ) . `` Why Online Holiday Shopping Will Cost More This Year '' . Institute for Tax and Economic Policy . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Meek , Jason ( June 3 , 2015 ) . `` Amazon is Now Charging Sales Tax in Ohio '' . Cleveland Scene . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon to start collecting sales tax on Oklahoma purchases '' . KFOR.com . The Associated Press . February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pennsylvania Department of Revenue ( December 1 , 2011 ) . `` Sales and Use Tax Bulletin 2011 - 01 '' ( pdf ) . Pennsylvania Department of Revenue . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Jim T. ( December 9 , 2011 ) . `` Online sales tax collection could see backlash '' . Central Penn Business Journal . Retrieved January 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Novack , Janet ( December 6 , 2011 ) . `` Pa . Sales Tax Crackdown Means Grief For Amazon Merchants '' . Forbes Magazine . Retrieved January 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Revenue Department Offers One - Time Extension on Nexus Compliance Deadline for Remote Sellers '' ( PDF ) . Pennsylvania Department of Revenue . January 27 , 2012 . Retrieved January 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Peter ( August 30 , 2012 ) . `` Amazon to begin collecting Pa. sales tax '' . Associated Press . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bogdan , Jennifer ( 18 January 2017 ) . `` Amazon.com to collect R.I. sales tax '' . Providence Journal . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Nesi , Ted ; Tomison , Bill ( 18 January 2017 ) . `` Amazon will charge sales tax in RI '' . WPRI . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EDITORIAL : A reversal on Amazon '' . The Herald . May 30 , 2011 . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2011 . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Main Street Responds To House Vote Battle For Brick - And - Mortar Business Continues '' ( Press release ) . Alliance for Main Street Fairness . May 18 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Main Street Responds To South Carolina Senate Vote '' ( Press release ) . Alliance for Main Street Fairness . May 27 , 2011 . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Corbin , Kenneth ( January 30 , 2012 ) . `` Amazon Notifies South Carolina Shoppers of Sales Tax Owed '' . EcommerceBytes.com . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2012 . Retrieved January 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wise , Warren ( 31 December 2015 ) . `` Amazon must collect S.C. sales taxes , corporate break also ends Amazon ' in a league of its own ' in online sales E-commerce giant claims almost 25 % of retail sales growth '' . The Post and Courier . Retrieved 16 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , Dana ; Sneve , Joe ( 10 January 2017 ) . `` Amazon to collect , remit South Dakota sales tax '' . Argus Leader . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Tenn. retailers oppose Amazon sales tax pass , by Bonna Johnson , USA Today , January 31 , 2011 Jump up ^ Pare , Mike ( June 29 , 2011 ) . `` Attorney General : State can force Amazon on taxes '' . Times Free Press . Flessner , Dave . Chattanooga Publishing Company . Retrieved July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sher , Andy ( August 17 , 2011 ) . `` U.S. Sen. Bob Corker says Internet sales tax collections ' will be resolved ' '' . Times Free Press . Chattanooga Publishing Company . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon to start collecting online sales tax in Tennessee next month '' . WSMV. 16 December 2013 . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` HB 2370 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Flessner , Dave ( 30 April 2014 ) . `` Amazon hurt by new tax rules in Tennessee , other states '' . Times Free Press . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Texas bills Amazon for millions in sales taxes , by Maria Halkias , The Dallas Morning News , October 23 , 2010 Jump up ^ Campoy , Ana ( February 17 , 2011 ) . `` Amazon 's Exit Spurs Tax Fight in Texas '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Josh Hinkle ( 16 February 2011 ) . `` Combs defends Amazon sales tax fight '' . Austin News KXAN.com . Archived from the original on 11 January 2012 . Retrieved 16 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Editorial : Texas is right to pursue Amazon for uncollected sales taxes '' . The Dallas Morning News . February 17 , 2011 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Harrell , Barry ( March 9 , 2011 ) . `` Competing bills in House set battle lines in Amazon fight '' . Austin Statesman . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved March 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Franco , Melecio ( July 3 , 2011 ) . `` Rep. Otto offers legislative summary '' . The Eastex Advocate . Hearst Newspapers . Retrieved July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Copelin , Laylan . `` Documents : Amazon risking little in Texas sales tax deal '' . Statesman . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2012 . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sales - tax deal with Texas is Amazon 's latest '' . Reuters. 27 April 2012 . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Governor announces deal with Amazon to collect sales tax on Utah purchases '' . KSL . December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Utah wo n't release details on Amazon tax deal , says info would give advantage to competitors '' . Salt Lake Tribune . January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon will start collecting sales tax in Vermont '' . WCAX News . 23 January 2017 . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon to begin collecting 6 percent sales tax in VT '' . Associated Press . 23 January 2017 . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Editorial : Vermont wins with ' Amazon tax ' '' . Burlington Free Press . 1 February 2017 . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Dashiell , Joe ( January 30 , 2012 ) . `` Virginia legislation targets Amazon.com '' . WDBJ7.com . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2013 . Retrieved January 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Paitsel , Nicole ( 30 August 2013 ) . `` ' Amazon tax ' takes effect Sept. 1 '' . Daily Press . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Vozzella , Laura ( February 22 , 2012 ) . `` ' Amazon loophole ' to close in Virginia '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Blackwell , John Reid ( February 23 , 2012 ) . `` Amazon to start collecting sales taxes '' . www.richmond.com . BH Media Group . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon to collect 6 percent sales tax in West Virginia '' . The Register - Herald . Associated Press . 23 September 2013 . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.cnbc.com/2017/11/15/amazon-marketplace-tax-collection-comes-to-washington-in-2018.html Jump up ^ Daykin , Tom ( 10 October 2013 ) . `` Amazon.com will start collecting sales tax from Wisconsin customers '' . Milwaukee - Wisconsin Journal Sentinel . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Temple - West , Patrick ( 17 October 2013 ) . `` Wisconsin adds sales tax to Amazon.com shopping cart '' . Reuters . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Brown , Aaron ( 12 January 2017 ) . `` Amazon State Tax in Wyoming '' . KGWN . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Gruver , Mead ( 1 March 2017 ) . `` Wyoming Puts Teeth in Collecting Online Sales Taxes '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ American - Statesman Staff ( 10 February 2011 ) . `` Amazon says it will close Texas distribution center '' . Austin American - Statesman . Archived from the original on 16 May 2014 . Retrieved 16 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Randall Stross ( December 26 , 2009 ) . `` Sorry , Shoppers , but Why Ca n't Amazon Collect More Tax ? '' . New York Times . External links ( edit ) `` Amazon '' Laws and Taxation of Internet Sales : Constitutional Analysis Congressional Research Service hide Amazon People Current Jeff Bezos Tony Hsieh Werner Vogels Gregg Zehr Former Rick Dalzell Paul Davis Brian McBride Nadia Shouraboura Ram Shriram Tom Szkutak Brian Valentine Christopher North Facilities Doppler Day 1 Spheres HQ2 Products and services Websites A9.com AbeBooks Amazon.com Alexa Internet Book Depository BookFinder China Curse Digital Photography Review Fresh Goodreads IMDb Box Office Mojo Withoutabox Junglee.com Local Marketplace Payments Shopbop Twitch.tv Wireless Woot.com Zappos Souq.com Web services AMI Amazon Aurora CloudFront DynamoDB EBS EC2 ElastiCache EMR AWS Lambda MTurk Neptune Product Advertising API RDS Redshift S3 SES SNS SimpleDB SQS VPC Silk Glacier Storywriter Digital Alexa Appstore Audible ComiXology Amazon Drive Video Prime Key Prime Music Prime Now Prime Pantry Prime Video Kindle Store Music Reflexive Entertainment Fire OS Amazon Digital Game Store Devices Blink Home Cloud Cam Dash buttons Dash wand Echo Show Kindle Kindle Fire Fire HD Fire HDX Fire TV Stick Fire Phone Ring Technology 1 - Click Amazon Game Studios Amazon Robotics Carbonado Dynamo Graphiq Lab126 Double Helix Games Obidos Liquavista Publishing Amazon Publishing Amazon Studios Breakthrough Novel Award Best Books of the Year Kindle Direct Publishing Retail Amazon Books Amazon Go Treasure Truck Whole Foods Market Logistics Amazon Air Amazon Prime Air Former 43 Things Askville Amapedia Amie Street ( Songza ) CDNow Diapers.com Endless.com Lexcycle LivingSocial LoveFilm Mobipocket PlanetAll Sellaband Shelfari Other Amazon Light ASIN Controversies ( tax ) Fishbowl Locker Perfect 10 , Inc. v. Amazon.com , Inc . Statistically improbable phrase Vine List of Amazon brands List of Amazon locations List of mergers and acquisitions by Amazon List of Amazon products and services LibraryThing Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amazon_tax&oldid=842772082 '' Categories : Taxation in the United States Amazon ( company ) Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from June 2016 Articles with limited geographic scope from June 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from April 2018 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles created via the Article Wizard Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 15 : 24 . About Wikipedia | when did amazon start collecting sales tax in vermont | [
"As of February 1, 2017, Amazon began collecting Vermont's 6% state sales tax, ahead of a Vermont statute about internet sales tax due to go into effect in July 2017.[118][119] Online retailers will not be required to collect the 1% local sales tax that many Vermont towns impose.[120]"
] | [
"February 1, 2017"
] |
5248787744648159541 | List of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom by age | List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom by age - wikipedia List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom by age This is a list of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom by age . This table can be sorted to display prime ministers of the United Kingdom by name , order of office , date of birth , age at appointment , length of retirement , or lifespan . Age at appointment is determined by the day a prime minister assumed office for the first time . Length of retirement is determined from the day a prime minister leaves office for the final time until their death . Two measures of longevity are given ; this is to allow for the differing number of leap days occurring within the life of each Prime Minister . The first figure is the number of days between date of birth and date of death , allowing for leap days ; in parentheses the same period given in years and days , with the number of whole years that the Prime Minister had lived , and the days being the remaining number of days from their last birthday . Where the prime minister in question is still living , their longevity is measured up to 29 August 2018 . Contents 1 Overview 2 List of prime ministers 3 Oldest living prime ministers of the United Kingdom 4 See also Overview ( edit ) The median age upon accession to the premiership is 53 years and 87 days , which falls between Earl of Derby ( 23rd ) and Margaret Thatcher ( 24th ) . The youngest Prime Minister to assume office was William Pitt the Younger ( aged 24 years , and 205 days ) . The youngest Prime Minister to leave office was Duke of Grafton ( aged 34 years , and 122 days ) . The oldest Prime Minister to assume office for the first time was Viscount Palmerston ( aged 70 years , and 109 days ) . The oldest Prime Minister to be appointed overall was William Ewart Gladstone ( aged 82 years , and 230 days ) when he was appointed for the fourth and final time on 15 August 1892 . Gladstone was also the oldest Prime Minister to leave office ( aged 84 years and 63 days ) at his final retirement on 2 March 1894 . There are currently five living British prime ministers including incumbent Theresa May . The oldest living former Prime Minister is John Major , born 29 March 1943 ( aged 75 years , 153 days ) . Gordon Brown is the second oldest , 7 years , and 328 days younger than Major . Brown was born on 20 February 1951 ( aged 67 years , 190 days ) . The youngest living former Prime Minister is David Cameron , born 9 October 1966 ( aged 51 years , 324 days ) . Tony Blair is the second youngest , 13 years , and 156 days older than Cameron . Blair was born on 6 May 1953 ( aged 65 years , 115 days ) . The longest - lived prime minister was James Callaghan , who died on the eve of his 93rd birthday on 26 March 2005 . Harold Macmillan was the second longest - lived , 42 days short of Callaghan . The oldest living prime minister , John Major , will tie Macmillan if he lives to 15 February 2036 , and tie Callaghan if he lives to 28 March 2036 . The second - oldest living prime minister , Gordon Brown , will tie Macmillan if he lives to 8 January 2044 , and tie Callaghan if he lives to 19 February 2044 . The shortest - lived prime minister was Duke of Devonshire who was 44 years , and 147 days when he died on 2 October 1764 . The prime minister with the longest retirement is Duke of Grafton , at 41 years and 45 days . He achieved this record on 1 January 1799 , surpassing Earl of Bute , who died 28 years , and 337 days after leaving office . Bute held the record for 7 years . The closest anyone has been to Grafton 's record since was Henry Addington , who left office on 10 May 1804 , and died 39 years , and 281 days later on 15 February 1844 . Of the four former prime ministers currently alive , John Major has been retired the longest , he left office on 2 May 1997 . If he is still alive on 24 June 2038 , he will surpass Grafton 's record and become the longest lived prime minister after office . The prime minister with the shortest retirement is Henry Campbell - Bannerman , who died only 15 days after leaving office . Four British prime ministers have lived into their 90s . They are ( in order of birth ) : Winston Churchill ( 1874 -- 1965 ) Harold Macmillan ( 1894 -- 1986 ) Alec Douglas - Home ( 1903 -- 1995 ) James Callaghan ( 1912 -- 2005 ) List of prime ministers ( edit ) indicates the prime minister died in office Order of office Prime Minister Date of birth Date of ( first ) appointment Age at ( first ) appointment End date of ( final ) term Age at leaving office Length of retirement Date of death hide Lifespan Robert Walpole ( 1676 - 08 - 26 ) 26 August 1676 4 April 1721 ( 1721 - 04 - 04 ) 7004162910000000000 ♠ 44 years , 221 days 11 February 1742 ( 1742 - 02 - 11 ) 7004239090000000000 ♠ 65 years , 169 days 7003113100000000000 ♠ 3 years , 35 days ( 1745 - 03 - 18 ) 18 March 1745 7004250400000000000 ♠ 68 years , 204 days ( 25,040 days ) Earl of Wilmington ( 1673 - 01 - 01 ) 1 January 1673 1673 16 February 1742 ( 1742 - 02 - 16 ) 7004250660000000000 ♠ 68 years , 230 days 68 -- 69 years ( 1743 - 07 - 02 ) 2 July 1743 N / A N / A ( 1743 - 07 - 02 ) 2 July 1743 7004255670000000000 ♠ 70 years , 1 day 69 -- 70 years ( 25,577 days ) Henry Pelham ( 1694 - 09 - 25 ) 25 September 1694 27 August 1743 ( 1743 - 08 - 27 ) 7004178670000000000 ♠ 48 years , 336 days 6 March 1754 ( 1754 - 03 - 06 ) N / A N / A ( 1754 - 03 - 06 ) 6 March 1754 7004217110000000000 ♠ 59 years , 162 days ( 21,711 days ) Duke of Newcastle ( 1693 - 07 - 21 ) 21 July 1693 16 March 1754 ( 1754 - 03 - 16 ) 7004221520000000000 ♠ 60 years , 238 days 26 May 1762 ( 1762 - 05 - 26 ) 7004251450000000000 ♠ 68 years , 309 days 7003236700000000000 ♠ 6 years , 175 days ( 1768 - 11 - 17 ) 17 November 1768 7004275120000000000 ♠ 75 years , 119 days ( 27,512 days ) Duke of Devonshire ( 1720 - 05 - 08 ) 8 May 1720 16 November 1756 ( 1756 - 11 - 16 ) 7004133410000000000 ♠ 36 years , 192 days 25 June 1757 ( 1757 - 06 - 25 ) 7004135620000000000 ♠ 37 years , 48 days 7003265600000000000 ♠ 7 years , 99 days ( 1764 - 10 - 02 ) 2 October 1764 7004162180000000000 ♠ 44 years , 147 days ( 16,218 days ) 6 Earl of Bute ( 1713 - 05 - 25 ) 25 May 1713 26 May 1762 ( 1762 - 05 - 26 ) 7004178980000000000 ♠ 49 years , 1 day 8 April 1763 ( 1763 - 04 - 08 ) 7004182150000000000 ♠ 49 years , 318 days 7004105640000000000 ♠ 28 years , 337 days ( 1792 - 03 - 10 ) 10 March 1792 7004287790000000000 ♠ 78 years , 290 days ( 28,779 days ) 7 George Grenville ( 1712 - 10 - 14 ) 14 October 1712 16 April 1763 ( 1763 - 04 - 16 ) 7004184460000000000 ♠ 50 years , 184 days 13 July 1765 ( 1765 - 07 - 13 ) 7004192650000000000 ♠ 52 years , 272 days 7003194900000000000 ♠ 5 years , 123 days ( 1770 - 11 - 13 ) 13 November 1770 7004212140000000000 ♠ 58 years , 30 days ( 21,214 days ) 8 Marquess of Rockingham ( 1730 - 05 - 13 ) 13 May 1730 13 July 1765 ( 1765 - 07 - 13 ) 7004128450000000000 ♠ 35 years , 61 days 1 July 1782 ( 1782 - 07 - 01 ) N / A N / A ( 1782 - 07 - 01 ) 1 July 1782 7004190420000000000 ♠ 52 years , 49 days ( 19,042 days ) 9 William Pitt the Elder ( 1708 - 11 - 15 ) 15 November 1708 30 July 1766 ( 1766 - 07 - 30 ) 7004210760000000000 ♠ 57 years , 257 days 14 October 1768 ( 1768 - 10 - 14 ) 7004218830000000000 ♠ 59 years , 334 days 7003349600000000000 ♠ 9 years , 209 days ( 1778 - 05 - 11 ) 11 May 1778 7004253790000000000 ♠ 69 years , 177 days ( 25,379 days ) 10 Duke of Grafton ( 1735 - 09 - 28 ) 28 September 1735 14 October 1768 ( 1768 - 10 - 14 ) 7004120700000000000 ♠ 33 years , 16 days 28 January 1770 ( 1770 - 01 - 28 ) 7004125410000000000 ♠ 34 years , 122 days 7004150190000000000 ♠ 41 years , 45 days ( 1811 - 03 - 14 ) 14 March 1811 7004275600000000000 ♠ 75 years , 167 days ( 27,560 days ) 11 Lord North ( 1732 - 04 - 13 ) 13 April 1732 28 January 1770 ( 1770 - 01 - 28 ) 7004138040000000000 ♠ 37 years , 290 days 22 March 1782 ( 1782 - 03 - 22 ) 7004182400000000000 ♠ 49 years , 343 days 7003378900000000000 ♠ 10 years , 136 days ( 1792 - 08 - 05 ) 5 August 1792 7004220290000000000 ♠ 60 years , 114 days ( 22,029 days ) 12 Earl of Shelburne ( 1737 - 05 - 02 ) 2 May 1737 4 July 1782 ( 1782 - 07 - 04 ) 7004164990000000000 ♠ 45 years , 63 days 2 April 1783 ( 1783 - 04 - 02 ) 7004167710000000000 ♠ 45 years , 335 days 7003807000000000000 ♠ 22 years , 35 days ( 1805 - 05 - 07 ) 7 May 1805 7004248410000000000 ♠ 68 years , 5 days ( 24,841 days ) 13 Duke of Portland ( 1738 - 04 - 14 ) 14 April 1738 2 April 1783 ( 1783 - 04 - 02 ) 7004164240000000000 ♠ 44 years , 353 days 4 October 1809 ( 1809 - 10 - 04 ) 7004261050000000000 ♠ 71 years , 173 days 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 days ( 1809 - 10 - 30 ) 30 October 1809 7004261310000000000 ♠ 71 years , 199 days ( 26,131 days ) 14 William Pitt the Younger ( 1759 - 05 - 28 ) 28 May 1759 19 December 1783 ( 1783 - 12 - 19 ) 7003897100000000000 ♠ 24 years , 205 days 23 January 1806 ( 1806 - 01 - 23 ) N / A N / A ( 1806 - 01 - 23 ) 23 January 1806 7004170410000000000 ♠ 46 years , 240 days ( 17,041 days ) 15 Henry Addington ( 1757 - 05 - 30 ) 30 May 1757 17 March 1801 ( 1801 - 03 - 17 ) 7004159960000000000 ♠ 43 years , 291 days 10 May 1804 ( 1804 - 05 - 10 ) 7004171460000000000 ♠ 46 years , 346 days 7004145250000000000 ♠ 39 years , 281 days ( 1844 - 02 - 15 ) 15 February 1844 7004316710000000000 ♠ 86 years , 261 days ( 31,671 days ) 16 William Grenville ( 1759 - 10 - 25 ) 25 October 1759 11 February 1806 ( 1806 - 02 - 11 ) 7004169100000000000 ♠ 46 years , 109 days 31 March 1807 ( 1807 - 03 - 31 ) 7004173230000000000 ♠ 47 years , 157 days 7003978400000000000 ♠ 26 years , 287 days ( 1834 - 01 - 12 ) 12 January 1834 7004271070000000000 ♠ 74 years , 79 days ( 27,107 days ) 17 Spencer Perceval ( 1762 - 11 - 01 ) 1 November 1762 4 October 1809 ( 1809 - 10 - 04 ) 7004171380000000000 ♠ 46 years , 337 days 11 May 1812 ( 1812 - 05 - 11 ) N / A N / A ( 1812 - 05 - 11 ) 11 May 1812 7004180880000000000 ♠ 49 years , 192 days ( 18,078 days ) 18 Earl of Liverpool ( 1770 - 06 - 07 ) 7 June 1770 8 June 1812 ( 1812 - 06 - 08 ) 7004153410000000000 ♠ 42 years , 1 day 9 April 1827 ( 1827 - 04 - 09 ) 7004207590000000000 ♠ 56 years , 306 days 7002605000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 239 days ( 1828 - 12 - 04 ) 4 December 1828 7004213640000000000 ♠ 58 years , 180 days ( 21,364 days ) 19 George Canning ( 1770 - 04 - 11 ) 11 April 1770 10 April 1827 ( 1827 - 04 - 10 ) 7004208170000000000 ♠ 56 years , 364 days 8 August 1827 ( 1827 - 08 - 08 ) N / A N / A ( 1827 - 08 - 08 ) 8 August 1827 7004209370000000000 ♠ 57 years , 119 days ( 20,937 days ) 20 Viscount Goderich ( 1782 - 11 - 01 ) 1 November 1782 31 August 1827 ( 1827 - 08 - 31 ) 7004163730000000000 ♠ 44 years , 303 days 21 January 1828 ( 1828 - 01 - 21 ) 7004165160000000000 ♠ 45 years , 81 days 7004113300000000000 ♠ 31 years , 7 days ( 1859 - 01 - 28 ) 28 January 1859 7004278460000000000 ♠ 76 years , 88 days ( 27,846 days ) 21 Duke of Wellington ( 1769 - 05 - 01 ) 1 May 1769 22 January 1828 ( 1828 - 01 - 22 ) 7004214490000000000 ♠ 58 years , 266 days 10 December 1834 ( 1834 - 12 - 10 ) 7004239630000000000 ♠ 65 years , 223 days 7003648800000000000 ♠ 17 years , 279 days ( 1852 - 09 - 14 ) 14 September 1852 7004304510000000000 ♠ 83 years , 136 days ( 30,451 days ) 22 Earl Grey ( 1764 - 03 - 13 ) 13 March 1764 22 November 1830 ( 1830 - 11 - 22 ) 7004243590000000000 ♠ 66 years , 254 days 9 July 1834 ( 1834 - 07 - 09 ) 7004256840000000000 ♠ 70 years , 118 days 7003402600000000000 ♠ 11 years , 8 days ( 1845 - 07 - 17 ) 17 July 1845 7004297100000000000 ♠ 81 years , 126 days ( 29,710 days ) 23 Viscount Melbourne ( 1779 - 03 - 15 ) 15 March 1779 16 July 1834 ( 1834 - 07 - 16 ) 7004202110000000000 ♠ 55 years , 123 days 30 August 1841 ( 1841 - 08 - 30 ) 7004228130000000000 ♠ 62 years , 168 days 7003264300000000000 ♠ 7 years , 86 days ( 1848 - 11 - 24 ) 24 November 1848 7004254560000000000 ♠ 69 years , 254 days ( 25,456 days ) 24 Robert Peel ( 1788 - 02 - 05 ) 5 February 1788 10 December 1834 ( 1834 - 12 - 10 ) 7004171090000000000 ♠ 46 years , 308 days 29 June 1846 ( 1846 - 06 - 29 ) 7004213280000000000 ♠ 58 years , 144 days 7003146400000000000 ♠ 4 years , 3 days ( 1850 - 07 - 02 ) 2 July 1850 7004227920000000000 ♠ 62 years , 147 days ( 22,792 days ) 25 Lord John Russell ( 1792 - 08 - 18 ) 18 August 1792 30 June 1846 ( 1846 - 06 - 30 ) 7004196730000000000 ♠ 53 years , 316 days 26 June 1866 ( 1866 - 06 - 26 ) 7004269740000000000 ♠ 73 years , 312 days 7003435400000000000 ♠ 11 years , 336 days ( 1878 - 05 - 28 ) 28 May 1878 7004313280000000000 ♠ 85 years , 283 days ( 31,328 days ) 26 Earl of Derby ( 1799 - 03 - 29 ) 29 March 1799 23 February 1852 ( 1852 - 02 - 23 ) 7004193230000000000 ♠ 52 years , 331 days 25 February 1868 ( 1868 - 02 - 25 ) 7004251690000000000 ♠ 68 years , 333 days 7002606000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 240 days ( 1869 - 10 - 23 ) 23 October 1869 7004257750000000000 ♠ 70 years , 208 days ( 25,775 days ) 27 Earl of Aberdeen ( 1784 - 01 - 28 ) 28 January 1784 19 December 1852 ( 1852 - 12 - 19 ) 7004251620000000000 ♠ 68 years , 326 days 30 January 1855 ( 1855 - 01 - 30 ) 7004259340000000000 ♠ 71 years , 2 days 7003214500000000000 ♠ 5 years , 319 days ( 1860 - 12 - 14 ) 14 December 1860 7004280790000000000 ♠ 76 years , 321 days ( 28,079 days ) 28 Viscount Palmerston ( 1784 - 10 - 20 ) 20 October 1784 6 February 1855 ( 1855 - 02 - 06 ) 7004256750000000000 ♠ 70 years , 109 days 18 October 1865 ( 1865 - 10 - 18 ) N / A N / A ( 1865 - 10 - 18 ) 18 October 1865 7004295820000000000 ♠ 80 years , 363 days ( 29,582 days ) 29 Benjamin Disraeli ( 1804 - 12 - 21 ) 21 December 1804 27 February 1868 ( 1868 - 02 - 27 ) 7004230780000000000 ♠ 63 years , 68 days 21 April 1880 ( 1880 - 04 - 21 ) 7004275150000000000 ♠ 75 years , 122 days 7002363000000000000 ♠ 363 days ( 1881 - 04 - 19 ) 19 April 1881 7004278780000000000 ♠ 76 years , 119 days ( 27,878 days ) 30 William Ewart Gladstone ( 1809 - 12 - 29 ) 29 December 1809 3 December 1868 ( 1868 - 12 - 03 ) 7004215240000000000 ♠ 58 years , 340 days 2 March 1894 ( 1894 - 03 - 02 ) 7004307440000000000 ♠ 84 years , 63 days 7003153900000000000 ♠ 4 years , 78 days ( 1898 - 05 - 19 ) 19 May 1898 7004322830000000000 ♠ 88 years , 141 days ( 32,283 days ) 31 Marquess of Salisbury ( 1830 - 02 - 03 ) 3 February 1830 23 June 1885 ( 1885 - 06 - 23 ) 7004202290000000000 ♠ 55 years , 140 days 11 July 1902 ( 1902 - 07 - 11 ) 7004264550000000000 ♠ 72 years , 158 days 7002407000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 42 days ( 1903 - 08 - 22 ) 22 August 1903 7004268620000000000 ♠ 73 years , 200 days ( 26,862 days ) 32 Earl of Rosebery ( 1847 - 05 - 07 ) 7 May 1847 5 March 1894 ( 1894 - 03 - 05 ) 7004171040000000000 ♠ 46 years , 302 days 22 June 1895 ( 1895 - 06 - 22 ) 7004175780000000000 ♠ 48 years , 46 days 7004123860000000000 ♠ 33 years , 333 days ( 1929 - 05 - 21 ) 21 May 1929 7004299640000000000 ♠ 82 years , 14 days ( 29,964 days ) 33 Arthur Balfour ( 1848 - 07 - 25 ) 25 July 1848 11 July 1902 ( 1902 - 07 - 11 ) 7004197080000000000 ♠ 53 years , 351 days 5 December 1905 ( 1905 - 12 - 05 ) 7004209510000000000 ♠ 57 years , 133 days 7003887000000000000 ♠ 24 years , 104 days ( 1930 - 03 - 19 ) 19 March 1930 7004298210000000000 ♠ 81 years , 237 days ( 34,204 days ) 34 Henry Campbell - Bannerman ( 1836 - 09 - 07 ) 7 September 1836 5 December 1905 ( 1905 - 12 - 05 ) 7004252900000000000 ♠ 69 years , 89 days 7 April 1908 ( 1908 - 04 - 07 ) 7004261440000000000 ♠ 71 years , 213 days 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 days ( 1908 - 04 - 22 ) 22 April 1908 7004261590000000000 ♠ 71 years , 228 days ( 26,159 days ) 35 H.H. Asquith ( 1852 - 09 - 12 ) 12 September 1852 7 April 1908 ( 1908 - 04 - 07 ) 7004202950000000000 ♠ 55 years , 208 days 7 December 1916 ( 1916 - 12 - 07 ) 7004234610000000000 ♠ 64 years , 86 days 7003408700000000000 ♠ 11 years , 70 days ( 1928 - 02 - 15 ) 15 February 1928 7004275480000000000 ♠ 75 years , 156 days ( 27,548 days ) 36 David Lloyd George ( 1863 - 01 - 17 ) 17 January 1863 7 December 1916 ( 1916 - 12 - 07 ) 7004196820000000000 ♠ 53 years , 325 days 22 October 1922 ( 1922 - 10 - 22 ) 7004218270000000000 ♠ 59 years , 278 days 7003819100000000000 ♠ 22 years , 155 days ( 1945 - 03 - 26 ) 26 March 1945 7004300180000000000 ♠ 82 years , 68 days ( 30,018 days ) 37 Bonar Law ( 1858 - 09 - 16 ) 16 September 1858 23 October 1922 ( 1922 - 10 - 23 ) 7004234120000000000 ♠ 64 years , 37 days 20 May 1923 ( 1923 - 05 - 20 ) 7004236210000000000 ♠ 64 years , 246 days 7002163000000000000 ♠ 163 days ( 1923 - 10 - 30 ) 30 October 1923 7004237840000000000 ♠ 65 years , 44 days ( 23,784 days ) 38 Stanley Baldwin ( 1867 - 08 - 03 ) 3 August 1867 23 May 1923 ( 1923 - 05 - 23 ) 7004203810000000000 ♠ 55 years , 293 days 28 May 1937 ( 1937 - 05 - 28 ) 7004255000000000000 ♠ 69 years , 298 days 7003378500000000000 ♠ 10 years , 133 days ( 1947 - 12 - 14 ) 14 December 1947 7004293520000000000 ♠ 80 years , 133 days ( 29,352 days ) 39 Ramsay MacDonald ( 1866 - 10 - 12 ) 12 October 1866 22 January 1924 ( 1924 - 01 - 22 ) 7004209200000000000 ♠ 57 years , 102 days 7 June 1935 ( 1935 - 06 - 07 ) 7004250740000000000 ♠ 68 years , 238 days 7002886000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 155 days ( 1937 - 11 - 09 ) 9 November 1937 7004259600000000000 ♠ 71 years , 28 days ( 25,960 days ) 40 Neville Chamberlain ( 1869 - 03 - 18 ) 18 March 1869 28 May 1937 ( 1937 - 05 - 28 ) 7004249070000000000 ♠ 68 years , 71 days 10 May 1940 ( 1940 - 05 - 10 ) 7004259850000000000 ♠ 71 years , 53 days 7002183000000000000 ♠ 183 days ( 1940 - 11 - 09 ) 9 November 1940 7004261680000000000 ♠ 71 years , 236 days ( 26,168 days ) 41 Winston Churchill ( 1874 - 11 - 30 ) 30 November 1874 10 May 1940 ( 1940 - 05 - 10 ) 7004239020000000000 ♠ 65 years , 162 days 7 April 1955 ( 1955 - 04 - 07 ) 7004293470000000000 ♠ 80 years , 128 days 7003358000000000000 ♠ 9 years , 292 days ( 1965 - 01 - 24 ) 24 January 1965 7004329270000000000 ♠ 90 years , 55 days ( 32,927 days ) 42 Clement Attlee ( 1883 - 01 - 03 ) 3 January 1883 26 July 1945 ( 1945 - 07 - 26 ) 7004228490000000000 ♠ 62 years , 204 days 26 October 1951 ( 1951 - 10 - 26 ) 7004251320000000000 ♠ 68 years , 296 days 7003582600000000000 ♠ 15 years , 347 days ( 1967 - 10 - 08 ) 8 October 1967 7004309580000000000 ♠ 84 years , 278 days ( 30,958 days ) 43 Anthony Eden ( 1897 - 06 - 12 ) 12 June 1897 7 April 1955 ( 1955 - 04 - 07 ) 7004211170000000000 ♠ 57 years , 299 days 10 January 1957 ( 1957 - 01 - 10 ) 7004217610000000000 ♠ 59 years , 212 days 7003730900000000000 ♠ 20 years , 4 days ( 1977 - 01 - 14 ) 14 January 1977 7004290700000000000 ♠ 79 years , 216 days ( 29,070 days ) 44 Harold Macmillan ( 1894 - 02 - 10 ) 10 February 1894 10 January 1957 ( 1957 - 01 - 10 ) 7004229790000000000 ♠ 62 years , 335 days 18 October 1963 ( 1963 - 10 - 18 ) 7004254510000000000 ♠ 69 years , 250 days 7003847300000000000 ♠ 23 years , 72 days ( 1986 - 12 - 29 ) 29 December 1986 7004339240000000000 ♠ 92 years , 322 days ( 33,924 days ) 45 Alec Douglas - Home ( 1903 - 07 - 02 ) 2 July 1903 18 October 1963 ( 1963 - 10 - 18 ) 7004220230000000000 ♠ 60 years , 108 days 16 October 1964 ( 1964 - 10 - 16 ) 7004223870000000000 ♠ 61 years , 106 days 7004113150000000000 ♠ 30 years , 358 days ( 1995 - 10 - 09 ) 9 October 1995 7004337020000000000 ♠ 92 years , 99 days ( 33,702 days ) 46 Harold Wilson ( 1916 - 03 - 11 ) 11 March 1916 16 October 1964 ( 1964 - 10 - 16 ) 7004177510000000000 ♠ 48 years , 219 days 5 April 1976 ( 1976 - 04 - 05 ) 7004219400000000000 ♠ 60 years , 25 days 7003698800000000000 ♠ 19 years , 49 days ( 1995 - 05 - 24 ) 24 May 1995 7004289280000000000 ♠ 79 years , 74 days ( 28,928 days ) 47 Edward Heath ( 1916 - 07 - 09 ) 9 July 1916 19 June 1970 ( 1970 - 06 - 19 ) 7004197030000000000 ♠ 53 years , 345 days 4 March 1974 ( 1974 - 03 - 04 ) 7004210570000000000 ♠ 57 years , 238 days 7004114580000000000 ♠ 31 years , 135 days ( 2005 - 07 - 17 ) 17 July 2005 7004325150000000000 ♠ 89 years , 8 days ( 32,515 days ) 48 James Callaghan ( 1912 - 03 - 27 ) 27 March 1912 5 April 1976 ( 1976 - 04 - 05 ) 7004233850000000000 ♠ 64 years , 9 days 4 May 1979 ( 1979 - 05 - 04 ) 7004245090000000000 ♠ 67 years , 38 days 7003945800000000000 ♠ 25 years , 326 days ( 2005 - 03 - 26 ) 26 March 2005 7004339670000000000 ♠ 92 years , 364 days ( 33,967 days ) 49 Margaret Thatcher ( 1925 - 10 - 13 ) 13 October 1925 4 May 1979 ( 1979 - 05 - 04 ) 7004195610000000000 ♠ 53 years , 203 days 28 November 1990 ( 1990 - 11 - 28 ) 7004237870000000000 ♠ 65 years , 46 days 7003816700000000000 ♠ 22 years , 131 days ( 2013 - 04 - 08 ) 8 April 2013 7004319540000000000 ♠ 87 years , 177 days ( 31,954 days ) 50 John Major ( 1943 - 03 - 29 ) 29 March 1943 28 November 1990 ( 1990 - 11 - 28 ) 7004174110000000000 ♠ 47 years , 244 days 2 May 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 02 ) 7004197580000000000 ♠ 54 years , 34 days 7003778900000000000 ♠ 21 years , 119 days 7004275470000000000 ♠ 75 years , 153 days ( 27,547 days ) 51 Tony Blair ( 1953 - 05 - 06 ) 6 May 1953 2 May 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 02 ) 7004160670000000000 ♠ 43 years , 361 days 27 June 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 27 ) 7004197750000000000 ♠ 54 years , 52 days 7003408100000000000 ♠ 11 years , 63 days 7004238560000000000 ♠ 65 years , 115 days ( 23,856 days ) 52 Gordon Brown ( 1951 - 02 - 20 ) 20 February 1951 27 June 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 27 ) 7004205810000000000 ♠ 56 years , 127 days 11 May 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 11 ) 7004216300000000000 ♠ 59 years , 80 days 7003303200000000000 ♠ 8 years , 110 days 7004246620000000000 ♠ 67 years , 190 days ( 24,662 days ) 53 David Cameron ( 1966 - 10 - 09 ) 9 October 1966 11 May 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 11 ) 7004159200000000000 ♠ 43 years , 214 days 13 July 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 13 ) 7004181750000000000 ♠ 49 years , 278 days 7002777000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 47 days 7004189520000000000 ♠ 51 years , 324 days ( 18,952 days ) 54 Theresa May ( 1956 - 10 - 01 ) 1 October 1956 13 July 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 13 ) 7004218350000000000 ♠ 59 years , 286 days Incumbent Incumbent Incumbent 7004226120000000000 ♠ 61 years , 332 days ( 22,612 days ) Order of office Prime Minister Date of birth Date of ( first ) appointment Age at ( first ) appointment End date of ( final ) term Age at leaving office Length of retirement Date of death Lifespan Oldest living prime ministers of the United Kingdom ( edit ) See also : Living Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom Not all prime ministers live to become the oldest of their time . Of the 49 deceased prime ministers , 30 eventually became the oldest of their lifetime , while 19 did not ( including 4 of the 7 prime ministers who died in office , Earl of Wilmington , Henry Pelham , and Viscount Palmerston being the only exceptions ) . Henry Addington became the oldest living prime minister when Duke of Grafton died in 1811 and remained so until his death in 1844 , for a record of almost 33 years . Edward Heath became the oldest living prime minister after the death of James Callaghan , but he survived Callaghan by only 113 days . On two occasions the oldest living prime minister lost this distinction not by his death , but due to the appointment of a prime minister who was older . Robert Walpole lost this distinction when Earl of Wilmington was appointed , then a year later when Wilmington died in office Walpole regained it again until his own death in 1745 for a total period of 22 years , and 207 days . Earl of Rosebery lost it when Henry Campbell - Bannerman was appointed , but regained it again when Campbell - Bannerman died . Consequently , Rosebery too was the oldest living prime minister twice : first from 1903 to 1905 ( after the death of Lord Salisbury ) , and a second time after Campbell - Bannerman 's death in 1908 until his own death in 1929 for a total period of 23 years , and 134 days . Edward Heath was the oldest to acquire this distinction at age 89 . Anthony Eden , who was 79 years and 216 days old when he died , was the oldest prime minister to die without also being the oldest prime minister . Harold Wilson who died on 24 May 1995 at 79 years and 74 days old , is the most recent prime minister to die without ever acquiring this distinction . Prime Minister Became oldest living prime minister Ceased to be oldest living prime minister Age at start date Age at end date Duration ( years , days ) Robert Walpole 4 April 1721 11 February 1742 7004162910000000000 ♠ 44 years , 221 days 7004239090000000000 ♠ 65 years , 169 days 7003761800000000000 ♠ 20 years , 313 days Earl of Wilmington 11 February 1742 2 July 1743 69 70 7002506000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 141 days Robert Walpole 2 July 1743 18 March 1745 7004244150000000000 ♠ 66 years , 310 days 7004250400000000000 ♠ 68 years , 204 days 7002625000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 259 days Henry Pelham 18 March 1745 6 March 1754 7004184360000000000 ♠ 50 years , 174 days 7004217110000000000 ♠ 59 years , 162 days 7003327500000000000 ♠ 8 years , 353 days Duke of Newcastle 6 March 1754 17 November 1768 7004221420000000000 ♠ 60 years , 228 days 7004275120000000000 ♠ 75 years , 119 days 7003537000000000000 ♠ 14 years , 256 days William Pitt the Elder 17 November 1768 11 May 1778 7004219170000000000 ♠ 60 years , 2 days 7004253790000000000 ♠ 69 years , 177 days 7003346200000000000 ♠ 9 years , 175 days Earl of Bute 11 May 1778 10 March 1792 7004237270000000000 ♠ 64 years , 351 days 7004287790000000000 ♠ 78 years , 290 days 7003505200000000000 ♠ 13 years , 304 days Lord North 10 March 1792 5 August 1792 7004218810000000000 ♠ 59 years , 332 days 7004220290000000000 ♠ 60 years , 114 days 7002148000000000000 ♠ 148 days Duke of Grafton 5 August 1792 14 March 1811 7004207660000000000 ♠ 56 years , 312 days 7004275600000000000 ♠ 75 years , 167 days 7003679400000000000 ♠ 18 years , 221 days Henry Addington 14 March 1811 15 February 1844 7004196450000000000 ♠ 53 years , 288 days 7004316710000000000 ♠ 86 years , 261 days 7004120260000000000 ♠ 32 years , 338 days Earl Grey 15 February 1844 17 July 1845 7004291920000000000 ♠ 79 years , 339 days 7004297100000000000 ♠ 81 years , 126 days 7002518000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 152 days Duke of Wellington 17 July 1845 14 September 1852 7004278350000000000 ♠ 76 years , 77 days 7004304510000000000 ♠ 83 years , 136 days 7003261600000000000 ♠ 7 years , 59 days Viscount Goderich 14 September 1852 28 January 1859 7004255190000000000 ♠ 69 years , 318 days 7004278460000000000 ♠ 76 years , 88 days 7003232700000000000 ♠ 6 years , 136 days Earl of Aberdeen 28 January 1859 14 December 1860 7004273930000000000 ♠ 75 years , 0 days 7004280790000000000 ♠ 76 years , 321 days 7002686000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 321 days Viscount Palmerston 14 December 1860 18 October 1865 7004278130000000000 ♠ 76 years , 55 days 7004295820000000000 ♠ 80 years , 363 days 7003176900000000000 ♠ 4 years , 308 days Lord John Russell 18 October 1865 28 May 1878 7004267230000000000 ♠ 73 years , 61 days 7004313280000000000 ♠ 85 years , 283 days 7003460500000000000 ♠ 12 years , 222 days Benjamin Disraeli 28 May 1878 19 April 1881 7004268210000000000 ♠ 73 years , 158 days 7004278780000000000 ♠ 76 years , 119 days 7003105700000000000 ♠ 2 years , 326 days William Ewart Gladstone 19 April 1881 19 May 1898 7004260440000000000 ♠ 71 years , 111 days 7004322830000000000 ♠ 88 years , 141 days 7003623900000000000 ♠ 17 years , 30 days Marquess of Salisbury 19 May 1898 22 August 1903 7004249420000000000 ♠ 68 years , 105 days 7004268620000000000 ♠ 73 years , 200 days 7003192000000000000 ♠ 5 years , 95 days Earl of Rosebery 22 August 1903 5 December 1905 7004205600000000000 ♠ 56 years , 107 days 7004213960000000000 ♠ 58 years , 212 days 7002836000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 105 days Henry Campbell - Bannerman 5 December 1905 22 April 1908 7004252900000000000 ♠ 69 years , 89 days 7004261590000000000 ♠ 71 years , 228 days 7002869000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 139 days Earl of Rosebery 22 April 1908 21 May 1929 7004222650000000000 ♠ 60 years , 351 days 7004299640000000000 ♠ 82 years , 14 days 7003769900000000000 ♠ 21 years , 29 days Arthur Balfour 21 May 1929 19 March 1930 7004295190000000000 ♠ 80 years , 300 days 7004298210000000000 ♠ 81 years , 237 days 7002302000000000000 ♠ 302 days David Lloyd George 19 March 1930 26 March 1945 7004245320000000000 ♠ 67 years , 61 days 7004300180000000000 ♠ 82 years , 68 days 7003548600000000000 ♠ 15 years , 7 days Stanley Baldwin 26 March 1945 14 December 1947 7004283590000000000 ♠ 77 years , 235 days 7004293520000000000 ♠ 80 years , 133 days 7002993000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 263 days Winston Churchill 14 December 1947 24 January 1965 7004266760000000000 ♠ 73 years , 14 days 7004329270000000000 ♠ 90 years , 55 days 7003625100000000000 ♠ 17 years , 41 days Clement Attlee 24 January 1965 8 October 1967 7004299710000000000 ♠ 82 years , 21 days 7004309580000000000 ♠ 84 years , 278 days 7002987000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 257 days Harold Macmillan 8 October 1967 29 December 1986 7004269020000000000 ♠ 73 years , 240 days 7004339240000000000 ♠ 92 years , 322 days 7003702200000000000 ♠ 19 years , 82 days Alec Douglas - Home 29 December 1986 9 October 1995 7004304960000000000 ♠ 83 years , 180 days 7004337020000000000 ♠ 92 years , 99 days 7003320600000000000 ♠ 8 years , 284 days James Callaghan 9 October 1995 26 March 2005 7004305110000000000 ♠ 83 years , 196 days 7004339670000000000 ♠ 92 years , 364 days 7003345600000000000 ♠ 9 years , 168 days Edward Heath 26 March 2005 17 July 2005 7004324020000000000 ♠ 88 years , 260 days 7004325150000000000 ♠ 89 years , 8 days 7002113000000000000 ♠ 113 days Margaret Thatcher 17 July 2005 8 April 2013 7004291320000000000 ♠ 79 years , 277 days 7004319540000000000 ♠ 87 years , 177 days 7003282200000000000 ♠ 7 years , 265 days John Major 8 April 2013 Current oldest living prime minister 7004255780000000000 ♠ 70 years , 10 days Current oldest living prime minister 7003196900000000000 ♠ 5 years , 143 days Prime Minister Became oldest living prime minister Ceased to be oldest living prime minister Age at start date Age at end date Duration ( years , days ) See also ( edit ) List of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom ( graphical ) List of Presidents of the United States by age Lifespan timeline of Presidents of the United States hide Lists relating to Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom List of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom Lists by order Age Constituencies Cultural depictions Governments votes of no confidence Historical rankings Number living Records Service ( timeline ) Term length Peerages By monarch Victoria Edward VII George V Edward VIII George VI Elizabeth II Personal life Burial places Coats of arms Education Nickname Spouse In fiction Fictional Prime Ministers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom_by_age&oldid=856927240 '' Categories : Lists of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom Lists of political office - holders by age Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 12 : 42 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who became prime minister at the age of 47 | [
"\n\n\nOrder of office\n\nPrime Minister\n\nDate of birth\n\nDate of (first) appointment\n\nAge at (first) appointment\n\nEnd date of (final) term\n\nAge at leaving office\n\nLength of retirement\n\nDate of death\n\nhideLifespan\n\n\n1\n\nRobert Walpole\n\n(1676-08-26)26 August 1676\n\n4 April 1721 (1721-04-04)\n\n7004162910000000000♠44 years, 221 days\n\n11 February 1742 (1742-02-11)\n\n7004239090000000000♠65 years, 169 days\n\n7003113100000000000♠3 years, 35 days\n\n(1745-03-18)18 March 1745\n\n7004250400000000000♠68 years, 204 days (25,040 days)\n\n\n2\n\nEarl of Wilmington\n\n(1673-01-01)1 January 1673 1673\n\n16 February 1742 (1742-02-16)\n\n7004250660000000000♠68 years, 230 days 68–69 years\n\n(1743-07-02)2 July 1743\n\nN/A\n\nN/A\n\n(1743-07-02)2 July 1743a\n\n7004255670000000000♠70 years, 1 day 69–70 years (25,577 days)\n\n\n3\n\nHenry Pelham\n\n(1694-09-25)25 September 1694\n\n27 August 1743 (1743-08-27)\n\n7004178670000000000♠48 years, 336 days\n\n6 March 1754 (1754-03-06)\n\nN/A\n\nN/A\n\n(1754-03-06)6 March 1754a\n\n7004217110000000000♠59 years, 162 days (21,711 days)\n\n\n4\n\nDuke of Newcastle\n\n(1693-07-21)21 July 1693\n\n16 March 1754 (1754-03-16)\n\n7004221520000000000♠60 years, 238 days\n\n26 May 1762 (1762-05-26)\n\n7004251450000000000♠68 years, 309 days\n\n7003236700000000000♠6 years, 175 days\n\n(1768-11-17)17 November 1768\n\n7004275120000000000♠75 years, 119 days (27,512 days)\n\n\n5\n\nDuke of Devonshire\n\n(1720-05-08)8 May 1720\n\n16 November 1756 (1756-11-16)\n\n7004133410000000000♠36 years, 192 days\n\n25 June 1757 (1757-06-25)\n\n7004135620000000000♠37 years, 48 days\n\n7003265600000000000♠7 years, 99 days\n\n(1764-10-02)2 October 1764\n\n7004162180000000000♠44 years, 147 days (16,218 days)\n\n\n6\n\nEarl of Bute\n\n(1713-05-25)25 May 1713\n\n26 May 1762 (1762-05-26)\n\n7004178980000000000♠49 years, 1 day\n\n8 April 1763 (1763-04-08)\n\n7004182150000000000♠49 years, 318 days\n\n7004105640000000000♠28 years, 337 days\n\n(1792-03-10)10 March 1792\n\n7004287790000000000♠78 years, 290 days (28,779 days)\n\n\n7\n\nGeorge Grenville\n\n(1712-10-14)14 October 1712\n\n16 April 1763 (1763-04-16)\n\n7004184460000000000♠50 years, 184 days\n\n13 July 1765 (1765-07-13)\n\n7004192650000000000♠52 years, 272 days\n\n7003194900000000000♠5 years, 123 days\n\n(1770-11-13)13 November 1770\n\n7004212140000000000♠58 years, 30 days (21,214 days)\n\n\n8\n\nMarquess of Rockingham\n\n(1730-05-13)13 May 1730\n\n13 July 1765 (1765-07-13)\n\n7004128450000000000♠35 years, 61 days\n\n1 July 1782 (1782-07-01)\n\nN/A\n\nN/A\n\n(1782-07-01)1 July 1782a\n\n7004190420000000000♠52 years, 49 days (19,042 days)\n\n\n9\n\nWilliam Pitt the Elder\n\n(1708-11-15)15 November 1708\n\n30 July 1766 (1766-07-30)\n\n7004210760000000000♠57 years, 257 days\n\n14 October 1768 (1768-10-14)\n\n7004218830000000000♠59 years, 334 days\n\n7003349600000000000♠9 years, 209 days\n\n(1778-05-11)11 May 1778\n\n7004253790000000000♠69 years, 177 days (25,379 days)\n\n\n10\n\nDuke of Grafton\n\n(1735-09-28)28 September 1735\n\n14 October 1768 (1768-10-14)\n\n7004120700000000000♠33 years, 16 days\n\n28 January 1770 (1770-01-28)\n\n7004125410000000000♠34 years, 122 days\n\n7004150190000000000♠41 years, 45 days\n\n(1811-03-14)14 March 1811\n\n7004275600000000000♠75 years, 167 days (27,560 days)\n\n\n11\n\nLord North\n\n(1732-04-13)13 April 1732\n\n28 January 1770 (1770-01-28)\n\n7004138040000000000♠37 years, 290 days\n\n22 March 1782 (1782-03-22)\n\n7004182400000000000♠49 years, 343 days\n\n7003378900000000000♠10 years, 136 days\n\n(1792-08-05)5 August 1792\n\n7004220290000000000♠60 years, 114 days (22,029 days)\n\n\n12\n\nEarl of Shelburne\n\n(1737-05-02)2 May 1737\n\n4 July 1782 (1782-07-04)\n\n7004164990000000000♠45 years, 63 days\n\n2 April 1783 (1783-04-02)\n\n7004167710000000000♠45 years, 335 days\n\n7003807000000000000♠22 years, 35 days\n\n(1805-05-07)7 May 1805\n\n7004248410000000000♠68 years, 5 days (24,841 days)\n\n\n13\n\nDuke of Portland\n\n(1738-04-14)14 April 1738\n\n2 April 1783 (1783-04-02)\n\n7004164240000000000♠44 years, 353 days\n\n4 October 1809 (1809-10-04)\n\n7004261050000000000♠71 years, 173 days\n\n7001260000000000000♠26 days\n\n(1809-10-30)30 October 1809\n\n7004261310000000000♠71 years, 199 days (26,131 days)\n\n\n14\n\nWilliam Pitt the Younger\n\n(1759-05-28)28 May 1759\n\n19 December 1783 (1783-12-19)\n\n7003897100000000000♠24 years, 205 days\n\n23 January 1806 (1806-01-23)\n\nN/A\n\nN/A\n\n(1806-01-23)23 January 1806a\n\n7004170410000000000♠46 years, 240 days (17,041 days)\n\n\n15\n\nHenry Addington\n\n(1757-05-30)30 May 1757\n\n17 March 1801 (1801-03-17)\n\n7004159960000000000♠43 years, 291 days\n\n10 May 1804 (1804-05-10)\n\n7004171460000000000♠46 years, 346 days\n\n7004145250000000000♠39 years, 281 days\n\n(1844-02-15)15 February 1844\n\n7004316710000000000♠86 years, 261 days (31,671 days)\n\n\n16\n\nWilliam Grenville\n\n(1759-10-25)25 October 1759\n\n11 February 1806 (1806-02-11)\n\n7004169100000000000♠46 years, 109 days\n\n31 March 1807 (1807-03-31)\n\n7004173230000000000♠47 years, 157 days\n\n7003978400000000000♠26 years, 287 days\n\n(1834-01-12)12 January 1834\n\n7004271070000000000♠74 years, 79 days (27,107 days)\n\n\n17\n\nSpencer Perceval\n\n(1762-11-01)1 November 1762\n\n4 October 1809 (1809-10-04)\n\n7004171380000000000♠46 years, 337 days\n\n11 May 1812 (1812-05-11)\n\nN/A\n\nN/A\n\n(1812-05-11)11 May 1812a\n\n7004180880000000000♠49 years, 192 days (18,078 days)\n\n\n18\n\nEarl of Liverpool\n\n(1770-06-07)7 June 1770\n\n8 June 1812 (1812-06-08)\n\n7004153410000000000♠42 years, 1 day\n\n9 April 1827 (1827-04-09)\n\n7004207590000000000♠56 years, 306 days\n\n7002605000000000000♠1 year, 239 days\n\n(1828-12-04)4 December 1828\n\n7004213640000000000♠58 years, 180 days (21,364 days)\n\n\n19\n\nGeorge Canning\n\n(1770-04-11)11 April 1770\n\n10 April 1827 (1827-04-10)\n\n7004208170000000000♠56 years, 364 days\n\n8 August 1827 (1827-08-08)\n\nN/A\n\nN/A\n\n(1827-08-08)8 August 1827a\n\n7004209370000000000♠57 years, 119 days (20,937 days)\n\n\n20\n\nViscount Goderich\n\n(1782-11-01)1 November 1782\n\n31 August 1827 (1827-08-31)\n\n7004163730000000000♠44 years, 303 days\n\n21 January 1828 (1828-01-21)\n\n7004165160000000000♠45 years, 81 days\n\n7004113300000000000♠31 years, 7 days\n\n(1859-01-28)28 January 1859\n\n7004278460000000000♠76 years, 88 days (27,846 days)\n\n\n21\n\nDuke of Wellington\n\n(1769-05-01)1 May 1769\n\n22 January 1828 (1828-01-22)\n\n7004214490000000000♠58 years, 266 days\n\n10 December 1834 (1834-12-10)\n\n7004239630000000000♠65 years, 223 days\n\n7003648800000000000♠17 years, 279 days\n\n(1852-09-14)14 September 1852\n\n7004304510000000000♠83 years, 136 days (30,451 days)\n\n\n22\n\nEarl Grey\n\n(1764-03-13)13 March 1764\n\n22 November 1830 (1830-11-22)\n\n7004243590000000000♠66 years, 254 days\n\n9 July 1834 (1834-07-09)\n\n7004256840000000000♠70 years, 118 days\n\n7003402600000000000♠11 years, 8 days\n\n(1845-07-17)17 July 1845\n\n7004297100000000000♠81 years, 126 days (29,710 days)\n\n\n23\n\nViscount Melbourne\n\n(1779-03-15)15 March 1779\n\n16 July 1834 (1834-07-16)\n\n7004202110000000000♠55 years, 123 days\n\n30 August 1841 (1841-08-30)\n\n7004228130000000000♠62 years, 168 days\n\n7003264300000000000♠7 years, 86 days\n\n(1848-11-24)24 November 1848\n\n7004254560000000000♠69 years, 254 days (25,456 days)\n\n\n24\n\nRobert Peel\n\n(1788-02-05)5 February 1788\n\n10 December 1834 (1834-12-10)\n\n7004171090000000000♠46 years, 308 days\n\n29 June 1846 (1846-06-29)\n\n7004213280000000000♠58 years, 144 days\n\n7003146400000000000♠4 years, 3 days\n\n(1850-07-02)2 July 1850\n\n7004227920000000000♠62 years, 147 days (22,792 days)\n\n\n25\n\nLord John Russell\n\n(1792-08-18)18 August 1792\n\n30 June 1846 (1846-06-30)\n\n7004196730000000000♠53 years, 316 days\n\n26 June 1866 (1866-06-26)\n\n7004269740000000000♠73 years, 312 days\n\n7003435400000000000♠11 years, 336 days\n\n(1878-05-28)28 May 1878\n\n7004313280000000000♠85 years, 283 days (31,328 days)\n\n\n26\n\nEarl of Derby\n\n(1799-03-29)29 March 1799\n\n23 February 1852 (1852-02-23)\n\n7004193230000000000♠52 years, 331 days\n\n25 February 1868 (1868-02-25)\n\n7004251690000000000♠68 years, 333 days\n\n7002606000000000000♠1 year, 240 days\n\n(1869-10-23)23 October 1869\n\n7004257750000000000♠70 years, 208 days (25,775 days)\n\n\n27\n\nEarl of Aberdeen\n\n(1784-01-28)28 January 1784\n\n19 December 1852 (1852-12-19)\n\n7004251620000000000♠68 years, 326 days\n\n30 January 1855 (1855-01-30)\n\n7004259340000000000♠71 years, 2 days\n\n7003214500000000000♠5 years, 319 days\n\n(1860-12-14)14 December 1860\n\n7004280790000000000♠76 years, 321 days (28,079 days)\n\n\n28\n\nViscount Palmerston\n\n(1784-10-20)20 October 1784\n\n6 February 1855 (1855-02-06)\n\n7004256750000000000♠70 years, 109 days\n\n18 October 1865 (1865-10-18)\n\nN/A\n\nN/A\n\n(1865-10-18)18 October 1865a\n\n7004295820000000000♠80 years, 363 days (29,582 days)\n\n\n29\n\nBenjamin Disraeli\n\n(1804-12-21)21 December 1804\n\n27 February 1868 (1868-02-27)\n\n7004230780000000000♠63 years, 68 days\n\n21 April 1880 (1880-04-21)\n\n7004275150000000000♠75 years, 122 days\n\n7002363000000000000♠363 days\n\n(1881-04-19)19 April 1881\n\n7004278780000000000♠76 years, 119 days (27,878 days)\n\n\n30\n\nWilliam Ewart Gladstone\n\n(1809-12-29)29 December 1809\n\n3 December 1868 (1868-12-03)\n\n7004215240000000000♠58 years, 340 days\n\n2 March 1894 (1894-03-02)\n\n7004307440000000000♠84 years, 63 days\n\n7003153900000000000♠4 years, 78 days\n\n(1898-05-19)19 May 1898\n\n7004322830000000000♠88 years, 141 days (32,283 days)\n\n\n31\n\nMarquess of Salisbury\n\n(1830-02-03)3 February 1830\n\n23 June 1885 (1885-06-23)\n\n7004202290000000000♠55 years, 140 days\n\n11 July 1902 (1902-07-11)\n\n7004264550000000000♠72 years, 158 days\n\n7002407000000000000♠1 year, 42 days\n\n(1903-08-22)22 August 1903\n\n7004268620000000000♠73 years, 200 days (26,862 days)\n\n\n32\n\nEarl of Rosebery\n\n(1847-05-07)7 May 1847\n\n5 March 1894 (1894-03-05)\n\n7004171040000000000♠46 years, 302 days\n\n22 June 1895 (1895-06-22)\n\n7004175780000000000♠48 years, 46 days\n\n7004123860000000000♠33 years, 333 days\n\n(1929-05-21)21 May 1929\n\n7004299640000000000♠82 years, 14 days (29,964 days)\n\n\n33\n\nArthur Balfour\n\n(1848-07-25)25 July 1848\n\n11 July 1902 (1902-07-11)\n\n7004197080000000000♠53 years, 351 days\n\n5 December 1905 (1905-12-05)\n\n7004209510000000000♠57 years, 133 days\n\n7003887000000000000♠24 years, 104 days\n\n(1930-03-19)19 March 1930\n\n7004298210000000000♠81 years, 237 days (34,204 days)\n\n\n34\n\nHenry Campbell-Bannerman\n\n(1836-09-07)7 September 1836\n\n5 December 1905 (1905-12-05)\n\n7004252900000000000♠69 years, 89 days\n\n7 April 1908 (1908-04-07)\n\n7004261440000000000♠71 years, 213 days\n\n7001150000000000000♠15 days\n\n(1908-04-22)22 April 1908\n\n7004261590000000000♠71 years, 228 days (26,159 days)\n\n\n35\n\nH. H. Asquith\n\n(1852-09-12)12 September 1852\n\n7 April 1908 (1908-04-07)\n\n7004202950000000000♠55 years, 208 days\n\n7 December 1916 (1916-12-07)\n\n7004234610000000000♠64 years, 86 days\n\n7003408700000000000♠11 years, 70 days\n\n(1928-02-15)15 February 1928\n\n7004275480000000000♠75 years, 156 days (27,548 days)\n\n\n36\n\nDavid Lloyd George\n\n(1863-01-17)17 January 1863\n\n7 December 1916 (1916-12-07)\n\n7004196820000000000♠53 years, 325 days\n\n22 October 1922 (1922-10-22)\n\n7004218270000000000♠59 years, 278 days\n\n7003819100000000000♠22 years, 155 days\n\n(1945-03-26)26 March 1945\n\n7004300180000000000♠82 years, 68 days (30,018 days)\n\n\n37\n\nBonar Law\n\n(1858-09-16)16 September 1858\n\n23 October 1922 (1922-10-23)\n\n7004234120000000000♠64 years, 37 days\n\n20 May 1923 (1923-05-20)\n\n7004236210000000000♠64 years, 246 days\n\n7002163000000000000♠163 days\n\n(1923-10-30)30 October 1923\n\n7004237840000000000♠65 years, 44 days (23,784 days)\n\n\n38\n\nStanley Baldwin\n\n(1867-08-03)3 August 1867\n\n23 May 1923 (1923-05-23)\n\n7004203810000000000♠55 years, 293 days\n\n28 May 1937 (1937-05-28)\n\n7004255000000000000♠69 years, 298 days\n\n7003378500000000000♠10 years, 133 days\n\n(1947-12-14)14 December 1947\n\n7004293520000000000♠80 years, 133 days (29,352 days)\n\n\n39\n\nRamsay MacDonald\n\n(1866-10-12)12 October 1866\n\n22 January 1924 (1924-01-22)\n\n7004209200000000000♠57 years, 102 days\n\n7 June 1935 (1935-06-07)\n\n7004250740000000000♠68 years, 238 days\n\n7002886000000000000♠2 years, 155 days\n\n(1937-11-09)9 November 1937\n\n7004259600000000000♠71 years, 28 days (25,960 days)\n\n\n40\n\nNeville Chamberlain\n\n(1869-03-18)18 March 1869\n\n28 May 1937 (1937-05-28)\n\n7004249070000000000♠68 years, 71 days\n\n10 May 1940 (1940-05-10)\n\n7004259850000000000♠71 years, 53 days\n\n7002183000000000000♠183 days\n\n(1940-11-09)9 November 1940\n\n7004261680000000000♠71 years, 236 days (26,168 days)\n\n\n41\n\nWinston Churchill\n\n(1874-11-30)30 November 1874\n\n10 May 1940 (1940-05-10)\n\n7004239020000000000♠65 years, 162 days\n\n7 April 1955 (1955-04-07)\n\n7004293470000000000♠80 years, 128 days\n\n7003358000000000000♠9 years, 292 days\n\n(1965-01-24)24 January 1965\n\n7004329270000000000♠90 years, 55 days (32,927 days)\n\n\n42\n\nClement Attlee\n\n(1883-01-03)3 January 1883\n\n26 July 1945 (1945-07-26)\n\n7004228490000000000♠62 years, 204 days\n\n26 October 1951 (1951-10-26)\n\n7004251320000000000♠68 years, 296 days\n\n7003582600000000000♠15 years, 347 days\n\n(1967-10-08)8 October 1967\n\n7004309580000000000♠84 years, 278 days (30,958 days)\n\n\n43\n\nAnthony Eden\n\n(1897-06-12)12 June 1897\n\n7 April 1955 (1955-04-07)\n\n7004211170000000000♠57 years, 299 days\n\n10 January 1957 (1957-01-10)\n\n7004217610000000000♠59 years, 212 days\n\n7003730900000000000♠20 years, 4 days\n\n(1977-01-14)14 January 1977\n\n7004290700000000000♠79 years, 216 days (29,070 days)\n\n\n44\n\nHarold Macmillan\n\n(1894-02-10)10 February 1894\n\n10 January 1957 (1957-01-10)\n\n7004229790000000000♠62 years, 335 days\n\n18 October 1963 (1963-10-18)\n\n7004254510000000000♠69 years, 250 days\n\n7003847300000000000♠23 years, 72 days\n\n(1986-12-29)29 December 1986\n\n7004339240000000000♠92 years, 322 days (33,924 days)\n\n\n45\n\nAlec Douglas-Home\n\n(1903-07-02)2 July 1903\n\n18 October 1963 (1963-10-18)\n\n7004220230000000000♠60 years, 108 days\n\n16 October 1964 (1964-10-16)\n\n7004223870000000000♠61 years, 106 days\n\n7004113150000000000♠30 years, 358 days\n\n(1995-10-09)9 October 1995\n\n7004337020000000000♠92 years, 99 days (33,702 days)\n\n\n46\n\nHarold Wilson\n\n(1916-03-11)11 March 1916\n\n16 October 1964 (1964-10-16)\n\n7004177510000000000♠48 years, 219 days\n\n5 April 1976 (1976-04-05)\n\n7004219400000000000♠60 years, 25 days\n\n7003698800000000000♠19 years, 49 days\n\n(1995-05-24)24 May 1995\n\n7004289280000000000♠79 years, 74 days (28,928 days)\n\n\n47\n\nEdward Heath\n\n(1916-07-09)9 July 1916\n\n19 June 1970 (1970-06-19)\n\n7004197030000000000♠53 years, 345 days\n\n4 March 1974 (1974-03-04)\n\n7004210570000000000♠57 years, 238 days\n\n7004114580000000000♠31 years, 135 days\n\n(2005-07-17)17 July 2005\n\n7004325150000000000♠89 years, 8 days (32,515 days)\n\n\n48\n\nJames Callaghan\n\n(1912-03-27)27 March 1912\n\n5 April 1976 (1976-04-05)\n\n7004233850000000000♠64 years, 9 days\n\n4 May 1979 (1979-05-04)\n\n7004245090000000000♠67 years, 38 days\n\n7003945800000000000♠25 years, 326 days\n\n(2005-03-26)26 March 2005\n\n7004339670000000000♠92 years, 364 days (33,967 days)\n\n\n49\n\nMargaret Thatcher\n\n(1925-10-13)13 October 1925\n\n4 May 1979 (1979-05-04)\n\n7004195610000000000♠53 years, 203 days\n\n28 November 1990 (1990-11-28)\n\n7004237870000000000♠65 years, 46 days\n\n7003816700000000000♠22 years, 131 days\n\n(2013-04-08)8 April 2013\n\n7004319540000000000♠87 years, 177 days (31,954 days)\n\n\n50\n\nJohn Major\n\n(1943-03-29)29 March 1943\n\n28 November 1990 (1990-11-28)\n\n7004174110000000000♠47 years, 244 days\n\n2 May 1997 (1997-05-02)\n\n7004197580000000000♠54 years, 34 days\n\n7003778900000000000♠21 years, 119 days\n\n\n\n7004275470000000000♠75 years, 153 days (27,547 days)\n\n\n51\n\nTony Blair\n\n(1953-05-06)6 May 1953\n\n2 May 1997 (1997-05-02)\n\n7004160670000000000♠43 years, 361 days\n\n27 June 2007 (2007-06-27)\n\n7004197750000000000♠54 years, 52 days\n\n7003408100000000000♠11 years, 63 days\n\n\n\n7004238560000000000♠65 years, 115 days (23,856 days)\n\n\n52\n\nGordon Brown\n\n(1951-02-20)20 February 1951\n\n27 June 2007 (2007-06-27)\n\n7004205810000000000♠56 years, 127 days\n\n11 May 2010 (2010-05-11)\n\n7004216300000000000♠59 years, 80 days\n\n7003303200000000000♠8 years, 110 days\n\n\n\n7004246620000000000♠67 years, 190 days (24,662 days)\n\n\n53\n\nDavid Cameron\n\n(1966-10-09)9 October 1966\n\n11 May 2010 (2010-05-11)\n\n7004159200000000000♠43 years, 214 days\n\n13 July 2016 (2016-07-13)\n\n7004181750000000000♠49 years, 278 days\n\n7002777000000000000♠2 years, 47 days\n\n\n\n7004189520000000000♠51 years, 324 days (18,952 days)\n\n\n54\n\nTheresa May\n\n(1956-10-01)1 October 1956\n\n13 July 2016 (2016-07-13)\n\n7004218350000000000♠59 years, 286 days\n\nIncumbent\n\nIncumbent\n\nIncumbent\n\n\n\n7004226120000000000♠61 years, 332 days (22,612 days)\n\n\n\nOrder of office\n\nPrime Minister\n\nDate of birth\n\nDate of (first) appointment\n\nAge at (first) appointment\n\nEnd date of (final) term\n\nAge at leaving office\n\nLength of retirement\n\nDate of death\n\nLifespan\n"
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"John Major"
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3840719940431946139 | Abbey Road | Abbey Road - wikipedia Abbey Road Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the album by the Beatles . For other uses , see Abbey Road ( disambiguation ) . Abbey Road Studio album by the Beatles Released 26 September 1969 Recorded 22 February -- 20 August 1969 Studio EMI , Olympic and Trident Studios , London Genre Rock Length 47 : 23 Label Apple Producer George Martin The Beatles chronology Yellow Submarine ( 1969 ) Yellow Submarine 1969 Abbey Road ( 1969 ) Abbey Road1969 Let It Be ( 1970 ) Let It Be 1970 The Beatles North American chronology Yellow Submarine ( 1969 ) Yellow Submarine 1969 Abbey Road ( 1969 ) Abbey Road1969 Hey Jude ( 1970 ) Hey Jude 1970 Singles from Abbey Road `` Something '' / `` Come Together '' Released : 6 October 1969 Abbey Road is the eleventh studio album by English rock band the Beatles , released on 26 September 1969 by Apple Records . The recording sessions for the album were the last in which all four Beatles participated . Although Let It Be was the final album that the Beatles completed before the band 's dissolution in April 1970 , most of the album had been recorded before the Abbey Road sessions began . A double A-side single from the album , `` Something '' / `` Come Together '' , released in October , topped the Billboard chart in the US . Abbey Road is a rock album that incorporates genres such as blues , pop , and progressive rock , and it makes prominent use of the Moog synthesizer and the Leslie speaker . Side two contains a medley of song fragments edited together to form a single piece . The album was recorded amid a more enjoyable atmosphere than the Get Back / Let It Be sessions earlier in the year , but there were still frequent disagreements within the band , particularly over Paul McCartney 's song `` Maxwell 's Silver Hammer '' . John Lennon had privately left the group by the time the album was released and McCartney publicly quit the following year . A 16 - minute medley of several short songs comprise the majority of side two , closing with the lyric `` and in the end , the love you take is equal to the love you make '' . Although Abbey Road was an immediate commercial success and reached number one in the UK and US , it initially received mixed reviews , some critics describing its music as inauthentic and bemoaning the production 's artificial effects . Many critics now view the album as the Beatles ' best and rank it as one of the greatest albums of all time . In particular , George Harrison 's contributions , `` Something '' and `` Here Comes the Sun '' , are considered to be among the best songs he wrote for the group . The album 's cover features the four band members walking across a zebra crossing outside Abbey Road Studios and has become one of the most famous and imitated images in the history of popular music . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Composition and recording 2.1 Side one 2.1. 1 `` Come Together '' 2.1. 2 `` Something '' 2.1. 3 `` Maxwell 's Silver Hammer '' 2.1. 4 `` Oh ! Darling '' 2.1. 5 `` Octopus 's Garden '' 2.1. 6 `` I Want You ( She 's So Heavy ) '' 2.2 Side two 2.2. 1 `` Here Comes the Sun '' 2.2. 2 `` Because '' 2.2. 3 Medley 2.2. 4 `` Her Majesty '' 2.3 Unreleased material 3 Production 4 Album cover 4.1 Imagery 4.2 Legacy 5 Critical reception 5.1 Contemporary reviews 5.2 Retrospective reviews 6 Commercial performance 7 Cover versions 8 Release history 9 Track listing 10 Personnel 11 Charts 11.1 Weekly charts 11.2 Year - end charts 11.3 Decade - end charts 12 Certifications 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Background ( edit ) After the unpleasant recording sessions for the proposed Get Back album ( ultimately released in 1970 as Let It Be ) , Paul McCartney suggested to music producer George Martin that the group get together and make an album `` the way we used to do it '' , free of the conflict that had begun following the death of Brian Epstein and carried over to the sessions for the White Album . Martin agreed , but on the strict condition that all the group -- particularly John Lennon -- allow him to produce the record in the same manner as earlier albums and that discipline would be adhered to . The first sessions for Abbey Road began on 22 February 1969 , only three weeks after the Get Back sessions , in Trident Studios . There , the group recorded a backing track to `` I Want You ( She 's So Heavy ) '' with Billy Preston accompanying them on Hammond organ . No further group recording occurred until April because of Ringo Starr 's commitments on the film The Magic Christian . After a small amount of work that month and a session for `` You Never Give Me Your Money '' on 6 May , the group took an eight - week break before recommencing on 2 July . Recording continued through July and August , with the last backing track , for `` Because '' , being taped on 1 August . Overdubs continued through the month , with the final sequencing of the album coming together on 20 August -- the last time all four Beatles were present in a studio together . McCartney , Starr and Martin have reported positive recollections of the sessions , while George Harrison said , `` we did actually perform like musicians again '' . Lennon and McCartney had enjoyed working together on the non-album single `` The Ballad of John and Yoko '' in April , contributing friendly banter between takes , and some of this camaraderie carried over to the Abbey Road sessions . Nevertheless , there was a significant amount of tension between the group members . According to author Ian MacDonald , McCartney had an acrimonious argument with Lennon during the sessions . Lennon 's wife Yoko Ono had become a permanent presence at Beatles recordings and clashed with other members . Halfway through recording in June , Lennon and Ono were involved in a car accident . A doctor told Ono to rest in bed , so Lennon had one installed in the studio so she could observe the recording process from there . The album 's two halves represented a compromise ; Lennon wanted a traditional release with distinct and unrelated songs while McCartney and Martin wanted to continue their thematic approach from Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band by incorporating a medley . Lennon ultimately said that he disliked Abbey Road as a whole and felt that it lacked authenticity , calling McCartney 's contributions `` ( music ) for the grannies to dig '' and not `` real songs '' and describing the medley as `` junk ... just bits of songs thrown together '' . During the sessions , Lennon expressed a desire to have all of his songs on one side of the album , with McCartney 's on the other . Nobody was entirely sure that the work was going to be the group 's last , though Harrison said `` it felt as if we were reaching the end of the line '' . After the album was released , the Get Back / Let It Be project was re-examined , and work on it continued into 1970 . Therefore , Let It Be became the last album to be finished by the Beatles , even though its recording had begun before Abbey Road . By September 1969 , after the recording of Abbey Road , Lennon had formed a new group , the Plastic Ono Band , in part because the Beatles had rejected his song `` Cold Turkey '' . While Harrison worked with such artists as Leon Russell , Doris Troy , Preston and Delaney & Bonnie through to the end of the year , McCartney took a hiatus from the group after his daughter Mary was born on 28 August . On 20 September , Lennon formally announced his departure to the other Beatles . Abbey Road was released on 26 September 1969 . The single `` Something '' / `` Come Together '' followed in October , while Lennon released the Plastic Ono Band 's version of `` Cold Turkey '' the same month . The Beatles did not promote Abbey Road directly , and no public announcement was made of the band 's split until McCartney announced he was leaving the group in April 1970 , at which point they officially disbanded . Composition and recording ( edit ) Side one ( edit ) `` Come Together '' ( edit ) Main article : Come Together `` Come Together '' was an expansion of `` Let 's Get It Together '' , a song Lennon originally wrote for Timothy Leary 's California gubernatorial campaign against Ronald Reagan . A rough version of the lyrics for `` Come Together '' was written at Lennon 's and Ono 's second bed - in event in Montreal . Beatles author Jonathan Gould suggested that the song has only a single `` pariah - like protagonist '' and Lennon was `` painting another sardonic self - portrait '' . MacDonald has suggested that the `` juju eyeballs '' has been claimed to refer to Dr John and `` spinal cracker '' to Ono . The song was later the subject of a lawsuit brought against Lennon by Morris Levy because the opening line in `` Come Together '' -- `` Here come old flat - top '' -- was admittedly lifted from a line in Chuck Berry 's `` You Ca n't Catch Me '' . A settlement was reached in 1973 whereby Lennon promised to record three songs from Levy 's publishing catalogue for his next album . `` Come Together '' was later released as a double A-side single with `` Something '' . In the liner notes to the compilation album Love , Martin described the track as `` a simple song but it stands out because of the sheer brilliance of the performers '' . `` Something '' ( edit ) Main article : Something ( Beatles song ) Harrison was inspired to write `` Something '' during sessions for the White Album by listening to label - mate James Taylor 's `` Something in the Way She Moves '' from his album James Taylor . After the lyrics were refined during the Let It Be sessions ( tapes reveal Lennon giving Harrison some songwriting advice during its composition ) , the song was initially given to Joe Cocker , but was subsequently recorded for Abbey Road . Cocker 's version appeared on his album Joe Cocker ! that November . `` Something '' was Lennon 's favourite song on the album , and McCartney considered it the best song Harrison had written . Though the song was written by Harrison , Frank Sinatra once commented that it was his favourite Lennon -- McCartney composition and `` the greatest love song ever written '' . Lennon contributed piano to the recording and while most of the part was removed , traces of it remain in the final cut , notably on the middle eight , prior to Harrison 's guitar solo . The song was issued as a double A-side single with `` Come Together '' in October 1969 and topped the US charts for one week , becoming the first Beatles number - one single that was not a Lennon -- McCartney composition ; it was also the first Beatles single from an already released album . Apple 's Neil Aspinall filmed a promotional video , which combined separate footage of the Beatles and their wives . `` Maxwell 's Silver Hammer '' ( edit ) Main article : Maxwell 's Silver Hammer `` Maxwell 's Silver Hammer '' , McCartney 's first song on the album , was first performed by the Beatles during the Let It Be sessions ( as can be seen in the film ) . He wrote the song after the group 's trip to India in 1968 and wanted to record it for the White Album , but it was rejected by the others as `` too complicated '' . The recording was fraught with tension between band members , as McCartney annoyed others by insisting on a perfect performance . The track was the first Lennon was invited to work on following his car accident , but he hated it and declined to do so . According to engineer Geoff Emerick , Lennon said it was `` more of Paul 's granny music '' and left the session . He spent the next two weeks with Ono and did not return to the studio until the backing track for `` Come Together '' was laid down on 21 July . Harrison was also tired of the song , adding `` we had to play it over and over again until Paul liked it . It was a real drag '' . Starr was more sympathetic to the song . `` It was granny music '' , he admitted , `` but we needed stuff like that on our album so other people would listen to it '' . Starr played the anvil sound in the chorus . This track also makes use of Harrison 's Moog Synthesizer , played by McCartney . `` Oh ! Darling '' ( edit ) Main article : Oh ! Darling `` Oh ! Darling '' was written by McCartney in the doo - wop style , similar to contemporary work by Frank Zappa . It was tried at the Get Back sessions , and a version appears on Anthology 3 . It was subsequently re-recorded in April , with overdubs in July and August . McCartney attempted recording the lead vocal only once a day . He said : `` I came into the studios early every day for a week to sing it by myself because at first my voice was too clear . I wanted it to sound as though I 'd been performing it on stage all week . '' Lennon thought he should have sung it , remarking that it was more his style . `` Octopus 's Garden '' ( edit ) Main article : Octopus 's Garden As was the case with most of the Beatles ' albums , Starr sang lead vocal on one track . `` Octopus 's Garden '' is his second and last solo composition released on any album by the band . It was inspired by a trip to Sardinia aboard Peter Sellers ' yacht after Starr left the band for two weeks with his family during the sessions for the White Album . Starr received a full songwriting credit and composed most of the lyrics , though the song 's melodic structure was partly written in the studio by Harrison . The pair would later collaborate as writers on Starr 's solo singles `` It Do n't Come Easy '' , `` Back Off Boogaloo '' and `` Photograph '' . `` I Want You ( She 's so Heavy ) '' ( edit ) Main article : I Want You ( She 's So Heavy ) John Lennon played the Moog synthesizer 's white noise generator to create the `` wind '' sounds at the end of `` I Want You ( She 's So Heavy ) '' `` I Want You ( She 's So Heavy ) '' was written by Lennon about his relationship with Ono , and he made a deliberate choice to keep the lyrics simple and concise . Author Tom Maginnis thought the song had a progressive rock influence , with its unusual length and structure , repeating guitar riff , and white noise effects , though he noted the `` I Want You '' section has a straightforward blues structure . The finished song is a combination of two different recording attempts . The first attempt occurred almost immediately after the Get Back / Let It Be sessions , in February 1969 , with Preston . This was subsequently combined with a second version made during the Abbey Road sessions proper in April . The two sections together ran to nearly 8 minutes , making it the Beatles ' second - longest released track . Lennon used Harrison 's Moog synthesizer with a white noise setting to create a `` wind '' effect that was overdubbed on the second half of the track . During the final edit , Lennon told Emerick to `` cut it right there '' at 7 minutes and 44 seconds , creating a sudden , jarring silence that concludes the first side of Abbey Road ( the recording tape would have run out within 20 seconds as it was ) . The final mixing and editing for the track occurred on 20 August 1969 , the last day all four Beatles were together in the studio . Side two ( edit ) `` Here Comes the Sun '' ( edit ) Main article : Here Comes the Sun `` Here Comes the Sun '' was written by Harrison in Eric Clapton 's garden in Surrey while Harrison took a break from stressful band business meetings . The basic track was recorded on 7 July 1969 . Harrison sang lead and played acoustic guitar , McCartney provided backing vocals and played bass and Starr played the drums . Lennon was still recuperating from his car accident and did not perform on the track . Martin provided an orchestral arrangement in collaboration with Harrison , who overdubbed a Moog synthesizer part on 19 August , immediately before the final mix . The song was not released as a single but still attracted critical praise . It has been featured several times on BBC Radio 4 's Desert Island Discs , having been chosen by Sandie Shaw , Jerry Springer , Boris Johnson and Elaine Page . The Daily Telegraph 's Martin Chilton said it was `` almost impossible not to sing along to '' . Since digital downloads have become eligible to chart , it reached number 56 in 2010 after the Beatles ' back catalogue was released on iTunes . Harrison recorded a guitar solo for this track that did not appear in the final mix . It was rediscovered in 2012 , and footage of Martin and Harrison 's son Dhani listening to it in the studio was released on the DVD of Living in the Material World . `` Because '' ( edit ) Main article : Because ( Beatles song ) `` Because '' was inspired by Lennon listening to Ono playing Ludwig van Beethoven 's `` Moonlight Sonata '' on the piano . He recalled he was `` lying on the sofa in our house , listening to Yoko play ... Suddenly , I said , ' Can you play those chords backward ? ' She did , and I wrote ' Because ' around them . '' The track features three - part harmonies by Lennon , McCartney and Harrison , which were then triple - tracked to give nine voices in the final mix . The group considered the vocals to be some of the hardest and most complex they attempted . Harrison played the Moog synthesizer , and Martin played the harpsichord that opens the track . Medley ( edit ) The medley of songs on side two finished with `` The End '' Side two contains a 16 - minute medley of several short songs , recorded over July and August and blended into a suite by McCartney and Martin . Some songs were written ( and originally recorded in demo form ) during sessions for the White Album and Get Back / Let It Be , which later appeared on Anthology 3 . While the idea for the medley was McCartney 's , Martin claims credit for some structure , adding he `` wanted to get John and Paul to think more seriously about their music '' . The first track recorded for the medley was the opening number , `` You Never Give Me Your Money '' . McCartney has claimed that the band 's dispute over Allen Klein and what McCartney viewed as Klein 's empty promises were the inspiration for the song 's lyrics . However , MacDonald doubts this given that the backing track , recorded on 6 May at Olympic Studios , predated the worst altercations between Klein and McCartney . The track is a suite of varying styles , ranging from a piano - led ballad at the start to arpeggiated guitars at the end . Both Harrison and Lennon provided guitar solos with Lennon playing the solos at the end of the track , which Beatles author Walter Everett considers his favourite Lennon guitar contribution . This song transitions into Lennon 's `` Sun King '' which , like `` Because '' , showcases Lennon , McCartney and Harrison 's triple - tracked harmonies . Following it are Lennon 's `` Mean Mr. Mustard '' ( written during the Beatles ' 1968 trip to India ) and `` Polythene Pam '' . These in turn are followed by four McCartney songs , `` She Came in Through the Bathroom Window '' ( written after a fan entered McCartney 's residence via his bathroom window ) , `` Golden Slumbers '' ( based on Thomas Dekker 's 17th - century poem set to new music ) , `` Carry That Weight '' ( reprising elements from `` You Never Give Me Your Money '' , and featuring chorus vocals from all four Beatles ) , and closing with `` The End '' . `` The End '' features Starr 's only drum solo in the Beatles ' catalogue ( the drums are mixed across two tracks in `` true stereo '' , unlike most releases at that time where they were hard panned left or right ) . Fifty - four seconds into the song are 18 bars of lead guitar : the first two bars are played by McCartney , the second two by Harrison , and the third two by Lennon , with the sequence repeating . Harrison suggested the idea of a guitar solo in the track , Lennon decided they should trade solos and McCartney elected to go first . The solos were cut live against the existing backing track in one take . Immediately after Lennon 's third and final solo , the piano chords of the final part of the song begin . The song ends with the memorable final line , `` And in the end , the love you take is equal to the love you make '' . This section was taped separately to the first , and required the piano to be re-recorded by McCartney , which was done on 18 August . An alternative version of the song , with Harrison 's lead guitar solo played against McCartney 's ( with Starr 's drum solo heard in the background ) , appears on the Anthology 3 album and the 2012 digital - only compilation album Tomorrow Never Knows . `` Her Majesty '' ( edit ) Main article : Her Majesty ( song ) `` Her Majesty '' was recorded by McCartney on 2 July when he arrived before the rest of the group at Abbey Road . It was included in a rough mix of the side two medley , appearing between `` Mean Mr. Mustard '' and `` Polythene Pam '' . McCartney disliked the way the medley sounded when it included `` Her Majesty '' , so he asked for it to be cut . The second engineer , John Kurlander , had been instructed not to throw out anything , so after McCartney left , he attached the track to the end of the master tape after 20 seconds of silence . The tape box bore an instruction to leave `` Her Majesty '' off the final product , but the next day when mastering engineer Malcolm Davies received the tape , he ( also trained not to throw anything away ) cut a playback lacquer of the whole sequence , including `` Her Majesty '' . The Beatles liked this effect and included it on the album . `` Her Majesty '' opens with the final , crashing chord of `` Mean Mr. Mustard '' , while the final note of `` Her Majesty '' remained buried in the mix of `` Polythene Pam '' . This is the result of `` Her Majesty '' being snipped off the reel during a rough mix of the medley on 30 July . The medley was subsequently mixed again from scratch although `` Her Majesty '' was not touched again and still appears in its rough mix on the album . Original US and UK pressings of Abbey Road do not list `` Her Majesty '' on the album 's cover nor on the record label , making it a hidden track . The song title appears on the inlay card and disc of the 1987 remastered CD reissue , as track 17 . It also appears on the sleeve , booklet and disc of the 2009 remastered CD reissue , but not on the cover or record label of the 2012 vinyl reissue . Unreleased Material ( edit ) Three days after the session for `` I Want You ( She 's So Heavy ) '' , Harrison recorded solo demos of `` All Things Must Pass '' ( which became the title track of his 1970 triple album ) , `` Something '' and `` Old Brown Shoe '' . The latter was re-recorded by the Beatles in April 1969 and issued as the B - side to `` The Ballad of John and Yoko '' the following month . All three of these Harrison demos were later featured on Anthology 3 . During the sessions for the medley , McCartney recorded `` Come and Get It '' , playing all the instruments . It was assumed to be a demo recording for another artist but McCartney later said that he originally intended to put it on Abbey Road . It was instead covered by Badfinger , while McCartney 's original recording appeared on Anthology 3 . The original backing track to `` Something '' , featuring a piano - led coda , and `` You Never Give Me Your Money '' , which leads into a fast rock - n - roll jam session , have appeared on bootlegs . Production ( edit ) An EMI TG mixing desk , similar to this one , was used in the production of Abbey Road Abbey Road was recorded on professional eight - track reel to reel tape machines rather than the four - track machines that were used for earlier Beatles albums such as Sgt Pepper , and was the first Beatles album not to be issued in mono . The album makes prominent use of the Moog synthesizer , and the guitar played through a Leslie speaker . The Moog is not merely as a background effect but sometimes playing a central role , as in `` Because '' where it is used for the middle eight . It is also prominent on `` Maxwell 's Silver Hammer '' ( played using a ribbon strip ) and `` Here Comes the Sun '' . The instrument was introduced to the band by Harrison who acquired one in November 1968 and subsequently used it to create his Electronic Sound album . Starr made more prominent use of the tom - toms on Abbey Road , later saying the album was `` tom - tom madness ... I went nuts on the toms . '' Abbey Road was also the first and only Beatles album to be entirely recorded through a solid state transistor mixing desk , the TG12345 Mk I , as opposed to earlier thermionic valve based REDD desks . The TG console also allowed better support for eight - track multitrack recording , helping the Beatles ' considerable use of overdubbing . Emerick recalls the TG desk used to record the album had individual limiters and compressors on each audio channel and noted the overall sound was `` softer '' than the earlier valve desks . One of the assistant engineers working on the album was a 19 - year - old Alan Parsons . He went on to engineer Pink Floyd 's landmark album The Dark Side of the Moon and produce many popular albums himself with the Alan Parsons Project . Kurlander also assisted on many of the sessions , and went on to become a successful engineer and producer , most noteworthy for his success on the scores for The Lord of the Rings film trilogy . Album cover ( edit ) The cover was designed by Apple Records creative director Kosh . It is the only original UK Beatles album sleeve to show neither the artist name nor the album title on its front cover , which was Kosh 's idea , despite EMI claiming the record would not sell without this information . He later explained that `` we did n't need to write the band 's name on the cover ... They were the most famous band in the world '' . Imagery ( edit ) The zebra crossing , with EMI Studios in the background , in 1969 The front cover design , a photograph of the group on a zebra crossing , was based on ideas sketched by McCartney , and taken on 8 August 1969 outside EMI Studios in Abbey Road . At 11 : 35 that morning , photographer Iain Macmillan was given only ten minutes to take the photo whilst he stood on a step - ladder and a policeman held up traffic behind the camera . Macmillan took six photographs , which McCartney later examined with a magnifying glass before deciding which of the shots would be used upon the album sleeve . In the image selected by McCartney , the group walk across the street in single file from left to right , with Lennon leading , followed by Starr , McCartney , and Harrison . McCartney is barefoot and out of step with the other members . Apart from Harrison , the group are wearing suits designed by Tommy Nutter . To the left of the picture , parked next to the zebra crossing , is a white Volkswagen Beetle which belonged to one of the people living in the block of flats across from the recording studio . After the album was released , the number plate ( LMW 281F ) was stolen repeatedly from the car . In 1986 , the car was sold at auction for £ 2,530 and in 2001 was on display in a museum in Germany . The man standing on the pavement to the right of the picture is Paul Cole ( 7 July 1911 -- 13 February 2008 ) , an American tourist unaware he had been photographed until he saw the album cover months later . On the original cover , McCartney holds a cigarette ; in 2003 several US poster companies airbrushed this cigarette out of the image , without permission from either Apple or McCartney . Legacy ( edit ) Imitating the cover of Abbey Road has become popular with fans The image of the Beatles on the Abbey Road crossing has become one of the most famous and imitated in recording history . The crossing is a popular destination for Beatles fans and a webcam , provided by EarthCam , has operated there since 2011 . In December 2010 , the crossing was given grade II listed status for its `` cultural and historical importance '' ; the Abbey Road studios themselves had been given similar status earlier in the year . In 2013 , Kolkata Police launched a traffic safety awareness advertisement against jaywalking , using the cover and a caption that read : `` If they can , why ca n't you ? '' The cover image has been parodied on several occasions , including by McCartney on his 1993 live album Paul Is Live . The Red Hot Chili Peppers ' The Abbey Road E.P. parodies the cover , with the band walking near - naked across a similar zebra crossing , although the musical content is different . Critical reception ( edit ) Contemporary reviews ( edit ) Abbey Road initially received mixed reviews from music critics , who criticised the production 's artificial sounds and viewed its music as inauthentic . William Mann of the London Times said that the album will `` be called gimmicky by people who want a record to sound exactly like a live performance '' , although he considered it to be `` teem ( ing ) with musical invention '' and added : `` Nice as Come Together and Harrison 's Something are -- they are minor pleasures in the context of the whole disc ... Side Two is marvellous ... '' Ed Ward of Rolling Stone called the album `` complicated instead of complex '' and felt that the Moog synthesizer `` disembodies and artificializes '' the band 's sound , adding that they `` create a sound that could not possibly exist outside the studio '' . While he found the medley on side two to be their `` most impressive music '' since Rubber Soul , Nik Cohn of The New York Times said that , `` individually '' , the album 's songs are `` nothing special '' . Albert Goldman of Life magazine wrote that Abbey Road `` is not one of the Beatles ' great albums '' and , despite some `` lovely '' phrases and `` stirring '' segues , side two 's suite `` seems symbolic of the Beatles ' latest phase , which might be described as the round - the - clock production of disposable music effects '' . Conversely , Chris Welch wrote in Melody Maker : `` the truth is , their latest LP is just a natural born gas , entirely free of pretension , deep meanings or symbolism ... While production is simple compared to past intricacies , it is still extremely sophisticated and inventive . '' Derek Jewell of The Sunday Times found the album `` refreshingly terse and unpretentious '' , and although he lamented the band 's `` cod - 1920s jokes ( Maxwell 's Silver Hammer ) and ... Ringo 's obligatory nursery arias ( Octopus 's Garden ) '' , he considered that Abbey Road `` touches higher peaks than did their last album '' . John Mendelsohn , writing for Rolling Stone , called it `` breathtakingly recorded '' and praised side two especially , equating it to `` the whole of Sgt . Pepper '' and stating , `` That the Beatles can unify seemingly countless musical fragments and lyrical doodlings into a uniformly wonderful suite ... seems potent testimony that no , they 've far from lost it , and no , they have n't stopped trying . '' Retrospective reviews ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic The A.V. Club Consequence of Sound A+ The Daily Telegraph Down Beat Encyclopedia of Popular Music MusicHound Paste 100 / 100 Pitchfork Media 10 / 10 The Rolling Stone Album Guide Many critics have since cited Abbey Road as the Beatles ' greatest album . In a retrospective review , Nicole Pensiero of PopMatters called it `` an amazingly cohesive piece of music , innovative and timeless '' . Mark Kemp of Paste viewed the album as being `` among The Beatles ' finest works , even if it foreshadows the cigarette - lighter - waving arena rock that technically skilled but critically maligned artists from Journey to Meatloaf would belabor throughout the ' 70s and ' 80s '' . Neil McCormack of The Daily Telegraph dubbed it the Beatles ' `` last love letter to the world '' and praised its `` big , modern sound '' , calling it `` lush , rich , smooth , epic , emotional and utterly gorgeous '' . AllMusic 's Richie Unterberger felt that the album shared Sgt . Pepper 's `` faux - conceptual forms '' , but had `` stronger compositions '' , and wrote of its standing in the band 's catalogue : `` Whether Abbey Road is the Beatles ' best work is debatable , but it 's certainly the most immaculately produced ( with the possible exception of Sgt . Pepper ) and most tightly constructed . '' Ian MacDonald gave a mixed opinion of the album , noting that several tracks had been written at least a year previously , and would possibly have been unsuitable without being integrated into the medley on side two . He did , however , praise the production , particularly the sound of Starr 's bass drum . Abbey Road received high rankings in several `` best albums in history '' polls by critics and publications . Time included it in their 2006 list of the All - Time 100 Albums . In 2009 , readers of Rolling Stone named Abbey Road the greatest Beatles album . and in 2012 , the magazine ranked it number 14 on its list of the 500 greatest albums of all time . The album was also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die . Musicologist Walter Everett interprets that most of the lyrics on side two 's medley deal with `` selfishness and self - gratification -- the financial complaints in ' You Never Give Me Your Money , ' the miserliness of Mr. Mustard , the holding back of the pillow in ' Carry That Weight , ' the desire that some second person will visit the singer 's dreams -- perhaps the ' one sweet dream ' of ' You Never Give Me Your Money ' ? -- in ' The End . ' '' Everett adds that the medley 's `` selfish moments '' are played in the context of the tonal centre of A , while `` generosity '' is expressed in songs where C major is central . The medley concludes with a `` great compromise in the ' negotiations ' '' in `` The End '' , which serves as a structurally balanced coda . In response to the repeated A-major choruses of `` love you '' , McCartney sings in realisation that there is as much self - gratifying love ( `` the love you take '' ) as there is of the generous love ( `` the love you make '' ) , in A major and C major , respectively . Commercial performance ( edit ) Abbey Road sold four million copies in its first two months of release . In the UK , the album debuted at number 1 , where it remained for 11 weeks before being displaced for one week by the Rolling Stones ' Let It Bleed . The following week ( which was Christmas ) , Abbey Road returned to the top for another six weeks ( completing a total of 17 weeks ) before being replaced by Led Zeppelin II . In all it spent 81 weeks on the UK albums chart . Reaction overseas was similar . In the US , the album spent 12 weeks at number one on the Billboard Top LPs chart . It was the National Association of Recording Merchandisers ( NARM ) best - selling album of 1969 and was number four on Billboard magazine 's top LPs of 1970 year - end chart . Abbey Road was certified 12 × platinum by the RIAA in 2001 . In Japan , it was one of the longest - charting albums to date , remaining in the top 100 for 298 weeks during the 1970s . In June 1970 , Allen Klein reported that Abbey Road was the Beatles ' best - selling album in the US with sales of about five million . By 1992 , Abbey Road had sold nine million copies . The album became the ninth-most downloaded on the iTunes Store a week after it was released there on 16 November 2010 . A CNN report stated it was the best - selling vinyl album of 2011 . It is the first album from the 1960s to sell over five million albums since 1991 when Nielsen SoundScan began tracking sales . In the US , the album had sold 7,177,797 copies by the end of the 1970s . As of 2011 , the album had sold over 31 million copies worldwide and is one of the band 's best - selling albums . Cover versions ( edit ) The songs on Abbey Road have been covered many times and the album itself has been covered in its entirety . One month after Abbey Road 's release , George Benson recorded a cover version of the album called The Other Side of Abbey Road . Later in 1969 Booker T. & the M.G. 's recorded McLemore Avenue ( the location of Stax Records ) which covered the Abbey Road songs and had a similar cover photo . Additionally , several artists have covered some or all of the side - B medley , including Phil Collins ( for the Martin / Beatles tribute album In My Life ) , The String Cheese Incident , Transatlantic and Tenacious D ( who performed the medley with Phish keyboardist Page McConnell ) . Furthur , a jam band including former Grateful Dead members Bob Weir and Phil Lesh , played the entire Abbey Road album during its Spring Tour 2011 . It began with a `` Come Together '' opener at Boston on 4 March and ended with the entire medley in New York City on 15 March , including `` Her Majesty '' as an encore . Release history ( edit ) Country Date Label Format Catalogue number United Kingdom 26 September 1969 Apple ( Parlophone ) LP PCS 7088 United States 1 October 1969 Apple , Capitol LP SO 383 Japan 21 May 1983 Toshiba - EMI Compact Disc CP35 - 3016 Worldwide reissue 10 October 1987 Apple , Parlophone , EMI CD CDP 7 46446 2 Japan 11 March 1998 Toshiba - EMI CD TOCP 51122 Japan 21 January 2004 Toshiba - EMI Remastered LP TOJP 60142 Worldwide reissue 9 September 2009 Apple , Parlophone , EMI Remastered CD 0946 3 82468 24 Abbey Road has remained in print since its first release in 1969 . The original album was released on 26 September in the UK and 1 October in the US on Apple Records . It was reissued on vinyl in the US under Capitol on 27 December 1978 , while a CD reissue of the album was released in 1987 , with a remastered version appearing in 2009 . The remaster included additional photographs with additional liner notes and the first , limited edition , run also included a short documentary about the making of the album . The album continues to be reissued on vinyl . It was included as part of the Beatles ' Collector 's Crate series in September 2009 and saw a remastered LP release on 180 - gram vinyl in 2012 . Track listing ( edit ) All tracks written by Lennon -- McCartney , except where noted . Side one No . Title Lead vocals Length 1 . `` Come Together '' Lennon 4 : 20 2 . `` Something '' ( George Harrison ) Harrison 3 : 03 3 . `` Maxwell 's Silver Hammer '' McCartney 3 : 27 4 . `` Oh ! Darling '' McCartney 3 : 26 5 . `` Octopus 's Garden '' ( Richard Starkey ) Starr 2 : 51 6 . `` I Want You ( She 's So Heavy ) '' Lennon 7 : 47 Side two No . Title Lead vocals Length 1 . `` Here Comes the Sun '' ( George Harrison ) Harrison 3 : 05 2 . `` Because '' Lennon , McCartney and Harrison 2 : 45 3 . `` You Never Give Me Your Money '' McCartney 4 : 02 4 . `` Sun King '' Lennon , with McCartney and Harrison 2 : 26 5 . `` Mean Mr. Mustard '' Lennon 1 : 06 6 . `` Polythene Pam '' Lennon 1 : 12 7 . `` She Came In Through the Bathroom Window '' McCartney 1 : 57 8 . `` Golden Slumbers '' McCartney 1 : 31 9 . `` Carry That Weight '' McCartney , Lennon , Harrison , and Starr 1 : 36 10 . `` The End '' McCartney 2 : 05 11 . `` Her Majesty '' McCartney 0 : 23 Total length : 47 : 02 Notes `` Her Majesty '' appears as a hidden track . Between `` The End '' and `` Her Majesty '' is 14 seconds of silence . Later releases of the album included the song on the track listing . Some cassette tape versions in the UK and US had `` Come Together '' and `` Here Comes the Sun '' swapped to even out the playing time of each side . Personnel ( edit ) According to Mark Lewisohn , Ian MacDonald and Barry Miles . The Beatles John Lennon -- lead , harmony and background vocals ; rhythm , lead and acoustic guitars ; acoustic and electric pianos , Hammond organ and Moog synthesizer ; white noise generator and sound effects ; percussion Paul McCartney -- lead , harmony and background vocals ; bass , rhythm , lead and acoustic guitars ; acoustic and electric pianos , Hammond organ and Moog synthesizer ; sound effects ; wind chimes , handclaps and percussion George Harrison -- harmony and background vocals ; lead , rhythm and acoustic guitars ; bass on `` Maxwell 's Silver Hammer '' and `` Golden Slumbers / Carry That Weight '' ; Hammond organ , harmonium and Moog synthesizer ; handclaps and percussion ; lead vocals ( on `` Something '' and `` Here Comes the Sun '' ) Ringo Starr -- drums and percussion ; anvil on `` Maxwell 's Silver Hammer '' ; background vocals ; lead vocals ( on `` Octopus 's Garden '' ) Additional musicians George Martin -- piano , harpsichord , organ and harmonium ; percussion Billy Preston -- Hammond organ ( on `` Something '' and `` I Want You ( She 's So Heavy ) '' ) Production `` Something '' and `` Here Comes the Sun '' orchestrated and conducted by George Martin ( with George Harrison ) `` Golden Slumbers '' , `` Carry That Weight '' and `` The End '' orchestrated and conducted by George Martin ( with Paul McCartney ) Produced by George Martin ( with the Beatles ) Recorded by Geoff Emerick and Phil McDonald Assistant Engineering by Alan Parsons Mixed by Geoff Emerick , Phil McDonald and George Martin ( with the Beatles ) Moog programming by Mike Vickers Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Original release Chart Position Australian Kent Music Report Chart Canadian RPM Albums Chart Dutch Mega Albums Chart Japanese Oricon LPs Chart Norwegian VG - lista Albums Chart Swedish Albums Chart Spanish Albums Chart UK Albums Chart US Billboard Top LPs West German Media Control Albums Chart 1987 reissue Chart Position Japanese Albums Chart 6 UK Albums Chart 30 2009 reissue Chart Position Australian Albums Chart 12 Austrian Albums Chart 36 Belgian Albums Chart ( Flanders ) 20 Belgian Albums Chart ( Wallonia ) 28 Danish Albums Chart 18 Finnish Albums Chart 12 German Albums Chart 41 Italian Albums Chart 7 Japanese Albums Chart 12 Mexican Albums Chart 8 Portuguese Albums Chart Spanish Albums Chart 13 Swedish Albums Chart 6 Swiss Albums Chart 28 New Zealand Albums Chart 8 UK Albums Chart 6 US Billboard Comprehensive Albums Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1969 ) Position Australian Albums Chart UK Albums Chart Chart ( 1970 ) Position Australian Albums Chart 7 UK Albums Chart 7 US Billboard Pop Albums Chart ( 2009 ) Position Italian Albums Chart 147 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1960s ) Position UK Albums Chart Chart ( 1970s ) Position Japanese Albums Chart 22 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Argentina ( CAPIF ) Diamond 500,000 Australia ( ARIA ) 3 × Platinum 210,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Diamond 1,000,000 France ( SNEP ) 2x Gold 729,800 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 500,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 50,000 Japan 655,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 5 × Platinum 75,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) 12 × Platinum 12,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone BPI certification awarded only for sales since 1994 . See also ( edit ) List of best - selling albums The Beatles discography References ( edit ) Footnotes Jump up ^ In the 1960s , UK record industry protocol was that singles did not normally appear on albums . Jump up ^ In the version released on Anthology 3 , Lennon can be heard singing the lead on an ad - libbed verse regarding the news that Yoko Ono 's divorce from previous husband Anthony Cox had been finalised . Jump up ^ At 8 : 22 , `` Revolution 9 '' is the longest track to appear on a Beatles album Jump up ^ A working title of the album was Everest , after a brand of cigarettes favoured by Emerick , but the band were reluctant to travel to the Himalayas for a photo session . Jump up ^ Equivalent to £ 6,685 or $8,712 in 2014 Citations Jump up ^ MacDonald 1997 , p. 300 : the last album recorded by the Beatles ; 322 : the Beatles dissolved in April 1970 . ^ Jump up to : Pensiero , Nicole ( 23 March 2004 ) . `` The Beatles : Abbey Road '' . PopMatters . Retrieved 8 February 2014 . Jump up ^ James E. Perone . The Album : A Guide to Pop Music 's Most Provocative , Influential , and Important Creations . p. 215 . Jump up ^ Buckley 2003 , p. 83 . ^ Jump up to : Miles 1997 , p. 552 . ^ Jump up to : MacDonald 1997 , p. 300 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 1997 , pp. 302 , 304 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 1997 , pp. 308 , 310 . ^ Jump up to : MacDonald 1997 , p. 320 . ^ Jump up to : MacDonald 1997 , p. 322 . ^ Jump up to : MacDonald 1997 , p. 321 . ^ Jump up to : MacFarlane 2007 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , p. 551 . Jump up ^ Stark 2009 , p. 307 . Jump up ^ Wenner & Lennon 2001 , p. 89 . ^ Jump up to : `` 100 Greatest Beatles Songs -- Abbey Road Medley '' . Rolling Stone . 19 September 2011 . Archived from the original on 22 January 2014 . Retrieved 4 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Urish 2007 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez 2010 , pp. 1 , 73 . ^ Jump up to : Miles 1997 , p. 559 . Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , p. 561 . Jump up ^ Urish 2007 , p. 12 . 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Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( The Beatles ; ' Abbey Road ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 20 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Italian album certifications -- The Beatles -- Abbey Road '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand album certifications -- The Beatles -- Abbey Road '' . Recorded Music NZ . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- The Beatles -- Abbey Road '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 15 September 2013 . Enter Abbey Road in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- The Beatles -- Abbey Road '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 20 August 2012 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Beatles albums finally go platinum '' . British Phonographic Industry . BBC News . 2 September 2013 . Archived from the original on 12 February 2014 . Retrieved 4 September 2013 . Bibliography Beatles , The ( 2000 ) . The Beatles Anthology . San Francisco : Chronicle Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8118 - 2684 - 6 . Buckley , Peter ( 2003 ) . The Rough Guide To Rock . Rough Guides Illustrated . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84353 - 105 - 0 . Emerick , Geoff ; Massey , Howard ( 2006 ) . Here , There and Everywhere My Life Recording the Music of The Beatles . New York : Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59240 - 179 - 6 . Everett , Walter ( 1999 ) . The Beatles As Musicians Revolver Through the Anthology . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 512941 - 0 . Gottlieb , Gary ( 2010 ) . How Does It Sound Now -- Legendary Engineers and Vintage Gear . Cengage Learning . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59863 - 921 - 6 . Gould , Jonathan ( 4 November 2008 ) . Ca n't Buy Me Love The Beatles , Britain and America . Random House Digital . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 35338 - 2 . Larkin , Colin ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of Popular Music . 1 . Muze . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 531373 - 4 . Lewisohn , Mark ( 1988 ) . The Beatles Recording Sessions . Harmony Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 517 - 57066 - 1 . Lewisohn , Mark ( 1992 ) . The Complete Beatles Chronicle . Hamlyn . ISBN 978 - 0 - 600 - 60033 - 6 . MacDonald , Ian ( 1997 ) . Revolution in the Head : The Beatles ' Records and the Sixties ( First Revised ed . ) . London : Pimlico ( Random House ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7126 - 6697 - 8 . MacFarlane , Thomas ( 2007 ) . The Beatles ' Abbey Road Medley Extended Forms in Popular Music . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4617 - 3659 - 2 . Miles , Barry ( 1997 ) . Many Years From Now . Vintage - Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7493 - 8658 - 0 . Roberts , Jeremy ( 2011 ) . The Beatles Music Revolutionaries . Twenty - First Century Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7613 - 7294 - 3 . Rodriguez , Robert ( 2010 ) . Fab Four FAQ 2.0 The Beatles ' Solo Years , 1970 -- 1980 . Milwaukee , WI : Backbeat Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 9093 - 4 . Lennon , John ; Ono , Yōko ; Sheff , David ( 2000 ) . All We Are Saying The Last Major Interview with John Lennon and Yoko Ono . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 25464 - 3 . Spizer , Bruce ( 2005 ) . The Beatles Solo on Apple Records . New Orleans , LA : 498 Productions . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9662649 - 5 - 1 . Stark , Steven D. ( 13 October 2009 ) . Meet the Beatles . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 184252 - 8 . Turner , Steve ( 1994 ) . A Hard Day 's Write . Harper . Urish , Ben ( 2007 ) . The Words and Music of John Lennon . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 99180 - 7 . Wallgren , Mark ( 1982 ) . The Beatles on Record . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 45682 - 5 . Wenner , Jann ; Lennon , John ( 2001 ) . Lennon Remembers The Full Rolling Stone Interviews from 1970 . Verso . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85984 - 376 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Abbey Road at Discogs ( list of releases ) Beatles comments on each song Beatles engineer Geoff Emerick on Abbey Road -- A track - by - track walkthrough Live webcam at the Abbey Road zebra crossing Live webcam at the Abbey Road zebra crossing ( Adobe Flash Player not required ) Abbey Road Songs Side one `` Come Together '' `` Something '' `` Maxwell 's Silver Hammer '' `` Oh ! Darling '' `` Octopus 's Garden '' `` I Want You ( She 's So Heavy ) '' Side two `` Here Comes the Sun '' `` Because '' `` You Never Give Me Your Money '' `` Sun King '' `` Mean Mr. Mustard '' `` Polythene Pam '' `` She Came In Through the Bathroom Window '' `` Golden Slumbers '' `` Carry That Weight '' `` The End '' `` Her Majesty '' Non-album single `` The Ballad of John and Yoko '' `` Old Brown Shoe '' Outtakes `` Come and Get It '' `` Ai n't She Sweet '' Related articles Abbey Road , London The Beatles discography Break - up of the Beatles Iain Macmillan McLemore Avenue The Other Side of Abbey Road Please Please Me With the Beatles A Hard Day 's Night Beatles for Sale Help ! Rubber Soul Revolver Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Magical Mystery Tour The Beatles ( White Album ) Yellow Submarine Abbey Road Let It Be Past Masters The Beatles album discography Albums in the core catalogue are marked in bold . Studio albums Please Please Me With the Beatles A Hard Day 's Night Beatles for Sale Help ! Rubber Soul Revolver Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band The Beatles ( `` White Album '' ) Yellow Submarine Abbey Road Let It Be US albums Introducing ... The Beatles Meet the Beatles ! The Beatles ' Second Album A Hard Day 's Night Something New The Beatles ' Story Beatles ' 65 The Early Beatles Beatles VI Help ! Rubber Soul Yesterday and Today Revolver Magical Mystery Tour Yellow Submarine Hey Jude Canadian albums Twist and Shout The Beatles ' Long Tall Sally Extended plays Twist and Shout The Beatles ' Hits The Beatles ( No. 1 ) All My Loving Souvenir of Their Visit to America Four by the Beatles Long Tall Sally Extracts from the Film A Hard Day 's Night Extracts from the Album A Hard Day 's Night 4 by the Beatles Beatles for Sale Beatles for Sale No. 2 The Beatles ' Million Sellers Yesterday Nowhere Man Magical Mystery Tour Live albums Live ! at the Star - Club in Hamburg , Germany ; 1962 The Beatles at the Hollywood Bowl First Live Recordings Live at the BBC On Air -- Live at the BBC Volume 2 Compilations From Then To You / The Beatles ' Christmas Album Sessions Past Masters Anthology ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) I Saw Her Standing There The Beatles Bootleg Recordings 1963 Remixes Yellow Submarine Songtrack Let It Be ... Naked Love Box sets The Beatles Collection The Beatles : The Collection The Beatles Box The Beatles Box Set The Capitol Albums vol. 1 The Beatles in Mono The Beatles ( The Original Studio Recordings ) The U.S. Albums The Japan Box UK best - selling albums ( by year ) ( 1956 -- 1969 ) 1956 : Carousel ( Original Soundtrack ) 1957 : The King and I ( Original Soundtrack ) 1958 : My Fair Lady ( Broadway Cast recording ) 1959 : South Pacific ( Original Soundtrack ) 1960 : South Pacific ( Original Soundtrack ) 1961 : G.I. Blues ( Elvis Presley ) 1962 : West Side Story ( Original Soundtrack ) 1963 : With the Beatles ( The Beatles ) 1964 : Beatles for Sale ( The Beatles ) 1965 : The Sound of Music ( Original Soundtrack ) 1966 : The Sound of Music ( Original Soundtrack ) 1967 : Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( The Beatles ) 1968 : The Sound of Music ( Original Soundtrack ) 1969 : Abbey Road ( The Beatles ) Complete list ( 1956 -- 1969 ) ( 1970 -- 1989 ) ( 1990 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- 2029 ) UK Christmas number - one albums in the 1960s South Pacific ( Original Soundtrack , 1960 ) Another Black and White Minstrel Show ( George Mitchell Minstrels , 1961 ) The Black and White Minstrel Show ( George Mitchell Minstrels , 1962 ) With the Beatles ( The Beatles , 1963 ) Beatles for Sale ( The Beatles , 1964 ) Rubber Soul ( The Beatles , 1965 ) The Sound of Music ( Original Soundtrack , 1966 ) Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( The Beatles , 1967 ) The Beatles ( White Album ) ( The Beatles , 1968 ) Abbey Road ( The Beatles , 1969 ) Complete list 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abbey_Road&oldid=804716192 '' Categories : 1969 albums Albums produced by George Martin Albums recorded at Abbey Road Studios Apple Records albums The Beatles albums Capitol Records albums English - language albums Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Albums conducted by George Martin Albums conducted by Paul McCartney Albums recorded at Trident Studios Albums produced by Chris Thomas ( record producer ) Albums produced by George Harrison Albums produced by John Lennon Albums produced by Paul McCartney Albums produced by Ringo Starr Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use dmy dates from November 2015 Good articles EngvarB from November 2015 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 All articles containing potentially dated statements Certification Table Entry usages for Argentina Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Japan Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Sardu Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 18 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where was the abbey road album cover taken | [
"Although Abbey Road was an immediate commercial success and reached number one in the UK and US, it initially received mixed reviews, some critics describing its music as inauthentic and bemoaning the production's artificial effects. Many critics now view the album as the Beatles' best and rank it as one of the greatest albums of all time. In particular, George Harrison's contributions, \"Something\" and \"Here Comes the Sun\", are considered to be among the best songs he wrote for the group. The album's cover features the four band members walking across a zebra crossing outside Abbey Road Studios and has become one of the most famous and imitated images in the history of popular music."
] | [
"a zebra crossing outside Abbey Road Studios"
] |
4375466660710440722 | Google Chrome version history | Google Chrome version history - wikipedia Google Chrome version history Jump to : navigation , search The following table summarizes the release history for the Google Chrome web browser . Discontinued Stable Channel Beta Channel Dev Channel Canary Channel Major version Release date Layout engine V8 engine Significant changes 0.2. 149 2008 - 09 - 02 WebKit 522 0.3 First release 0.3. 154 2008 - 10 - 29 Improved plugin performance and reliability Spell checking for input fields Improved web proxy performance and reliability Tab and window management updates 0.4. 154 2008 - 11 - 24 WebKit 525 Bookmark manager with import and export support Privacy section added to the application options New blocked popup notification 1.0. 154 2008 - 12 - 11 WebKit 528 First stable release 2.0. 172 2009 - 05 - 24 WebKit 530 0.4 35 % faster JavaScript on the SunSpider benchmark Mouse wheel support Full - screen mode Full - page zoom Form auto - fill Sort bookmarks by title Tab docking to browser and desktop edges Basic Greasemonkey support 3.0. 195 2009 - 10 - 12 WebKit 532 1.2 New `` new tab '' page for improved customization 25 % faster JavaScript HTML5 video and audio tag support Lightweight theming 4.0. 249 2010 - 01 - 25 WebKit 532.5 1.3 Extensions Bookmark synchronization Enhanced developer tools Improved HTML5 support Performance improvements Full ACID3 pass HTTP byte range support Experimental new anti-reflected - XSS feature called `` XSS Auditor '' 4.1. 249 2010 - 03 - 17 Translate infobar New privacy features Disabled XSS Auditor 5.0. 375 2010 - 05 - 21 WebKit 533 Browser preference synchronizing Increased HTML5 support ( Geolocation API , App Cache , web sockets , and file drag - and - drop ) Revamped bookmark manager Adobe Flash Player integrated First stable releases for macOS , 32 bit Linux , and 64 bit Linux 6.0. 472 2010 - 09 - 02 WebKit 534.3 Updated and more streamlined UI with simplified Omnibox New tab page Merged menu buttons Form auto - fill Expanded synchronization support to include extensions and auto - fill data Support for WebM videos Built - in PDF support ( disabled by default ) 7.0. 517 2010 - 10 - 21 WebKit 534.7 2.3. 11 Implemented HTML5 parsing algorithm File API Directory upload via input tag macOS version gained AppleScript support for UI automation Late binding enabled for SSL sockets : high priority SSL requests are now always sent to the server first . New options for managing cookies Updated New Tab page to enable featuring of web applications 8.0. 552 2010 - 12 - 02 WebKit 534.10 2.4. 9 Chrome Web Store Built - in PDF viewer that works inside Chrome 's sandbox for increased security Expanded synchronization support to include web applications Improved plug - in handling This release added `` about : flags '' to showcase experimental features such as Chrome Instant , side tabs on Windows , tabbed settings , Click to Play , background web applications , Remoting , disables outdated plug - ins , XSS Auditor , Cloud Print Proxy , GPU - accelerated compositing , WebGL support for the canvas element , and a `` tab overview '' mode ( like Exposé ) for macOS . 9.0. 597 2011 - 02 - 03 WebKit 534.13 2.5. 9 WebGL enabled by default Adobe Flash sandboxing on Windows and Chrome Instant ( a la Google Instant ) option WebP support New flags : print preview , GPU - accelerated compositing , GPU - accelerated Canvas 2D , Google Native Client , CRX-less Web Apps , Web page prerendering , experimental Extension APIs , disable hyperlink auditing 10.0. 648 2011 - 03 - 08 WebKit 534.16 3.0. 12 Google Cloud Print sign - in interface enabled by default Partially implemented sandboxing of the GPU process Faster JavaScript performance due to incorporation of Crankshaft , an improved compiler for V8 Settings pages that open in a tab , rather than a dialog box Malware reporting and disabling outdated plugins Password sync GPU accelerated video Background WebApps webNavigation extension API 11.0. 696 2011 - 04 - 27 WebKit 534.24 3.1. 8 HTML5 Speech Input API Updated icon 12.0. 742 2011 - 06 - 07 WebKit 534.30 3.2. 10 Hardware accelerated 3D CSS New Safe Browsing protection against downloading malicious files Ability to delete Flash cookies from inside Chrome Launch Apps by name from the Omnibox Integrated Sync into new settings pages Improved screen reader support New warning when hitting Command - Q on Mac New flags : P2P API Existing tab on foreground on open Experimental new tab page Add grouping to tab context menu Run PPAPI Flash in the renderer process Multiple profiles Removed Google Gears Print and Save buttons in the PDF viewer 13.0. 782 2011 - 08 - 02 WebKit 535.1 3.3. 10 Instant Pages ( pre-rendering of Web pages ) Native print interface and preview ( Linux and Windows only ) Experimental new tab page Experimental Restrict Instant To Search option 14.0. 835 2011 - 09 - 16 3.4. 14 Native Client ( NaCl ) enabled for apps in the Chrome Web Store Web Audio API Additional macOS Lion feature support Sync Encryption for all data Print preview on Mac Validation of HTTPS sites Experimental Web Request extension API Experimental Content Settings extension API 15.0. 874 2011 - 10 - 25 WebKit 535.2 3.5. 10 Faster print preview Redesigned new tab page on by default JavaScript fullscreen API enabled by default Inline installation of Chrome Web Store items by verified sites Omnibox History synchronization Switched to FFmpeg native VP8 decoder Extensions integrated into settings pages GPU Accelerated Canvas 2D disabled 16.0. 912 2011 - 12 - 13 WebKit 535.7 3.6. 6 Multiple profiles on by default Optional permissions in Chrome extensions , so the user can opt - in or opt - out of the optional permissions at installation time Experimental support for side tabs was removed . 17.0. 963 2012 - 02 - 08 WebKit 535.11 3.7. 12 Updated Omnibox prerendering of pages Download scanning protection New extensions APIs Improved History tab Removal of `` + '' symbol from the `` new tab '' button Limited support for changing user agent strings Adjustable margins in print preview Search engine synchronization Disabled GAIA profile info 18.0. 1025 2012 - 03 - 28 2012 - 06 - 27 ( Android ARM ) 2012 - 09 - 26 ( 18.0. 1026 , Android x86 ) WebKit 535.19 3.8. 9 Hardware - accelerated Canvas2D graphics WebGL without the need of 3D graphics hardware through the software rasterizer SwiftShader Brighter `` new tab '' button 19.0. 1084 2012 - 05 - 15 2012 - 06 - 28 ( iOS ) WebKit 536.5 3.9. 24 Access tabs between devices Reorganized and searchable settings interface Better spell check by using the Google search engine spell checker Web Store link to the bottom of New Tab page Experimental JavaScript Harmony ( ECMAScript 6 ) support Experimental Web Intents API 20.0. 1132 2012 - 06 - 26 WebKit 536.10 3.10. 6 Experimental touch friendly user interface adjustments . Context menus have extra vertical padding between items . New tab button is bigger and wider 21.0. 1180 2012 - 07 - 31 2012 - 08 - 22 ( iOS ) WebKit 537.1 3.11. 10 Media Stream API ( getUserMedia ) enabled by default . ( E.g. webcam access via JavaScript . ) Gamepad API prototype available by default . Support for ( pointer ) and ( hover ) CSS media queries so sites can optimize their user interface for touch when touch - screen support is available . HTML5 audio / video and WebAudio now support 24 - bit PCM wave files 22.0. 1229 2012 - 09 - 25 WebKit 537.4 3.12. 19 New - style packaged apps are enabled by default . New menu icon , replacing the wrench icon Support for TLS 1.1 Support for color management ICC v2 profiles by default 23.0. 1271 2012 - 11 - 06 2012 - 11 - 28 ( iOS ) WebKit 537.11 3.13. 7 Do Not Track preference Hardware video acceleration with 25 % more efficient power consumption in some scenarios Manager for site permission control New icon for Chrome Web Store when opening new tab PPAPI Flash Player ( or Pepper - based Flash Player ) replaced the NPAPI Flash Player on Mac also 24.0. 1312 2013 - 01 - 10 WebKit 537.17 3.14. 5 Support for MathML The HTML5 datalist element now supports suggesting a date and time Experimental support for CSS custom filters 25.0. 1364 2013 - 02 - 21 2013 - 02 - 27 ( Android ) 2013 - 03 - 04 ( iOS ) WebKit 537.22 3.15. 11 Support for Opus audio Support for VP9 video Silent installs of external extensions are now disabled by default . Web Speech API Encrypted omnibox search ( https ) Native Client on ARM Disabled MathML support for the time being Android version ( update from 18 ) : Newer V8 JavaScript engine Audio now continues to play while Chrome is in the background Support for pausing audio in Chrome when phone is in use 26.0. 1410 2013 - 03 - 26 2013 - 04 - 03 ( Android ) 2013 - 04 - 09 ( iOS ) WebKit 537.31 3.16. 14 Improved spell checker ( grammar and homonym checking ) Desktop shortcuts for multiple users ( profiles ) on Windows Asynchronous DNS resolver on Mac and Linux Android version : Autofill and password sync Performance and stability improvements 27.0. 1453 2013 - 05 - 21 2013 - 05 - 22 ( Android ) 2013 - 06 - 03 ( iOS ) WebKit 537.36 3.17. 6 Resource handling optimized for faster page loads Improved Omnibox predictions and spelling correction syncFileSystem API for Google Drive data synchronization Stop packaging Manifest version 1.0 extensions Android version : Fullscreen on phones ( scrolling down the page makes the toolbar disappear ) Simpler searching ( the query stays visible in the omnibox , making it easier to edit ) Client - side certificate support Tab history on tablets `` A ton of stability and performance fixes '' 28.0. 1500 2013 - 06 - 17 ( Linux ) 2013 - 07 - 09 ( macOS and Windows ) 2013 - 07 - 10 ( Android ) 2013 - 07 - 17 ( iOS ) Blink 537.36 WebKit 537.36 ( on iOS ) 3.18. 5 Replaced layout engine with Blink , a fork of WebKit on all platforms besides iOS Faster page loads with the new Blink threaded HTML parser Rich Notifications and Notification Center ( HTML - based notifications deprecated ) Major improvements to the asm. js benchmark performances Support for the CSS : unresolved pseudoclass for Custom Elements Support for the CSS @ supports conditional blocks to test for property : value pairs Android version : Fullscreen API support ( fullscreen browsing on tablets ) Experimental WebGL , Web Audio , WebRTC support behind flags Built - in translation iOS version : Improved interoperability with many other Google Apps Voice Search enhancements Fullscreen for iPad Data usage savings ( rolling out over time ) Access to browser history 29.0. 1547 2013 - 08 - 20 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2013 - 08 - 21 ( Android ) 2013 - 09 - 12 ( iOS ) Blink 537.36 3.19. 18 Support for VP9 final Support for TLS 1.2 Preliminary QUIC support Improved Omnibox suggestions based on the recency of visited sites Ability to reset user profile back to its original state New apps and extensions APIs ( such as Native Messaging API for connecting Chrome with native applications installed on the same computer - an alternative to NPAPI ) Android version : WebRTC support WebAudio support Improved scrolling responsiveness and visual indication when scrolling to the top or bottom of a page Startup performance and stability improvements New color picker user interface for web forms Support for Google 's experimental data compression service ( comparable to Opera Turbo ) that lets Google servers quickly read and optimize a Web page for mobile devices , then transmit it to the smartphone using Google 's SPDY network technology . Rudimentary tab groups implemented iOS version : Get back to Search Results faster Data cost savings enhancements ( rolled out incrementally ) Voice search pronoun support ( e.g. queries like : `` Who is the president of the United States ? '' followed by `` Who is his wife ? '' ) Improvements to Single Sign On with other Google Apps Support for WebP image format 30.0. 1599 2013 - 09 - 18 ( iOS ) 2013 - 10 - 01 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2013 - 10 - 02 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 3.20. 17 New image context menu item : `` Search Google for this image '' New Chrome Apps APIs : webview. request , media gallery write support and downloads New platform features ( both in desktop and mobile ) : support for the WebRTC Device Enumeration API , allowing users to change their microphones and / or camera on the fly without having to restart the WebRTC call ; DevTools now supports CSS source maps ; Chrome will now match the behavior of IE and not honor the Refresh header or tags when the URL to be refreshed to has a javascript : scheme ; Android version : New gesture : swipe horizontally across the top toolbar to quickly switch tabs New gesture : drag vertically down from the toolbar to enter into the tab switcher view New gesture : drag down from the menu to open the menu and select wanted item without having to lift finger WebGL is enabled by default on high - end devices DeviceMotion ( device acceleration and rotation rates ) events Media Source Extension is enabled on Android 4.1 + Two new experimental features behind a flag : Web Speech API ( recognition ) and the Vibration API iOS version : New look and feature enhancements for iOS7 Improvements to Fullscreen behavior especially on iPad ( iOS7 only ) New Settings UI Maps and email links launch the Google Maps and Gmail apps ( if installed ) automatically . You can change your preference in Settings Stability / security improvements and bug fixes 31.0. 1650 2013 - 11 - 12 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2013 - 11 - 14 ( Android ) 2013 - 11 - 20 ( iOS ) Blink 537.36 3.21. 18 Payment requestAutocomplete ( ) on Chrome for Android , Windows , Chrome OS PNaCl on desktop versions of Chrome New Chrome Apps APIs : With URL handlers for apps , Chrome App developers can now specify URLs to be handled by a Chrome App . For example , a document link on a website could open a document editor Chrome App . This gives users more seamless entry points into their favorite Chrome Apps . Directory access for Apps allows Chrome Apps to access and write to user - approved folders . This feature can be used to share files between a Chrome App and a native app . For example , a Chrome App code editor could modify files managed by a native Git client . SCTP for WebRTC Data Channel allows P2P data transfers between browsers to be either best effort , reliable , or semi reliable , opening up use cases such as gaming . Alpha channel support for WebM video enables transparency masking ( a.k.a. green screen effects ) in WebM videos . Speech recognition with the JavaScript Web Speech API is now supported on Chrome for Android . window. devicePixelRatio now takes full - page zoom ( but not pinch zoom ) into account Support for ( alpha : false ) in getContext ( ' 2d ' ) lets you create an opaque canvas . This is similar to existing WebGL functionality and can improve the rendering performance of your app . The Media Source API has been unprefixed and is now supported on Chrome for Android . It allows JavaScript to generate media streams for playback , addressing use cases like adaptive streaming and time shifting live streams . 2D canvas now supports the `` ellipse '' method . Support for several Mutation Events has been removed . Consider using MutationObserver instead . iOS version : Fast form completion with Autofill Long press on an image to search for related images Stability / security improvements and bug fixes 32.0. 1700 2014 - 01 - 14 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2014 - 01 - 15 ( Android ) 2014 - 01 - 27 ( iOS ) Blink 537.36 3.22. 24 Tab indicators for sound , webcam and casting A different look for Win8 Metro mode Automatically blocking malware files A number of new apps / extension APIs Various under - the - hood changes for stability and performance Android version : Add web page shortcuts right to your home screen more easily from the menu Reduce data usage in Chrome up to 50 % . Visit Settings > Bandwidth management > Reduce data usage to enable . iOS version : Translate When you come across a page written in a language that you do n't understand , just look for the translation bar . One tap and the page is quickly translated for you . Reduce Data Usage Reduce your data usage by up to 50 % . Enable this feature and view your savings : Settings > Bandwidth > Reduce Data Usage . New Tab Page update to make searching faster and easier This feature is being rolled out and will be available to all users over time , beginning on iPhone . 33.0. 1750 2014 - 02 - 18 ( iOS ) 2014 - 02 - 20 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2014 - 02 - 26 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 3.23. 17 Custom Elements Ogg Opus in MSE and < video > Page Visibility API VTTCue Web Speech API ( synthesis ) Font - kerning requestAutocomplete ( ) Speech Synthesis Android version : Download progress notification for file downloads using the Chrome network stack Updated help and feedback UI Support for < datalist > tag iOS version : Stability and security updates 34.0. 1847 2014 - 04 - 02 ( Android ) 2014 - 04 - 08 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2014 - 04 - 29 ( iOS ) Blink 537.36 3.24. 35 Responsive Images and Unprefixed Web Audio Import supervised users onto new computers A different look for Windows 8 Metro mode A number of new apps / extension APIs New scroll bar look Ignores autocomplete = `` off '' on password input fields Android version : Battery usage optimizations iOS version : Updated tour when you start Chrome for the first time Support for autocomplete in the omnibox for right to left languages 35.0. 1916 2014 - 05 - 20 ( Android ) 2014 - 05 - 20 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2014 - 05 - 28 ( iOS ) Blink 537.36 3.25. 28 More developer control over touch input New JavaScript features Unprefixed Shadow DOM v0 A number of new apps / extension APIs Opus updated to version v1. 1 Android version : Undo Tab Close Fullscreen video with Subtitles and HTML5 controls Support for some multi-window devices iOS version : Added right - to - left support to the omnibox for Arabic and Hebrew See your search term in the omnibox , instead of the long search query URL Easily refine your search queries and view more results on the search results page Stability improvements and bug fixes Linux version : Switched graphics interface backend from GTK+ to Aura 36.0. 1985 2014 - 07 - 15 ( iOS ) 2014 - 07 - 16 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2014 - 07 - 16 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 3.26. 31 Rich Notifications Improvements An Updated Incognito / Guest NTP design The addition of a Browser crash recovery bubble Multiple stability and performance improvements Android version : Improved text rendering on non-mobile optimized sites Doodles return to the new tab page iOS version : Allows mobile sites that have added Cast support to work with your Cast - enabled device Stability improvements and bug fixes Linux version : Chrome App Launcher 37.0. 2062 2014 - 08 - 26 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2014 - 09 - 03 ( Android ) 2014 - 09 - 22 ( iOS ) Blink 537.36 3.27. 34 DirectWrite support on Windows for improved font rendering A number of new apps / extension APIs Multiple stability and performance improvements Removal of the showModalDialog API , breaking several enterprise web apps Android version : Signing into Chrome signs you into your favorite Google sites Updated look and feel with elements of Material Design Multiple performance improvements and bug fixes Windows version : 64 - bit Windows support 38.0. 2125 2014 - 10 - 07 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2014 - 10 - 07 ( iOS ) 2014 - 10 - 08 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 3.28. 71 A number of new apps / extension APIs Support for logging into sites using FIDO U2F Security Key ( a USB or smartcard security token ) as a factor in 2 - factor authentication Under - the - hood changes for stability and performance Android version : Support for Battery Status and Screen orientation APIs Additional Material Design updates Bug fixes and performance improvements iOS version : Better support for iPhone 6 and 6 + Download and open files in Google Drive Stability improvements and bug fixes Security fix 39.0. 2171 2014 - 11 - 12 ( Android ) 2014 - 11 - 18 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2014 - 11 - 24 ( iOS ) Blink 537.36 3.29. 88 Removes SSL / TLS protocol version fallback to SSLv3 64 - bit support for Mac A number of new apps / extension APIs Under - the - hood changes for stability and performance Android version : Number of bug fixes and performance improvements Experimental Reader Mode can be enabled via chrome://flags , is not available for tablets in this version 40.0. 2214 2015 - 01 - 20 ( iOS ) 2015 - 01 - 21 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2015 - 01 - 21 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 3.30. 33 Disabled SSLv3 support by default The minimum SSL / TLS version can now be set through about : flags Updated info dialog for Chrome app on Windows and Linux A new clock behind / ahead error message Android version : Updated page info and content settings UI Number of bug fixes and performance improvements iOS version : New look with Material Design bringing bold graphics , fluid motion , and tactile surfaces iOS 8 optimizations and support for bigger phones Support handoff from Chrome to your default browser on macOS Stability improvements and bug fixes 41.0. 2272 2015 - 03 - 03 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2015 - 03 - 11 ( Android ) 2015 - 03 - 16 ( iOS ) Blink 537.36 4.1. 0 A number of new apps / extension APIs Lots of under the hood changes for stability and performance Aero interface is disabled in Windows Vista Android version : The ability to pull to reload at the top of most pages A number of bug fixes and performance improvements 42.0. 2311 2015 - 04 - 14 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2015 - 04 - 15 ( Android ) 2015 - 04 - 16 ( iOS ) Blink 537.36 4.2. 77 Support for NPAPI plugins disabled by default A number of new apps , extension and Web Platform APIs ( including the Push API ) Lots of under the hood changes for stability and performance Add Bookmark is now redesigned . Android version : Getting the latest updates from sites with notifications Adding your favorite sites to your homescreen is now even easier Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements 43.0. 2357 2015 - 05 - 19 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2015 - 05 - 27 ( Android ) 2015 - 06 - 01 ( iOS ) Blink 537.36 4.3. 61 Numerous bug fixes and security fixes Android version : Faster Checkout -- Quickly and securely complete checkout forms with data from Google Wallet Touch to Search -- Learn more about words and phrases by touching them on your screen Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements No longer supports Android 4.0 ( Ice Cream Sandwich ) 44.0. 2403 2015 - 07 - 21 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2015 - 07 - 22 ( iOS ) 2015 - 07 - 29 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 4.4. 63 A number of new apps / extension APIs Change in the loading page circle on Chrome tabs Lots of under the hood changes for stability and performance Android version : Fixed a boatload of bugs and performance issues . iOS version : Swipe to navigate : swipe right or left to navigate backwards and forwards Support for accessing Physical Web content from the Today view Stability improvements and bug fixes 45.0. 2454 2015 - 09 - 01 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2015 - 09 - 01 ( Android ) 2015 - 09 - 02 ( iOS ) Blink 537.36 4.5. 103 Support for NPAPI plugins permanently disabled A number of fixes and improvements Android version : A number of fixes for a whole bunch of performance / stability / other issues . 46.0. 2490 2015 - 10 - 13 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2015 - 10 - 14 ( Android ) 2015 - 10 - 22 ( iOS ) Blink 537.36 4.6. 85 Change in taskbar logo design A number of fixes and improvements . Android version : Under the hood performance and stability tweaks . 47.0. 2526 2015 - 12 - 01 ( iOS ) 2015 - 12 - 01 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2015 - 12 - 02 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 4.7. 80 Change in appearance on closing tabs with red x 's New PDF viewer design Security fixes Android version : `` More than a barge load of performance and stability fixes '' . iOS version : Added support for more keyboard shortcuts . Bluetooth keyboards can open , close or change tabs or conduct a voice search . Support for 3D touch on iPhone 6s / + . Force touch the Chrome icon to quickly open a new tab , a new incognito * tab , or conduct a voice search . 48.0. 2564 2016 - 01 - 20 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2016 - 01 - 27 ( iOS ) 2016 - 01 - 27 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 4.8. 271 `` Tab discarding '' was enabled by default in chrome://flags Window change in right - clicking an embedded web link The key icon in `` Save your password '' turns black `` Clear browsing history '' has been improved A large number of fixes and improvements Android version : Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements . iOS version : This version uses WKWebView , the latest rendering engine from Apple . The crash rate was reduced by 70 % and JavaScript execution is now faster . Redesigned icons on the New Tab page : easier access to more of your frequently - visited sites . Spotlight integration : Drag down or right from the Home screen and search for your Chrome bookmarks . 49.0. 2623 2016 - 03 - 02 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2016 - 03 - 09 ( iOS ) 2016 - 03 - 09 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 4.9. 385 Extension icons now appear near search tab . Changes in bookmark bar appearances . Change in Incognito mode window . Change in scrollbar movement . Changed Downloads page appearance / design . A large number of fixes and improvements Removed Windows 8 Mode ( Metro mode ) Last version available for Windows XP and Vista , and Mac OS 10.6 - 10.8 . Android version : `` More than a barge full of performance and stability fixes . '' iOS version : Bookmarks has a new look : Easily find your favorites ! Bug and stability fixes . 50.0. 2661 2016 - 04 - 13 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2016 - 04 - 20 ( iOS ) 2016 - 04 - 26 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 5.0. 71 Auto - fill form letters are now highlighted in bold . A number of fixes and improvements . No longer supports Windows XP and Vista . Android version : Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements . iOS version : Bug and stability fixes . 51.0. 2704 2016 - 05 - 25 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2016 - 06 - 01 ( iOS ) 2016 - 06 - 01 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 5.1. 281 A number of fixes and improvements . Android version : Brought tab switching back into Chrome ( Android L+ ) Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements . iOS version : Bug and stability fixes . 52.0. 2743 2016 - 07 - 20 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2016 - 07 - 27 ( iOS ) 2016 - 07 - 27 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 5.2. 361 It is impossible to disable DirectWrite . Bar on the bottom now shows darker text when hovering your mouse over the link . `` A number of fixes and improvements . '' Android version : Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements iOS version : Accelerated Mobile Pages ( `` AMP '' ) -- news and articles from many of your favorite publishers will now load instantly . Lightning bolt and `` AMP '' next to articles in the `` Top Stories '' section of search results indicate faster web page loading . 53.0. 2785 2016 - 08 - 31 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2016 - 09 - 07 ( iOS ) 2016 - 09 - 07 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 5.3. 332 New browser 's inside look , including a new bookmark `` A number of fixes and improvements . '' ' Simplify page ' option removed from ' Save as PDF ' . Shadow DOM v1 Android version : Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements Muted autoplay for video iOS version : Chrome 's History has a new look and it 's now easier to review , find , and delete your browsing history . Voice Search has been updated with a fresh look . Voice Search can now answer contextual questions such as `` How tall is the Eiffel Tower ? '' followed by `` When was it built ? '' 54.0. 2840 2016 - 10 - 12 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2016 - 10 - 19 ( iOS ) 2016 - 10 - 19 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 5.4. 500 `` Other bookmarks '' tab has changed appearance The message `` Right - click to play Adobe Flash Player '' now appears while pages with Adobe Flash Player are loading . `` A number of fixes and improvements . '' Android version : Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements View article suggestions for you on the new tab page Play media in the background for sites that support it Update saved passwords when you change or reset your password iOS version : No internet connection ? Smile and tap the dinosaur Fixed bookmark icons not displaying correctly Fixed phone number detection issues in web pages Stability improvements and bug fixes 55.0. 2883 2016 - 12 - 01 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2016 - 12 - 05 ( iOS ) 2016 - 12 - 06 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 5.5. 372 The History page has changed and is no longer in `` Settings '' Flash Player is now off by default for most sites `` A number of fixes and improvements . '' It is not possible to disable top level Material Design iOS version : You can swipe down or right from the iOS Home screen to search . Searching for `` voice '' or `` incognito '' enables you to start Chrome in Voice Search mode or in a new Incognito Tab , respectively . The appearance of items in Spotlight Search will only work for devices that support Spotlight Actions . The folder named `` All Bookmarks '' has been removed from the Bookmarks view . You can access all your other devices ' Bookmarks by clicking on the other folders . Android version : Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements Easily download music , videos , and even full web pages for viewing offline View and share your downloads within Chrome See misspelled words highlighted in text fields Improvements to contextual search UI 56.0. 2924 2017 - 01 - 25 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2017 - 02 - 01 ( iOS ) 2017 - 02 - 01 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 5.6. 326 HTML5 enabled by default Adobe Flash Player is automatically blocked for most sites that require the plugin Labeling of unsecured HTTP sites `` A number of fixes and improvements . '' iOS version : Scan a QR code or barcode by using 3D Touch on the app logo or searching for `` QR '' in Spotlight . We 've redesigned the tab switcher layout on iPad to make it easier to access your open sites . Android version : Easily download music , videos , and even full web pages for viewing offline View and share your downloads within Chrome See misspelled words highlighted in text fields Improvements to contextual search UI Bug fixes and significant memory savings 57.0. 2987 2017 - 03 - 09 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2017 - 03 - 14 ( iOS ) 2017 - 03 - 16 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 5.7. 492 CSS grid layout Improved `` Add to Home '' screen Media Session API `` A number of fixes and improvements . '' WebAssembly Background tab policy changes iOS version : Chrome can add pages to your Reading List . Find in Page now works correctly in iOS 10.3 . Android version : Quickly use emails , addresses , and phone numbers in web pages by tapping on them Easily access downloaded files and web pages from the new tab page Long press article suggestions on the new tab page to download them Bug fixes and performance improvements 58.0. 3029 2017 - 04 - 19 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2017 - 04 - 20 ( Android ) 2017 - 04 - 25 ( iOS ) Blink 537.36 5.8. 283 `` A number of fixes and improvements . '' IndexedDB 2.0 Workers and SharedWorkers in data - URLs . Android version : Useful actions like `` Find in page '' available in apps that open web pages using Chrome More frequently updated article suggestions on the New Tab page Use recently visited search engines as your default search engine See Physical Web suggestions , based on your surroundings , in the address bar Bug fixes and performance improvements iOS version : Stability improvements and bug fixes . 59.0. 3071 2017 - 06 - 05 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2017 - 06 - 06 ( iOS ) 2017 - 06 - 06 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 5.9. 211 `` A number of fixes and improvements . '' Revamped Settings and `` About Google Chrome '' page with Material Design Headless mode in Linux and macOS . iOS version : Fixed a user - reported issue that resulted in hangs and significant slowdowns when switching tabs . Fixed a crash involving dialogs presented while switching tabs . Stability improvements and bug fixes . Android version : View and manage in - progress downloads on the Downloads page View and clear your browsing data more easily on the redesigned History page Long - press a link to open it in a new Chrome tab ( from Chrome Custom Tabs ) Bug fixes and performance improvements 60.0. 3112 2017 - 07 - 25 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2017 - 07 - 25 ( iOS ) 2017 - 07 - 31 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 6.0. 286 MacBook Pro Touch Bar support . `` A number of fixes and improvements . '' iOS version : `` Request Mobile Site '' button can switch from a website 's desktop version back to its mobile version Android version Load pages faster and use less memory with an updated JavaScript engine Bug fixes and performance improvements Clear browsing data more easily 61.0. 3163 2017 - 09 - 05 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2017 - 09 - 05 ( iOS ) 2017 - 09 - 05 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 6.1. 534 Native support for JavaScript modules `` A number of fixes and improvements . '' iOS version : Added a new button for scanning QR codes above the virtual keyboard Android version Addition of Web Share API Bug fixes and performance improvements Translate pages with a more compact and intuitive toolbar Pick images to post online with an improved image picker 62.0. 3202 2017 - 09 - 14 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) Blink 537.36 6.2 Current Beta channel 63.0 2017 - 09 - 13 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) Blink 537.36 6.3 Current Dev channel 63.0 2017 - 09 - 02 ( macOS and Windows ) 2017 - 09 - 04 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 6.3 Current Canary channel Major version Release date Layout engine V8 engine Significant changes Notes ( edit ) Release date is the date of first release . All channels have subsequent updates which are not shown . For release update history see Google Chrome Releases . The first stable release in Windows , Mac OS and Linux was Google Chrome version 5.0. 375 . The first stable release on Android was version 18.0. 1025123 ( Chrome for Android ) . Old development and beta builds are not shown after they become stable releases . As of Chrome version 26 , Linux installations of the browser may be updated only on systems that support GCC v4. 6 and GTK v2. 24 or later . Thus systems such as Ubuntu Lucid 10.04 LTS , Debian 6 's 2.20 , and RHEL 6 's 2.18 are now among those marked as deprecated . As of Chrome version 59 , Linux Chrome defaults to GTK + 3 . Older versions of Linux , e.g. RHEL 6 or Centros 6 , with only GTK + 2 support , are not able to run this version of Chrome . Red Hat 's GTK + 2 build of Firefox ESR is probably the last remaining regularly updated browser on RHEL 6 / CentOS 6 . Version 6 -- 32 had Google Chrome Frame counterparts , until its development was discontinued . As of version 50 , Mac OS X 10.6 , 10.7 , 10.8 , Windows XP and Vista are no longer supported . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` OmahaProxy CSV Viewer '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Refs - v8 / v8. git - Git at Google '' . Google . 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March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chrome 57 Beta : CSS Grid Layout , Improved Add to Home screen , Media Session API '' . February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chrome for Android Update '' . March 16 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stable Channel Update for Desktop '' . April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chrome for Android Update '' . April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stable Channel Update for Desktop '' . June 5 , 2017 . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ LaPage , Pete ( May 2017 ) . `` New in Chrome 59 '' . Google Developers . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chrome for Android Update '' . June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stable Channel Update for Desktop '' . July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chrome for Android Update '' . August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stable Channel Update for Desktop '' . September 5 , 2017 . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chrome for Android Update '' . September 5 , 2017 . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pichai , Sundar . `` Chrome for Android out of Beta ! '' . chrome.blogspot.com . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Chromium Blog : A deeper look at Chrome for Android '' . blog.chromium.org . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chrome for Android Beta '' . market.android.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chrome stops declaring Linux systems obsolete - The H Open : News and Features '' . H-online.com . February 14 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2013 . Retrieved March 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chromium Blog : Retiring Chrome Frame '' . Chromium Blog . External links ( edit ) User agent strings for different versions of Chrome . Archived copy . Jump up ^ https://www.chromestatus.com/feature/4667415417847808 Jump up ^ `` Background Tabs in Chrome 57 Web Google Developers '' . Google Developers . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ RKL . `` Chrome 59 Stable Channel Update for Desktop '' . Chrome Releases . Retrieved 21 Aug 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Google_Chrome_version_history&oldid=800655611 '' Categories : Google Chrome Software version histories Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats Accuracy disputes from April 2014 Use mdy dates from February 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from February 2017 Talk About Wikipedia Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 21 : 54 . About Wikipedia | what is the current version of chrome browser | [
"\n\nMajor version\nRelease date\nLayout engine[r 1]\nV8 engine[r 2]\nSignificant changes\n\n\n0.2.149\n2008-09-02\nWebKit 522\n0.3\n\n\nFirst release[r 3]\n\n\n\n\n0.3.154\n2008-10-29\n\n\nImproved plugin performance and reliability\nSpell checking for input fields\nImproved web proxy performance and reliability\nTab and window management updates\n\n\n\n\n0.4.154\n2008-11-24\nWebKit 525\n\n\nBookmark manager with import and export support\nPrivacy section added to the application options\nNew blocked popup notification\n\n\n\n\n1.0.154\n2008-12-11\nWebKit 528\n\n\nFirst stable release\n\n\n\n\n2.0.172\n2009-05-24\nWebKit 530\n0.4\n\n\n35% faster JavaScript on the SunSpider benchmark\nMouse wheel support\nFull-screen mode\nFull-page zoom\nForm auto-fill\nSort bookmarks by title\nTab docking to browser and desktop edges\nBasic Greasemonkey support[r 4]\n\n\n\n\n3.0.195\n2009-10-12\nWebKit 532\n1.2\n\n\nNew \"new tab\" page for improved customization\n25% faster JavaScript\nHTML5 video and audio tag support\nLightweight theming\n\n\n\n\n4.0.249\n2010-01-25\nWebKit 532.5\n1.3\n\n\nExtensions\nBookmark synchronization\nEnhanced developer tools\nImproved HTML5 support\nPerformance improvements\nFull ACID3 pass\nHTTP byte range support\nExperimental new anti-reflected-XSS feature called \"XSS Auditor\"[r 5]\n\n\n\n\n4.1.249\n2010-03-17\n\n\nTranslate infobar[clarification needed]\nNew privacy features\nDisabled XSS Auditor[r 6]\n\n\n\n\n5.0.375\n2010-05-21\nWebKit 533\n2.1\n\n\nBrowser preference synchronizing\nIncreased HTML5 support (Geolocation API, App Cache, web sockets, and file drag-and-drop)\nRevamped bookmark manager\nAdobe Flash Player integrated[r 7][r 8]\nFirst stable releases for macOS, 32 bit Linux, and 64 bit Linux[r 9]\n\n\n\n\n6.0.472\n2010-09-02\nWebKit 534.3\n2.2\n\n\nUpdated and more streamlined UI with simplified Omnibox\nNew tab page\nMerged menu buttons\nForm auto-fill\nExpanded synchronization support to include extensions and auto-fill data\nSupport for WebM videos\nBuilt-in PDF support (disabled by default)[r 10]\n\n\n\n\n7.0.517\n2010-10-21\nWebKit 534.7\n2.3.11\n\n\nImplemented HTML5 parsing algorithm\nFile API\nDirectory upload via input tag\nmacOS version gained AppleScript support for UI automation[r 11]\nLate binding enabled for SSL sockets: high priority SSL requests are now always sent to the server first.\nNew options for managing cookies\nUpdated New Tab page to enable featuring of web applications\n\n\n\n\n8.0.552\n2010-12-02\nWebKit 534.10\n2.4.9\n\n\nChrome Web Store\nBuilt-in PDF viewer that works inside Chrome's sandbox for increased security\nExpanded synchronization support to include web applications\nImproved plug-in handling[r 12]\nThis release added \"about:flags\" to showcase experimental features such as Chrome Instant, side tabs on Windows, tabbed settings, Click to Play,[clarification needed] background web applications, Remoting,[clarification needed] disables outdated plug-ins,[clarification needed] XSS Auditor,[clarification needed] Cloud Print Proxy,[clarification needed] GPU-accelerated compositing, WebGL support for the canvas element, and a \"tab overview\" mode (like Exposé) for macOS.\n\n\n\n\n9.0.597\n2011-02-03\nWebKit 534.13\n2.5.9\n\n\nWebGL enabled by default\nAdobe Flash sandboxing on Windows and Chrome Instant (a la Google Instant) option[r 13]\nWebP support[r 14]\nNew flags: print preview, GPU-accelerated compositing, GPU-accelerated Canvas 2D, Google Native Client, CRX-less Web Apps, Web page prerendering, experimental Extension APIs, disable hyperlink auditing\n\n\n\n\n10.0.648\n2011-03-08\nWebKit 534.16\n3.0.12\n\n\nGoogle Cloud Print sign-in interface enabled by default\nPartially implemented sandboxing of the GPU process[r 15][r 16]\nFaster JavaScript performance due to incorporation of Crankshaft, an improved compiler for V8[r 17]\nSettings pages that open in a tab, rather than a dialog box\nMalware reporting and disabling outdated plugins\nPassword sync\nGPU accelerated video\nBackground WebApps\nwebNavigation extension API[r 18]\n\n\n\n\n11.0.696\n2011-04-27\nWebKit 534.24\n3.1.8\n\n\nHTML5 Speech Input API[r 19]\nUpdated icon[r 20]\n\n\n\n\n12.0.742\n2011-06-07\nWebKit 534.30\n3.2.10\n\n\nHardware accelerated 3D CSS\nNew Safe Browsing protection against downloading malicious files\nAbility to delete Flash cookies from inside Chrome[r 21]\nLaunch Apps by name from the Omnibox\nIntegrated Sync into new settings pages\nImproved screen reader support\nNew warning when hitting Command-Q on Mac[r 21]\nNew flags: P2P API\nExisting tab on foreground on open\nExperimental new tab page\nAdd grouping to tab context menu\nRun PPAPI Flash in the renderer process\nMultiple profiles\nRemoved Google Gears\nPrint and Save buttons in the PDF viewer[r 22]\n\n\n\n\n13.0.782\n2011-08-02\nWebKit 535.1\n3.3.10\n\n\nInstant Pages (pre-rendering of Web pages)[r 23]\nNative print interface and preview (Linux and Windows only)\nExperimental new tab page\nExperimental Restrict Instant To Search option\n\n\n\n\n14.0.835\n2011-09-16\n3.4.14\n\n\nNative Client (NaCl) enabled for apps in the Chrome Web Store[r 24]\nWeb Audio API\nAdditional macOS Lion feature support\nSync Encryption for all data\nPrint preview on Mac\nValidation of HTTPS sites[r 25]\nExperimental Web Request extension API\nExperimental Content Settings extension API[r 26]\n\n\n\n\n15.0.874\n2011-10-25\nWebKit 535.2\n3.5.10\n\n\nFaster print preview[r 27]\nRedesigned new tab page on by default[r 27]\nJavaScript fullscreen API enabled by default[r 27]\nInline installation of Chrome Web Store items by verified sites\nOmnibox History synchronization[r 28]\nSwitched to FFmpeg native VP8 decoder[r 29]\nExtensions integrated into settings pages\nGPU Accelerated Canvas 2D disabled\n\n\n\n\n16.0.912\n2011-12-13\nWebKit 535.7\n3.6.6\n\n\nMultiple profiles on by default[r 28]\nOptional permissions in Chrome extensions, so the user can opt-in or opt-out of the optional permissions at installation time[r 30]\nExperimental support for side tabs was removed.[r 31]\n\n\n\n\n17.0.963\n2012-02-08\nWebKit 535.11\n3.7.12\n\n\nUpdated Omnibox prerendering of pages[r 32]\nDownload scanning protection[r 32]\nNew extensions APIs[r 32]\nImproved History tab\nRemoval of \"+\" symbol from the \"new tab\" button\nLimited support for changing user agent strings\nAdjustable margins in print preview[r 33]\nSearch engine synchronization[r 34]\nDisabled GAIA profile info[r 35]\n\n\n\n\n18.0.1025\n2012-03-28\n2012-06-27 (Android ARM)\n2012-09-26\n(18.0.1026, Android x86)\nWebKit 535.19\n3.8.9\n\n\nHardware-accelerated Canvas2D graphics[r 36]\nWebGL without the need of 3D graphics hardware through the software rasterizer SwiftShader[r 36]\nBrighter \"new tab\" button[r 37]\n\n\n\n\n19.0.1084\n2012-05-15\n2012-06-28 (iOS)\nWebKit 536.5\n3.9.24\n\n\nAccess tabs between devices[r 38]\nReorganized and searchable settings interface\nBetter spell check by using the Google search engine spell checker\nWeb Store link to the bottom of New Tab page\nExperimental JavaScript Harmony (ECMAScript 6) support[r 39]\nExperimental Web Intents API[r 40]\n\n\n\n\n20.0.1132\n2012-06-26\nWebKit 536.10\n3.10.6\n\n\nExperimental touch friendly user interface adjustments. Context menus have extra vertical padding between items.[r 41]\nNew tab button is bigger and wider\n\n\n\n\n21.0.1180\n2012-07-31\n2012-08-22 (iOS)\nWebKit 537.1\n3.11.10\n\n\nMedia Stream API (getUserMedia) enabled by default. (E.g. webcam access via JavaScript.)[r 42]\nGamepad API prototype available by default.\nSupport for (pointer) and (hover) CSS media queries so sites can optimize their user interface for touch when touch-screen support is available.\nHTML5 audio/video and WebAudio now support 24-bit PCM wave files\n\n\n\n\n22.0.1229\n2012-09-25\nWebKit 537.4\n3.12.19\n\n\nNew-style packaged apps are enabled by default.\nNew menu icon, replacing the wrench icon\nSupport for TLS 1.1[r 43][r 44]\nSupport for color management ICC v2 profiles by default[r 45]\n\n\n\n\n23.0.1271\n2012-11-06\n2012-11-28 (iOS)\nWebKit 537.11\n3.13.7\n\n\nDo Not Track preference[r 46]\nHardware video acceleration with 25% more efficient power consumption in some scenarios\nManager for site permission control\nNew icon for Chrome Web Store when opening new tab\nPPAPI Flash Player (or Pepper-based Flash Player) replaced the NPAPI Flash Player on Mac also[r 47]\n\n\n\n\n24.0.1312\n2013-01-10\nWebKit 537.17\n3.14.5\n\n\nSupport for MathML[r 48]\nThe HTML5 datalist element now supports suggesting a date and time[r 48]\nExperimental support for CSS custom filters[r 48][r 49]\n\n\n\n\n25.0.1364\n2013-02-21\n2013-02-27 (Android)\n2013-03-04 (iOS)\nWebKit 537.22\n3.15.11\n\n\nSupport for Opus audio\nSupport for VP9 video[r 50]\nSilent installs of external extensions are now disabled by default.[r 51]\nWeb Speech API[r 52]\nEncrypted omnibox search (https)[r 53]\nNative Client on ARM\nDisabled MathML support for the time being[r 54]\n\nAndroid version (update from 18):\n\nNewer V8 JavaScript engine\nAudio now continues to play while Chrome is in the background\nSupport for pausing audio in Chrome when phone is in use\n\n\n\n\n26.0.1410\n2013-03-26\n2013-04-03 (Android)\n2013-04-09 (iOS)\nWebKit 537.31\n3.16.14\n\n\nImproved spell checker (grammar and homonym checking)[r 55]\nDesktop shortcuts for multiple users (profiles) on Windows[r 55]\nAsynchronous DNS resolver on Mac and Linux[r 55]\n\nAndroid version:[r 56]\n\nAutofill and password sync\nPerformance and stability improvements\n\n\n\n\n27.0.1453\n2013-05-21\n2013-05-22 (Android)\n2013-06-03 (iOS)\nWebKit 537.36\n3.17.6\n\n\nResource handling optimized for faster page loads[r 57]\nImproved Omnibox predictions and spelling correction[r 57]\nsyncFileSystem API for Google Drive data synchronization[r 57]\nStop packaging Manifest version 1.0 extensions[r 58]\n\nAndroid version:[r 59]\n\nFullscreen on phones (scrolling down the page makes the toolbar disappear)\nSimpler searching (the query stays visible in the omnibox, making it easier to edit)\nClient-side certificate support\nTab history on tablets\n\"A ton of stability and performance fixes\"\n\n\n\n\n28.0.1500\n2013-06-17 (Linux)\n2013-07-09\n(macOS and Windows)\n2013-07-10 (Android)\n2013-07-17 (iOS)\nBlink 537.36\nWebKit 537.36 (on iOS)\n3.18.5\n\n\nReplaced layout engine with Blink, a fork of WebKit[r 60][r 61][r 62] on all platforms besides iOS\nFaster page loads with the new Blink threaded HTML parser[r 63]\nRich Notifications and Notification Center (HTML-based notifications deprecated)[r 64]\nMajor improvements to the asm.js benchmark performances[r 63]\nSupport for the CSS :unresolved pseudoclass for Custom Elements[r 63]\nSupport for the CSS @supports conditional blocks to test for property:value pairs[r 63]\n\nAndroid version:\n\nFullscreen API support (fullscreen browsing on tablets)[r 63]\nExperimental WebGL, Web Audio, WebRTC support behind flags[r 63]\nBuilt-in translation[r 65]\n\niOS version:\n\nImproved interoperability with many other Google Apps[r 66]\nVoice Search enhancements[r 66]\nFullscreen for iPad[r 66]\nData usage savings (rolling out over time)[r 66]\nAccess to browser history[r 66]\n\n\n\n\n29.0.1547\n2013-08-20\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2013-08-21 (Android)\n2013-09-12 (iOS)\nBlink 537.36\n3.19.18\n\n\nSupport for VP9 final\nSupport for TLS 1.2\nPreliminary QUIC support[r 67]\nImproved Omnibox suggestions based on the recency of visited sites\nAbility to reset user profile back to its original state\nNew apps and extensions APIs (such as Native Messaging API for connecting Chrome with native applications installed on the same computer - an alternative to NPAPI[r 68])\n\nAndroid version:\n\nWebRTC support[r 69]\nWebAudio support[r 69]\nImproved scrolling responsiveness[r 70] and visual indication when scrolling to the top or bottom of a page[r 69]\nStartup performance and stability improvements[r 70]\nNew color picker user interface for web forms[r 69]\nSupport for Google's experimental data compression service (comparable to Opera Turbo) that lets Google servers quickly read and optimize a Web page for mobile devices, then transmit it to the smartphone using Google's SPDY network technology.\nRudimentary tab groups implemented\n\niOS version:\n\nGet back to Search Results faster\nData cost savings enhancements (rolled out incrementally)\nVoice search pronoun support (e.g. queries like: “Who is the president of the United States?” followed by “Who is his wife?”)\nImprovements to Single Sign On with other Google Apps[r 71]\nSupport for WebP image format[r 72]\n\n\n\n\n30.0.1599\n2013-09-18 (iOS)\n2013-10-01\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2013-10-02 (Android)\nBlink 537.36\n3.20.17\n\n\nNew image context menu item: \"Search Google for this image\"\nNew Chrome Apps APIs: webview.request, media gallery write support and downloads[r 73]\nNew platform features (both in desktop and mobile): support for the WebRTC Device Enumeration API, allowing users to change their microphones and/or camera on the fly without having to restart the WebRTC call; DevTools now supports CSS source maps; Chrome will now match the behavior of IE and not honor the Refresh header or tags when the URL to be refreshed to has a javascript: scheme;[r 73]\n\nAndroid version:\n\nNew gesture: swipe horizontally across the top toolbar to quickly switch tabs\nNew gesture: drag vertically down from the toolbar to enter into the tab switcher view\nNew gesture: drag down from the menu to open the menu and select wanted item without having to lift finger\nWebGL is enabled by default on high-end devices[r 73]\nDeviceMotion (device acceleration and rotation rates) events[r 73]\nMedia Source Extension is enabled on Android 4.1+[r 73]\nTwo new experimental features behind a flag: Web Speech API (recognition) and the Vibration API[r 73]\n\niOS version:\n\nNew look and feature enhancements for iOS7\nImprovements to Fullscreen behavior especially on iPad (iOS7 only)\nNew Settings UI\nMaps and email links launch the Google Maps and Gmail apps (if installed) automatically. You can change your preference in Settings\nStability / security improvements and bug fixes[r 74]\n\n\n\n\n31.0.1650\n2013-11-12\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2013-11-14 (Android)\n2013-11-20 (iOS)\nBlink 537.36\n3.21.18\n\n\nPayment requestAutocomplete() on Chrome for Android, Windows, Chrome OS\nPNaCl on desktop versions of Chrome\nNew Chrome Apps APIs: With URL handlers for apps, Chrome App developers can now specify URLs to be handled by a Chrome App. For example, a document link on a website could open a document editor Chrome App. This gives users more seamless entry points into their favorite Chrome Apps.\nDirectory access for Apps allows Chrome Apps to access and write to user-approved folders. This feature can be used to share files between a Chrome App and a native app. For example, a Chrome App code editor could modify files managed by a native Git client.\nSCTP for WebRTC Data Channel allows P2P data transfers between browsers to be either best effort, reliable, or semi reliable, opening up use cases such as gaming.\nAlpha channel support for WebM video enables transparency masking (a.k.a. green screen effects) in WebM videos.\nSpeech recognition with the JavaScript Web Speech API is now supported on Chrome for Android.\nwindow.devicePixelRatio now takes full-page zoom (but not pinch zoom) into account\nSupport for { alpha: false } in getContext('2d') lets you create an opaque canvas. This is similar to existing WebGL functionality and can improve the rendering performance of your app.\nThe Media Source API has been unprefixed and is now supported on Chrome for Android. It allows JavaScript to generate media streams for playback, addressing use cases like adaptive streaming and time shifting live streams.\n2D canvas now supports the \"ellipse\" method.\nSupport for several Mutation Events has been removed. Consider using MutationObserver instead.[r 75]\n\niOS version:\n\nFast form completion with Autofill\nLong press on an image to search for related images\nStability / security improvements and bug fixes[r 74]\n\n\n\n\n32.0.1700\n2014-01-14\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2014-01-15 (Android)\n2014-01-27 (iOS)\nBlink 537.36\n3.22.24\n\n\nTab indicators for sound, webcam and casting\nA different look for Win8 Metro mode\nAutomatically blocking malware files\nA number of new apps/extension APIs\nVarious under-the-hood changes for stability and performance\n\nAndroid version:\n\nAdd web page shortcuts right to your home screen more easily from the menu\nReduce data usage in Chrome up to 50%. Visit Settings > Bandwidth management > Reduce data usage to enable.[r 76]\n\niOS version:\n\nTranslate\n\nWhen you come across a page written in a language that you don’t understand, just look for the translation bar. One tap and the page is quickly translated for you.\n\n\nReduce Data Usage\n\nReduce your data usage by up to 50%. Enable this feature and view your savings: Settings > Bandwidth > Reduce Data Usage.\n\n\nNew Tab Page update to make searching faster and easier\n\nThis feature is being rolled out and will be available to all users over time, beginning on iPhone.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n33.0.1750\n2014-02-18 (iOS)\n2014-02-20\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2014-02-26 (Android)\nBlink 537.36\n3.23.17\n\n\nCustom Elements[r 77]\nOgg Opus in MSE and [r 77]\nPage Visibility API[r 77]\nVTTCue [r 77]\nWeb Speech API (synthesis)[r 77]\nFont-kerning[r 77]\nrequestAutocomplete()[r 77]\nSpeech Synthesis[r 77]\n\nAndroid version:\n\nDownload progress notification for file downloads using the Chrome network stack[r 78]\nUpdated help and feedback UI[r 78]\nSupport for tag[r 78]\n\niOS version:\n\nStability and security updates[r 74]\n\n\n\n\n34.0.1847\n2014-04-02 (Android)\n2014-04-08\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2014-04-29 (iOS)\nBlink 537.36\n3.24.35\n\n\nResponsive Images and Unprefixed Web Audio\nImport supervised users onto new computers\nA different look for Windows 8 Metro mode\nA number of new apps/extension APIs\nNew scroll bar look\nIgnores autocomplete=\"off\" on password input fields\n\nAndroid version:\n\nBattery usage optimizations\n\niOS version:\n\nUpdated tour when you start Chrome for the first time\nSupport for autocomplete in the omnibox for right to left languages\n\n\n\n\n35.0.1916\n2014-05-20 (Android)\n2014-05-20\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2014-05-28 (iOS)\nBlink 537.36\n3.25.28\n\n\nMore developer control over touch input\nNew JavaScript features\nUnprefixed Shadow DOM v0\nA number of new apps/extension APIs\nOpus updated to version v1.1\n\nAndroid version:\n\nUndo Tab Close\nFullscreen video with Subtitles and HTML5 controls\nSupport for some multi-window devices\n\niOS version:\n\nAdded right-to-left support to the omnibox for Arabic and Hebrew\nSee your search term in the omnibox, instead of the long search query URL\nEasily refine your search queries and view more results on the search results page\nStability improvements and bug fixes[r 74]\n\nLinux version:\n\nSwitched graphics interface backend from GTK+ to Aura\n\n\n\n\n36.0.1985\n2014-07-15 (iOS)\n2014-07-16\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2014-07-16 (Android)\nBlink 537.36\n3.26.31\n\n\nRich Notifications Improvements\nAn Updated Incognito / Guest NTP design\nThe addition of a Browser crash recovery bubble\nMultiple stability and performance improvements[r 79]\n\nAndroid version:\n\nImproved text rendering on non-mobile optimized sites\nDoodles return to the new tab page[r 80]\n\niOS version:\n\nAllows mobile sites that have added Cast support to work with your Cast-enabled device\nStability improvements and bug fixes[r 81]\n\nLinux version:\n\nChrome App Launcher[r 79]\n\n\n\n\n37.0.2062\n2014-08-26\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2014-09-03 (Android)\n2014-09-22 (iOS)[citation needed]\nBlink 537.36\n3.27.34\n\n\nDirectWrite support on Windows for improved font rendering\nA number of new apps/extension APIs\nMultiple stability and performance improvements[r 82]\nRemoval of the showModalDialog API, breaking several enterprise web apps[r 83]\n\nAndroid version:\n\nSigning into Chrome signs you into your favorite Google sites\nUpdated look and feel with elements of Material Design\nMultiple performance improvements and bug fixes[r 84]\n\nWindows version:\n\n64-bit Windows support[r 85]\n\n\n\n\n38.0.2125\n2014-10-07\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2014-10-07 (iOS)\n2014-10-08 (Android)\nBlink 537.36\n3.28.71\n\n\nA number of new apps/extension APIs\nSupport for logging into sites using FIDO U2F Security Key (a USB or smartcard security token) as a factor in 2-factor authentication[r 86]\nUnder-the-hood changes for stability and performance[r 87]\n\nAndroid version:\n\nSupport for Battery Status and Screen orientation APIs\nAdditional Material Design updates\nBug fixes and performance improvements[r 88]\n\niOS version:\n\nBetter support for iPhone 6 and 6+\nDownload and open files in Google Drive\nStability improvements and bug fixes\nSecurity fix[r 89]\n\n\n\n\n39.0.2171\n2014-11-12 (Android)\n2014-11-18\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2014-11-24 (iOS)[citation needed]\nBlink 537.36\n3.29.88\n\n\nRemoves SSL/TLS protocol version fallback to SSLv3\n64-bit support for Mac\nA number of new apps/extension APIs\nUnder-the-hood changes for stability and performance[r 90]\n\nAndroid version:\n\nNumber of bug fixes and performance improvements[r 91]\nExperimental Reader Mode[r 92] can be enabled via chrome://flags, is not available for tablets in this version\n\n\n\n\n40.0.2214\n2015-01-20 (iOS)\n2015-01-21\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2015-01-21 (Android)\nBlink 537.36\n3.30.33\n\n\nDisabled SSLv3 support by default\nThe minimum SSL/TLS version can now be set through about:flags\nUpdated info dialog for Chrome app on Windows and Linux\nA new clock behind/ahead error message[r 93]\n\nAndroid version:\n\nUpdated page info and content settings UI\nNumber of bug fixes and performance improvements[r 94]\n\niOS version:\n\nNew look with Material Design bringing bold graphics, fluid motion, and tactile surfaces\niOS 8 optimizations and support for bigger phones\nSupport handoff from Chrome to your default browser on macOS\nStability improvements and bug fixes[r 95]\n\n\n\n\n41.0.2272\n2015-03-03\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2015-03-11 (Android)\n2015-03-16 (iOS)\nBlink 537.36\n4.1.0\n\n\nA number of new apps/extension APIs\nLots of under the hood changes for stability and performance[r 96]\nAero interface is disabled in Windows Vista\n\nAndroid version:\n\nThe ability to pull to reload at the top of most pages\nA number of bug fixes and performance improvements[r 97]\n\n\n\n\n42.0.2311\n2015-04-14\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2015-04-15 (Android)\n2015-04-16 (iOS)\nBlink 537.36\n4.2.77\n\n\nSupport for NPAPI plugins disabled by default\nA number of new apps, extension and Web Platform APIs (including the Push API)\nLots of under the hood changes for stability and performance[r 98]\nAdd Bookmark is now redesigned.\n\nAndroid version:\n\nGetting the latest updates from sites with notifications\nAdding your favorite sites to your homescreen is now even easier\nBug fixes and speedy performance improvements[r 99]\n\n\n\n\n43.0.2357\n2015-05-19\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2015-05-27 (Android)\n2015-06-01 (iOS)\nBlink 537.36\n4.3.61\n\n\nNumerous bug fixes and security fixes[r 100]\n\nAndroid version:\n\nFaster Checkout – Quickly and securely complete checkout forms with data from Google Wallet\nTouch to Search – Learn more about words and phrases by touching them on your screen\nBug fixes and speedy performance improvements[r 101]\nNo longer supports Android 4.0 (Ice Cream Sandwich)[r 102][r 103]\n\n\n\n\n44.0.2403\n2015-07-21\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2015-07-22 (iOS)\n2015-07-29 (Android)\nBlink 537.36\n4.4.63\n\n\nA number of new apps/extension APIs\nChange in the loading page circle on Chrome tabs\nLots of under the hood changes for stability and performance[r 104]\n\nAndroid version:\n\nFixed a boatload of bugs and performance issues.[r 105]\n\niOS version:\n\nSwipe to navigate: swipe right or left to navigate backwards and forwards\nSupport for accessing Physical Web content from the Today view\nStability improvements and bug fixes[r 106]\n\n\n\n\n45.0.2454\n2015-09-01\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2015-09-01 (Android)\n2015-09-02 (iOS)\nBlink 537.36\n4.5.103\n\n\nSupport for NPAPI plugins permanently disabled\nA number of fixes and improvements[r 107]\n\nAndroid version:\n\nA number of fixes for a whole bunch of performance/stability/other issues.[r 108]\n\n\n\n\n46.0.2490\n2015-10-13\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2015-10-14 (Android)\n2015-10-22 (iOS)\nBlink 537.36\n4.6.85\n\n\nChange in taskbar logo design\nA number of fixes and improvements.[r 109]\n\nAndroid version:\n\nUnder the hood performance and stability tweaks.[r 110]\n\n\n\n\n47.0.2526\n2015-12-01 (iOS)\n2015-12-01\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2015-12-02 (Android)\nBlink 537.36\n4.7.80\n\n\nChange in appearance on closing tabs with red x's\nNew PDF viewer design\nSecurity fixes[r 111]\n\nAndroid version:\n\n\"More than a barge load of performance and stability fixes\".[r 112]\n\niOS version:\n\nAdded support for more keyboard shortcuts. Bluetooth keyboards can open, close or change tabs or conduct a voice search.\nSupport for 3D touch on iPhone 6s/+. Force touch the Chrome icon to quickly open a new tab, a new incognito* tab, or conduct a voice search.[citation needed]\n\n\n\n\n48.0.2564\n2016-01-20\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2016-01-27 (iOS)\n2016-01-27 (Android)\nBlink 537.36\n4.8.271\n\n\n\"Tab discarding\" was enabled by default in chrome://flags\nWindow change in right-clicking an embedded web link\nThe key icon in \"Save your password\" turns black\n\"Clear browsing history\" has been improved\nA large number of fixes and improvements[r 113]\n\nAndroid version:\n\nBug fixes and speedy performance improvements.\n\niOS version:\n\nThis version uses WKWebView, the latest rendering engine from Apple.\nThe crash rate was reduced by 70% and JavaScript execution is now faster.\nRedesigned icons on the New Tab page: easier access to more of your frequently-visited sites.\nSpotlight integration: Drag down or right from the Home screen and search for your Chrome bookmarks.[citation needed]\n\n\n\n\n49.0.2623\n2016-03-02\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2016-03-09 (iOS)\n2016-03-09 (Android)\nBlink 537.36\n4.9.385\n\n\nExtension icons now appear near search tab.\nChanges in bookmark bar appearances.\nChange in Incognito mode window.\nChange in scrollbar movement.\nChanged Downloads page appearance/design.\nA large number of fixes and improvements[r 114]\nRemoved Windows 8 Mode (Metro mode)\nLast version available for Windows XP and Vista, and Mac OS 10.6-10.8.\n\nAndroid version:\n\n\"More than a barge full of performance and stability fixes.\"[r 115]\n\niOS version:\n\nBookmarks has a new look: Easily find your favorites!\nBug and stability fixes.\n\n\n\n\n50.0.2661\n2016-04-13\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2016-04-20 (iOS)\n2016-04-26 (Android)\nBlink 537.36\n5.0.71\n\n\nAuto-fill form letters are now highlighted in bold.\nA number of fixes and improvements.[r 116]\nNo longer supports Windows XP and Vista.\n\nAndroid version:\n\nBug fixes and speedy performance improvements.\n\niOS version:\n\nBug and stability fixes.\n\n\n\n\n51.0.2704\n2016-05-25\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2016-06-01 (iOS)\n2016-06-01 (Android)\nBlink 537.36\n5.1.281\n\n\nA number of fixes and improvements.[r 117]\n\nAndroid version:\n\nBrought tab switching back into Chrome (Android L+)[r 118]\nBug fixes and speedy performance improvements.\n\niOS version:\n\nBug and stability fixes.\n\n\n\n\n52.0.2743\n2016-07-20\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2016-07-27 (iOS)\n2016-07-27 (Android)\nBlink 537.36\n5.2.361\n\n\nIt is impossible to disable DirectWrite.\nBar on the bottom now shows darker text when hovering your mouse over the link.\n\"A number of fixes and improvements.\"[r 119]\n\nAndroid version:\n\nBug fixes and speedy performance improvements[r 120]\n\niOS version:\n\nAccelerated Mobile Pages (\"AMP\") – news and articles from many of your favorite publishers will now load instantly.\nLightning bolt and \"AMP\" next to articles in the \"Top Stories\" section of search results indicate faster web page loading.\n\n\n\n\n53.0.2785\n2016-08-31\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2016-09-07 (iOS)\n2016-09-07 (Android)\nBlink 537.36\n5.3.332\n\n\nNew browser's inside look, including a new bookmark\n\"A number of fixes and improvements.\"[r 121]\n'Simplify page' option removed from 'Save as PDF'.\nShadow DOM v1[1]\n\nAndroid version:\n\nBug fixes and speedy performance improvements[r 122]\nMuted autoplay for video[r 123]\n\niOS version:\n\nChrome's History has a new look and it's now easier to review, find, and delete your browsing history.\nVoice Search has been updated with a fresh look. Voice Search can now answer contextual questions such as \"How tall is the Eiffel Tower?\" followed by \"When was it built?\"\n\n\n\n\n54.0.2840\n2016-10-12\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2016-10-19 (iOS)\n2016-10-19 (Android)\nBlink 537.36\n5.4.500\n\n\n\"Other bookmarks\" tab has changed appearance\nThe message \"Right-click to play Adobe Flash Player\" now appears while pages with Adobe Flash Player are loading.\n\"A number of fixes and improvements.\"[r 124]\n\nAndroid version:\n\nBug fixes and speedy performance improvements\nView article suggestions for you on the new tab page\nPlay media in the background for sites that support it\nUpdate saved passwords when you change or reset your password[r 125]\n\niOS version:\n\nNo internet connection? Smile and tap the dinosaur\nFixed bookmark icons not displaying correctly\nFixed phone number detection issues in web pages\nStability improvements and bug fixes\n\n\n\n\n55.0.2883\n2016-12-01\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2016-12-05 (iOS)\n2016-12-06 (Android)\nBlink 537.36\n5.5.372\n\n\nThe History page has changed and is no longer in \"Settings\"\nFlash Player is now off by default for most sites\n\"A number of fixes and improvements.\"[r 126]\nIt is not possible to disable top level Material Design[r 127]\n\niOS version:\n\nYou can swipe down or right from the iOS Home screen to search. Searching for \"voice\" or \"incognito\" enables you to start Chrome in Voice Search mode or in a new Incognito Tab, respectively. The appearance of items in Spotlight Search will only work for devices that support Spotlight Actions.\nThe folder named \"All Bookmarks\" has been removed from the Bookmarks view. You can access all your other devices’ Bookmarks by clicking on the other folders.\n\nAndroid version:\n\nBug fixes and speedy performance improvements\nEasily download music, videos, and even full web pages for viewing offline\nView and share your downloads within Chrome\nSee misspelled words highlighted in text fields\nImprovements to contextual search UI[r 128]\n\n\n\n\n56.0.2924\n2017-01-25\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2017-02-01 (iOS)\n2017-02-01 (Android)\nBlink 537.36\n5.6.326\n\n\nHTML5 enabled by default\nAdobe Flash Player is automatically blocked for most sites that require the plugin\nLabeling of unsecured HTTP sites\n\"A number of fixes and improvements.\"[r 129]\n\niOS version:\n\nScan a QR code or barcode by using 3D Touch on the app logo or searching for \"QR\" in Spotlight.\nWe've redesigned the tab switcher layout on iPad to make it easier to access your open sites.\n\nAndroid version:\n\nEasily download music, videos, and even full web pages for viewing offline\nView and share your downloads within Chrome\nSee misspelled words highlighted in text fields\nImprovements to contextual search UI\nBug fixes and significant memory savings[r 130]\n\n\n\n\n57.0.2987\n2017-03-09\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2017-03-14 (iOS)\n2017-03-16 (Android)\nBlink 537.36\n5.7.492\n\n\nCSS grid layout\nImproved \"Add to Home\" screen\nMedia Session API\n\"A number of fixes and improvements.\"[r 131]\nWebAssembly[r 132]\nBackground tab policy changes[2]\n\niOS version:\n\nChrome can add pages to your Reading List.\nFind in Page now works correctly in iOS 10.3.\n\nAndroid version:\n\nQuickly use emails, addresses, and phone numbers in web pages by tapping on them\nEasily access downloaded files and web pages from the new tab page\nLong press article suggestions on the new tab page to download them\nBug fixes and performance improvements[r 133]\n\n\n\n\n58.0.3029\n2017-04-19\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2017-04-20 (Android)\n2017-04-25 (iOS)\nBlink 537.36\n5.8.283\n\n\n\"A number of fixes and improvements.\"[r 134]\nIndexedDB 2.0\nWorkers and SharedWorkers in data-URLs.\n\nAndroid version:\n\nUseful actions like “Find in page” available in apps that open web pages using Chrome\nMore frequently updated article suggestions on the New Tab page\nUse recently visited search engines as your default search engine\nSee Physical Web suggestions, based on your surroundings, in the address bar\nBug fixes and performance improvements[r 135]\n\niOS version:\n\nStability improvements and bug fixes.\n\n\n\n\n59.0.3071\n2017-06-05\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2017-06-06 (iOS)\n2017-06-06 (Android)\nBlink 537.36\n5.9.211\n\n\n\"A number of fixes and improvements.\"[r 136]\nRevamped Settings and \"About Google Chrome\" page with Material Design\nHeadless mode in Linux and macOS.[r 137]\n\niOS version:\n\nFixed a user-reported issue that resulted in hangs and significant slowdowns when switching tabs.\nFixed a crash involving dialogs presented while switching tabs.\nStability improvements and bug fixes.\n\nAndroid version:\n\nView and manage in-progress downloads on the Downloads page\nView and clear your browsing data more easily on the redesigned History page\nLong-press a link to open it in a new Chrome tab (from Chrome Custom Tabs)\nBug fixes and performance improvements[r 138]\n\n\n\n\n60.0.3112\n2017-07-25\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2017-07-25 (iOS)\n2017-07-31 (Android)\nBlink 537.36\n6.0.286\n\n\nMacBook Pro Touch Bar support.\n\"A number of fixes and improvements.\"[r 139]\n\niOS version:\n\n\"Request Mobile Site\" button can switch from a website's desktop version back to its mobile version\n\nAndroid version\n\nLoad pages faster and use less memory with an updated JavaScript engine\nBug fixes and performance improvements\nClear browsing data more easily[r 140]\n\n\n\n\n61.0.3163\n2017-09-05\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\n2017-09-05 (iOS)\n2017-09-05 (Android)\nBlink 537.36\n6.1.534\n\n\nNative support for JavaScript modules\n\"A number of fixes and improvements.\"[r 141]\n\niOS version:\n\nAdded a new button for scanning QR codes above the virtual keyboard\n\nAndroid version\n\nAddition of Web Share API\nBug fixes and performance improvements\nTranslate pages with a more compact and intuitive toolbar\nPick images to post online with an improved image picker[r 142]\n\n\n\n\n62.0.3202\n2017-09-14\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\nBlink 537.36\n6.2\nCurrent Beta channel\n\n\n63.0\n2017-09-13\n(Linux, macOS and Windows)\nBlink 537.36\n6.3\nCurrent Dev channel\n\n\n63.0\n2017-09-02\n(macOS and Windows)\n2017-09-04\n(Android)\nBlink 537.36\n6.3\nCurrent Canary channel\n\n\n\nMajor version\nRelease date\nLayout engine[r 1]\nV8 engine[r 2]\nSignificant changes\n"
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5513547668601298734 | List of multiple Olympic medalists | List of multiple Olympic medalists - wikipedia List of multiple Olympic medalists Jump to : navigation , search The page lists various individuals who have won multiple Olympic medals at either the Summer Olympic Games or the Winter Olympic Games . American swimmer Michael Phelps has won the most Olympic medals with 28 medals ( 23 gold , 3 silver , 2 bronze ) . He is also the most decorated Olympian in individual events , with 16 medals ( 13 gold , 2 silver , 1 bronze ) . Norwegian cross-country skier Marit Bjørgen is the most decorated Winter Olympian , with 15 medals ( 8 gold , 4 silver , and 3 bronze ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of Olympic medals over career 1.1 Timeline 2 List of most career medals in individual events 3 Athletes with medals in different disciplines 3.1 In the Summer and Winter Games 3.2 In the Summer Games 3.2. 1 Swimming and water polo 3.2. 2 Others in Summer Games 3.3 In the Winter Games 3.3. 1 Cross-country skiing and Nordic combined 3.3. 2 Others in Winter Games 4 See also 5 References List of Olympic medals over career ( edit ) This is a list of multiple Olympic medalists , listing people who have won seven or more Olympic medals . Medals won in the 1906 Intercalated Games are not included . It includes top - three placings in 1896 and 1900 , before medals were awarded for top - three placings . When an athlete has won medals for more than one nation , for simplicity only the last nation he or she represented is mentioned here . The Olympics listed for each athlete only include games when they won medals . See the particular article on the athlete for more details on when and for what nation an athlete competed . In those instances where more than one athlete has the same number of total medals , the first tiebreaker is the number of gold medals , then the number of silver medals . Where two or more athletes have exactly the same number of gold , silver and bronze medals , the ranking is shown as a tie and the athletes are shown in order by career years and name . No . Athlete Nation Sport Years Games Gender Gold Silver Bronze Total Phelps , Michael Michael Phelps United States Swimming 2004 -- 2016 Summer 23 28 Latynina , Larisa Larisa Latynina Soviet Union Gymnastics 1956 -- 1964 Summer 9 5 18 Bjorgen , Marit Marit Bjørgen Norway Cross-country skiing 2002 -- 2018 Winter 8 15 Andrianov , Nikolai Nikolai Andrianov Soviet Union Gymnastics 1972 -- 1980 Summer 7 5 5 Bjorndalen , Ole Einar Ole Einar Bjørndalen Norway Biathlon 1998 -- 2014 Winter 8 13 6 Shakhlin , Boris Boris Shakhlin Soviet Union Gymnastics 1956 -- 1964 Summer 7 7 Mangiarotti , Edoardo Edoardo Mangiarotti Italy Fencing 1936 -- 1960 Summer 6 5 8 Ono , Takashi Takashi Ono Japan Gymnastics 1952 -- 1964 Summer 5 9 Nurmi , Paavo Paavo Nurmi Finland Athletics 1920 -- 1928 Summer 9 0 12 10 Fischer , Birgit Birgit Fischer East Germany Germany Canoeing 1980 -- 2004 Summer 8 0 Dahlie , Bjorn Bjørn Dæhlie Norway Cross-country skiing 1992 -- 1998 Winter 8 0 12 Kato , Sawao Sawao Kato Japan Gymnastics 1968 -- 1976 Summer 8 Thompson , Jenny Jenny Thompson United States Swimming 1992 -- 2004 Summer 8 14 Lochte , Ryan Ryan Lochte United States Swimming 2004 -- 2016 Summer 6 15 Torres , Dara Dara Torres United States Swimming 1984 -- 2008 Summer 16 Nemov , Alexei Alexei Nemov Russia Gymnastics 1996 -- 2000 Summer 6 17 Coughlin , Natalie Natalie Coughlin United States Swimming 2004 -- 2012 Summer 5 18 Spitz , Mark Mark Spitz United States Swimming 1968 -- 1972 Summer 9 11 19 Biondi , Matt Matt Biondi United States Swimming 1984 -- 1992 Summer 8 20 Caslavska , Vera Věra Čáslavská Czechoslovakia Gymnastics 1960 -- 1968 Summer 7 0 21 Chukarin , Viktor Viktor Chukarin Soviet Union Gymnastics 1952 -- 1956 Summer 7 22 Wüst , Ireen Ireen Wüst Netherlands Speed skating 2006 -- 2018 Winter 5 5 23 Osburn , Carl Carl Osburn United States Shooting 1912 -- 1924 Summer 5 24 Lewis , Carl Carl Lewis United States Athletics 1984 -- 1996 Summer 9 0 10 25 Gerevich , Aladar Aladár Gerevich Hungary Fencing 1932 -- 1960 Summer 7 26 Werth , Isabell Isabell Werth Germany Equestrian 1992 -- 2016 Summer 6 0 27 Nakayama , Akinori Akinori Nakayama Japan Gymnastics 1968 -- 1972 Summer 6 28 Scherbo , Vitaly Vitaly Scherbo Unified Team Belarus Gymnastics 1992 -- 1996 Summer 6 0 29 Keleti , Agnes Ágnes Keleti Hungary Gymnastics 1952 -- 1956 Summer 5 Hall Jr. , Gary Gary Hall Jr . United States Swimming 1996 -- 2004 Summer 5 31 Astakhova , Polina Polina Astakhova Soviet Union Gymnastics 1956 -- 1964 Summer 5 32 Smetanina , Raisa Raisa Smetanina Soviet Union Unified Team Cross-country skiing 1976 -- 1992 Winter 5 33 Dityatin , Alexander Alexander Dityatin Soviet Union Gymnastics 1976 -- 1980 Summer 6 34 Belmondo , Stefania Stefania Belmondo Italy Cross-country skiing 1992 -- 2002 Winter 5 35 Almsick , Franziska Franziska van Almsick Germany Swimming 1992 -- 2004 Summer 0 6 36 Van Innis , Hubert Hubert Van Innis Belgium Archery 1900 -- 1920 Summer 6 0 9 Yegorova , Lyubov Lyubov Yegorova Unified Team Russia Cross-country skiing 1992 -- 1994 Winter 6 0 Felix , Allyson Allyson Felix United States Athletics 2004 -- 2016 Summer 6 0 39 Vezzali , Valentina Valentina Vezzali Italy Fencing 1996 -- 2012 Summer 6 40 Comaneci , Nadia Nadia Comăneci Romania Gymnastics 1976 -- 1980 Summer 5 Thorpe , Ian Ian Thorpe Australia Swimming 2000 -- 2004 Summer 5 42 Pechstein , Claudia Claudia Pechstein Germany Speed skating 1992 -- 2006 Winter 5 43 Tsukahara , Mitsuo Mitsuo Tsukahara Japan Gymnastics 1968 -- 1976 Summer 5 44 Popov , Alexander Alexander Popov Unified Team Russia Swimming 1992 -- 2000 Summer 5 0 45 Jernberg , Sixten Sixten Jernberg Sweden Cross-country skiing 1956 -- 1964 Winter Tourischeva , Ludmilla Ludmilla Tourischeva Soviet Union Gymnastics 1968 -- 1976 Summer 47 Kramer , Sven Sven Kramer Netherlands Speed skating 2006 -- 2018 Winter 48 Charlotte Kalla Sweden Cross-country skiing 2010 -- 2018 Winter 6 0 49 Grunsven , Anky Anky van Grunsven Netherlands Equestrian 1992 -- 2012 Summer 5 Jones , Leisel Leisel Jones Australia Swimming 2000 -- 2012 Summer 5 51 Gaudini , Giulio Giulio Gaudini Italy Fencing 1928 -- 1936 Summer 52 Swahn , Alfred Alfred Swahn Sweden Shooting 1908 -- 1924 Summer 53 Voronin , Mikhail Mikhail Voronin Soviet Union Gymnastics 1968 -- 1972 Summer 6 54 Disl , Uschi Uschi Disl Germany Biathlon 1992 -- 2006 Winter 55 Savolainen , Heikki Heikki Savolainen Finland Gymnastics 1928 -- 1952 Summer 6 56 Titov , Yuri Yuri Titov Soviet Union Gymnastics 1956 -- 1964 Summer 5 57 Ottey , Merlene Merlene Ottey Jamaica Athletics 1980 -- 2000 Summer 0 6 58 Ewry , Ray Ray Ewry United States Athletics 1900 -- 1908 Summer 8 0 0 8 Bolt , Usain Usain Bolt Jamaica Athletics 2008 -- 2016 Summer 8 0 0 60 Fredriksson , Gert Gert Fredriksson Sweden Canoeing 1948 -- 1960 Summer 6 61 Klimke , Reiner Reiner Klimke United Team of Germany West Germany Equestrian 1964 -- 1988 Summer 6 0 Ahn Hyun - Soo Viktor Ahn South Korea Russia Short track speed skating 2006 - 2014 Winter 6 0 63 Ritola , Ville Ville Ritola Finland Athletics 1924 -- 1928 Summer 5 0 64 Lipa , Elisabeta Elisabeta Lipă Romania Rowing 1984 -- 2000 Summer 5 65 Wiggins , Bradley Bradley Wiggins Great Britain Cycling 2000 -- 2016 Summer 5 Adrian , Nathan Nathan Adrian United States Swimming 2008 -- 2016 Summer 5 67 Fraser , Dawn Dawn Fraser Australia Swimming 1956 -- 1964 Summer 0 Ender , Kornelia Kornelia Ender East Germany Swimming 1972 -- 1976 Summer 0 69 Olsen , Otto Otto Olsen Norway Shooting 1920 -- 1924 Summer Miez , Georges Georges Miez Switzerland Gymnastics 1924 -- 1936 Summer Gross , Rico Ricco Groß Germany Biathlon 1992 -- 2006 Winter Svendsen , Emil Hegle Emil Hegle Svendsen Norway Biathlon 2010 -- 2018 Winter 73 Matthes , Roland Roland Matthes East Germany Swimming 1968 -- 1976 Summer Schmitt , Allison Allison Schmitt United States Swimming 2008 - 2016 Summer Kulakova , Galina Galina Kulakova Soviet Union Cross-country skiing 1972 -- 1980 Winter Aamodt , Kjetil Andre Kjetil André Aamodt Norway Alpine skiing 1992 -- 2006 Winter Fischer , Sven Sven Fischer Germany Biathlon 1994 -- 2006 Winter Bruijn , Inge Inge de Bruijn Netherlands Swimming 2000 -- 2004 Summer Lezak , Jason Jason Lezak United States Swimming 2000 -- 2012 Summer 80 Trillini , Giovanna Giovanna Trillini Italy Fencing 1992 -- 2008 Summer 81 Kovacs , Katalin Katalin Kovács Hungary Canoeing 2000 -- 2012 Summer 5 0 82 Ducret , Roger Roger Ducret France Fencing 1920 -- 1928 Summer Cattiau , Philippe Philippe Cattiau France Fencing 1920 -- 1936 Summer Enke , Karin Karin Enke East Germany Speed skating 1980 -- 1988 Winter Niemann - Stirnemann , Gunda Gunda Niemann - Stirnemann Germany Speed skating 1992 -- 1998 Winter Thomas , Petria Petria Thomas Australia Swimming 1996 -- 2004 Summer 87 Campbell - Brown , Veronica Veronica Campbell - Brown Jamaica Athletics 2000 -- 2016 Summer 88 Babashoff , Shirley Shirley Babashoff United States Swimming 1972 -- 1976 Summer 6 0 89 Oneill , Susie Susie O'Neill Australia Swimming 1992 -- 2000 Summer 90 Korondi , Margit Margit Korondi Hungary Gymnastics 1952 -- 1956 Summer Muratova , Sofia Sofia Muratova Soviet Union Gymnastics 1956 -- 1960 Summer Sautin , Dmitri Dmitri Sautin Unified Team Russia Diving 1992 -- 2008 Summer Ohno , Apolo Apolo Ohno United States Short track speed skating 2002 -- 2010 Winter 94 Fontana , Arianna Arianna Fontana Italy Short track speed skating 2006 -- 2018 Winter 5 95 Hoy , Chris Chris Hoy Great Britain Cycling 2000 -- 2012 Summer 6 0 7 Kenny , Jason Jason Kenny Great Britain Cycling 2008 -- 2016 Summer 6 0 97 Kovacs , Pal Pál Kovács Hungary Fencing 1936 -- 1960 Summer 6 0 98 Endo , Yukio Yukio Endo Japan Gymnastics 1960 -- 1968 Summer 5 0 Peirsol , Aaron Aaron Peirsol United States Swimming 2000 -- 2008 Summer 5 0 Fourcade , Martin Martin Fourcade France Biathlon 2010 -- 2018 Winter 5 0 101 Lee , Willis Augustus Willis Augustus Lee United States Shooting 1920 Summer 5 Thunberg , Clas Clas Thunberg Finland Speed skating 1924 -- 1928 Winter 5 Winkler , Hans Gunter Hans Günter Winkler United Team of Germany West Germany Equestrian 1956 -- 1976 Summer 5 Jager , Tom Tom Jager United States Swimming 1984 -- 1992 Summer 5 Egerszegi , Krisztina Krisztina Egerszegi Hungary Swimming 1988 -- 1996 Summer 5 Lazutina , Larisa Larisa Lazutina Unified Team Russia Cross-country skiing 1992 -- 1998 Winter 5 Vollmer , Dana Dana Vollmer United States Swimming 2004 -- 2016 Summer 5 Wu , Minxia Minxia Wu China Diving 2004 -- 2016 Summer 5 109 Patzaichin , Ivan Ivan Patzaichin Romania Canoeing 1968 -- 1984 Summer 0 110 Liberg , Einar Einar Liberg Norway Shooting 1908 -- 1924 Summer Ballangrud , Ivar Ivar Ballangrud Norway Speed skating 1928 -- 1936 Winter 112 Daniels , Charles Charles Daniels United States Swimming 1904 -- 1908 Summer Spooner , Lloyd Lloyd Spooner United States Shooting 1920 Summer Kitajima , Kosuke Kosuke Kitajima Japan Swimming 2004 -- 2012 Summer Trickett , Libby Libby Trickett Australia Swimming 2004 -- 2012 Summer 116 Carlberg , Vilhelm Vilhelm Carlberg Sweden Shooting 1908 -- 1924 Summer 0 117 Hakulinen , Veikko Veikko Hakulinen Finland Cross-country skiing 1952 -- 1960 Winter 118 Mantyranta , Eero Eero Mäntyranta Finland Cross-country skiing 1960 -- 1968 Winter Szewinska , Irena Irena Szewińska Poland Athletics 1964 -- 1976 Summer Andersson , Agneta Agneta Andersson Sweden Canoeing 1984 -- 1996 Summer Hoogenband , Pieter Pieter van den Hoogenband Netherlands Swimming 2000 -- 2004 Summer 122 Strickland , Shirley Shirley Strickland Australia Athletics 1948 -- 1956 Summer Amanar , Simona Simona Amânar Romania Gymnastics 1996 -- 2000 Summer Gottwald , Felix Felix Gottwald Austria Nordic combined 2002 -- 2010 Winter 125 Kirvesniemi , Marja - Liisa Marja - Liisa Kirvesniemi Finland Cross-country skiing 1984 -- 1994 Winter 0 Valbe , Yelena Yelena Välbe Unified Team Russia Cross-country skiing 1992 -- 1998 Winter 0 127 Marzi , Gustavo Gustavo Marzi Italy Fencing 1928 -- 1936 Summer 5 0 Gorokhovskaya , Maria Maria Gorokhovskaya Soviet Union Gymnastics 1952 Summer 5 0 129 Beard , Amanda Amanda Beard United States Swimming 1996 -- 2004 Summer Khorkina , Svetlana Svetlana Khorkina Russia Gymnastics 1996 -- 2004 Summer Coventry , Kirsty Kirsty Coventry Zimbabwe Swimming 2004 -- 2008 Summer 132 Ujlaki - Rejto , Ildiko Ildikó Újlaky - Rejtő Hungary Fencing 1960 -- 1976 Summer Janz , Karin Karin Janz East Germany Gymnastics 1968 -- 1972 Summer 134 Miller , Shannon Shannon Miller United States Gymnastics 1992 -- 1996 Summer Di Centa , Manuela Manuela Di Centa Italy Cross-country skiing 1992 -- 1998 Winter 136 Ehrig - Mitscherlich , Andrea Andrea Ehrig - Mitscherlich East Germany Speed skating 1976 -- 1988 Winter 5 137 Smirnov , Vladimir Vladimir Smirnov Kazakhstan Cross-country skiing 1988 -- 1998 Winter Timeline ( edit ) This is a progressive list of Olympians that have held the record for most medals won . Medals won in the 1906 Intercalated Games are not included . It includes top - three placings in 1896 and 1900 , before medals were awarded for top - three placings . All record - holders have competed at Summer Games rather than Winter Games . Medal count Date Athlete Nation Sport Record medal event Earlier medal events 6 April 1896 James Connolly United States Athletics Triple jump G -- Alexandre Tuffère France Triple jump S Ioannis Persakis Greece Triple jump B Robert Garrett United States Athletics Discus G Panagiotis Paraskevopoulos Greece Discus S Sotirios Versis Greece Discus B 7 April 1896 Robert Garrett United States Athletics Long jump S See above James Connolly United States Long jump B Robert Garrett United States Athletics Shot put G 1896 -- 1 G , 2 S 9 April 1896 Carl Schuhmann Germany Gymnastics Vault G 1896 -- 1 G , 2 G Hermann Weingärtner Germany Vault B 1896 -- 1 G , 2 G Gymnastics Pommel horse S 5 Rings S 6 Horizontal bar G 16 July 1900 Robert Garrett United States Athletics Standing triple jump B 1896 -- 1 G , 2 S , 3 G , 4 S 1900 -- 5 B 3 September 1904 Ray Ewry United States Athletics Standing triple jump G 1900 -- 1 G , 2 G , 3 G 1904 -- 4 G , 5 G 7 20 July 1908 Athletics Standing long jump G 8 23 July 1908 Standing high jump G 29 July 1920 Carl Osburn United States Shooting Team 300 m / 600 m military rifle , prone G 1912 -- 1 B , 2 S , 3 S , 4 G 1920 -- 5 B , 6 S , 7 G 9 30 July 1920 300 m military rifle , standing G 10 31 July 1920 Team free rifle G 11 27 June 1924 Shooting 600 m free rifle S 3 August 1928 Paavo Nurmi Finland Athletics 5000 m S 1920 -- 1 S , 2 G , 3 G , 4 G 1924 -- 5 G , 6 G , 7 G , 8 G , 9 G 1928 -- 10 G 12 4 August 1928 3000 m steeplechase S 2 September 1960 Edoardo Mangiarotti Italy Fencing Team foil S 1936 -- 1 G 1948 -- 2 S , 3 S , 4 B 1952 -- 5 S , 6 S , 7 G , 8 G 1956 -- 9 G , 10 G , 11 B 13 9 September 1960 Team épée G 21 October 1964 Larisa Latynina Soviet Union Gymnastics Team G 1956 -- 1 G , 2 B , 3 G , 4 G , 5 G , 6 S 1960 -- 7 G , 8 G , 9 S , 10 S , 11 B , 12 G 14 All - around S 15 22 October 1964 Vault S 16 Uneven bars B 17 23 October 1964 Balance beam B 18 Floor exercise G 31 July 2012 Michael Phelps United States Swimming 200 m butterfly S 2004 -- 1 G , 2 B , 3 B , 4 G , 5 G , 6 G , 7 G , 8 G 2008 -- 9 G , 10 G , 11 G , 12 G , 13 G , 14 G , 15 G , 16 G 2012 -- 17 S 19 4 × 200 m freestyle G 20 2 August 2012 200 m individual medley G 21 3 August 2012 100 m butterfly G 22 4 August 2012 4 × 100 m medley relay G 23 7 August 2016 4 × 100 m freestyle relay G 24 9 August 2016 200 m butterfly G 25 4 × 200 m freestyle relay G 26 11 August 2016 200 m individual medley G 27 12 August 2016 100 m butterfly S 28 13 August 2016 4 × 100 m medley relay G Legend : G = Gold , S = Silver , B = Bronze . List of most career medals in individual events ( edit ) This list contains only medals won in individual events , no relays or team events count for this section . No . Athlete Nation Sport Years Games Sex Gold Silver Bronze Total Phelps , Michael Michael Phelps United States Swimming 2004 -- 2016 Summer 13 16 Latynina , Larisa Larisa Latynina Soviet Union Gymnastics 1956 -- 1964 Summer 6 5 14 Andrianov , Nikolai Nikolai Andrianov Soviet Union Gymnastics 1972 -- 1980 Summer 6 12 Shakhlin , Boris Boris Shakhlin Soviet Union Gymnastics 1956 -- 1964 Summer 6 10 5 Bjørgen , Marit Marit Bjørgen Norway Cross-country skiing 2002 -- 2018 Winter 5 6 Ono , Takashi Takashi Ono Japan Gymnastics 1952 -- 1964 Summer 7 Nemov , Alexei Alexei Nemov Russia Gymnastics 1996 -- 2000 Summer 5 8 Nurmi , Paavo Paavo Nurmi Finland Athletics 1920 -- 1928 Summer 6 0 9 Dahlie , Bjorn Bjørn Dæhlie Norway Cross-country skiing 1992 -- 1998 Winter 6 0 10 Chukarin , Viktor Viktor Chukarin Soviet Union Gymnastics 1952 -- 1956 Summer 5 Kato , Sawao Sawao Kato Japan Gymnastics 1968 -- 1976 Summer 5 Bjorndalen , Ole Einar Ole Einar Bjørndalen Norway Biathlon 1998 -- 2014 Winter 5 13 Scherbo , Vitaly Vitaly Scherbo Unified Team Belarus Gymnastics 1992 -- 1996 Summer 5 0 14 Wüst , Ireen Ireen Wüst Netherlands Speed skating 2006 -- 2018 Winter 15 Ewry , Ray Ray Ewry United States Athletics 1900 -- 1908 Summer 8 0 0 8 16 Caslavska , Vera Věra Čáslavská Czechoslovakia Gymnastics 1960 -- 1968 Summer 7 0 Lewis , Carl Carl Lewis United States Athletics 1984 -- 1996 Summer 7 0 18 Nakayama , Akinori Akinori Nakayama Japan Gymnastics 1968 -- 1972 Summer Aamodt , Kjetil André Kjetil André Aamodt Norway Alpine skiing 1992 -- 2006 Winter Pechstein , Claudia Claudia Pechstein Germany Speed skating 1992 -- 2006 Winter 21 Enke , Karin Karin Enke East Germany Speed skating 1980 -- 1988 Winter Niemann - Stirnemann , Gunda Gunda Niemann - Stirnemann Germany Speed skating 1992 -- 1998 Winter 23 Dityatin , Alexander Alexander Dityatin Soviet Union Gymnastics 1976 -- 1980 Summer 5 24 Thunberg , Clas Clas Thunberg Finland Speed skating 1924 - 1928 Winter 5 7 Fredriksson , Gert Gert Fredriksson Sweden Canoeing 1948 -- 1960 Summer 5 Comaneci , Nadia Nadia Comăneci Romania Gymnastics 1976 -- 1980 Summer 5 Egerszegi , Krisztina Krisztina Egerszegi Hungary Swimming 1988 -- 1996 Summer 5 28 Yegorova , Lyubov Lyubov Yegorova Unified Team Russia Cross-country skiing 1992 -- 1994 Winter 0 29 Ballangrud , Ivar Ivar Ballangrud Norway Speed skating 1928 -- 1936 Winter 30 Jernberg , Sixten Sixten Jernberg Sweden Cross-country skiing 1956 -- 1964 Winter 31 Voronin , Mikhail Mikhail Voronin Soviet Union Gymnastics 1968 -- 1972 Summer Smetanina , Raisa Raisa Smetanina Soviet Union Unified Team Cross-country skiing 1976 -- 1992 Winter Coventry , Kirsty Kirsty Coventry Zimbabwe Swimming 2004 -- 2008 Summer 34 Belmondo , Stefania Stefania Belmondo Italy Cross-country skiing 1992 -- 2002 Winter 35 Lochte , Ryan Ryan Lochte United States Swimming 2004 -- 2012 Summer 36 Ehrig - Mitscherlich , Andrea Andrea Ehrig - Mitscherlich East Germany Speed skating 1976 -- 1988 Winter 5 37 Ottey , Merlene Merlene Ottey Jamaica Athletics 1980 -- 2000 Summer 0 5 Athletes with medals in different disciplines ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . In the Summer and Winter Games ( edit ) Athlete ( Nation ) Summer Games Winter Games Ref Year Medal Event Year Medal Event Eddie Eagan ( USA ) 1920 Antwerp 01 ! Gold Boxing ( light heavyweight ) 1932 Lake Placid 01 ! Gold Bobsleigh ( four - man ) Jacob Tullin Thams ( NOR ) 1936 Berlin 02 ! Silver Sailing ( 8 - metre ) 1924 Chamonix 01 ! Gold Ski jumping ( individual large hill ) Christa Luding - Rothenburger ( GDR ) 1988 Seoul 02 ! Silver Cycling ( sprint ) 1984 Sarajevo 01 ! Gold Speed skating ( 500 m ) 1988 Calgary 01 ! Gold Speed skating ( 1000 m ) 02 ! Silver Speed skating ( 500 m ) 1992 Albertville 03 ! Bronze Speed skating ( 500 m ) Clara Hughes ( CAN ) 1996 Atlanta 03 ! Bronze Cycling ( road race ) 2002 Salt Lake City 03 ! Bronze Speed skating ( 5000 m ) 2006 Turin 02 ! Silver Speed skating ( team pursuit ) 03 ! Bronze Cycling ( time trial ) 01 ! Gold Speed skating ( 5000 m ) 2010 Vancouver 03 ! Bronze Speed skating ( 5000 m ) Lauryn Williams ( USA ) 2004 Athens 02 ! Silver Athletics ( 100 m ) 2014 Sochi 02 ! Silver Bobsleigh ( two - woman ) 2012 London 01 ! Gold Athletics ( 4 × 100 m relay ) Gillis Grafström became the first person to win a medal in the same event in Summer and Winter Olympics , winning figure skating golds at the 1920 Olympics and at the first Winter Olympics in 1924 . Eddie Eagan became the first person to win a medal in the Winter Olympics and in the Summer Olympics in different events . He is the only Summer and Winter medalist to win gold medals in different events . Christa Luding - Rothenburger is the only person to win medals at the Winter and Summer Games in the same year . ( This feat is no longer possible due to the staggering of the Winter and Summer Olympic years ) . She is also the first person to win medals in successive Winter and Summer Games or vice versa . Clara Hughes is the first person to win multiple medals in both Summer and Winter Games and holds the highest number of medals of any Olympian to win medals in both the Summer and Winter Games . In the Summer Games ( edit ) Swimming and water polo ( edit ) Paul Radmilovic ( GBR ) Johnny Weissmuller ( USA ) Gérard Blitz ( BEL ) Tim Shaw ( USA ) Others in Summer Games ( edit ) Morris Kirksey ( USA ) ( athletics and rugby ) Edwin Flack ( AUS ) ( athletics and tennis ) Karch Kiraly ( USA ) ( indoor volleyball and beach volleyball ) Otto Herschmann ( AUT ) ( swimming and fencing ) Carl Schuhmann ( GER ) ( gymnastics and wrestling ) Rebecca Romero ( GBR ) ( cycling and rowing ) Roswitha Krause ( GER ) ( swimming and handball ) Walter W. Winans ( USA ) ( shooting and sculpture ) Alfréd Hajós ( HUN ) ( swimming and architecture ) Conn Findlay ( USA ) ( rowing and sailing ) Magnus Wegelius ( FIN ) ( gymnastics and shooting ) Veli Nieminen ( FIN ) ( gymnastics and shooting ) Daniel Norling ( SWE ) ( gymnastics and equestrian ) Fritz Hofmann ( GER ) ( gymnastics and athletics ) Oswald Holmberg ( SWE ) ( gymnastics and tug of war ) Gustaf Dyrssen ( SWE ) ( modern pentathlon and fencing ) In the Winter Games ( edit ) Cross-country skiing and Nordic combined ( edit ) Thorleif Haug ( NOR ) Johan Grøttumsbråten ( NOR ) Thoralf Strømstad ( NOR ) Oddbjørn Hagen ( NOR ) Heikki Hasu ( FIN ) Others in Winter Games ( edit ) Anfisa Reztsova ( URS ) ( biathlon and cross-country skiing ) Susi Erdmann ( GER ) ( luge and bobsleigh ) Gerda Weissensteiner ( ITA ) ( luge and bobsleigh ) Eric Flaim ( USA ) ( long track speed skating and short track speed skating ) Jorien ter Mors ( NED ) ( long track speed skating and short track speed skating ) Ester Ledecká ( CZE ) ( alpine skiing and snowboarding ) See also ( edit ) List of multiple Olympic medalists at a single Games List of multiple Olympic medalists in one event List of multiple Olympic gold medalists List of multiple Olympic gold medalists at a single Games List of multiple Olympic gold medalists in one event List of multiple Winter Olympic medallists List of athletes with the most appearances at Olympic Games All - time Olympic Games medal table Leonidas of Rhodes References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Coubertin , Pierre de ; Timoleon J. Philimon ; N.G. Politis ; Ch . Anninos ( 1897 ) . `` Second Part : The Olympic Games in 1896 '' ( PDF ) . The Olympic Games , B.C. 776 -- A.D. 1896 ( PDF ) format = requires url = ( help ) . IOC official Olympic reports . translated by A. v. K. London : Grevel . pp. 55 -- 81 ( passim ) . Retrieved 13 August 2008 . ( note : the source gives dates in the Julian calendar ; this table uses the Gregorian calendar ) Jump up ^ `` Eddie Eagan '' . sports-reference.com . Retrieved 9 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jacob Tullin Thams '' . sports-reference.com . Retrieved 9 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Christa Rothenburger - Luding '' . sports-reference.com . Retrieved 9 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Clara Hughes '' . sports-reference.com . Retrieved 9 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Borden , Sam ( 19 February 2014 ) . `` Canada Catches U.S. in Final Bobsled Run '' . New York Times . Retrieved 19 February 2014 . `` Olympic Medal Winners '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 3 April 2007 . `` databaseOlympics.com '' . databaseSports.com . Archived from the original on 18 March 2007 . Retrieved 20 March 2007 . See also references in the articles on each athlete . ( hide ) Olympics and Paralympics statistics Medalists and medal tables Lists of Olympic medalists Lists of Paralympic medalists All - time Olympic Games medal table All - time Paralympic Games medal table Multiple medalists Multiple Olympic medalists at a single Games in one event at Winter Olympics Multiple gold medalists Multiple Olympic gold medalists at a single Games in one event Multiple Paralympic gold medalists at a single Games Other statistics Olympic medals in different sports at Summer and Winter Olympics Most appearances at Olympic Games Medal sweeps in Olympic athletics Athletes at both the Summer and Winter Olympics Ties for medals at the Olympics Stripped Olympic medals Olympic medals by host nation Olympic medalist families Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_multiple_Olympic_medalists&oldid=833381051 '' Categories : Lists of Olympic medalists Olympic Games medal tables Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Articles with hCards Incomplete lists from May 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 31 March 2018 , at 05 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the most decorated winter olympian in history | [
"American swimmer Michael Phelps has won the most Olympic medals with 28 medals (23 gold, 3 silver, 2 bronze). He is also the most decorated Olympian in individual events, with 16 medals (13 gold, 2 silver, 1 bronze). Norwegian cross-country skier Marit Bjørgen is the most decorated Winter Olympian, with 15 medals (8 gold, 4 silver, and 3 bronze)."
] | [
"Norwegian cross-country skier Marit Bjørgen"
] |
9057662310867692777 | Roy Anderson (The Office) | Roy Anderson ( the Office ) - wikipedia Roy Anderson ( the Office ) Jump to : navigation , search Roy Anderson The Office character First appearance `` Pilot '' Last appearance `` Roy 's Wedding '' Portrayed by David Denman Information Gender Male Occupation Former Dunder Mifflin Scranton Warehouse Worker , The Vitamin Shoppe employee , Owner of unnamed gravel company Family Kenny ( brother ) Unnamed sister Spouse ( s ) Laura ( m . 2012 ) Significant other ( s ) Pam Beesly ( ex-fiancée ) Nationality American Based on Lee Royson `` Roy '' Allan Anderson is a fictional character from the US television series The Office , portrayed by David Denman . His counterpart in the original UK series of The Office is Lee . Overview ( edit ) Roy Anderson is a warehouse dock worker at the Scranton branch of fictitious paper distributor Dunder Mifflin . He has been engaged to the office receptionist Pam Beesly for three years when the series begins , in a relationship where he is shown to be skeptical of , if not completely insensitive to , her ambitions . He also had a good friendship with Darryl Philbin which later is caught up on when he 's having beers with him , Jim Halpert and the other warehouse workers later on in Crime Aid . He often shares in the warehouse 's typical blue - collar humor . Biography ( edit ) Roy was Pam Beesly 's fiancé for over five years until she broke off the engagement . Roy brought along his brother on his first date with Pam , a minor league hockey game ; the brothers forgot she was with them and left the game without her while she was in the bathroom . During their long engagement , Roy , on more than one occasion , has seen Jim Halpert flirting with Pam . He claims not to mind , as he likes how Pam is less talkative after having spent time with Jim . Pam 's mother and Roy seem to get along ( `` Sexual Harassment '' ) . Roy is often bored and does not like company get - togethers , particularly when there 's no open bar ( `` Casino Night '' ) , and is seen on more than one occasion leaving office parties early . In the episode `` The Fire '' , he states that he would `` do '' Angela while playing `` Who Would You Do '' , and throughout the first three seasons Angela is shown to have a crush on Roy too , indeed Roy is the only character with whom Angela interacts that she never indicates any form of disapproval towards , describing him at various times as being `` strong and capable '' , and that he has `` character '' . He vehemently refuses to let Pam apply to a company training program that could advance her talents as an artist . Although generally regarded as boorish , inconsiderate , and selfish , his character is somewhat less cruel and verbally abusive than his UK counterpart , Lee . Roy drives a dark colored Chevy pickup truck , and spent a sizeable portion of the wedding money on two jet skis . Roy selects Kevin 's band Scrantonicity to perform at his wedding reception . After Pam breaks off their engagement , Roy 's life goes into a tailspin when he stops taking care of himself , starts drinking , and is eventually arrested for driving under the influence . Now recovered , he intends to win Pam back , regretting how he took her for granted and wanting to make it up to her . In `` Phyllis ' Wedding '' , Roy talks to Pam about their history together and pays Scrantonicity $20 to play `` their song . '' They dance and leave the wedding together . Later , in `` Business School '' , Roy is shown with his brother Kenny at Pam 's art show . And as they leave shortly after arriving , Roy tells Pam that `` your art was the prettiest art of all the art '' , but asks her to leave so that they can go home . Their reunion is short - lived . They break up shortly after ( `` Cocktails '' ) they agree to start their relationship anew , when Pam confesses she kissed Jim on `` Casino Night '' . In response , an enraged Roy started trashing the bar they were meeting at , and Pam calls the relationship off immediately . With his brother having paid off the bar with money he got from selling his jet - skis , a visibly disturbed Roy states , `` I am gon na kill Jim Halpert . '' When he attempts to beat Jim up in the office , Dwight prevents the attack with pepper spray and Roy is quickly fired . Roy later returns to receive his last paycheck and apologizes to Jim , which Jim accepts . He then asks Pam if they can get a cup of coffee after work , which she reluctantly agrees to . At a diner , Pam confesses that their engagement was a big mistake and they were never right for each other . Roy asks if she 's going to pursue Jim now , but she quietly declines . Roy encourages her to go after him , telling her , `` I do n't get you , Pam . '' The two have one final hug outside the diner , and they leave separately . Roy learns from Jim that he and Pam are engaged when Jim wins a night out with the warehouse crew in `` Crime Aid '' and Roy joins their group . Roy congratulates Jim , but also plants a seed of doubt when he learns that Pam is staying out all night with friends in New York without Jim . Judging from Roy 's shirt in `` Crime Aid '' , Roy now works at the Vitamin Store , a parody of the real company `` The Vitamin Shoppe '' , even using a shirt with the same distinct colors and emblem . Roy appeared in the episode `` Threat Level Midnight '' as a hostage in Michael 's film . He had no lines in the actual NBC airing , but has lines and an extended role in the complete film and in previews of the film . A humbled Roy resurfaces in `` Roy 's Wedding '' when he invites Jim and Pam to his wedding among other Dunder - Mifflin staffers in attendance . Despite their original expectations of Roy , the couple are shocked to find out that Roy has changed for the better . He is now the owner of a successful gravel company he created , evident by the $50,000 sports car and the nice house that he owns and the elegant and tasteful wedding . Roy later thanks Jim before the ceremony , crediting his breakup with Pam to make way for meeting his future bride . Pam is also stunned to see that Roy can play the piano as he sings a song to his bride . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Basketball '' , Deleted scenes . The Office . Season One . Region 1 DVD . Prod . Universal Studios ; dist . Universal Studios Home Entertainment , 2005 . The Office ( U.S. series ) Episodes Seasons 6 7 8 9 Webisodes The Accountants Characters Primary Michael Scott Dwight Schrute Jim Halpert Pam Beesly Ryan Howard Andy Bernard Secondary Jan Levinson Roy Anderson Stanley Hudson Kevin Malone Meredith Palmer Angela Martin Oscar Martinez Phyllis Vance Kelly Kapoor Toby Flenderson Creed Bratton Darryl Philbin Erin Hannon Gabe Lewis Holly Flax Robert California Nellie Bertram Pete Miller Clark Green Recurring Todd Packer David Wallace Other Dunder Mifflin Awards Cast list Worldwide editions Video game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roy_Anderson_(The_Office)&oldid=798786819 '' Categories : The Office ( U.S. TV series ) characters Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 20 : 29 . About Wikipedia | when do roy and pam get back together | [
"After Pam breaks off their engagement, Roy's life goes into a tailspin when he stops taking care of himself, starts drinking, and is eventually arrested for driving under the influence. Now recovered, he intends to win Pam back, regretting how he took her for granted and wanting to make it up to her. In \"Phyllis' Wedding\", Roy talks to Pam about their history together and pays Scrantonicity $20 to play \"their song.\" They dance and leave the wedding together."
] | [
"\"Phyllis' Wedding\""
] |
2323889159812766930 | Response to the State of the Union address | Response to the State of the Union address - wikipedia Response to the State of the Union address Jump to : navigation , search The response to the State of the Union address is a rebuttal speech , often brief , delivered by a representative ( or representatives ) of the opposition party following a presidential State of the Union address . When the president is a Democrat , the rebuttal is given by a Republican , and vice versa . The practice began in 1966 when Republican U.S. Senator Everett Dirksen ( Illinois ) and U.S. Representative Gerald Ford ( Michigan ) appeared on TV to offer a response to the address by Democratic President Lyndon Johnson . The opposition party 's response has varied in format , ranging from a prerecorded 45 - minute TV program in 1970 to a call - in show in 1972 where a panel of congressmen answered unrehearsed questions from callers . Since the late 1980s , it usually has been a televised speech given soon after the State of the Union address . Three people have given both a response and a State of the Union address : Democrat Bill Clinton and Republicans Gerald Ford and George H.W. Bush . List of responses ( edit ) Date President Response given by January 12 , 1966 Lyndon Johnson U.S. Senator Everett Dirksen ( Illinois ) U.S. Representative Gerald Ford ( Michigan ) January 10 , 1967 U.S. Senator Everett Dirksen ( Illinois ) U.S. Representative Gerald Ford ( Michigan ) January 17 , 1968 U.S. Senators Howard Baker ( Tennessee ) , Peter Dominick ( Colorado ) , Robert Griffin ( Michigan ) , Thomas Kuchel ( California ) , George Murphy ( California ) , Chuck Percy ( Illinois ) , Hugh Scott ( Pennsylvania ) , and John Tower ( Texas ) U.S. Representatives George Bush ( Texas ) , Gerald Ford ( Michigan ) , Mel Laird ( Wisconsin ) , Bob Mathias ( California ) , Dick Poff ( Virginia ) , Al Quie ( Minnesota ) , Charlotte Reid ( Illinois ) , and Bill Steiger ( Wisconsin ) January 22 , 1970 Richard Nixon U.S. Senators Scoop Jackson ( Washington ) , Mike Mansfield ( Montana ) , Ed Muskie ( Maine ) , and Bill Proxmire ( Wisconsin ) U.S. Representatives Donald Fraser ( Minnesota ) , John McCormack ( Massachusetts ) , and Patsy Mink ( Hawaii ) January 22 , 1971 U.S. Senator Mike Mansfield ( Montana ) January 20 , 1972 U.S. Senators Lloyd Bentsen ( Texas ) , Frank Church ( Idaho ) , Tom Eagleton ( Missouri ) , and Bill Proxmire ( Wisconsin ) U.S. Representatives Carl Albert ( Oklahoma ) , Hale Boggs ( Louisiana ) , John Brademas ( Indiana ) , Martha Griffiths ( Michigan ) , John Melcher ( Montana ) , Ralph Metcalfe ( Illinois ) , and Leonor Sullivan ( Missouri ) January 20 , 1974 U.S. Senator Mike Mansfield ( Montana ) January 15 , 1975 Gerald Ford U.S. Senator Hubert Humphrey ( Minnesota ) U.S. Representative Carl Albert ( Oklahoma ) January 19 , 1976 U.S. Senator Ed Muskie ( Maine ) January 19 , 1978 Jimmy Carter U.S. Senator Howard Baker ( Tennessee ) U.S. Representative John Rhodes ( Arizona ) January 23 , 1979 U.S. Senator Howard Baker ( Tennessee ) U.S. Representative John Rhodes ( Arizona ) January 23 , 1980 U.S. Senator Ted Stevens ( Alaska ) U.S. Representative John Rhodes ( Arizona ) January 26 , 1982 Ronald Reagan U.S. Senators Robert Byrd ( West Virginia ) , Alan Cranston ( California ) , Gary Hart ( Colorado ) , Bennett Johnston ( Louisiana ) , Ted Kennedy ( Massachusetts ) , Don Riegle ( Michigan ) , Paul Sarbanes ( Maryland ) , and Jim Sasser ( Tennessee ) U.S. Representatives Al Gore ( Tennessee ) , Tip O'Neill ( Massachusetts ) January 25 , 1983 U.S. Senators Joe Biden ( Delaware ) , Bill Bradley ( New Jersey ) , Robert Byrd ( West Virginia ) , and Paul Tsongas ( Massachusetts ) U.S. Representatives Les AuCoin ( Oregon ) , Tom Daschle ( South Dakota ) , Bill Hefner ( North Carolina ) , Barbara Kennelly ( Connecticut ) , George Miller ( California ) , Tip O'Neill ( Massachusetts ) , Paul Simon ( Illinois ) , and Tim Wirth ( Colorado ) January 25 , 1984 U.S. Senators Max Baucus ( Montana ) , Joe Biden ( Delaware ) , David Boren ( Oklahoma ) , Robert Byrd ( West Virginia ) , Dee Huddleston ( Kentucky ) , Carl Levin ( Michigan ) , and Claiborne Pell ( Rhode Island ) U.S. Representatives Barbara Boxer ( California ) , Dante Fascell ( Florida ) , Bill Gray ( Pennsylvania ) , Tom Harkin ( Iowa ) , and Tip O'Neill ( Massachusetts ) February 6 , 1985 Governor Bill Clinton ( Arkansas ) , Governor Bob Graham ( Florida ) U.S. Representative Tip O'Neill ( Massachusetts ) February 4 , 1986 U.S. Senator George Mitchell ( Maine ) Governor Chuck Robb ( Virginia ) U.S. Representatives Tom Daschle ( South Dakota ) and Bill Gray ( Pennsylvania ) Lieutenant Governor Harriett Woods ( Missouri ) January 27 , 1987 U.S. Senator Robert Byrd ( West Virginia ) U.S. Representative Jim Wright ( Texas ) January 25 , 1988 U.S. Senator Robert Byrd ( West Virginia ) U.S. Representative Jim Wright ( Texas ) January 31 , 1990 George H.W. Bush U.S. Representative Tom Foley ( Washington ) January 29 , 1991 U.S. Senator George Mitchell ( Maine ) January 28 , 1992 U.S. Representative Tom Foley ( Washington ) January 25 , 1994 Bill Clinton U.S. Senator Bob Dole ( Kansas ) January 24 , 1995 Governor Christine Todd Whitman ( New Jersey ) January 23 , 1996 U.S. Senator Bob Dole ( Kansas ) February 4 , 1997 U.S. Representative J.C. Watts ( Oklahoma ) January 27 , 1998 U.S. Senator Trent Lott ( Mississippi ) January 19 , 1999 U.S. Representatives Jennifer Dunn ( Washington ) and Steve Largent ( Oklahoma ) January 27 , 2000 U.S. Senators Susan Collins ( Maine ) and Bill Frist ( Tennessee ) January 29 , 2002 George W. Bush U.S. Representative Dick Gephardt ( Missouri ) January 28 , 2003 Governor Gary Locke ( Washington ) January 23 , 2004 U.S. Senator Tom Daschle ( South Dakota ) U.S. Representative Nancy Pelosi ( California ) February 2 , 2005 U.S. Senator Harry Reid ( Nevada ) U.S. Representative Nancy Pelosi ( California ) January 31 , 2006 Governor Tim Kaine ( Virginia ) January 23 , 2007 U.S. Senator Jim Webb ( Virginia ) January 28 , 2008 Governor Kathleen Sebelius ( Kansas ) January 27 , 2010 Barack Obama Governor Bob McDonnell ( Virginia ) January 25 , 2011 English : U.S. Representative Paul Ryan ( Wisconsin ) Spanish : U.S. Representative Ileana Ros - Lehtinen ( Florida ) January 24 , 2012 Governor Mitch Daniels ( Indiana ) February 12 , 2013 U.S. Senator Marco Rubio ( Florida ) -- English and Spanish January 28 , 2014 English : U.S. Representative Cathy McMorris Rodgers ( Washington ) Spanish : U.S. Representative Ileana Ros - Lehtinen ( Florida ) January 20 , 2015 English : U.S. Senator Joni Ernst ( Iowa ) Spanish : U.S. Representative Carlos Curbelo ( Florida ) January 12 , 2016 Governor Nikki Haley ( South Carolina ) January 30 , 2018 Donald Trump English : U.S. Representative Joe Kennedy III ( Massachusetts ) Spanish : State Delegate Elizabeth Guzmán ( Virginia ) First organized , televised response to a presidential State of the Union message Denotes prerecorded program Randomly selected Democratic voters participated in this televised discussion Non -- State of the Union responses ( edit ) In addition to responses to official State of the Union addresses , there have been five official responses to non -- State of the Union speeches which were delivered soon after presidential inaugurations . Date President Address type Response given by February 9 , 1989 George H.W. Bush First address to joint session of Congress U.S. Senator Lloyd Bentsen ( Texas ) U.S. Representative Jim Wright ( Texas ) February 17 , 1993 Bill Clinton First address to joint session of Congress U.S. Representative Bob Michel ( Illinois ) February 27 , 2001 George W. Bush First address to joint session of Congress U.S. Senator Tom Daschle ( South Dakota ) U.S. Representative Dick Gephardt ( Missouri ) February 24 , 2009 Barack Obama First address to joint session of Congress Governor Bobby Jindal ( Louisiana ) February 28 , 2017 Donald Trump First address to joint session of Congress English : Former Governor Steve Beshear ( Kentucky ) Spanish : Activist Astrid Silva ( Nevada ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Opposition Responses to the State of the Union Messages '' ( PDF ) . Senate.gov . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Frum , David ( 2000 ) . How We Got Here : The ' 70s . New York : Basic Books . p. 47 . ISBN 0 - 465 - 04195 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` The Democratic Response '' . PBS.org . February 27 , 2001 . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Transcript of Gov. Jindal 's GOP response to Obama speech '' . CNN . February 24 , 2009 . Retrieved January 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Democrats Pick Ex-Kentucky Governor To Respond To Trump Speech To Congress '' . NPR . February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . General reference `` Televised Opposition Responses to State of the Union Messages ( 1966 - Present ) '' . Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives . Retrieved January 25 , 2011 . State of the Union addresses Addresses Delivered as a speech 1790 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1976 1977 1982 1984 1985 1986 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2018 Delivered as a written message 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1946 1953 1961 1981 Delivered as both 1972 1978 1979 1980 Delivered as a written message to Congress , summary delivered to public 1945 1956 1973 Unofficial addresses 2009 2017 Related Opposition party 's response Designated survivor Notable invited guests United States presidential address Joint Session of Congress ( List ) Monroe Doctrine Regional speeches State of the State address State of the City address Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Response_to_the_State_of_the_Union_address&oldid=834366846 '' Categories : State of the Union addresses Reactions Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 10 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is giving the democratic response to the state of the union | [
"\n\nDate\nPresident\nResponse given by[1]\n\n\nJanuary 12, 1966\nLyndon Johnson\nU.S. Senator Everett Dirksen (Illinois)\nU.S. Representative Gerald Ford (Michigan)1\n\n\nJanuary 10, 1967\nU.S. Senator Everett Dirksen (Illinois)\nU.S. Representative Gerald Ford (Michigan)\n\n\nJanuary 17, 1968\nU.S. Senators Howard Baker (Tennessee), Peter Dominick (Colorado), Robert Griffin (Michigan), Thomas Kuchel (California), George Murphy (California), Chuck Percy (Illinois), Hugh Scott (Pennsylvania), and John Tower (Texas)\nU.S. Representatives George Bush (Texas), Gerald Ford (Michigan), Mel Laird (Wisconsin), Bob Mathias (California), Dick Poff (Virginia), Al Quie (Minnesota), Charlotte Reid (Illinois), and Bill Steiger (Wisconsin)\n\n\nJanuary 22, 1970\nRichard Nixon\nU.S. Senators Scoop Jackson (Washington), Mike Mansfield (Montana), Ed Muskie (Maine), and Bill Proxmire (Wisconsin)\nU.S. Representatives Donald Fraser (Minnesota), John McCormack (Massachusetts), and Patsy Mink (Hawaii)2\n\n\nJanuary 22, 1971\nU.S. Senator Mike Mansfield (Montana)\n\n\nJanuary 20, 1972\nU.S. Senators Lloyd Bentsen (Texas), Frank Church (Idaho), Tom Eagleton (Missouri), and Bill Proxmire (Wisconsin)\nU.S. Representatives Carl Albert (Oklahoma), Hale Boggs (Louisiana), John Brademas (Indiana), Martha Griffiths (Michigan), John Melcher (Montana), Ralph Metcalfe (Illinois), and Leonor Sullivan (Missouri)\n\n\nJanuary 20, 1974\nU.S. Senator Mike Mansfield (Montana)\n\n\nJanuary 15, 1975\nGerald Ford\nU.S. Senator Hubert Humphrey (Minnesota)\nU.S. Representative Carl Albert (Oklahoma)\n\n\nJanuary 19, 1976\nU.S. Senator Ed Muskie (Maine)\n\n\nJanuary 19, 1978\nJimmy Carter\nU.S. Senator Howard Baker (Tennessee)\nU.S. Representative John Rhodes (Arizona)\n\n\nJanuary 23, 1979\nU.S. Senator Howard Baker (Tennessee)\nU.S. Representative John Rhodes (Arizona)\n\n\nJanuary 23, 1980\nU.S. Senator Ted Stevens (Alaska)\nU.S. Representative John Rhodes (Arizona)\n\n\nJanuary 26, 1982\nRonald Reagan\nU.S. Senators Robert Byrd (West Virginia), Alan Cranston (California), Gary Hart (Colorado), Bennett Johnston (Louisiana), Ted Kennedy (Massachusetts), Don Riegle (Michigan), Paul Sarbanes (Maryland), and Jim Sasser (Tennessee)\nU.S. Representatives Al Gore (Tennessee), Tip O'Neill (Massachusetts)2\n\n\nJanuary 25, 1983\nU.S. Senators Joe Biden (Delaware), Bill Bradley (New Jersey), Robert Byrd (West Virginia), and Paul Tsongas (Massachusetts)\nU.S. Representatives Les AuCoin (Oregon), Tom Daschle (South Dakota), Bill Hefner (North Carolina), Barbara Kennelly (Connecticut), George Miller (California), Tip O'Neill (Massachusetts), Paul Simon (Illinois), and Tim Wirth (Colorado)2\n\n\nJanuary 25, 1984\nU.S. Senators Max Baucus (Montana), Joe Biden (Delaware), David Boren (Oklahoma), Robert Byrd (West Virginia), Dee Huddleston (Kentucky), Carl Levin (Michigan), and Claiborne Pell (Rhode Island)\nU.S. Representatives Barbara Boxer (California), Dante Fascell (Florida), Bill Gray (Pennsylvania), Tom Harkin (Iowa), and Tip O’Neill (Massachusetts)\n\n\nFebruary 6, 1985\nGovernor Bill Clinton (Arkansas), Governor Bob Graham (Florida)\nU.S. Representative Tip O’Neill (Massachusetts)3\n\n\nFebruary 4, 1986\nU.S. Senator George Mitchell (Maine)\nGovernor Chuck Robb (Virginia)\nU.S. Representatives Tom Daschle (South Dakota) and Bill Gray (Pennsylvania)\nLieutenant Governor Harriett Woods (Missouri)\n\n\nJanuary 27, 1987\nU.S. Senator Robert Byrd (West Virginia)\nU.S. Representative Jim Wright (Texas)\n\n\nJanuary 25, 1988\nU.S. Senator Robert Byrd (West Virginia)\nU.S. Representative Jim Wright (Texas)\n\n\nJanuary 31, 1990\nGeorge H. W. Bush\nU.S. Representative Tom Foley (Washington)\n\n\nJanuary 29, 1991\nU.S. Senator George Mitchell (Maine)\n\n\nJanuary 28, 1992\nU.S. Representative Tom Foley (Washington)\n\n\nJanuary 25, 1994\nBill Clinton\nU.S. Senator Bob Dole (Kansas)\n\n\nJanuary 24, 1995\nGovernor Christine Todd Whitman (New Jersey)\n\n\nJanuary 23, 1996\nU.S. Senator Bob Dole (Kansas)\n\n\nFebruary 4, 1997\nU.S. Representative J. C. Watts (Oklahoma)\n\n\nJanuary 27, 1998\nU.S. Senator Trent Lott (Mississippi)\n\n\nJanuary 19, 1999\nU.S. Representatives Jennifer Dunn (Washington) and Steve Largent (Oklahoma)\n\n\nJanuary 27, 2000\nU.S. Senators Susan Collins (Maine) and Bill Frist (Tennessee)\n\n\nJanuary 29, 2002\nGeorge W. Bush\nU.S. Representative Dick Gephardt (Missouri)\n\n\nJanuary 28, 2003\nGovernor Gary Locke (Washington)\n\n\nJanuary 23, 2004\nU.S. Senator Tom Daschle (South Dakota)\nU.S. Representative Nancy Pelosi (California)\n\n\nFebruary 2, 2005\nU.S. Senator Harry Reid (Nevada)\nU.S. Representative Nancy Pelosi (California)\n\n\nJanuary 31, 2006\nGovernor Tim Kaine (Virginia)\n\n\nJanuary 23, 2007\nU.S. Senator Jim Webb (Virginia)\n\n\nJanuary 28, 2008\nGovernor Kathleen Sebelius (Kansas)\n\n\nJanuary 27, 2010\nBarack Obama\nGovernor Bob McDonnell (Virginia)\n\n\nJanuary 25, 2011\nEnglish: U.S. Representative Paul Ryan (Wisconsin)\n\n\nSpanish: U.S. Representative Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (Florida)\n\n\nJanuary 24, 2012\nGovernor Mitch Daniels (Indiana)\n\n\nFebruary 12, 2013\nU.S. Senator Marco Rubio (Florida) – English and Spanish\n\n\nJanuary 28, 2014\nEnglish: U.S. Representative Cathy McMorris Rodgers (Washington)\n\n\nSpanish: U.S. Representative Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (Florida)\n\n\nJanuary 20, 2015\nEnglish: U.S. Senator Joni Ernst (Iowa)\n\n\nSpanish: U.S. Representative Carlos Curbelo (Florida)\n\n\nJanuary 12, 2016\nGovernor Nikki Haley (South Carolina)\n\n\nJanuary 30, 2018\nDonald Trump\nEnglish: U.S. Representative Joe Kennedy III (Massachusetts)\n\n\nSpanish: State Delegate Elizabeth Guzmán (Virginia)\n\n"
] | [
"Joe Kennedy III"
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6492661611577511241 | The Phantom of the Opera (2004 film) | The Phantom of the Opera ( 2004 film ) - wikipedia The Phantom of the Opera ( 2004 film ) Jump to : navigation , search The Phantom of the Opera Theatrical release poster Directed by Joel Schumacher Produced by Andrew Lloyd Webber Screenplay by Andrew Lloyd Webber Joel Schumacher Based on The Phantom of the Opera by Andrew Lloyd Webber Charles Hart Richard Stilgoe Le Fantôme de l'Opéra by Gaston Leroux Starring Gerard Butler Emmy Rossum Patrick Wilson Miranda Richardson Simon Callow Ciarán Hinds Minnie Driver Jennifer Ellison Music by Andrew Lloyd Webber Cinematography John Mathieson Edited by Terry Rawlings Production company Joel Schumacher Productions Really Useful Films Scion Films Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures ( United States ) Odyssey Entertainment ( International ) Release date 10 December 2004 ( 2004 - 12 - 10 ) ( United Kingdom ) 22 December 2004 ( 2004 - 12 - 22 ) ( United States ) Running time 143 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $70 million Box office $154.6 million The Phantom of the Opera is a 2004 musical drama film based on Andrew Lloyd Webber 's 1986 musical of the same name , which in turn is based on the French novel Le Fantôme de l'Opéra by Gaston Leroux . Produced and co-written by Lloyd Webber and directed by Joel Schumacher , it stars Gerard Butler in the title role , as the Phantom . Emmy Rossum as Christine Daaé , Patrick Wilson as Raoul , Miranda Richardson as Madame Giry , Minnie Driver as Carlotta Giudicelli , and Jennifer Ellison as Meg Giry . The film was announced in 1989 but production did not start until 2002 due to Lloyd Webber 's divorce and Schumacher 's busy career . It was shot entirely at Pinewood Studios , with scenery created with miniatures and computer graphics . Rossum , Wilson and Driver had singing experience , but Butler had none and so had music lessons . The Phantom of the Opera grossed $154.6 million worldwide and received mixed to negative reviews from critics , but was very well received by audiences . Critics praised the visuals and acting ( particularly Rossum 's performance ) but criticized the writing and directing . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Reception 4.1 Release and awards 4.2 Critical reception 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1919 , the Opéra Populaire holds a public auction to clear the theatre 's vaults . Raoul , Viscount de Chagny purchases a papier - mâché music box in the shape of a monkey and eyes it sadly as Madame Giry , an aged woman dressed in black , inspects him . The auctioneer then presents a shattered chandelier as the next item up for bid , claiming that it once played a key role in `` the strange affair of the Phantom of the Opera '' . As it flickers to life and slowly ascends to its original place in the rafters , the auction is transported back in time to the year 1870 . Back to this time , while the company rehearses for a performance of the grand opera Hannibal , manager Monsieur Lefèvre announces that he has decided to retire and that the opera has been purchased by Richard Firmin and Gilles André , two men who have no experience with the arts whatsoever . When resident soprano Carlotta Giudicelli begins to sing for the managers , a backdrop collapses and causes everyone to blame the `` Opera Ghost '' , a mysterious figure who is rumored to live in the catacombs beneath the theater . Carlotta refuses to sing and storms offstage , leaving Firmin and André no choice but to cancel the performance . At the last minute , ballet mistress Madame Giry suggests that dancer Christine Daaé take Carlotta 's place as she has been `` well taught . '' The managers reluctantly agree and , to their surprise , Christine wins them over . Later that night , after Christine 's triumphant stage debut , she explains to Madame Giry 's daughter , Meg , that she is being coached by a mysterious tutor who she refers to as the `` Angel of Music '' ; a tutor who her late father said would teach her to sing . Christine returns to her dressing room to find Raoul , the opera 's new patron and her former childhood sweetheart , waiting for her . The two reminisce about their youth as Christine tells Raoul her secret , only for him to laugh at her `` fantasy '' and invite her to dinner despite her protests . Unbeknownst to everyone , except Madame Giry , the Phantom of the Opera locks Christine in her dressing room and reveals himself in her mirror to her before hypnotizing her and taking her to his subterranean lair . The Phantom reveals to her that he loves her and wants her to love him back . He shows Christine a bust of herself , wearing a wedding dress and veil , causing her to faint , and the Phantom places her in a bed . The next morning she awakes to find the Phantom writing music . She approaches him and removes his mask out of curiosity . He bursts into a fit of rage , covering his face with his hand . He at first says she must stay forever because she saw his deformities , revealing that he `` dreams of beauty '' . Pitying him Christine hands him back his mask and the two have a moment of understanding . He then decides to return her to the opera house . That morning , the two managers lament Christine 's disappearance , as well as series of notes they received from the Opera Ghost trying to blackmail them for his payment and ordering them on how to run the opera house . When Carlotta returns , she is furious to find a note sent to her saying if she sang as the countess in Il Muto that night instead of Christine , then disaster `` beyond ( their ) imagination '' would occur . Firmin and André ignore the ghost 's warnings and give Carlotta the lead role . That night , the Phantom interrupts the performance and criticizes their failure to follow his orders . Carlotta continues to sing , but her voice croaks ( as a result of the Phantom tampering with her throat spray ) and the lead role is given to Christine . While the ballet is being performed , the Phantom , not realizing the performance change , encounters the chief stagehand Joseph Buquet and strangles him before hanging him from above , creating chaos . Christine flees to the roof with Raoul . She reveals to him that she has seen the Phantom 's face and fears him , but also pities him because of his sadness . Raoul tells Christine he loves her and will protect her forevermore . Christine returns his love , kissing him passionately and they both leave the roof . The Phantom , who witnessed the scene , becomes heartbroken . He then hears them both singing together . Growing furious at Raoul , he vows revenge on them both . Three months later , a masquerade party ensues in the opera house . At the party , Christine wears her new engagement ring from Raoul . The event is interrupted once again by the Phantom , who is dressed as Red Death . The Phantom brings his own composition , Don Juan Triumphant , and orders the managers to stage the opera . Raoul exits the room and Christine approaches the Phantom . At the sight of the engagement ring , the Phantom rips it from Christine and disappears into a trap on the floor . Raoul tries to follow him but is stopped by Madame Giry , who privately tells him the story of the Phantom 's past . When she was a little girl , she went to a freak circus where they featured a deformed child in a cage . The child was beaten while everyone watched and laughed . The ringmaster then removed a burlap sack covering the child 's face , revealing his deformity . Only the young Madame Giry pitied him . She was the last to leave and saw the child strangle the ringmaster with a rope . Chased by the police , Madame Giry helped him escape and found shelter for him beneath the opera house , where she has hidden him from the world ever since . Christine takes a carriage to visit her father 's grave , but the Phantom secretly takes over the reins . Raoul follows when he realizes she 's gone . Christine arrives and laments over her father 's death . The Phantom tries to win her back by pretending to be her father 's angel , but Raoul arrives and stops him . A sword fight ensues in the cemetery , where Raoul eventually disarms the Phantom and is about to kill him , but Christine pleads for him not to . His rage seemingly augmented , the Phantom watches angrily as Christine and Raoul ride away . Christine admits she is afraid of the Phantom and tells Raoul he will never stop trying to recapture her . Raoul realizes that they can use the Phantom 's opera to capture him , as he will surely attend . Don Juan Triumphant is performed , and the Phantom makes his entrance ( having secretly replaced the lead ) with Christine . Raoul can do nothing but watch from his box as Christine falls for the Phantom yet again . However , she once again removes his mask , revealing his deformities to the entire audience , who scream in fear . He escapes with her by dropping the chandelier and setting the opera house on fire . An angry mob gathers in the opera house to hunt him . The Phantom brings Christine back down to his lair . Madame Giry shows Raoul where the Phantom lives hopeful he can beat the mob and rescue Christine safely . The Phantom forces her to don the wedding dress and once again professes his love , and orders Christine to marry him . Christine tries to convince the Phantom that she does not fear his ugliness , but rather his anger and willingness to kill to get what he wants . Just then , Raoul enters the lair , and the Phantom ties him to a gate and threatens to kill him if Christine refuses to marry him . Christine reflects over the impossible choice before passionately kissing the Phantom to show him he is not alone in the world . The Phantom is shocked from experiencing real human love for the first time in his life . Ashamed of his murderous actions , and hearing the echo of the angry mob approaching his lair , he tells Christine and Raoul to immediately leave and orders them to never return . He finds comfort in a little monkey music box . Christine approaches the Phantom , who tells her that he loves her , and she silently gives him the diamond ring from her finger to remember her by . After Christine and Raoul leave , the Phantom smashes every mirror in his underground lair and disappears through a secret passage behind a velvet curtain just before the mob arrives . Upon entering , Meg finds only the Phantom 's white mask . Moving back to 1919 , the elderly Raoul visits Christine 's gravesite and places the music box near her tombstone . He stands in silence for a moment and then turns to leave , but stops upon noticing a fresh red rose with a black ribbon tied around the stem with Christine 's engagement ring attached to it ; implying that the Phantom is alive , and still loves Christine . Cast ( edit ) Gerard Butler as The Phantom Emmy Rossum as Christine Daaé Patrick Wilson as Viscount Raoul de Chagny Miranda Richardson as Madame Giry Minnie Driver as Carlotta Giudicelli Margaret Preece as Carlotta 's singing voice except for `` Learn to Be Lonely '' Simon Callow as Gilles André Ciarán Hinds as Richard Firmin Victor McGuire as Ubaldo Piangi Jennifer Ellison as Meg Giry Murray Melvin as Monsieur Reyer Kevin McNally as Joseph Buquet James Fleet as Monsieur Lefèvre Ramin Karimloo as Gustave Daaé Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Warner Bros. purchased the film rights to The Phantom of the Opera in early 1989 , granting Andrew Lloyd Webber total artistic control . Despite interest from A-list directors , Lloyd Webber and Warner Bros. instantly hired Joel Schumacher to direct ; Lloyd Webber had been impressed with Schumacher 's use of music in The Lost Boys . The duo wrote the screenplay that same year , while Michael Crawford and Sarah Brightman were cast to reprise their roles from the original stage production . Filming was set to begin at Pinewood Studios in England in July 1990 , under a $25 million budget . However , the start date was pushed to November 1990 at both Babelsberg Studios in Munich , Germany and Barrandov Studios in Prague , Czech Republic . Production for The Phantom of the Opera was stalled with Lloyd Webber and Brightman 's divorce . `` Everything got tied up in settlements '' , Schumacher reflected . `` Then my career took off and I was really busy . '' As a result , The Phantom of the Opera languished in development limbo for Warner Bros. throughout the 1990s . In February 1997 , Schumacher considered returning , but eventually dropped out in favour of Batman Unchained , Runaway Jury and Dreamgirls . The studio was keen to cast John Travolta for the lead role , but also held discussions with Antonio Banderas , who undertook vocal preparation and sang the role of the Phantom in the TV special Andrew Lloyd Webber : The Royal Albert Hall Celebration . Schumacher and Lloyd Webber restarted development for The Phantom of the Opera in December 2002 . It was then announced in January 2003 that Lloyd Webber 's Really Useful Group had purchased the film rights from Warner Bros. in an attempt to produce The Phantom of the Opera independently . As a result , Lloyd Webber invested $6 million of his own money . The Phantom of the Opera was produced on a $55 million budget . A further $15 million was used for marketing , bringing the final budget to $70 million . Warner Bros. was given a first look deal for distribution ; the studio did not sign on until June 2003 , when the principal cast was chosen . Casting ( edit ) Hugh Jackman was offered the chance to audition for the Phantom , but he faced scheduling conflicts with Van Helsing . `` They rang to ask about my availability '' , Jackman explained in an April 2003 interview , `` probably about 20 other actors as well . I was n't available , unfortunately . So , that was a bummer . '' `` We needed somebody who has a bit of rock and roll sensibility in him '' , Andrew Lloyd Webber explained . `` He 's got to be a bit rough , a bit dangerous ; not a conventional singer . Christine is attracted to the Phantom because he 's the right side of danger . '' Director Joel Schumacher had been impressed with Gerard Butler 's performance in Dracula 2000 . Prior to his audition , Butler had no professional singing experience and had only taken four voice lessons before singing `` The Music of the Night '' for Lloyd Webber . Katie Holmes , who began working with a vocal coach , was the front - runner for Christine Daaé in March 2003 . She was later replaced by Anne Hathaway , a classically trained soprano , in 2004 . However , Hathaway dropped out of the role because the production schedule of the film overlapped with The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement , which she was contractually obligated to make . Hathaway was then replaced with Emmy Rossum . The actress modeled the relationship between the Phantom and Christine after Suzanne Farrell and George Balanchine . Patrick Wilson was cast as Raoul based on his previous Broadway theatre career . For the role of Carlotta , Minnie Driver devised an over-the - top , camp performance as the egotistical prima donna . Despite also lacking singing experience , Ciarán Hinds was cast by Schumacher as Richard Firmin ; the two had previously worked together on Veronica Guerin . Ramin Karimloo also briefly appears as the portrait of Gustave Daaé , Christine 's father . Karimloo later played the Phantom as well as the role of Raoul on London 's West End . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography lasted from 15 September 2003 to 15 January 2004 . The film was shot entirely using eight sound stages at Pinewood Studios , where , on the Pinewood backlot , the bottom half exterior of the Palais Garnier was constructed . The top half was implemented using a combination of computer - generated imagery ( CGI ) and a scale model created by Cinesite . The surrounding Paris skyline for `` All I Ask of You '' was entirely composed of matte paintings . Cinesite also created a miniature falling chandelier , since a life - size model was too big for the actual set . Production designer Anthony D.G. Pratt was influenced by French architect Charles Garnier , designer of the original Paris opera house , as well as Edgar Degas , John Singer Sargent , Gustave Caillebotte , the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood and Dante Gabriel Rossetti . Schumacher was inspired by Jean Cocteau 's Beauty and the Beast ( 1946 ) , where a hallway is lined with arms holding candelabra . The cemetery was based on the Père Lachaise and Montparnasse . Costume designer Alexandra Byrne utilised a limited black , white , gold and silver colour palette for the Masquerade ball . Reception ( edit ) Release and Awards ( edit ) The Phantom of the Opera was released in the United States on 22 December 2004 . With a limited release of 622 theaters , it opened at tenth place at the weekend box office , grossing $6.5 million across five days . After expanding to 907 screens on 14 January 2005 the film obtained the 9th spot at the box office , which it retained during its 1,511 screens wide release on 21 January 2005 . The total domestic gross was $51,225,796 . With a further $107 million earned internationally , The Phantom of the Opera reached a worldwide total of $158,225,796 . A few foreign markets were particularly successful , such as Japan , where the film 's ¥ 4.20 billion ( $35 million ) gross stood as the 6th most successful foreign film and 9th overall of the year . The United Kingdom and South Korea both had over $10 million in receipts , with $17.5 million and $11.9 million , respectively . Anthony Pratt and Celia Bobak were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Art Direction , as was John Mathieson for Cinematography . However , both categories were awarded to The Aviator . Andrew Lloyd Webber and lyricist Charles Hart were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song ( `` Learn to Be Lonely '' ) but lost to `` Al otro lado del río '' from The Motorcycle Diaries . The song was also nominated for the Golden Globe but it lost to Alfie 's `` Old Habits Die Hard '' . In the same ceremony , Emmy Rossum was nominated for Best Actress in a Motion Picture Musical or Comedy , losing to Annette Bening in Being Julia . At the Saturn Awards , Rossum won for Best Performance by a Younger Actor , while The Phantom of the Opera was nominated for Best Action / Adventure / Thriller Film and Alexandra Byrne was nominated for Costume Design . The soundtrack of the film was released in two separate CD formats on 23 November 2004 as a two - disc deluxe edition which includes dialogue from the film and a single - disc highlights edition . The film had its initial North America video release on DVD and VHS on 3 May 2005 , following its first digital release on HD - DVD on 18 April 2006 and a Blu - ray edition on 31 October 2006 . Critical reception ( edit ) The film received mixed to negative reviews from film critics but received highly positive reviews from audiences . Rotten Tomatoes gives it 32 % rotten with an average score of 5 / 10 . `` The music of the night has hit something of a sour note : Critics are calling the screen adaptation of Andrew Lloyd Webber 's popular musical histrionic , boring and lacking in both romance and danger '' , the consensus read . `` Still , some have praised the film for its sheer spectacle '' . By comparison , Metacritic calculated an average score of 40 / 100 from its 39 reviews collected . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale , while it currently holds a 7.3 / 10 rating on IMDB . `` The film looks and sounds fabulous and I think it 's an extraordinarily fine document of the stage show . While it does n't deviate much from the stage material , the film has given it an even deeper emotional centre . It 's not based on the theatre visually or direction-wise , but it 's still got exactly the same essence . And that 's all I could have ever hoped for . '' -- Andrew Lloyd Webber Despite having been impressed with the cast , Jonathan Rosenbaum of Chicago Reader wrote that `` Teen romance and operetta - style singing replace the horror elements familiar to film - goers , and director Joel Schumacher obscures any remnants of classy stage spectacle with the same disco overkill he brought to Batman Forever . '' Stephanie Zacharek of Salon.com believed that Phantom of the Opera `` takes everything that 's wrong with Broadway and puts it on the big screen in a gaudy splat . '' In a mixed review for Newsweek , David Ansen praised Rossum 's performance , but criticized the filmmakers for their focus on visual design rather than presenting a cohesive storyline . `` Its kitschy romanticism bored me on Broadway and it bores me here -- I may not be the most reliable witness . Still , I can easily imagine a more dashing , charismatic Phantom than Butler 's . Rest assured , however , Lloyd Webber 's neo-Puccinian songs are reprised and reprised and reprised until you 're guaranteed to go out humming . '' Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly believed Schumacher did not add enough dimension in adapting The Phantom of the Opera . `` Schumacher , the man who added nipples to Batman 's suit , has staged Phantom chastely , as if his job were to adhere the audience to every note '' . Roger Ebert reasoned that `` part of the pleasure of movie - going is pure spectacle -- of just sitting there and looking at great stuff and knowing it looks terrific . There was n't much Schumacher could have done with the story or the music he was handed , but in the areas over which he held sway , he has triumphed . '' In contrasting between the popularity of the Broadway musical , Michael Dequina of Film Threat magazine explained that `` it conjures up this unexplainable spell that leaves audiences sad , sentimental , swooning , smiling -- in some way transported and moved . Now , in Schumacher 's film , that spell lives on . '' See also ( edit ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 2004 soundtrack ) The Phantom of the Opera References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Andrew Lloyd Webber 's The Phantom of the Opera ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 2004 - 08 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Phantom of the Opera ( 2004 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Staff ( 2004 - 08 - 10 ) . `` Movie Preview : The Phantom of the Opera '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : The Making of The Phantom of the Opera , ( DVD , 2005 ) , Warner Home Video ^ Jump up to : DVD production notes Jump up ^ Susan Heller Anderson ( 1990 - 03 - 31 ) . `` Chronicle '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Lawrence Van Gelder ( 1990 - 08 - 10 ) . `` At the Movies '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Staff ( 2004 - 08 - 10 ) . `` Movie Preview : The Phantom of the Opera '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Todd Gilchrist ( 2004 - 12 - 20 ) . `` Interview : Joel Schumacher '' . IGN . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Michael Fleming ( 2003 - 04 - 01 ) . `` ' Phantom ' cues Wilson for tuner 's adaptation '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Michael Fleming ( 1997 - 02 - 21 ) . `` Helmer 's 3rd At Bat '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ Michael Fleming ( 1997 - 05 - 15 ) . `` Krane Takes Bull By Horns '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Fleming ( 2003 - 01 - 09 ) . `` Lloyd Webber back on ' Phantom ' prowl '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Phoebe Hoban ( 2004 - 12 - 24 ) . `` In the ' Phantom ' Movie , Over-the - Top Goes Higher '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Adam Dawtrey ( 2003 - 06 - 13 ) . `` ' Phantom ' pic announces latest castings '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Michelle Zaromski ( 2003 - 04 - 29 ) . `` An Interview with Michael Jakson '' . IGN . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Lynn Hirschberg ( 2005 - 03 - 13 ) . `` Trading Faces '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Michael Fleming ( 2003 - 03 - 13 ) . `` ' Men ' treads carefully into sequel territory '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Anne Hathaway : Biography '' . TV Guide . Retrieved October 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 2003 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Production Commences On ' Andrew Lloyd Webber 's The Phantom of the Opera ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Skweres , Mary Ann ( 2004 - 12 - 22 ) . `` Phantom of the Opera : A Classic in Miniature '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Missy Schwartz ( 2004 - 11 - 05 ) . `` Behind the Music '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Gentile , Gary ( 2004 - 12 - 28 ) . `` Audiences glad to ' Meet the Fockers ' '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Gabriel ( 2005 - 01 - 13 ) . `` ' Fockers ' finds foes '' . Variety . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Blank , Ed ( 2005 - 01 - 18 ) . `` ' Coach Carter ' tops local , national box office in slow weekend '' . Pittsburgh Tribune - Review . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( 2005 - 01 - 21 ) . `` '' The Phantom of the Opera '' Opens Nationwide Jan. 21 `` . Playbill . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for January 21 -- 23 , 2005 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Bresnan , Conor ( 2005 - 02 - 02 ) . `` Around the World Round Up : ' Fockers ' Inherit the World '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` MOVIES WITH BOX OFFICE GROSS RECEIPTS EXCEEDING 1 BILLION YEN '' . Motion Picture Producers Association of Japan . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 Japan Yearly Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera - International Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved October 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Phantom of the Opera , The '' . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Past Saturn Awards '' . Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Rosenbaum ( 2004 - 12 - 20 ) . `` The Phantom of the Opera '' . Chicago Reader . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Stephanie Zacharek ( 2004 - 12 - 22 ) . `` The Phantom of the Opera '' . Salon.com . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ David Ansen ( 2004 - 12 - 20 ) . `` The Phantom of the Opera : Into the Night '' . Newsweek . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ Owen Gleiberman ( 2005 - 01 - 15 ) . `` The Phantom of the Opera '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert ( 2004 - 12 - 22 ) . `` The Phantom of the Opera '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ Michael Dequina ( 2004 - 12 - 22 ) . `` Andrew Lloyd Webber 's The Phantom of the Opera '' . Film Threat . Archived from the original on 2005 - 04 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 09 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Phantom of the Opera ( 2004 film ) Official website The Phantom of the Opera on IMDb The Phantom of the Opera at the TCM Movie Database The Phantom of the Opera at Box Office Mojo The Phantom of the Opera at Rotten Tomatoes The Phantom of the Opera at Metacritic Michael Williams ; Benedict Carver ( 1998 - 04 - 05 ) . `` Banderas drawn to ' Phantom ' '' . Variety . Andrew Lloyd Webber Musicals The Likes of Us Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat Jesus Christ Superstar Evita Tell Me on a Sunday Cats Song and Dance Starlight Express Cricket The Phantom of the Opera Aspects of Love Sunset Boulevard By Jeeves aka Jeeves Whistle Down the Wind The Beautiful Game ( aka The Boys in the Photograph ) The Woman in White Love Never Dies The Wizard of Oz Stephen Ward School of Rock Songs `` Any Dream Will Do '' `` Close Every Door '' `` Everything 's Alright '' `` This Jesus Must Die '' `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' `` Superstar '' `` Oh What a Circus '' `` Another Suitcase in Another Hall '' `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' `` You Must Love Me '' `` Take That Look Off Your Face '' `` Unexpected Song '' `` Memory '' `` Pie Jesu '' `` The Phantom of the Opera '' `` The Music of the Night '' `` All I Ask of You '' `` Anything But Lonely '' `` As If We Never Said Goodbye '' `` No Matter What '' `` ' Til I Hear You Sing '' Other compositions Variations Requiem Watership Down Film adaptations Cats Jesus Christ Superstar Evita Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat The Phantom of the Opera The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall Family William Lloyd Webber ( father ) Julian Lloyd Webber ( brother ) Imogen Lloyd Webber ( daughter ) Sarah Brightman ( second wife ) Madeleine Gurdon ( third wife ) Jiaxin Cheng ( sister - in - law ) Company Really Useful Group The Phantom of the Opera by Gaston Leroux Books The Phantom of the Opera ( 1909 -- 1910 ) Phantom ( 1990 ) The Canary Trainer ( 1993 ) The Phantom of Manhattan ( 1999 ) Stage adaptations Phantom of the Opera ( 1976 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1986 ) Phantom ( 1991 ) Love Never Dies ( 2010 ) Film and television The Phantom of the Opera ( 1925 ) Song at Midnight ( 1937 ) Phantom of the Opera ( 1943 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1962 ) The Phantom of Hollywood ( 1974 ) Phantom of the Paradise ( 1974 ) Opera ( 1987 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1989 ) Phantom of the Mall : Eric 's Revenge ( 1989 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1990 ) The Phantom Lover ( 1995 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1998 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 2004 ) The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall ( 2011 ) Characters Erik Christine Daaé Viscount Raoul de Chagny The Persian Carlotta Madame Giry Meg Giry Joseph Buquet Songs `` The Phantom of the Opera '' `` The Music of the Night '' `` All I Ask of You '' `` Learn to Be Lonely '' `` ' Til I Hear You Sing '' Other Don Juan Triumphant Punjab lasso Adaptations Return of the Phantom Palais Garnier Films directed by Joel Schumacher The Incredible Shrinking Woman ( 1981 ) D.C. Cab ( 1983 ) St. Elmo 's Fire ( 1985 ) The Lost Boys ( 1987 ) Cousins ( 1989 ) Flatliners ( 1990 ) Dying Young ( 1991 ) Falling Down ( 1993 ) The Client ( 1994 ) Batman Forever ( 1995 ) A Time to Kill ( 1996 ) Batman & Robin ( 1997 ) 8mm ( 1999 ) Flawless ( 1999 ) Tigerland ( 2000 ) Bad Company ( 2002 ) Phone Booth ( 2002 ) Veronica Guerin ( 2003 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 2004 ) The Number 23 ( 2007 ) Blood Creek ( 2009 ) Twelve ( 2010 ) Trespass ( 2011 ) GND : 4830642 - 3 LCCN : no2004124658 VIAF : 181299680 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Phantom_of_the_Opera_(2004_film)&oldid=839796071 '' Categories : 2004 films English - language films 2000s romantic drama films 2000s musical films British films British musical films British romantic drama films Films about opera Films based on adaptations Films based on multiple works Films based on musicals Films based on The Phantom of the Opera Films directed by Joel Schumacher Screenplays by Joel Schumacher Films set in Paris Films set in the 1870s Films set in 1919 Historical romance films Musical drama films Nonlinear narrative films Films shot at Pinewood Studios Romantic musical films Warner Bros. films Romantic drama films 2000s romantic musical films Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2012 Use mdy dates from March 2013 Good articles Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 May 2018 , at 18 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where was the movie phantom of the opera filmed | [
"The film was announced in 1989 but production did not start until 2002 due to Lloyd Webber's divorce and Schumacher's busy career. It was shot entirely at Pinewood Studios, with scenery created with miniatures and computer graphics. Rossum, Wilson and Driver had singing experience, but Butler had none and so had music lessons. The Phantom of the Opera grossed $154.6 million worldwide and received mixed to negative reviews from critics, but was very well received by audiences. Critics praised the visuals and acting (particularly Rossum's performance) but criticized the writing and directing."
] | [
"Pinewood Studios"
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-3600386268632096510 | Property insurance | Property insurance - wikipedia Property insurance Jump to : navigation , search This tornado damage to an Illinois home would be covered as a typical named peril Property insurance provides protection against most risks to property , such as fire , theft and some weather damage . This includes specialized forms of insurance such as fire insurance , flood insurance , earthquake insurance , home insurance , or boiler insurance . Property is insured in two main ways -- open perils and named perils . Open perils cover all the causes of loss not specifically excluded in the policy . Common exclusions on open peril policies include damage resulting from earthquakes , floods , nuclear incidents , acts of terrorism , and war . Named perils require the actual cause of loss to be listed in the policy for insurance to be provided . The more common named perils include such damage - causing events as fire , lightning , explosion , and theft . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Types of Coverage 3 US Property Insurance Claims 3.1 World Trade Center case 3.2 Post-Hurricane Katrina property insurance claims 3.3 Florida Consumer Choice Act 4 Fire insurance in India 4.1 Perils covered 4.2 Exclusions 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) See also : History of insurance An 18th - century fire insurance contract . Property insurance can be traced to the Great Fire of London , which in 1666 devoured more than 13,000 houses . The devastating effects of the fire converted the development of insurance `` from a matter of convenience into one of urgency , a change of opinion reflected in Sir Christopher Wren 's inclusion of a site for ' the Insurance Office ' in his new plan for London in 1667 '' . A number of attempted fire insurance schemes came to nothing , but in 1681 , economist Nicholas Barbon and eleven associates established the first fire insurance company , the `` Insurance Office for Houses '' , at the back of the Royal Exchange to insure brick and frame homes . Initially , 5,000 homes were insured by Barbon 's Insurance Office . In the wake of this first successful venture , many similar companies were founded in the following decades . Initially , each company employed its own fire department to prevent and minimise the damage from conflagrations on properties insured by them . They also began to issue ' Fire insurance marks ' to their customers ; these would be displayed prominently above the main door to the property in order to aid positive identification . One such notable company was the Hand in Hand Fire & Life Insurance Society , founded in 1696 at Tom 's Coffee House in St. Martin 's Lane in London . The first property insurance company still extant was founded in 1710 as the ' Sun Fire Office ' now , through many mergers and acquisitions , the RSA Insurance Group . In Colonial America , Benjamin Franklin helped to popularize and make standard the practice of insurance , particularly Property insurance to spread the risk of loss from fire , in the form of perpetual insurance . In 1752 , he founded the Philadelphia Contributionship for the Insurance of Houses from Loss by Fire . Franklin 's company refused to insure certain buildings , such as wooden houses , where the risk of fire was too great . Types of coverage ( edit ) There are three types of insurance coverage . Replacement cost coverage pays the cost of repairing or replacing your property with like kind & quality regardless of depreciation or appreciation . Premiums for this type of coverage are based on replacement cost values , and not based on actual cash value . Actual cash value coverage provides for replacement cost minus depreciation . Extended replacement cost will pay over the coverage limit if the costs for construction have increased . This generally will not exceed 25 % of the limit . When you obtain an insurance policy , the limit is the maximum amount of benefit the insurance company will pay for a given situation or occurrence . Limits also include the ages below or above what an insurance company will not issue a new policy or continue a policy . This amount will need to fluctuate if the cost to replace homes in your neighborhood is rising ; the amount needs to be in step with the actual reconstruction value of your home . In case of a fire , household content replacement is tabulated as a percentage of the value of the home . In case of high - value items , the insurance company may ask to specifically cover these items separate from the other household contents . One last coverage option is to have alternative living arrangements included in a policy . If property damage caused by a covered loss prevents you from living in your home , policies can pay the expenses of alternate living arrangements ( e.g. , hotels and restaurant costs ) for a specified period of time to compensate for the `` loss of use '' of your home until you can return . The additional living expenses limit can vary , but is typically set at up to 20 % of the dwelling coverage limit . You need to talk with your insurance company for advice about appropriate coverage and determine what type of limit may be appropriate for you . Us property insurance claims ( edit ) World Trade Center case ( edit ) Attack on the World Trade Center Following the September 11 attacks , a jury deliberated insurance payouts for the destruction of the World Trade Center . Leaseholder Larry A. Silverstein sought more than $7 billion in insurance money ; he argued two attacks had occurred at the WTC . Its insurers -- including Chubb Corp. and Swiss Reinsurance Co. -- claimed the `` coordinated '' attack counted as a single event . In December 2004 the federal jury arrived at a compromise decision . In May 2007 New York Governor Eliot Spitzer announced more than $4.5 billion would be made available to rebuild the 16 - acre ( 65,000 m ) WTC complex as part of a major insurance claims settlement . Post-hurricane Katrina property insurance claims ( edit ) New Orleans in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina In the wake of Hurricane Katrina , several thousand homeowners filed lawsuits against their insurance companies accusing them of bad faith and failing to properly and promptly adjust their claims . Florida Consumer Choice Act ( edit ) On 24 June 2009 , Florida Governor Charlie Crist vetoed the Consumer Choice Act ( H.B. 1171 ) . The bill would have trumped state regulation , and allowed Florida 's biggest insurance companies to establish their own rates . Remarking upon State Farm 's pullout from Florida , Ted Corless , a property insurance attorney who has represented large insurance carriers like Nationwide , noted `` that homeowners are really going to have to look out for themselves '' . Five days after Crist vetoed the Consumer Choice Act , Corless defended property insurance deregulation by pointing out that `` if the blue - chip insurance companies wanted to price themselves out of the market '' , then they would go out of business . He accused Crist of making choices on behalf of consumers , not protecting their right to choose . In 2006 the average Florida annual insurance premium was $1,386 for a homeowner , one of the highest in the country . Fire insurance in India ( edit ) Fire insurance business in India is governed by the All India Fire Tariff that lays down the terms of coverage , the premium rates and the conditions of the fire policy . The fire insurance policy has been renamed as `` Standard Fire and Special Perils Policy '' . The risks covered are as follows : Dwellings , offices , shops , hospitals : Industrial , manufacturing risks Utilities located outside industrial / manufacturing risks Machinery and accessories Storage risks outside the compound of industrial risks Tank farms / gas holders located outside the compound of industrial risks Perils covered ( edit ) The following causes of loss are covered : Fire Lightning Explosion , implosion Aircraft damage Riot , strike Terrorism Storm , cyclone , typhoon , tempest , hurricane , tornado , flood & inundation . Impact damage Malicious damage Subsidence , landslide Bursting or overflowing of tanks Missile testing operations Bush fire Exclusions ( edit ) The following are excluded from insurance coverage : Loss or damage caused by war , civil war , and kindred perils Loss or damage caused by nuclear activity Loss or damage to the stocks in cold storage caused by change in temperature Loss or damage due to over-running of electric and / or electronic machines Claims In the event of a fire loss covered under the fire insurance policy , the insured shall immediately give notice thereof to the insurance company . Within 15 days of the occurrence of such loss the insured should submit a claim in writing giving the details of damages and their estimated values . Details of other insurances on the same property should also be declared . See also ( edit ) Builder 's risk insurance Home insurance Insurable interest Renters insurance Vehicle insurance Misc : Hamburger Feuerkasse , world 's oldest fire insurer . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dickson ( 1960 ) : 4 Jump up ^ Dickson ( 1960 ) : 7 Jump up ^ `` Hand in Hand Fire & Life Insurance Society '' . Aviva . Jump up ^ `` RSA Insurance Group History '' . Jump up ^ `` The Replacement Cost Claim '' ( 3005 ) . Adjusters International . Adjusting Today . 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A Consumer 's Insurance Glossary '' . Office of the Insurance Commissioner - Washington State . Jump up ^ `` A Massachusetts Guide to Insurance for Your Home and Ways to Help Reduce Your Insurance Premiums '' ( PDF ) . The Official Website of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts . Jump up ^ Levine , Greg . `` Silverstein : WTC Leaseholder May Collect Up To $4.6 B '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Bagli , Charles V. ( 24 May 2007 ) . `` Insurers Agree to Pay Billions at Ground Zero '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` First Hurricane Katrina Homeowner 's Insurance Lawsuit Begins '' . Fox News . 11 July 2006 . Jump up ^ Colavecchio , Shannon ( 24 June 2009 ) . `` Crist rejects bill that aimed to lure property insurers to Florida '' . Tampa Bay Times . Jump up ^ `` Cancellation Clock Ticks For State Farm Customers '' . WESH.com. 7 October 2009 . Retrieved 28 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Insure.com ( 12 March 2009 ) . `` How do your home insurance rates compare with others ? '' . Insure.com . Retrieved 7 October 2011 . Jump up ^ As per tariff wordings adopted by all insurers External links ( edit ) Fire insurance ( EH.Net Encyclopedia of Economic History ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Property_insurance&oldid=799575006 '' Categories : Types of insurance Property insurance Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ Polski Русский Slovenčina 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 September 2017 , at 15 : 13 . About Wikipedia | the standard fire policy is a named perils contract which means | [
"Open perils cover all the causes of loss not specifically excluded in the policy. Common exclusions on open peril policies include damage resulting from earthquakes, floods, nuclear incidents, acts of terrorism, and war. Named perils require the actual cause of loss to be listed in the policy for insurance to be provided. The more common named perils include such damage-causing events as fire, lightning, explosion, and theft."
] | [
"require the actual cause of loss to be listed in the policy for insurance to be provided"
] |
5936541150362424880 | South America | South America - Wikipedia South America `` Southern America '' redirects here . For the region of the United States of America , see Southern United States . For the botanical continent defined in the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions , see Southern America ( WGSRPD ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) South America Area 17,840,000 km ( 6,890,000 sq mi ) ( 4th ) Population 420,458,044 ( 2016 ; 5th ) Population density 21.4 / km ( 56.0 / sq mi ) GDP ( nominal ) $3.94 trillion ( 2017 ; 4th ) GDP ( PPP ) $6.57 trillion ( 2017 ; 4th ) GDP per capita $9,330 ( 2017 ; 4th ) Demonym South American Countries 12 Dependencies Languages Portuguese , Spanish , English , French , Dutch , Quechua , Caribbean Hindustani , and many other native languages Time zones UTC - 2 to UTC - 5 Largest cities List of cities in South America List ( show ) São Paulo Lima Bogotá Rio de Janeiro Santiago Caracas Buenos Aires Salvador Brasília Fortaleza South America is a continent in the Western Hemisphere , mostly in the Southern Hemisphere , with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere . It may also be considered a subcontinent of the Americas , which is how it is viewed in the Spanish and Portuguese - speaking regions of the Americas . The reference to South America instead of other regions ( like Latin America or the Southern Cone ) has increased in the last decades due to changing geopolitical dynamics ( in particular , the rise of Brazil ) . It is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east by the Atlantic Ocean ; North America and the Caribbean Sea lie to the northwest . It includes twelve sovereign states ( Argentina , Bolivia , Brazil , Chile , Colombia , Ecuador , Guyana , Paraguay , Peru , Suriname , Uruguay , and Venezuela ) , a part of France ( French Guiana ) , and a non-sovereign area ( the Falkland Islands , a British Overseas Territory though this is disputed by Argentina ) . In addition to this , the ABC islands of the Kingdom of the Netherlands , Trinidad and Tobago , and Panama may also be considered part of South America . South America has an area of 17,840,000 square kilometers ( 6,890,000 sq mi ) . Its population as of 2016 has been estimated at more than 420 million . South America ranks fourth in area ( after Asia , Africa , and North America ) and fifth in population ( after Asia , Africa , Europe , and North America ) . Brazil is by far the most populous South American country , with more than half of the continent 's population , followed by Colombia , Argentina , Venezuela and Peru . In recent decades Brazil has also concentrated half of the region 's GDP and has become a first regional power . Most of the population lives near the continent 's western or eastern coasts while the interior and the far south are sparsely populated . The geography of western South America is dominated by the Andes mountains ; in contrast , the eastern part contains both highland regions and vast lowlands where rivers such as the Amazon , Orinoco , and Paraná flow . Most of the continent lies in the tropics . The continent 's cultural and ethnic outlook has its origin with the interaction of indigenous peoples with European conquerors and immigrants and , more locally , with African slaves . Given a long history of colonialism , the overwhelming majority of South Americans speak Portuguese or Spanish , and societies and states reflect Western traditions . Contents 1 Geography 1.1 Outlying islands 1.2 Climate 2 History 2.1 Prehistory 2.2 Pre-Columbian civilizations 2.3 European colonization 2.4 Slavery in South America 2.5 Independence from Spain and Portugal 2.6 Nation - building and fragmentation 2.7 Wars and conflicts 2.8 Rise and fall of military dictatorships 3 Countries and territories 4 Politics 5 Demographics 5.1 Language 5.2 Religion 5.3 Ethnic demographics 5.3. 1 Indigenous people 5.4 Populace 6 Economy 6.1 Economically largest cities as of 2014 6.2 Tourism 7 Culture 7.1 Plastic arts 7.2 Sport 8 Infrastructure 8.1 Energy 8.2 Transport 9 See also 10 Notes and references 10.1 Content notes 10.2 References 10.3 Sources 11 External links Geography ( edit ) Main article : Geography of South America See also : Category : Environment of South America A composite relief image of South America South America occupies the southern portion of the Americas . The continent is generally delimited on the northwest by the Darién watershed along the Colombia -- Panama border , although some may consider the border instead to be the Panama Canal . Geopolitically and geographically all of Panama -- including the segment east of the Panama Canal in the isthmus -- is typically included in North America alone and among the countries of Central America . Almost all of mainland South America sits on the South American Plate . South America is home to the world 's highest uninterrupted waterfall , Angel Falls in Venezuela ; the highest single drop waterfall Kaieteur Falls in Guyana ; the largest river ( by volume ) , the Amazon River ; the longest mountain range , the Andes ( whose highest mountain is Aconcagua at 6,962 m ( 22,841 ft ) ) ; the driest non-polar place on earth , the Atacama Desert ; the largest rainforest , the Amazon Rainforest ; the highest capital city , La Paz , Bolivia ; the highest commercially navigable lake in the world , Lake Titicaca ; and , excluding research stations in Antarctica , the world 's southernmost permanently inhabited community , Puerto Toro , Chile . South America 's major mineral resources are gold , silver , copper , iron ore , tin , and petroleum . These resources found in South America have brought high income to its countries especially in times of war or of rapid economic growth by industrialized countries elsewhere . However , the concentration in producing one major export commodity often has hindered the development of diversified economies . The fluctuation in the price of commodities in the international markets has led historically to major highs and lows in the economies of South American states , often causing extreme political instability . This is leading to efforts to diversify production to drive away from staying as economies dedicated to one major export . South America is one of the most biodiverse continents on earth . South America is home to many interesting and unique species of animals including the llama , anaconda , piranha , jaguar , vicuña , and tapir . The Amazon rainforests possess high biodiversity , containing a major proportion of the Earth 's species . Brazil is the largest country in South America , encompassing around half of the continent 's land area and population . The remaining countries and territories are divided among three regions : The Andean States , the Guianas and the Southern Cone . Outlying Islands ( edit ) Traditionally , South America also includes some of the nearby islands . Aruba , Bonaire , Curaçao , Trinidad , Tobago , and the federal dependencies of Venezuela sit on the northerly South American continental shelf and are often considered part of the continent . Geo - politically , the island states and overseas territories of the Caribbean are generally grouped as a part or subregion of North America , since they are more distant on the Caribbean Plate , even though San Andres and Providencia are politically part of Colombia and Aves Island is controlled by Venezuela . Other islands that are included with South America are the Galápagos Islands that belong to Ecuador and Easter Island ( in Oceania but belonging to Chile ) , Robinson Crusoe Island , Chiloé ( both Chilean ) and Tierra del Fuego ( split in between Chile and Argentina ) . In the Atlantic , Brazil owns Fernando de Noronha , Trindade and Martim Vaz , and the Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago , while the Falkland Islands are governed by the United Kingdom , whose sovereignty over the islands is disputed by Argentina . South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands may be associated with either South America or Antarctica . Climate ( edit ) Map of South America according to Köppen climate classification Map of all tropical cyclone tracks from 1945 to 2006 . The distribution of the average temperatures in the region presents a constant regularity from the 30 ° of latitude south , when the isotherms tend , more and more , to be confused with the degrees of latitude . In temperate latitudes , winters are milder and summers warmer than in North America . Because its most extensive part of the continent is in the equatorial zone , the region has more areas of equatorial plains than any other region . The average annual temperatures in the Amazon basin oscillate around 27 ° C , with low thermal amplitudes and high rainfall indices . Between the Maracaibo Lake and the mouth of the Orinoco , predominates an equatorial climate of the type Congolese , that also includes parts of the Brazilian territory . The east - central Brazilian plateau has a humid and warm tropical climate . The northern and eastern parts of the Argentine pampas have a humid subtropical climate with dry winters and humid summers of the Chinese type , while the western and eastern ranges have a subtropical climate of the dinaric type . At the highest points of the Andean region , climates are colder than the ones occurring at the highest point of the Norwegian fjords . In the Andean plateaus , the warm climate prevails , although it is tempered by the altitude , while in the coastal strip , there is an equatorial climate of the Guinean type . From this point until the north of the Chilean coast appear , successively , Mediterranean oceanic climate , temperate of the Breton type and , already in Tierra del Fuego , cold climate of the Siberian type . The distribution of rainfall is related to the regime of winds and air masses . In most of the tropical region east of the Andes , winds blowing from the northeast , east and southeast carry moisture from the Atlantic , causing abundant rainfall . However , due to a consistently strong wind shear and a weak Intertropical Convergence Zone , tropical cyclones are practically unknown in the South Atlantic . In the Orinoco lhanos and in the Guianas plateau , the precipitation levels go from moderate to high . The Pacific coast of Colombia and northern Ecuador are rainy regions . The Atacama Desert , along this stretch of coast , is one of the driest regions in the world . The central and southern parts of Chile are subject to extratropical cyclones , and most of the Argentine Patagonia is desert . In the pampas of Argentina , Uruguay and South of Brazil the rainfall is moderate , with rains well distributed during the year . The moderately dry conditions of the Chaco oppose the intense rainfall of the eastern region of Paraguay . In the semiarid coast of the Brazilian Northeast the rains are linked to a monsoon regime . Important factors in the determination of climates are sea currents , such as the current Humboldt and Falklands . The equatorial current of the South Atlantic strikes the coast of the Northeast and there is divided into two others : the current of Brazil and a coastal current that flows to the northwest towards the Antilles , where there it moves towards northeast course thus forming the most Important and famous ocean current in the world , the Gulf Stream . History ( edit ) Main article : History of South America Prehistory ( edit ) Further information : History of South America § Pre-Columbian era The prehistoric Cueva de las Manos , or Cave of the Hands , in Argentina South America is believed to have been joined with Africa from the late Paleozoic Era to the early Mesozoic Era , until the supercontinent Pangaea began to rift and break apart about 225 million years ago . Therefore , South America and Africa share similar fossils and rock layers . South America is thought to have been first inhabited by humans when people were crossing the Bering Land Bridge ( now the Bering Strait ) at least 15,000 years ago from the territory that is present - day Russia . They migrated south through North America , and eventually reached South America through the Isthmus of Panama . The first evidence for the existence of the human race in South America dates back to about 9000 BC , when squashes , chili peppers and beans began to be cultivated for food in the highlands of the Amazon Basin . Pottery evidence further suggests that manioc , which remains a staple food today , was being cultivated as early as 2000 BC . By 2000 BC , many agrarian communities had been settled throughout the Andes and the surrounding regions . Fishing became a widespread practice along the coast , helping establish fish as a primary source of food . Irrigation systems were also developed at this time , which aided in the rise of an agrarian society . South American cultures began domesticating llamas , vicuñas , guanacos , and alpacas in the highlands of the Andes circa 3500 BC . Besides their use as sources of meat and wool , these animals were used for transportation of goods . Pre-Columbian civilizations ( edit ) Main article : Pre-Columbian era § South America The Inca estate of Machu Picchu , Peru is one of the New Seven Wonders of the World . The rise of plant growing and the subsequent appearance of permanent human settlements allowed for the multiple and overlapping beginnings of civilizations in South America . One of the earliest known South American civilizations was at Norte Chico , on the central Peruvian coast . Though a pre-ceramic culture , the monumental architecture of Norte Chico is contemporaneous with the pyramids of Ancient Egypt . Norte Chico governing class established a trade network and developed agriculture then followed by Chavín by 900 BC , according to some estimates and archaeological finds . Artifacts were found at a site called Chavín de Huantar in modern Peru at an elevation of 3,177 meters . Chavín civilization spanned 900 BC to 300 BC . In the central coast of Peru , around the beginning of the 1st millennium AD , Moche ( 100 BC -- 700 AD , at the northern coast of Peru ) , Paracas and Nazca ( 400 BC -- 800 AD , Peru ) cultures flourished with centralized states with permanent militia improving agriculture through irrigation and new styles of ceramic art . At the Altiplano , Tiahuanaco or Tiwanaku ( 100 BC -- 1200 AD , Bolivia ) managed a large commercial network based on religion . Around the 7th century , both Tiahuanaco and Wari or Huari Empire ( 600 -- 1200 , Central and northern Peru ) expanded its influence to all the Andean region , imposing the Huari urbanism and Tiahuanaco religious iconography . The Muisca were the main indigenous civilization in what is now Colombia . They established the Muisca Confederation of many clans , or cacicazgos , that had a free trade network among themselves . They were goldsmiths and farmers . Other important Pre-Columbian cultures include : the Cañaris ( in south central Ecuador ) , Chimú Empire ( 1300 -- 1470 , Peruvian northern coast ) , Chachapoyas , and the Aymaran kingdoms ( 1000 -- 1450 , Western Bolivia and southern Peru ) . Holding their capital at the great city of Cusco , the Inca civilization dominated the Andes region from 1438 to 1533 . Known as Tawantin suyu , and `` the land of the four regions , '' in Quechua , the Inca Empire was highly distinct and developed . Inca rule extended to nearly a hundred linguistic or ethnic communities , some 9 to 14 million people connected by a 25,000 kilometer road system . Cities were built with precise , unmatched stonework , constructed over many levels of mountain terrain . Terrace farming was a useful form of agriculture . The Mapuche in Central and Southern Chile resisted the European and Chilean settlers , waging the Arauco War for more than 300 years . European colonization ( edit ) Main articles : Spanish colonization of the Americas and Portuguese colonization of the Americas Woodcut depicting Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci 's first voyage ( 1497 - 98 ) to the New World , from first known published edition of Vespucci 's 1504 letter to Piero Soderini . The Portuguese arrival in Brazil on 22 April 1500 was led by Pedro Álvares Cabral . The Inca -- Spanish confrontation in the Battle of Cajamarca left thousands of natives dead . The Dutch colonial houses in the historic center of Paramaribo , Suriname . Illustration of the Demerara rebellion in British Guiana in 1823 . In 1494 , Portugal and Spain , the two great maritime European powers of that time , on the expectation of new lands being discovered in the west , signed the Treaty of Tordesillas , by which they agreed , with the support of the Pope , that all the land outside Europe should be an exclusive duopoly between the two countries . The treaty established an imaginary line along a north - south meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands , roughly 46 ° 37 ' W. In terms of the treaty , all land to the west of the line ( known to comprise most of the South American soil ) would belong to Spain , and all land to the east , to Portugal . As accurate measurements of longitude were impossible at that time , the line was not strictly enforced , resulting in a Portuguese expansion of Brazil across the meridian . Beginning in the 1530s , the people and natural resources of South America were repeatedly exploited by foreign conquistadors , first from Spain and later from Portugal . These competing colonial nations claimed the land and resources as their own and divided it in colonies . European infectious diseases ( smallpox , influenza , measles , and typhus ) -- to which the native populations had no immune resistance -- caused large - scale depopulation of the native population under Spanish control . Systems of forced labor , such as the haciendas and mining industry 's mit'a also contributed to the depopulation . After this , African slaves , who had developed immunities to these diseases , were quickly brought in to replace them . The Spaniards were committed to convert their native subjects to Christianity and were quick to purge any native cultural practices that hindered this end ; however , many initial attempts at this were only partially successful , as native groups simply blended Catholicism with their established beliefs and practices . Furthermore , the Spaniards brought their language to the degree they did with their religion , although the Roman Catholic Church 's evangelization in Quechua , Aymara , and Guaraní actually contributed to the continuous use of these native languages albeit only in the oral form . Eventually , the natives and the Spaniards interbred , forming a mestizo class . At the beginning , many mestizos of the Andean region were offspring of Amerindian mothers and Spanish fathers . After independence , most mestizos had native fathers and European or mestizo mothers . Many native artworks were considered pagan idols and destroyed by Spanish explorers ; this included many gold and silver sculptures and other artifacts found in South America , which were melted down before their transport to Spain or Portugal . Spaniards and Portuguese brought the western European architectural style to the continent , and helped to improve infrastructures like bridges , roads , and the sewer system of the cities they discovered or conquered . They also significantly increased economic and trade relations , not just between the old and new world but between the different South American regions and peoples . Finally , with the expansion of the Portuguese and Spanish languages , many cultures that were previously separated became united through that of Latin American . Guyana was first a Dutch , and then a British colony , though there was a brief period during the Napoleonic Wars when it was colonized by the French . The country was once partitioned into three parts , each being controlled by one of the colonial powers until the country was finally taken over fully by the British . Slavery in South America ( edit ) Part of a series on Slavery Contemporary ( show ) Child labour Child soldiers Conscription Debt Forced marriage Bride buying Wife selling Forced prostitution Human trafficking Peonage Penal labour Sexual slavery Wage slavery Historical ( show ) Antiquity Ancient Rome Babylonia Ancient Greece Topics and practices Atlantic slave trade Middle Passage Arab slave trade Ghilman Mamluk Saqaliba Aztec Blackbirding Byzantine Empire Coolie Corvée labor Field slaves in the United States House slaves Kholop Medieval Europe Panyarring Thrall Serfs History Russia Slave market Slave raiding Child soldiers Naval Galley slave Impressment Pirates Shanghaiing Slave ship By country or region ( show ) Sub-Saharan Africa Contemporary Africa Slavery on the Barbary Coast Barbary slave trade Slave Coast Angola Chad Ethiopia Mali Mauritania Niger Somalia South Africa Sudan Seychelles North and South America Americas indigenous U.S. Natives Brazil Lei Áurea Canada Caribbean Barbados Code Noir Cuba Haiti revolt Restavek Latin America Puerto Rico Trinidad United States colonial maps female partus penal labor Slave codes interregional Human trafficking Virgin Islands Central , East , and South Asia Human trafficking in Southeast Asia Bhutan China Booi Aha Laogai India Debt bondage Chukri System Japan comfort women South Korea Yankee princess North Korea Vietnam Australia and Oceania Blackbirding in Australia Human trafficking in Australia Slave raiding in Easter Island Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea Blackbirding in Polynesia Europe and North Asia Sex trafficking in Europe Britain Denmark Dutch Republic Germany in World War II Malta Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Spain colonies Sweden North Africa and West Asia Iran Libya Human trafficking in the Middle East Ottoman Empire Yemen Religion ( show ) Bible Christianity Catholicism Mormonism Islam 21st century Judaism Bahá'í Faith Opposition and resistance ( show ) Timeline Abolitionism U.K. U.S. Anti-Slavery International Blockade of Africa U.K. U.S. Colonization Liberia Sierra Leone Compensated emancipation Freedman manumission Freedom suit Abolitionists Slave Power Underground Railroad songs Slave rebellion Slave Trade Acts International law 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution Related ( show ) Common law Indentured servitude Unfree labour Fugitive slaves laws Great Dismal Swamp maroons List of slaves owners Slave narrative films songs Slave name Slave catcher Slave patrol Slave Route Project Treatment in U.S. breeding court cases Washington Jefferson Adams Lincoln 40 acres Freedmen 's Bureau bit Emancipation Day See also : Slavery among the indigenous peoples of the Americas and Atlantic slave trade Public flogging of a slave in 19th - century Brazil . Indigenous peoples of the Americas in various European colonies were forced to work in European plantations and mines ; along with African slaves who were also introduced in the proceeding centuries . The colonists were heavily dependent on indigenous labor during the initial phases of European settlement to maintain the subsistence economy , and natives were often captured by expeditions . The importation of African slaves began midway through the 16th century , but the enslavement of indigenous peoples continued well into the 17th and 18th centuries . The Atlantic slave trade brought African slaves primarily to South American colonies , beginning with the Portuguese since 1502 . The main destinations of this phase were the Caribbean colonies and Brazil , as European nations built up economically slave - dependent colonies in the New World . Nearly 40 % of all African slaves trafficked to the Americas went to Brazil . An estimated 4.9 million slaves from Africa came to Brazil during the period from 1501 to 1866 . While the Portuguese , English and French settlers enslaved mainly African blacks , the Spaniards became very disposed of the natives . In 1750 Portugal abolished native slavery in the colonies because they considered them unfit for labour and began to import even more African slaves . Slaves were brought to the mainland on so - called slave ships , under inhuman conditions and ill - treatment , and those who survived were sold into the slave markets . After independence , all South American countries maintained slavery for some time . The first South American country to abolish slavery was Chile in 1823 , Uruguay in 1830 , Bolivia in 1831 , Colombia and Ecuador in 1851 , Argentina in 1853 , Peru and Venezuela in 1854 , Paraguay in 1869 , and in 1888 Brazil was the last South American nation and the last country in western world to abolish slavery . Independence from Spain and Portugal ( edit ) Main articles : Spanish American wars of independence and Independence of Brazil The Guayaquil conference between José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar The proclamation of the Independence of Brazil by Prince Pedro on 7 September 1822 Coronation of Pedro I as 1st Emperor of Brazil Bernardo O'Higgins swears officially the independence of Chile . The European Peninsular War ( 1807 -- 1814 ) , a theater of the Napoleonic Wars , changed the political situation of both the Spanish and Portuguese colonies . First , Napoleon invaded Portugal , but the House of Braganza avoided capture by escaping to Brazil . Napoleon also captured King Ferdinand VII of Spain , and appointed his own brother instead . This appointment provoked severe popular resistance , which created Juntas to rule in the name of the captured king . Many cities in the Spanish colonies , however , considered themselves equally authorized to appoint local Juntas like those of Spain . This began the Spanish American wars of independence between the patriots , who promoted such autonomy , and the royalists , who supported Spanish authority over the Americas . The Juntas , in both Spain and the Americas , promoted the ideas of the Enlightenment . Five years after the beginning of the war , Ferdinand VII returned to the throne and began the Absolutist Restoration as the royalists got the upper hand in the conflict . The independence of South America was secured by Simón Bolívar ( Venezuela ) and José de San Martín ( Argentina ) , the two most important Libertadores . Bolívar led a great uprising in the north , then led his army southward towards Lima , the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru . Meanwhile , San Martín led an army across the Andes Mountains , along with Chilean expatriates , and liberated Chile . He organized a fleet to reach Peru by sea , and sought the military support of various rebels from the Viceroyalty of Peru . The two armies finally met in Guayaquil , Ecuador , where they cornered the Royal Army of the Spanish Crown and forced its surrender . In the Portuguese Kingdom of Brazil , Dom Pedro I ( also Pedro IV of Portugal ) , son of the Portuguese King Dom João VI , proclaimed the independent Kingdom of Brazil in 1822 , which later became the Empire of Brazil . Despite the Portuguese loyalties of garrisons in Bahia , Cisplatina and Pará , independence was diplomatically accepted by the crown in Portugal in 1825 , on condition of a high compensation paid by Brazil mediatized by the United Kingdom . Nation - building and fragmentation ( edit ) The Thirty - Three Orientals proclaimed the independence of Cisplatine Province . Battle of Fanfa , battle scene in Southern Brazil during the Ragamuffin War The newly independent nations began a process of fragmentation , with several civil and international wars . However , it was not as strong as in Central America . Some countries created from provinces of larger countries stayed as such up to modern times ( such as Paraguay or Uruguay ) , while others were reconquered and reincorporated into their former countries ( such as the Republic of Entre Ríos and the Riograndense Republic ) . The first separatist attempt was in 1820 by the Argentine province of Entre Ríos , led by a caudillo . In spite of the `` Republic '' in its title , General Ramírez , its caudillo , never really intended to declare an independent Entre Rios . Rather , he was making a political statement in opposition to the monarchist and centralist ideas that back then permeated Buenos Aires politics . The `` country '' was reincorporated at the United Provinces in 1821 . In 1825 the Cisplatine Province declared its independence from the Empire of Brazil , which led to the Cisplatine War between the imperials and the Argentine from the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata to control the region . Three years later , the United Kingdom intervened in the question by proclaiming a tie and creating in the former Cisplatina a new independent country : The Oriental Republic of Uruguay , which was the only separatist province that maintained its independence . Later in 1836 , while Brazil was experiencing the chaos of the regency , Rio Grande do Sul proclaimed its independence motivated by a tax crisis . This was the longest and most bloody separatist conflict in South America . With the anticipation of the coronation of Pedro II to the throne of Brazil , the country could stabilize and fight the separatists , which the province of Santa Catarina had joined in 1839 . The Conflict came to an end with the total defeat of both Riograndense Republic and Juliana Republic and their reincorporation as provinces in 1845 . The Peru -- Bolivian Confederation , a short - lived union of Peru and Bolivia , was blocked by Chile in the War of the Confederation ( 1836 -- 1839 ) and again during the War of the Pacific ( 1879 -- 1883 ) . Paraguay was virtually destroyed by Argentina and Brazil in the Paraguayan War . Wars and conflicts ( edit ) Imperial Brazilian Navy and army troops during the Siege of Paysandú , 1865 The Uruguayan Army at the Battle of Sauce , 1866 The Imperial Brazilian Army during a procession in Paraguay , 1868 The Chilean Army in the battlefield of the Battle of Chorrillos , 1883 A German submarine under attack by Brazilian Air Force PBY Catalina , 31 July 1943 South American history in early 19th century was built almost exclusively on wars . Despite the Spanish American wars of independence and the Brazilian War of Independence , the new nations quickly began to suffer with internal conflicts and wars among themselves . In 1825 the proclamation of independence of Cisplatina led to the Cisplatine War between historical rivals the Empire of Brazil and the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata , Argentina 's predecessor . The result was a stalemate , ending with the British arranging for the independence of Uruguay . Soon after , another Brazilian province proclaimed its independence leading to the Ragamuffin War which Brazil won . Between 1836 and 1839 the War of the Confederation broke out between the short - lived Peru - Bolivian Confederation and Chile , with the support of the Argentine Confederation . The war was fought mostly in the actual territory of Peru and ended with a Confederate defeat and the dissolution of the Confederacy and annexation of many territories by Argentina . Meanwhile , the Argentine Civil Wars plagued Argentina since its independence . The conflict was mainly between those who defended the centralization of power in Buenos Aires and those who defended a confederation . During this period it can be said that `` there were two Argentines '' : the Argentine Confederation and the Argentine Republic . At the same time the political instability in Uruguay led to the Uruguayan Civil War among the main political factions of the country . All this instability in the platine region interfered with the goals of other countries such as Brazil , which was soon forced to take sides . In 1851 the Brazilian Empire , supporting the centralizing unitarians , and the Uruguayan government invaded Argentina and deposed the caudillo , Juan Manuel Rosas , who ruled the confederation with an iron hand . Although the Platine War did not put an end to the political chaos and civil war in Argentina , it brought temporary peace to Uruguay where the Colorados faction won , supported by the Brazilian Empire , British Empire , French Empire and the Unitarian Party of Argentina . Peace lasted only a short time : in 1864 the Uruguayan factions faced each other again in the Uruguayan War . The Blancos supported by Paraguay started to attack Brazilian and Argentine farmers near the borders . The Empire made an initial attempt to settle the dispute between Blancos and Colorados without success . In 1864 , after a Brazilian ultimatum was refused , the imperial government declared that Brazil 's military would begin reprisals . Brazil declined to acknowledge a formal state of war , and , for most of its duration , the Uruguayan -- Brazilian armed conflict was an undeclared war which led to the deposition of the Blancos and the rise of the pro-Brazilian Colorados to power again . This angered the Paraguayan government , which even before the end of the war invaded Brazil , beginning the biggest and deadliest war in both South American and Latin American histories : the Paraguayan War . The Paraguayan War began when the Paraguayan dictator Francisco Solano López ordered the invasion of the Brazilian provinces of Mato Grosso and Rio Grande do Sul . His attempt to cross Argentinian territory without Argentinian approval led the pro-Brazilian Argentine government into the war . The pro-Brazilian Uruguayan government showed its support by sending troops . In 1865 the three countries signed the Treaty of the Triple Alliance against Paraguay . At the beginning of the war , the Paraguayans took the lead with several victories , until the Triple Alliance organized to repel the invaders and fight effectively . This was the second total war experience in the world after the American Civil War . It was deemed the greatest war effort in the history of all participating countries , taking almost 6 years and ending with the complete devastation of Paraguay . The country lost 40 % of its territory to Brazil and Argentina and lost 60 % of its population , including 90 % of the men . The dictator Lopez was killed in battle and a new government was instituted in alliance with Brazil , which maintained occupation forces in the country until 1876 . The last South American war in the 19th century was the War of the Pacific with Bolivia and Peru on one side and Chile on the other . In 1879 the war began with Chilean troops occupying Bolivian ports , followed by Bolivia declaring war on Chile which activated an alliance treaty with Peru . The Bolivians were completely defeated in 1880 and Lima was occupied in 1881 . The peace was signed with Peru in 1883 while a truce was signed with Bolivia in 1884 . Chile annexed territories of both countries leaving Bolivia with no path to the sea . In the new century , as wars became less violent and less frequent , Brazil entered into a small conflict with Bolivia for the possession of the Acre , which was acquired by Brazil in 1902 . In 1917 Brazil declared war on the Central Powers and join the allied side in the World War I , sending a small fleet to the Mediterranean Sea and some troops to be integrated with the British and French troops . Brazil was the only South American country that fought in WWI . Later in 1932 Colombia and Peru entered a short armed conflict for territory in the Amazon . In the same year Paraguay declared war on Bolivia for possession of the Chaco , in a conflict that ended three years later with Paraguay 's victory . Between 1941 and 1942 Peru and Ecuador fought decisively for territories claimed by both that were annexed by Peru , usurping Ecuador 's frontier with Brazil . Also in this period the first naval battle of World War II was fought on the continent , in the River Plate , between British forces and German submarines . The Germans still made numerous attacks on Brazilian ships on the coast , causing Brazil to declare war on the Axis powers in 1942 , being the only South American country to fight in this war ( and in both World Wars ) . Brazil sent naval and air forces to combat German and Italian submarines off the continent and throughout the South Atlantic , in addition to sending an expeditionary force to fight in the Italian Campaign . A brief war was fought between Argentina and the UK in 1982 , following an Argentine invasion of the Falkland Islands , which ended with an Argentine defeat . The last international war to be fought on South American soil was the 1995 Cenepa War between Ecuador and the Peru along their mutual border . Rise and fall of military dictatorships ( edit ) Argentine soldiers during the Falklands War The Brazilian Minas Geraes class kindled an Argentine -- Brazilian -- Chilean naval arms race . Wars became less frequent in the 20th century , with Bolivia - Paraguay and Peru - Ecuador fighting the last inter-state wars . Early in the 20th century , the three wealthiest South American countries engaged in a vastly expensive naval arms race which was catalyzed by the introduction of a new warship type , the `` dreadnought '' . At one point , the Argentine government was spending a fifth of its entire yearly budget for just two dreadnoughts , a price that did not include later in - service costs , which for the Brazilian dreadnoughts was sixty percent of the initial purchase . The continent became a battlefield of the Cold War in the late 20th century . Some democratically elected governments of Argentina , Brazil , Chile , Uruguay and Paraguay were overthrown or displaced by military dictatorships in the 1960s and 1970s . To curtail opposition , their governments detained tens of thousands of political prisoners , many of whom were tortured and / or killed on inter-state collaboration . Economically , they began a transition to neoliberal economic policies . They placed their own actions within the US Cold War doctrine of `` National Security '' against internal subversion . Throughout the 1980s and 1990s , Peru suffered from an internal conflict . Argentina and Britain fought the Falklands War in 1982 . Colombia has had an ongoing , though diminished internal conflict , which started in 1964 with the creation of Marxist guerrillas ( FARC - EP ) and then involved several illegal armed groups of leftist - leaning ideology as well as the private armies of powerful drug lords . Many of these are now defunct , and only a small portion of the ELN remains , along with the stronger , though also greatly reduced , FARC . These leftist groups smuggle narcotics out of Colombia to fund their operations , while also using kidnapping , bombings , land mines and assassinations as weapons against both elected and non-elected citizens . Revolutionary movements and right - wing military dictatorships became common after World War II , but since the 1980s , a wave of democratization passed through the continent , and democratic rule is widespread now . Nonetheless , allegations of corruption are still very common , and several countries have developed crises which have forced the resignation of their governments , although , on most occasions , regular civilian succession has continued . Presidents of UNASUR member states at the Second Brasília Summit on 23 May 2008 . International indebtedness turned into a severe problem in the late 1980s , and some countries , despite having strong democracies , have not yet developed political institutions capable of handling such crises without resorting to unorthodox economic policies , as most recently illustrated by Argentina 's default in the early 21st century . The last twenty years have seen an increased push towards regional integration , with the creation of uniquely South American institutions such as the Andean Community , Mercosur and Unasur . Notably , starting with the election of Hugo Chávez in Venezuela in 1998 , the region experienced what has been termed a pink tide -- the election of several leftist and center - left administrations to most countries of the area , except for the Guianas and Colombia . Countries and territories ( edit ) See also : List of South American countries by population and List of sovereign states and dependent territories in South America by median age of population Flag Arms Country or territory with flag Capital Area ( km2 ) ( sq mi ) Population ( 2016 est . ) Population density per km ( per sq mi ) Argentina Buenos Aires 2,766,890 km ( 1,068,300 sq mi ) 43,847,430 14.3 / km2 ( 37 / sq mi ) Bolivia La Paz and Sucre 1,098,580 km ( 424,160 sq mi ) 10,887,882 8.4 / km2 ( 21.8 / sq mi ) Bouvet Island ( Norway ) 49 km ( 19 sq mi ) 0 0.0 / km2 ( 0 / sq mi ) Brazil Brasília 8,514,877 km ( 3,287,612 sq mi ) 207,652,865 22.0 / km2 ( 57 / sq mi ) Chile Santiago 756,950 km ( 292,260 sq mi ) 17,909,754 22 / km2 ( 57 / sq mi ) Colombia Bogotá 1,141,748 km ( 440,831 sq mi ) 48,653,419 40 / km2 ( 103.6 / sq mi ) Ecuador Quito 283,560 km ( 109,480 sq mi ) 16,385,068 53.8 / km2 ( 139.3 / sq mi ) Falkland Islands ( United Kingdom ) Stanley 12,173 km ( 4,700 sq mi ) 2,910 0.26 / km2 ( 0.7 / sq mi ) French Guiana ( France ) Cayenne ( Préfecture ) 91,000 km ( 35,000 sq mi ) 275,713 2.7 / km2 ( 5.4 / sq mi ) Guyana Georgetown 214,999 km ( 83,012 sq mi ) 773,303 3.5 / km2 ( 9.1 / sq mi ) Paraguay Asunción 406,750 km ( 157,050 sq mi ) 6,725,308 15.6 / km2 ( 40.4 / sq mi ) Peru Lima 1,285,220 km ( 496,230 sq mi ) 31,773,839 22 / km2 ( 57 / sq mi ) South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ( United Kingdom ) King Edward Point 3,093 km ( 1,194 sq mi ) 20 0 / km2 ( 0 / sq mi ) Suriname Paramaribo 163,270 km ( 63,040 sq mi ) 558,368 3 / km2 ( 7.8 / sq mi ) Uruguay Montevideo 176,220 km ( 68,040 sq mi ) 3,444,006 19.4 / km2 ( 50.2 / sq mi ) Venezuela Caracas 916,445 km ( 353,841 sq mi ) 31,568,179 30.2 / km2 ( 72 / sq mi ) Total 7007178245130000000 ♠ 17,824,513 420,458,044 21.5 / km2 Politics ( edit ) Headquarters of the UNASUR in Quito , Ecuador South American flags Historically , the Hispanic countries were founded as Republican dictatorships led by caudillos . Brazil was the only exception , being a constitutional monarchy for its first 67 years of independence , until a coup d'état proclaimed a republic . In the late 19th century , the most democratic countries were Brazil , Chile , Argentina and Uruguay . In the interwar period , nationalism grew stronger on the continent , influenced by countries like Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy . A series of authoritarian rules broke out in South American countries with views bringing them closer to the Axis Powers , like Vargas 's Brazil or Perón 's Argentina . In the late 20th century , during the Cold War , many countries became military dictatorships under American tutelage in attempts to avoid the influence of the Soviet Union . After the fall of the authoritarian regimes , these countries became democratic republics . During the first decade of the 21st century , South American governments have drifted to the political left , with leftist leaders being elected in Chile , Uruguay , Brazil , Argentina , Ecuador , Bolivia , Paraguay , Peru and Venezuela . Most South American countries are making increasing use of protectionist policies , helping local development . All South American countries are presidential republics with the exceptions of Peru , which is a semi-presidential republic , and Suriname , a parliamentary republic . French Guiana is a French overseas department , while the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands are British overseas territories . It is currently the only inhabited continent in the world without monarchies ; the Empire of Brazil existed during the 19th century and there was an unsuccessful attempt to establish a Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia in southern Argentina and Chile . Also in the twentieth century , Suriname was established as a constituent kingdom of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and Guyana retained the British monarch as head of state for 4 years after its independence . Recently , an intergovernmental entity has been formed which aims to merge the two existing customs unions : Mercosur and the Andean Community , thus forming the third - largest trade bloc in the world . This new political organization , known as Union of South American Nations , seeks to establish free movement of people , economic development , a common defense policy and the elimination of tariffs . Demographics ( edit ) Satellite view of South America at night from NASA . South America has over 420 million inhabitants and a rate of population growth of about 0.6 % per year . There are several areas of sparse demographics such as tropical forests , the Atacama Desert and the icy portions of Patagonia . On the other hand , the continent presents regions of high population density , such as the great urban centers . The population is formed by descendants of Europeans ( mainly Spaniards , Portuguese and Italians ) , Africans and indigenous peoples . There is a high percentage of mestizos that vary greatly in composition by place . There is also a minor population of Asians , especially in Brazil . The two main languages are by far Spanish and Portuguese , followed by French , English and Dutch in smaller numbers . Economically , Brazil , Argentina and Chile are the wealthiest and most developed nations in the continent . Language ( edit ) Languages in South America Spanish and Portuguese are the most spoken languages in South America , with approximately 200 million speakers each . Spanish is the official language of most countries , along with other native languages in some countries . Portuguese is the official language of Brazil . Dutch is the official language of Suriname ; English is the official language of Guyana , although there are at least twelve other languages spoken in the country , including Portuguese , Chinese , Hindustani and several native languages . English is also spoken in the Falkland Islands . French is the official language of French Guiana and the second language in Amapá , Brazil . Indigenous languages of South America include Quechua in Peru , Bolivia , Ecuador , Argentina , Chile and Colombia ; Wayuunaiki in northern Colombia ( La Guajira ) and northwestern Venezuela ( Zulia ) ; Guaraní in Paraguay and , to a much lesser extent , in Bolivia ; Aymara in Bolivia , Peru , and less often in Chile ; and Mapudungun is spoken in certain pockets of southern Chile and , more rarely , Argentina . At least three South American indigenous languages ( Quechua , Aymara , and Guarani ) are recognized along with Spanish as national languages . Other languages found in South America include Hindustani and Javanese in Suriname ; Italian in Argentina , Brazil , Uruguay , Venezuela and Chile ; and German in certain pockets of Argentina , Brazil , and Chile . German is also spoken in many regions of the southern states of Brazil , Riograndenser Hunsrückisch being the most widely spoken German dialect in the country ; among other Germanic dialects , a Brazilian form of East Pomeranian is also well represented and is experiencing a revival . Welsh remains spoken and written in the historic towns of Trelew and Rawson in the Argentine Patagonia . There are also small clusters of Japanese - speakers in Brazil , Colombia and Peru . Arabic speakers , often of Lebanese , Syrian , or Palestinian descent , can be found in Arab communities in Argentina , Colombia , Brazil , Venezuela and in Paraguay . Religion ( edit ) Las Lajas Sanctuary , Ipiales , Colombia Main article : Religion in Latin America See also : History of the Jews in Latin America and the Caribbean , Buddhism in Brazil , and Islam in Argentina An estimated 90 % of South Americans are Christians ( 82 % Roman Catholic , 8 % other Christian denominations mainly traditional Protestants and Evangelicals but also Orthodox ) , accounting for ca . 19 % of Christians worldwide . Crypto - Jews or Marranos , conversos , and Anusim were an important part of colonial life in Latin America . Both Buenos Aires , Argentina and São Paulo , Brazil figure among the largest Jewish populations by urban area . Japanese Buddhism and Shinto - derived Japanese New Religions are common in Brazil and Peru . Korean Confucianism is especially found in Brazil while Chinese Buddhism and Chinese Confucianism have spread throughout the continent . Kardecist Spiritism can be found in several countries . Part of Religions in South America ( 2013 ) : Religion in South America Countries Christians Roman Catholics Other Christians No religion ( atheists and agnostics ) Argentina 88 % 77 % 11 % 11 % Bolivia 96 % 74 % 22 % 4 % Brazil 86 % 64 % 22 % 9 % Chile 70 % 57 % 13 % 25 % Colombia 92 % 80 % 12 % 7 % Paraguay 96 % 87 % 9 % 2 % Peru 94 % 81 % 13 % 3 % Suriname 51 % 29 % 22 % 5 % Uruguay 58 % 47 % 11 % 41 % Venezuela 88 % 71 % 17 % 8 % Ethnic demographics ( edit ) Main article : Ethnic groups in South America Peruvian woman and her son of indigenous descent Afro - Brazilian girls Former president of Brazil Lula and members of the Italian Brazilian community during the Grape Festival at Caxias do Sul A Japanese - Brazilian Miko during a festival in Curitiba Genetic admixture occurs at very high levels in South America . In Argentina , the European influence accounts for 65 -- 79 % of the genetic background , Amerindian for 17 -- 31 % and sub-Saharan African for 2 -- 4 % . In Colombia , the sub-Saharan African genetic background varied from 1 % to 89 % , while the European genetic background varied from 20 % to 79 % , depending on the region . In Peru , European ancestries ranged from 1 % to 31 % , while the African contribution was only 1 % to 3 % . The Genographic Project determined the average Peruvian from Lima had about 28 % European ancestry , 68 % Native American , 2 % Asian ancestry and 2 % sub-Saharan African . Descendants of indigenous peoples , such as the Quechua and Aymara , or the Urarina of Amazonia make up the majority of the population in Bolivia ( 56 % ) and , per some sources , in Peru ( 44 % ) . In Ecuador , Amerindians are a large minority that comprises two - fifths of the population . The native European population is also a significant element in most other former Portuguese colonies . People who identify as of primarily or totally European descent , or identify their phenotype as corresponding to such group , are more of a majority in Argentina , and Uruguay and more than half of the population of Chile ( 64.7 % ) and ( 48.4 % ) in Brazil . In Venezuela , according to the national census 42 % of the population is primarily native Spanish , Italian and Portuguese descendants . In Colombia , people who identify as European descendant are about 37 % . In Peru , European descendants are the third group in number ( 15 % ) . Mestizos ( mixed European and Amerindian ) are the largest ethnic group in Paraguay , Venezuela , Colombia and Ecuador and the second group in Peru . South America is also home to one of the largest populations of Africans . This group is significantly present in Brazil , Colombia , Guyana , Suriname , French Guiana , Venezuela and Ecuador . Brazil followed by Peru have the largest Japanese , Korean and Chinese communities in South America . East Indians form the largest ethnic group in Guyana and Suriname . Ethnic distribution in South America Country Amerindians White people Mestizos Mulatos Black people Zambos Asian people Argentina 1 % 85 % 14 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % Bolivia 55 % 12 % 30 % 2 % 0 % < 1 % 0 % Brazil < 1 % 48 % 23 % 20 % 8 % 0 % 1. % Chile 3 % 64 % 33 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % Colombia 2 % 37 % 49 % 8 % 2 % 0 % 0 % Ecuador 39 % 10 % 41 % 5 % 5 % 0 % 0 % Paraguay 3 % 20 % 75 % 4 % 0 % 0 % 0 % Peru 45 % 15 % 35 % 2 % 0 % 0 % 3 % Uruguay 0 % 88 % 8 % 4 % 0 % 0 % 0 % Venezuela 3 % 43 % 60 % 8 % 2 % 0 % 1 % Indigenous people ( edit ) Main articles : List of Indigenous peoples of South America and Indigenous peoples in South America In many places indigenous people still practice a traditional lifestyle based on subsistence agriculture or as hunter - gatherers . There are still some uncontacted tribes residing in the Amazon Rainforest . Aguarunas Alacalufe Arawaks Ashanincas Atacameños Awá Aymara -- lives in the Altiplano of Bolivia , Argentina , Chile and Peru . Their language is co-official in Peru and Bolivia . Traditional lifestyle includes llama herding . Banawa Cañaris Caiapos Chibcha Cocama Chayahuita Diaguita Enxet Gê , Guaraní -- lives in Paraguay where the Guarani language is co-official with Spanish . Juris Kuna live on the Colombia -- Panama border . Mapuche -- lives mainly in southern Chile and Argentina . Matsés Pehuenche -- a branch of Mapuches that lived in the Andean valleys of southern ( see Araucanian ) . Quechuas -- makes up a large part of the population of Peru , Ecuador and Bolivia . Are diverse as an ethnic group . The Incas spoke Southern Quechua . Selknam Shipibo Shuar ( see Jívaro ) . Tupi Urarina Wai - Wai Wayuu Xucuru Yaghan Yagua Yąnomamö Zaparos Populace ( edit ) South American cities São Paulo Buenos Aires Rio de Janeiro Lima Bogotá The most populous country in South America is Brazil with 207.7 million people . The second largest country is Colombia with a population of 48,653,419 . Argentina is the third most populous country with 43,847,430 . While Brazil , Argentina , and Colombia maintain the largest populations , large city populations are not restricted to those nations . The largest cities in South America , by far , are São Paulo , Bogotá , and Lima . These cities are the only cities on the continent to exceed eight million , and three of five in the Americas . Next in size are Rio de Janeiro , Santiago , Caracas , Buenos Aires and Salvador . Five of the top ten metropolitan areas are in Brazil . These metropolitan areas all have a population of above 4 million and include the São Paulo metropolitan area , Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area , and Belo Horizonte metropolitan area . Whilst the majority of the largest metropolitan areas are within Brazil , Argentina is host to the second largest metropolitan area by population in South America : the Buenos Aires metropolitan region is above 13 million inhabitants . South America has also been witness to the growth of megapolitan areas . In Brazil four megaregions exist including the Expanded Metropolitan Complex of São Paulo with more than 32 million inhabitants . The others are the Greater Rio , Greater Belo Horizonte and Greater Porto Alegre . Colombia also has four megaregions which comprise 72 % of its population , followed by Venezuela , Argentina and Peru which are also homes of megaregions . The top ten largest South American metropolitan areas by population as of 2015 , based on national census numbers from each country : Metro Area Population Area Country São Paulo 21,090,792 7,947 km ( 3,068 sq mi ) Brazil Buenos Aires 13,693,657 3,830 km ( 1,480 sq mi ) Argentina Rio de Janeiro 13,131,431 6,744 km ( 2,604 sq mi ) Brazil Lima 9,904,727 2,819 km ( 1,088 sq mi ) Peru Bogotá 9,800,225 4,200 km ( 1,600 sq mi ) Colombia Santiago 6,683,852 15,403 km ( 5,947 sq mi ) Chile Belo Horizonte 5,829,923 9,467 km ( 3,655 sq mi ) Brazil Caracas 5,322,310 4,715 km ( 1,820 sq mi ) Venezuela Porto Alegre 4,258,926 10,232 km ( 3,951 sq mi ) Brazil Brasilia 4,201,737 56,433 km ( 21,789 sq mi ) Brazil 2015 Census figures . Economy ( edit ) Main articles : Economy of South America , List of Latin American and Caribbean countries by GDP ( nominal ) , and List of South American countries by GDP ( PPP ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( March 2017 ) Rafael Correa , Evo Morales , Néstor Kirchner , Cristina Fernández , Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva , Nicanor Duarte , and Hugo Chávez signed the founding charter of the Bank of the South . Trading panel of the São Paulo Stock Exchange is the second biggest in the Americas and 13th in the world . Financial center of Santiago , Chile Launch at the Kourou Space Center in French Guiana Refinery of Brazilian state - owned Petrobras in Cochabamba , Bolivia Chuquicamata is the largest open pit mine in the world , near the city of Calama in Chile . KC - 390 is the largest military transport aircraft produced in South America by the Brazilian company Embraer . Vineyard in Luján de Cuyo , province of Mendoza , Argentina South America relies less on the export of both manufactured goods and natural resources than the world average ; merchandise exports from the continent were 16 % of GDP on an exchange rate basis , compared to 25 % for the world as a whole . Brazil ( the seventh largest economy in the world and the largest in South America ) leads in terms of merchandise exports at $251 billion , followed by Venezuela at $93 billion , Chile at $86 billion , and Argentina at $84 billion . Since 1930 , the continent has experienced remarkable growth and diversification in most economic sectors . Most agricultural and livestock products are destined for the domestic market and local consumption . However , the export of agricultural products is essential for the balance of trade in most countries . The main agrarian crops are export crops , such as soy and wheat . The production of staple foods such as vegetables , corn or beans is large , but focused on domestic consumption . Livestock raising for meat exports is important in Argentina , Paraguay , Uruguay and Colombia . In tropical regions the most important crops are coffee , cocoa and bananas , mainly in Brazil , Colombia and Ecuador . Traditionally , the countries producing sugar for export are Peru , Guyana and Suriname , and in Brazil , sugar cane is also used to make ethanol . On the coast of Peru , northeast and south of Brazil , cotton is grown . Fifty percent of the South American surface is covered by forests , but timber industries are small and directed to domestic markets . In recent years , however , transnational companies have been settling in the Amazon to exploit noble timber destined for export . The Pacific coastal waters of South America are the most important for commercial fishing . The anchovy catch reaches thousands of tons , and tuna is also abundant ( Peru is a major exporter ) . The capture of crustaceans is remarkable , particularly in northeastern Brazil and Chile . Only Brazil and Argentina are part of the G20 ( industrial countries ) , while only Brazil is part of the G8 + 5 ( the most powerful and influential nations in the world ) . In the tourism sector , a series of negotiations began in 2005 to promote tourism and increase air connections within the region . Punta del Este , Florianópolis and Mar del Plata are among the most important resorts in South America . The most industrialized countries in South America are Brazil , Argentina , Chile , Colombia , Venezuela and Uruguay respectively . These countries alone account for more than 75 percent of the region 's economy and add up to a GDP of more than US $3.0 trillion . Industries in South America began to take on the economies of the region from the 1930s when the Great Depression in the United States and other countries of the world boosted industrial production in the continent . From that period the region left the agricultural side behind and began to achieve high rates of economic growth that remained until the early 1990s when they slowed due to political instabilities , economic crises and neoliberal policies . Since the end of the economic crisis in Brazil and Argentina that occurred in the period from 1998 to 2002 , which has led to economic recession , rising unemployment and falling population income , the industrial and service sectors have been recovering rapidly . Chile , Argentina and Brazil have recovered fastest , growing at an average of 5 % per year . All of South America after this period has been recovering and showing good signs of economic stability , with controlled inflation and exchange rates , continuous growth , a decrease in social inequality and unemployment -- factors that favor industry . The main industries are : electronics , textiles , food , automotive , metallurgy , aviation , naval , clothing , beverage , steel , tobacco , timber , chemical , among others . Exports reach almost US $400 billion annually , with Brazil accounting for half of this . The economic gap between the rich and poor in most South American nations is larger than on most other continents . The richest 10 % receive over 40 % of the nation 's income in Bolivia , Brazil , Chile , Colombia , and Paraguay , while the poorest 20 % receive 3 % or less in Bolivia , Brazil , and Colombia . This wide gap can be seen in many large South American cities where makeshift shacks and slums lie in the vicinity of skyscrapers and upper - class luxury apartments ; nearly one in nine South Americans live on less than $2 per day ( on a purchasing power parity basis ) . Country GDP ( nominal ) in 2017 GDP ( PPP ) in 2017 GDP ( PPP ) per capita in 2017 Merchandise exports ( $ bn ) , 2011 HDI in 2014 ( rank ) Percent with less than $2 ( PPP ) per person per day Argentina 7005628935000000000 ♠ 628,935 7005912816000000000 ♠ 912,816 7004207070000000000 ♠ 20,707 7001837000000000000 ♠ 83.7 6999836000000000000 ♠ 0.836 7000260000000000000 ♠ 2.6 Bolivia 7004392670000000000 ♠ 39,267 7004836080000000000 ♠ 83,608 7003755200000000000 ♠ 7,552 7000910000000000000 ♠ 9.1 6999662000000000000 ♠ 0.662 7001249000000000000 ♠ 24.9 Brazil 7006214094000000000 ♠ 2,140,940 7006321603100000000 ♠ 3,216,031 7004154850000000000 ♠ 15,485 7002250800000000000 ♠ 250.8 6999755000000000000 ♠ 0.755 7001108000000000000 ♠ 10.8 Chile 7005251220000000000 ♠ 251,220 7005455941000000000 ♠ 455,941 7004247960000000000 ♠ 24,796 7001861000000000000 ♠ 86.1 6999832000000000000 ♠ 0.832 7000270000000000000 ♠ 2.7 Colombia 7005306439000000000 ♠ 306,439 7005720151000000000 ♠ 720,151 7004146090000000000 ♠ 14,609 7001565000000000000 ♠ 56.5 6999720000000000000 ♠ 0.720 7001158000000000000 ♠ 15.8 Ecuador 7004973620000000000 ♠ 97,362 7005184629000000000 ♠ 184,629 7004110040000000000 ♠ 11,004 7001223000000000000 ♠ 22.3 6999732000000000000 ♠ 0.732 7001106000000000000 ♠ 10.6 Falkland Islands ( UK ) 7002165000000000000 ♠ 165 7002165000000000000 ♠ 165 7004554000000000000 ♠ 55,400 6999100000000000000 ♠ 0.1 French Guiana ( France ) 7003445600000000000 ♠ 4,456 7003445600000000000 ♠ 4,456 7004197280000000000 ♠ 19,728 7000130000000000000 ♠ 1.3 Guyana 7003359100000000000 ♠ 3,591 7003639800000000000 ♠ 6,398 7003830600000000000 ♠ 8,306 6999900000000000000 ♠ 0.9 6999636000000000000 ♠ 0.636 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18.0 Paraguay 7004287430000000000 ♠ 28,743 7004680050000000000 ♠ 68,005 7003977900000000000 ♠ 9,779 7000980000000000000 ♠ 9.8 6999679000000000000 ♠ 0.679 7001132000000000000 ♠ 13.2 Peru 7005285032000000000 ♠ 285,032 7005469803000000000 ♠ 469,803 7004135010000000000 ♠ 13,501 7001463000000000000 ♠ 46.3 6999734000000000000 ♠ 0.734 7001127000000000000 ♠ 12.7 Suriname 7003364100000000000 ♠ 3,641 7003796100000000000 ♠ 7,961 7004139340000000000 ♠ 13,934 7000160000000000000 ♠ 1.6 6999714000000000000 ♠ 0.714 7001272000000000000 ♠ 27.2 Uruguay 7004581230000000000 ♠ 58,123 7004778000000000000 ♠ 77,800 7004222710000000000 ♠ 22,271 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8.0 6999793000000000000 ♠ 0.793 7000220000000000000 ♠ 2.2 Venezuela 7005251589000000000 ♠ 251,589 7005404109000000000 ♠ 404,109 7004128560000000000 ♠ 12,856 7001926000000000000 ♠ 92.6 6999762000000000000 ♠ 0.762 7001129000000000000 ♠ 12.9 Total 7006383656900000000 ♠ 3,836,569 7006664262300000000 ♠ 6,642,623 7004178520000000000 ♠ 17,852 7002669100000000000 ♠ 669.1 6999729000000000000 ♠ 0.729 7001113000000000000 ♠ 11.3 Economically largest cities as of 2014 ( edit ) Rank City Country GDP in Int $ bn Population ( mil ) GDP per capita São Paulo Brazil $430 20,847,500 $20,650 Buenos Aires Argentina $315 13,381,800 $23,606 Lima Peru $176 10,670,200 $16,530 Rio de Janeiro Brazil $176 12,234,100 $14,176 5 Santiago Chile $171 7,164,400 $32,929 6 Bogotá Colombia $160 9,800,000 $17,497 7 Brasília Brazil $141 3,976,500 $35,689 8 Belo Horizonte Brazil $84 5,595,800 $15,134 9 Porto Alegre Brazil $62 4,120,900 $15,078 10 Campinas Brazil $59 2,854,200 $20,759 Tourism ( edit ) Tourism has increasingly become a significant source of income for many South American countries . Historical relics , architectural and natural wonders , a diverse range of foods and culture , vibrant and colorful cities , and stunning landscapes attract millions of tourists every year to South America . Some of the most visited places in the region are Iguazu Falls , Recife , Olinda , Machu Picchu , Bariloche , the Amazon rainforest , Rio de Janeiro , São Luís , Salvador , Fortaleza , Maceió , Buenos Aires , Florianópolis , San Ignacio Miní , Isla Margarita , Natal , Lima , São Paulo , Angel Falls , Brasília , Nazca Lines , Cuzco , Belo Horizonte , Lake Titicaca , Salar de Uyuni , Jesuit Missions of Chiquitos , Los Roques archipelago , Gran Sabana , Patagonia , Tayrona National Natural Park , Santa Marta , Bogotá , Medellín , Cartagena , Perito Moreno Glacier and the Galápagos Islands . In 2016 Brazil hosted the 2016 Summer Olympics . Culture ( edit ) Tango show in Buenos Aires , typical argentine dance . Carmen Miranda , Portuguese Brazilian singer helped popularize samba internationally . Teatro Solis , Uruguay . National Library , Brazil . South Americans are culturally influenced by their indigenous peoples , the historic connection with the Iberian Peninsula and Africa , and waves of immigrants from around the globe . South American nations have a rich variety of music . Some of the most famous genres include vallenato and cumbia from Colombia , pasillo from Colombia and Ecuador , samba , bossa nova and música sertaneja from Brazil , and tango from Argentina and Uruguay . Also well known is the non-commercial folk genre Nueva Canción movement which was founded in Argentina and Chile and quickly spread to the rest of the Latin America . People on the Peruvian coast created the fine guitar and cajon duos or trios in the most mestizo ( mixed ) of South American rhythms such as the Marinera ( from Lima ) , the Tondero ( from Piura ) , the 19th century popular Creole Valse or Peruvian Valse , the soulful Arequipan Yaravi , and the early 20th century Paraguayan Guarania . In the late 20th century , Spanish rock emerged by young hipsters influenced by British pop and American rock . Brazil has a Portuguese - language pop rock industry as well a great variety of other music genres . The literature of South America has attracted considerable critical and popular acclaim , especially with the Latin American Boom of the 1960s and 1970s , and the rise of authors such as Mario Vargas Llosa , Gabriel García Márquez in novels and Jorge Luis Borges and Pablo Neruda in other genres . The Brazilians Machado de Assis and João Guimarães Rosa are widely regarded as the greatest Brazilian writers . Because of South America 's broad ethnic mix , South American cuisine has African , South American Indian , Asian , and European influences . Bahia , Brazil , is especially well known for its West African -- influenced cuisine . Argentines , Chileans , Uruguayans , Brazilians , Bolivians , and Venezuelans regularly consume wine . People in Argentina , Paraguay , Uruguay , southern Chile , Bolivia and Brazil drink mate , an herb which is brewed . The Paraguayan version , terere , differs from other forms of mate in that it is served cold . Pisco is a liquor distilled from grapes in Peru and Chile . Peruvian cuisine mixes elements from Chinese , Japanese , Spanish , Italian , African , Arab , Andean , and Amazonic food . Plastic arts ( edit ) Bird ( Singapore ) , sculpture of Fernando Botero The artist Oswaldo Guayasamín ( 1919 -- 1999 ) from Ecuador , represented with his painting style the feeling of the peoples of Latin America highlighting social injustices in various parts of the world . The Colombian Fernando Botero ( 1932 ) is one of the greatest exponents of painting and sculpture that continues still active and has been able to develop a recognizable style of his own . For his part , the Venezuelan Carlos Cruz - Diez has contributed significantly to contemporary art , with the presence of works around the world . Currently several emerging South American artists are recognized by international art critics : Guillermo Lorca -- Chilean painter , Teddy Cobeña -- Ecuadorian sculptor and recipient of international sculpture award in France ) and Argentine artist Adrián Villar Rojas -- winner of the Zurich Museum Art Award among many others . Sport ( edit ) Main article : Sport in South America Maracanã Stadium in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil Panorama of the interior of the Maracanã stadium during the closing ceremony of the 2014 FIFA World Cup Atucha I Nuclear Power Plant , the first South - American nuclear power plant , in Argentina A wide range of sports are played in the continent of South America , with football ( a.k.a. soccer ) being the most popular overall , while baseball is the most popular in Venezuela . Other sports include basketball , cycling , polo , volleyball , futsal , motorsports , rugby ( mostly in Argentina and Uruguay ) , handball , tennis , golf , field hockey and boxing . South America hosted its first Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil in 2016 and will host the Youth Olympic Games in Buenos Aires , Argentina in 2018 . South America shares with Europe supremacy over the sport of football as all winners in FIFA World Cup history and all winning teams in the FIFA Club World Cup have come from these two continents . Brazil holds the record at the FIFA World Cup with five titles in total . Argentina and Uruguay have two titles each . So far four South American nations have hosted the tournament including the first edition in Uruguay ( 1930 ) . The other three were Brazil ( 1950 , 2014 ) , Chile ( 1962 ) , and Argentina ( 1978 ) . South America is home to the longest running international football tournament ; the Copa América , which has been regularly contested since 1916 . Uruguay won the Copa América a record 15 times , surpassing hosts Argentina in 2011 to reach 15 titles ( they were previously equal at 14 titles each during the 2011 Copa América ) . Also , in South America , a multi-sport event , the South American Games , are held every four years . The first edition was held in La Paz in 1978 and the most recent took place in Santiago in 2014 . Infrastructure ( edit ) Energy ( edit ) Due to the diversity of topography and pluviometric precipitation conditions , the region 's water resources vary enormously in different areas . In the Andes , navigation possibilities are limited , except for the Magdalena River , Lake Titicaca and the lakes of the southern regions of Chile and Argentina . Irrigation is an important factor for agriculture from northwestern Peru to Patagonia . Less than 10 % of the known electrical potential of the Andes had been used until the mid-1960s . The Brazilian Highlands has a much higher hydroelectric potential than the Andean region and its possibilities of exploitation are greater due to the existence of several large rivers with high margins and the occurrence of great differences forming huge cataracts , such as those of Paulo Afonso , Iguaçu and others . The Amazon River system has about 13,000 km of waterways , but its possibilities for hydroelectric use are still unknown . Most of the continent 's energy is generated through hydroelectric power plants , but there is also an important share of thermoelectric and wind energy . Brazil and Argentina are the only South American countries that generate nuclear power , each with two nuclear power plants . In 1991 these countries signed a peaceful nuclear cooperation agreement . Panoramic view of the Itaipu Dam , the largest of the world in energy production . Transport ( edit ) Stretch of the Pan-American Highway in Argentina The Port of Callao in Peru The La Paz cable car system in Bolivia is home to both the longest and highest urban cable car network in the world . South American transportation systems are still deficient , with low kilometric densities . The region has about 1,700,000 km of highways and 100,000 km of railways , which are concentrated in the coastal strip , and the interior is still devoid of communication . Only two railroads are continental : the Transandina , which connects Buenos Aires , in Argentina to Valparaíso , in Chile , and the Brazil -- Bolivia Railroad , which makes it the connection between the port of Santos in Brazil and the city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra , in Bolivia . In addition , there is the Pan-American Highway , which crosses the Andean countries from north to south , although some stretches are unfinished . Two areas of greater density occur in the railway sector : the platinum network , which develops around the Platine region , largely belonging to Argentina , with more than 45,000 km in length ; And the Southeast Brazil network , which mainly serves the state of São Paulo , state of Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais . Brazil and Argentina also stand out in the road sector . In addition to the modern roads that extend through northern Argentina and south - east and south of Brazil , a vast road complex aims to link Brasilia , the federal capital , to the South , Southeast , Northeast and Northern regions of Brazil . The Port of Callao is the main port of Peru . South America has one of the largest bays of navigable inland waterways in the world , represented mainly by the Amazon basin , the Platine basin , the São Francisco and the Orinoco basins , Brazil having about 54,000 km navigable , while Argentina has 6,500 km and Venezuela , 1,200 km . The two main merchant fleets also belong to Brazil and Argentina . The following are those of Chile , Venezuela , Peru and Colombia . The largest ports in commercial movement are those of Buenos Aires , Santos , Rio de Janeiro , Bahía Blanca , Rosario , Valparaiso , Recife , Salvador , Montevideo , Paranaguá , Rio Grande , Fortaleza , Belém and Maracaibo . In South America , commercial aviation has a magnificent expansion field , which has one of the largest traffic density lines in the world , Rio de Janeiro -- São Paulo , and large airports , such as Congonhas , São Paulo -- Guarulhos International and Viracopos ( São Paulo ) , Rio de Janeiro International and Santos Dumont ( Rio de Janeiro ) , Ezeiza ( Buenos Aires ) , Confins International Airport ( Belo Horizonte ) , Curitiba International Airport ( Curitiba ) , Brasilia , Caracas , Montevideo , Lima , Bogotá , Recife , Salvador , Salgado Filho International Airport ( Porto Alegre ) , Fortaleza , Manaus and Belém . The main public transport in major cities is the bus . Many cities also have a diverse system of metro and subway trains . The Santiago subway is the largest network in South America , with 103 km , while the São Paulo subway is the largest in transportation , with more than 4.6 million passengers per day and was voted the best in the Americas . In Rio de Janeiro was installed the first railroad of the continent , in 1854 . Today the city has a vast and diversified system of metropolitan trains , integrated with buses and subway . Recently it was also inaugurated in the city a Light Rail System called VLT , a small electrical trams at low speed , while São Paulo inaugurated its monorail , the first of South America . In Brazil , an express bus system called Bus Rapid Transit ( BRT ) , which operates in several cities , has also been developed . See also ( edit ) Main article : Outline of South America Bibliography of South America Flags of South America South America portal Geography portal Notes and references ( edit ) Content notes ( edit ) ^ Continent model : In some parts of the world South America is viewed as a subcontinent of the Americas ( a single continent in these areas ) , for example Latin America , Latin Europe , and Iran . In most of the countries with English as an official language , however , it is considered a continent ; see Americas ( terminology ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision '' . ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GDP Nominal , current prices '' . International Monetary Fund . 2018 . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` GDP PPP , current prices '' . International Monetary Fund . 2018 . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nominal GDP per capita '' . International Monetary Fund . 2018 . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` South America '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ `` Map And Details Of All 7 Continents '' . worldatlas.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . 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Behrendt , David Richardson , and David Eltis , W.E.B. Du Bois Institute for African and African - American Research , Harvard University . Based on `` records for 27,233 voyages that set out to obtain slaves for the Americas '' . Stephen Behrendt ( 1999 ) . `` Transatlantic Slave Trade '' . Africana : The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience . New York : Basic Civitas Books . ISBN 0 - 465 - 00071 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Caudillo '' . Jump up ^ Day , Peter ( 17 December 1997 ) . `` Ragamuffin War '' . Brasil Escola . Archived from the original on 3 March 2007 . Retrieved 27 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Souza , Rainer ( 20 January 2002 ) . `` Ragamuffin Revolution '' . RioGrande . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ Scheina , Robert L. ( 31 January 2003 ) . `` Latin America 's Wars '' . Potomac Books , Inc. -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ [email protected] , Daniel Arantes Loverde . `` A Guerra do Paraguai -- História -- Resumo '' . Historiadobrasil.net . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Woodard , James P. `` A Place in Politics : São Paulo , Brazil ; From Seigneurial Republicanism to Regionalist Revolt '' Duke University Press 2009 Chapter 3 `` War and the Health of the State '' especially pp. 77 -- 81 visualization on Google Books Jump up ^ Conniff , Michael L. and McCann , Frank D. `` Modern Brazil , Elites and Masses in Historical Perspective '' University of Nebraska Press 1991 ISBN 0803263481 p , 168 visualization on Google Books Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived 2013 - 09 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Churchill 1948 , pp. 525 -- 526 . ^ Jump up to : Ibidem Maximiano , Bonalume , Ricardo N. & Bujeiro , 2011 . Jump up ^ Frank D. MacCann -- ' Estudios Interdisciplinarios de America Latina y el Caribe ' , vol. 6 , No. 2 , 1995 . Jump up ^ Richard Hough , The Big Battleship ( London : Michael Joseph , 1966 ) , 19 . OCLC 8898108 . Jump up ^ Robert Scheina , Latin America : A Naval History , 1810 -- 1987 ( Annapolis , MD : Naval Institute Press , 1987 ) , 86 . ISBN 0 - 87021 - 295 - 8 . OCLC 15696006 . Jump up ^ `` The Cambridge History of Latin America '' , edited by Leslie Bethell , Cambridge University Press ( 1995 ) ISBN 0 - 521 - 39525 - 9 Jump up ^ Leslie Bethell ( 1995 ) . Bibliographical Essays . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 39525 - 0 . Jump up ^ Land areas and population estimates are taken from The 2008 World Factbook which currently uses July 2007 data , unless otherwise noted . Jump up ^ La Paz is the administrative capital of Bolivia ; Sucre is the judicial seat . Jump up ^ Bouvet Island is part of South America according to the United Nations geoscheme . Jump up ^ Includes Easter Island in the Pacific Ocean , a Chilean territory frequently reckoned in Oceania . Santiago is the administrative capital of Chile ; Valparaíso is the site of legislative meetings . Jump up ^ Claimed by Argentina . Jump up ^ Claimed by Argentina ; the South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in the South Atlantic Ocean are commonly associated with Antarctica ( due to proximity ) and have no permanent population , only hosting a periodic contingent of about 100 researchers and visitors . Jump up ^ `` What is the capital city of South Georgia And The South Sandwich Isla ... '' . Country-facts.findthedata.org. 28 January 2014 . Archived from the original on 28 January 2014 . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Lira 1977 , Vol 2 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Tungodden , Bertil ; Stern , Nicholas Herbert ; Stern , Nicholas ; Kolstad , Ivar ( 2004 ) . Toward Pro-poor Policies : Aid , Institutions , and Globalization . World Bank Publications . p. 219 . ISBN 9780821353882 . Jump up ^ Dennison de Oliveira , `` Os soldados alemães de Vargas '' Portuguese ( Germans against Hitler ; `` The German soldiers of Vargas '' ) 1st Chapter , Jurua print . 2008 ISBN 85 - 362 - 2076 - 7 Jump up ^ `` Globalpolicy.org '' . Globalpolicy.org. 2008 - 10 - 29 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The Languages spoken in Guyana '' . Studylands . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ Karam , John Tofik ( 2013 ) . `` On the Trail and Trial of a Palestinian Diaspora : Mapping South America in the Arab -- Israeli Conflict , 1967 -- 1972 '' . Journal of Latin American Studies . 45 ( 4 ) : 751 -- 777 . doi : 10.1017 / S0022216X13001156 . Jump up ^ `` Christians '' . Pewforum.org. 18 December 2012 . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Las religiones en tiempos del Papa Francisco '' ( in Spanish ) . Latinobarómetro. April 2014 . p. 7 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 May 2015 . Retrieved 4 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Salzano , FM ; Sans , M ( 2014 ) . `` Interethnic admixture and the evolution of Latin American populations '' . Genet . Mol. Biol. 37 ( 1 Suppl ) : 151 -- 170 . doi : 10.1590 / s1415 - 47572014000200003 . PMC 3983580 . PMID 24764751 . Jump up ^ `` Your Regional Ancestry : Reference Populations '' . Genographic.nationalgeographic.com . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Dean , Bartholomew 2009 Urarina Society , Cosmology , and History in Peruvian Amazonia , Gainesville : University Press of Florida ISBN 978 - 0 - 8130 - 3378 - 5 ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Peru '' . World Factbook . CIA . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Bolivia '' . World Factbook . CIA . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina '' . World Factbook . CIA . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina y Uruguay , su población está formada casi exclusivamente por una población blanca e blanca mestiza procedente del sur de Europa , más del 90 % E. García Zarza , 1992 , 19 '' . Geografia.fflch.usp.br . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Cruz - Coke , R ; Moreno , RS ( 1994 ) . `` Genetic epidemiology of single gene defects in Chile '' . Journal of Medical Genetics . 31 ( 9 ) : 702 -- 706 . doi : 10.1136 / jmg. 31.9. 702 . PMC 1050080 . PMID 7815439 . Jump up ^ `` População residente por situação , sexo e grupos de idade '' . Sidra.ibge.gov.br . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Latinoamerica '' ( PDF ) . Revistas.ucm.es . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The Chilean population is rather homogeneous with 95.4 % of its population having native European ancestors '' . Studentsgoabroad.com. 1973 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Calendario de Publicaciones del Censo 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Ine.gov.ve . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bushnell , David & Rex A. Hudson ( 2010 ) `` The Society and Its Environment '' ; Colombia : a country study : 87 . Washingtion D.C. : Federal Research Division , Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` White Colombians '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` LA Road Show '' . Fppmedia.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ Nakamura , Akemi ( January 15 , 2008 ) . `` Japan , Brazil mark a century of settlement , family ties '' . Japan Times . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` East Indians of the Caribbean '' . FAQs.org . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook '' . Cia.gov . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Lizcano Fernández , Francisco ( May -- August 2005 ) . `` Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI '' ( PDF ) . Convergencia ( in Spanish ) . Mexico : Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México , Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades. 38 : 185 -- 232 ; table on p. 218 . ISSN 1405 - 1435 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Indigenous peoples of South America . Astromonos.org . Retrieved on 2015 - 10 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Country Comparison : Exports '' . The World Factbook . CIA . 2011 . ^ Jump up to : O SISTEMA ECONÔMICO / AMÉRICA DO SUL . In : Atlas Mundial . São Paulo : Cia . Melhoramentos de São Paulo , 1999 , pp. 26 -- 27 , 88 -- 107 ISBN 85 - 06 - 02889 - 2 Jump up ^ `` Income share held by highest 10 % '' . The World Bank . 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Income share held by lowest 20 % '' . The World Bank . 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Poverty headcount ratio at $2 a day ( PPP ) ( % of population ) '' . The World Bank . 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Economic Outlook Database '' . IMF . April 2017 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Human Development Report 2014 . Human development indices . p. 23 '' ( PDF ) . The United Nations . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Falkland Islands '' . The World Factbook . CIA . 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guyane '' ( PDF ) . IEDOM. 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Global Metro Monitor '' . Brookings Institution . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Global Metro Monitor '' . Brookings Institution . April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Latin & South America Tourism Statistics & Visitor Numbers '' . Bigtravelweb.com. 2008 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Juan Luis Eugenio - Martín , Noelia Martín Morales , Riccardo Scarpa ( February 2004 ) Tourism and Economic Growth in Latin American Countries : A Panel Data Approach . FEEM Working Paper No . 26.2004 Jump up ^ `` Top attractions '' . Gosouthamerica.about.com. 2007 - 12 - 04 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Backpackers destination . vipbackpackers.com Jump up ^ `` Guayasamín , el pintor ecuatoriano que retrató los sufrimientos latinoamericanos '' . Andes , Agencia de Noticias . Jump up ^ `` Fenando Botero , Sala de Exposciones , Bilbao '' . Museo de Bellas Artes de Bilbao . Jump up ^ `` Carlo Cruz - Díez redefines colour with new york '' . Wall papper , Art News . Jump up ^ `` Museo de Bellas Artes de Chile '' ( PDF ) . Museo de Bellas Artes . Jump up ^ `` Life style '' . America Economia . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Las esculturas de Teddy Cobeña las favoritas del público '' . Europa Press . 19 December 2016 . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Teddy Cobeña lleva sus esculturas a Paris '' . El Universo . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Las esculturas de Teddy Cobeña las favoritas en Francia '' . EFE. 19 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Adrián Villar Rojas o cómo convertir las ruinas en un éxito planetario '' . La Nacion . Jump up ^ `` Tiempo - ficción de Adrián Villar Rojas '' . El Cultural. 14 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Gap in the Andes : Image of the Day '' . Earthobservatory.nasa.gov. 2015 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Guía del Viajero '' ( in Spanish ) . Metro de Santiago . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Metro -- Passengers '' ( in Portuguese ) . Companhia Do Metropolitano De São Paulo . 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Ambassador Rubens A. Barbosa . `` MERCOSUL IN THE REGIONAL CONTEXT '' . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 19 . Sources ( edit ) `` South America '' . The Columbia Gazetteer of the World Online . 2005 . New York : Columbia University Press . Latin American Network Information Database External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : South America ( category ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for South America . The Wikibook ( ( wikibooks : ) ) has a page on the topic of : Wikijunior South America South America articles History Settlement of the Americas Paleo - Indians Pre-Columbian era European colonization Portuguese Spanish Geography Cities Countries and dependent territories by population Extreme points Geology Islands Lakes Mountains Rivers Politics Union of South American Nations ( USAN ) Organization of American States ( OAS ) Economy Andean Community Mercosur Transportation Countries by GDP ( per capita ) PPP per capita HDI Internet users Minimum wages Society Languages endangered Social ( and financial ) rankings Universities Culture Art painting sculpture Architecture Cinema Cuisine Music Philosophy Religion Sport Symbols Demographics Countries by population density Ethnic groups indigenous peoples classification Immigration Life expectancy Outline Bibliography Category Portal Maps Countries and dependencies of South America Sovereign states Entire Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile 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Regions of Africa Central Africa Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Cape Lopez Mayombe Igboland Mbaise Maputaland Pool Malebo Congo Basin Chad Basin Congolese rainforests Ouaddaï highlands Ennedi Plateau East Africa African Great Lakes Albertine Rift East African Rift Great Rift Valley Gregory Rift Rift Valley lakes Swahili coast Virunga Mountains Kavirondo Zanj Serengeti Horn of Africa Afar Triangle Al - Habash Barbara Danakil Alps Danakil Desert Ethiopian Highlands Gulf of Aden Gulf of Tadjoura Indian Ocean islands Comoros Islands North Africa Maghreb Barbary Coast Bashmur Ancient Libya Atlas Mountains Nile Valley Cataracts of the Nile Darfur Gulf of Aqaba Lower Egypt Lower Nubia Middle Egypt Nile Delta Nuba Mountains Nubia The Sudans Upper Egypt Western Sahara West Africa Pepper Coast Gold Coast Slave Coast Ivory Coast Cape Palmas Cape Mesurado Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Niger Basin Guinean Forests of West Africa Niger Delta Inner Niger Delta Southern Africa Madagascar Central Highlands 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Sea Golan Heights Hula Valley Galilee Gilead Judea Samaria Arabah Anti-Lebanon Mountains Sinai Peninsula Arabian Desert Syrian Desert Fertile Crescent Azerbaijan Syria Palestine Iranian Plateau Armenian Highlands Caucasus Caucasus Mountains Greater Caucasus Lesser Caucasus North Caucasus South Caucasus Kur - Araz Lowland Lankaran Lowland Alborz Absheron Peninsula Anatolia Cilicia Cappadocia Alpide belt South Orient Greater India Indian subcontinent Himalayas Hindu Kush Carnatic region Western Ghats Eastern Ghats Ganges Basin Ganges Delta Pashtunistan Punjab Balochistan Kashmir Kashmir Valley Pir Panjal Range Thar Desert Indus Valley Indus River Delta Indus Valley Desert Indo - Gangetic Plain Eastern coastal plains Western Coastal Plains Meghalaya subtropical forests MENASA Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows Doab Bagar tract Great Rann of Kutch Little Rann of Kutch Deccan Plateau Coromandel Coast Konkan False Divi Point Hindi 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Coast Gulf Coast Third Coast Eastern United States Appalachia Trans - Mississippi Great North Woods Great Plains Interior Plains Great Lakes Great Basin Great Basin Desert Acadia Ozarks Ark - La - Tex Waxhaws Siouxland Twin Tiers Driftless Area Palouse Piedmont Atlantic coastal plain Outer Lands Black Dirt Region Blackstone Valley Piney Woods Rocky Mountains Mojave Desert The Dakotas The Carolinas Shawnee Hills San Fernando Valley Tornado Alley North Coast Lost Coast Emerald Triangle San Francisco Bay Area San Francisco Bay North Bay East Bay Silicon Valley Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga Gulf of Mexico Lower Colorado River Valley Sacramento -- San Joaquin River Delta Yukon -- Kuskokwim Delta Colville Delta Arkansas Delta Mobile -- Tensaw River Delta Mississippi Delta Mississippi River Delta Columbia River Estuary Great Basin High Desert Monterey Peninsula Upper Peninsula of Michigan Lower Peninsula of Michigan Virginia Peninsula Keweenaw Peninsula Middle Peninsula Delmarva Peninsula Alaska Peninsula Kenai Peninsula Niagara Peninsula Beringia Belt regions Bible Belt Black Belt Corn Belt Cotton Belt Frost Belt Rice Belt Rust Belt Sun Belt Snow Belt Latin Northern Mexico Baja California Peninsula Gulf of California Colorado River Delta Gulf of Mexico Soconusco Tierra Caliente La Mixteca La Huasteca Bajío Valley of Mexico Mezquital Valley Sierra Madre de Oaxaca Yucatán Peninsula Basin and Range Province Western Caribbean Zone Isthmus of Panama Gulf of Panama Pearl Islands Azuero Peninsula Mosquito Coast West Indies Antilles Greater Antilles Lesser Antilles Leeward Leeward Antilles Windward Lucayan Archipelago Southern Caribbean Aridoamerica Mesoamerica Oasisamerica Northern Middle Anglo Latin French Hispanic American Cordillera Ring of Fire LAC Regions of Oceania Australasia Gulf of Carpentaria Zealandia Kula Gulf Australia Capital Country Eastern Australia Lake Eyre basin Murray -- Darling basin Northern Australia Nullarbor Plain Outback Southern Australia Maralinga Sunraysia Great Victoria Desert Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf St Vincent Lefevre Peninsula Fleurieu Peninsula Yorke Peninsula Eyre Peninsula Mornington Peninsula Bellarine Peninsula Mount Henry Peninsula Melanesia Islands Region Bismarck Archipelago Solomon Islands North Solomon Islands Solomon Islands Fiji New Caledonia New Guinea Papua New Guinea Republic of West Papua Vanuatu Micronesia Caroline Islands Federated States of Micronesia Palau Kiribati Mariana Islands Guam Northern Mariana Islands Marshall Islands Nauru Wake Island Polynesia Easter Island Hawaiian Islands Cook Islands French Polynesia Austral Islands Gambier Islands Mangareva Islands Marquesas Islands Society Islands Tuamotu Kermadec Islands New Zealand South Island North Island Niue Pitcairn Islands Samoan Islands American Samoa Independent State of Samoa Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Ring of Fire Regions of South America East Amazon basin Atlantic Forest Caatinga Cerrado North Caribbean South America West Indies Los Llanos The Guianas Amazon basin Amazon rainforest Gulf of Paria Paria Peninsula Paraguaná Peninsula Orinoco Delta South Tierra del Fuego Patagonia Pampas Pantanal Gran Chaco Chiquitano dry forests Valdes Peninsula West Andes Tropical Andes Wet Andes Dry Andes Pariacaca mountain range Altiplano Atacama Desert Latin Hispanic American Cordillera Ring of Fire LAC Polar regions Antarctic Antarctic Peninsula East Antarctica West Antarctica Eklund Islands Ecozone Extreme points Islands Arctic Arctic Alaska British Arctic Territories Canadian Arctic Archipelago Finnmark Greenland Northern Canada Northwest Territories Nunavik Nunavut Russian Arctic Sakha Sápmi Yukon North American Arctic Earth 's oceans and seas Arctic Ocean Amundsen Gulf Barents Sea Beaufort Sea Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Greenland Sea Gulf of Boothia Kara Sea Laptev Sea Lincoln Sea Prince Gustav Adolf Sea Pechora Sea Queen Victoria Sea Wandel Sea White Sea Atlantic Ocean Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea Alboran Sea Archipelago Sea Argentine Sea Baffin Bay Balearic Sea Baltic Sea Bay of Biscay Bay of Bothnia Bay of Campeche Bay of Fundy Black Sea Bothnian Sea Caribbean Sea Celtic Sea English Channel Foxe Basin Greenland Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Gulf of Lion Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Maine Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Saint Lawrence Gulf of Sidra Gulf of Venezuela Hudson Bay Ionian Sea Irish Sea Irminger Sea James Bay Labrador Sea Levantine Sea Libyan Sea Ligurian Sea Marmara Sea Mediterranean Sea Myrtoan Sea North Sea Norwegian Sea Sargasso Sea Sea of Åland Sea of Azov Sea of Crete Sea of the Hebrides Thracian Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Wadden Sea Indian Ocean Andaman Sea Arabian Sea Bali Sea Bay of Bengal Flores Sea Great Australian Bight Gulf of Aden Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Oman Gulf of Suez Java Sea Laccadive Sea Mozambique Channel Persian Gulf Red Sea Timor Sea Pacific Ocean Arafura Sea Banda Sea Bering Sea Bismarck Sea Bohai Sea Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Ceram Sea Chilean Sea Coral Sea East China Sea Gulf of Alaska Gulf of Anadyr Gulf of California Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Fonseca Gulf of Panama Gulf of Thailand Gulf of Tonkin Halmahera Sea Koro Sea Mar de Grau Molucca Sea Moro Gulf Philippine Sea Salish Sea Savu Sea Sea of Japan Sea of Okhotsk Seto Inland Sea Shantar Sea Sibuyan Sea Solomon Sea South China Sea Sulu Sea Tasman Sea Visayan Sea Yellow Sea Southern Ocean Amundsen Sea Bellingshausen Sea Cooperation Sea Cosmonauts Sea Davis Sea D'Urville Sea King Haakon VII Sea Lazarev Sea Mawson Sea Riiser - Larsen Sea Ross Sea Scotia Sea Somov Sea Weddell Sea Landlocked seas Aral Sea Caspian Sea Dead Sea Salton Sea Book Category BNF : cb15238513g ( data ) GND : 4078014 - 4 LCCN : sh85125524 NARA : 10035685 NDL : 00567659 SELIBR : 163484 VIAF : 170506329 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_America&oldid=854308392 '' Categories : South America Continents Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Webarchive 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many countries in south america with name | [
"It is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east by the Atlantic Ocean; North America and the Caribbean Sea lie to the northwest. It includes twelve sovereign states (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela), a part of France (French Guiana), and a non-sovereign area (the Falkland Islands, a British Overseas Territory though this is disputed by Argentina). In addition to this, the ABC islands of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Trinidad and Tobago, and Panama may also be considered part of South America.\n"
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2628288928673574833 | 2021 America's Cup | 2021 America 's Cup - wikipedia 2021 America 's Cup 36th America 's Cup Defender New Zealand Defender club : Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron Yacht : TBD Challenger Italy Challenger club : Circolo della Vela Sicilia Yacht : TBD Competition Location : Auckland , New Zealand Dates : March 2021 Winner : TBD Score : TBD The 36th America 's Cup presented by Prada is the upcoming edition of the America 's Cup yacht race . It will be contested by the winner of the 2017 America 's Cup , Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron , represented by their team , Emirates Team New Zealand , and the winner of the Prada Cup , the challenger selection series which takes place in January - February 2021 . The `` Challenger of Record '' , the club that negotiates the racing protocol for the competition with the defender , is Circolo della Vela Sicilia who will be represented by their team Luna Rossa Challenge . As per the Protocol , for the 36th edition of the America 's Cup , the Challenger of Record ( COR36 ) shall be responsible for organising all the preliminary regattas including the America 's Cup World Series ( 2019 - 2020 ) , the Christmas Race ( December 2020 ) and ultimately the Prada Cup in Auckland . Contents 1 Scheduling 2 Challengers 3 Venue 4 Boats 5 Nationality 6 Timeline 7 References Scheduling ( edit ) The event will take place between March 6 - 21st , 2021 . Entries for challengers opened on 1 January 2018 and closed on 30 June 2018 with late entries accepted until 31 December 2018 . The America 's Cup World Series will be held in 2019 and 2020 with a Christmas regatta in December 2020 . The Challenger series will be held in January and February 2021 with the America 's Cup match in March . Prior to Emirates Team New Zealand winning the 35th America 's Cup in 2017 , Oracle ( the defender at the time ) and four of the five challengers had signed a framework that would have seen the 36th America 's Cup in 2019 and the 37th in 2021 , with the existing 35th Cup class boats , the AC50s , and a pre-selection America 's Cup World Series tournament with the same boats . Team New Zealand , the eventual champion , had opted to not sign the framework agreement , and were not bound by its terms , freeing them to set their defence for 2021 , while also choosing the AC75 boats , in hope of making the competition more attractive to sailors . Challengers ( edit ) Circolo della Vela Sicilia is the `` Challenger of Record '' for the 36th America 's Cup . Their team , Luna Rossa Challenge is led by Max Sirena , had previously lost to Emirates Team New Zealand in the 2000 America 's Cup and the 2007 and 2013 Louis Vuitton Cup finals . On 13 March 2018 Jimmy Spithill announced he was returning to Luna Rossa Challenge . INEOS TEAM UK has entered and is led by Ben Ainslie . There is speculation there could also be entries from Australia and China , and second challengers from Italy and the United States . The New York Yacht Club ( NYYC ) has entered AC36 , under the syndicate name American Magic , with a team led by Terry Hutchinson and Bella Mente Quantum Racing Association . In May 2018 it was announced that Dean Barker would helm the boat . `` American Magic '' refers to the first Cup winner , the yacht America of 1851 , and the first defender , NYYC 's yacht Magic , who successfully defended in 1870 . The America 's Cup trophy was held by the NYYC for 132 years until 1983 . The NYYC successfully defended the trophy twenty - four times in a row before being defeated by the Royal Perth Yacht Club , represented by the yacht Australia II . The NYYC 's reign was the longest winning streak ( in terms of date ) in the history of all sports . Venue ( edit ) The Cup will be sailed in New Zealand 's Hauraki Gulf , on the east coast of the North Island , in Auckland City 's Waitematā Harbour as the venue . Italy has been announced as the backup venue . Boats ( edit ) The Cup will be sailed in the AC75 , 75 foot foiling monohulls . The boats are expected to have requirements around the boats being `` constructed in country '' . Teams are allowed to build two boats each . Nationality ( edit ) Twenty percent of sailors in each team must have passports from that country . The rest must meet a residency requirement : they must reside in that team 's country for 380 days from 1 September 2018 to 1 September 2020 . Timeline ( edit ) September 28 , 2017 : 36th America 's Cup Protocol released November 30 , 2017 : AC75 Class concepts released to key stakeholders January 1 , 2018 : Entries for Challengers open March 31 , 2018 : AC75 Class Rule published June 30 , 2018 : Entries for Challengers close August 31 , 2018 : Location of the America 's Cup Match and The PRADA Cup confirmed August 31 , 2018 : Specific race course area confirmed November 30 , 2018 : Late entries deadline March 31 , 2019 : Boat 1 can be launched 2nd half of 2019 : 2 x America 's Cup World Series Preliminary Events February 1 , 2020 : Boat 2 can be launched During 2020 : 3 x America 's Cup World Series Preliminary Events December 10 - 20 , 2020 : America 's Cup Christmas Race January and February 2021 : The PRADA Cup Challenger Selection Series March 2021 : The America 's Cup Match References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Steve Mair , Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron , Commodore ; Agostino Randazzo Randazzo , Circolo della Vela Sicilia , Commodore ( 26 June 2017 ) . `` XXXVI America 's Cup . Circolo della Vela Sicilia Challenger of Record with Luna Rossa '' . Luna Rossa Challenge . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Press Release '' . Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron. 19 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grant Dalton to reveal America 's Cup plans in two weeks '' . The New Zealand Herald . 27 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Team NZ promise new America 's Cup boat will be ' the future of monohull sailing ' '' . Stuff . Jump up ^ 35th America 's Cup Organization . `` The Future of the America 's Cup '' . Jump up ^ https://edition.cnn.com/2018/03/13/sport/jimmy-spithill-americas-cup-luna-rossa/index.html Jump up ^ Clarey , Christopher ( 29 September 2017 ) . `` America 's Cup Will Return to Monohulls in 2021 '' -- via www.nytimes.com . Jump up ^ http://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/news/article.cfm?c_id=4&objectid=11930225 Jump up ^ https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/other-sports/102242239/six-challengers-emerge-for-next-americas-cup Jump up ^ https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/other-sports/103545664/Dean-Barker-leads-Kiwi-quartet-as-helmsman-for-New-Yorks-2021-Americas-Cup-bid Jump up ^ Alan Baldwin ( 27 March 2018 ) . Ed Osmond , ed . `` Sailing : ' American Magic ' to challenge for 2021 America 's Cup '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ John Rousmaniere ( 1983 ) . The America 's Cup 1851 -- 1983 . Pelham Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7207 - 1503 - 3 . Jump up ^ France , Marvin ( 27 June 2017 ) . `` Auld Mug headed back to Auckland as next America 's Cup takes shape '' . Stuff.co.nz . Jump up ^ `` Here 's where the next America 's Cup could take place '' . The New Zealand Herald . 27 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Recap : America 's Cup 2021 rules reveal '' . Stuff . Jump up ^ `` Sailing : Monohulls confirmed for next America 's Cup '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 12 September 2017 . Jump up ^ The America 's Cup Class AC75 Boat Concept Revealed , New Zealand : Team New Zealand , 2017 - 11 - 20 Jump up ^ `` Team New Zealand confirm they will strengthen nationality component for next America 's Cup '' . Stuff.co.nz . Retrieved 19 July 2017 . America 's Cup Deed of Gift Challengers and defenders Competing yacht clubs Editions 1851 1870 1871 1876 1881 1885 1886 1887 1893 1895 1899 1901 1903 1914 ( postponed ) 1920 1930 1934 1937 1958 1962 1964 1967 1970 1977 1980 1992 1995 2000 2003 2007 2013 2017 2021 Challenger Selection Series ( Louis Vuitton Cup ) 1970 1977 1980 1992 1995 2000 2003 2007 Acts 2013 World Series 2017 World Series 2021 World Series Defender Selection Series ( Citizen Cup ) 1992 1995 Class J Class 12 - Metre yachts IACC yachts regattas AC72 AC45 AC50 AC45F AC75 Related America ( yacht ) Louis Vuitton Pacific Series Louis Vuitton Trophy AC45 World Series Media Wind ( film ) The Wind Gods ( film ) The Billionaire and the Mechanic ( book ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2021_America%27s_Cup&oldid=857409105 '' Categories : 2021 America 's Cup America 's Cup regattas Sailing competitions in New Zealand 2021 in sailing 2021 in New Zealand sport Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use dmy dates from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 31 August 2018 , at 14 : 10 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where will the next america's cup be held | [
"The 36th America's Cup presented by Prada is the upcoming edition of the America's Cup yacht race. It will be contested by the winner of the 2017 America's Cup, Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron, represented by their team, Emirates Team New Zealand, and the winner of the Prada Cup, the challenger selection series which takes place in January-February 2021. The \"Challenger of Record\", the club that negotiates the racing protocol for the competition with the defender, is Circolo della Vela Sicilia who will be represented by their team Luna Rossa Challenge.[1] As per the Protocol, for the 36th edition of the America's Cup, the Challenger of Record (COR36) shall be responsible for organising all the preliminary regattas including the America's Cup World Series (2019-2020), the Christmas Race (December 2020) and ultimately the Prada Cup in Auckland.\n"
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"Auckland"
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-4875763001002518013 | Pharynx | Pharynx - wikipedia Pharynx Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Pharynx Head and inner neck Pharynx Details Artery pharyngeal branches of ascending pharyngeal artery , ascending palatine , descending palatine , pharyngeal branches of inferior thyroid Vein pharyngeal plexus Nerve pharyngeal plexus , maxillary nerve , mandibular nerve Identifiers Greek Pharynx MeSH A03. 556.750 Dorlands / Elsevier 12633198 TA A05. 3.01. 001 FMA 46688 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The pharynx ( plural : pharynges ) is the part of the throat that is behind the mouth and nasal cavity and above the esophagus and the larynx , or the tubes going down to the stomach and the lungs . The pharynx is an organ found in vertebrates and invertebrates , though the structure is not universally the same across all of those species . In humans the pharynx is part of the digestive system and also of the conducting zone of the respiratory system . ( The conducting zone also includes the nose , larynx , trachea , bronchi , and bronchioles , and their function is to filter , warm , and moisten air and conduct it into the lungs . ) The pharynx makes up the part of the throat situated immediately behind the nasal cavity , behind the mouth and above the esophagus and larynx . The human pharynx is conventionally divided into three sections : the nasopharynx , the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx . It is also important in vocalization . In humans there are two sets of pharyngeal muscles that form the pharynx , determining the shape of its lumen . These are arranged as an inner layer of longitudinal muscles and an outer circular layer . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Nasopharynx 1.2 Oropharynx 1.3 Laryngopharynx 2 Clinical significance 2.1 Inflammation 2.2 Pharyngeal cancer 2.3 Waldeyer 's Tonsillar Ring 3 History 3.1 Etymology 4 Other animals 4.1 Vertebrates 4.2 Invertebrate 5 Additional images 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Structure ( edit ) Nasopharynx ( edit ) The upper portion of the pharynx , the nasopharynx , extends from the base of the skull to the upper surface of the soft palate . It includes the space between the internal nares and the soft palate and lies above the oral cavity . The adenoids , also known as the pharyngeal tonsils , are lymphoid tissue structures located in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx . Waldeyer 's tonsillar ring is an annular arrangement of lymphoid tissue in both the nasopharynx and oropharynx . Upper respiratory system , with nasopharynx , oropharynx and laryngopharynx labeled at right . Polyps or mucus can obstruct the nasopharynx , as can congestion due to an upper respiratory infection . The auditory tube , which connect the middle ear to the pharynx , opens into the nasopharynx at the pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube . The opening and closing of the auditory tubes serves to equalize the barometric pressure in the middle ear with that of the ambient atmosphere . Details of torus tubarius The anterior aspect of the nasopharynx communicates through the choanae with the nasal cavities . On its lateral wall is the pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube , somewhat triangular in shape , and bounded behind by a firm prominence , the torus tubarius or cushion , caused by the medial end of the cartilage of the tube which elevates the mucous membrane . Two folds arise from the cartilaginous opening : the salpingopharyngeal fold , a vertical fold of mucous membrane extending from the inferior part of the torus and containing the salpingopharyngeus muscle the salpingopalatine fold , a smaller fold , in front of the salpingopharyngeal fold , extending from the superior part of the torus to the palate and containing the levator veli palatini muscle . It also contains some muscle fibres called salpingopalatine muscle The tensor veli palatini is lateral to the levator and does not contribute to the fold , since the origin is deep to the cartilaginous opening . Oropharynx ( edit ) The oropharynx lies behind the oral cavity , extending from the uvula to the level of the hyoid bone . It opens anteriorly , through the isthmus faucium , into the mouth , while in its lateral wall , between the palatoglossal arch and the palatopharyngeal arch , is the palatine tonsil . The anterior wall consists of the base of the tongue and the epiglottic vallecula ; the lateral wall is made up of the tonsil , tonsillar fossa , and tonsillar ( faucial ) pillars ; the superior wall consists of the inferior surface of the soft palate and the uvula . Because both food and air pass through the pharynx , a flap of connective tissue called the epiglottis closes over the glottis when food is swallowed to prevent aspiration . The oropharynx is lined by non-keratinised squamous stratified epithelium . The HACEK organisms ( Haemophilus , Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans , Cardiobacterium hominis , Eikenella corrodens , Kingella ) are part of the normal oropharyngeal flora , which grow slowly , prefer a carbon dioxide - enriched atmosphere , and share an enhanced capacity to produce endocardial infections , especially in young children . Fusobacterium is a pathogen . Laryngopharynx ( edit ) The laryngopharynx , ( Latin : pars laryngea pharyngis ) , also known as hypopharynx , is the caudal part of pharynx ; it is the part of the throat that connects to the esophagus . It lies inferior to the epiglottis and extends to the location where this common pathway diverges into the respiratory ( larynx ) and digestive ( esophagus ) pathways . At that point , the laryngopharynx is continuous with the esophagus posteriorly . The esophagus conducts food and fluids to the stomach ; air enters the larynx anteriorly . During swallowing , food has the `` right of way '' , and air passage temporarily stops . Corresponding roughly to the area located between the 4th and 6th cervical vertebrae , the superior boundary of the laryngopharynx is at the level of the hyoid bone . The laryngopharynx includes three major sites : the pyriform sinus , postcricoid area , and the posterior pharyngeal wall . Like the oropharynx above it , the laryngopharynx serves as a passageway for food and air and is lined with a stratified squamous epithelium . It is innervated by the pharyngeal plexus . The vascular supply to the laryngopharynx includes the superior thyroid artery , the lingual artery and the ascending pharyngeal artery . The primary neural supply is from both the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves . The vagus nerve provides a branch termed `` Arnolds Nerve '' which also supplies the external auditory canal , thus laryngopharyngeal cancer can result in referred otalgia . This nerve is also responsible for the ear - cough reflex in which stimulation of the ear canal results in a person coughing . Clinical significance ( edit ) Pharyngitis is the painful swelling of the throat . The oropharynx shown here is very inflamed and red . Inflammation ( edit ) Main article : Pharyngitis Inflammation of the pharynx , or pharyngitis , is the painful inflammation of the throat . Pharyngeal cancer ( edit ) Main article : Pharyngeal cancer Pharyngeal cancer is a cancer that originates in the neck and / or throat , and can cause serious clinical problems . It is technically a type of neck cancer or head cancer . Waldeyer 's tonsillar ring ( edit ) Main article : Waldeyer 's tonsillar ring Waldeyer 's tonsillar ring is an anatomical term collectively describing the annular arrangement of lymphoid tissue in the pharynx . Waldeyer 's ring circumscribes the naso - and oropharynx , with some of its tonsillar tissue located above and some below the soft palate ( and to the back of the oral cavity ) . It 's believed that , Waldeyer 's ring prevents the invasion of microorganisms from going into the air and food passages and this helps in the defense mechanism of the respiratory and alimentary systems . History ( edit ) Etymology ( edit ) The word pharynx ( pronounced / ˈfærɪŋks / ) is derived from the Greek φάρυγξ phárynx , meaning `` throat '' . Its plural form is pharynges / fəˈrɪndʒiːz / or pharynxes / ˈfærɪŋksəz / , and its adjective form is pharyngeal ( / ˌfærɪnˈdʒiːəl / or / fəˈrɪndʒiəl / ) . Other animals ( edit ) Vertebrates ( edit ) An illustration of the pharyngeal jaws of a moray eel . All vertebrates have a pharynx , used in both feeding and respiration . The pharynx arises during development in all vertebrates through a series of six or more outpocketings on the lateral sides of the head . These outpocketings are pharyngeal arches , and they give rise to a number of different structures in the skeletal , muscular and circulatory systems . The structure of the pharynx varies across the vertebrates . It differs in dogs , horses and ruminants . In dogs a single duct connects the nasopharynx to the nasal cavity . The tonsils are a compact mass which point away from the lumen of the pharynx . In the horse the auditory tube opens into the guttural pouch and the tonsils are diffuse and raised slightly . Horses are unable to breathe through the mouth as the free apex of the rostral epiglottis lies dorsal to the soft palate in a normal horse . In ruminants the tonsils are a compact mass which point towards the lumen of the pharynx . Pharyngeal arches are characteristic features of vertebrates whose origin can be traced back through chordates to basal deuterostomes who also share endodermal outpocketings of the pharyngeal apparatus . Similar patterns of gene expression can be detected in the developing pharynx of amphioxus and hemichordates . However , the vertebrate pharynx is unique in that it gives rise to endoskeletal support through the contribution of neural crest cells . Pharyngeal jaws are a `` second set '' of jaws contained within the pharynx of many species of fish , distinct from the primary ( oral ) jaws . Pharyngeal jaws have been studied in moray eels where their specific action is noted . When the moray bites prey , it first bites normally with its oral jaws , capturing the prey . Immediately thereafter , the pharyngeal jaws are brought forward and bite down on the prey to grip it ; they then retract , pulling the prey down the eel 's esophagus , allowing it to be swallowed . Invertebrate ( edit ) Invertebrates also have a pharynx . Invertebrates with a pharynx include the tardigrades , annelids and arthropods , and the priapulids ( which have an eversible pharynx ) . The `` pharynx '' of the nematode worm is a muscular food pump in the head , triangular in cross-section , that grinds food and transports it directly to the intestines . A one - way valve connects the pharynx to the excretory canal . Everted pharynx of Alitta virens ( also known as Nereis virens ) , lateral view Pharynx of the flatworm Prorhynchus fontinalis Pharynx of the flatworm Platydemus manokwari visible as the worm feeds on a snail . Longitudinal section through the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans showing the position of the pharynx in the animal body . Microscopic cross section through the pharynx of a larva from an unknown lamprey species . Additional images ( edit ) Nose and nasal Coronal section of right ear , showing auditory tube and levator veli palatini muscle . The entrance to the larynx , viewed from behind Deep dissection of human larynx , pharynx and tongue seen from behind The nasopharynx , oropharynx , and laryngopharynx or larynx can be seen clearly in this sagittal section of the head and neck . See also ( edit ) This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . Nasopharyngeal carcinoma Pharyngeal aspiration Pharyngeal consonant Pharyngeal ( disambiguation ) Saccopharynx , a genus of deep sea eel - like fishes with large mouths , distensible stomachs and long scaleless bodies Salpinx in anatomy Tonsil Tornwaldt cyst References ( edit ) This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Jump up ^ Respiratory Syster ( PDF ) . Benjamin Cummings ( Pearson Education , Inc ) . 2006 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Clinical Head and Neck and Functional Neuroscience Course Notes , 2008 - 2009 , Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences School of Medicine , Bethesda , Maryland Jump up ^ Simkins , C.S. ( 1943 ) . `` Functional anatomy of the Eustachian tube '' . Archives of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery . 38 ( 5 ) : 476 -- 484 . doi : 10.1001 / archotol. 1943.00670040495009 . Jump up ^ `` The Pharynx '' . 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Morpeth S , Murdoch D , Cabell CH , et al. ( December 2007 ) . `` Non-HACEK gram - negative bacillus endocarditis '' . Ann . Intern . Med. 147 ( 12 ) : 829 -- 35 . doi : 10.7326 / 0003 - 4819 - 147 - 12 - 200712180 - 00002 . PMID 18087053 . Jump up ^ Aliyu SH , Marriott RK , Curran MD , et al. ( 2004 ) . `` Real - time PCR investigation into the importance of Fusobacterium necrophorum as a cause of acute pharyngitis in general practice '' . J Med Microbiol. 53 ( Pt 10 ) : 1029 -- 35 . doi : 10.1099 / jmm. 0.45648 - 0 . PMID 15358827 . Jump up ^ `` Pharynx '' . Jump up ^ OED 2nd edition , 1989 . Jump up ^ Entry `` pharynx '' in Merriam - Webster Online Dictionary , retrieved 2012 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Graham , A ; Richardson , J ( 2012 ) . `` Developmental and evolutionary origins of the pharyngeal apparatus '' . EvoDevo. 3 ( 3 ) : 24 . doi : 10.1186 / 2041 - 9139 - 3 - 24 . PMC 3564725 . PMID 23020903 . Jump up ^ Mehta , Rita S. ; Peter C. Wainwright ( 2007 - 09 - 06 ) . `` Raptorial jaws in the throat help moray eels swallow large prey '' . Nature . 449 ( 7158 ) : 79 -- 82 . doi : 10.1038 / nature06062 . PMID 17805293 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ Eibye - Jacobsen ( 2001 ) . `` Are the supportive structures of the tardigrade pharynx homologous throughout the entire group ? '' . Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research . 39 : 1 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1439 - 0469.2001. 00140. x . Jump up ^ Elzinga , R.J. ( 1998 ) . `` Microspines in the alimentary canal of arthropoda , onychophora , annelida '' . International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology. 27 ( 4 ) : 341 . doi : 10.1016 / S0020 - 7322 ( 98 ) 00027 - 0 . Jump up ^ Morse , M. Patricia ( 1981 ) . `` Meiopriapulus fijiensis n . gen. , n . sp. : An Interstitial Priapulid from Coarse Sand in Fiji '' . Transactions of the American Microscopical Society . 100 ( 3 ) : 239 . doi : 10.2307 / 3225549 . JSTOR 3225549 . General Pharynx , Stedman 's Online Medical Dictionary at Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Human Anatomy and Physiology Elaine N. Marieb and Katja Hoehn , Seventh Edition . TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours Sobin LH & Wittekind Ch ( eds ) Sixth edition UICC 2002 ISBN 0 - 471 - 22288 - 7 External links ( edit ) Look up pharynx in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pharynx . Anatomy photo : 31 : st - 1401 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center Anatomy photo : 31 : st - 1403 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center Anatomy photo : 31 : st - 1406 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center Human systems and organs Musculoskeletal Skeletal system Bone Carpus Collar bone ( clavicle ) Thigh bone ( femur ) Fibula Humerus Mandible Metacarpus Metatarsus Ossicles Patella Phalanges Radius Skull ( cranium ) Tarsus Tibia Ulna Rib Vertebra Pelvis Sternum Cartilage Joints Fibrous joint Cartilaginous joint Synovial joint Muscular system Muscle Tendon Diaphragm Circulatory system Cardiovascular system peripheral Artery Vein Lymphatic vessel Heart Lymphatic system primary Bone marrow Thymus secondary Spleen Lymph node CNS equivalent Glymphatic system Nervous system Brain Spinal cord Nerve Sensory system Ear Eye Integumentary system Skin Subcutaneous tissue Breast Mammary gland Immune system Myeloid Myeloid immune system Lymphoid Lymphoid immune system Respiratory system Upper Nose Nasopharynx Larynx Lower Trachea Bronchus Lung Digestive system Mouth Salivary gland Tongue upper GI Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Esophagus Stomach lower GI Small intestine Appendix Colon Rectum Anus accessory Liver Biliary tract Pancreas Urinary system Genitourinary system Kidney Ureter Bladder Urethra Reproductive system Female Uterus Vagina Vulva Ovary Placenta Male Scrotum Penis Prostate Testicle Seminal vesicle Endocrine system Pituitary Pineal Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal Islets of Langerhans General anatomy : systems and organs , regional anatomy , planes and lines , superficial axial anatomy , superficial anatomy of limbs Anatomy of the human nose External nose Ala of nose nasal cartilages of the septum Greater alar Lesser alar Lateral nasal Accessory nasal Vomeronasal Nasal cavity Openings Nasal vestibule Nostril Posterior nasal apertures Lateral wall Nasal conchae : Supreme nasal concha Superior nasal concha Middle nasal concha Inferior nasal concha Nasal meatus : ( Supreme superior middle inferior ) Sphenoethmoidal recess Ethmoid bulla Agger nasi Ethmoidal infundibulum Semilunar hiatus Maxillary hiatus Medial wall Nasal septum Vomeronasal organ Mucous membrane Olfactory mucosa Paranasal sinuses Maxillary sinus Sphenoidal sinuses Frontal sinus Ethmoid sinus Naso - pharynx Pharyngeal opening of auditory tube Salpingopharyngeal fold Salpingopalatine fold Torus tubarius Pharyngeal tonsil Pharyngeal recess Anatomy of the mouth Lip Upper Lower Vermilion border Frenulum of lower lip Labial commissure of mouth Philtrum Cheek Buccal fat pad Roof Hard palate Soft palate Palatine raphe Incisive papilla Gums Interdental papilla Gingival sulcus Gingival margin Gingival fibers Junctional epithelium Mucogingival junction Sulcular epithelium Stippling Periodontium Cementum Gingiva Periodontal ligament Glands Parotid gland duct Submandibular gland duct Sublingual gland duct Teeth see tooth anatomy Tongue Top Taste bud Median sulcus Terminal sulcus Foramen cecum Lingual tonsils Underside Frenulum Fimbriated fold Sublingual caruncle Glossoepiglottic folds Lingual septum Back of mouth Oropharynx fauces Plica semilunaris of the fauces Uvula Palatoglossal arch Palatopharyngeal arch Tonsillar fossa Palatine tonsil ( hide ) Anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract , excluding the mouth Upper Pharynx Muscles Spaces peripharyngeal retropharyngeal parapharyngeal retrovisceral danger prevertebral Pterygomandibular raphe Pharyngeal raphe Buccopharyngeal fascia Pharyngobasilar fascia Piriform sinus Esophagus Sphincters upper lower glands Stomach Curvatures greater lesser Angular incisure Cardia Body Fundus Pylorus antrum canal sphincter Gastric mucosa Gastric folds Microanatomy Gastric pits Gastric glands Cardiac glands Fundic glands Pyloric glands Foveolar cell Parietal cell Gastric chief cell Enterochromaffin - like cell Lower Small intestine Microanatomy Intestinal villus Intestinal gland Enterocyte Enteroendocrine cell Goblet cell Paneth cell Duodenum Suspensory muscle Major duodenal papilla Minor duodenal papilla Duodenojejunal flexure Brunner 's glands Jejunum No substructures Ileum Ileocecal valve Peyer 's patches Microfold cell Large intestine Cecum Appendix Colon Ascending colon Hepatic flexure Transverse colon Splenic flexure Descending colon Sigmoid colon Continuous taenia coli haustra epiploic appendix Rectum Transverse folds Ampulla Anal canal Anus Anal columns Anal valves Anal sinuses Pectinate line Internal anal sphincter Intersphincteric groove External anal sphincter Wall Serosa / Adventitia Subserosa Muscular layer Submucosa Circular folds Mucosa Muscularis mucosa GND : 4176754 - 8 NDL : 00564179 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pharynx&oldid=809027839 '' Categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Digestive system Human head and neck Human throat Human voice Pharynx Animal anatomy Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2015 All articles needing additional references Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu Авар Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Лакку Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Lingála Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 18 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | anatomical structure that is part of both the digestive and respiratory systems | [
"In humans the pharynx is part of the digestive system and also of the conducting zone of the respiratory system. (The conducting zone also includes the nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles, and their function is to filter, warm, and moisten air and conduct it into the lungs.[1]) The pharynx makes up the part of the throat situated immediately behind the nasal cavity, behind the mouth and above the esophagus and larynx. The human pharynx is conventionally divided into three sections: the nasopharynx, the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx. It is also important in vocalization."
] | [
"the pharynx"
] |
8886906021259380147 | World War I casualties | World War I casualties - wikipedia World War I casualties Jump to : navigation , search British and German wounded , Bernafay Wood , 19 July 1916 . Photo by Ernest Brooks The total number of military and civilian casualties in World War I was more than 41 million : there were over 18 million deaths and 23 million wounded , ranking it among the deadliest conflicts in human history . The total number of deaths includes from 9 to 11 million military personnel and about 5 to 6 million civilians . The Triple Entente ( also known as the Allies ) lost about 6 million military personnel while the Central Powers lost about 4 million . At least 2 million died from diseases and 6 million went missing , presumed dead . This article lists the casualties of the belligerent powers based on official published sources . About two - thirds of military deaths in World War I were in battle , unlike the conflicts that took place in the 19th century when the majority of deaths were due to disease . Nevertheless , disease , including the 1918 flu pandemic and deaths while held as prisoners of war , still caused about one third of total military deaths for all belligerents . Contents ( hide ) 1 Classification of casualty statistics 2 Casualties in the borders of 1914 -- 18 3 Casualties by post-war ( 1924 ) borders 4 Footnotes 5 Sources 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 8.1 Other languages 9 External links Classification of casualty statistics ( edit ) Douaumont French military cemetery seen from Douaumont ossuary , which contains remains of French and German soldiers who died during the Battle of Verdun in 1916 Casualty statistics for World War I vary to a great extent ; estimates of total deaths range from 9 million to over 15 million . Military casualties reported in official sources list deaths due to all causes , including an estimated 7 to 8 million combat related deaths ( killed or died of wounds ) and another two to three million military deaths caused by accidents , disease and deaths while prisoners of war . Official government reports listing casualty statistics were published by the United States and Great Britain . These secondary sources published during the 1920s , are the source of the statistics in reference works listing casualties in World War I . This article summarizes the casualty statistics published in the official government reports of the United States and Great Britain as well as France , Italy , Belgium , Germany , Austria and Russia . More recently the research of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission ( CWGC ) has revised the military casualty statistics of the UK and its allies ; they include in their listing of military war dead personnel outside of combat theaters and civilians recruited from Africa , the Middle East and China who provided logistical and service support in combat theaters . The casualties of these support personnel recruited outside of Europe were previously not included with British war dead , however the casualties of the Labour Corps recruited from the British Isles were included in the rolls of British war dead published in 1921 . The methodology used by each nation to record and classify casualties was not uniform , a general caveat regarding casualty figures is that they can not be considered comparable in all cases . First World War civilian deaths are `` hazardous to estimate '' according to Michael Clodfelter who maintains that `` the generally accepted figure of noncombatant deaths is 6.5 million . '' The figures listed below include about 6 million excess civilian deaths due to war related privations , that are often omitted from other compilations of World War I casualties . The war brought about malnutrition and disease caused by the U-boat Campaign and the Blockade of Germany which disrupted trade resulting in food shortages . The civilian deaths in the Ottoman Empire include the Armenian Genocide , Assyrian Genocide , and Greek Genocide . Civilian deaths due to the Spanish flu have been excluded from these figures , whenever possible . The figures do not include deaths during the Russian Civil War and the Turkish War of Independence . Casualties in the borders of 1914 -- 18 ( edit ) ( when the number of deaths in a country is disputed , a range of war losses is given ) ( sources and details of figures are provided in the footnotes ) Nation Population ( millions ) Combat Deaths and Missing in Action ( included in total Military deaths ) Total Military deaths ( from all causes ) Civilian deaths ( military action and crimes against humanity ) Increase in civilian deaths ( malnutrition and disease excluding Influenza pandemic ) Total deaths Deaths as % of population Military wounded Allies and co-belligerents of World War I Australia 5.0 61,527 59,330 to 62,149 59,330 to 62,149 1.19 % to 1.24 % 152,171 Canada 7.2 56,638 56,639 to 64,996 1,963 58,639 to 66,996 0.81 % to 0.93 % 149,732 India 315.1 64,449 64,449 to 73,905 64,449 to 73,905 0.02 % to 0.02 % 69,214 New Zealand 18,166 16,711 to 18,060 16,711 to 18,060 1.52 % to 1.64 % 41,317 Newfoundland 0.2 1,204 1,204 to 1,570 ( included with UK ) 1,204 to 1,570 0.6 % to 0.79 % 2,314 South Africa 6.0 7,121 7,121 to 9,726 7,121 to 9,726 0.12 % to 0.16 % 12,029 United Kingdom ( and Colonies ) 45.4 744,000 744,000 to 887,858 16,829 107,000 867,829 to 1,011,687 1.91 % to 2.23 % 1,675,000 Sub-total for British Empire 380.0 953,104 949,454 to 1,118,264 18,829 107,000 1,077,283 to 1,244,093 0.28 % to 0.33 % 2,101,077 East - Central Africa est . 750,000 est . 750,000 Belgium 7.4 38,170 38,170 to 58,637 23,700 62,000 123,870 to 144,337 1.67 % to 1.95 % 44,686 France 39.6 1,150,000 1,357,000 to 1,397,800 40,000 300,000 1,697,000 to 1,737,800 4.29 % to 4.39 % 4,266,000 Greece 4.8 5,000 5,000 to 26,000 150,000 155,000 to 176,000 3.23 % to 3.67 % 21,000 Italy 35.6 460,000 460,000 to 651,000 3,400 589,000 1,052,400 to 1,243,400 2.96 % to 3.49 % 947,000 Empire of Japan 53.6 300 300 to 4,661 300 to 4,661 0 % to 0.01 % 907 Montenegro 0.5 3,000 3,000 to 13,325 3,000 to 13,325 0.6 % to 2.67 % 10,000 Portugal 6.0 7,222 7,222 13 82,000 89,235 1.49 % 13,751 Romania 7.5 335,706 250,000 to 335,706 130,000 200,000 580,000 to 665,706 7.73 % to 8.88 % 120,000 Russian Empire 175.1 1,700,000 1,700,000 to 2,254,369 410,000 730,000 2,840,000 to 3,394,369 1.62 % to 1.94 % 3,749,000 to 4,950,000 Serbia 4.5 127,500 300,000 to 450,000 450,000 to 800,000 750,000 to 1,250,000 16.67 % to 27.78 % 133,148 United States 92.0 53,402 116,708 757 117,465 0.13 % 204,002 Total ( Entente Powers ) 806.6 4,833,404 5,186,854 to 6,433,692 626,699 3,420,000 to 3,770,000 9,235,553 to 10,080,391 1.05 % to 1.25 % 11,611,271 to 12,812,271 Central Powers Austria - Hungary 51.4 1,016,200 1,200,000 to 1,494,200 120,000 467,000 1,787,000 to 2,081,200 3.48 % to 4.05 % 3,620,000 Bulgaria 4.5 87,500 87,500 100,000 187,500 3.41 % 152,390 German Empire 64.9 1,800,000 2,037,000 720 424,000 . to 763,000 2,198,420 to 2,800,720 3.39 % to 4.32 % 4,215,662 Ottoman Empire 21.3 305,085 325,000 to 771,844 1,500,000 . 1,000,000 2,825,000 to 3,271,844 13.26 % to 15.36 % 400,000 to 763,753 Total ( Central Powers ) 142.1 3,208,785 3,386,200 to 4,390,544 1,620,720 1,991,000 to 2,330,000 6,997,920 to 8,341,264 4.92 % to 5.87 % 8,388,052 to 8,751,805 Neutral nations Denmark 2.7 700 700 0.03 % -- Luxembourg 0.3 See footnote Norway 2.4 1,180 . 1,180 0.08 % -- Sweden 5.6 800 . 800 0.02 % -- Grand total 959.7 8,042,189 8,573,054 to 10,824,236 2,250,099 5,411,000 to 6,100,000 15,486,153 to 19,174,335 1.69 % to 1.89 % 22,101,100 to 23,665,873 The source of population data is : Haythornthwaite , Philip J. , The World War One Source Book pp. 382 -- 383 Casualties by post-war ( 1924 ) borders ( edit ) Europe 1914 and 1924 The war involved multi-ethnic empires such as Great Britain , France , Germany , Russia , Austria - Hungary and Turkey . Many ethnic groups in these territories were conscripted for military service . The casualties listed by modern borders are also included in the above table of figures for the countries that existed in 1914 . The casualty figures by 1924 post war borders are rough estimates by Russian historian Vadim Erlikman in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century , the sources of his figures were published in the Soviet era and in post-Soviet Russia . According to the 1914 -- 1918 Online Encyclopedia `` In addition to losses suffered by African military personnel and the laborers supporting their operations , very large , but unknown numbers of African civilians perished during the war . '' They made an estimate of civilian losses in Africa of 750,000 based on the study by the Vadim Erlikman . They noted that Erlikman 's figures are based on the work of the Russian demographer Boris Urlanis , they noted that these estimates were `` imprecise '' and `` could be used to provide a frame of reference for further inquiry '' . The Oxford History of World War One notes that `` In east and central Africa the harshness of the war resulted in acute shortages of food with famine in some areas , a weakening of populations , and epidemic diseases which killed hundreds of thousands of people and also cattle . '' Austria The following estimates of Austrian deaths , within contemporary borders , were made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century . Total dead 175,000 : including military losses 120,000 with the Austo - Hungarian forces and POW deaths in captivity of 30,000 . Civilian dead due to famine and disease were 25,000 . Belarus The following estimates of Belarusian deaths , within contemporary borders , were made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century . Total dead 130,000 : including military losses 70,000 with the Russian forces . Civilian dead were 60,000 . Ukraine The following estimates of Ukrainian deaths , within contemporary borders , were made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century . Total dead 590,000 : including military losses 450,000 , ( Erlikman did not break out military losses between Austro - Hungarian and Russian armed forces ) . Civilian dead were 140,000 . Democratic Republic of the Congo The Belgian Congo was part of the Kingdom of Belgium during the war . A Russian historian Vadim Erlikman in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century based on sources published in the Soviet Union and Russia estimated a total of 155,000 deaths in the Belgian Congo during the war . Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia was part of Austro - Hungary during the war . The estimates of Czechoslovak deaths within 1991 borders were made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century . Total dead 185,000 : including military losses 110,000 with the Austro - Hungarian forces and POW deaths in captivity of 45,000 . Civilian dead due to famine and disease were 30,000 . The Czechoslovak Legions fought with the armies of the Allies during the war . Austrian memorial commemorating soldiers from the village of Obermillstatt who died in World War I . Estonia Estonia was part of the Russian Empire during the war and about 100,000 Estonians served in the Russian Army . Of them about 10,000 were killed . Finland From 1809 Finland was an autonomous Grand Duchy in the Russian Empire until the end of 1917 . In 1924 the Finnish government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office , an agency of the League of Nations , reported 26,517 were dead and missing in World War I . French colonies The following estimates of deaths , within contemporary borders , during World War I were made by a Russian historian Vadim Erlikman in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century . Erlikman 's estimates are based on sources published in the Soviet Union and Russia . Algeria ( 1914 known as French Algeria ) : 26,000 Vietnam ( 1914 known as French Indochina ) : 12,000 Mali ( 1914 part of French West Africa ) : 60,000 Morocco ( 1914 known as the French protectorate of Morocco ) : 8,000 Senegal ( 1914 part of French West Africa ) : 36,000 Guinea ( 1914 part of French West Africa ) : 14,500 Madagascar : 2,500 military Benin ( 1914 part of French West Africa ) : 27,000 Burkina Faso ( 1914 part of French West Africa ) : 17,000 Republic of the Congo ( 1914 part of French Equatorial Africa ) : 32,000 Ivory Coast ( 1914 part of French West Africa ) : 12,000 Tunisia ( 1914 known as French Tunisia ) : 2,000 Chad ( 1914 part of French Equatorial Africa ) : 1,500 Central African Republic ( 1914 known as French Oubangui - Chari ) : 1,000 Niger ( 1914 part of French West Africa ) : 1,000 Gabon ( 1914 part of French Equatorial Africa ) : 10,500 Total : 263,000 German colonies The following estimates of deaths , within contemporary borders , during World War I were made by a Russian historian Vadim Erlikman in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century . Erlikman 's estimates are based on sources published in the Soviet Union and Russia . Dying Soldier in a Trench ( 1915 ) by Willy Jaeckel Tanzania ( 1914 part of German East Africa ) : 50,000 Namibia ( 1914 known as German South - West Africa ) : 1,000 Cameroon ( 1914 known as Kamerun ) : 5,000 military and 50,000 civilian Togo ( 1914 known as German Togoland ) : 2,000 Rwanda ( 1914 part of German East Africa ) : 15,000 Total : 123.000 Hungary The following estimates of Hungarian deaths , within contemporary borders , during World War I were made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century . Total dead 385,000 : including military losses 270,000 with the Austro - Hungarian forces and POW deaths in captivity of 70,000 . Civilian dead due to famine and disease were 45,000 . Ireland Ireland was a part of the UK during World War I. Five sixths of the island left to form the Irish Free State , now the Republic of Ireland , in 1922 . A total of 206,000 Irishmen served in the British forces during the war . The number of Irish deaths in the British Army recorded by the registrar general was 27,405 . A significant number of these casualties were from what , in 1920 , became Northern Ireland . While 49,400 soldiers died serving in Irish divisions ( the 10th , 16th and 36th ) , although not all of the men serving in these divisions were natives of Ireland and many Irish who died in non-Irish regiments are not listed . For example , 29 % of the casualties in the 16th Division were not natives of Ireland . Neither does it include Irish emigrants in Britain who enlisted there and are not categorised as Irish . Australia lists 4,731 of its first World War soldiers as having been born in Ireland and more than 19,000 Irish - born soldiers served in the Canadian Corps . The rolls do list 30,986 soldiers who were born in Ireland . Prof John Horne of Trinity College Dublin says a figure of between 30,000 and 35,000 Irish war dead is a `` conservative '' estimate and one likely to rise . Mozambique The losses of Portuguese Mozambique were estimated by a Russian historian Vadim Erlikman in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century . Erlikman 's estimates are based on sources published in the Soviet Union and Russia . 52,000 Poland Poland was an annexed territory of Germany , Austria - Hungary and Russia , from 1795 to 1918 . By late 1915 , Germany had complete control over modern - day Poland . A 2005 Polish study estimated 3,376,800 Poles were conscripted into the armed forces of the occupying powers during World War I , an additional 300,000 were conscripted for forced labor by the Germans . The Russians and Austrians forcibly resettled 1.6 to 1.8 million persons from the war zone in Poland . According to Michael Clodfelter , Polish war dead were 1,080,000 , whilst 200,000 Polish civilians were killed in the fighting on the Eastern Front ; 870,000 men served in the German , Austrian and Russian armies . Another estimate made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century , put total Polish war dead at 640,000 , including military losses of 270,000 Poles conscripted , civilian losses of 120,000 due to military operations and 250,000 caused by famine and disease . The ethnic Polish Blue Army served with the French Army . The ethnic Polish Legions fought as part of the Austro - Hungarian Army on the Eastern Front . Romania The territory of Transylvania was part of Austria - Hungary during World War I . The following estimates of Romanian deaths , within contemporary borders , during World War I were made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century . Total dead : 748,000 , including military losses of 220,000 with the Romanian forces , 150,000 with the Austro - Hungarian forces and POW deaths in captivity of 48,000 . Civilian dead were as follows due to famine and disease : 200,000 , killed in military operations 120,000 and 10,000 dead in Austrian prisons . British colonies Britain recruited Indian , Chinese , native South African , Egyptian and other overseas labour to provide logistical support in the combat theatres . Included with British casualties in East Africa are the deaths of 44,911 recruited labourers . The CWGC reports that nearly 2,000 workers from the Chinese Labour Corps are buried with British war dead in France . The following estimates of British Empire colonial military deaths , within contemporary borders , during World War I were made by a Russian historian Vadim Erlikman in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century . Erlikman 's estimates are based on sources published in the Soviet Union and Russia . Ghana ( 1914 known as the Gold Coast ) : 16,200 Kenya ( 1914 known as British East Africa ) : 32,000 Malawi ( 1914 known as Nyasaland ) : 3,000 Nigeria ( 1914 part of British West Africa ) : 85,000 Sierra Leone ( 1914 part of British West Africa ) : 1,000 Uganda ( 1914 known as the Uganda Protectorate ) : 1,500 Zambia ( 1914 known as Northern Rhodesia ) : 2,000 Zimbabwe ( 1914 known as Southern Rhodesia ) : 5,716 persons of European origin served in the war , of whom about 700 were killed , or died of wounds or other causes . In explicitly Rhodesian units , 127 were killed , 24 died of wounds , 101 died of disease or other causes and 294 were wounded . Of the territory 's black African servicemen , 31 were killed in action , 142 died of other causes and 116 were wounded . Total : 141.573 Kingdom of Yugoslavia The following estimates are for Yugoslavia within the 1991 borders . Slovenia , Croatia , Bosnia and Vojvodina ( Now part of Serbia ) were part of Austria - Hungary during World War I. Serbia , which included Macedonia , and Montenegro was an independent nation . The Yugoslav historian Vladimir Dedijer put the total losses of the Yugoslav lands at 1.9 million , of which 43 % were from Serbia . The following estimates of Yugoslav deaths , within 1991 borders , during World War I were made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century . Total dead : 996,000 including military losses , 260,000 with the Serbian forces , 80,000 with the Austro - Hungarian forces , 13,000 with Montenegrin forces and POW deaths in captivity of 93,000 . Civilian dead were as follows due to famine and disease : 400,000 , killed in military operations : 120,000 and 30,000 dead in Austrian prisons or executed . Nepal During World War I , the Nepalese army was expanded and six new regiments , totaling more than 20,000 troops -- all volunteers -- were sent to India , most of them to the North - West Frontier Province , to release British and Indian troops for service overseas . Simultaneously , the Nepalese government agreed to maintain recruitment at a level that would sustain the existing British Gurkha units and allow the establishment of additional ones . The battalions were increased to thirty - three with the addition of 55,000 new recruits and Gurkha units were placed at the disposal of the British high command for service on all fronts . Many volunteers were assigned to non-combat units , such as the Army Bearer Corps and the labour battalions but they also were in combat in France , Turkey , Palestine and Mesopotamia . The Rana prime ministers urged Nepalese males to fight in the war . Of the more than 200,000 Nepalese who served in the British army , there were some 20,000 Gurkha casualties included above with the British Indian Army . Footnotes ( edit ) Deaths by alliance and military / civilian . Most of the civilian deaths were due to war - related famine Deaths of the Allied powers Deaths of the Central powers ^ East and Central Africa The conflict in East Africa caused enormous civilian casualties . The Oxford History of World War One notes that `` In east and central Africa the harshness of the war resulted in acute shortages of food with famine in some areas , a weakening of populations , and epidemic diseases which killed hundreds of thousands of people and also cattle . '' According to the 1914 -- 1918 Online Encyclopedia `` In addition to losses suffered by African military personnel and the laborers supporting their operations , very large , but unknown numbers of African civilians perished during the war . '' They made an estimate of civilian losses in Africa of 750,000 The following estimates of civilian deaths in East Africa during World War I were made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century : Kenya 30,000 ; Tanzania 100,000 ; Mozambique 50,000 ; Rwanda 15,000 ; Burundi 20,000 and the Belgian Congo 150,000 . The military casualties of the UK , France , Germany , Belgium and Portugal include Africans who served with their armed forces , the details are noted above in the list of the various colonies . Fallen British and Australian soldiers in a mass grave , dug by German soldiers , 1916 or 1917 ^ Australia The Australian War Memorial puts their war dead at 61,513 . The Australian War Memorial maintains a database listing the names of war dead . The Commonwealth War Graves Commission figure for Australian war dead is 62,149 . The report of the UK War Office listed 59,330 Army war dead , 152,171 wounded and 4,084 taken prisoner . In 1924 the Australian government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office , an agency of the League of Nations , reported 412,953 men mobilized and 59,337 dead and missing in World War I . The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated that included in total military deaths are 54,000 killed and died of wounds . ^ Belgium Belgian government figures for military losses in Europe were 40,367 ( 26,338 killed , died of wounds or accidents and 14,029 died of disease or missing ) . In Africa : 2,620 soldiers were killed and 15,650 porters died . The combined total for Europe and Africa is 58,637 . United States War Dept . figures for Belgium are : Total mobilized force 267,000 ; total casualties 93,061 including killed and died 13,716 ; wounded 44,686 ; Prisoners and missing 34,659 . The report of the UK War Office listed 93,061 casualties up until November 11 , 1918 including 13,716 killed and died ; 24,456 missing ; 44,686 wounded and 10,208 POW . `` These figures are approximate only , the records being incomplete . '' In 1924 , the Belgian government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office , an agency of the League of Nations , reported 365,000 men mobilized and 40,936 dead and missing in World War I . The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated that included in total Belgian military deaths are 35,000 killed and died of wounds Civilian deaths according to Belgian government statistics were 23,700 ( 6,000 killed in the 1914 German massacres and 17,700 victims in prisons , deportations and by military tribunals ) . According to a demographic study , there were 92,000 indirect deaths in Belgium ( 62,000 deaths due to wartime privations and 30,000 in the Spanish Flu pandemic ) . John Horne estimated that 6,500 Belgian and French civilians were killed in German reprisals . ^ Canada According to the Canadian War Museum Close to 61,000 Canadians were killed during the war , and another 172,000 were wounded . The small colony of Newfoundland suffered 1,305 killed and several thousand wounded . The Canadian Expeditionary Force lost 59,544 in the war , including 51,748 due to enemy action ; the Royal Canadian Navy reported 150 deaths from all causes and 1,388 Canadians died while serving with the British Flying Services . The Commonwealth War Graves Commission figure for Canadian war dead is 64,996 . The report of the UK War Office listed 56,639 Canadian war dead , 149,732 wounded and 3,729 taken prisoner . In 1924 , the Canadian government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office , an agency of the League of Nations , reported 628,964 men mobilized and 51,674 dead and missing in World War I . The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated that included in total Canadian military deaths are 53,000 killed and died of wounds . The Canadian Virtual War Memorial contains a registry of information about the graves and memorials of Canadians and Newfoundlanders who served valiantly and gave their lives for their country . The 2,000 Civilian deaths were due to the Halifax Explosion . ^ France French casualty figures up until June 1 , 1919 were listed in a French government report of August 1 , 1919 presented to the French Chamber of Deputies . Total Army dead and missing up until November 11 , 1918 were 1,357,800 ; in addition there were 28,600 deaths after November 11 , 1918 of those wounded and 11,400 Navy dead which brings total dead and missing to 1,397,800 . These figures include 35,200 French Colonial Forces , 35,900 `` north Africans '' and 4,600 French Foreign Legion personnel . According to the French Army official report `` La Statistique médicale de l'armée '' Total dead were 1,325,000 ( 675,000 killed in action , 225,000 missing and prisoners killed , 250,000 died of wounds and 175,000 died of disease . ) A breakdown of French casualties published in the Official History of the Australian Army Medical Services , 1914 -- 1918 lists 674,700 killed in action , 250,000 died of wounds , 225,300 missing and presumed dead and 175,000 dead from disease and injury . Wounded amounted to 2,300,000 . United States War Dept . figures for French casualties are : Total mobilized force 8,410,000 ; total casualties 6,160,800 including killed and died : 1,357,800 , wounded : 4,266,000 , prisoners and missing : 537,000 . The UK War Office put French dead , killed and missing at 1,385,300 dead and missing , including 58,000 colonial soldiers up until Nov. 1 , 1918 . They noted that a government report of Aug. 1 , 1919 , listed the number of killed and died at 1,357,000 . There were no figures available of the wounded . In 1924 , the French government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office , an agency of the League of Nations , reported 7,935,000 men mobilized and 1,400,000 dead and missing in World War I . The names of the soldiers who died for France during World War I are listed on - line by the French government . The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated that included in total French military deaths are 1,126,000 killed and died of wounds . According to the French encyclopedia Quid 30 -- 40,000 foreign volunteers from about 40 nationalities served in the French army , including 12,000 with the Czechoslovak Legion and the ethnic Polish Blue Army ; 5,000 Italians served in a `` Legion '' commanded by Colonel Garibaldi . There were also 1,000 Spaniards and 1,500 Swiss in French service , 200 American volunteers served with the French from 1914 to 1916 , including the Lafayette Escadrille . Luxembourg was occupied by Germany during the war . According to the Mobile Reference travel Guide 3,700 Luxembourg citizens served in the French armed forces , 2,800 gave their lives in the war . They are commemorated at the Gëlle Fra in Luxembourg . The French Armenian Legion served as part of the French armed forces during the war . French colonies , such as Algeria and Vietnam , also sent troops to fight and serve on the battlefront . American military historian Douglas Porch reported of the French Foreign Legion , in which most non-French nationals served , that some estimates put Legion casualties during the war as high as 31,000 of the 44,150 men who served in the Legion , a 70 per cent casualty rate . According to a demographic study , there were 500,000 indirect deaths in France ( 300,000 deaths due to wartime privations and 200,000 in the Spanish Flu pandemic ) . Another estimate of the demographic loss of the civilian population in the France during the war , put total excess deaths at 264,000 to 284,000 , not including an additional 100,000 to 120,000 Spanish Flu deaths . Civilian dead include 1,509 merchant sailors and 3,357 killed in air attacks and long range artillery bombardments Tertiary sources put French civilian war dead at 40,000 . ^ Greece The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated total military dead of 26,000 , including 15,000 deaths due to disease and 11,000 killed and died of wounds United States War Dept . figures for Greek casualties are : Total mobilized force 230,000 ; total casualties 27,000 ( killed and died 5,000 ; wounded 21,000 ; prisoners and missing 1,000 ) . The report of the UK War Office listed 27,000 casualties ( 5,000 killed or died of wounds ; 21,000 wounded and 1,000 prisoners and missing ) . In 1924 , the Greek government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office , an agency of the League of Nations , reported 355,000 men mobilized and no dead and missing in World War I . Jean Bujac in a campaign history of the Greek Army in World War I , listed 8,365 combat related deaths and 3,255 missing . According to a demographic study there were 150,000 indirect deaths in Greece due to wartime privations . ^ India ( British ) The Commonwealth War Graves Commission figure for Indian war dead is 73,905 . The report of the UK War Office listed 64,449 Army war dead , 69,214 wounded and 11,264 taken prisoner , these figures include British serving in the Indian Army ( 2,393 dead , 2,325 wounded and 194 taken prisoner ) . The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated that included in total Indian military deaths are 27,000 killed and died of wounds . ^ Italy The Italian government put military war deaths at 651,000 ( killed in action or died of wounds 378,000 ; died of disease 186,000 plus an additional 87,000 deaths of invalids from 12 Nov. 1918 until 30 April 1920 , due to war related injuries . ) These official figures were published in an Italian study of war losses by G. Mortara , however he estimated actual losses until the war 's end in Nov. 1918 , at 600,000 ( 400,000 killed or died of wounds and 200,000 deaths due to disease ) . A brief summary of data from this study can be found online . United States War Dept . figures for Italian casualties are : Total mobilized force 5,615,000 ; total casualties 2,197,000 ( killed and died 650,000 ; wounded 947,000 ; prisoners and missing 600,000 ) . The report of the UK War Office listed 1,937,000 casualties up until Nov. 11 , 1918 ( 460,000 dead ; 947,000 wounded and 530,000 prisoners ) . In 1924 , the Italian government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office , an agency of the League of Nations , reported 5,615,000 men mobilized and 750,000 dead and missing in World War I . The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated that included in total Italian military deaths are 433,000 killed and died of wounds . According to a demographic study there were 1,021,000 indirect deaths in Italy ( 589,000 deaths due to wartime privations and 432,000 in the Spanish Flu pandemic ) . Another estimate of the demographic loss of the civilian population in the Italy during the war , put total excess deaths at 324,000 not including an additional 300,000 Spanish Flu deaths . Civilian deaths due to military action were 3,400 ( including 2,293 by attacks on shipping , 965 during air raids and 142 by sea bombardment ) . ^ Japan In 1924 , the Japanese government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office , an agency of the League of Nations , reported 800,000 men mobilized and 4,661 dead and missing in World War I . The Yasukuni Shrine lists 4,850 dead in World War I . United States War Dept . figures for Japanese casualties are : total mobilized force 800,000 ; total casualties 1,210 ( including Killed and died 300 ; wounded 907 ; Prisoners and missing 3 ) . German trench destroyed by a mine explosion , 1917 ^ Montenegro In 1924 , the Yugoslav government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office , an agency of the League of Nations , reported Montenegro mobilized 50,000 men and 13,325 were dead and missing in World War I . United States War Dept . figures for Montenegrin casualties are : total mobilized force 50,000 ; total casualties 20,000 including killed and died 3,000 ; wounded 10,000 ; prisoners and missing 7,000 . ^ New Zealand The Auckland War Memorial Museum commemorates the 18,060 New Zealand World War I dead . The Auckland War Memorial Museum maintains a database listing the names of the New Zealand war dead . The Commonwealth War Graves Commission figure for New Zealand war dead is 18,060 . The report of the UK War Office listed 16,711 army war dead , 41,317 wounded and 498 taken prisoner . The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated that included in total New Zealand military deaths are 14,000 killed and died of wounds . ^ Newfoundland The Dominion of Newfoundland was not part of Canada during World War I . The report of the UK War Office listed 1,204 Army war dead , 2,314 wounded and 150 taken prisoner . An academic journal published in Newfoundland has given the details of Newfoundland 's military casualties . Fatalities totaled 1,570 The Royal Newfoundland Regiment suffered 1,297 dead ; there were an additional 171 dead in the Royal Navy and 101 in the Merchant Navy . ^ Portugal United States War Dept . figures for Portuguese casualties are : total mobilized force 100,000 ; total casualties 33,291 ( including killed and died 7,222 ; wounded 13,751 ; prisoners and missing 12,318 ) . The report of the UK War Office listed 33,291 casualties : 7,222 dead ( 1,689 in Europe and 5,533 in Africa ) ; 13,751 wounded ( figure for Europe only ) and 12,318 prisoners and missing ( 6,678 in Europe and `` a large number of missing in Mozambique ) . In 1924 , the Portuguese government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office , an agency of the League of Nations , reported 100,000 men mobilized and 4,000 dead and missing in World War I . The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated that included in total Portuguese military deaths are 6,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds . According to a demographic study there were 220,000 indirect deaths in Portugal ( 82,000 deaths due to wartime privations and 138,000 in the Spanish Flu pandemic ) . 13 Portuguese civilians that were killed during bombardment of Funchal , Madeira Island in 3 December 1916 , and 12 December 1917 , by German submarines . Re-educating wounded . Blind French soldiers learning to make baskets , World War I . ^ Romania In 1924 , the Romanian government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office , an agency of the League of Nations , reported 1,000,000 men mobilized and 250,000 dead and missing in World War I . United States War Dept . figures for Romanian casualties are : total mobilized force 750,000 ; total casualties 535,706 ( including killed and died 335,706 ; wounded 120,000 ; prisoners and missing 80,000 ) . The report of the UK War Office listed military casualties of 335,706 killed or missing . In addition 265,000 civilians were killed or missing . The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated that included in total Romanian military deaths are 177,000 killed and died of wounds . According to a demographic study there were 430,000 indirect deaths in Romania due to wartime privations . A Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century estimated 330,000 civilian dead ( 120,000 due to military activity , 10,000 as prisoners and 200,000 caused by famine and disease ) . ^ Russian Empire According to the Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis the sources for Russian casualties are difficult to ascertain . Casualty figures , compiled from the field reports during the war , were published in 1925 by the Soviet Central Statistical office They put Russia 's total losses at 775,400 dead and missing , 348,500 disabled and 3,343,900 POW . Those evacuated to the rear area were 1,425,000 sick and 2,844,500 wounded . Included in these figures are battle casualties of 7,036,087 . ( 626,440 killed in action , 17,174 died of wounds , 228,838 missing , 3,409,433 held as prisoners of war and 2,754,202 wounded in action ) . Urlanis believes that the figures for those killed were considerably underestimated , because a large part of the reports were lost in retreats . Urlanis estimated the actual total military war dead at 1,811,000 ( killed 1,200,000 , died of wounds 240,000 , gassed 11,000 , died from disease 155,000 , POW deaths 190,000 , deaths due to accidents and other causes 15,000 ) . A study by the Russian military historian G.F. Krivosheev estimated the total war dead at 2,254,369 ( killed in action 1,200,000 ; missing and presumed dead 439,369 ; died of wounds 240,000 , gassed 11,000 , died from disease 155,000 , POW deaths 190,000 , deaths due to accidents and other causes 19,000 ) . Wounded 3,749,000 . POW 3,343,900 . Total mobilized force 15,378,000 . United States War Dept . figures for Russian casualties are : Total mobilized force 12,000,000 . Total casualties 9,150,000 ( including Killed and died 1,700,000 , wounded 4,950,000 , prisoners and missing 2,500,000 ) . The UK War Office Based on a telegram from Petrograd to Copenhagen in December 1918 listed military casualties of 9,150,000 ( including 1,700,000 killed , 1,450,000 disabled , 3,500,000 wounded and 2,500,000 POW ) . In 1924 , the Soviet government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office , an agency of the League of Nations , reported for Russia 15,070,000 men mobilized and 1,700,000 dead and missing in World War I . According to the Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis there were 1,500,000 civilian deaths due to wartime privations up until the end of 1917 . A Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century estimated 1,140,000 war related Russian civilian deaths , from 1914 to 1917 in 1914 borders ( 410,000 due to military operations and 730,000 caused by famine and disease ) . ^ Serbia Sources for total Serbian casualties range from 750,000 to 1,250,000 . A demographic study in 1927 , put total the war dead for Serbia and Montenegro at 750,000 ( 300,000 military and 450,000 civilians ) . The overall population loss from 1912 to 1920 , based on the pre-war level was 1,236,000 persons ( including 750,000 in World War I ; 150,000 killed in the Balkan Wars and a decline in the number of births of 336,000 ) , in addition there were 47,000 war related deaths during 1914 -- 1920 , that are included with deaths by natural causes . According to Frédéric Le Moal , Serbian historian Dušan T. Bataković puts their losses at 1,250,000 ( 450,000 military and 800,000 civilians ) . These losses are from 1912 to 1918 and include the Balkan Wars . In July 2014 , Serbian poet and academic Matija Bećković said `` that 402,435 Serbian soldiers have been killed and 845,000 civilians hanged or exterminated in concentration camps during WWI . At a September 2014 conference sponsored by the Serbian Ministry of Defense , Dr. Alexander Nedok put Serbian war dead at 1,247,435 persons . According to the Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis regarding Serbia `` it is particularly difficult to ascertain the number of killed '' . Based on a demographic analysis of the population , Urlanis estimated total Serbian and Montenegrin casualties of 728,000 including military dead : 278,000 ( 140,000 killed in action ; 25,000 died of wounds ; 50,000 disease ; 60,000 POW and 3,000 from other causes ) and total civilian dead of 450,000 . In 1924 , the Serbian government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office , an agency of the League of Nations , reported 1,008,240 men mobilized and 365,164 dead and missing in World War I . United States War Dept . figures for Serbian casualties are : total mobilized force 707,343 ; total casualties 331,106 ( including killed and died 45,000 ; wounded 133,148 ; prisoners and missing 152,958 ) . The report of the UK War Office listed military casualties of 331,106 including 45,000 killed , 133,148 wounded and 70,243 prisoners and 82,535 missing . A Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century , estimated 120,000 Serbian civilian deaths due to military activity and 30,000 executed ( казнено и убито ) by the Austro - Hungarians . His estimate for total Yugoslav civilian casualties including Austro - Hungarian territory was 550,000 . ^ South Africa The Commonwealth War Graves Commission figure for South Africa war dead is 9,726 The report of the UK War Office listed 7,121 Army war dead , 12,029 wounded and 1,538 taken prisoner . In 1924 , the South African government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office , an agency of the League of Nations , reported 136,070 men mobilized and 7,134 dead and missing in World War I . The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated that included in total South African military deaths are 5,000 killed and died of wounds . British pilot killed in action , 1917 ^ United Kingdom ^ s1 UK military casualties were reported separately by branch of service : Total of 744,000 dead and missing from the British Isles : Army 702,410 `` soldiers '' ; Royal Navy 32,287 and Royal Air Force 9,378 The UK government in 1924 put total military dead at 743,702 Total of 1,675,000 wounded from the British Isles : Army 1,662,625 `` soldiers '' ; Royal Navy 5,135 and Royal Air Force 7,245 There are three published official figures for army deaths . One : official figures issued by the British Army in 1921 put their losses at 673,375 dead and missing from all causes in combat theaters . Two : the summary in the 1922 report of the War Office put army and Royal Naval Division dead from the British Isles at 702,410 . The authors of the War Office report did not explain the difference between their figures and the official figures issued in 1921 by the British army , however the difference is more than likely due to the inclusion of the Royal Naval Division and deaths outside of combat theaters . Three : the Commonwealth War Graves Commission database available online identifies by name 758,000 army dead , not including the Royal Naval Division The Commonwealth War Graves Commission in 2014 listed 887,858 war dead for the UK and Colonies . This figure also includes the British Mercantile Marine and conscripted civilian laborers from Africa and Asia . According to The Commonwealth War Graves Commission , their statistics are representative of the number of names commemorated for all servicemen / women whose death was attributable to their war service , they do not list the cause of death for these casualties . They do not break down UK losses between the British Isles and the various colonies . The website of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission database lists the names of many of the UK war dead . Access to the database is open to the general public free of charge . These figures include deaths of forces from the UK and Colonies excluding the Dominions and include deaths that occurred after the war up until 31 August 1921 . The CWGC figures include military dead outside of combat theaters and civilian workers conscripted outside of the UK in British military service . In 1924 , the UK government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office , an agency of the League of Nations , reported 5,704,416 men mobilized and 743,702 dead and missing in World War I . The report of the UK War Office listed a summary figures from 4 Aug. 1914 up until 31 Dec. 1920 for the army from the British Isles , not including other colonies of 702,410 war dead , 1,662,625 wounded and 170,389 taken prisoner of war . The War Office report lists those `` killed in action ; died of wounds ; died as prisoners of war and missing officers and other ranks whose deaths have been accepted for official purposes '' . According to the report these figures include the casualties of the army and the Royal Naval Division . Reported separately were Royal Navy casualties of 32,287 dead and missing and 5,135 wounded . These figures do not include an additional 14,661 British Mercantile Marine dead . The casualties from the Royal Flying Corps , Royal Air Force and Royal Naval Air Service for 1914 -- 18 totaled 6,166 killed , 3,212 missing and 7,245 wounded . The figures for the Royal Naval Division were 7,547 killed and 2,584 died of wounds . A compilation published by the authority of the War Office in 1920 -- 21 Soldiers died in the great war , 1914 -- 1919 , listed war 673,000 Army war dead , not including the Royal Flying Corps . The official `` final and corrected '' casualty figures for British army , including the Territorial Force , were issued on 10 March 1921 , in a British parliamentary report . The losses were for the period 4 August 1914 until 30 September 1919 , included 573,507 `` killed in action , died from wounds and died of other causes '' ; 254,176 missing and prisoners less 154,308 released prisoners ; for a net total of 673,375 dead and missing . There were 1,643,469 wounded also listed in the report . The details by theater of war : France - 510,821 `` killed in action , died from wounds and died of other causes '' ; 1,524,332 wounded and 236,573 missing ( including prisoners ) . Italy - 2,081 `` killed in action , died from wounds and died of other causes '' ; 4,689 wounded and 344 missing ( including prisoners ) . Dardanelles - 16,688 `` killed in action , died from wounds and died of other causes '' , 47,128 wounded and 7,525 missing ( including prisoners ) . Salonika - 9,668 `` killed in action , died from wounds and died of other causes '' , 16,637 wounded and 2,778 missing ( including prisoners ) . Mesopotamia - 15,230 `` killed in action , died from wounds and died of other causes '' ; 19,449 wounded and 3,581 missing ( including prisoners ) . Egypt - 14,763 `` killed in action , died from wounds and died of other causes '' ; 29,434 wounded and 2,951 missing ( including prisoners ) . East Africa - 1,269 `` killed in action , died from wounds and died of other causes '' ; 534 wounded and 62 missing ( including prisoners ) . Afghanistan - 120 `` killed in action , died from wounds and died of other causes '' ; 152 wounded and 2 missing ( including prisoners ) . Russia - 359 `` killed in action , died from wounds and died of other causes '' ; 453 wounded and 143 missing ( including prisoners ) . Other Theaters - 508 `` killed in action , died from wounds and died of other causes '' ; 461 wounded and 217 missing ( including prisoners ) . United States War Dept . figures for total British Empire casualties including the UK were : total mobilized force 8,904,467 ; total casualties 3,190,255 ( including killed and died : 908,371 ; wounded : 2,090,212 ; prisoners and missing 191,652 ) . The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated that included in total UK military deaths are 624,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds . According to a demographic study , there were 292,000 indirect deaths in the UK ( 109,000 deaths due to wartime privations and 183,000 in the Spanish Flu pandemic ) . Another estimate of the demographic loss of the civilian population in the UK during the war , put total excess deaths at 181,000 not including an additional 100,000 Spanish Flu deaths . The 1922 War Office report detailed the deaths of 1,260 civilians and 310 military personnel due to air and sea bombardment of the UK Losses at sea were 908 UK civilians and 63 fisherman killed in U-Boat attacks . Overseas labor units serving with the British and French forces . The UK employed about 300,000 Indian , Chinese , native South African , Egyptian and other nations as laborers during the war . By the end of 1917 , there were 50,000 Chinese workers in France , rising to 96,000 by August 1918 ( with another 30,000 working for the French ) . 100,000 Egyptians were working in France and the Middle East , alongside 21,000 Indians and 20,000 South Africans , who were also in East Africa . A total of about 140,000 Chinese workers recruited in the Beiyang government , served on the Western Front during and after the war with the British and French Armed Forces . According to the Commonwealth war Graves Commission `` In all , nearly 2,000 men from the Chinese Labour Corps died during the First World War , some as a direct result of enemy action , or of wounds received in the course of their duties , but many more in the influenza epidemic that swept Europe in 1918 -- 19 '' One historical controversy is the number who died in the war . Some Chinese scholars say the number was as high as 20,000 but records kept by the British and French recruiters , show just under 2,000 lost their lives , many from the flu pandemic that swept the world starting in 1919 . According to the Commonwealrh War Graves Commission , `` The African combatant troops raised for the East African campaign numbered 34,000 . The non-combatant porters , stevedores and followers of the Military Labour Corps 600,000 . Almost 50,000 of these men were lost , killed in action died of sickness or wounds '' According to The Africa Research Institute official British figures the death toll exceeded 105,000 native African troops and military carriers ^ United States US Dept. of Defense figures from 2010 , list 116,516 war dead from all causes for the period ending Dec. 31 , 1918 , including 106,378 in the Army , 7,287 in the Navy and 2,851 in the Marine Corps . There were 53,402 battle deaths , including 50,510 in the Army , 431 in the navy and 2,461 in the Marines . There were 63,114 non-combat deaths , 55,868 in the Army , 6,856 in the Navy and 390 in the Marines . Wounded : 204,002 ( Army : 193,663 , Navy : 819 , Marines : 9,520 ) . The figures include 279 deaths during the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War from 1918 to 1920 . The U.S. casualty figures were revised by the US Dept. of Defense in 1957 . The US Coast Guard lost 192 dead ( 111 deaths in action and 81 from other causes ) . United States War Dept . figures from 1924 for U.S. casualties were : total mobilized force 4,355,000 ; total casualties 350,300 ( including killed and died from all causes 126,000 ; wounded 234,300 ( including 14,500 died of wounds ) ; prisoners and missing 4,500 ) . In 1924 , the U.S. government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office , an agency of the League of Nations , reported 4,272,521 men mobilized and 67,813 dead and missing in World War I . United States civilian losses include 128 killed in the sinking of the RMS Lusitania ( before the U.S. became a belligerent ) as well as 629 Merchant Mariners killed in enemy submarine attacks on their merchant ships . Fallen German soldier in France , 1917 ^ Austria - Hungary The official history of Austria - Hungary 's involvement in the First World War put total military dead at 1,494,200 : ( 1,016,200 killed and 478,000 while prisoners of war ) . In 1924 , the Austrian government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office , an agency of the League of Nations , reported 9,000,000 men mobilized and 1,542,817 dead and missing in World War I . United States War Dept . figures for Austro - Hungarian casualties are : total mobilized force 7,800,000 ; total casualties 7,020,000 ( including killed and died 1,200,000 ; wounded 3,620,000 ; prisoners and missing 2,200,000 ) . The UK War Office estimate for Austro - Hungarian casualties up to 31 December 1918 : total casualties of 7,020,000 including 1,200,000 killed , 3,620,000 wounded and 2,200,000 prisoners . Preliminary figures up to the end of May , 1918 , given by the U.K. Director of Military Intelligence give the following estimated totals : 800,000 killed , 1,800,000 prisoners / missing , and 3,200,000 wounded / sick , for a total of 5,800,000 . An additional 80,000 killed , 320,000 wounded / sick , and 20,000 prisoners are estimated in the Austrian offensive against Italy from 1 June to 24 October 1918 . At the same time there 72,500 casualties on the Balkans and Western Fronts . Finally , during the last Italian offensive the prisoners claimed by the Italians amounted to 448,000 , while a further 30,000 Austro - Hungarians were killed and 50,000 wounded . The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated that included in total Austro - Hungarian military deaths are 900,000 killed and died of wounds . A study published by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace estimated that there were 467,000 civilian deaths attributable to wartime privations caused by the allied blockade . A Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century estimated 120,000 civilian deaths due to military activity in Austro - Hungarian Galicia . ^ Bulgaria United States War Dept . figures for Bulgarian casualties are : total mobilized force 1,200,000 ; total casualties 266,919 ( including Killed and died 87,500 ; wounded 152,930 ; Prisoners and missing 27,029 ) . The UK War Office listed casualties reported by the Bulgarian War Office : 87,500 total dead ( 48,917 killed , 13,198 died of wounds , 888 ? accidentally killed , 24,497 died of disease ) ; 13,729 missing ; 152,390 wounded and 10,623 prisoners . The Bulgarian War Office stated that `` losses during the retreat from sickness and privations were much greater than the figures they possess '' . In 1924 , the Bulgarian government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office , an agency of the League of Nations , reported 400,000 men mobilized and 32,772 dead and missing in World War I . The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated that included in total Bulgarian military deaths are 62,000 killed and died of wounds . According to the Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis there were 100,000 civilian deaths due to wartime privations . German dead scattered in the wreck of a machine gun post near Guillemont , 1916 ^ German Empire In 1934 the official German war history listed 2,037,000 military dead . Confirmed dead from all causes 1,936,897 ( Army 1,900,876 , Navy 34,836 , Colonial troops 1,185 ) ; wounded 4,215,662 ; prisoners and missing 974,977 of which an estimated 100,000 were presumed dead. - United States War Dept . figures for German casualties are : total mobilized force 11,000,000 ; total casualties 7,142,558 ( including Killed and died 1,773,700 ; wounded 4,216,058 ; prisoners and missing 1,152,800 ) . The UK War Office listed official German figures from 1921 of 1,808,545 killed and 4,247,143 wounded , exclusive of 14,000 African conscript deaths during the war . In 1924 , the German government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office , an agency of the League of Nations , reported 13,250,000 men mobilized and 2,000,000 dead and missing in World War I . The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated that included in total German military deaths are 1,796,000 killed and died of wounds . The UK War Office listed official German figures from 1919 of 720 German civilians who were killed by allied air raids . The figures for civilian deaths due to the Blockade of Germany are disputed . The German Board of Public Health in December 1918 maintained that 763,000 German civilians died from malnutrition and disease caused by the blockade up until the end of December 1918 . A German academic study in 1928 put the death toll at 424,000 . A study sponsored by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in 1940 , estimated the German civilian death toll due to the war at over 600,000 . Based on the above - mentioned German study of 1928 , they maintained that `` A thorough inquiry has led to the conclusion that the number of `` civilian '' deaths traceable to the war was 424,000 , to which number must be added about 200,000 deaths caused by the influenza epidemic `` . The remains of Armenians massacred at Erzinjan . ^ Ottoman Empire Based on his analysis of the non-published individual World War I campaign histories in the Ottoman Archives , Edward J. Erickson estimated Ottoman military casualties in the study Ordered to Die : A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War . The casualties included total war dead of 771,844 , ( 243,598 killed in action , 61,487 missing action and 466,759 deaths due to disease ) . The number of wounded was 763,753 and POWs 145,104 . The Ottoman official casualty statistics published in 1922 were : total dead 325,000 including ( killed in action 50,000 , 35,000 died of wounds , 240,000 died of disease ) . Wounded 400,000 . POWs , sick and missing 1,565,000 and total mobilized : 2,850,000 . United States War Dept . figures for Ottoman casualties are : total mobilized force 2,850,000 ; total casualties 975,000 ( including killed and died 325,000 ; wounded 400,000 ; prisoners and missing 250,000 ) . The UK War Office figures for Ottoman casualties were : total accounted for 725,000 ( killed 50,000 , died of wounds 35,000 , died of disease 400,000 , wounded 400,000 ) . Total unaccounted for : 1,565,000 ( prisoners , deserters , invalids and missing ) . The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated that included in total Ottoman military deaths are 318,000 killed and died of wounds . Estimates of Ottoman civilian casualties in western sources range from 2,000,000 to 2,150,000 . A Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century estimated total Ottoman civilian dead from 1915 to 1918 at about 3.2 million including the deaths of 2.2 million Armenian , Assyrian , and Greek victims of genocides committed by the Ottomans and 1,000,000 war - related civilian deaths in the Ottoman Empire due to famine and disease. ( In current borders Turkey 500,000 ; Syria 160,000 ; Lebanon 110,000 ; Iraq 150,000 ; Israel / Palestine 35,000 and Jordan 20,000 ) According to the BBC 200,000 persons perished in the Great Famine of Mount Lebanon during the war . Civilian casualties include the Armenian Genocide . The total number of resulting Armenian deaths is generally held to have been 1.5 million . Other ethnic groups were similarly attacked by the Ottoman Empire during this period , including Assyrians and Greeks . Some scholars consider those events to be part of the same policy of extermination . The overwhelming majority of historians as well as academic institutions on Holocaust and Genocide Studies recognize the Armenian Genocide . `` Despite the vast amount of evidence that points to the historical reality of the Armenian Genocide , eyewitness accounts , official archives , photographic evidence , the reports of diplomats , and the testimony of survivors , denial of the Armenian Genocide by successive regimes in Turkey has gone on from 1915 to the present '' . ^ Denmark Denmark was neutral in the war but Germany at that time included part of Danish Schleswig . Men from this area were conscripted into the German forces and their losses are included with German casualties . Over 700 Danish merchant sailors and fisherman died , mostly due to vessels torpedoed by German submarines . ^ Luxembourg Luxembourg remained under German occupation during the war . The government , led by Paul Eyschen , chose to remain neutral . This strategy had the approval of Marie - Adélaïde , Grand Duchess of Luxembourg . Some citizens were conscripted into the German forces and others escaped to volunteer for the Allies . According to the Mobile Reference travel Guide , 3,700 Luxembourgeois citizens served in the French armed forces and 2,800 gave their lives in the war . They are commemorated at the Gëlle Fra in Luxembourg . ^ Norway Norway was neutral in the war but lost ships and merchant sailors in trading through the war zones . Norway is at times referred to as the Neutral Ally due to its close relationship with the United Kingdom during the war . In 1924 , the Norwegian government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office , an agency of the League of Nations , reported 1,180 persons dead and missing in World War I . ^ Sweden Sweden was neutral in the war but lost ships and merchant sailors in trading through the war zones . In 1924 , the Swedish government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office , an agency of the League of Nations , reported 800 persons dead and missing in World War I . Sources ( edit ) Graves of French soldiers who died on the Ypres Salient , Ypres Necropole National , Ypres , Belgium . The India Gate in Delhi commemorates the Indian soldiers who died during World War I . The Commonwealth War Graves Commission ( CWGC ) Annual Report 2014 -- 2015 provides current statistics on the military dead for the British Empire . The war dead totals listed in the report are based on the research by the CWGC to identify and commemorate Commonwealth war dead . The statistics tabulated by The Commonwealth War Graves Commission are representative of the number of names commemorated for all servicemen / women of the Armed Forces of the Commonwealth and former UK Dependencies , whose death was attributable to their war service . Some auxiliary and civilian organizations are also accorded war grave status if death occurred under certain specified conditions . For the purposes of CWGC the dates of inclusion for Commonwealth War Dead are 4 August 1914 to 31 August 1921 . Total World War I dead were 1,116,371 ( UK and former colonies 887,711 ; Undivided India 73,895 ; Canada 64,997 ; Australia 62,123 ; New Zealand 18,053 ; South Africa 9,592 ) . The Commonwealth War Graves Commission figures also include the Merchant Navy . Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914 -- 1920 , The War Office March 1922 . This official report lists Army casualties ( including Royal Naval Division ) of 908,371 killed in action , died of wounds , died as prisoners of war and were missing in action from 4 August 1914 to 31 December 1920 , ( British Isles 702,410 ; India 64,449 ; Canada 56,639 ; Australia 59,330 ; New Zealand 16,711 ; South Africa 7,121 and Newfoundland 1,204 , other colonies 507 ) . Figures of the Royal Navy war dead and missing of 32,287 were listed separately . These figures do not include the Merchant Navy dead of 14,661 . The losses of France , Belgium , Italy , Portugal , Romania , Serbia , Greece , Russia , the USA , Bulgaria , Germany , Austria - Hungary and Turkey were also listed in the UK War Office report . The official `` final and corrected '' casualty figures for British Army , including the Territorial Force ( not including allied British Empire forces ) were issued on 10 March 1921 . The losses were for the period 4 August 1914 until 30 September 1919 , included 573,507 `` killed in action , died from wounds and died of other causes '' ; 254,176 missing less 154,308 released prisoners ; for a net total of 673,375 dead and missing . There were 1,643,469 wounded also listed in the report . Sources for British Empire casualties are divergent and contradictory . The report of the War Office published in 1922 put the total number of British Empire `` soldiers who lost their lives '' at 908,371 . On a separate schedule the War Office listed the losses of the Royal Navy at 32,237 dead and missing . It is implicit in this presentation that the figures for `` soldiers who lost their lives '' do not include the Royal Navy . However many published reference works list total British Empire ( including the Dominions ) losses at 908,371 , it is implicit in these presentations that the figures for total losses include the Royal Navy . The War Office report puts the number of `` soldiers who lost their lives '' from the British Regular Army and Royal Naval Division at 702,410 . This is not in agreement with the `` final and corrected '' figures in the 1921 report for the army published in the General Annual Report of the British Army 1912 -- 1919 , which put British Army dead and missing at 673,375 and the official compilation of Army war dead published in 1921 that put total losses at about 673,000 . The War Office report did not explain the reason for this discrepancy ; the difference is more than likely due to their inclusion of the Royal Naval Division and deaths outside of combat theaters . Casualties and Medical Statistics published in 1931 . was the final volume of the Official Medical History of the War , gives British Empire , including the Dominions , for Army losses by cause of death . Total war dead in combat theaters from 1914 to 1918 were 876,084 , which included 418,361 killed , 167,172 died of wounds , 113,173 died of disease or injury , 161,046 missing and presumed dead and 16,332 prisoner of war deaths . Also listed were 2,004,976 wounded and 6,074,552 sick and injured . Total losses were not broken out for the UK and each Dominion , the figures are for losses in combat theaters only and do not include casualties of forces stationed in the UK from accidents or disease , casualties of the Royal Naval Division are also not included in these figures ; the losses of the Gallipoli Campaign are for British forces only , since records for Dominion forces were incomplete . Figures do not include the Royal Navy . Military Casualties -- World War -- Estimated , '' Statistics Branch , General Staff , U.S. War Department , 25 February 1924 . This report prepared by the U.S. War Department estimated the casualties of the belligerents in the war . The figures from this report are listed in the Encyclopædia Britannica and often cited in historical literature . Huber , Michel La Population de la France pendant la guerre , Paris 1931 . This study published by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace , lists official French government figures for war - related military deaths and missing of France and its colonies . Mortara , Giorgo La Salute pubblica in Italia durante e dopo la Guerra , New Haven : Yale University Press 1925 . The official government Italian statistics on war dead are listed here . A brief summary of data from this report can be found online . go to Vol 13 , No. 15 The demographer Boris Urlanis , analysis of the military dead for the belligerents in the war including his estimates for the combat related deaths included in total deaths . The Belgian government published statistics on their war losses in the Annuaire statistique de la Belgique et du Congo Belge 1915 -- 1919 Heeres - Sanitätsinspektion im Reichskriegsministeriums , Sanitätsbericht über das deutsche Heer , ( Deutsches Feld - und Besatzungsheer ) , im Weltkriege 1914 -- 1918 , Volume 3 , Sec. 1 , Berlin 1934 . The official German Army medical war history listed German losses . Grebler , Leo and Winkler , Wilhelm The Cost of the World War to Germany and Austria - Hungary This study published by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace details the losses of Austria - Hungary and Germany in the war . Erickson , Edward J. Ordered to Die : A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War The authors estimates were made based data from official Ottoman sources . Hersch , Liebmann , La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale , Metron . The International Review of Statistics , 1927 , Vol 7 . No 1 . This study published in an academic journal , detailed the demographic impact of the war on France , the UK , Italy , Belgium , Portugal , Serbia , Romania and Greece . The total estimated increase in the number of civilian deaths due to the war was 2,171,000 , not including an additional 984,000 Spanish Flu deaths . These losses were due primarily wartime privations . Dumas , Samuel ( 1923 ) . Losses of Life Caused by War published by Oxford University Press . This study detailed the impact of the war on the civilian population . The study estimated excess civilian deaths at : France ( 264,000 to 284,000 ) , the UK ( 181,000 ) , Italy ( 324,000 ) and Germany ( 692,000 ) . In The International Labour Office , an agency of the League of Nations , published statistics on the military dead and missing for the belligerents in the war . The source of population data is : Haythornthwaite , Philip J. , The World War One Source Book pp. 382 -- 383 See also ( edit ) World War I portal General Pershing WWI casualty list List of nurses who died in World War I Thankful Villages -- villages in England and Wales which lost no men in World War I World War II casualties References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Twentieth Century Atlas - Death Tolls '' . necrometrics.com . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Military Casualties - World War - Estimated , '' Statistics Branch , GS , War Department , 25 February 1924 Jump up ^ The War Office , Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914 -- 1920 Jump up ^ `` Military Casualties of World War One '' . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` World War One Casualty and death tables '' . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : The European Powers in the First World War : An Encyclopedia Spencer C. Tucker Garland Publishing , New York 1999 978 - 0 - 8153 - 3351 - 7 ^ Jump up to : John Ellis , The World War I Databook , Aurum Press , 2001 , ISBN 1 - 85410 - 766 - 6 pp. 269 -- 70 ^ Jump up to : World War I : People , Politics , and Power , published by Britannica Educational Publishing ( 2010 ) Page 219 ^ Jump up to : `` Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2014 -- 2015 p. 38 '' . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials Jump up ^ `` World Lijssenthoek Military Cemetery , Poperinge , Ypres Salient Battlefields , Belgium ( The Chinese Labour Corps was used to clear battlefields , dig graves , trenches and carry out other such tasks which were often difficult and dangerous . ) '' . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` MOMBASA AFRICAN MEMORIAL ( The non-combatant porters , stevedores and followers of the Military Labour Corps 600,000 . Almost 50,000 of these men were lost , killed in action died of sickness or wounds ) '' . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : The Long , Long Trail is a personal website written by Chris Baker ( 2015 - 04 - 26 ) . `` The Labour Corps of 1917 -- 1918 '' . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` THE CHINESE LABOUR CORPS AT THE WESTERN FRONT ( In all , nearly 2,000 men from the Chinese Labour Corps died during the First World War , some as a direct result of enemy action , or of wounds received in the course of their duties but many more in the influenza epidemic that swept Europe in 1918 -- 19 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` familysearch.org '' > `` Soldiers died in the great war , 1914 -- 1919 , London : Her Majesty 's Stationery Office , 1920 -- 1921 , 80 pts. in 17 v ( pt. 80 . Labour corps , Royal army ordnance corps , veterinary corps and pay corps , Channel Isles militia , corps of army schoolmasters , military mounted police , military foot police ) '' . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` International Encyclopedia of the First World War , Antoine Prost , War Losses '' . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Clodfelter , Michael ( 2002 ) . Warfare and Armed Conflicts - A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 2nd Ed ... ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 4 . Page 479 ^ Jump up to : Deaths as a result of service with Australian units ^ Jump up to : Great Britain . War Office ( 14 April 2018 ) . `` Statistics of the military effort of the British Empire during the Great War , 1914 - 1920 '' . London H.M. Stationery Off . Retrieved 14 April 2018 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Canada , Statistics . `` Canada Year Book ( CYB ) Historical Collection '' . www65.statcan.gc.ca . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Website Update - Nova Scotia Archives '' . novascotia.ca . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wartime Tragedies - The Halifax Explosion - Canada and the First World War '' . Canada and the First World War . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Auckland War Memorial Museum '' . aucklandmuseum.com . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Newfoundland and Labrador Studies '' . journals.hil.unb.ca . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Great Britain . War Office ( 14 April 2018 ) . `` Statistics of the military effort of the British Empire during the Great War , 1914 - 1920 '' . London H.M. Stationery Off . Retrieved 14 April 2018 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Great Britain . War Office ( 14 April 2018 ) . `` Statistics of the military effort of the British Empire during the Great War , 1914 - 1920 '' . London H.M. Stationery Off . Retrieved 14 April 2018 -- via Internet Archive . ^ Jump up to : Gilbert , Martin ( 1994 ) . Atlas of World War I. Oxford UP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 521077 - 4 ( 908 civilians killed in naval attacks ) ^ Jump up to : Hersch , L. , La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale , Metron - The International Review of Statistics , 1927 , Vol 7 . Pages 47 -- 61 ^ Jump up to : `` War Losses ( Africa ) '' . 1914 -- 1918 Online Encyclopedia . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Great Britain . War Office ( 14 April 2018 ) . `` Statistics of the military effort of the British Empire during the Great War , 1914 - 1920 '' . London H.M. Stationery Off . Retrieved 14 April 2018 -- via Internet Archive . ^ Jump up to : Annuaire statistique de la Belgique et du Congo Belge 1915 -- 1919 . Bruxelles. 1922 p. 100 Per Annuaire statistique de la Belgique et du Congo Belge 1915 -- 1919 figure of 58,637 includes 2,620 colonial troops and 15,650 porters in Africa Jump up ^ Annuaire statistique de la Belgique et du Congo Belge 1915 -- 1919 . Bruxelles. 1922 p. 100 ^ Jump up to : Hersch , L. , La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale , Metron - The International Review of Statistics , 1927 , Vol 7. P 59 -- 62 ^ Jump up to : Military Casualties - World War - Estimated , '' Statistics Branch , GS , War Department , 25 February 1924 ; cited in World War I : People , Politics , and Power , published by Britannica Educational Publishing ( 2010 ) Page 219 Jump up ^ Huber , Michel ( 1931 ) . La Population de la France pendant la guerre . Paris Page 420 . The figure includes killed , missing in action and died of wounds excluding died of disease ^ Jump up to : Official History of the Australian Army Medical Services , 1914 -- 1918 Volume III -- Special Problems and Services ( 1st edition , 1943 ) p. 870 ^ Jump up to : Great Britain . War Office ( 14 April 2018 ) . `` Statistics of the military effort of the British Empire during the Great War , 1914 - 1920 '' . London H.M. Stationery Off . Retrieved 14 April 2018 -- via Internet Archive . ^ Jump up to : Huber , Michel ( 1931 ) . La Population de la France pendant la guerre . Paris Page 414 ^ Jump up to : Ellis , John ( 1993 ) . World War I -- Databook . Aurum Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85410 - 766 - 4 , Page 269 ^ Jump up to : Randal Grey . Chronicle of World War I , Vol2 Facts on File 1991 ISBN 0 - 8160 - 2139 - 2 Page 292 ^ Jump up to : Great Britain . War Office ( 14 April 2018 ) . `` Statistics of the military effort of the British Empire during the Great War , 1914 - 1920 '' . London H.M. Stationery Off . Retrieved 14 April 2018 -- via Internet Archive . ^ Jump up to : Urlanis , Boris ( 1971 ) . Wars and Population . Moscow page 209 ^ Jump up to : Hersch , L. , La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale , Metron - The International Review of Statistics , 1927 , Vol 7. Pages 80 -- 81 ^ Jump up to : Mortara , G ( 1925 ) . La Salute pubblica in Italia durante e dopo la Guerra . New Haven : Yale University Press. P 28 -- 29 Jump up ^ Mortara , G ( 1925 ) . La Salute pubblica in Italia durante e dopo la Guerra . New Haven : Yale University Press. P 56 -- 57 ^ Jump up to : Hersch , L. , La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale , Metron - The International Review of Statistics , 1927 , Vol 7. Pages 52 -- 59 ^ Jump up to : International Labour Office , Enquête sur la production . Rapport général . Paris ( etc . ) Berger - Levrault , 1923 -- 25 . Tom 4 , II Les tués et les disparus p. 29 OCLC 6445561 Jump up ^ Martins , Ferreira ( 1934 ) . Portugal na Grande Guerra . Lisboa : Empresa Editorial Ática . ^ Jump up to : Hersch , L. , La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale , Metron - The International Review of Statistics , 1927 , Vol 7. Pages 61 -- 64 ^ Jump up to : Erlikman , Vadim ( 2004 ) . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow . Page 51 ISBN 978 - 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Great Britain . War Office ( 14 April 2018 ) . `` Statistics of the military effort of the British Empire during the Great War , 1914 - 1920 '' . London H.M. Stationery Off . Retrieved 14 April 2018 -- via Internet Archive . ^ Jump up to : `` РОССИЯ И СССР В ВОЙНАХ XX ВЕКА . Глава II . ПЕРВАЯ МИРОВАЯ ВОЙНА '' . www.rus-sky.com . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . line feed character in title = at position 49 ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Erlikman , Vadim ( 2004 ) . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow . Page 18 ISBN 978 - 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1. ( Civilians killed on Eastern Front ) ^ Jump up to : Hersch , L. , La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale , Metron - The International Review of Statistics , 1927 , Vol 7 . Pages 65 -- 76 ^ Jump up to : Frédéric Le Moal , La Serbie du martyre à la Victoire 1914 -- 1918 , 2008 , éditions 14 -- 18 ( 2013 ) ( ISBN 978 - 2 - 916385 - 18 - 1 ) , page 231 Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs , va.gov ^ Jump up to : `` Congressional Research Service , American War and Military Operations Casualties : Lists and Statistics '' ( PDF ) . fas.org . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` United States Coast Guard Coast Guard History '' . uscg.mil . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Merchant Marine in World War I '' . www.usmm.org . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Ellis , John ( 1993 ) . World War I Databook : The Essential Facts and Figures for All the Combatants . London : Aurum Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85410 - 766 - 4 . p. 269 ^ Jump up to : Österreichischen Bundesministerium für Herrswesen ( 1938 ) . Österreich - Ungarns letzer Kreig , 1914 -- 1918 Vol. 7 . Vienna. VII , Beilage 37 Jump up ^ Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914 -- 1920 , The War Office , P. 357 Archived 2012 - 07 - 30 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ . Erlikman , Vadim ( 2004 ) . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow . Page 49 ISBN 978 - 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1. ( Civilians killed in the fighting on the Eastern Front ) ^ Jump up to : Grebler , Leo ( 1940 ) . The Cost of the World War to Germany and Austria - Hungary . Yale University Press . Page 147 Jump up ^ Great Britain . War Office ( 14 April 2018 ) . `` Statistics of the military effort of the British Empire during the Great War , 1914 - 1920 '' . London H.M. Stationery Off . Retrieved 14 April 2018 -- via Internet Archive . ^ Jump up to : Great Britain . War Office ( 14 April 2018 ) . `` Statistics of the military effort of the British Empire during the Great War , 1914 - 1920 '' . London H.M. Stationery Off . Retrieved 14 April 2018 -- via Internet Archive . ^ Jump up to : Urlanis , Boris ( 1971 ) . Wars and Population . Moscow Page 268 Jump up ^ The War Office ( 1922 ) . Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914 -- 1920 . Reprinted by Naval & Military Press p. 355 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84734 - 681 - 0 . Jump up ^ Urlanis , Boris ( 1971 ) . Wars and Population . Moscow page 85 , The demographer Boris Urlanis put total German war dead at 2,037,000 , he estimated that the figure included 1,796,000 men killed , dead from wounds and gas poisoning . ^ Jump up to : Heeres - Sanitaetsinspektion im Reichskriegsministeriums ( 1934 ) ( in German ) . Sanitaetsbericht über das deutsche Heer , ( deutsches Feld - und Besatzungsheer ) , im Weltkriege 1914 -- 1918 . Volume 3 , Sec 1 . Berlin . Pages 12 -- 14 Jump up ^ John Ellis , The World War I Databook , Aurum Press , 2001 ISBN 1 - 85410 - 766 - 6 P. 269 Jump up ^ The War Office ( 1922 ) . Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914 -- 1920 . Reprinted by Naval & Military Press . p. 678 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84734 - 681 - 0. ( Civilians killed by Allied bombing ) ^ Jump up to : Grebler , Leo ( 1940 ) . The Cost of the World War to Germany and Austria - Hungary . Yale University Press . 1940 Page78 ^ Jump up to : Vincent , C. Paul ( 1985 ) . The Politics of Hunger : The Allied Blockade of Germany , 1915 -- 1919 . Athens ( Ohio ) and London : Ohio University Press . ^ Jump up to : `` The National Archives - Exhibitions & Learning online - First World War - Spotlights on history '' . www.nationalarchives.gov.uk . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Ordered to Die : A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War , Edward J. Erickson Page 211 . ^ Jump up to : Erickson , Edward J. , Ordered to Die : A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War , Greenwood 2001 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31516 - 9 Page 211 ^ Jump up to : Totten , Samuel , Paul Robert Bartrop , Steven L. Jacobs ( eds . ) Dictionary of Genocide . Greenwood Publishing Group , 2008 , p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 34642 - 2 . Jump up ^ Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow . ISBN 978 - 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 . Pages 61 , 65 , 73 , 77 and 78 ( In current borders Turkey 500,000 ; Syria 160,000 ; Lebanon 110,000 ; Iraq 150,000 ; Israel / Palestine 35,000 and Jordan 20,000 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Byarkivet i Horsens '' . byarkivet-horsens.dk . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Haythornthwaite , Philip J. , The World War One Source Book Arms and Armour , London , 1993 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 85409 - 102 - 4 . Jump up ^ Erlikman , Vadim ( 2004 ) . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow . ISBN 978 - 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Strachan , Hew ( 1999 ) . World War I : A History . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 820614 - 9 p. 100 Jump up ^ Erlikman , Vadim ( 2004 ) . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow . Page 36 ISBN 978 - 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 . Jump up ^ Erlikman , Vadim ( 2004 ) . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow . Page 25 ISBN 978 - 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 . Jump up ^ Erlikman , Vadim ( 2004 ) . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow . Page 34 ISBN 978 - 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Erlikman , Vadim ( 2004 ) . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow . Page 88 ISBN 978 - 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 . Jump up ^ Erlikman , Vadim ( 2004 ) . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow . Page 54 ISBN 978 - 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Estonian War Museum -- General Laidoner Museum '' . esm.ee . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Erlikman , Vadim ( 2004 ) . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow . Pages 59 and 83 -- 99 ISBN 978 - 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 . Jump up ^ Erlikman , Vadim ( 2004 ) . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow . Pages 83 -- 99 ISBN 978 - 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 . Jump up ^ Erlikman , Vadim ( 2004 ) . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow . Pages 41 ISBN 978 - 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 Jump up ^ Fergus Campbell , Land and Revolution , Nationalist Politics in the West of Ireland 1891 -- 1921 , p196 ^ Jump up to : David Fitzpatrick , Militarism in Ireland , 1900 -- 1922 , in Tom Bartlet , Keith Jeffreys ed 's , p392 Jump up ^ Dúchas The Heritage Service , Visitors Guide to the Gardens Jump up ^ `` Irish soldiers in the first World War : who , where and how many ? '' . irishtimes.com . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Andrzej Gawryszewski ( 2005 ) . Ludnosc Polski w XX wieku . Warsaw . pp. 411 -- 412 Jump up ^ Erlikman , Vadim ( 2004 ) . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow . Pages 49 ISBN 978 - 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 . Jump up ^ Chris Baker www. 1914 -- 1918.net The Labour Corps of 1917 -- 1918 ^ Jump up to : Mitchell , T.J. ( 1931 ) . Casualties and Medical Statistics of the Great War . London : Reprinted by Battery Press ( 1997 ) . p. 12 ISBN 978 - 0 - 89839 - 263 - 0 Jump up ^ `` Page Not Found '' ( PDF ) . www.cwgc.org . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Erlikman , Vadim ( 2004 ) . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow . Pages and 83 -- 99 ISBN 978 - 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Peter ( 1980 ) . Ragtime Soldiers : the Rhodesian Experience in the First World War . Bulawayo : Books of Zimbabwe . p. 140 . ISBN 0 - 86920 - 232 - 4 . Jump up ^ Vladimir Dedijer , History of Yugoslavia McGraw - Hill Inc. , US , 1975 ISBN 0 - 07 - 016235 - 2 p. 501 Jump up ^ Erlikman , Vadim ( 2004 ) . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow . p. 55 ISBN 978 - 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 . Jump up ^ US Library of Congress A Country Study : Nepal Jump up ^ `` Roll of Honour '' . awm.gov.au . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Urlanis , Boris ( 1971 ) . Wars and Population . Moscow Page 85 Jump up ^ Horne , John and Kramer , Alan , German Atrocities , 1914 ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 08975 - 2 Jump up ^ `` Legacy - The Cost of Canada 's War - Canada and the First World War '' . Canada and the First World War . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Canadian Virtual War Memorial ^ Jump up to : Huber , Michel ( 1931 ) . La Population de la France pendant la guerre . Paris . Jump up ^ Huber , Michel ( 1931 ) . La Population de la France pendant la guerre . Paris . p. 420 Jump up ^ `` Rechercher dans les bases nominatives - Mémoire des hommes '' . www.memoiredeshommes.sga.defense.gouv.fr . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Quid 2007 Robert Laffont , 2006 ISBN 2 - 221 - 10677 - 6 p. 1083 ^ Jump up to : Travel Luxembourg ( Grand Duchy of Luxembourg ) Jump up ^ Porch , Douglas ( 1991 ) . The French Foreign Legion : A Complete History of the Legendary Fighting Force . Publisher and page to be added . Jump up ^ Hersch , L. , La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale , Metron - The International Review of Statistics , 1927 , Vol 7 . pp. 30 -- 47 Jump up ^ Dumas , Samuel ( 1923 ) . Losses of Life Caused by War . Oxford . p. 157 Jump up ^ Huber , Michel ( 1931 ) . La Population de la France pendant la guerre . Paris pp. 312 -- 313 Jump up ^ Urlanis , Boris ( 1971 ) . Wars and Population . Moscow page 160 ^ Jump up to : Urlanis , Boris ( 1971 ) . Wars and Population . Moscow p. 85 Jump up ^ Bujac , Jean , Les campagnes de l'armèe Hellènique , 1918 -- 1922 , Paris , 1930 p. 339 Jump up ^ `` Demographic Research '' . Demographic Research . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Dumas , Samuel ( 1923 ) . Losses of Life Caused by War . Oxford . p. 165 Jump up ^ Mortara , G ( 1925 ) . La Salute pubblica in Italia durante e dopo la Guerra . New Haven : Yale University Press pp. 57 -- 66 Jump up ^ `` 靖国 神社 '' . www.yasukuni.or.jp . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Auckland War Memorial Museum Cenotaph Database '' . aucklandmuseum.com . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Martins , Ferreira ( 1934 ) . Portugal na Grande Guerra . Lisboa : Empresa Editorial Ática . Jump up ^ Hersch , L. , La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale , Metron - The International Review of Statistics , 1927 , Vol 7 . pp. 76 -- 80 Jump up ^ Erlikman , Vadim ( 2004 ) . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow . ISBN 978 - 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 . p. 51 Jump up ^ Россия в мировой войне 1914 -- 1918 гг . ( в цифрах ). , 1925 , Russia and the World War 1914 -- 1918 ( in figures ) Jump up ^ Россия в мировой войне 1914 -- 1918 гг . ( в цифрах ). , 1925 , Russia and the World War 1914 -- 1918 ( in figures ) pp. 20 , 30 and 31 Jump up ^ `` ВОЕННАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА -- ( Исследования ) -- Головин H.H. Военные усилия России в Мировой войне '' . militera.lib.ru . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Urlanis , Boris ( 1971 ) . Wars and Population . Moscow pp. 266 -- 268 Jump up ^ Erlikman , Vadim ( 2004 ) . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow . ISBN 978 - 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 . p. 18 ^ Jump up to : Frédéric Le Moal , La Serbie du martyre à la Victoire 1914 -- 1918 , 2008 , éditions 14 -- 18 ( 2013 ) ( ISBN 978 - 2 - 916385 - 18 - 1 ) , p. 231 . Jump up ^ `` Kusturica reveals monument to Gavrilo Princip '' . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Симпозијум о српском војном санитету у Првом светском рату - Министарство одбране Републике Србије '' . Министарство одбране Републике Србије . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Urlanis , Boris ( 1971 ) . Wars and Population . Moscow Pages 66 , 79 , 83 , 85,160,171 and 268 . ^ Jump up to : Erlikman , Vadim ( 2004 ) . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow . ISBN 978 - 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 . p. 49 Jump up ^ Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2013 -- 2014 Archived 2015 - 11 - 04 at the Wayback Machine. , page 48 . Figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials . ^ Jump up to : of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914 -- 1920 , The War Office , p. 339 ^ Jump up to : H.A. Jones , War In The Air . ( Appendices ) . Being The Story Of The Part Played In The Great War By The Royal Air Force p. 160 ( this is the official history of the RFC and the RAF from 1914 to 1918 ^ Jump up to : The Army Council . General Annual Report of the British Army 1912 -- 1919 . Parliamentary Paper 1921 , XX , Cmd. 1193. , PartIV p. 62 -- 72 Jump up ^ Douglas Jerrold , Royal Naval Division ( 1923 ) p. 338 The figures for the Royal Naval Division were 7,547 killed and 2,584 died of wounds ^ Jump up to : Dumas , Samuel ( 1923 ) . Losses of Life Caused by War . Oxford . p. 139 `` From Dr. T.H.C. Stevenson of the General Register Office , London , I received privately the following figures . There were also about 19,000 deaths among troops not connected with any of the expeditionary forces '' ^ Jump up to : `` Commonwealth War Graves Commission , Find War Dead '' . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Tower Hill Memorial '' . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Great Britain . War Office ( 14 April 2018 ) . `` Statistics of the military effort of the British Empire during the Great War , 1914 - 1920 '' . London H.M. Stationery Off . Retrieved 14 April 2018 -- via Internet Archive . ^ Jump up to : Great Britain . War Office ( 14 April 2018 ) . `` Statistics of the military effort of the British Empire during the Great War , 1914 - 1920 '' . London H.M. Stationery Off . Retrieved 14 April 2018 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ History of the RAF , Bowyer , 1977 ( Hamlyn ) Jump up ^ Douglas Jerrold , Royal Naval Division ( 1923 ) p. 338 Jump up ^ `` Soldiers died in the great war , 1914 -- 1919 , London : Her Majesty 's Stationery Office , 1920 -- 1921 , 80 pts. in 17 v '' . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Dumas , Samuel ( 1923 ) . Losses of Life Caused by War . Oxford . p. 151 Jump up ^ of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914 -- 1920 , The War Office , pp. 674 -- 676 Jump up ^ The Economist ( 2010 - 04 - 26 ) . `` The Economist : `` Strange meeting '' , 26 April 2010 `` . Economist.com . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ WW1 Photos Centenary Website : 2014 -- 2018 By Paul Reed ( 2010 - 04 - 26 ) . `` Chinese Labour Corps 1919 '' . Paul Reed . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ Voice of America ( VOA ) ( 2010 - 04 - 26 ) . `` chinas - world - war - one - effort - draws - new - attention '' . ( VOA ) . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` How the Great War Razed East Africa by Richard Price '' . Africa Research Institute . Africa Research Institute . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Warfare and Armed Conflicts -- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 2nd Ed . Clodfelter , Michael 2002 ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 4 pp. 384 -- 85 Jump up ^ Warfare and Armed Conflicts -- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 2nd Ed . Clodfelter , Michael 2002 ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 4 p. 481 Jump up ^ Casualties - World War - Estimated , '' Statistics Branch , GS , War Department , 25 February 1924 ^ Jump up to : John Ellis , The World War I Databook , Aurum Press , 2001 ISBN 1 - 85410 - 766 - 6 p. 269 Jump up ^ Great Britain . War Office ( 14 April 2018 ) . `` Statistics of the military effort of the British Empire during the Great War , 1914 - 1920 '' . London H.M. Stationery Off . Retrieved 14 April 2018 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914 -- 1920 , The War Office , p. 356 - 357 . Jump up ^ Great Britain . War Office ( 14 April 2018 ) . `` Statistics of the military effort of the British Empire during the Great War , 1914 - 1920 '' . London H.M. Stationery Off . Retrieved 14 April 2018 -- via Internet Archive . ^ Jump up to : Great Britain . War Office ( 14 April 2018 ) . `` Statistics of the military effort of the British Empire during the Great War , 1914 - 1920 '' . London H.M. Stationery Off . Retrieved 14 April 2018 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ The War Office ( 1922 ) . Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914 -- 1920 . Reprinted by Naval & Military Press . p. 678 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84734 - 681 - 0 . Jump up ^ Germany . Gesundheits - Amt . Schaedigung der deutschen Volkskraft durch die feindliche Blockade . Denkschrift des Reichsgesundheitsamtes , Dezember 1918 . ( Parallel English translation ) Injuries inflicted to the German national strength through the enemy blockade . Memorial of the German Board of Public Health , 27 December 1918 ( Berlin , Reichsdruckerei , ) The report notes on page 17 that the figures for the second half of 1918 were estimates based on the first half of 1918 . Jump up ^ Bumm , Franz , ed. , Deutschlands Gesundheitsverhältnisse unter dem Einfluss des Weltkrieges , Stuttgart , Berlin ( etc . ) Deutsche Verlags - Anstalt ; New Haven , Yale University Press , 1928 pp. 22 -- 61 Jump up ^ `` Twenty - Seven '' , Ambassador Morgenthau 's Story , BYU , 1918 . Jump up ^ Erickson , Edward J. 2001 . p. 211 Jump up ^ Mehmet Beşikçi Ottoman mobilization of manpower in the First World War : Leiden ; Boston : Brill , 2012 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 22520 - X pp. 113 -- 114 Jump up ^ Ellis , John ( 1993 ) . World War I -- Databook . Aurum Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85410 - 766 - 4 . p. 270 Jump up ^ Warfare and Armed Conflicts -- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 2nd Ed Clodfelter , Michael 2002 ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 4 p. 483 Jump up ^ Tucker , Spencer C ( 1999 ) . The European Powers in the First World War : An Encyclopedia . New York : Garland Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 3351 - 7 . Jump up ^ Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow . ISBN 978 - 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 . pp. 61 , 65 , 73 , 77 and 78 Jump up ^ `` Six unexpected WW1 battlegrounds '' . BBC World Service . BBC . 26 November 2014 . Retrieved 12 July 2016 . Jump up ^ International Association of Genocide Scholars Resolution_on_genocides_committed_by_the_Ottoman_Empire Archived 2008 - 04 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Gaunt , David . Massacres , Resistance , Protectors : Muslim - Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I. Piscataway , New Jersey : Gorgias Press , 2006 . Jump up ^ Schaller , Dominik J ; Zimmerer , Jürgen ( 2008 ) . `` Late Ottoman genocides : the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies -- introduction '' . Journal of Genocide Research . 10 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 14 . doi : 10.1080 / 14623520801950820 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of the Armenian Genocide '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Monroe , Kristen Renwick ( 2012 ) . Ethics in an age of terror and genocide : identity and moral choice . Princeton , N.J. : Princeton University Press . p. 13 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 15143 - 1 . Jump up ^ Loytomaki , Stiina ( 2014 ) . Law and the Politics of Memory : Confronting the Past . Routledge . p. 31 . ISBN 1 - 136 - 00736 - 9 . To date , more than 20 countries in the world have officially recognized the events as genocide and most historians and genocide scholars accept this view . Jump up ^ Frey , Rebecca Joyce ( 2009 ) . Genocide and international justice . New York : Facts On File . p. 83 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 7310 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Armenian Genocide - Resource Library for Teachers '' . The Genocide Education Project . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Great Britain . War Office ( 14 April 2018 ) . `` Statistics of the military effort of the British Empire during the Great War , 1914 - 1920 '' . London H.M. Stationery Off . Retrieved 14 April 2018 -- via Internet Archive . ^ Jump up to : The Army Council . General Annual Report of the British Army 1912 -- 1919 . Parliamentary Paper 1921 , XX , Cmd. 1193. , Part IV pp. 62 -- 72 ^ Jump up to : The War Office ( 1922 ) . Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914 -- 1920 . Reprinted by Naval & Military Press . p. 239 ISBN 978 - 1 - 84734 - 681 - 0 . Jump up ^ The War Office ( 1922 ) . Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914 -- 1920 . Reprinted by Naval & Military Press . p. 339 ISBN 978 - 1 - 84734 - 681 - 0 . Jump up ^ Soldiers died in the great war , 1914 -- 1919 , Her Majesty 's Stationery Office , 1920 -- 1921 Jump up ^ `` Medical services ; casualties and medical statistics of the great war , by Major T.J. Mitchell and Miss G.M. Smith p. 12 '' . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , T.J. ( 1931 ) . Casualties and Medical Statistics of the Great War . London : Reprinted by Battery Press ( 1997 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 89839 - 263 - 0 p. 12 Jump up ^ Casualties and Medical Statistics of the Great War p. 12 lists a total of 352,458 missing and prisoners of war ; included in this total were 191,412 prisoners of whom 16,332 died in captivity . Jump up ^ Mortara , G ( 1925 ) . La Salute pubblica in Italia durante e dopo la Guerra . New Haven : Yale University Press . Jump up ^ Grebler , Leo ( 1940 ) . The Cost of the World War to Germany and Austria - Hungary . Yale University Press . Jump up ^ Erickson , Edward J. , Ordered to Die : A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War , Greenwood 2001 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31516 - 9 Jump up ^ The article is available from Metron , the publisher Jump up ^ Dumas , Samuel ( 1923 ) . Losses of Life Caused by War . Oxford . Jump up ^ International Labour Office , Enquête sur la production . Rapport général . Paris ( etc . ) Berger - Levrault , 1923 -- 25 . Tome 4 p. 29 Further reading ( edit ) Bane , S.L. ; Lutz , R.H. ( 1942 ) . The Blockade of Germany after the Armistice 1918 -- 1919 . Stanford , CN : Stanford University Press . OCLC 876320449 . Clodfelter , Michael ( 2002 ) . Warfare and Armed Conflicts -- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 ( 2nd ed . ) . Jefferson , NC : Mcfarland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 4 . `` Debt of Honour Register '' . Maidenhead : Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . Dumas , Samuel ( 1923 ) . Losses of Life Caused by War . Oxford : Clarendon Press . OCLC 9380953 . Ellis , John ( 1993 ) . World War I Databook : The Essential Facts and Figures for All the Combatants . London : Aurum Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85410 - 766 - 4 . Erickson , Edward J. ( 2001 ) . Ordered to Die : A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War . Santa Barbara , CA : Greenwood . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31516 - 9 . Gelvin , James L. ( 2005 ) . The Israel -- Palestine Conflict : One Hundred Years of War . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 85289 - 0 . General Annual Report of the British Army 1912 -- 1919 . Parliamentary Paper 1921 . no ISBN . London : The Army Council , War Office . Gilbert , Martin ( 1994 ) . Atlas of World War I. London : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 521077 - 4 . Grebler , Leo ( 1940 ) . The Cost of the World War to Germany and Austria - Hungary . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press for the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace . OCLC 890037 . Grey , Randal ( 1991 ) . Chronicle of the First World War : 1917 -- 1921 . II . New York : Facts On File . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 2595 - 4 . Harries , Merion ( 1991 ) . Soldiers of the Sun -- The Rise and Fall of the Imperial Japanese Army . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 75303 - 2 . Haythornthwaite , Philip J. ( 1992 ) . The World War One Sourcebook . London : Arms and Armour . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85409 - 102 - 4 . Horne , John ; Kramer , Alan ( 2001 ) . German atrocities , 1914 : A History of Denial . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 08975 - 2 . Mayhew , Emily ( 2013 ) . Wounded : A New History of the Western Front in World War I. New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 932245 - 7 . Mitchell , T.J. ( 1997 ) ( 1931 ) . Casualties and Medical Statistics of the Great War ( Battery Press repr . ed . ) . London : HMSO . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89839 - 263 - 0 . Österreich - Ungarns letzer Kreig , 1914 -- 1918 : Herausgegeben vom österreichischen Bundesministerium für Heereswesen und vom Kriegsarchiv ( Austria - Hungary 's Last War , 1914 -- 1918 ) ( PDF ) . VII . trans . Stan Hanna ( online ed . ) . Vienna : Österreichischen Bundesministerium für Herrswesen ( Published by the Austrian Federal Ministry of Military Affairs and the War Archive ) . 1938 . OCLC 557493618 . Retrieved 3 May 2015 . Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914 -- 1920 . London : HMSO. 1922 . OCLC 924169428 . Retrieved 4 March 2017 . Strachan , Hew ( 1999 ) . World War I : A History . London : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 820614 - 9 . Tucker , Spencer C. ( 1999 ) . The European Powers in the First World War : An Encyclopaedia . New York : Garland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 3351 - 7 . Urlanis , Boris ( 1971 ) . Wars and Population . Moscow : Progress . OCLC 579400 . Yalman , Ahmed Emin ( 1930 ) . Turkey in the World War . Economic and Social History of the World War , Turkish Series . New Haven : Yale University Press . OCLC 397515 . Other languages ( edit ) Bujac , Jean ( 1930 ) . Les campagnes de l'armèe Hellènique , 1918 -- 1922 ( The Campaigns of the Greek Army , from 1918 -- 1922 ) . Paris : Charles - Lavauzelle . OCLC 10808602 . Erlikman , Vadim ( 2004 ) . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik ( The Loss of Population in the Twentieth Century : Handbook ) ( in Russian ) . Moscow : OLMA - Press . ISBN 978 - 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 . Gawryszewski , Andrzej ( 2005 ) . Ludnosc Polski w XX wieku ( Polish Population in the Twentieth Century ) . Monografie / Instytut Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania im . Stanisława Leszczyckiego PAN. 5 . Warsaw : Warszawa : Instytut Geografii . ISBN 83 - 87954 - 66 - 7 . Hersch , L. ( 1927 ) . La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale ( Mortality Caused by the World War ) . The International Review of Statistics . VII . Metron . OCLC 744635608 . Huber , Michel ( 1931 ) . La Population de la France pendant la guerre ( The Population of France During the War ) ( in French ) . Paris : Les Presses Universitaires de France . OCLC 64110984 . Krivosheev , G.F. ( 2001 ) . Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka : poteri vooruzhennykh sil : statisticheskoe issledovanie / pod obshchei redaktsiei ( Russia and the Soviet Union in the Wars of the Twentieth Century : The Loss of the Armed Forces : A Statistical Study ) ( in Russian ) . Moscow : OLMA - Press . ISBN 5 - 224 - 01515 - 4 . Retrieved 3 May 2015 . l'Annuaire statistique de la Belgique et du Congo Belge 1915 -- 1919 ( Statistical Yearbook of Belgium and the Belgian Congo 1915 -- 1919 ) ( in French ) . XLVI . Bruxelles : A. Lesigne. 1922 . OCLC 460112561 . Mortara , G. ( 1925 ) . La Salute pubblica in Italia durante e dopo la Guerra ( Public Health in Italy During and After the War ) ( in Italian ) . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . OCLC 2099099 . Sanitätsbericht über das deutsche Heer , ( deutsches Feld - und Besatzungsheer ) , im Weltkriege 1914 -- 1918 ( Heeres - Sanitätsinspektion im Reichskriegsministeriums ) ( Medical Report on the German Army ( German Field and Garrison Army ) in the World War 1914 -- 1918 ( Army Medical Inspectorate in the Reich Ministry of War ) ) ( in German ) . III . Sec 1 . Berlin : Mittler. 1934 . OCLC 493867080 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Casualties of World War I . Prost , Antoine : War Losses , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Schmied - Kowarzik , Anatol : War Losses ( Austria - Hungary ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Lunn , Joe Harris : War Losses ( Africa ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Majerus , Benoît : War Losses ( Belgium ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Lafon , Alexandre : War Losses ( France ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Scolè , Pierluigi : War Losses ( Italy ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Tang , Chi - hua : War Losses and Reparations ( China ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Whalen , Robert Weldon : War Losses ( Germany ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Noonan , David C. : War Losses ( Australia ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Byerly , Carol R. : War Losses ( USA ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Cook , Tim , Stewart , William : War Losses ( Canada ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Baş , Mehmet Fatih : War Losses ( Ottoman Empire / Middle East ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . World War I casualties from Historical Atlas of the Twentieth Century Long way to Tipperary - an Irish story of the great war World War I Home fronts Theatres European Balkans Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Middle Eastern Gallipoli Sinai and Palestine Caucasus Persia Mesopotamia South Arabia African South West East Kamerun Togoland North Asian and Pacific Tsingtao German New Guinea and Samoa At sea North Atlantic U-boat campaign Mediterranean North Sea Baltic Indian , Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans Papeete Madras Penang Cocos Coronel Falkland Islands Más a Tierra Principal participants ( people ) Entente powers Belgium Brazil China France French Empire Greece Italy Japan Montenegro Portuguese Empire Romania Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Serbia United Kingdom British Empire United States Central Powers Germany Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Timeline Pre-War conflicts Scramble for Africa ( 1880 -- 1914 ) Russo - Japanese War ( 1905 ) First Moroccan ( Tangier ) Crisis ( 1905 -- 06 ) Agadir Crisis ( 1911 ) Italo - Turkish War ( 1911 -- 12 ) French conquest of Morocco ( 1911 -- 12 ) First Balkan War ( 1912 -- 13 ) Second Balkan War ( 1913 ) Prelude Origins Sarajevo assassination Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo July Crisis Autumn 1914 Battle of the Frontiers Battle of Cer First Battle of the Marne Siege of Tsingtao Battle of Tannenberg Battle of Galicia Battle of the Masurian Lakes Battle of Kolubara Battle of Sarikamish Race to the Sea First Battle of Ypres 1915 Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes Second Battle of Ypres Battle of Gallipoli Second Battle of Artois Battles of the Isonzo Gorlice -- Tarnów Offensive Great Retreat Second Battle of Champagne Kosovo Offensive Siege of Kut Battle of Loos 1916 Erzurum Offensive Battle of Verdun Lake Naroch Offensive Battle of Asiago Battle of Jutland Battle of the Somme first day Brusilov Offensive Baranovichi Offensive Battle of Romani Monastir Offensive Battle of Transylvania 1917 Capture of Baghdad First Battle of Gaza Zimmermann Telegram Second Battle of Arras Second Battle of the Aisne Kerensky Offensive Third Battle of Ypres ( Passchendaele ) Battle of Mărășești Battle of Caporetto Southern Palestine Offensive Battle of Cambrai Armistice of Erzincan 1918 Operation Faustschlag Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Spring Offensive Second Battle of the Marne Battle of Baku Hundred Days Offensive Vardar Offensive Battle of Megiddo Third Transjordan attack Meuse - Argonne Offensive Battle of Vittorio Veneto Battle of Aleppo Armistice of Salonica Armistice of Mudros Armistice of Villa Giusti Armistice with Germany Other conflicts Mexican Revolution ( 1910 -- 20 ) Somaliland Campaign ( 1910 -- 20 ) Libyan resistance movement ( 1911 -- 43 ) Maritz Rebellion ( 1914 -- 15 ) Zaian War ( 1914 -- 21 ) Indo - German Conspiracy ( 1914 -- 19 ) Senussi Campaign ( 1915 -- 16 ) Volta - Bani War ( 1915 -- 17 ) Easter Rising ( 1916 ) Anglo - Egyptian Darfur Expedition ( 1916 ) Kaocen Revolt ( 1916 -- 17 ) Central Asian Revolt ( 1916 - 17 ) Russian Revolution ( 1917 ) Finnish Civil War ( 1918 ) Post-War conflicts Russian Civil War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Ukrainian -- Soviet War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Armenian -- Azerbaijani War ( 1918 -- 20 ) Georgian -- Armenian War ( 1918 ) German Revolution ( 1918 -- 19 ) Revolutions and interventions in Hungary ( 1918 -- 20 ) Hungarian -- Romanian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Greater Poland Uprising ( 1918 -- 19 ) Estonian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Latvian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Lithuanian Wars of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Third Anglo - Afghan War ( 1919 ) Egyptian Revolution ( 1919 ) Polish -- Ukrainian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Polish -- Soviet War ( 1919 -- 21 ) Irish War of Independence ( 1919 -- 21 ) Turkish War of Independence Greco - Turkish War ( 1919 -- 22 ) Turkish -- Armenian War ( 1920 ) Iraqi revolt ( 1920 ) Polish -- Lithuanian War ( 1920 ) Vlora War ( 1920 ) Franco - Syrian War ( 1920 ) Soviet -- Georgian War ( 1921 ) Irish Civil War ( 1922 -- 23 ) Aspects Opposition Pacifism Anti-war movement Deployment Schlieffen Plan ( German ) Plan XVII ( French ) Warfare Military engagements Naval warfare Convoy system Air warfare Cryptography Room 40 Horse use Poison gas Railways Strategic bombing Technology Trench warfare Total war Christmas truce Last surviving veterans Civilian impact Atrocities Prisoners Casualties Economic history 1918 flu pandemic Destruction of Kalisz Rape of Belgium German occupation of Belgium German occupation of Luxembourg German occupation of northeastern France Ober Ost Ottoman people Armenian Genocide Assyrian genocide Pontic Greek genocide Urkun ( Kyrgyzstan ) Blockade of Germany Women Australia Popular culture German prisoners of war in the United States Agreements Partition of the Ottoman Empire Sykes -- Picot Agreement Agreement of Saint - Jean - de-Maurienne French - Armenian Agreement Damascus Protocol Paris Peace Conference Venizelos -- Tittoni agreement Treaties Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Treaty of Lausanne Treaty of London Treaty of Neuilly Treaty of St. Germain Treaty of Sèvres Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Versailles Consequences Aftermath `` Fourteen Points '' League of Nations World War I memorials Centenary outbreak Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_War_I_casualties&oldid=836320958 '' Categories : World War I casualties Aftermath of World War I Demographic history Hidden categories : CS1 errors : invisible characters Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Ελληνικά Français 한국어 Italiano Lietuvių 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Українська 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 April 2018 , at 01 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which country has the most casualties in ww1 | [
"\n\nNation\nPopulation (millions)\nCombat Deaths and Missing in Action (included in total Military deaths)\nTotal Military deaths (from all causes)\nCivilian deaths (military action and crimes against humanity)\nIncrease in civilian deaths (malnutrition and disease excluding Influenza pandemic)\nTotal deaths\nDeaths as % of population\nMilitary wounded\n\nAllies and co-belligerents of World War I\n\n\n\n Australia b\n5.0\n61,527 [17]\n59,330[18]\nto 62,149[9]\n\n\n59,330\nto 62,149\n1.19%\nto 1.24%\n152,171 [18]\n\n\n Canada d\n7.2\n56,638[19]\n56,639[18]\nto 64,996 [9]\n1,963[20][21]\n\n58,639\nto 66,996\n0.81%\nto 0.93%\n149,732[18]\n\n\n India g\n315.1\n64,449[18]\n64,449[18]\nto 73,905[9]\n\n\n64,449\nto 73,905\n0.02%\nto 0.02%\n69,214 [18]\n\n\n New Zealand l\n1.1\n18,166[22]\n16,711[18]\nto 18,060 [9]\n\n\n16,711\nto 18,060\n1.52%\nto 1.64%\n41,317[18]\n\n\n Newfoundland m\n0.2\n1,204[18]\n1,204[18]\nto 1,570\n[23](included with UK)\n\n\n1,204\nto 1,570\n0.6%\nto 0.79%\n2,314[18]\n\n\n South Africa r\n6.0\n7,121[18]\n7,121[18]\nto 9,726[9]\n\n\n7,121\nto 9,726\n0.12%\nto 0.16%\n12,029[18]\n\n\n United Kingdom\n(and Colonies) s\n45.4\n744,000s1\n744,000s1\n\nto 887,858\n[9]\n\n16,829[24][25]\n[26]\n\n107,000[27]\n867,829\nto 1,011,687\n1.91%\nto 2.23%\n1,675,000s1\n\n\nSub-total for British Empire\n380.0\n953,104\n949,454\nto 1,118,264\n18,829\n107,000\n1,077,283\nto 1,244,093\n0.28%\nto 0.33%\n\n2,101,077\n\n\n\nEast-Central Africaa\n\n\n\n\nest. 750,000a[28]\nest. 750,000a\n\n\n\n\n Belgium c\n7.4\n38,170[29]\n38,170[29]\nto 58,637[30]\n23,700[31]\n62,000[32]\n123,870\nto 144,337\n1.67%\nto 1.95%\n44,686[33]\n\n\n France e\n39.6\n1,150,000[34][35]\n1,357,000[36]\nto 1,397,800[37]\n40,000[16][38][39]\n300,000[32]\n1,697,000\nto 1,737,800\n4.29%\nto 4.39%\n4,266,000[33]\n\n\n Greece f\n4.8\n5,000[40]\n5,000[40]\nto 26,000[41]\n\n150,000[42]\n155,000\nto 176,000\n3.23%\nto 3.67%\n21,000[33]\n\n\n Italy h\n35.6\n460,000[29]\n460,000[29]\nto 651,000[43]\n3,400[44]\n589,000[45]\n1,052,400\nto 1,243,400\n2.96%\nto 3.49%\n947,000[33]\n\n\n Empire of Japan i\n53.6\n300[33]\n300[33]\nto 4,661[46]\n\n\n300\nto 4,661\n0%\nto 0.01%\n907[33]\n\n\n Montenegro k\n0.5\n3,000[33]\n3,000[33]\nto 13,325 [46]\n\n\n3,000\nto 13,325\n0.6%\nto 2.67%\n10,000[33]\n\n\n Portugal n\n6.0\n7,222[29]\n7,222[29]\n13[47]\n82,000[48]\n89,235\n1.49%\n13,751[29]\n\n\n Romania o\n7.5\n335,706[40]\n250,000[46]\nto 335,706[40]\n130,000[49]\n200,000[49]\n580,000\nto 665,706\n7.73%\nto 8.88%\n120,000 [33]\n\n\n Russian Empire p\n175.1\n1,700,000[33][50]\n1,700,000[33] to\n2,254,369[51]\n410,000[52]\n730,000[52]\n2,840,000 to\n3,394,369\n1.62% to 1.94%\n3,749,000[51] to\n4,950,000[33]\n\n\n Serbia q\n4.5\n127,500[50]\n300,000[53]\nto 450,000 [54]\n\n450,000[53]\nto 800,000[54]\n750,000\nto 1,250,000\n16.67%\nto 27.78%\n133,148[33]\n\n\n United States t\n92.0\n53,402[55]\n116,708[56][57]\n757[58]\n\n117,465\n0.13%\n204,002[56]\n\n\nTotal (Entente Powers)\n806.6\n4,833,404\n5,186,854\nto 6,433,692\n626,699\n3,420,000\nto 3,770,000\n9,235,553\nto 10,080,391\n1.05%\nto 1.25%\n11,611,271\nto 12,812,271\n\n\nCentral Powers\n\n\n Austria-Hungary u\n51.4\n1,016,200[59][60]\n1,200,000[33][61]\nto 1,494,200 [60]\n120,000[62]\n467,000[63]\n1,787,000\nto 2,081,200\n3.48%\nto 4.05%\n3,620,000[64]\n\n\n Bulgaria v\n4.5\n87,500[33]\n87,500[33][65]\n\n100,000[66]\n187,500\n3.41%\n152,390 [33][65]\n\n\n German Empire w\n64.9\n1,800,000[33][67][68]\n2,037,000[69][70]\n720[71]\n424,000.[72]\nto 763,000 [73][74]\n2,198,420\nto 2,800,720\n3.39% to\n4.32%\n4,215,662 [69]\n\n\n Ottoman Empire x\n21.3\n305,085[75]\n325,000[33]\nto 771,844[76]\n1,500,000.[77]\n1,000,000[78]\n2,825,000\nto 3,271,844\n13.26%\nto 15.36%\n400,000[33]\nto 763,753[76]\n\n\nTotal (Central Powers)\n142.1\n3,208,785\n3,386,200\nto 4,390,544\n1,620,720\n1,991,000\nto 2,330,000\n6,997,920\nto 8,341,264\n4.92%\nto 5.87%\n8,388,052\nto 8,751,805\n\n\nNeutral nations\n\n\n Denmark y\n2.7\n\n\n\n700[79]\n700\n0.03%\n—\n\n\n Luxembourg j\n0.3\n\n\n\n\n\nSee footnote\n\n\n\n Norway z\n2.4\n\n\n\n1,180.[46]\n1,180\n0.08%\n—\n\n\n Sweden az\n5.6\n\n\n\n800.[46]\n800\n0.02%\n—\n\n\nGrand total\n959.7\n8,042,189\n8,573,054\nto 10,824,236\n2,250,099\n5,411,000\nto 6,100,000\n15,486,153 to 19,174,335\n1.69%\nto 1.89%\n22,101,100\nto 23,665,873\n\n"
] | [
"Russian Empire"
] |
-669608389945637108 | Blu-ray | Blu - ray - wikipedia Blu - ray Jump to : navigation , search `` Blue ray '' redirects here . For the fish of the same name , see Neoraja caerulea . Blu - ray Media type High - density optical disc Encoding Data encoding : CLV or Zoned CAV pits - and - lands with interleaved error correction code BDMV Video encoding : H. 262 / MPEG - 2 Part 2 H. 264 / MPEG - 4 AVC VC - 1 Capacity 25 GB ( single - layer ) 50 GB ( dual - layer ) 100 / 128 GB ( BDXL ) Block size 2 KB sector , 64 KB ECC - block Read mechanism 405 nm diode laser , 36Mb / s Write mechanism 405 nm diode laser at a speed of 16X media rate ( as of July - 2017 ) Developed by Blu - ray Disc Association 120 mm ( 4.7 in ) diameter 1.2 mm thickness Usage Data storage High - definition video High - resolution audio Stereoscopic 3D PlayStation 3 games PlayStation 4 games Xbox One games Optical discs General ( show ) Optical disc Optical disc drive Optical disc authoring Authoring software Recording technologies Recording modes Packet writing Optical media types ( show ) Compact disc ( CD ) : CD - DA , CD - ROM , CD - R , CD - RW , 5.1 Music Disc , Super Audio CD ( SACD ) , Photo CD , CD Video ( CDV ) , Video CD ( VCD ) , Super Video CD ( SVCD ) , CD + G , CD - Text , CD - ROM XA , CD - i DVD : DVD - R , DVD + R , DVD - R DL , DVD + R DL , DVD - R DS , DVD + R DS , DVD - RW , DVD + RW , DVD - RAM , DVD - D , DVD - A , HVD , EcoDisc Blu - ray Disc ( BD ) : BD - R & BD - RE , Ultra HD Blu - ray Blu - ray 3D Universal Media Disc ( UMD ) Enhanced Versatile Disc ( EVD ) Forward Versatile Disc ( FVD ) Holographic Versatile Disc ( HVD ) China Blue High - definition Disc ( CBHD ) HD DVD : HD DVD - R , HD DVD - RW , HD DVD - RAM High - Definition Versatile Multilayer Disc ( HD VMD ) VCDHD GD - ROM Personal Video Disc ( PVD ) MiniDisc ( MD ) , Hi - MD LaserDisc ( LD ) , LD - ROM , LV - ROM Video Single Disc ( VSD ) Ultra Density Optical ( UDO ) Stacked Volumetric Optical Disk ( SVOD ) Five dimensional disc ( 5D DVD ) Nintendo optical disc ( NOD ) Archival Disc Professional Disc Standards ( show ) SFF ATAPI / MMC Mount Rainier ( packet writing ) Mount Fuji ( layer jump recording ) Rainbow Books File systems ISO 9660 Joliet Romeo Rock Ridge / SUSP El Torito Apple ISO 9660 Extensions Universal Disk Format ( UDF ) ISO 13490 See also ( show ) History of optical storage media High - definition optical disc format war Blu - ray or Blu - ray Disc ( BD ) is a digital optical disc data storage format . It was designed to supersede the DVD format , and is capable of storing several hours of video in high - definition ( HDTV 720p and 1080p ) and ultra high - definition resolution ( 2160p ) . The main application of Blu - ray is as a medium for video material such as feature films and for the physical distribution of video games for the PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 and Xbox One . The name `` Blu - ray '' refers to the blue laser ( actually a violet laser ) used to read the disc , which allows information to be stored at a greater density than is possible with the longer - wavelength red laser used for DVDs . The plastic disc is 120 millimetres ( 4.7 in ) in diameter and 1.2 millimetres ( 0.047 in ) thick , the same size as DVDs and CDs . Conventional or pre-BD - XL Blu - ray discs contain 25 GB per layer , with dual layer discs ( 50 GB ) being the industry standard for feature - length video discs . Triple - layer discs ( 100 GB ) and quadruple - layer discs ( 128 GB ) are available for BD - XL re-writer drives . High - definition ( HD ) video may be stored on Blu - ray discs with up to 2160p resolution ( 3840 × 2160 pixels ) and at up to 60 frames per second . DVD - Video discs were limited to a maximum resolution of 480p ( NTSC , 720 × 480 pixels ) or 576p ( PAL , 720 × 576 pixels ) . Besides these hardware specifications , Blu - ray is associated with a set of multimedia formats . The BD format was developed by the Blu - ray Disc Association , a group representing makers of consumer electronics , computer hardware , and motion pictures . Sony unveiled the first Blu - ray disc prototypes in October 2000 , and the first prototype player was released in April 2003 in Japan . Afterwards , it continued to be developed until its official release on June 20 , 2006 , beginning the high definition optical disc format war , where Blu - ray Disc competed with the HD DVD format . Toshiba , the main company supporting HD DVD , conceded in February 2008 , and later released its own Blu - ray Disc player in late 2009 . According to Media Research , high - definition software sales in the US were slower in the first two years than DVD software sales . Blu - ray faces competition from video on demand ( VOD ) and the continued sale of DVDs . Notably , as of January 2016 , 44 % of U.S. broadband households had a Blu - ray player . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early history 1.2 Launch and sales developments 1.3 Competition from HD DVD 1.4 Future scope and market trends 1.4. 1 Beyond Blu - ray Disc 1.4. 2 Ongoing development 2 Physical media 2.1 Laser and optics 2.2 Hard - coating technology 2.3 Drive speeds 2.4 Packaging 2.5 Variants 2.5. 1 Mini Blu - ray Disc 2.5. 2 Blu - ray Disc recordable 2.5. 3 BD9 and BD5 2.5. 4 BDXL 2.5. 5 IH - BD 3 Data format standards 3.1 Filesystem 3.2 Application format 3.3 Directory and file structure 3.4 Media format 3.4. 1 Container format 3.4. 2 Codecs 3.4. 2.1 Video 3.4. 2.2 Audio 3.4. 3 Bit rate 3.5 Java software interface 3.6 Player profiles 3.6. 1 BD - Live 3.7 Region codes 3.8 Digital rights management 3.8. 1 High - bandwidth Digital Content Protection 3.8. 2 Advanced Access Content System 3.8. 3 BD+ 3.8. 4 BD - ROM Mark 4 Backward compatibility 5 Variations 5.1 High Fidelity Pure Audio ( BD - A ) 5.2 AVCHD 5.3 AVCREC 5.4 Blu - ray 3D 5.5 Ultra HD Blu - ray 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) A blank rewritable Blu - ray Disc ( BD - RE ) Early history ( edit ) The information density of the DVD format was limited by the wavelength of the laser diodes used . Following protracted development , blue laser diodes operating at 405 nanometers became available on a production basis . Sony started two projects in collaboration with Philips applying the new diodes : UDO ( Ultra Density Optical ) , and DVR Blue ( together with Pioneer ) , a format of rewritable discs that would eventually become Blu - ray Disc ( more specifically , BD - RE ) . The core technologies of the formats are similar . The first DVR Blue prototypes were unveiled at the CEATEC exhibition in October 2000 by Sony . A trademark for the `` Blue Disc '' logo was filed February 9 , 2001 . On February 19 , 2002 , the project was officially announced as Blu - ray Disc , and Blu - ray Disc Founders was founded by the nine initial members . The first consumer device arrived in stores on April 10 , 2003 : the Sony BDZ - S77 , a $3,800 ( US ) BD - RE recorder that was made available only in Japan . But there was no standard for prerecorded video , and no movies were released for this player . Hollywood studios insisted that players be equipped with digital rights management before they would release movies for the new format , and they wanted a new DRM system that would be more secure than the failed Content Scramble System ( CSS ) used on DVDs . On October 4 , 2004 , the name `` Blu - ray Disc Founders '' was officially changed to the Blu - ray Disc Association ( BDA ) , and 20th Century Fox joined the BDA 's Board of Directors . The Blu - ray Disc physical specifications were completed in 2004 . In January 2005 , TDK announced that they had now developed an ultra-hard yet very thin polymer coating ( `` Durabis '' ) for Blu - ray discs ; this was a significant technical advance because a far tougher protection was desired in the consumer market to protect bare discs against scratching and damage compared to DVD , while technically Blu - ray Disc required a much thinner layer for the denser and higher frequency blue laser . Cartridges , originally used for scratch protection , were no longer necessary and were scrapped . The BD - ROM specifications were finalized in early 2006 . AACS LA , a consortium founded in 2004 , had been developing the DRM platform that could be used to securely distribute movies to consumers . However , the final AACS standard was delayed , and then delayed again when an important member of the Blu - ray Disc group voiced concerns . At the request of the initial hardware manufacturers , including Toshiba , Pioneer , and Samsung , an interim standard was published that did not include some features , such as managed copy . Launch and sales developments ( edit ) The first BD - ROM players ( Samsung BD - P1000 ) were shipped in mid-June 2006 , though HD DVD players beat them to market by a few months . The first Blu - ray Disc titles were released on June 20 , 2006 : 50 First Dates , The Fifth Element , Hitch , House of Flying Daggers , Underworld : Evolution , xXx ( all Sony ) , Twister ( Warner Bros . ) , and MGM 's The Terminator . The earliest releases used MPEG - 2 video compression , the same method used on standard DVDs . The first releases using the newer VC - 1 and AVC formats were introduced in September 2006 . The first movies using 50 GB dual - layer discs were introduced in October 2006 . The first audio - only albums were released in May 2008 . The first mass - market Blu - ray Disc rewritable drive for the PC was the BWU - 100A , released by Sony on July 18 , 2006 . It recorded both single and dual - layer BD - Rs as well as BD - REs and had a suggested retail price of US $699 . As of June 2008 , more than 2,500 Blu - ray Disc titles were available in Australia and the United Kingdom , with 3,500 in the United States and Canada . In Japan , as of July 2010 , more than 3,300 titles have been released . Competition from HD DVD ( edit ) Main article : High definition optical disc format war The DVD Forum , chaired by Toshiba , was split over whether to develop the more expensive blue laser technology . In March 2002 the forum approved a proposal , which was endorsed by Warner Bros. and other motion picture studios . The proposal involved compressing HD video onto dual - layer standard DVD - 9 discs . In spite of this decision , however , the DVD Forum 's Steering Committee announced in April that it was pursuing its own blue - laser high - definition video solution . In August , Toshiba and NEC announced their competing standard , Advanced Optical Disc . It was finally adopted by the DVD Forum and renamed HD DVD the next year , after being voted down twice by DVD Forum members who were also Blu - ray Disc Association members -- a situation that drew preliminary investigations by the U.S. Department of Justice . HD DVD had a head start in the high - definition video market , as Blu - ray Disc sales were slow to gain market share . The first Blu - ray Disc player was perceived as expensive and buggy , and there were few titles available . The appearance of the Sony PlayStation 3 , which contained a Blu - ray Disc player for primary storage , helped support Blu - ray . Sony also ran a more thorough and influential marketing campaign for the format . AVCHD camcorders were also introduced in 2006 . These recordings can be played back on many Blu - ray Disc players without re-encoding but are not compatible with HD DVD players . By January 2007 , Blu - ray Discs had outsold HD DVDs , and during the first three - quarters of 2007 , BD outsold HD DVD by about two to one . At CES 2007 , Warner proposed Total Hi Def -- a hybrid disc containing Blu - ray on one side and HD DVD on the other , but it was never released . In a June 28 , 2007 , press release , Twentieth Century Fox cited Blu - ray Disc 's adoption of the BD+ anticopying system as key to their decision to support the Blu - ray Disc format . On January 4 , 2008 , a day before CES 2008 , Warner Bros. ( the only major studio still releasing movies in both HD DVD and Blu - ray Disc format ) announced that it would release only in Blu - ray Disc after May 2008 . This effectively included other studios that came under the Warner umbrella , such as New Line Cinema and HBO -- though in Europe , HBO distribution partner , the BBC , announced it would , while keeping an eye on market forces , continue to release product on both formats . This led to a chain reaction in the industry , with major U.S. retailers such as Best Buy , Walmart , and Circuit City and Canadian chains such as Future Shop dropping HD DVD in their stores . A then major European retailer , Woolworths , dropped HD DVD from its inventory . Netflix and Blockbuster -- major DVD rental companies -- said they would no longer carry HD DVD . Following these new developments , on February 19 , 2008 , Toshiba announced it would end production of HD DVD devices , allowing Blu - ray Disc to become the industry standard for high - density optical discs . Universal Studios , the sole major movie studio to back HD DVD since its inception , said shortly after Toshiba 's announcement : `` While Universal values the close partnership we have shared with Toshiba , it is time to turn our focus to releasing new and catalog titles on Blu - ray Disc . '' Paramount Pictures , which started releasing movies only in HD DVD format during late 2007 , also said it would start releasing in Blu - ray Disc . Both studios announced initial Blu - ray lineups in May 2008 . With this , all major Hollywood studios supported Blu - ray . Future scope and market trends ( edit ) According to Media Research , high - definition software sales in the US were slower in the first two years than DVD software sales . 16.3 million DVD software units were sold in the first two years ( 1997 -- 98 ) compared to 8.3 million high - definition software units ( 2006 -- 07 ) . One reason given for this difference was the smaller marketplace ( 26.5 million HDTVs in 2007 compared to 100 million SDTVs in 1998 ) . Former HD DVD supporter Microsoft did not make a Blu - ray Disc drive for the Xbox 360 . The 360 's successor Xbox One features a Blu - ray drive , as does the PS4 , with both supporting 3D Blu - ray after later firmware updates . Shortly after the `` format war '' ended , Blu - ray disc sales began to increase . A study by The NPD Group found that awareness of Blu - ray Disc had reached 60 % of U.S. households . Nielsen VideoScan sales numbers showed that for some titles , such as 20th Century Fox 's Hitman , up to 14 % of total disc sales were from Blu - ray , although the average Blu - ray sales for the first half of the year were only around 5 % . In December 2008 , the Blu - ray Disc version of The Dark Knight sold 600,000 copies on the first day of its launch in the United States , Canada , and the United Kingdom . A week after the launch , The Dark Knight BD had sold over 1.7 million copies worldwide , making it the first Blu - ray Disc title to sell over a million copies in the first week of release . Blu - ray Disc sales in United States and Canada Year Cumulative sales ( millions ) 2006 1.2 2007 19.2 2008 82.9 2009 177.2 350 According to Singulus Technologies AG , Blu - ray is being adopted faster than the DVD format was at a similar period in its development . This conclusion was based on the fact that Singulus Technologies has received orders for 21 Blu - ray dual - layer machines during the first quarter of 2008 , while 17 DVD machines of this type were made in the same period in 1997 . According to GfK Retail and Technology , in the first week of November 2008 , sales of Blu - ray recorders surpassed DVD recorders in Japan . According to the Digital Entertainment Group , the number of Blu - ray Disc playback devices ( both set - top box and game console ) sold in the U.S. had reached 28.5 million by the end of 2010 . Blu - ray faces competition from video on demand and from new technologies that allow access to movies on any format or device , such as Digital Entertainment Content Ecosystem or Disney 's Keychest . Some commentators have suggested that renting Blu - ray will play a vital part in keeping the technology affordable while allowing it to move forward . In an effort to increase sales , studios are releasing movies in combo packs with Blu - ray Discs and DVDs as well as digital copies that can be played on computers and mobile devices . Some are released on `` flipper '' discs with Blu - ray on one side and DVD on the other . Other strategies are to release movies with the special features only on Blu - ray Discs and none on DVDs . Beyond Blu - ray Disc ( edit ) Blu - ray case - often blue - colored The Holographic Versatile Disc ( HVD ) , described in the ECMA - 377 standard , has been in development by The Holography System Development ( HSD ) Forum using a green writing / reading laser ( 532 nm ) and a red positioning / addressing laser ( 650 nm ) . It is to offer MPEG - 2 , MPEG - 4 AVC ( H. 264 ) , HEVC ( H. 265 ) , and VC - 1 encoding , supporting a maximum storage capacity of 6TB . No systems corresponding to the Ecma International HVD standard have been released . Because the Blu - ray Disc format is upgradable it poses challenges to the adoption of the HVD format . 4K Blu - ray discs and players became available in the first quarter of 2016 , having a storage capacity of up to 100 GB . Ongoing development ( edit ) Front of an experimental 200 GB rewritable Blu - ray Disc Although the Blu - ray Disc specification has been finalized , engineers continue to work on advancing the technology . By 2005 , quad - layer ( 128 GB ) discs had been demonstrated on a drive with modified optics and standard unaltered optics . Hitachi stated that such a disc could be used to store 7 hours of 32 Mbit / s video ( HDTV ) or 3 hours and 30 minutes of 64 Mbit / s video ( Ultra high definition television ) . In August 2006 , TDK announced that they had created a working experimental Blu - ray Disc capable of holding 200 GB of data on a single side , using six 33 GB data layers . Also , behind closed doors at CES 2007 , Ritek revealed that they had successfully developed a High Definition optical disc process that extends the disc capacity to ten layers , which increases the capacity of the discs to 250 GB . However , they noted that the major obstacle is that current read / write technology does not allow additional layers . JVC has developed a three - layer technology that allows putting both standard - definition DVD data and HD data on a BD / ( standard ) DVD combination . This would have enabled the consumer to purchase a disc that can be played on DVD players and can also reveal its HD version when played on a BD player . Japanese optical disc manufacturer Infinity announced the first `` hybrid '' Blu - ray Disc / ( standard ) DVD combo , to be released February 18 , 2009 . This disc set of the TV series `` Code Blue '' featured four hybrid discs containing a single Blu - ray Disc layer ( 25 GB ) and two DVD layers ( 9 GB ) on the same side of the disc . In January 2007 , Hitachi showcased a 100 GB Blu - ray Disc , consisting of four layers containing 25 GB each . Unlike TDK and Panasonic 's 100 GB discs , they claim this disc is readable on standard Blu - ray Disc drives that are currently in circulation , and it is believed that a firmware update is the only requirement to make it readable to current players and drives . In December 2008 , Pioneer Corporation unveiled a 400 GB Blu - ray Disc ( containing 16 data layers , 25 GB each ) that will be compatible with current players after a firmware update . Its planned launch was in the 2009 -- 10 time frame for ROM and 2010 -- 13 for rewritable discs . Ongoing development was underway to create a 1 TB Blu - ray Disc . At CES 2009 , Panasonic unveiled the DMP - B15 , the first portable Blu - ray Disc player , and Sharp introduced the LC - BD60U and LC - BD80U series , the first LCD HDTVs with integrated Blu - ray Disc players . Sharp has also announced that they will sell HDTVs with integrated Blu - ray Disc recorders in the United States by the end of 2009 . Set - top box recorders were not being sold in the U.S. for fear of unauthorized copying . However , personal computers with Blu - ray recorder drives were available . On January 1 , 2010 , Sony , in association with Panasonic , announced plans to increase the storage capacity on their Blu - ray Discs from 25 GB to 33.4 GB via a technology called i - MLSE ( Maximum likelihood Sequence Estimation ) . The higher - capacity discs , according to Sony , would be readable on existing Blu - ray Disc players with a firmware upgrade . No date was set to include the increased space , although in 2010 Blu-ray.com reported that `` it will likely happen sometime later this year . '' On July 20 , 2010 , the research team of Sony and Japanese Tohoku University announced the joint development of a blue - violet laser , to help create Blu - ray discs with a capacity of 1 TB using only two layers ( and potentially more than 1 TB with additional layering ) . By comparison , the first blue laser was invented in 1996 , with the first prototype discs coming four years later . Early 4K Blu - ray release at Best Buy . A 4K Blu - ray disc player was also released . On January 7 , 2013 , Sony announced that it would release `` Mastered in 4K '' Blu - ray Disc titles which are sourced at 4K and encoded at 1080p . `` Mastered in 4K '' Blu - ray Disc titles can be played on existing Blu - ray Disc players and have a larger color space using xvYCC . On January 14 , 2013 , Blu - ray Disc Association president , Andy Parsons , stated that a task force was created three months prior to conduct a study concerning an extension to the Blu - ray Disc specification that would add the ability to contain 4K Ultra HD video . On August 5 , 2015 , The Blu - ray Disc Association ( BDA ) announced it will commence licensing the Ultra HD Blu - ray format starting August 24 , 2015 . The Ultra HD Blu - ray format delivered high dynamic range content that significantly expanded the range between the brightest and darkest elements , expanded color range , high frame rate ( up to 60fps ) and up to 3840 × 2160 resolution , object - based sound formats , and an optional `` digital bridge '' feature . New players were required to play this format , which were able to play both DVDs , traditional Blu - rays and the new format . New Ultra HD Blu - ray discs hold up to 66 GB and 100 GB of data on dual and triple layer discs respectively . Physical media ( edit ) Comparison of several forms of disc storage showing tracks ( not - to - scale ) ; green denotes start and red denotes end . * Some CD - R ( W ) and DVD - R ( W ) / DVD + R ( W ) recorders operate in ZCLV , CAA or CAV modes . Comparison of various optical storage media Type Diameter ( cm ) Layers Capacity Bytes Standard disc size , single layer 12 25,025,314,816 Standard disc size , dual layer 12 50,050,629,632 Standard disc size , XL 3 layer 12 100,103,356,416 Standard disc size , XL 4 layer 12 128,001,769,472 Mini disc size , single layer 8 7,791,181,824 Mini disc size , dual layer 8 15,582,363,648 Laser and optics ( edit ) While a DVD uses a 650 nm red laser , Blu - ray Disc uses a 405 nm `` blue '' laser diode . Although the laser is called `` blue '' , its color is actually in the violet range . The shorter wavelength can be focused to a smaller area , thus enabling it to read information recorded in pits that are less than half the size of those on a DVD , and can consequently be spaced more closely , resulting in a shorter track pitch , enabling a Blu - ray Disc to hold about five times the amount of information that can be stored on a DVD . The lasers are GaN ( gallium nitride ) laser diodes that produce 405 nm light directly , that is , without frequency doubling or other nonlinear optical mechanisms . Conventional DVDs use 650 nm red lasers , and CDs use 780 nm near - infrared lasers . The minimum `` spot size '' on which a laser can be focused is limited by diffraction and depends on the wavelength of the light and the numerical aperture of the lens used to focus it . By decreasing the wavelength , increasing the numerical aperture from 0.60 to 0.85 , and making the cover layer thinner to avoid unwanted optical effects , designers can cause the laser beam to focus on a smaller spot , which effectively allows more information to be stored in the same area . For Blu - ray Disc , the spot size is 580 nm . This allows a reduction of the pit size from 400 nm for DVD to 150 nm for Blu - ray Disc , and of the track pitch from 740 nm to 320 nm . See Compact Disc for information on optical discs ' physical structure . In addition to the optical improvements , Blu - ray Discs feature improvements in data encoding that further increase the amount of content that can be stored . Hard - coating technology ( edit ) Since the Blu - ray Disc data layer is closer to the surface of the disc compared to the DVD standard , it was more vulnerable to scratches in early designs . The first discs were therefore housed in cartridges for protection , resembling Professional Discs introduced by Sony in 2003 . Using a cartridge would increase the price of an already expensive medium , so designers chose hard - coating of the pickup surface instead . TDK was the first company to develop a working scratch - protection coating for Blu - ray Discs , naming it Durabis . In addition , both Sony 's and Panasonic 's replication methods include proprietary hard - coat technologies . Sony 's rewritable media are spin - coated , using a scratch - resistant and antistatic coating . Verbatim 's recordable and rewritable Blu - ray Discs use their own proprietary technology , called Hard Coat . The Blu - ray Disc specification requires the testing of resistance to scratches by mechanical abrasion . In contrast , DVD media are not required to be scratch - resistant , but since development of the technology , some companies , such as Verbatim , implemented hard - coating for more expensive lines of recordable DVDs . Drive speeds ( edit ) BD drive speeds Drive speed Data rate ~ Write time ( minutes ) Mbit / s MB / s Single - Layer Dual - Layer 1 × 36 4.5 90 180 2 × 72 9 45 90 4 × 144 18 22.5 45 6 × 216 27 15 30 8 × 288 36 11.25 22.5 10 × 360 45 9 18 12 × 432 54 7.5 15 14 × 504 63 6.5 13 16 × 576 72 5.7 11.5 The table shows the speeds available . Even the lowest speed ( 1x ) is sufficient to play and record real - time 1080p video ; the higher speeds are relevant for general data storage and more sophisticated handling of video . The usable data rate of a Blu - ray Disc drive can be limited by the capacity of the drive 's data interface . With a USB 2.0 interface , the maximum exploitable drive speed is 288 Mbit / s or 36 MB / s ( also called 8 × speed ) . A USB 3.0 interface ( with proper cabling ) does not have this limitation , nor do even the oldest version of Serial ATA ( SATA ) nor the latest Parallel ATA standards . Blu - ray drives that are integrated into a computer ( as opposed to physically separate and connected via a cable ) typically have a SATA interface . Packaging ( edit ) Pre-recorded Blu - ray Disc titles usually ship in packages similar to but slightly smaller ( 18.5 mm shorter and 2 mm thinner : 135 mm x 171.5 mm x 13 mm . ) , as well as more rounded than a standard DVD keep case , generally with the format prominently displayed in a horizontal stripe across the top of the case ( translucent blue for Blu - ray video discs , clear for Blu - ray 3D video releases , red for PlayStation 3 Greatest Hits Games , transparent for regular PlayStation 3 games , transparent dark blue for PlayStation 4 games and transparent green for Xbox One games ) . Warren Osborn and The Seastone Media Group , LLC created the package that was adopted worldwide following the Blu - ray vs. HD DVD market adoption choice . Because of the fact that Blu - ray cases are smaller than DVD cases , more Blu - Rays than DVDs can fit on a shelf , making Blu - ray an arguably better choice for situations with limited storage space . Variants ( edit ) Mini Blu - ray Disc ( edit ) The `` Mini Blu - ray Disc '' ( also , `` Mini-BD '' and `` Mini Blu - ray '' ) is a compact 8 cm ( ~ 3 in ) - diameter variant of the Blu - ray Disc that can store 7.8 GB of data in its single layer configuration , or 15.6 GB on a dual layer disc . It is similar in concept to the MiniDVD and MiniCD . Recordable ( BD - R ) and rewritable ( BD - RE ) versions of Mini Blu - ray Disc have been developed specifically for compact camcorders and other compact recording devices . Blu - ray Disc recordable ( edit ) Main article : Blu - ray Disc recordable `` Blu - ray Disc recordable '' refers to two optical disc formats that can be recorded with an optical disc recorder . BD - Rs can be written to once , whereas BD - REs can be erased and re-recorded multiple times . The current practical maximum speed for Blu - ray Discs is about 12 × . Higher speeds of rotation ( 10,000 + rpm ) cause too much wobble for the discs to be written properly , as with the 20 × and 52 × maximum speeds , respectively , of standard DVDs and CDs . Since September 2007 , BD - RE is also available in the smaller 8 cm Mini Blu - ray Disc size . On September 18 , 2007 , Pioneer and Mitsubishi codeveloped BD - R LTH ( `` Low to High '' in groove recording ) , which features an organic dye recording layer that can be manufactured by modifying existing CD - R and DVD - R production equipment , significantly reducing manufacturing costs . In February 2008 , Taiyo Yuden , Mitsubishi , and Maxell released the first BD - R LTH Discs , and in March 2008 , Sony 's PlayStation 3 officially gained the ability to use BD - R LTH Discs with the 2.20 firmware update . In May 2009 Verbatim / Mitsubishi announced the industry 's first 6X BD - R LTH media , which allows recording a 25 GB disc in about 16 minutes . Unlike with the previous releases of 120 mm optical discs ( i.e. CDs and standard DVDs ) , Blu - ray recorders hit the market almost simultaneously with Blu - ray 's debut . BD9 and BD5 ( edit ) The BD9 format was proposed to the Blu - ray Disc Association by Warner Home Video as a cost - effective alternative to the 25 / 50 GB BD - ROM discs . The format was supposed to use the same codecs and program structure as Blu - ray Disc video but recorded onto less expensive 8.5 GB dual - layer DVD . This red - laser media could be manufactured on existing DVD production lines with lower costs of production than the 25 / 50 GB Blu - ray media . Usage of BD9 for releasing content on `` pressed '' discs never caught on . With the end of the format war , manufacturers ramped production of Blu - ray Discs and lowered prices to compete with DVDs . On the other hand , the idea of using inexpensive DVD media became popular among individual users . A lower - capacity version of this format that uses single - layer 4.7 GB DVDs has been unofficially called BD5 . Both formats are being used by individuals for recording high definition content in Blu - ray format onto recordable DVD media . Despite the fact that the BD9 format has been adopted as part of the BD - ROM basic format , none of the existing Blu - ray player models explicitly claim to be able to read it . Consequently , the discs recorded in BD9 and BD5 formats are not guaranteed to play on standard Blu - ray Disc players . AVCHD and AVCREC also use inexpensive media like DVDs , but unlike BD9 and BD5 these formats have limited interactivity , codec types , and data rates . As of March 2011 , BD9 was removed as an official BD - ROM disc . BDXL ( edit ) 100 GB BDXL triple - layer disc by Sharp The BDXL format allows 100 GB and 128 GB write - once discs , and 100 GB rewritable discs for commercial applications . It was defined in June 2010 . BD - R 3.0 Format Specification ( BDXL ) defined a multi-layered disc recordable in BDAV format with the speed of 2 × and 4 × , capable of 100 / 128 GB and usage of UDF2. 5 / 2.6 . BD - RE 4.0 Format Specification ( BDXL ) defined a multi-layered disc rewritable in BDAV with the speed of 2 × and 4 × , capable of 100 GB and usage of UDF2. 5 as file system . IH - BD ( edit ) The IH - BD ( Intra-Hybrid Blu - ray ) format includes a 25 GB rewritable layer ( BD - RE ) and a 25 GB write once layer ( BD - ROM ) , designed to work with existing Blu - ray Discs . Data format standards ( edit ) Filesystem ( edit ) Blu - ray Disc specifies the use of Universal Disk Format ( UDF ) 2.50 as a convergent friendly format for both PC and consumer electronics environments . It is used in the latest specifications of BD - ROM , BD - RE , and BD - R. In the first BD - RE specification ( defined in 2002 ) , the BDFS ( Blu - ray Disc File System ) was used . The BD - RE 1.0 specification was defined mainly for the digital recording of high - definition television ( HDTV ) broadcast television . The BDFS was replaced by UDF 2.50 in the second BD - RE specification in 2005 , in order to enable interoperability among consumer electronics Blu - ray recorders and personal computer systems . These optical disc recording technologies enabled PC recording and playback of BD - RE . BD - R can use UDF 2.50 / 2.60 . The Blu - ray Disc application for recording of digital broadcasting has been developed as System Description Blu - ray Rewritable Disc Format part 3 Audio Visual Basic Specifications ( BDAV ) . The requirements related with computer file system have been specified in System Description Blu - ray Rewritable Disc Format part 2 File System Specifications version 1.0 ( BDFS ) . Initially , the BD - RE version 1.0 ( BDFS ) was specifically developed for recording of digital broadcasts using the Blu - ray Disc application ( BDAV application ) . But these requirements are superseded by the Blu - ray Rewritable Disc File System Specifications version 2.0 ( UDF ) ( a.k.a. RE 2.0 ) and Blu - ray Recordable Disc File System Specifications version 1.0 ( UDF ) ( a.k.a. R 1.0 ) . Additionally , a new application format , BDMV ( System Description Blu - ray Disc Prerecorded Format part 3 Audio Visual Basic Specifications ) for High Definition Content Distribution was developed for BD - ROM . The only file system developed for BDMV is the System Description Blu - ray Read - Only Disc Format part 2 File System Specifications version 1.0 ( UDF ) which defines the requirements for UDF 2.50 . Application format ( edit ) BDAV or BD - AV ( Blu - ray Disc Audio / Visual ) : a consumer - oriented Blu - ray video format used for audio / video recording ( defined in 2002 ) . BDMV or BD - MV ( Blu - ray Disc Movie ) : a Blu - ray video format with menu capability commonly used for movie releases . BDMV Recording specification ( defined in September 2006 for BD - RE and BD - R ) . RREF ( Realtime Recording and Editing Format ) : a subset of BDMV designed for real - time recording and editing applications . HFPA ( High Fidelity Pure Audio ) : A high definition audio disc using the Blu - ray format Directory and file structure ( edit ) All BDMV application files are stored under a `` BDMV '' directory . BDMV directory : contains the PLAYLIST , CLIPINF , STREAM , AUXDATA and BACKUP directories . PLAYLIST directory : contains the Database files for Movie PlayLists . xxxxx. mpls files : store information corresponding to Movie PlayLists . One file is created for each Movie PlayList . The filenames of these files are in the form `` xxxxx. mpls '' , where `` xxxxx '' is a 5 - digit number corresponding to the Movie PlayList . CLIPINF directory : contains the Database files for Clips . zzzzz. clpi files : store Clip information associated with a Clip AV stream file . The filenames of these files are in the form `` zzzzz. clpi '' , where `` zzzzz '' is a 5 - digit number corresponding to the Clip . STREAM directory : contains AV stream files . zzzzz. m2ts file : contains a BDAV MPEG - 2 transport stream . The names of these files are in the form `` zzzzz. m2ts '' , where `` zzzzz '' is a 5 - digit number corresponding to the Clip . The same 5 - digit number `` zzzzz '' is used for an AV stream file and its associated Clip information file . SSIF directory : If used , Stereoscopic Interleaved files shall be placed under this directory . zzzzz. ssif file : is a Stereoscopic Interleaved file that is composed from two BDAV MPEG - 2 transport streams . Both of the streams include an MPEG - 4 MVC view video stream for left eye or right eye respectively . This file is used only when 3D video is played back . The 5 - digit number `` zzzzz '' is the same as the number used for the AV stream file `` zzzzz. m2ts '' that includes the MPEG - 4 MVC Base view video stream . AUXDATA directory : contains Sound data files and Font files . sound. bdmv file : stores data relating to one or more sounds associated with HDMV Interactive Graphic streams applications . This file may or may not exist under the AUXDATA directory . If it exists , there shall be only one sound. bdmv file . aaaaa. otf file : stores the font information associated with Text subtitle applications . The names of these files are in the form `` aaaaa. otf '' , where `` aaaaa '' is a 5 - digit number corresponding to the Font . BACKUP directory : contains copies of the `` index. bdmv '' file , the `` MovieObject. bdmv '' file , all the files in the PLAYLIST directory and all files in the CLIPINF directory . index. bdmv file : stores information describing the contents of the BDMV directory . There is only one index. bdmv file under the BDMV directory . MovieObject. bdmv file : stores information for one or more Movie Objects . There is only one MovieObject. bdmv under the BDMV directory . Media format ( edit ) Container format ( edit ) Audio , video , and other streams are multiplexed and stored on Blu - ray Discs in a container format based on the MPEG transport stream . It is also known as BDAV MPEG - 2 transport stream and can use filename extension . m2ts . Blu - ray Disc titles authored with menus are in the BDMV ( Blu - ray Disc Movie ) format and contain audio , video , and other streams in BDAV container . There is also the BDAV ( Blu - ray Disc Audio / Visual ) format , the consumer oriented alternative to the BDMV format used for movie releases . The BDAV format is used on BD - REs and BD - Rs for audio / video recording . BDMV format was later defined also for BD - RE and BD - R ( in September 2006 , in the third revision of BD - RE specification and second revision of BD - R specification ) . Blu - ray Disc employs the MPEG transport stream recording method . That enables transport streams of digital broadcasts to be recorded as they are broadcast , without altering the format . It also enables flexible editing of a digital broadcast that is recorded as is and where the data can be edited just by rewriting the playback stream . Although it is quite natural , a function for high - speed and easy - to - use retrieval is built in . Blu - ray Disc Video use MPEG transport streams , compared to DVD 's MPEG program streams . An MPEG transport stream contains one or more MPEG program streams , so this allows multiple video programs to be stored in the same file so they can be played back simultaneously ( e.g. with `` picture - in - picture '' effect ) . Codecs ( edit ) The BD - ROM specification mandates certain codec compatibilities for both hardware decoders ( players ) and movie software ( content ) . Windows Media Player does not come with the codecs required to play Blu - ray discs . Video ( edit ) Originally BD - ROMs stored video up to 1920 × 1080 pixel resolution at up to 60 ( 59.94 ) fields per second . Currently with UHD BD - ROM videos can be stored at a maximum of 3840 × 2160 pixel resolution at up to 60 ( 59.94 ) frames per second , progressively scanned . While most current Blu - ray players and recorders can read and write 1920 × 1080 video at the full 59.94 p and 50p progressive format , new players for the UHD specifications will be able to read at 3840 × 2160 video at either 59.94 p and 50p formats . Supported video formats Format Resolution and frame rate Aspect ratio 4K UHD 3840 × 2160 60p 16 : 9 3840 × 2160 59.94 p 16 : 9 3840 × 2160 50p 16 : 9 3840 × 2160 25p 16 : 9 3840 × 2160 24p 16 : 9 3840 × 2160 23.976 p 16 : 9 HD 1920 × 1080 59.94 i 16 : 9 1920 × 1080 50i 16 : 9 1920 × 1080 24p 16 : 9 1920 × 1080 23.976 p 16 : 9 1440 × 1080 59.94 i 16 : 9 1440 × 1080 50i 16 : 9 1440 × 1080 24p 16 : 9 1440 × 1080 23.976 p 16 : 9 1280 × 720 59.94 p 16 : 9 1280 × 720 50p 16 : 9 1280 × 720 24p 16 : 9 1280 × 720 23.976 p 16 : 9 SD 720 × 480 59.94 i 4 : 3 or 16 : 9 720 × 576 50i 4 : 3 or 16 : 9 ^ a Interlaced formats are listed in fields per second . ^ b MPEG - 2 at 1440 × 1080 was previously not included in a draft version of the specification from March 2005 . For video , all players are required to process H. 262 / MPEG - 2 Part 2 , H. 264 / MPEG - 4 Part 10 : AVC , and SMPTE VC - 1 . BD - ROM titles with video must store video using one of the three mandatory formats ; multiple formats on a single title are allowed . Blu - ray Disc allows video with a bit depth of 8 - bits per color YCbCr with 4 : 2 : 0 chroma subsampling . The choice of formats affects the producer 's licensing / royalty costs as well as the title 's maximum run time , due to differences in compression efficiency . Discs encoded in MPEG - 2 video typically limit content producers to around two hours of high - definition content on a single - layer ( 25 GB ) BD - ROM . The more - advanced video formats ( VC - 1 and MPEG - 4 AVC ) typically achieve a video run time twice that of MPEG - 2 , with comparable quality . MPEG - 2 was used by many studios ( including Paramount Pictures , which initially used the VC - 1 format for HD DVD releases ) for the first series of Blu - ray Discs , which were launched throughout 2006 . Modern releases are now often encoded in either MPEG - 4 AVC or VC - 1 , allowing film studios to place all content on one disc , reducing costs and improving ease of use . Using these formats also frees a lot of space for storage of bonus content in HD ( 1080i / p ) , as opposed to the SD ( 480i / p ) typically used for most titles . Some studios , such as Warner Bros. , have released bonus content on discs encoded in a different format than the main feature title . For example , the Blu - ray Disc release of Superman Returns uses VC - 1 for the feature film and MPEG - 2 for some of its bonus content . Today , Warner and other studios typically provide bonus content in the video format that matches the feature . Audio ( edit ) For audio , BD - ROM players are required to implement Dolby Digital ( AC - 3 ) , DTS , and linear PCM . Players may optionally implement Dolby Digital Plus and DTS - HD High Resolution Audio as well as lossless formats Dolby TrueHD and DTS - HD Master Audio . BD - ROM titles must use one of the mandatory schemes for the primary soundtrack . A secondary audiotrack , if present , may use any of the mandatory or optional codecs . Specification of BD - ROM Primary audio streams LPCM ( uncompressed ) Dolby Digital Dolby Digital Plus Dolby TrueHD ( lossless ) DTS Digital Surround DTS - HD Master Audio ( lossless ) DRA DRA extension Max . bitrate 27.648 Mbit / s 640 kbit / s 4.736 Mbit / s 18.64 Mbit / s 1.524 Mbit / s 24.5 Mbit / s 1.5 Mbit / s 3.0 Mbit / s Max . channel 8 ( 48 kHz , 96 kHz ) , 6 ( 192 kHz ) 5.1 7.1 8 ( 48 kHz , 96 kHz ) , 6 ( 192 kHz ) 5.1 8 ( 48 kHz , 96 kHz ) , 6 ( 192 kHz ) 5.1 7.1 Bits / sample 16 , 20 , 24 16 , 24 16 , 24 16 , 24 16 , 20 , 24 16 , 24 16 16 Sample frequency 48 kHz , 96 kHz , 192 kHz 48 kHz 48 kHz 48 kHz , 96 kHz , 192 kHz 48 kHz 48 kHz , 96 kHz , 192 kHz 48 kHz 48 kHz , 96 kHz Bit rate ( edit ) For users recording digital television programming , the recordable Blu - ray Disc standard 's initial data rate of 36 Mbit / s is more than adequate to record high - definition broadcasts from any source ( IPTV , cable / satellite , or terrestrial ) . BD Video movies have a maximum data transfer rate of 54 Mbit / s , a maximum AV bitrate of 48 Mbit / s ( for both audio and video data ) , and a maximum video bit rate of 40 Mbit / s . This compares to HD DVD movies , which have a maximum data transfer rate of 36 Mbit / s , a maximum AV bitrate of 30.24 Mbit / s , and a maximum video bitrate of 29.4 Mbit / s . Java software interface ( edit ) Main article : BD - J At the 2005 JavaOne trade show , it was announced that Sun Microsystems ' Java cross-platform software environment would be included in all Blu - ray Disc players as a mandatory part of the standard . Java is used to implement interactive menus on Blu - ray Discs , as opposed to the method used on DVD - video discs . DVDs use pre-rendered MPEG segments and selectable subtitle pictures , which are considerably more primitive and rarely seamless . At the conference , Java creator James Gosling suggested that the inclusion of a Java virtual machine , as well as network connectivity in some BD devices , will allow updates to Blu - ray Discs via the Internet , adding content such as additional subtitle languages and promotional features not included on the disc at pressing time . This Java Version is called BD - J and is built on a profile of the Globally Executable MHP ( GEM ) standard ; GEM is the worldwide version of the Multimedia Home Platform standard . Player profiles ( edit ) Blu - ray disc writer from LG Electronics The BD - ROM specification defines four Blu - ray Disc player profiles , including an audio - only player profile ( BD - Audio ) that does not require video decoding or BD - J. All of the video - based player profiles ( BD - Video ) are required to have a full implementation of BD - J . Feature BD - Audio BD - Video Grace Period Bonus View BD - Live Blu - ray 3D Profile 3.0 Profile 1.0 Profile 1.1 Profile 2.0 Profile 5.0 Built - in persistent memory No 64 KB 64 KB 64 KB 64 KB ? Local storage capability No Optional 256 MB 1 GB 1 GB Secondary video decoder ( PiP ) No Optional Mandatory Mandatory Mandatory Secondary audio decoder No Optional Mandatory Mandatory Mandatory Virtual file system No Optional Mandatory Mandatory Mandatory Internet connection capability No No No Mandatory Mandatory ^ a This is used for storing audio / video and title updates . It can either be built - in memory or removable media , such as a memory card or USB flash memory . ^ b A secondary audio decoder is typically used for interactive audio and commentary . ^ c Profile 3.0 is a separate audio - only player profile . The first Blu - ray Disc album to be released was Divertimenti , by record label Lindberg Lyd , and it has been confirmed to work on the PS3 . ^ d Also known as Initial Standard profile . ^ e Also known as Final Standard profile . On November 2 , 2007 , the Grace Period Profile was superseded by Bonus View as the minimum profile for new BD - Video players released to the market . When Blu - ray Disc software not authored with interactive features dependent on Bonus View or BD - Live hardware capabilities is played on Profile 1.0 players , it is able to play the main feature of the disc , but some extra features may not be available or will have limited capability . BD - Live ( edit ) The biggest difference between Bonus View and BD - Live is that BD - Live requires the Blu - ray Disc player to have an Internet connection to access Internet - based content . BD - Live features have included Internet chats , scheduled chats with the director , Internet games , downloadable featurettes , downloadable quizzes , and downloadable movie trailers . Note that while some Bonus View players may have an Ethernet port , these are used for firmware updates and are not used for Internet - based content . In addition , Profile 2.0 also requires more local storage in order to handle this content . Profile 1.0 players are not eligible for Bonus View or BD - Live compliant upgrades and do not have the function or capability to access these upgrades , with the exception of the latest players and the PlayStation 3 . Internet is required to use . Region codes ( edit ) Regions for the Blu - ray Disc standard : Region A / 1 Region B / 2 Region C / 3 As with the implementation of region codes for DVDs , Blu - ray Disc players sold in a specific geographical region are designed to play only discs authorized by the content provider for that region . This is intended to permit content providers ( motion picture studios , television production company etc . ) to do effective price differentiation between regions . According to the Blu - ray Disc Association , all Blu - ray Disc players and Blu - ray Disc - equipped computer systems are required to enforce regional coding . However , content providers need not use region playback codes . Some current estimates suggest 70 % of available ( movie ) Blu - ray Discs from the major studios are region - code - free and can , therefore , be played on any Blu - ray Disc player , in any region . Movie distributors have different region coding policies . Among major U.S. studios , Walt Disney Pictures , Warner Bros. , Paramount Pictures , Universal Studios , and Sony Pictures have released most of their titles region - free . MGM and Lions Gate Entertainment have released a mix of region - free and region - coded titles . 20th Century Fox has released most of their titles region - coded . Vintage film restoration and distribution company The Criterion Collection uses US region coding in all Blu - ray releases . The Blu - ray Disc region coding scheme divides the world into three regions , labeled A , B , and C . Region code Area The Americas and their dependencies , Taiwan , Hong Kong , Macau , Japan , Korea and Southeast Asia ; excludes instances that fall under Region C Africa , Middle East , Southwest Asia , most of Europe , United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , Australia , New Zealand , and their dependencies ; excludes instances that fall under Region C Central Asia , mainland China , Mongolia , South Asia , Belarus , Russia , Ukraine , Kazakhstan , Moldova , and the aforementioned regions ' dependencies FREE Informal term meaning `` worldwide '' . Region free is not an official setting ; discs that bear the region FREE symbol either have no flags set or have all three flags set . ABC In circumvention of region coding restrictions , stand - alone Blu - ray Disc players are sometimes modified by third parties to allow for playback of Blu - ray Discs ( and DVDs ) with any region code . Instructions ( `` hacks '' ) describing how to reset the Blu - ray region counter of computer player applications to make them multi-region indefinitely are also regularly posted to video enthusiast websites and forums . Unlike DVD region codes , Blu - ray region codes are verified only by the player software , not by the optical drive 's firmware . The latest type of Blu - Ray disc , suitable for UltraHD content , are region - free . Digital rights management ( edit ) The Blu - ray Disc format employs several layers of digital rights management ( DRM ) which restrict the usage of the discs . This has led to extensive criticism of the format by organizations opposed to DRM , such as the Free Software Foundation , and consumers because new releases require player firmware updates to allow disc playback . High - bandwidth digital content protection ( edit ) Blu - ray equipment is required to implement the High - bandwidth Digital Content Protection ( HDCP ) system to encrypt the data sent by players to rendering devices through physical connections . This is aimed at preventing the copying of copyrighted content as it travels across cables . Through a protocol flag in the media stream called the Image Constraint Token ( ICT ) , a Blu - ray Disc can enforce its reproduction in a lower resolution whenever a full HDCP - compliant link is not used . In order to ease the transition to high definition formats , the adoption of this protection method was postponed until 2011 . Advanced access content System ( edit ) The AACS decryption process The Advanced Access Content System ( AACS ) is a standard for content distribution and digital rights management . It was developed by AS Licensing Administrator , LLC ( AACS LA ) , a consortium that includes Disney , Intel , Microsoft , Panasonic , Warner Bros. , IBM , Toshiba , and Sony . Since the appearance of the format on devices in 2006 , several successful attacks have been made on it . The first known attack relied on the trusted client problem . In addition , decryption keys have been extracted from a weakly protected player ( WinDVD ) . Since keys can be revoked in newer releases , this is only a temporary attack , and new keys must continually be discovered in order to decrypt the latest discs . BD+ ( edit ) BD+ was developed by Cryptography Research Inc. and is based on their concept of Self - Protecting Digital Content . BD+ , effectively a small virtual machine embedded in authorized players , allows content providers to include executable programs on Blu - ray Discs . Such programs can : Examine the host environment to see if the player has been tampered with . Every licensed playback device manufacturer must provide the BD+ licensing authority with memory footprints that identify their devices . Verify that the player 's keys have not been changed Execute native code , possibly to patch an otherwise insecure system Transform the audio and video output . Parts of the content will not be viewable without letting the BD+ program unscramble it . If a playback device manufacturer finds that its devices have been hacked , it can potentially release BD+ code that detects and circumvents the vulnerability . These programs can then be included in all new content releases . The specifications of the BD+ virtual machine are available only to licensed device manufacturers . A list of licensed commercial adopters is available from the BD+ website . The first titles using BD+ were released in October 2007 . Since November 2007 , versions of BD+ protection have been circumvented by various versions of the AnyDVD HD program . Other programs known to be capable of circumventing BD+ protection are DumpHD ( versions 0.6 and above , along with some supporting software ) , MakeMKV , and two applications from DVDFab ( Passkey and HD Decrypter ) . BD - ROM Mark ( edit ) BD - ROM Mark is a small amount of cryptographic data that is stored separately from normal Blu - ray Disc data , aiming to prevent replication of the discs . The cryptographic data is needed to decrypt the copyrighted disc content protected by AACS . A specially licensed piece of hardware is required to insert the ROM - Mark into the media during mastering . During replication , this ROM Mark is transferred together with the recorded data to the disc . In consequence , any copies of a disc made with a regular recorder will lack the ROM - Mark data and will be unreadable on standard players . Backward compatibility ( edit ) The Blu - ray Disc Association recommends but does not require that Blu - ray Disc drives be capable of reading standard DVDs and CDs , for backward compatibility . Most Blu - ray Disc players are capable of reading both CDs and DVDs ; however , a few of the early Blu - ray Disc players released in 2006 , such as the Sony BDP - S1 , could play DVDs but not CDs . In addition , Blu - ray players can not play HD DVDs , and HD DVD players can not play Blu - ray discs . Some Blu - ray players can also play Video CDs , and all 4k Blu - ray players can play regular Blu - ray discs , and most can play DVDs and CDs , but there are no known 4k Blu - ray players that can play Video CDs as of October 13 , 2017 . The PlayStation 4 does not support CDs . Variations ( edit ) High Fidelity Pure audio ( BD - a ) ( edit ) Main article : High Fidelity Pure Audio High Fidelity Pure Audio ( HFPA ) is a marketing initiative , spearheaded by the Universal Music Group , for audio - only Blu - ray optical discs . Launched in 2013 as a potential successor to the Compact disc , it has been compared with DVD - A and SACD , which had similar aims . AVCHD ( edit ) Main article : AVCHD AVCHD was originally developed as a high definition format for consumer tapeless camcorders . Derived from the Blu - ray Disc specification , AVCHD shares a similar random access directory structure but is restricted to lower audio and video bitrates , simpler interactivity , and the use of AVC - video and Dolby AC - 3 ( or linear PCM ) audio . Being primarily an acquisition format , AVCHD playback is not recognized by all devices that play Blu - ray Disc . Nevertheless , many such devices are capable of playing AVCHD recordings from removable media , such as DVDs , SD / SDHC memory cards , `` Memory Stick '' cards , and hard disk drives . AVCREC ( edit ) Main article : AVCREC AVCREC uses a BDAV container to record high definition content on conventional DVDs . Presently AVCREC is tightly integrated with the Japanese ISDB broadcast standard and is not marketed outside of Japan . AVCREC is used primarily in set - top digital video recorders and in this regard is comparable to HD REC . Blu - ray 3D ( edit ) The Blu - ray 3D logo The Blu - ray Disc Association ( BDA ) created a task force made up of executives from the film industry and the consumer electronics and IT sectors to help define standards for putting 3D film and 3D television content on a Blu - ray Disc . On December 17 , 2009 , the BDA officially announced 3D specs for Blu - ray Disc , allowing backward compatibility with current 2D Blu - ray players . The BDA has said , `` The Blu - ray 3D specification calls for encoding 3D video using the `` Stereo High '' profile defined by Multiview Video Coding ( MVC ) , an extension to the ITU - T H. 264 Advanced Video Coding ( AVC ) codec currently implemented by all Blu - ray Disc players . MPEG4 - MVC compresses both left and right eye views with a typical 50 % overhead compared to equivalent 2D content , and can provide full 1080p resolution backward compatibility with current 2D Blu - ray Disc players . '' This means the MVC ( 3D ) stream is backward compatible with H. 264 / AVC ( 2D ) stream , allowing older 2D devices and software to decode stereoscopic video streams , ignoring additional information for the second view . Sony added Blu - ray 3D support to its PlayStation 3 console via a firmware upgrade on 21 September 2010 . The console had previously gained 3D gaming capability via an update on 21 April 2010 . Since the version 3.70 software update in August 9 , 2011 , the PlayStation 3 can play DTS - HD Master Audio and DTS - HD High Resolution Audio while playing 3D Blu - ray . Dolby TrueHD is used on a small minority of Blu - ray 3D releases , and bitstreaming implemented in slim PlayStation 3 models only ( original `` fat '' PS3 models decode internally and send audio as LPCM ) . Ultra HD Blu - ray ( edit ) Main article : Ultra HD Blu - ray Ultra HD Blu - ray is a new disc format , incompatible with existing Blu - ray Disc players , that supports 60fps 4K UHD video encoded in HEVC with 10 - bit HDR and a wider color gamut . See also ( edit ) Blu - ray portal 2D plus Delta Blu - ray Disc authoring Blu - ray Disc recordable D - VHS Comparison of high definition optical disc formats Comparison of video player software : Optical media ability , for a list of software BD video players Digital 3D and 3D television Disk - drive performance characteristics Format war HD DVD High definition optical disc format war High - definition television List of Blu - ray 3D releases List of Blu - ray disc manufacturers List of Blu - ray player manufacturers W - VHS References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` White Paper Blu - ray Disc Format '' ( PDF ) . Blu - ray Disc Association . December 2012 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ http://sutlib2.sut.ac.th/sut_contents/h95009/data/5643_58.pdf Jump up ^ Blu - ray FAQ . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved on December 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Blu - ray FAQ '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 6JSC / ALA / 16 / LC response '' ( PDF ) . rda-jsc.org . September 13 , 2012 . 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Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` First Region Free Blu - ray Players Available '' engadgethd.com . Retrieved October 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Region - Free 4k UHD Blu - ray Players : Fact or Fiction ? '' . http://www.220-electronics.com/blog/region-free-4k-ultra-hd-blu-ray-players-fact-fiction/. 220 Electronics . External link in website = ( help ) ; Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Blu - ray Disc Next - Generation Optical Storage : Protecting Content on the BD - ROM '' ( PDF ) . Dell . Retrieved May 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Ajima , Kosuke ( March 29 , 2006 ) . `` Overview of BD - ROM security '' ( PDF ) . Blu - ray Disc Association Content Protection Group . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 7 , 2007 . Retrieved May 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Lee , Matt ( March 24 , 2006 ) . `` Do n't buy HD - DVD or Blu - ray disks '' . FSF . Retrieved September 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Northrup , Laura ( September 6 , 2013 ) . `` Samsung 's Disposable Blu - Ray Player Wo n't Play New Blu - Rays '' . Consumerist . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( April 29 , 2010 ) . `` ' Avatar ' Blu - rays Have Some Buyers Seeing Red '' . The Wrap . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Advanced Access Content System ( '' AACS `` ) Adopter Agreement '' ( pdf ) . June 2009 . Retrieved October 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Response to Reports of Attacks on AACS Technology '' . AACS. April 16 , 2007 . Retrieved January 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Content Protection -- BD+ and Blu - ray from cryptography.com Jump up ^ US application 2010169663 , `` Systems and Methods for Detecting Authorized Players '' , published July 1 , 2010 , assigned to CYBERLINK CORPORATION Jump up ^ Murph , Darren ( November 7 , 2007 ) . `` SlySoft 's latest AnyDVD beta cracks BD + '' . engadget . Retrieved July 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kingsley - Hughes , Adrian ( March 19 , 2008 ) . `` SlySoft cracks Blu - ray BD+ encryption '' . Retrieved July 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` DumpHD -- a HD - DVD / Blu - Ray Decrypter -- Doom9 's Forum '' . doom9.org . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Seff , Jonathan ( January 20 , 2010 ) . `` Blu - ray ripping on the Mac '' . Macworld . Retrieved July 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Whitson ( June 9 , 2010 ) . `` The Hassle - Free Guide to Ripping Your Blu - Ray Collection '' . Lifehacker . Retrieved July 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Advanced Access Content System ( AACS ) Blu - ray Disc Pre-recorded Book , Revision 0.912 '' ( PDF ) . July 27 , 2006 . Retrieved October 11 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Can Blu - ray Disc products play DVD and CD ? '' . Retrieved January 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` LG BH100 Blu - Ray / HD DVD player '' . Retrieved August 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pioneer BDP - HD1 '' . Retrieved February 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sony BDP - S1 Blu - ray Disc Player -- Product Profile '' . Retrieved September 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` AVCHD Information Web Site press releases '' . Jump up ^ `` AVREC Format Specifications '' . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Blu - ray brains create 3D taskforce '' . reghardware.co.uk . May 20 , 2009 . Retrieved May 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Chabot , Jeff ( December 17 , 2009 ) . `` 3D specifications finalized for Blu - ray , to hit market next year '' . HD Report . Retrieved December 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Blu - ray Disc Association Announces Final 3D Specification '' . Business Wire . December 17 , 2009 . Retrieved December 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` PS3 System Software Update ( ver 3.50 ) '' . Retrieved September 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lempel , Eric ( April 21 , 2010 ) . `` PS3 goes 3D on 10 June ( 2010 ) '' . PlayStation Blog . Retrieved June 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lempel , Eric ( August 9 , 2011 ) . `` PS3 System Software Update ( v3. 70 ) '' . PlayStation. Blog . Retrieved November 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Allen , Danny ( August 21 , 2009 ) . `` So , The PS3 Slim Can Bitstream Dolby TrueHD and DTS - HD Master Audio After All ? '' . Gizmodo . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ This is the same as previous optical media formats Compact disc and DVD . Exact composition is different as stated in the body of the article . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Blu - ray Disc . 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R BD - RE HD DVD - R HD DVD - RAM HD DVD - RW Comparison Comparison of high definition optical disc formats Copy prevention AACS ( BD , FVD , and HD DVD ) BD+ ( BD ) HDCP ( BD and HD DVD ) ROM Mark ( BD ) Cinavia ( BD ) Blu - ray players TotalMedia Theatre CyberLink PowerDVD PlayStation 3 Sony BDP - S1 PlayStation 4 Xbox One HD DVD players Xbox 360 HD DVD Drive High - definition ( HD ) Concepts High - definition television High - definition video Ultra-high - definition television Analog broadcast ( All defunct ) 819 line system HD MAC MUSE ( Hi - Vision ) Digital broadcast ATSC DMB - T / H DVB ISDB SBTVD Audio Dolby Digital Surround sound DSD DXD DTS Filming and storage DCI HDV HD media and compression Blu - ray CBHD D - VHS DVD - Audio H. 264 H. 265 HD DVD HD VMD MPEG - 2 MVC Super Audio CD Ultra HD Blu - ray Uncompressed VC - 1 Connectors Component DisplayPort DVI HDMI VGA Deployments List of digital television deployments by country Stereoscopy Perception Binocular rivalry Binocular vision Chromostereopsis Convergence insufficiency Correspondence problem Peripheral vision Depth perception Epipolar geometry Kinetic depth effect Stereoblindness Stereopsis Stereopsis recovery Stereoscopic acuity Display technologies Active shutter 3D system Anaglyph 3D Autostereogram Autostereoscopy Bubblegram ChromaDepth Head - 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8 NDL : 01076562 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blu-ray&oldid=827529373 '' Categories : Audiovisual introductions in 2003 2003 in technology Audio storage Blu - ray Disc Computer - related introductions in 2003 Consumer electronics High dynamic range High - definition television Java platform Products introduced in 2003 Rotating disc computer storage media Sony hardware Television terminology Video game distribution Video storage Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with inconsistent citation formats Webarchive template webcite links CS1 errors : external links Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from June 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2008 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2010 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles with images not understandable by color blind users Talk Variants Read Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 February 2018 , at 07 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the first blu ray movie released | [
"The BD format was developed by the Blu-ray Disc Association, a group representing makers of consumer electronics, computer hardware, and motion pictures. Sony unveiled the first Blu-ray disc prototypes in October 2000, and the first prototype player was released in April 2003 in Japan. Afterwards, it continued to be developed until its official release on June 20, 2006, beginning the high definition optical disc format war, where Blu-ray Disc competed with the HD DVD format. Toshiba, the main company supporting HD DVD, conceded in February 2008,[8] and later released its own Blu-ray Disc player in late 2009.[9] According to Media Research, high-definition software sales in the US were slower in the first two years than DVD software sales.[10] Blu-ray faces competition from video on demand (VOD) and the continued sale of DVDs.[11] Notably, as of January 2016, 44% of U.S. broadband households had a Blu-ray player.[12]"
] | [
"June 20, 2006"
] |
-8038811511768157305 | List of Family Guy cast members | List of Family Guy cast members - wikipedia List of Family Guy cast members Jump to : navigation , search Family Guy creator Seth MacFarlane also provides the voices of Peter Griffin , Stewie Griffin , Brian Griffin , and Glenn Quagmire . Family Guy is an American animated sitcom that features five main voice actors , and numerous regular cast and recurring guest stars . The principal voice cast consists of show creator Seth MacFarlane , Alex Borstein , Mila Kunis ( who replaced Lacey Chabert after the first season ( her last episode is `` Holy Crap , '' now marketed as the second episode of season two ) ) , Seth Green , and Mike Henry . Recurring voice actors include Patrick Warburton , Adam West , John G. Brennan , Nicole Sullivan and Jennifer Tilly , and repeat guest stars include Phyllis Diller , Charles Durning , Rush Limbaugh , and Phil LaMarr . Many cast members provide voices for multiple characters . The voice actors , in portraying the various character personalities on the show , draw inspiration from celebrities and pop culture . Family Guy characters have been played by more than one actor , after members of the show left the series or had conflicting obligations . Kunis was nominated for an Annie Award for voicing Meg Griffin in the season 5 episode `` Barely Legal '' and MacFarlane has also won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice - Over Performance and an Annie Award for Best Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production , though no other cast member has won an award for their work on the series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current cast 1.1 Seth MacFarlane 1.2 Alex Borstein 1.3 Mila Kunis 1.4 Seth Green 1.5 Mike Henry 2 Recurring cast 3 Recurring guest voices 4 Casting changes 5 Awards and nominations 6 References Current cast ( edit ) Seth Green provides the voice of Chris Griffin . Mike Henry voices various characters in the series . Mila Kunis provides the voice of Meg Griffin . Alex Borstein provides the voice of Lois Griffin . Patrick Warburton provides the voice of Joe Swanson . The real Adam West provided the voice of Mayor Adam West . From seasons 1 to 4 , Family Guy had four main cast members . Since season 5 , there have been five main cast members . The casting of Meg Griffin changed after season 1 . Seth MacFarlane ( edit ) Seth MacFarlane voices four of the show 's main characters : Peter Griffin , Brian Griffin , Stewie Griffin , and Glenn Quagmire . MacFarlane chose to voice these characters himself , believing it would be easier to portray the voices he had already envisioned than for someone else to attempt it . MacFarlane drew inspiration for the voice of Peter from a security guard he overheard talking while attending the Rhode Island School of Design . Stewie 's voice was based on the voice of English actor Rex Harrison , especially his performance in the 1964 musical drama film My Fair Lady . MacFarlane uses his own voice while portraying Brian . MacFarlane also provides the voices for various other recurring and one - time only characters , most prominently those of news anchor Tom Tucker , Lois ' father Carter Pewterschmidt and Dr. Hartman . He is the only voice to be in every episode . Alex Borstein ( edit ) Alex Borstein voices Lois Griffin , Asian correspondent Tricia Takanawa , Loretta Brown and Lois ' mother Barbara Pewterschmidt . Borstein was asked to provide a voice for the pilot while she was working on MADtv . She had not met MacFarlane or seen any of his artwork and said it was `` really sight unseen '' . At the time , Borstein performed in a stage show in Los Angeles , in which she played a redhead mother whose voice she had based on one of her cousins . The voice was originally slower ( and deeper for the original series ) , but when MacFarlane heard it , he replied `` Make it a little less fucking annoying ... and speed it up , or every episode will last four hours . '' Mila Kunis ( edit ) Mila Kunis is the voice of the character named Meg Griffin . Kunis won the role after auditions and a slight rewrite of the character , in part due to her performance on That ' 70s Show . MacFarlane called Kunis back after her first audition , instructing her to speak slower , and then told her to come back another time and enunciate more . Once she claimed that she had it under control , MacFarlane hired her . Kunis described her character as `` the scapegoat '' . She further explained , `` Meg gets picked on a lot . But it 's funny . It 's like the middle child . She is constantly in the state of being an awkward 14 - year - old , when you 're kind of going through puberty and what - not . She 's just in a perpetual mode of humiliation . And it 's fun . '' Seth Green ( edit ) Seth Green primarily plays Chris Griffin and Neil Goldman . Green stated that he did an impression of the `` Buffalo Bill '' character from the thriller film The Silence of the Lambs during his audition . His main inspiration for Chris ' voice came from envisioning how `` Buffalo Bill '' would sound if he were speaking through a public address system at a McDonald 's . Mike Henry ( edit ) Mike Henry is the voice of Cleveland Brown , John Herbert The Pervert and other various characters . A Family Guy writer and producer , he began acting on the show as part of the recurring cast repertory ( see below ) but was promoted to main cast member in 2005 . Since the cancellation of The Cleveland Show , he also voices Cleveland 's step - son Rallo Tubbs on Family Guy . Recurring cast ( edit ) In addition to both its main cast and guest stars , Family Guy utilizes a deep bench of regularly appearing supporting voice actors . Some appear in nearly every episode each season , while others appear less frequently . Some of these actors specifically play recurring characters , while others mainly play background citizens of Quahog or characters in cutaway gags . The current supporting cast repertory includes the following actors : Actor Character ( s ) No. of Episodes ( Out of 245 produced ) Notes Benjamin , H. Jon H. Jon Benjamin Carl 14 Since 2006 Breckenridge , Alexandra Alexandra Breckenridge Various women 57 Since 2005 . Currently voices most female `` extras '' not voiced by Alex Borstein . Brennan , Johnny Johnny Brennan Goldman , Mort Mort Goldman , Horace the bartender 77 Callaghan , Steve Steve Callaghan Various 37 Also the current showrunner and executive producer of Family Guy and former showrunner / EP of American Dad ! . Garman , Ralph Ralph Garman Various 138 Lakin , Christine Christine Lakin Kinney , Joyce Joyce Kinney 23 Since 2010 . LaMarr , Phil Phil LaMarr Williams , Ollie Ollie Williams and the Quahog judge 56 MacFarlane , Rachael Rachael MacFarlane Olivia and various women 54 Formerly one of the most frequent female voices . She reduced her number of appearances per season after joining American Dad ! in 2005 but still appears several times per season . Seth MacFarlane 's sister . Osment , Emily Emily Osment Various 14 Since 2012 . Richardson , Kevin Michael Kevin Michael Richardson Jerome and Cleveland Jr . 30 Since 2009 . Sheridan , Chris Chris Sheridan Various 33 Also a Family Guy writer . Smith , Danny Danny Smith Various , including Evil Monkey , Al Harrington and Ernie , the Giant Chicken 189 Also a Family Guy writer . Sulkin , Alec Alec Sulkin Christ , Jesus Jesus Christ and various others 147 Since 2005 , Also a Family Guy writer . Tatasciore , Fred Fred Tatasciore Various 36 Tilly , Jennifer Jennifer Tilly Swanson , Bonnie Bonnie Swanson 42 Has recurred as the Griffin 's neighbor since the first season . Viener , John John Viener Various 182 Since 2005 , he has been one of the most frequently heard male voices aside from Seth MacFarlane . Also a Family Guy writer . Warburton , Patrick Patrick Warburton Swanson , Joe Joe Swanson 163 Has appeared as the Griffins ' neighbor since the first season , and usually appears in most episodes each season . Warburton is the most frequently appearing one - character actor in the supporting repertory . Wingert , Wally Wally Wingert Various 41 In addition to the above , the following actors were formerly regularly recurring voice actors in the series : Actor Character ( s ) No. of Episodes Notes Alan , Lori Lori Alan Simmons , Diane Diane Simmons 63 Left the show in season nine when her character was killed off . Was replaced in the series ' context by Christine Lakin 's Joyce Kinney Alazraqui , Carlos Carlos Alazraqui Weed , Mr.Mr . Weed 10 Peter 's first boss , Mr. Weed , was killed off early in the series ' run . Barrymore , Drew Drew Barrymore Russell , Jillian Jillian Russell 12 Played Jillian , Brian 's former girlfriend . The character still appears in background roles Cole , Gary Gary Cole Various 38 Cole appeared frequently in the earlier seasons , but still pops up now and then to play Meg and Chris ' principal , Mr. Shepherd . Hartman , Butch Butch Hartman Various 8 Henry , Mike Mike Henry Cleveland Brown , Herbert , Bruce , Consuela , and various others Was promoted to main cast in 2005 . Also a Family Guy writer . Hentemann , Mark Mark Hentemann Opie and various others 45 Recently left Family Guy to work on another Seth MacFarlane project . Also a Family Guy writer . Fisher , Carrie Carrie Fisher Angela 19 Has recurred as Peter 's boss several times per season since 2005 . Died in 2016 . Strong , Tara Tara Strong Various , as well as Meg 's singing voice 21 Appeared frequently in the first four seasons . Returned briefly in 2010 - 2012 and again for one episode in 2014 . Sullivan , Nicole Nicole Sullivan Goldman , Muriel Muriel Goldman 27 Muriel was killed off in season nine . Whitman , Mae Mae Whitman Various 10 Was a recurring younger female voice for several seasons between 2008 - 2010 . Wild , Wellesley Wellesley Wild Various 14 No longer a recurring voice ( since 2013 ) . He was a producer , but left the show . Wilhoit , Lisa Lisa Wilhoit D'Amico , Connie Connie D'Amico 15 Meg 's bully Connie has not appeared in the series since 2013 . West , Adam Adam West Mayor West , Adam Adam West 93 Played a warped version of himself as the mayor of Quahog . Died in 2017 . Recurring guest voices ( edit ) Main article : List of Family Guy guest stars The recurring guest voices include Adam Carolla as Death , Patrick Stewart as Susie Swanson , Scott Grimes as Kevin Swanson and Sanaa Lathan as Donna Tubbs Brown . Previous recurring guests included Phyllis Diller in three episodes as Peter 's Mother , Thelma , and Charles Durning as Peter 's father , Francis . Both characters have since died , but Durning returned once to play Francis as a ghost . Early in the show 's run , Fred Willard and Jane Lynch had a recurring role as a family of nudists . James Woods as James Woods . Casting changes ( edit ) Lacey Chabert voiced Meg for the first production season ( 14 episodes ) , but , because of a contractual agreement , was never credited . Chabert left the series due to time constraints with her acting role in Party of Five , as well as schoolwork . Norm Macdonald voiced the character of Death in a second season episode of Family Guy . He was subsequently replaced by Adam Carolla in all other appearances . Jon Cryer originally voiced Kevin Swanson in his first appearance , before the role was passed temporarily onto Seth MacFarlane . The character was written out of the series for several years , with Scott Grimes taking over the voice when the character returned . Fairuza Balk was the original voice of high school bully Connie D'Amico until Lisa Wilhoit took over the character in the third season . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Actor Award Category Role Result Ref . 2000 Seth MacFarlane Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Voice - Over Performance Stewie Griffin Won 2009 Seth MacFarlane Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Voice - Over Performance Peter Griffin Won 2006 Seth MacFarlane Annie Award Best Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production Stewie Griffin Won 2007 Mila Kunis Annie Award Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production Meg Griffin Won References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Graham , Jefferson ( January 29 , 1999 ) . `` Cartoonist MacFarlane funny guy of Fox 's ' Family ' Subversive voice of series is his '' . USA Today . p . E7 . ^ Jump up to : Cruz , Gilbert ( September 26 , 2008 ) . `` Family Guy 's Seth MacFarlane '' . Time . Retrieved August 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Smith , Andy ( April 30 , 2005 ) . `` A Real Family Reunion '' . Providence Journal TV . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2011 . Retrieved August 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dean , John ( November 1 , 2008 ) . `` Seth MacFarlane 's $2 Billion Family Guy Empire '' . Fox Business . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2010 . Retrieved August 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Franklin , Nancy ( January 16 , 2006 ) . `` American Idiots '' . The New Yorker . ^ Jump up to : `` Family Guy Cast and Details '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Kirk ( November 19 , 2008 ) . `` Q&A : Alex Borstein '' . Metromix . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2012 . Retrieved August 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alex Borstein ( Lois ) Laughs at the Once - Dead Family Guy 's Longevity '' . TV Guide . November 13 , 2006 . Retrieved August 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Family Guy -- Casting Mila Kunis . The Paley Center for Media . Retrieved September 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ De Leon , Kris ( September 25 , 2007 ) . `` Mila Kunis Talks About Working on Family Guy and Her Upcoming Movie '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved September 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Graham , Jefferson ( April 9 , 1999 ) . `` Seth Green fits right in with new Family '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Fans help ' Family Guy ' return to Fox '' . Observer - Reporter. April 29 , 2005 . p . E5 . Jump up ^ Green , Seth ( September 27 , 2005 ) . Stewie Griffin : The Untold Story : Audio Commentary ( DVD ) . Jump up ^ `` Steve Callaghan Named ' American Dad ' Showrunner '' . Jump up ^ Epstein , Daniel Robert . `` Interview with Seth MacFarlane , creator of The Family Guy '' . UGO Networks . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2007 . Retrieved November 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sonic the Horndog '' . GameSpy . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Brian Lowry ( 2000 - 08 - 28 ) . `` NBC Leads Tally of Early Emmys , Boosted by ' West Wing ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The 61st Primetime Emmy Awards and 2009 Creative Arts Emmy Awards Nominees are ... '' Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . 2009 - 07 - 16 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Annie Award Winners '' . Annie Awards . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` 34th Annual Annie Award Nominees and Winners ( 2006 ) '' . Annie Awards . 2009 - 11 - 05 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 05 . ( hide ) Family Guy Characters Griffin family Peter Lois Meg Chris Stewie Brian Other characters Quagmire Cleveland Adam West Herbert Cleveland Jr . Production Cast members Guest stars Writers Awards Media releases The Life of Larry shorts Stewie Griffin : The Untold Story Live in Vegas Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Hallmarks Road to ... episodes Star Wars episodes Merchandise Home video Video games Family Guy Video Game ! ( 2006 ) Family Guy Online ( 2012 ) Back to the Multiverse ( 2012 ) Family Guy : The Quest for Stuff ( 2014 ) Family Guy : Another Freakin ' Mobile Game ( 2017 ) See also Criticism Night of the Hurricane The Cleveland Show American Dad ! Animation Domination `` Cartoon Wars Part I '' `` Cartoon Wars Part II '' Book Portal Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Family_Guy_cast_members&oldid=809465877 '' Categories : Family Guy Hidden categories : Featured lists Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Português Edit links This page was last edited on 9 November 2017 , at 08 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who does the voice of death in family guy | [
"\nLacey Chabert voiced Meg for the first production season (14 episodes), but, because of a contractual agreement, was never credited.[15] Chabert left the series due to time constraints with her acting role in Party of Five, as well as schoolwork.[16]\nNorm Macdonald voiced the character of Death in a second season episode of Family Guy. He was subsequently replaced by Adam Carolla in all other appearances.\nJon Cryer originally voiced Kevin Swanson in his first appearance, before the role was passed temporarily onto Seth MacFarlane. The character was written out of the series for several years, with Scott Grimes taking over the voice when the character returned.\nFairuza Balk was the original voice of high school bully Connie D'Amico until Lisa Wilhoit took over the character in the third season.\n"
] | [
"Norm Macdonald"
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4685948260479428939 | A Series of Unfortunate Events (TV series) | A Series of Unfortunate Events ( TV Series ) - wikipedia A Series of Unfortunate Events ( TV Series ) This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 30 May 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search A Series of Unfortunate Events Genre Drama Black comedy Based on A Series of Unfortunate Events by Lemony Snicket Developed by Mark Hudis Barry Sonnenfeld Starring Neil Patrick Harris Patrick Warburton Malina Weissman Louis Hynes K. Todd Freeman Presley Smith Lucy Punch Avi Lake Dylan Kingwell Theme music composer Nick Urata Daniel Handler Opening theme `` Look Away '' by Neil Patrick Harris Composer ( s ) James Newton Howard Sven Faulconer Chris Bacon Jim Dooley Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 18 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Cindy Holland Brian Wright Ted Biaselli Daniel Handler Neil Patrick Harris Rose Lam Barry Sonnenfeld Producer ( s ) Neil Patrick Harris Location ( s ) Vancouver , British Columbia Cinematography Bernard Couture Editor ( s ) Stuart Bass Skip MacDonald Running time 40 -- 64 minutes Production company ( s ) Paramount Television What is the Question ? Sonnenfeld Productions , Inc . Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) Original release January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) -- present ( present ) Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events , or simply A Series of Unfortunate Events , is an American black comedy - drama web television series from Netflix , developed by Mark Hudis and Barry Sonnenfeld , based on the children 's novel series of the same name by Lemony Snicket . It stars Neil Patrick Harris , Patrick Warburton , Malina Weissman , Louis Hynes , K. Todd Freeman , and Presley Smith with Lucy Punch , Avi Lake , and Dylan Kingwell joining the cast in the second season . The first season , which premiered on January 13 , 2017 , consists of eight episodes and adapts the first four books of the series . The second season was ordered in March 2017 and released on March 30 , 2018 . A Series of Unfortunate Events was renewed for a third season in April 2017 , which will consist of seven episodes and adapt the remaining four books . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 2.3. 1 Introduced in season 1 2.3. 2 Introduced in season 2 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2018 ) 3.3 Season 3 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 4.4 Music 4.5 Visual effects 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Audience viewership 6.2 Critical response 6.2. 1 Season 1 6.2. 2 Season 2 7 Awards and nominations 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Premise ( edit ) When a mysterious fire kills their parents , the Baudelaire children are placed into the care of their distant relative Count Olaf , an actor who is determined to claim the family fortune for himself . Following Olaf 's failed attempt and his plot being exposed , the Baudelaires set out to elude Olaf and uncover the mystery behind a secret society from their parents ' past . Cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of A Series of Unfortunate Events characters Main ( edit ) Neil Patrick Harris as Count Olaf , an actor determined to claim the Baudelaire fortune for himself . He has one eyebrow and a tattoo resembling an eye on his left ankle , which is frequently used to identify him when he is disguised . Patrick Warburton as Lemony Snicket , the narrator tasked with explaining the events during the lives of the Baudelaires . Malina Weissman as Violet Baudelaire , the eldest Baudelaire sibling and an inventor talented in mechanics . Louis Hynes as Klaus Baudelaire , the middle Baudelaire child , interested in literature and books . K. Todd Freeman as Arthur Poe , the family banker and executor of the Baudelaire parents who is in charge of placing the Baudelaires in the care of a suitable guardian . Presley Smith as Sunny Baudelaire , the infant child of the Baudelaires with unnaturally strong teeth . Tara Strong provides Sunny 's babbling sound effects , the meaning of which is often translated in subtitles . Lucy Punch as Esmé Squalor , a wealthy financial advisor , who becomes an ally and love interest for Count Olaf . Avi Lake as Isadora Quagmire , Duncan and Quigley 's sister who loves writing poetry . Dylan Kingwell as Duncan Quagmire , Isadora 's brother . Duncan is a keen journalist . Recurring ( edit ) Will Arnett as Father , a man who is trying to return home to his three children . Cobie Smulders as Mother , a woman who is trying to return home to her three children . Usman Ally as the Hook - Handed Man , a member of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe with hooks instead of hands . Matty Cardarople as the Henchperson of Indeterminate Gender , another member of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe . Cleo King as Eleanora Poe , Arthur Poe 's wife and the editor - in - chief of The Daily Punctilio , who loves pursuing sensationalist headlines . John DeSantis as the Bald Man , a large bald - headed man who is another member of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe . Jacqueline and Joyce Robbins as the White - Faced Women , two elderly twins who are members of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe . Sara Canning as Jacquelyn , Mr. Poe 's standoffish assistant and a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society . She possesses a spyglass . Patrick Breen as Larry Your - Waiter , a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society who is seen working as a waiter at various establishments the Baudelaires visit , including the Anxious Clown and Café Salmonella . Sara Rue as Olivia Caliban , a librarian at Prufrock Preparatory School who later enlists as a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society when she becomes invested in the Baudelaires ' plight . Nathan Fillion as Jacques Snicket , the dashing adventurer brother of Lemony Snicket who enlists Olivia Caliban to help the Baudelaires . Guest ( edit ) Introduced in season 1 ( edit ) Joan Cusack as Justice Strauss , a judge and Count Olaf 's neighbor who helps the Baudelaires and is hopeful to adopt them . Luke Camilleri as Gustav Sebald , a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society and Monty 's former assistant . Aasif Mandvi as Montgomery `` Uncle Monty '' Montgomery , a distant relative of the Baudelaires and enthusiastic herpetologist who claims to have spent his childhood with their late parents . He is a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society and possesses a spyglass . Alfre Woodard as Aunt Josephine Anwhistle , a distant relative of the Baudelaires at Lake Lachrymose who has many rational and irrational fears and a love of grammar . She is a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society . Don Johnson as Sir , the cigar - smoking owner of Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Catherine O'Hara as Georgina Orwell , an optometrist and Count Olaf 's ex-girlfriend who hypnotizes the Lucky Smells Lumbermill workers so they never leave , also causing them to believe the Baudelaire parents set fire to Paltryville . O'Hara previously portrayed Justice Strauss in the 2004 film adaptation . Rhys Darby as Charles , Sir 's partner . Timothy Webber as Jimmy , a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Chris Gauthier as Phil , an optimistic worker who befriends the Baudelaires during their stay at the Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Loretta Walsh as Norma Rae , a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Trent Redekop as Cesar , a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Daniel Handler cameos as a fish head salesperson at Lake Lachrymose . Barry Sonnenfeld does a picture cameo as the late Ike Anwhistle in `` The Wide Window '' and appears as him in a flashback scene in `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' Pt. 1 . Introduced in season 2 ( edit ) Barry Sonnenfeld as the voice of Mr. Tammerlane , a person that Arthur Poe talks to on the phone . Roger Bart as Nero Feint , the violin - playing vice-principal of Prufrock Preparatory School and struggling musician with an egotistic personality and a love for excessive punishments . Kitana Turnbull as Carmelita Spats , an obnoxious , tutu - wearing student at Prufrock Preparatory School . Bronwen Smith as Miss Tench , Prufrock Preparatory School 's gym teacher who is replaced in the post by a disguised Count Olaf while on her way back to Prufrock Preparatory School with the pep squad and the sports team . Malcolm Stewart as Mr. Remora , a teacher at Prufrock Preparatory School who specializes in teaching his personal anecdotes and is always seen eating a banana . BJ Harrison as Mrs. Bass , a teacher at Prufrock Preparatory School who specializes in measuring objects . She later becomes a bank robber . Tony Hale as Jerome Squalor , the timid husband of Esmé Squalor . Ithamar Enriquez as Hector , a skittish handyman and citizen of the Village of Fowl Devotees who befriends the Baudelaires . Mindy Sterling as Elder Anabelle , a member of the Village of Fowl Devotees ' Council of Elders . Carol Mansell as Elder Jemma , a member of the Village of Fowl Devotees ' Council of Elders . Ken Jenkins as Elder Sam , a member of the Village of Fowl Devotees ' Council of Elders . Lossen Chambers as Mrs. Morrow , an inhabitant of the Village of Fowl Devotees that wears a pink robe . Kevin Chamberlin as Mr. Lesko , an inhabitant of the Village of Fowl Devotees that wears plaid pants . John Bobek as the bearded leader of the Volunteers Fighting Disease . Lauren McGibbon as the perky member of the Volunteers Fighting Disease . Kerri Kenney - Silver as Babs , the Head of Human Resources and Hospital Administration at Heimlich Hospital . David Alan Grier as Hal , a visually - disabled file clerk who is employed in the Library of Records at Heimlich Hospital . Robbie Amell as Kevin , an ambidextrous `` freak '' who works at Caligari Carnival . Kevin Cahoon as Hugo , a hunchbacked `` freak '' who works at Caligari Carnival . Bonnie Morgan as Colette , a contortionist `` freak '' who works at Caligari Carnival . David Burtka as Mr. Willums , a heckler with a pimpled chin who attends Caligari Carnival . He is based on The Man With Pimples On His Chin from `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' book . Jill Morrison as Mrs. Willums , the wife of Mr. Willums . Harper and Gideon Burtka - Harris as Trixie and Skip Willums , the children of Mr. Willums . Allison Williams as an as - yet - unidentified woman who arrives to see the Caligari Carnival engulfed in flames . Episodes ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally released 8 January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) 10 March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Season 1 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) The first season adapts the first four books of the novel series : The Bad Beginning , The Reptile Room , The Wide Window and The Miserable Mill . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` The Bad Beginning : Part One '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Violet , Klaus , and Sunny Baudelaire receive the news that their parents have perished in a house fire from well - meaning but inept banker Arthur Poe . While exploring the ruins , Klaus finds a broken spyglass with an insignia of an eye embedded on the front . Shortly afterwards , they are sent to live with their distant relative Count Olaf , a cruel and vain amateur actor , who forces them into servitude . One night , the siblings prepare puttanesca for Olaf 's theatre troupe only for him to demand roast beef upon arriving home . The children state that they were never asked to prepare roast beef , angering Olaf and prompting him to slap Klaus across the face when he protests about the sleeping arrangements . Meanwhile , a mother and father are held against their will by a mysterious captor . `` The Bad Beginning : Part Two '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) The Baudelaires attempt to convince Mr. Poe of Olaf 's actions , only to be sent away when Poe dismisses their claims . When Olaf gives Violet the starring role in his latest theatrical production , which ends with the two main characters being married , the siblings realize that Olaf intends to acquire their fortune by marrying Violet for real . Klaus confronts Olaf , who threatens to kill Sunny if Violet does n't follow through with his plans . At the very last minute , however , Violet signs the marriage certificate with her left hand , invalidating the proceedings due to the fact that she is right - handed . Mr. Poe 's mysterious secretary Jacquelyn reveals they were intended to be put in the care of their distant relative Montgomery Montgomery . Meanwhile , Jacquelyn 's ally Gustav is mysteriously drowned , after being hit by a poisoned dart . `` The Reptile Room : Part One '' Mark Palansky Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) The Baudelaires are sent to live with their herpetologist uncle Montgomery Montgomery , who has recently come across a reptile he calls the Incredibly Deadly Viper . While attempting to learn more about Montgomery , Klaus discovers that the hedge maze in Montgomery 's garden is exactly the same shape as the tattoo on Olaf 's ankle . Olaf poses as Montgomery 's new assistant Stephano and attempts to kidnap the Baudelaires , but Monty assures the Baudelaires that he recognizes Stephano as a threat . The four arrive at a movie theatre , where Monty deciphers a code sent for him through the subtitles of the film , using a spyglass identical to Klaus ' . The message instructs him to bring the children to Peru . He fires Stephano shortly afterwards , believing him to be a spy sent to steal his research . `` The Reptile Room : Part Two '' Mark Palansky Emily Fox January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Immediately after dismissing `` Stephano , '' Montgomery notices that the door to his Reptile Room is ajar and investigates , only to be attacked by an unseen figure . The next day , the Baudelaires discover Olaf standing next to Montgomery 's corpse . Olaf threatens to kill Sunny unless the siblings accompany him to Peru , but is prevented from carrying out his plan when Mr. Poe accidentally crashes into their car when they are trying to leave . Olaf 's theatre troupe then arrives disguised as police and nurses , and claim Monty was killed by the Incredibly Deadly Viper , despite Monty 's claim of it being completely harmless . While searching for proof of the snake 's innocence , Klaus discovers a statue in Monty 's hedge maze , and a photograph of Monty , both of them carrying spyglasses identical to Klaus ' . Violet proves Olaf to be the murderer ; however , he escapes via the hedge maze with Klaus ' spyglass . While pursuing him , the Baudelaires meet Jacquelyn , who is posing as a statue . She tells them to seek answers on the spyglasses from their Aunt Josephine while she hunts down Olaf via underground passageways . 5 5 `` The Wide Window : Part One '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Mr. Poe takes the Baudelaires to live with their Aunt Josephine , an irrationally frightened woman who lives in a dilapidated house overlooking Lake Lachrymose . She refuses to answer questions about their parents , so the siblings pursue answers themselves around her house , and discover their parents were members of a secret organization , with spyglasses being used as useful devices . They are also shocked to find out that Josephine was once fierce and formidable , and developed her phobias after the death of her husband . Olaf , who has followed the Baudelaires , disguises himself as a sailor named Captain Sham before pretending to fall in love with Josephine . Despite the siblings ' warnings , Josephine accepts his invitation to take her out for a fried egg sandwich . Later that night , the siblings discover that Josephine has jumped out the library 's bay window and left a note informing them that `` Captain Sham '' is their new guardian . 6 6 `` The Wide Window : Part Two '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) As Mr. Poe prepares to hand the Baudelaires over to `` Captain Sham , '' the siblings discover the note has several grammatical errors , something Josephine would never do since she was obsessed with proper grammar . Mr. Poe takes the children to a restaurant and prepares to complete the transfer , but allows the siblings to leave after Larry , a waiter secretly a member of their parents ' organization , triggers their allergy to peppermint . After returning to the house , the siblings decipher Josephine 's suicide note and discover she is still alive moments before a hurricane sends the house teetering over the cliff . Escaping with a photograph of their parents standing in front of a lumber mill , the siblings find Josephine at a nearby cave , only to be confronted by Olaf , who abandons Josephine to be eaten alive by the leeches that inhabit Lake Lachrymose . Upon returning to shore , Olaf escapes after being unmasked in front of Mr. Poe while the Baudelaires sneak away and set out to find the lumber mill in the photograph . 7 7 `` The Miserable Mill : Part One '' Bo Welch Joe Tracz January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Upon arriving at the Lucky Smells Lumber Mill , the Baudelaires are forced to work by the owner Sir , who blames their parents for starting a fire that destroyed the entire town . While investigating the workers ' unnaturally happy behavior , Klaus ' glasses are broken by the Hook - Handed Man posing as Foreman Flacutono , and he visits local optometrist Georgina Orwell , who puts him into a hypnotic trance . Later that day , the siblings learn that two visitors are waiting to see them . Believing that their parents are still alive , the three are shocked to instead find Orwell and her receptionist `` Shirley St. Ives , '' who is a poorly - disguised Olaf . Meanwhile , the mother and father who were previously held captive are revealed to be the parents of the Quagmire triplets , with whom they are reunited . 8 8 `` The Miserable Mill : Part Two '' Bo Welch Tatiana Suarez - Pico January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) The Baudelaires discover the entire mill is under a hypnotic trance , ensuring they do not leave their jobs . Orwell and Olaf use a still - hypnotized Klaus to murder Sir 's aide Charles , but Violet figures out how to break everyone 's trance in the nick of time . The workers then storm the mill , causing Orwell to fall into the furnace and die . Sir , Olaf , and the Hook - Handed Man all escape in the chaos . Charles reveals the truth about the Baudelaires ' role in the town , where they actually helped to fight the fire . The three siblings are reunited with Mr. Poe , and Jacquelyn sends Klaus the broken spyglass that Olaf stole from him . Poe then sends the three siblings to a dreary boarding school , which two of the three Quagmire siblings are also sent to , due to their house being burnt down by an unknown woman . The Quagmires ' parents are revealed to be members of the organization . In the final scene , Lemony Snicket , Count Olaf , the Baudelaires and Mr. Poe sing the song `` That 's Not How the Story Goes . '' Season 2 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) The second season adapts books five through nine of the novel series : The Austere Academy , The Ersatz Elevator , The Vile Village , The Hostile Hospital , and The Carnivorous Carnival . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 9 `` The Austere Academy : Part 1 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) The Baudelaires are introduced to life at Prufrock Preparatory School , an unpleasant institution run by an unpleasant vice-principal named Nero and terrorized by an equally unpleasant student named Carmelita Spats . The school 's only redeeming qualities are its friendly librarian , Olivia Caliban , and the surviving Quagmire triplets , Duncan and Isadora . During a lunch break , Klaus and Isadora discover that they are holding two halves of the same spyglass . The newfound friends quickly realize that they must track down a book on secret organizations to find the answers they seek -- a book Jacquelyn sent Larry to give them , but which he carelessly misplaced . Meanwhile , Count Olaf and his troupe lurk around the grounds of the school , unable to enter the front doors due to an advanced computer system programmed by Nero to detect Olaf 's presence . However , with Carmelita 's help , Olaf finally gains entry and locks Larry in the cafeteria 's walk - in refrigerator . He then dons his latest disguise : the school 's new turban - wearing gym teacher . 10 `` The Austere Academy : Part 2 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Joe Tracz March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Olaf is able to convince Nero to put the Baudelaires under a grueling exercise program , making the siblings run endless laps at night to prevent them from scheming against him , while also causing them to perform poorly in class from lack of sleep . Due to their slumping grades , Nero threatens to expel the Baudelaires if they fail a comprehensive exam to be given in front of the entire school , but because they must still exercise under Olaf 's program , they know they will likely fail . The Quagmires offer to help , and that night take their place during exercises ; however , their identity is discovered , and while hiding in the library , they find the copy of the book on secret organizations and read up on the purpose of the spyglass before they are caught by the Hook - Handed Man . The next day , with Mr. Poe in attendance , the Baudelaires readily pass the exam , and through it reveal Olaf 's identity . Olaf and his gang then escape with the Quagmires , who try to shout the initials `` V.F.D. '' from the backseat of Olaf 's car . Meanwhile , Larry is rescued from the refrigerator with the help of Lemony 's brother , Jacques , while Olivia walks off with the book on secret organizations that the Quagmires left behind . 11 `` The Ersatz Elevator : Part 1 '' Bo Welch Daniel Handler March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) While a citywide manhunt for Count Olaf is underway , Mr. Poe takes the Baudelaires to the penthouse of Jerome Squalor and his trendy financial advisor wife Esmé . While being introduced to the Squalors , they find Olaf has already arrived , posing as a foreign auctioneer named Gunther . The Baudelaires theorize that Olaf is trying to kill Jerome so that he can marry Esmé and become their legal guardian again . They search the penthouse for the Quagmires to no avail , but Klaus becomes suspicious of an extra elevator that only seems to serve the penthouse . Meanwhile , Olivia tries to convince Mr. Poe about Olaf 's scheme , which leads Jacquelyn to contact Jacques , who enlists her into their society . Esmé suggests they go out for lunch at a fashionable salmon - themed restaurant Cafe Salmonella , where Larry works to prolong their visit , giving Jacques and Olivia time to search the Squalor 's building for the Quagmires . When the Baudelaires manage to sneak away and examine the second elevator , they learn that it is merely an empty shaft . With a makeshift parachute , they descend it to find the Quagmires locked in a cage at its bottom . 12 `` The Ersatz Elevator : Part 2 '' Bo Welch Daniel Handler March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) The Baudelaires do not have the tools to free the Quagmires , so they ascend the shaft by turning the parachute into a hot - air balloon . They try to warn Esmé of Olaf 's scheme , but learn too late that she is in cahoots with him and that they are planning to smuggle the Quagmires out of the city . Esmé pushes them down the elevator shaft , where they are caught in a net midway down . Sunny helps them to escape safely , and afterwards they find a secret passage that leads to the ashen ruins of their home . At the auction in Veblen Hall , the Baudelaires start a bidding war on a box labeled `` V.F.D. '' , which they believe contains the Quagmires . Though they win the item , they find the box contains only doilies . In the aftermath , Olaf and his troupe escape with the Quagmires , who are hidden inside a red herring statue . The Baudelaires ask Jerome to help track down Olaf , but he is far too timid to do so , and gives up his guardianship of them . Mr. Poe tells the children that a village with the initials `` V.F.D. '' is willing to raise them . 13 5 `` The Vile Village : Part 1 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Sigrid Gilmer March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Mr. Poe drops the Baudelaires off at the Village of Fowl Devotees , where the whole community will care for them collectively . The Baudelaires take up residence with Hector , a kindly handyman prone to fainting spells who is secretly building a self - sustaining hot - air mobile home , and soon begin finding clues written by the Quagmires themselves . Olaf , Esmé , and the troupe also arrive at the village , with Esmé disguising herself as the town 's new chief of police . Jacques and Olivia also arrive and detain Olaf at the local jailhouse ; the next day , the villagers learn of Olaf 's capture and hold a town hall meeting , where Olaf appears in the disguise of Detective Dupin , tricking everyone into believing Jacques is Olaf . Jacques is sentenced to death , but Olivia convinces Esmé to free her and Jacques in exchange for the location of the Sugar Bowl , an object with ties to Esmé 's past . Jacques stays behind to confront Olaf ; however , the villain is unfazed by Jacques ' offer of a truce , and he and Esmé incapacitate and kill him . The next morning , as the Baudelaires try to break into the jail to rescue Jacques , they are informed that `` Olaf '' has been murdered . 14 6 `` The Vile Village : Part 2 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Sigrid Gilmer March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) The disguised Olaf and Esmé quickly convince Mr. Poe and the town that the Baudelaires murdered Jacques / `` Olaf , '' and they are promptly condemned to be burned at the stake . While in jail , the children instruct Hector to prepare his hot - air mobile home to help them escape . While Violet creates a battering ram to weaken the jail wall , Klaus deduces from their clues that the Quagmires are hidden inside a crow fountain in the village square . Larry and Jacquelyn arrive on the scene to distract the villagers long enough for the children to escape via a fire truck and follow Hector . The Baudelaires cover for the Quagmires as they use the truck 's ladder to climb aboard the mobile home . As they do so , Olaf , Esmé , and the villagers arrive , and Esmé begins damaging Hector 's home with a harpoon gun . Realizing their danger , the Baudelaires tell Hector to escape with the Quagmires . In thanks , the Quagmires try to throw their friends their notes about the secrets of V.F.D. , but Esmé shoots them with a harpoon , scattering the pages and harming a crow . While the villagers accost the disguised villains over the injured bird , the Baudelaires collect as many of the ruined pages as they can and make their escape . 15 7 `` The Hostile Hospital : Part 1 '' Alan Arkush Joshua Conkel March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) The Baudelaires hitch a ride with volunteer singing candy stripers heading to Heimlich Hospital . They learn that there is a Library of Records that collects and stores esoterica . After sneaking past the hospital 's administrator Babs , they meet Hal , the man who runs the library . He welcomes their help , but forbids them to read material in storage . While Hal shows them the ropes , a film reel labeled `` Snicket '' arrives and catches the children 's attention . Meanwhile , believing the Sugar Bowl to be in the hospital , Olaf and his troupe infiltrate the building . Desperate for answers , the children are forced to steal Hal 's keys to access the library , where they find the film . It contains a debriefing of Jacques by a V.F.D. volunteer , with Jacques informing the interviewer that someone has survived a fire , which may or may not be the one that killed the Baudelaire 's parents . However , before they can watch any further , they are interrupted by Esmé ; as they try to escape , the library is ruined . Violet is captured by Olaf while Klaus and Sunny hide in a chute , in possession of the film . 16 8 `` The Hostile Hospital : Part 2 '' Alan Arkush Joshua Conkel March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Olaf and Esmé hide Violet under a false name ; to find her , Klaus disguises himself as `` Dr. Faustus , '' with Sunny hidden in a sling underneath his coat . They eventually deduce which room Violet is in , but this is a trap laid by Olaf , who forces Klaus to operate on Violet inside an operating theater . Esmé promises to call off the scheme if Klaus can give her what he stole from the Library of Records , and he does so -- only , it 's not the Sugar Bowl that she has been searching for . Olaf , however , is interested in the Snicket film , and dashes off to watch it to learn its secret . Furious at its revelations , he burns the film , which also starts a fire in the hospital . The Baudelaires successfully evacuate the hospital and realize that their only chance to escape safely is in the trunk of Olaf 's car . Hal is left depressed over the loss of the Library of Records . Elsewhere , an unknown person recovers the Sugar Bowl from the burning hospital . 17 9 `` Carnivorous Carnival : Part 1 '' Loni Peristere Joe Tracz March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) A flashback to a masked ball at the V.F.D. headquarters shows Lemony trying to warn Beatrice about Olaf . In the present , Olaf and his troupe arrive at the Caligari Carnival to speak with its fortune - teller , Madame Lulu , about the fire 's survivor . Lulu , who is really Olivia in disguise , tells them to wait for the answer in the morning . The Baudelaires overhear this , and hoping to speak to Lulu as well , assume the identities of circus freaks , with Violet and Klaus as a two - headed person and Sunny as a wolf child . After calling V.F.D. , Olivia is able to tell Olaf the next day that one of the Baudelaire parents did indeed survive the fire . Olaf then presents a freak show that proves disastrous , so he sets off to find a pack of roaming lions to help attract a larger crowd . This gives an opportunity for the children to sneak into Lulu 's tent , where they discover films , books , and disguises belonging to the Volunteer Fire Department -- the secret organization their parents and guardians belonged to . Olivia then appears and reveals her true identity to them . 18 10 `` Carnivorous Carnival : Part 2 '' Loni Peristere Joe Tracz March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Olivia explains to the Baudelaires that `` Madame Lulu '' is an alias used by V.F.D. agents to gather information . While Olivia admits she had to lie to Olaf about one of the children 's parents surviving the fire , Jacques had asserted that there was a survivor , and they should head to the V.F.D. headquarters in the Mortmain Mountains to find them . Meanwhile , Olaf plans to throw one of the freaks into a pit filled with the hungry lions he has corralled , while Esmé connives to have Lulu killed . The next day , Olaf selects Violet and Klaus for the pit . When Olivia is told to push the children to the lions , she instead pushes them to safety , and is sent tumbling into the pit by Olaf for her troubles . As the children try to collect the V.F.D. materials from Lulu 's tent , Olaf arrives and forces them to burn the tent down . Then , after placing Violet and Klaus in a towed caravan and taking Sunny in his car , Olaf has the other freaks cut the towing rope on a steep mountain path . At the same time , the last operative to pose as Madame Lulu arrives at the burning carnival as Lemony Snicket claims that she is someone he knows . Season 3 ( edit ) The third season will adapt the final four books of the novel series in seven episodes : The Slippery Slope , The Grim Grotto and The Penultimate Peril will be adapted into two episodes each , and The End will conclude the series with a longer single episode . Barry Sonnenfeld will direct the episodes for The Penultimate Peril . Liza Johnson and Jonathan Teplitzky will also direct episodes in the season . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The thirteen A Series of Unfortunate Events novels , written by Daniel Handler under the pen name Lemony Snicket from 1999 to 2006 , achieved success in young adult fiction around the same time as the Harry Potter novels . As such , the Snicket books had been optioned to be filmed before they were published . This led to the development of a 2004 feature film , Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events , which covered the narratives of the first three novels in the series . Barry Sonnenfeld , who has expressed his love for the series , was originally slated to direct the feature film , and had hired Handler to write the screenplay . About 10 months into production , shortly after the casting of Jim Carrey as Olaf , there was a `` big crisis '' , according to Handler , which caused producer Scott Rudin to walk away and Sonnenfeld left the production under unclear terms . With the film 's completion in flux , its producing studios Paramount Pictures and DreamWorks fired Handler . While the film was eventually completed and released , sequels which would adapt the other novels in the series became unlikely due to `` corporate shakeups '' within DreamWorks , according to Handler , and the child actors that portrayed the Baudelaire children grew too old to star in a sequel . In November 2014 , Netflix , in association with Paramount Television , announced its plans to adapt the novels into an original television series , with the author of the series , Daniel Handler , serving as executive producer . In September 2015 , it was announced that Barry Sonnenfeld and Mark Hudis had agreed to helm the series . Hudis would serve as showrunner , Sonnenfeld as director , and both as executive producers , with Handler writing some of the scripts along with working with the series ' writing team . However , in January 2016 , Netflix announced that Hudis had left the project , with a replacement showrunner not named at the time . The first season consists of eight episodes , with two episodes adapting each of the first four books of the series . Handler considered this more in line with how he had written the books in the manner of a serialized melodrama , citing The Perils of Pauline as one of his influences in writing the book series . In January 2017 , Handler revealed that he was writing the series ' second season , to consist of ten episodes adapting the fifth through ninth books of the series . A third season would adapt the remaining novels of the series , which Handler hoped `` to get the go - ahead to do '' since `` given how quickly young actors age and change , we 're trying to film everything as quickly as possible . '' In March 2017 , Netflix revealed the series had been renewed for a second season by releasing a video on their social media pointing to a viral marketing website , where a letter written by Snicket revealed the decision . A month later , the series was `` quietly '' renewed for a third season , which Harris confirmed would be the final one for the series . Casting ( edit ) Neil Patrick Harris portrays Count Olaf in the series and serves as a producer . On December 3 , 2015 , an open casting call was announced for the roles of Violet and Klaus Baudelaire . In January 2016 , Netflix announced that Neil Patrick Harris had been cast as Count Olaf and Malina Weissman and Louis Hynes were cast as Violet and Klaus . Handler had first considered Harris for the role of Olaf after seeing him perform the opening number `` It 's Not Just for Gays Anymore '' , at the 65th Tony Awards in 2011 , noting `` I just immediately saw someone who could pull off a million things at once '' as was necessary for the character of Olaf , who utilizes various disguises and accents in his quest to steal the Baudelaire fortune . In March 2016 , K. Todd Freeman was cast as Mr. Poe , followed shortly after by the casting of Patrick Warburton as Lemony Snicket , and Aasif Mandvi as Uncle Monty . In September 2016 , it was revealed that Dylan Kingwell and Avi Lake were cast as the Quagmire siblings , Duncan and Isadora , respectively . In November 2016 , Handler revealed Catherine O'Hara , Don Johnson , and Alfre Woodard had been cast as Dr. Georgina Orwell , Sir , and Aunt Josephine , respectively ; O'Hara had previously portrayed Justice Strauss in the 2004 film adaptation of A Series of Unfortunate Events . It was also revealed that Presley Smith would play Sunny Baudelaire , whose quasi-nonsensical lines are voiced by Tara Strong , and Rhys Darby would play Charles , Sir 's partner . Filming ( edit ) Production began in May 2016 in Vancouver , British Columbia , and in August 2016 several cast members expressed through social media that filming had finished . Filming for the second season began in April 2017 . The third season began filming on January 5 , 2018 . One aspect of the series of books that the production team wanted to be captured in the series was the notion of a lack of specific time period or geography for the settings ; Handler stated that he wrote enough for establishing set pieces , but purposely left more specific details vague `` in order for young readers to fill in the blanks themselves . '' Sonnenfeld wanted to capture that same sense of ambiguous time and place , and he and his team worked to try to define a set of subjective rules of what elements could be included . Sonnenfeld brought on Bo Welch , production designer for Edward Scissorhands , which Handler considered to capture the same sense of a `` familiar but completely imaginary '' suburban setting he had in mind for his books . While the production team used computer - generated imagery where needed , they attempted to avoid this use where possible , such as by using large painted backdrops , by key scenic artist John E. Wilcox , rather than employing green screen filming . Music ( edit ) In April 2016 , Nick Urata was initially reported to be composing music for the series . Once the first season was released , it was revealed that Urata collaborated with Daniel Handler to compose the main title theme , `` Look Away '' , as well as various original songs that appear throughout the series , with Handler contributing the lyrics . The first season 's original score was composed by James Newton Howard , with his frequent collaborators Sven Faulconer and Chris Bacon filling in to score certain episodes . In the second season , Jim Dooley joined the production as composer and subsequently wrote the music for all ten episodes . `` Look Away '' , the theme song for the opening titles of the series , is performed by Neil Patrick Harris . In keeping with the tone of the book series , the song warns the viewer against continuing to watch the unpleasant story any further . The lyrics of one verse of the song change for each pair of episodes , comprising a brief synopsis of those episodes ' premise . Visual effects ( edit ) Zoic Studios created visual effects for the series , including the effects for many of Sunny Baudelaire 's actions . Tippett Studio also did work on the series , including the effects for the destruction of Josephine 's house , landscape shots of Lake Lachrymose and some of the more movement heavy Sunny Baudelaire shots . Release ( edit ) All eight episodes of the first season of A Series of Unfortunate Events were released worldwide on Netflix on January 13 , 2017 , in Ultra HD 4K . The second season was released on March 30 , 2018 . Marketing ( edit ) On July 5 , 2015 a video titled `` An Unfortunate Teaser '' was uploaded to YouTube by a user named `` Eleanora Poe '' . Netflix quickly released a statement saying `` This was not released from Netflix . '' Media outlets were almost unanimous in agreement that the trailer was fan - made . However , Caitlin Petrakovitz of CNET argued that the trailer may be real and that Netflix 's carefully worded denial was a marketing campaign , noting the user name `` Eleanora Poe '' being the same as a character from the series , and that a vinyl record seen in the trailer was of The Gothic Archies , a band who provided the theme music for the audio books of A Series of Unfortunate Events . The trailer was later revealed to be a spec promo , similar to a spec script , by an independent commercial director , whom Netflix contracted to make a title sequence for the series after the video 's popularity , though they did not go ahead with the concept . In October 2016 , Netflix released the first teaser trailer for A Series of Unfortunate Events , where Warburton narrates the events of the series as Lemony Snicket . A trailer , featuring footage from the series and Neil Patrick Harris 's character , Count Olaf , was released by Netflix in November 2016 , followed shortly by the first full trailer . The second trailer was released in December 2016 , followed by a `` holiday - themed '' trailer from Count Olaf leading fans to a viral marketing website for the fictional Valorous Farms Dairy , which featured four holiday e-cards for download . Reception ( edit ) Audience viewership ( edit ) As Netflix does not reveal subscriber viewership numbers for any of their original series , Symphony Technology Group compiled data for the first season based on people using software on their devices that measure television viewing by detecting a program 's sound . According to Symphony , 3.755 million viewers age 18 - 49 were watching an episode of A Series of Unfortunate Events over the average minute in its first weekend of release . Critical response ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) The first season of A Series of Unfortunate Events received critical acclaim . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the season an approval rating of 94 % based on 62 reviews , with an average rating of 8.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Enjoyably dark , A Series of Unfortunate Events matches the source material 's narrative as well as its tone , leaving viewers with a wonderfully weird , dry , gothic comedy . '' On Metacritic the season has a score of 81 out of 100 , based on 23 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Erik Adams of The A.V. Club awarded the season a B and praised it for treating `` mature themes like grief , loss , and disappointment with sardonic honesty . '' Adams compared the program positively to the Adam West Batman series , calling it `` kids stuff with adult sophistication , driven by two - part stories , outrageous visuals , and the scenery - chewing of big - name guest stars '' . Ben Travers of Indiewire gave the series an A - , saying that it `` proves as inspirational and endearing as it claims to be forlorn and heartbreaking '' . Brian Lowry of CNN praised the showrunners for `` infusing the show with a lemony - fresh feel , conjuring a series similar to the fantastical tone of Pushing Daisies '' . Lowry wrote that `` the show proves a good deal of fun '' and that `` Harris dives into his over-the - top character with considerable gusto . '' He also argued that the series improved upon the 2004 film . Several critics praised the television series as a better adaptation of the books than the 2004 feature film , which starred Jim Carrey as Count Olaf . Kelly Lawler of USA Today felt the television format gave the stories more room to develop , the addition of Warburton as the fourth wall - breaking Snicket helped to convey some of the wordplay humor used in the books , and Harris 's portrayal of Olaf was `` much more dynamic , and creepier '' than Carrey 's version . The Verge 's Chaim Gartenburg said that the show follows the books much more faithfully than the film , and `` nails down the tone that made the stories so special '' . Los Angeles Times writer Robert Lloyd felt that the backgrounds of Sonnenfeld and Welch made them `` the right people for this job , set in a milieu that is hard to fix in time , except to say it is not now '' , in capturing the tones of the book compared to the feature film . Nick Allen of RogerEbert.com , on the other hand , gave the series a negative review , calling it `` an unfunny parody of sadness '' that is `` never as clever as it wants to be '' and would only appeal to fans of the books . Caroline Framke of Vox Media praised the series for its unique and weird visuals , but found the show 's tone , pacing and performances to be haphazard and considered the show to be `` literally , a series of unfortunate events '' . Season 2 ( edit ) As with the first season , the second season of A Series of Unfortunate Events received critical acclaim . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the second season an approval rating of 100 % based on 13 reviews , with an average rating of 7.8 / 10 . Clarisse Loughrey of The Independent praised the show as one that `` essentially deals with thoughtful , intelligent young people battling to speak up against an illogical world . '' While observing that the `` show may revel in the miserable '' , she opined `` that the purpose of its own morbidity is to offer the assurance that hope lives in even the darkest of places . '' Loughrey also credited the show 's expanded storyline for the Baudelaires ' adult allies for `` plumping up '' the episodes ' narrative arcs and deepening the show 's emotional impact . Tristram Fane Saunders of The Telegraph awarded the second season four out of five stars . He described the show as a `` gothic treat ( that ) also offers a wicked line in absurdist humour , and the most gorgeously toybox - like set designs you 'll find anywhere outside a Wes Anderson film . '' Radio Times reviewer Huw Fullerton praised the series for its faithfulness to the original novels . While praising the improved CGI used to make Presley Smith 's character Sunny Baudelaire react better to situations , he criticized the addition of supporting `` good '' characters such as Nathan Fillion 's Jacques Snicket and Sara Canning 's Jacquelyn for `` undercutting the bleakness and loneliness that characterized the novels . '' Rohan Naahar of the Hindustan Times described A Series of Unfortunate Events as `` one of the most lavish originals in Netflix 's bottomless catalogue , created by fans , for fans . '' He also praised Neil Patrick Harris ' performance as Count Olaf . The Den of Geek reviewer Michael Ahr praised tortoise - shell ' amphibiophones ' and stone marimbas score for giving the television series its primal sound . IGN reviewer Jonathon Dornbush criticized the second season 's formulaic plot structure and lack of the insightful observations compared to the first season . He also praised several of the second season 's episodes particularly `` The Ersatz Elevator '' , `` The Hostile Hospital '' , and `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' for smartly twisting the story formula and deepening the novel series ' mythology . Dornbush also praised the performance of guest stars such as Lucy Punch and Patrick Warburton and awarded the second season 7.2 stars . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result Ref 2017 Leo Awards Best Visual Effects in a Dramatic Series Luis Alejandro Guevara , Bob Habros , Cale Jacox , Ron Simonson , Jeffrey De Guzman Nominated Best Make - Up in a Dramatic Series Rita Ciccozzi , Krista Seller , Tanya Hudson , Gitte Axen Won Best Hairstyling in a Dramatic Series Julie Mchaffie , Dianne Holme , Jenine Lehfeldt Won Best Guest Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series Sara Canning Nominated Saturn Awards Best New Media Television Series A Series of Unfortunate Events Nominated Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Music Composition for a Series James Newton Howard Nominated Gold Derby TV Awards Comedy Actor Neil Patrick Harris Nominated Hollywood Music in Media Awards Main Title Theme -- TV Show / Limited Series Nick Urata and Daniel Handler Won Peabody Awards Children 's & Youth Programming A Series of Unfortunate Events Won 2018 Satellite Awards Best Actor in a Series - Comedy or Musical Neil Patrick Harris Nominated Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Netflix and critics name the first two episodes as `` The Bad Beginning '' , following the title of the book , while the episode itself displays the name of `` A Bad Beginning '' after the opening credits . Jump up ^ Netflix names the episodes of the second season as Part 1 and Part 2 , while the episodes themselves display the names as Part One and Part Two after the opening credits , following the format of the first season . ^ Jump up to : Netflix names the ninth and tenth episodes as `` Carnivorous Carnival '' , while the episodes themselves display the name of `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' after the opening credits , following the title of the book . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wollaston , Sam ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events review -- fabulous steampunk fun '' -- via The Guardian . ^ Jump up to : `` A Series of Unfortunate Events ' : Barry Sonnenfeld Was Booted Off the Movie , and Now He 's Saved the Franchise '' . IndieWire.com . January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saraiya , Sonia ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` TV Review : Lemony Snicket 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' on Netflix '' . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ; Goldberg , Lesley ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris to Star in Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' as Showrunner Exits '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Patrick Warburton Is Lemony Snicket In Netflix 's ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gettell , Oliver ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Series Of Unfortunate Events casts its Violet and Klaus '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` K. Todd Freeman Joins Netflix 's ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' ; Anna Torv in ' Mindhunter ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Li , Shirley ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : Meet Count Olaf in official trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Shamsian , Jacob ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` 11 big actors you did n't realize were in ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' '' . Business Insider . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Calvario , Liz ( June 10 , 2017 ) . `` Nathan Fillion & More Join Season 2 of ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' -- Find Out Who They 're Playing '' . ET Online . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , Amanda ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' Air Date , Cast News : Early 2017 Release Plotted ; Meet 4 Child Actors Of ASOUE '' . Parent Herald . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Serrao , Nivea ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ' : A Deep Dive Into the New Trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rivera , Brittany ( January 1 , 2017 ) . `` 15 Things You Need To Know About Netflix 's A Series Of Unfortunate Events '' . ScreenRant . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Capes , Kristy ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Everything We Know So Far About Netflix 's A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Flickering Myth . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van Vorrhis , Genevieve ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` A Series Of Unfortunate Events : News , Trailer , Characters , Release Date & All You Need To Know '' . Movie Pilot . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Series of Unfortunate Events season 2 review : Misery makes a welcome return '' . March 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Series of Unfortunate Events Season 2 Cast & Character Guide '' . March 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Teaser for Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events , Coming to Netflix '' . ComingSoon.net . October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Aasif Mandvi Cast In Netflix 's ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' & USA 's ' Mr. Robot ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : @ DanielHandler ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` The @ unfortunate trailer is coming tomorrow . For today , our final cast reveal -- -- @ AlfreWoodard as Aunt Josephine : '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : @ DanielHandler ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Today 's @ Unfortunate reveal : @ DonJohnson and @ Aasif Mandvi 's characters . Can you guess who ? '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Will ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Series of Unfortunate Events : Lemony Snicket shares first look at two characters '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Scens of `` A Series of Unfortunate Events '' `` . Jump up ^ A Series of Unfortunate Events ( @ unfortunate ) ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` The sad truth is the truth is sad . @ davidalangrier joins Season 2 , adding to the ranks of people who did not heed our sound advice to avoid this grim tale at all costs '' . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ A Series of Unfortunate Events ( @ unfortunate ) ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` A most unfortunate update : @ robbieamell joins Season 2 of # ASOUE . Our repeated letters instructing him to run swiftly in the opposite direction must have failed to arrive '' . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ Walsh , Megan ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` Harper & Gideon Make A Cameo On ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' In The Most Surprising Way '' . Romper.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Falcone , Dana Rose ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris on What It Was Like Working with His Kids on A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . People . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` Allison Williams Joins ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' at Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sims , Andrew ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's ' Series of Unfortunate Events ' is ' a much darker take , ' says Neil Patrick Harris '' . Hypable . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Bad Beginning : Part One '' . A Series of Unfortunate Events . Season 1 . Episode 1 . Event occurs at 1 : 10 . Netflix . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Bad Beginning : Part Two '' . A Series of Unfortunate Events . Season 1 . Episode 2 . Event occurs at 1 : 09 . Netflix . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Snetiker , Marc ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` Lemony Snicket speaks out about Netflix 's Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carnivorous Carnival : Part 1 '' . A Series of Unfortunate Events . Season 2 . Episode 9 . Event occurs at 1 : 09 . Netflix . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Carnivorous Carnival : Part 2 '' . A Series of Unfortunate Events . Season 2 . Episode 10 . Event occurs at 1 : 03 . Netflix . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Shamsian , Jacob ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` The final season of Netflix 's ' Series of Unfortunate Events ' will adapt the books differently than the rest of the show -- here 's why '' . Insider . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` DGC BC PRODUCTION LIST '' ( PDF ) . Directors Guild of Canada . September 29 , 2017 . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` In Production '' . www.creativebc.com . Jump up ^ `` Vancouver Film Production Update - October 2017 '' . www.vancouverfilm.net . ^ Jump up to : Spense D. ( December 16 , 2004 ) . `` Interview : Lemony Snicket '' . IGN . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tiffany , Kaitlyn ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` How Netflix made A Series of Unfortunate Events , its first great TV for families '' . The Verge . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( November 5 , 2014 ) . `` Netflix Adapting Lemony Snicket 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Into TV Show '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( September 4 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix 's Lemony Snicket Series Taps ' True Blood 's ' Mark Hudis , Barry Sonnenfeld ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lucero II , Louis ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's Fortunate Reinvention of ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' '' . New York Times . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwindt , Oriana ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Renewed for Season 2 at Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events Renewal Extended Through Season 3 at Netflix '' . TV Line . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Liam ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris Confirms A Series of Unfortunate Events Will End After Season 3 '' . TV Guide . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Series Of Unfortunate Events Online Search '' . Lemony Snicket Casting . Cast It Talent . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's why Lemony Snicket cast Neil Patrick Harris '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris Closes Deal To Star In Netflix 's A Series Of Unfortunate Events '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Patrick Harris on shooting A Series of Unfortunate Events in Vancouver '' . CBC News . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Smith , Sophia ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events Premiere Date and Casting : Confirmed and Rumored Casting ; Filming Concluded '' . CrossMap.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' Behind The Scenes '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Hynes , Louis ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` Day 1 of season 3 ! ! We got new slates ! ! ! @ janneswessels # asoue '' . Instagram . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Urata to Score Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' '' . Film Music Reporter. April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix Premieres ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Theme Song '' . FilmMusicReporter.com . January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ahr , Michael ( April 1 , 2018 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : New Sounds for Season 2 '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Martinelli , Marissa ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris Urges You to `` Look Away '' in the Series of Unfortunate Events Theme Song `` . Slate . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` If you 're watching Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events , ' do n't skip the opening credits '' . Business Insider . January 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trendacosta , Katharine ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` I Bet You Did n't Know There Were This Many Ways to Fear a CGI Baby '' . io9 . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lemony Snicket 's Series of Unfortunate Events -- Tippett Studio '' . www.tippett.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Netflix . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Loughrey , Clarisse ( January 1 , 2018 ) . `` New trailer and release date revealed for A Series of Unfortunate Events Season 2 '' . The Independent . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( July 6 , 2015 ) . `` Someone made a cool trailer for Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' -- but it was n't Netflix '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( July 6 , 2015 ) . `` Fake Trailer for Netflix 's ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Lights Up YouTube '' . Variety . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Nigel M. ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` Lemony Snicket fan - made Netflix trailer goes viral '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Browning , Laura M. ( July 6 , 2015 ) . `` That Series Of Unfortunate Events trailer is fake , Netflix series still real '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petrakovitz , Caitlin ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` That ' Series of Unfortunate Events ' trailer is real , and here 's why '' . CNET . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kellen Moore '' . kmoore.co . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' : Meet Count Olaf In First - Look Teaser '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elfman , Sheri ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` Second trailer for ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' released '' . UPI . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van Voorhis , Genevieve ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` Watch All The Trailers For Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' And Decode The Messages Inside '' . Movie Pilot . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events Tops Luke Cage Viewership '' . Screen Rant . January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : Season 1 '' . Metacritic.com . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adams , Erik ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Orphaned at the cinema , A Series Of Unfortunate Events gets its due on Netflix '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lemony Snicket ' books find fresh new life as Netflix series '' . CNN.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Kelly ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` How Netflix 's ' Series of Unfortunate Events ' outshines the 2004 film '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gartenburg , Chaim ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's A Series of Unfortunate Events gets right what the movie got wrong '' . The Verge . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Robert ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Fortunately , this ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ' is a series worth watching '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Allen , Nick ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's `` A Series Of Unfortunate Events '' an unfunny parody of sadness `` . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Framke , Caroline ( January 14 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's take on Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events embraces weirdness , and not much else '' . Vox . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : Season 2 ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Loughrey , Clarisse ( 29 April 2018 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events season 2 review : Misery makes a welcome return '' . The Independent . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Saunders , Tristan Fane ( 30 March 2018 ) . `` ' A gothic treat ' -- A Series of Unfortunate Events , season 2 , Netflix , review '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw ( 30 March 2018 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events season 2 review : more marvellous misery '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Naahar , Rohan ( 30 March 2018 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events season 2 review : Netflix 's strangest , most lavish show does n't care what you think '' . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Ahr , Michael . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : New Sounds for Season 2 '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon . `` Unfortunately uneven but still includes great episodes '' . IGN . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Leo Awards , 2017 Winners by Name '' . www.leoawards.com . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 2 March 2017 ) . `` ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees / Winners '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Chris Beachum , Daniel Montgomery , Marcus James ( 27 July 2017 ) . `` 2017 Gold Derby TV Awards nominations : ' This is Us , ' ' Veep , ' ' The Leftovers , ' ' Stranger Things ' among top contenders '' . Goldderby . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Music in Media Awards : Full Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Highlighting the Best Storytelling of 2017 '' . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . TheWrap. 29 November 2017 . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . 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"\n\nNo.\noverall\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle [b]\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal release date\n\n\n9\n1\n\"The Austere Academy: Part 1\"\nBarry Sonnenfeld\nDaniel Handler\nMarch 30, 2018 (2018-03-30)\n\n\nThe Baudelaires are introduced to life at Prufrock Preparatory School, an unpleasant institution run by an unpleasant vice-principal named Nero and terrorized by an equally unpleasant student named Carmelita Spats. The school's only redeeming qualities are its friendly librarian, Olivia Caliban, and the surviving Quagmire triplets, Duncan and Isadora. During a lunch break, Klaus and Isadora discover that they are holding two halves of the same spyglass. The newfound friends quickly realize that they must track down a book on secret organizations to find the answers they seek—a book Jacquelyn sent Larry to give them, but which he carelessly misplaced. Meanwhile, Count Olaf and his troupe lurk around the grounds of the school, unable to enter the front doors due to an advanced computer system programmed by Nero to detect Olaf's presence. However, with Carmelita's help, Olaf finally gains entry and locks Larry in the cafeteria's walk-in refrigerator. He then dons his latest disguise: the school's new turban-wearing gym teacher.\n\n\n10\n2\n\"The Austere Academy: Part 2\"\nBarry Sonnenfeld\nJoe Tracz\nMarch 30, 2018 (2018-03-30)\n\n\nOlaf is able to convince Nero to put the Baudelaires under a grueling exercise program, making the siblings run endless laps at night to prevent them from scheming against him, while also causing them to perform poorly in class from lack of sleep. Due to their slumping grades, Nero threatens to expel the Baudelaires if they fail a comprehensive exam to be given in front of the entire school, but because they must still exercise under Olaf's program, they know they will likely fail. The Quagmires offer to help, and that night take their place during exercises; however, their identity is discovered, and while hiding in the library, they find the copy of the book on secret organizations and read up on the purpose of the spyglass before they are caught by the Hook-Handed Man. The next day, with Mr. Poe in attendance, the Baudelaires readily pass the exam, and through it reveal Olaf's identity. Olaf and his gang then escape with the Quagmires, who try to shout the initials \"V.F.D.\" from the backseat of Olaf's car. Meanwhile, Larry is rescued from the refrigerator with the help of Lemony's brother, Jacques, while Olivia walks off with the book on secret organizations that the Quagmires left behind.\n\n\n11\n3\n\"The Ersatz Elevator: Part 1\"\nBo Welch\nDaniel Handler\nMarch 30, 2018 (2018-03-30)\n\n\nWhile a citywide manhunt for Count Olaf is underway, Mr. Poe takes the Baudelaires to the penthouse of Jerome Squalor and his trendy financial advisor wife Esmé. While being introduced to the Squalors, they find Olaf has already arrived, posing as a foreign auctioneer named Gunther. The Baudelaires theorize that Olaf is trying to kill Jerome so that he can marry Esmé and become their legal guardian again. They search the penthouse for the Quagmires to no avail, but Klaus becomes suspicious of an extra elevator that only seems to serve the penthouse. Meanwhile, Olivia tries to convince Mr. Poe about Olaf's scheme, which leads Jacquelyn to contact Jacques, who enlists her into their society. Esmé suggests they go out for lunch at a fashionable salmon-themed restaurant Cafe Salmonella, where Larry works to prolong their visit, giving Jacques and Olivia time to search the Squalor's building for the Quagmires. When the Baudelaires manage to sneak away and examine the second elevator, they learn that it is merely an empty shaft. With a makeshift parachute, they descend it to find the Quagmires locked in a cage at its bottom.\n\n\n12\n4\n\"The Ersatz Elevator: Part 2\"\nBo Welch\nDaniel Handler\nMarch 30, 2018 (2018-03-30)\n\n\nThe Baudelaires do not have the tools to free the Quagmires, so they ascend the shaft by turning the parachute into a hot-air balloon. They try to warn Esmé of Olaf's scheme, but learn too late that she is in cahoots with him and that they are planning to smuggle the Quagmires out of the city. Esmé pushes them down the elevator shaft, where they are caught in a net midway down. Sunny helps them to escape safely, and afterwards they find a secret passage that leads to the ashen ruins of their home. At the auction in Veblen Hall, the Baudelaires start a bidding war on a box labeled \"V.F.D.\", which they believe contains the Quagmires. Though they win the item, they find the box contains only doilies. In the aftermath, Olaf and his troupe escape with the Quagmires, who are hidden inside a red herring statue. The Baudelaires ask Jerome to help track down Olaf, but he is far too timid to do so, and gives up his guardianship of them. Mr. Poe tells the children that a village with the initials \"V.F.D.\" is willing to raise them.\n\n\n13\n5\n\"The Vile Village: Part 1\"\nBarry Sonnenfeld\nSigrid Gilmer\nMarch 30, 2018 (2018-03-30)\n\n\nMr. Poe drops the Baudelaires off at the Village of Fowl Devotees, where the whole community will care for them collectively. The Baudelaires take up residence with Hector, a kindly handyman prone to fainting spells who is secretly building a self-sustaining hot-air mobile home, and soon begin finding clues written by the Quagmires themselves. Olaf, Esmé, and the troupe also arrive at the village, with Esmé disguising herself as the town's new chief of police. Jacques and Olivia also arrive and detain Olaf at the local jailhouse; the next day, the villagers learn of Olaf's capture and hold a town hall meeting, where Olaf appears in the disguise of Detective Dupin, tricking everyone into believing Jacques is Olaf. Jacques is sentenced to death, but Olivia convinces Esmé to free her and Jacques in exchange for the location of the Sugar Bowl, an object with ties to Esmé's past. Jacques stays behind to confront Olaf; however, the villain is unfazed by Jacques' offer of a truce, and he and Esmé incapacitate and kill him. The next morning, as the Baudelaires try to break into the jail to rescue Jacques, they are informed that \"Olaf\" has been murdered.\n\n\n14\n6\n\"The Vile Village: Part 2\"\nBarry Sonnenfeld\nSigrid Gilmer\nMarch 30, 2018 (2018-03-30)\n\n\nThe disguised Olaf and Esmé quickly convince Mr. Poe and the town that the Baudelaires murdered Jacques/\"Olaf,\" and they are promptly condemned to be burned at the stake. While in jail, the children instruct Hector to prepare his hot-air mobile home to help them escape. While Violet creates a battering ram to weaken the jail wall, Klaus deduces from their clues that the Quagmires are hidden inside a crow fountain in the village square. Larry and Jacquelyn arrive on the scene to distract the villagers long enough for the children to escape via a fire truck and follow Hector. The Baudelaires cover for the Quagmires as they use the truck's ladder to climb aboard the mobile home. As they do so, Olaf, Esmé, and the villagers arrive, and Esmé begins damaging Hector's home with a harpoon gun. Realizing their danger, the Baudelaires tell Hector to escape with the Quagmires. In thanks, the Quagmires try to throw their friends their notes about the secrets of V.F.D., but Esmé shoots them with a harpoon, scattering the pages and harming a crow. While the villagers accost the disguised villains over the injured bird, the Baudelaires collect as many of the ruined pages as they can and make their escape.\n\n\n15\n7\n\"The Hostile Hospital: Part 1\"\nAlan Arkush\nJoshua Conkel\nMarch 30, 2018 (2018-03-30)\n\n\nThe Baudelaires hitch a ride with volunteer singing candy stripers heading to Heimlich Hospital. They learn that there is a Library of Records that collects and stores esoterica. After sneaking past the hospital's administrator Babs, they meet Hal, the man who runs the library. He welcomes their help, but forbids them to read material in storage. While Hal shows them the ropes, a film reel labeled \"Snicket\" arrives and catches the children's attention. Meanwhile, believing the Sugar Bowl to be in the hospital, Olaf and his troupe infiltrate the building. Desperate for answers, the children are forced to steal Hal's keys to access the library, where they find the film. It contains a debriefing of Jacques by a V.F.D. volunteer, with Jacques informing the interviewer that someone has survived a fire, which may or may not be the one that killed the Baudelaire's parents. However, before they can watch any further, they are interrupted by Esmé; as they try to escape, the library is ruined. Violet is captured by Olaf while Klaus and Sunny hide in a chute, in possession of the film.\n\n\n16\n8\n\"The Hostile Hospital: Part 2\"\nAlan Arkush\nJoshua Conkel\nMarch 30, 2018 (2018-03-30)\n\n\nOlaf and Esmé hide Violet under a false name; to find her, Klaus disguises himself as \"Dr. Faustus,\" with Sunny hidden in a sling underneath his coat. They eventually deduce which room Violet is in, but this is a trap laid by Olaf, who forces Klaus to operate on Violet inside an operating theater. Esmé promises to call off the scheme if Klaus can give her what he stole from the Library of Records, and he does so—only, it's not the Sugar Bowl that she has been searching for. Olaf, however, is interested in the Snicket film, and dashes off to watch it to learn its secret. Furious at its revelations, he burns the film, which also starts a fire in the hospital. The Baudelaires successfully evacuate the hospital and realize that their only chance to escape safely is in the trunk of Olaf's car. Hal is left depressed over the loss of the Library of Records. Elsewhere, an unknown person recovers the Sugar Bowl from the burning hospital.\n\n\n17\n9\n\"Carnivorous Carnival: Part 1\"[c]\nLoni Peristere\nJoe Tracz\nMarch 30, 2018 (2018-03-30)\n\n\nA flashback to a masked ball at the V.F.D. headquarters shows Lemony trying to warn Beatrice about Olaf. In the present, Olaf and his troupe arrive at the Caligari Carnival to speak with its fortune-teller, Madame Lulu, about the fire's survivor. Lulu, who is really Olivia in disguise, tells them to wait for the answer in the morning. The Baudelaires overhear this, and hoping to speak to Lulu as well, assume the identities of circus freaks, with Violet and Klaus as a two-headed person and Sunny as a wolf child. After calling V.F.D., Olivia is able to tell Olaf the next day that one of the Baudelaire parents did indeed survive the fire. Olaf then presents a freak show that proves disastrous, so he sets off to find a pack of roaming lions to help attract a larger crowd. This gives an opportunity for the children to sneak into Lulu's tent, where they discover films, books, and disguises belonging to the Volunteer Fire Department—the secret organization their parents and guardians belonged to. Olivia then appears and reveals her true identity to them.\n\n\n18\n10\n\"Carnivorous Carnival: Part 2\"[c]\nLoni Peristere\nJoe Tracz\nMarch 30, 2018 (2018-03-30)\n\n\nOlivia explains to the Baudelaires that \"Madame Lulu\" is an alias used by V.F.D. agents to gather information. While Olivia admits she had to lie to Olaf about one of the children's parents surviving the fire, Jacques had asserted that there was a survivor, and they should head to the V.F.D. headquarters in the Mortmain Mountains to find them. Meanwhile, Olaf plans to throw one of the freaks into a pit filled with the hungry lions he has corralled, while Esmé connives to have Lulu killed. The next day, Olaf selects Violet and Klaus for the pit. When Olivia is told to push the children to the lions, she instead pushes them to safety, and is sent tumbling into the pit by Olaf for her troubles. As the children try to collect the V.F.D. materials from Lulu's tent, Olaf arrives and forces them to burn the tent down. Then, after placing Violet and Klaus in a towed caravan and taking Sunny in his car, Olaf has the other freaks cut the towing rope on a steep mountain path. At the same time, the last operative to pose as Madame Lulu arrives at the burning carnival as Lemony Snicket claims that she is someone he knows.\n\n"
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"March 30, 2018"
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-7996580458097468208 | Juliet O'Hara | Juliet O'Hara - wikipedia Juliet O'Hara Jump to : navigation , search Juliet O'Hara Psych character Maggie Lawson as Juliet O'Hara First appearance `` Spellingg Bee '' Last appearance `` The Breakup '' Created by Steve Franks Portrayed by Maggie Lawson Information Nickname ( s ) Jules ( by Shawn ) , Jewel ( by her father ) , Mrs. Tostig , Maniac , Crazy Cat Lady Aliases Mary Lou Baumgartner ( 1.15 ) , Maniac ( 3.07 ) , Helene ( 7.02 ) Gender Female Occupation San Francisco Police Department Head Detective ( 2014 -- present ) SBPD Junior Detective ( 2006 -- 14 ) Miami Police Department Police Officer ( ? -- 2006 ) Family Frank O'Hara ( father ) Maryanne O'Hara ( mother ) Lloyd French ( stepfather ) Ewan O'Hara ( brother ) Significant other ( s ) Scott Seaver ( 1999 -- 2003 ) Cameron Luntz ( formerly ) Declan Rand ( 2010 ) Shawn Spencer ( 2010 -- present ) ( fiancée ) Relatives Unnamed sister - in - law Drake O'Hara ( nephew ) Finn O'Hara ( nephew ) Isaac O'Hara ( nephew ) Head Detective Juliet Lynn `` Jules '' O'Hara is a character on the American comedy Psych played by Maggie Lawson . She attended the University of Miami . Fictional biography ( edit ) Juliet O'Hara first appears undercover in the show 's second episode , `` Spelling Bee '' , as a recently transferred junior detective from Miami Beach where she attended the University of Miami , replacing Lucinda Barry as Head Detective Carlton Lassiter 's partner . Born in 1981 , she was raised in a family of brothers and is shown to be close with both her parents and her siblings . Although she is initially frustrated by her coworkers not taking her seriously enough due to her relatively young age , as the series progresses she is given more responsibility , being left in charge in the absence of Lassiter and then Interim Chief Karen Vick . She has grown more assertive with her partner , and actors Maggie Lawson and Timothy Omundson ( who plays Lassiter ) both suggest that a strange mutual respect has developed between them . Juliet seems to present a gentle counterpoint to Lassiter 's gruff , rigid style . She reminds her partner repeatedly to `` be sensitive '' with the media , the victims , and the witnesses of their cases . Unlike Lassiter , she is friendly with Shawn Spencer and more willing to work with him and Burton Guster . Lawson says that , although Juliet is bemused by Shawn at first , she has slowly gained respect for him and by the second season , Juliet reveals a `` very friendly , comfortable relationship '' . The actress says she thinks that , despite some skepticism , Juliet does believe that Shawn is psychic . By the end of the fifth season , Shawn and Juliet are romantically involved . By the middle of the sixth season , Shawn is ready for marriage . Her older brother Ewan , played by John Cena , is an army soldier whom she had to arrest when he attempted to murder an actual killer to protect the army . Ewan was supposed to go to prison but his high level bosses made him vanish . Juliet claims Ewan was the reason she became a cop , that him joining the military gave her enough confidence to join the police force . Her estranged con artist father Frank O'Hara is played by William Shatner . She seems to be Irish - Scots Relationship with Shawn Spencer ( edit ) Season One `` Spellingg Bee '' ( 1.02 ) - Shawn and Juliet meet for the first time when Juliet unknowingly steals his seat in a diner . Shawn attempts to flirt with her , but Juliet 's reception is cool . Shawn eventually figures out that Juliet is a cop and that she is staking out the diner . `` Speak Now or Forever Hold Your Piece '' ( 1.03 ) - When Shawn `` reads '' Juliet 's palm , the two have a moment of mutual understanding . They agree to help each other out on the case , thus beginning their camaraderie . `` Weekend Warriors '' ( 1.06 ) - Shawn called Juliet `` Jules '' for the first time , when they are both watching a Civil War reenactment `` Shawn vs. the Red Phantom '' ( 1.08 ) - At the beginning of the episode , Shawn calls Juliet apparently from somewhere he can see her . She asks Shawn where he is , and he responds by asking if she really wants to know the answer . She says , `` I do n't ask questions I do n't want to know the answer to . '' Shawn then advises her not to ask `` your boyfriend if he thinks your sister 's hot . '' She informs him she does not have a sister , to which he asks , `` How about a boyfriend ? '' Shawn then takes on a missing person 's case as a `` favor '' to Juliet , informing Gus that he hopes for bigger favors in the future , ones that he ca n't share `` with nuns and men of the cloth . '' `` From the Earth to the Starbucks '' ( 1.10 ) - Shawn and Juliet team up to solve a case for Lassiter . Juliet admits that Shawn does makes her laugh ... occasionally . `` He Loves Me , He Loves Me Not , He Loves Me , Oops He 's Dead '' ( 1.11 ) - When Shawn and Juliet go undercover at a speed dating event , the hostess informs them that their personality questionnaires were a 100 % compatibility match , `` a speed dating first . '' Shawn later claims to have copied hers verbatim . Shawn is also clearly jealous when he runs into Juliet on a date at the bowling alley . Season Two `` Meat Is Murder , But Murder Is Also Murder '' ( 2.06 ) - Shawn goes undercover as a horoscope writer at the newspaper where the victim worked . He directs his horoscopes at specific people , like Detective Lassiter and his dad . In the one meant for Juliet , he writes , `` Your one true love will be wearing sneakers and an Apple Jacks T - shirt . '' Shawn then wears sneakers and an Apple Jacks T - shirt , and Jules seems to get the message , though she does n't say anything . `` Rob - a-Bye Baby '' ( 2.08 ) - While investigating a nanny agency , Shawn and Juliet go undercover as a married couple . `` Bounty Hunters ! '' ( 2.09 ) - When Juliet makes a mistake that results in a suspected murderer escaping custody , Shawn saves the day by re-apprehending the prisoner . When Juliet thanks Shawn , he assures her that it was a mistake and `` that 's what friends are for . '' Shawn leans in to kiss Juliet , but she refuses to kiss him , saying it would be `` a mistake . '' Shawn pulls away , respecting her wishes , but nevertheless walks away smiling . Once alone , Juliet disassembles and reassembles her gun , a stress - relieving exercise she learned in the police academy . `` Gus ' Dad May Have Killed An Old Guy '' ( 2.10 ) - Shawn and Gus are going around the station giving everyone Christmas presents , but after giving Juliet hers , Shawn states that it 's just from him . She then makes him think that she 's going to give him a hug and he opens his arms to hug her back and is visibly disappointed when she brushes past him . Season Three `` Murder ? ... Anyone ? ... Anyone ? ... Bueller ? '' ( 3.02 ) - While talking to his high school crush Abigail Lytar at their reunion , Shawn spots Juliet across the gymnasium and murmurs `` Pretty much perfect . '' `` The Greatest Adventure in the History of Basic Cable '' ( 3.04 ) - When Shawn wo n't stop cracking jokes in the interrogation room , Juliet leans across the table and demands that he share what he knows . To which Shawn marvels , `` My God that was so hot . '' When Shawn leaves the room with the supposed men of the Spanish government , he hands Jules a paper , telling her the truth about the `` Spanish . '' He also wrote `` You smell nice '' on the paper . Later , after Juliet leads the SBPD to Shawn 's and Gus ' rescue , Shawn and Juliet share a meaningful glance . `` Talk Derby to Me '' ( 3.07 ) - Shawn sets up a romantic dinner for himself and Juliet , complete with music , candles , and flowers . She can not stay , however , because she has to follow a lead . When that lead turns out to be a red herring , Shawn takes the blame for the mistake . After the case is closed , Shawn and Juliet go on a couples skate alone at the roller rink and brush hands several times and as the camera zooms out you can see their hands pressed together , though they 're not actually holding hands . `` Gus Walks into a Bank '' ( 3.08 ) - Shawn and Juliet have a minor squabble about her decision to date Cameron Luntz , the head of SWAT . Shawn eventually tells her it 's okay , he just wants her to be happy . When Juliet 's date with Luntz for that evening is canceled , she finds Shawn at the Psych office . The two take a stroll on the boardwalk with hot dogs . `` Christmas Joy '' ( 3.09 ) - Shawn , while discussing an old flame with Juliet , says `` Do n't worry , it was long before I knew you . '' Juliet insists that it 's irrelevant , meaning that from her point of view there is no relationship between them . Shawn , however , does not seem convinced . `` Six Feet Under the Sea '' ( 3.10 ) - Juliet befriends a woman named April who expresses an interest in Shawn and asks for Juliet 's opinion of him . Juliet 's reaction implies that she has feelings for Shawn . Later , Shawn asks April out , but she turns him down because she does n't want to `` get in the way . '' She wishes Shawn good luck , leaving him confused . `` Lassie Did a Bad , Bad Thing '' ( 3.11 ) - Officer Drimmer asks Shawn if he and Juliet are an item . He then proceeds to tell Shawn that Juliet talks about him a lot , calling him `` witty and urbane . '' `` Any Given Friday Night at 10PM , 9PM Central '' ( 3.13 ) - Juliet is checking out one of the football players as he runs out onto the field . When he turns around , Juliet is astonished to discover that it 's Shawn ! Later , Juliet smiles widely as she watches Shawn leading a football team out onto the field , but quickly hides it when Gus notices . `` Tuesday the 17th '' ( 3.15 ) - When Shawn is introducing Juliet , he calls her `` one of Santa Barbara 's finest , both literally and figuratively '' , and Juliet is flattered rather than annoyed . Also , after Juliet saves Shawn 's life by shooting his assailant in the hand , Shawn tells her , `` That level of markmanship is easily one of the sexiest things that I 've ever - '' Juliet cuts him off , but smiles softly nonetheless . `` An Evening with Mr. Yang '' ( 3.16 ) - Juliet finally asks out Shawn on a date , and owns up to the fact that she has been sending mixed signals . Unfortunately , Shawn tells her the timing is awful , as he 's on a date with his old high school flame , Abigail . When Shawn explains the situation , Juliet understands . She kisses him on the cheek and leaves . Shawn is obviously affected by the kiss , but rejoins Abigail . Season Four `` Extradition : British Columbia '' ( 4.01 ) - Shawn does n't know how to act around Juliet , now that he 's dating Abigail . He tells Juliet , `` I refuse to feel uncomfortable around you . It 's silly . You mean too much to me , and I am perfectly capable of keeping this ( their friendship ) platonic , as long as you are . '' Juliet replies , `` I am too ! Great ! '' As she walks away , Shawn questions , `` But how ? '' They also take what feels like a romantic stroll , as pointed out by Juliet , on a suspension bridge overlooking a river . `` High Noon - ish '' ( 4.03 ) - Shawn tips his cowboy hat at Juliet and winks at her . Juliet smiles but quickly looks down as if embarrassed . `` Bollywood Homicide '' ( 4.06 ) - When Shawn asks if Juliet believes in love curses , she says whenever someone is looking for their soulmate , it can feel like outsides forces are conspiring against them . Shawn moves closer to Juliet , and she leans back , probably thinking that Shawn is going to kiss her . She asks , `` Shawn , what are you doing ? '' Shawn does not answer the question , instead pointing out a clue that he had been looking at while they were moving toward each other . When Raj and Juliet go on their pretend date , Shawn , watching from a car , is clearly jealous when Raj starts to hold Juliet 's hand , as noted by Gus and Lassiter . Later , Shawn rescues Juliet from an unstable suspect threatening her with a knife . Abigail tells Shawn that she was very impressed that he would risk his life for a random co-worker . Shawn glances over at Juliet and says , `` She 's not random . '' So Abigail would n't get the wrong impression , Shawn quickly corrects himself , saying he would do that for anyone . `` Shawn Takes a Shot in the Dark '' ( 4.09 ) - After Shawn 's kidnapping , Juliet goes to his apartment with Gus to search for clues . When she sees Abigail 's toothbrush and some items , she becomes very curious if Abigail moved in . Gus replies that they 've reached the `` he has a drawer , she has a toothbrush '' stage to which Juliet seems affected . Shawn , who has been shot and kidnapped , tells one of his kidnappers that he has a girlfriend named Abigail and that he wants to call her to say goodbye before they kill him . Shawn then calls Juliet and proceeds to give her clues about his whereabouts . The kidnapper tells Shawn to tell `` Abigail '' that he loves her . Shawn does . Juliet , believing the profession of love to be real , responds by saying , `` Shawn , I think I ... '' Shawn interrupts her by saying , `` Goodbye , Abigail . '' He hangs up . Juliet is clearly confused , but is able to use his clues to track down his whereabouts and is saved . After the ordeal , Shawn discusses with Gus the possibility that Juliet was going to say `` I love you '' back . Although Gus states the possibility that she was just doing what she had to do , Shawn does not seem convinced . `` You Ca n't Handle This Episode '' ( 4.10 ) - Juliet 's brother , Ewan O'Hara , reveals that Juliet has said a lot of good things about Shawn . Later , Ewan says explicitly that Juliet `` likes ( Shawn ) a lot '' , and he puts his stamp of approval on Shawn as well . Meanwhile , Abigail leaves for Uganda . `` A Very Juliet Episode '' ( 4.12 ) - Juliet receives news that her college boyfriend Scott might be dead . After receiving the awful news , she and Shawn take a long walk together through the park , during which Shawn gives Juliet a friendly hug . Shawn then searches high and low for Scott , who turns out to be in witness protection . Once the couple is reunited , Shawn is clearly jealous . Shawn bargains with the criminal Scott put in jail to not have Scott harmed if Shawn will prove the criminal 's innocence . Shawn holds up his end of the bargain , and even though Scott was no longer in danger , he and Juliet parted ways , agreeing to meet again in a year . `` Death Is in the Air '' ( 4.13 ) - At the beginning of the episode , Shawn and Gus are talking about all the things Shawn can do since he 's single and does n't need to impress anyone -- but then Juliet walks up and he immediately throws away his stinky snack - obviously he wants to impress Juliet . More importantly , Juliet gets exposed to the Thornburg virus and Shawn rushes to find the antidote . Upon returning Shawn explains to Gus that the threat of Juliet 's mortality made him realize he does n't have as much time as he thought : he has to tell her how he feels . Gus informs them both that Juliet has not contracted the virus after all , but Shawn tries to go through with his admission anyway . He ultimately stumbles and fails to tell Juliet how he feels , which is immediately followed by Lassiter 's entry into the room , effectively killing the moment . `` Mr. Yin Presents '' ( 4.16 ) - A serial killer named Mr. Yin kidnaps both Juliet and Abigail , who just returned from Uganda . Yin forces Shawn to choose one of them to save but only has Juliet read him the clue to save her life . Juliet tries to tell Shawn he can save Abigail but Yin cuts her off . Shawn gets the clue to save Abigail from Yang 's book and sends Gus with Lassie to save Juliet saying the only way he would be able to not be there for Jules is if he knows that Gus is . Lassiter and Gus arrive and they are able to save Juliet in time while Shawn is able to save Abigail . At the end , Juliet breaks down sobbing as Lassiter hugs her . Abigail tells Shawn she ca n't handle the danger and breaks up with him . Season Five `` Romeo and Juliet and Juliet '' ( 5.01 ) - Juliet was temporarily reassigned to City Hall sometime shortly after her ordeal with Mr. Yin to deal with the stress from it . Shawn seeks her help on a case his father has barred him from involving a kidnapping within two rival Chinese gangs . Juliet gives him information but does not return to the SBPD . Shawn calls her for back up before confronting kidnapper Teno Tan . He is easily outmatched but Teno surrenders when Juliet arrives before Shawn is killed . They thank each other and agree to hug but Lassiter interrupts . Shawn calls for a rain check . `` Feet Do n't Kill Me Now '' ( 5.02 ) - Henry allows Shawn and Juliet to team up after Lassiter chooses Gus to help on the case . Their partnership does n't hold up as Shawn realizes he works best with Gus as does Juliet with Lassiter . Shawn and Juliet attend a tap recital together to support their respective partners . `` Shawn 2.0 '' ( 5.08 ) Shawn plans to invite Juliet to a friend 's wedding but `` criminal profiler '' Declan Rand beats him to the punch . Juliet offers to reschedule but Shawn plays it off not wanting her to be forced . Shawn becomes increasingly jealous of Declan whom Gus dubs `` Shawn 2.0 '' because of their similarities . Like Shawn , Declan is a fraud who acquired his profiling expertise from his father . Both threaten to expose each other if either one of them does n't come clean himself . Like he has the entire episode , Declan beats Shawn making his confession to Juliet first . She forgives Declan and they go for coffee leaving Shawn unable to say anything . `` One , Maybe Two , Ways Out '' ( 5.09 ) Juliet is now in a serious relationship with Declan , of which Shawn is very jealous . Declan is even planning a vacation for himself and Juliet . After Shawn and Gus cause Nadia 's capture , Juliet overhears Shawn telling Gus that he can not be happy without her , even though he knows he should be glad that she is happily in a relationship . Juliet is visibly affected by his words . After Nadia is freed and Fong is taken into custody , Shawn and Gus again arrive at Declan 's residence . Declan tells them to make their visit quick , as he is bidding thirty million euros on an item over the phone . Gus , intrigued by this , follows Declan upstairs . Shawn is left alone in the foyer , at which point Juliet enters the room , surprised to see him . She questions Shawn about how he solved such an intricate case and why there might be 3 creme brulé dishes at Declan 's computer , but he does not rat out Declan for helping . Shawn wishes her a great four days off but she corrects that it is two weeks , visibly upsetting him . He makes Juliet promise to enjoy her vacation , and tells her to take many mental photographs . As Shawn starts going off on a tangent , Juliet abruptly kisses him . She then pulls back and both she and Shawn are left speechless from the kiss . Declan and Gus return , and Shawn , too stunned to make any witty remarks , simply wishes them a good vacation . Declan goes to pack as Shawn and Gus leave , and Shawn takes one more look at Juliet before he closes the door . Juliet is left standing in the foyer , alone . `` Extradition II : The Actual Extradition Part '' ( 5.10 ) Shawn and Gus are invited to visit Despereaux in Canada . Before Shawn leaves his father advises him to speak with Juliet as he overheard Shawn talk about her via butt dialing . Shawn asks after her at the station but Buzz tells him she already has her passport . Juliet and Lassiter arrive to take Despereaux to the United States , to Shawn 's visible shock and he asks Juliet to talk . Later , Juliet comes to his hotel room and tells him that she had broken up with Declan , but Shawn can not talk with her as Gus and Despereaux are inside , resulting in Jules walking away upset . At the end of the episode , Shawn asks Lassiter where Juliet is with the answer `` Grabbin ' a muffin '' . He finds her at a platform overlooking the ocean but she is still upset claiming they missed their moment . Shawn does not give up and explains to Juliet that since they met he 's thought about replacing his motorcycle , a beloved symbol of freedom , with a car . They kiss passionately but are disrupted by the tourists at the overlook . Then they move to a gift shop where they are interrupted by a customer who calls Juliet a `` slut '' . They then go to a car and are once more interrupted by a cop . Shawn realizes that he has a room before the camera pans to the sky . `` In Plain Fright '' ( 5.11 ) It is revealed at the beginning of the episode that Shawn and Juliet are officially a couple . `` Dual Spires '' ( 5.12 ) Shawn and Gus are standing near the lake where their murder victim was found , and the only cell service zone in the town is . When Juliet shows up unexpectedly . Shawn distracts Gus by saying `` Dude , labradoodle ! '' and Juliet and Shawn share a quick kiss . `` Yang 3 in 2D '' ( 5.16 ) Juliet seems uneasy as Shawn ( now her boyfriend ) sides with a supposed Yin Kidnap victim . When Shawn and Gus are trapped inside Yin 's house , she is the first to get Yang out of confinement and when Yang tries to make a deal with the police , Jules agrees . ( 1 . Yang gets to take an updated picture with Shawn and 2 . Juliet is the only person to accompany her into the house . ) Juliet does not hesitate to agree to the conditions and the two enter the house . Shawn is saved and after Yang gets her picture she says to Shawn , `` Catch up with you later , Mr. Spencer . '' After finishing his statement on the Yin case , Shawn goes looking for Jules and finds her in the interrogation room . She says she can not finish her statement because it is like `` marking the time ' til the next crazy rolls in . '' To that Shawn replies that he is there for her and will `` always protect her '' and she responds the same and Shawn kisses her hand . He then tells her he will see her that night later on and kisses her on the lips . The camera pans to reveal that Lassiter has seen and heard their entire conversation and now knows about their secret romantic relationship . Season Six `` Shawn Rescues Darth Vader '' ( 6.01 ) Lassiter hooks Juliet to a lie detector and tries to trick her into admitting she is in a relationship with Shawn . She later confesses she is dating Shawn to Lassiter outright , but he feels their trust has been broken . Lassiter puts Shawn in the same lie detector when it seems the latter was at the crime scene . Shawn declares this has to do with his and Juliet 's romantic involvement and he blurts out that he loves her shocking everyone in the room and himself . He also admits while under the lie detector that he is a psychic , which further deepens Juliet 's trust in Shawn . Later , Lassiter warns Shawn if he hurts Juliet , he will discharge his weapon ... repeatedly . `` Last Night Gus '' ( 6.02 ) Thanks to some drugged drinks , Shawn forgets a conversation he had with Juliet when she tells him they need to talk about it and saying it was serious causing him to freak out . She reveals that he had asked her to move in and is surprised he does n't remember . They agree that it 's probably too soon . `` The Amazing Psych - Man & Tap Man , Issue # 2 '' ( 6.04 ) Shawn quickly becomes jealous as Juliet shows admiration for the Mantis , a vigilante who is competing with the SBPD to catch the Camino Drug Syndicate . When they are on a date , Shawn realizes that Juliet got a text from the SBPD that requires her to leave . Though reluctant , she departs . `` Shawn , Interrupted '' ( 6.06 ) Juliet shows concern for Shawn when he goes undercover at a mental institution , admitting that her deepest fear was that Shawn would n't be able to come out , after Shawn makes an off - hand comment about enjoying it there , `` Spoiler . I 'm making you a wallet . '' Shawn reassures her , but Juliet is still not at ease . `` In for a Penny ... '' ( 6.07 ) Shawn invites Juliet 's estranged con artist dad , Frank , to her birthday party then hires him to assist on a case . Juliet is furious with Shawn and has no intention of reconciling with her father . She changes her mind when Frank tells her he attended all her recitals and talent shows . At her birthday party , Juliet has made peace with her dad and forgiven Shawn since his heart was in the right place . `` Neil Simon 's Lover 's Retreat '' ( 6.09 ) Shawn and Juliet go away on a romantic vacation but they are robbed by their new ' friends ' , who call themselves , `` Barbie and Clive '' , possibly taken from the 1930s criminals , Bonnie and Clyde . While tracking down the thieves , they come across a murder effectively spoiling their plans . Shawn apologizes since Juliet had `` definite expectations '' for their vacation including the `` M word '' causing Juliet to explain that she had not been expecting a marriage proposal since it is too soon and that she was in no way ready to get married and Shawn agrees seemingly relieved . The clerk returns Shawn 's stolen Nintendo DS , which Shawn had been having a fit about it throughout the episode when discovering it had been stolen much to Juliet 's annoyance and confusion , to Gus who hears a rattle from inside it . He opens the battery case and finds an engagement ring ; revealing that Shawn had actually planned to propose to Juliet during their vacation . `` Indiana Shawn and the Temple of the Kinda Crappy , Rusty Old Dagger '' ( 6.10 ) The episode opens up to Gus confronting Shawn over the ring he found and Gus clearly upset with the fact that Shawn was going to propose to Juliet and he never told Gus about it . Shawn apologizes , telling Gus that he `` had to be ready for a Shamu moment . '' Shawn promises that when he pops the question to Juliet , Gus will be there and offers a fist - bump which Gus ignores , saying , `` That 's storybook right there . '' `` Heeeeere 's Lassie '' ( 6.11 ) Shawn keeps looking for a spot to stash the ring since he 's not ready to give it to Juliet . Gus suggests putting it back in Henry 's drawer if he is n't going to propose . Juliet 's dad Frank arrives from Tanzania stating he got Shawn 's voicemail saying he had something important to discuss . Shawn left the voicemail when he was considering proposing and wanted to ask Frank for his blessing . He asks for permission to marry Juliet in case he needs it in the future . Frank explains to Shawn he wants his daughter to marry someone honest and asks if Shawn has ever lied to Juliet which Shawn hesitates before answering . Gus answers in the affirmative and Frank leaves without offering or denying his blessing , leaving Shawn confused about whether or not he had Juliet 's father 's blessing to one day propose to Juliet . `` Shawn and the Real Girl '' ( 6.12 ) Juliet proves to be jealous as Shawn infiltrate into a reality show in which several men vie for the heart of a woman . Later , Shawn admits to considering himself lucky to have her in his life . `` Santabarbaratown '' ( 6.16 ) At the ending , Juliet and Shawn are walking by the Station , talking about Shawn moving in with Juliet . Season Seven `` Juliet Takes a Luvvah '' ( 7.02 ) Juliet and Shawn decide to live together . `` No Country for Two Old Men '' ( 7.04 ) After a homewarming party for Juliet and Shawn , her stepfather Lloyd runs into trouble with Mexican gangsters over his gambling debts . `` Deez Nups '' ( 7.07 ) During Lassiter 's wedding reception , Juliet confronts Shawn about inconsistencies that she found in his latest `` vision '' , leading her to deduce that he is a mentalist , not a psychic , which Shawn confirms . Heartbroken , Juliet splashes her drink in Shawn 's face , tearfully exiting the scene . `` Right Turn or Left for Dead '' ( 7.08 ) Juliet tells Shawn to move out . `` Juliet Wears the Pantsuit '' ( 7.09 ) Shawn moves out , reluctantly . At the end of the episode he helps Juliet repair a window and it is seen that they still have chemistry . However , Juliet is n't ready to forgive him for lying . `` Santa Barbarian Candidate '' ( 7.10 ) Juliet attends the Founders Gala as Shawn 's date . As they dance Juliet learns that Shawn went back to take dancing lessons that he had previously lied about going to when he learned what it meant to her . Juliet asks where `` this Shawn '' was when they were dating to which he says that he 's `` right here '' . After dancing with him , she admits to Shawn that she still has feelings for him , but tells him that he has to tell Chief Vick about his lie about being a psychic . He refuses to as he wo n't be able to do good or help people 's lives like he always has . Juliet tells him that what he does is n't good for everyone . At the end of the episode , Shawn decides to confess his lie to Chief Vick for the sake of smoothing things back over with Juliet . He almost tells Chief Vick that he is n't a psychic , but Juliet comes in claiming that Shawn led her to Mike 's house to get the photos . She tells Shawn later on that she could n't be selfish and have him reveal his lie . It seems like she is slowly beginning to trust him again . Shawn makes an attempt to kiss her , but she says that she is n't ready to get back together yet . Despite telling him this , the two agree to go out to eat together . `` Office Space '' ( 7.11 ) After going out to eat together from the previous episode , Juliet and Shawn are shown asleep next to each other in bed at her place . While sleeping , he wakes up to Gus tapping on the window and leaves to help him . Later , at the station , she and Shawn are talking and he remarks that they 're `` back in the saddle '' . However , Juliet says that nothing is back yet and that what they did was a `` one time thing '' and that since they were adults `` it happens '' . `` Nip and Suck It '' ( 7.13 ) At the end of the episode , Shawn tells Gus he and Juliet are officially back together . Shawn remarks that Juliet made him `` work '' for it , but that they are finally together again . `` No Trout About It '' ( 7.14 ) Shawn and Juliet make a romantically goofy phone call as revealed by Shawn when re-telling a case to a police consultant , much to Juliet 's embarrassment . She later voices her concerns about her position at the department due to intraoffice dating with Shawn which is usually against police regulations . Season Eight `` The Break Up '' ( 8.10 ) Shawn and Juliet get engaged to be married outside a crime scene in San Francisco , only to have the engagement ring get stolen by a mugger . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : episode `` In for a Penny ... '' Jump up ^ Psych , Episode 1.02 : `` Spellingg Bee . '' Original airdate : July 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Psych , Episode 1.03 : `` Speak Now or Forever Hold Your Piece '' . Original airdate : July 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Psych , Episode 1.15 : `` Scary Sherry : Bianca 's Toast '' . Original airdate : March 2 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Lawson , Maggie . Relationships . USA Network . Retrieved on January 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Psych , Episode 2.10 : `` Gus ' Dad May Have Killed an Old Guy '' . Original airdate : December 7 , 2007 . Psych Seasons 6 7 8 Episodes `` Pilot '' `` Spellingg Bee '' `` Speak Now or Forever Hold Your Piece '' `` Woman Seeking Dead Husband : Smokers Okay , No Pets '' `` Who Ya Gonna Call ? '' `` American Duos '' `` Mr. Yin Presents ... '' `` Dual Spires '' `` Yang 3 in 2D '' `` Psych : The Musical '' Television movie Psych : The Movie Characters Shawn Spencer Burton `` Gus '' Guster Carlton Lassiter Juliet O'Hara Henry Spencer Karen Vick Other Awards and nominations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juliet_O%27Hara&oldid=781510296 '' Categories : Fictional Santa Barbara Police Department detectives Psych characters Fictional characters introduced in 2006 Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 21 May 2017 , at 17 : 41 . About Wikipedia | what episode do shawn and juliet get together | [
"\"Extradition II: The Actual Extradition Part\" (5.10) Shawn and Gus are invited to visit Despereaux in Canada. Before Shawn leaves his father advises him to speak with Juliet as he overheard Shawn talk about her via butt dialing. Shawn asks after her at the station but Buzz tells him she already has her passport. Juliet and Lassiter arrive to take Despereaux to the United States, to Shawn's visible shock and he asks Juliet to talk. Later, Juliet comes to his hotel room and tells him that she had broken up with Declan, but Shawn cannot talk with her as Gus and Despereaux are inside, resulting in Jules walking away upset. At the end of the episode, Shawn asks Lassiter where Juliet is with the answer \"Grabbin' a muffin\". He finds her at a platform overlooking the ocean but she is still upset claiming they missed their moment. Shawn does not give up and explains to Juliet that since they met he's thought about replacing his motorcycle, a beloved symbol of freedom, with a car. They kiss passionately but are disrupted by the tourists at the overlook. Then they move to a gift shop where they are interrupted by a customer who calls Juliet a \"slut\". They then go to a car and are once more interrupted by a cop. Shawn realizes that he has a room before the camera pans to the sky."
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"Extradition II: The Actual Extradition Part"
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-7025939701834433462 | Battle of Midway | Battle of Midway - wikipedia Battle of Midway Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1942 battle . For other uses , see The Battle of Midway ( disambiguation ) . Battle of Midway Part of the Pacific Theater of World War II U.S. Douglas SBD - 3 Dauntless dive bombers of VS - 8 from USS Hornet about to attack the burning Japanese cruiser Mikuma for the third time on 6 June 1942 Date 4 -- 7 June 1942 Location Midway Atoll 28 ° 12 ′ N 177 ° 21 ′ W / 28.200 ° N 177.350 ° W / 28.200 ; - 177.350 Coordinates : 28 ° 12 ′ N 177 ° 21 ′ W / 28.200 ° N 177.350 ° W / 28.200 ; - 177.350 Result Decisive American victory Belligerents United States Japan Commanders and leaders Chester W. Nimitz Frank Jack Fletcher Raymond Spruance Isoroku Yamamoto Nobutake Kondō Chūichi Nagumo Strength 3 carriers 7 heavy cruisers 1 light cruiser 15 destroyers 233 carrier - based aircraft 127 land - based aircraft 16 submarines 4 carriers 2 battleships 2 heavy cruisers 1 light cruiser 12 destroyers 248 carrier - based aircraft 16 floatplanes Did not participate in battle : 2 light carriers 5 battleships 4 heavy cruisers 2 light cruisers ~ 35 support ships Casualties and losses 1 carrier sunk 1 destroyer sunk ~ 150 aircraft destroyed 307 killed 4 carriers sunk 1 heavy cruiser sunk 1 heavy cruiser damaged 248 aircraft destroyed 3,057 killed 37 captured Hawaiian Islands Campaign Pearl Harbor Niihau 1st Midway Johnston and Palmyra 2nd Midway 3rd Midway Japanese offensives , 1940 -- 1942 French Indochina Thailand Malaya Borneo Pearl Harbor Hong Kong Philippines Guam Wake Dutch East Indies New Guinea Singapore Burma Australia Indian Ocean Solomons Coral Sea North America Pacific War Central Pacific Hawaii Marshalls - Gilberts raids Doolittle Raid Coral Sea Midway RY Solomons Gilberts and Marshalls Marianas and Palau Volcano and Ryukyu British raid on Truk Southeast Asia Indochina ( 1940 ) Indian Ocean ( 1940 -- 45 ) Philippines 1941 -- 42 Franco - Thai War Thailand Dutch East Indies Malaya Hong Kong Burma ( 1941 -- 42 ) Singapore Burma ( 1942 -- 43 ) Burma ( 1944 ) Burma ( 1944 -- 45 ) Indochina ( 1945 ) Malacca Strait Jurist Tiderace Zipper Strategic bombing ( 1944 -- 45 ) Southwest Pacific Dutch East Indies 1941 -- 42 Portuguese Timor Australia New Guinea Philippines 1944 -- 45 Borneo 1945 North America Attack on Pearl Harbor Ellwood Operation K Aleutian Islands Estevan Point Lighthouse Fort Stevens Lookout Air Raids Fire balloon Project Hula PX Japan Air raids Mariana Islands Volcano & Ryukyu Is Tokyo Starvation Naval bombardments Yokosuka Sagami Bay Kure Downfall Hiroshima & Nagasaki Kurils Karafuto Japanese surrender Manchuria Kantokuen Manchuria ( 1945 ) Mutanchiang Sakhalin Island Kuril Islands Shumshu Second Sino - Japanese War The Battle of Midway was a decisive naval battle in the Pacific Theater of World War II which occurred between 4 and 7 June 1942 , only six months after Japan 's attack on Pearl Harbor and one month after the Battle of the Coral Sea . The United States Navy under Admirals Chester Nimitz , Frank Jack Fletcher , and Raymond A. Spruance defeated an attacking fleet of the Imperial Japanese Navy under Admirals Isoroku Yamamoto , Chuichi Nagumo , and Nobutake Kondo near Midway Atoll , inflicting devastating damage on the Japanese fleet that proved irreparable . Military historian John Keegan called it `` the most stunning and decisive blow in the history of naval warfare . '' The Japanese operation , like the earlier attack on Pearl Harbor , sought to eliminate the United States as a strategic power in the Pacific , thereby giving Japan a free hand in establishing its Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere . The Japanese hoped another demoralizing defeat would force the U.S. to capitulate in the Pacific War and thus ensure Japanese dominance in the Pacific . Luring the American aircraft carriers into a trap and occupying Midway was part of an overall `` barrier '' strategy to extend Japan 's defensive perimeter , in response to the Doolittle air raid on Tokyo . This operation was also considered preparatory for further attacks against Fiji , Samoa , and Hawaii itself . The plan was handicapped by faulty Japanese assumptions of the American reaction and poor initial dispositions . Most significantly , American cryptographers were able to determine the date and location of the planned attack , enabling the forewarned U.S. Navy to prepare its own ambush . There were seven aircraft carriers involved in the battle and all four of Japan 's large aircraft carriers -- Akagi , Kaga , Soryu and Hiryu , part of the six - carrier force that had attacked Pearl Harbor six months earlier -- and a heavy cruiser were sunk , while the U.S. lost only the carrier Yorktown and a destroyer . After Midway and the exhausting attrition of the Solomon Islands campaign , Japan 's capacity to replace its losses in materiel ( particularly aircraft carriers ) and men ( especially well - trained pilots and maintenance crewmen ) rapidly became insufficient to cope with mounting casualties , while the United States ' massive industrial and training capabilities made losses far easier to replace . The Battle of Midway , along with the Guadalcanal Campaign , is widely considered a turning point in the Pacific War . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Yamamoto 's plan : Operation MI 1.2 Aleutian invasion 2 Prelude 2.1 American reinforcements 2.2 Japanese shortcomings 2.3 Allied code - breaking 3 Battle 3.1 Order of battle 3.2 Initial air attacks 3.3 Nagumo 's dilemma 3.4 Attacks on the Japanese fleet 3.5 Japanese counterattacks 3.6 American counterattack 4 Japanese and US casualties 5 Aftermath 5.1 American prisoners 5.2 Japanese prisoners 6 Impact 7 Discovery of sunken vessels 8 Remembrances 9 See also 10 Footnotes 10.1 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Background ( edit ) The extent of Japanese military expansion in the Pacific , April 1942 After expanding the war in the Pacific to include Western outposts , the Japanese Empire had attained its initial strategic goals quickly , taking the Philippines , Malaya , Singapore , and the Dutch East Indies ( now Indonesia ) ; the latter , with its vital oil resources , was particularly important to Japan . Because of this , preliminary planning for a second phase of operations commenced as early as January 1942 . There were strategic disagreements between the Imperial Army ( IJA ) and Imperial Navy ( IJN ) , and infighting between the Navy 's GHQ and Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto 's Combined Fleet , and a follow - up strategy was not formed until April 1942 . Admiral Yamamoto finally succeeded in winning the bureaucratic struggle with a thinly veiled threat to resign , after which his plan for the Central Pacific was adopted . Yamamoto 's primary strategic goal was the elimination of America 's carrier forces , which he regarded as the principal threat to the overall Pacific campaign . This concern was acutely heightened by the Doolittle Raid on 18 April 1942 , in which 16 U.S. Army Air Forces B - 25 Mitchell bombers launched from USS Hornet bombed targets in Tokyo and several other Japanese cities . The raid , while militarily insignificant , was a shock to the Japanese and showed the existence of a gap in the defenses around the Japanese home islands as well as the accessibility of Japanese territory to American bombers . This , and other successful hit - and - run raids by American carriers in the South Pacific , showed that they were still a threat , although seemingly reluctant to be drawn into an all - out battle . Yamamoto reasoned that another air attack on the main U.S. Naval base at Pearl Harbor would induce all of the American fleet to sail out to fight , including the carriers . However , considering the increased strength of American land - based air power on the Hawaiian Islands since the December 7 attack the previous year , he judged that it was now too risky to attack Pearl Harbor directly . Instead , Yamamoto selected Midway , a tiny atoll at the extreme northwest end of the Hawaiian Island chain , approximately 1,300 miles ( 1,100 nautical miles ; 2,100 kilometres ) from Oahu . This meant that Midway was outside the effective range of almost all of the American aircraft stationed on the main Hawaiian islands . Midway was not especially important in the larger scheme of Japan 's intentions , but the Japanese felt the Americans would consider Midway a vital outpost of Pearl Harbor and would therefore be compelled to defend it vigorously . The U.S. did consider Midway vital : after the battle , establishment of a U.S. submarine base on Midway allowed submarines operating from Pearl Harbor to refuel and re-provision , extending their radius of operations by 1,200 miles ( 1,900 km ) . In addition to serving as a seaplane base , Midway 's airstrips also served as a forward staging point for bomber attacks on Wake Island . Yamamoto 's plan : operation mi ( edit ) Midway Atoll , several months before the battle . Eastern Island ( with the airfield ) is in the foreground , and the larger Sand Island is in the background to the west . Typical of Japanese naval planning during World War II , Yamamoto 's battle plan for taking Midway ( named Operation MI ) was exceedingly complex . It required the careful and timely coordination of multiple battle groups over hundreds of miles of open sea . His design was also predicated on optimistic intelligence suggesting that USS Enterprise and USS Hornet , forming Task Force 16 , were the only carriers available to the U.S. Pacific Fleet . During the Battle of the Coral Sea one month earlier , USS Lexington had been sunk and USS Yorktown suffered considerable damage such that the Japanese believed she too had been lost . However , following hasty repairs at Pearl Harbor , Yorktown sortied and would go on to play a critical role in the discovery and eventual destruction of the Japanese fleet carriers at Midway . Finally , much of Yamamoto 's planning , coinciding with the general feeling among the Japanese leadership at the time , was based on a gross misjudgment of American morale , which was believed to be debilitated from the string of Japanese victories in the preceding months . Yamamoto felt deception would be required to lure the U.S. fleet into a fatally compromised situation . To this end , he dispersed his forces so that their full extent ( particularly his battleships ) would be concealed from the Americans prior to battle . Critically , Yamamoto 's supporting battleships and cruisers trailed Vice Admiral Chūichi Nagumo 's carrier force by several hundred miles . They were intended to come up and destroy whatever elements of the U.S. fleet might come to Midway 's defense once Nagumo 's carriers had weakened them sufficiently for a daylight gun battle ; . ( This tactic was typical of the battle doctrine of most major navies at the time . ) What Yamamoto did not know was that the U.S. had broken the main Japanese naval code ( dubbed JN - 25 by the Americans ) , divulging many details of his plan to the enemy . His emphasis on dispersal also meant none of his formations were in a position to support each other . For instance , despite the fact that Nagumo 's carriers were expected to carry out strikes against Midway and bear the brunt of American counterattacks , the only warships in his fleet larger than the screening force of twelve destroyers were two Kongō - class fast battleships , two heavy cruisers , and one light cruiser . By contrast , Yamamoto and Kondo had between them two light carriers , five battleships , four heavy cruisers , and two light cruisers , none of which would see action at Midway . The light carriers of the trailing forces , and Yamamoto 's three battleships , were unable to keep pace with the carriers of the Kido Butai and so could not have sailed in company with them . The distance between Yamamoto and Kondo 's forces and Nagumo 's carriers had grave implications during the battle : the invaluable reconnaissance capability of the scout planes carried by the cruisers and carriers , as well as the additional antiaircraft capability of the cruisers and the other two battleships of the Kongō - class in the trailing forces , was denied to Nagumo . Aleutian invasion ( edit ) Main article : Aleutian Islands Campaign In order to obtain support from the Imperial Japanese Army for the Midway operation , the Imperial Japanese Navy agreed to support their invasion of the Aleutian Islands . The IJA wished to occupy the western Aleutians to place the Japanese home islands out of range of U.S. land - based bombers based in Alaska . The Japanese operations in the Aleutian Islands ( Operation AL ) removed yet more ships that could otherwise have augmented the force striking Midway . Whereas many earlier historical accounts considered the Aleutians operation as a feint to draw American forces away , early twenty - first century research has suggested that AL was intended to be launched simultaneously with the attack on Midway . A one - day delay in the sailing of Nagumo 's task force resulted in Operation AL beginning a day before the Midway attack . Prelude ( edit ) American reinforcements ( edit ) USS Yorktown at Pearl Harbor days before the battle To do battle with an enemy expected to muster four or five carriers , Admiral Chester W. Nimitz , Commander in Chief , Pacific Ocean Areas , needed every available U.S. flight deck . He already had Vice Admiral William Halsey 's two - carrier ( Enterprise and Hornet ) task force at hand , though Halsey was stricken with severe dermatitis and had to be replaced by Rear Admiral Raymond A. Spruance , Halsey 's escort commander . Nimitz also hurriedly recalled Rear Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher 's task force , including the carrier Yorktown , from the South West Pacific Area . Despite estimates that Yorktown , damaged in the Battle of the Coral Sea , would require several months of repairs at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard , her elevators were intact and her flight deck largely so . The Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard worked around the clock , and in 72 hours she was restored to a battle - ready state , judged good enough for two or three weeks of operations , as Nimitz required . Her flight deck was patched , and whole sections of internal frames were cut out and replaced . Repairs continued even as she sortied , with work crews from the repair ship USS Vestal , herself damaged in the attack on Pearl Harbor six months earlier , still aboard . Yorktown 's partially depleted air group was rebuilt using whatever planes and pilots could be found . Scouting Five ( VS - 5 ) was replaced with Bombing Three ( VB - 3 ) from USS Saratoga . Torpedo Five ( VT - 5 ) was also replaced by Torpedo Three ( VT - 3 . ) Also Fighting Three ( VF - 3 ) was reconstituted to replace VF - 42 with sixteen pilots from VF - 42 and eleven pilots from VF - 3 with Lieutenant Commander John S. `` Jimmy '' Thach in command . Some of the aircrew were inexperienced , which may have contributed to an accident in which Thach 's executive officer Lt Cmndr Donald Lovelace was killed . Despite efforts to get Saratoga ( which had been undergoing repairs on the American West Coast ) ready for the coming engagement , the need to resupply and assemble sufficient escorts meant she was not able to reach Midway until after the battle . On Midway , by 4 June the USN had stationed four squadrons of PBYs -- 31 aircraft in total -- for long - range reconnaissance duties , and 6 brand - new Grumman TBF Avengers , the latter a detachment from Hornet 's VT - 8 . The Marine Corps stationed 19 Douglas SBD Dauntless , 7 F4F - 3 Wildcats , 17 Vought SB2U Vindicators , and 21 Brewster F2A Buffalos . The USAAF contributed a squadron of 17 B - 17 Flying Fortresses and 4 Martin B - 26 Marauders equipped with torpedoes : in total 126 aircraft . Although the F2As and SB2Us were already obsolete , they were the only aircraft available to the Marine Corps at the time . Japanese shortcomings ( edit ) Akagi , the flagship of the Japanese carrier striking force which attacked Pearl Harbor , as well as Darwin , Rabaul , and Colombo , in April 1942 prior to the battle During the Battle of the Coral Sea one month earlier , the Japanese light carrier Shōhō had been sunk and the fleet carrier Shōkaku was severely damaged by three bomb hits , and was in drydock for months of repair . Although the fleet carrier Zuikaku escaped the battle undamaged , she had lost almost half her air group , and was in port in Kure awaiting replacement planes and pilots . That there were none immediately available is attributable to the failure of the IJN crew training program , which already showed signs of being unable to replace losses . Instructors from the Yokosuka Air Corps were employed in an effort to make up the shortfall . Historians Jonathan Parshall and Anthony Tully believe that by combining the surviving aircraft and pilots from Shōkaku and Zuikaku , it is likely that Zuikaku could have been equipped with almost a full composite air group . They also note that doing so would have violated Japanese carrier doctrine , which stressed that carriers and their airgroups must train as a single unit ( in contrast , American air squadrons were considered interchangeable between carriers ) . In any case , the Japanese apparently made no serious attempt to get Zuikaku ready for the forthcoming battle . Thus , Carrier Division 5 , consisting of the two most advanced aircraft carriers of the Kido Butai , would not be available , which meant that Vice-Admiral Nagumo had only two thirds of the fleet carriers at his disposal : Kaga and Akagi forming Carrier Division 1 and Hiryū and Sōryū as Carrier Division 2 . This was partly due to fatigue ; Japanese carriers had been constantly on operations since 7 December 1941 , including raids on Darwin and Colombo . The main Japanese carrier - borne strike aircraft were the D3A1 `` Val '' dive bomber and the B5N2 `` Kate '' , which was used either as a torpedo bomber or as a level bomber . The main carrier fighter was the fast and highly maneuverable A6M `` Zero '' . For a variety of reasons , production of the `` Val '' had been drastically reduced , while that of the `` Kate '' had been stopped completely and , as a consequence , there were none available to replace losses . In addition , many of the aircraft being used during the June 1942 operations had been operational since late November 1941 and , although they were well - maintained , many were almost worn out and had become increasingly unreliable . These factors meant all carriers of the Kido Butai had fewer aircraft than their normal complement , with few spare aircraft or parts stored in the carriers ' hangars . In addition , Nagumo 's carrier force suffered from several defensive deficiencies which gave it , in Mark Peattie 's words , a `` ' glass jaw ' : it could throw a punch but could n't take one . '' Japanese carrier anti-aircraft guns and associated fire control systems had several design and configuration deficiencies which limited their effectiveness . The IJN 's fleet combat air patrol ( CAP ) consisted of too few fighter aircraft and was hampered by an inadequate early warning system , including a lack of radar . Poor radio communications with the fighter aircraft inhibited effective command and control of the CAP . The carriers ' escorting warships were deployed as visual scouts in a ring at long range , not as close anti-aircraft escorts , as they lacked training , doctrine , and sufficient anti-aircraft guns . Japanese strategic scouting arrangements prior to the battle were also in disarray . A picket line of Japanese submarines was late getting into position ( partly because of Yamamoto 's haste ) , which let the American carriers reach their assembly point northeast of Midway ( known as `` Point Luck '' ) without being detected . A second attempt at reconnaissance , using four - engine H8K `` Emily '' flying boats to scout Pearl Harbor prior to the battle and detect whether the American carriers were present , part of Operation K , was thwarted when Japanese submarines assigned to refuel the search aircraft discovered that the intended refueling point -- a hitherto deserted bay off French Frigate Shoals -- was now occupied by American warships , because the Japanese had carried out an identical mission in March . Thus , Japan was deprived of any knowledge concerning the movements of the American carriers immediately before the battle . Japanese radio intercepts did notice an increase in both American submarine activity and message traffic . This information was in Yamamoto 's hands prior to the battle . Japanese plans , however , were not changed : Yamamoto , at sea in Yamato , assumed Nagumo had received the same signal from Tokyo , and did not communicate with him by radio , so as not to reveal his position . These messages were , contrary to earlier historical accounts , also received by Nagumo before the battle began . For reasons which remain unclear , Nagumo did not alter his plans or take additional precautions . Allied code - breaking ( edit ) Admiral Nimitz had one priceless advantage : US cryptanalysts had partially broken the Japanese Navy 's JN - 25b code . Since early 1942 , the US had been decoding messages stating that there would soon be an operation at objective `` AF '' . It was initially not known where `` AF '' was , but Commander Joseph Rochefort and his team at Station HYPO were able to confirm that it was Midway : Captain Wilfred Holmes devised a ruse of telling the base at Midway ( by secure undersea cable ) to broadcast an uncoded radio message stating that Midway 's water purification system had broken down . Within 24 hours , the code breakers picked up a Japanese message that `` AF was short on water . '' ( No Japanese radio operators who intercepted the message seemed concerned that the Americans were broadcasting uncoded that a major naval installation close to the Japanese threat ring was having a water shortage , which could have tipped off Japanese intelligence officers that it was a deliberate attempt at deception . ) HYPO was also able to determine the date of the attack as either 4 or 5 June , and to provide Nimitz with a complete IJN order of battle . Japan had a new codebook , but its introduction had been delayed , enabling HYPO to read messages for several crucial days . The new code , which would take several days to be cracked , came into use on 24 May , but the important breaks had already been made . As a result , the Americans entered the battle with a very good picture of where , when , and in what strength the Japanese would appear . Nimitz knew that the Japanese had negated their numerical advantage by dividing their ships into four separate task groups , all too - widely separated to be able to support each other . This dispersal resulted in few fast ships being available to escort the Carrier Striking Force , reducing the number of anti-aircraft guns protecting the carriers . Nimitz calculated that the aircraft on his three carriers , plus those on Midway Island , gave the U.S. rough parity with Yamamoto 's four carriers , mainly because American carrier air groups were larger than Japanese ones . The Japanese , by contrast , remained mainly unaware of their opponent 's true strength and dispositions even after the battle began . Battle ( edit ) Order of battle ( edit ) Main article : Midway order of battle Torpedo bomber Martin B - 26 - MA Marauder `` Susie - Q '' of the 18th Reconnaissance Squadron , 22nd Bombardment Group USAAF was flown by 1 / Lt James Perry Muri during the Battle of Midway on 4 June 1942 Initial air attacks ( edit ) Movements during the battle , according to William Koenig in Epic Sea Battles Timeline of the Battle of Midway ( acc. to William Koenig ) 4 June 04 : 30 First Japanese takeoff against Midway Islands 04 : 30 10 planes ( Yorktown ) begin to search for the Japanese ships 05 : 34 Japanese ships detected by a PBY from Midway I . 07 : 10 6 TBF Avengers and 4 USAAF B - 26 ( from Midway I . ) attack 07 : 50 67 dive bombers , 29 torpedo bombers , 20 Wildcats take off ( Spruance ) 07 : 55 16 dive bombers of the US Navy ( from Midway I . ) attack 08 : 10 17 B - 17s ( from Midway Islands ) attack 08 : 20 11 bombers of the US Navy ( from Midway I . ) attack 09 : 06 12 torpedo bombers , 17 dive bombers , 6 Wildcats take off ( Yorktown ) 09 : 18 Nagumo to Northeast 09 : 25 15 torpedo bombers ( Hornet ) attack 09 : 30 14 torpedo bombers ( Enterprise ) attack 10 : 00 12 torpedo bombers ( Yorktown ) attack 10 : 25 30 dive bombers ( Enterprise ) attack Akagi and Kaga 10 : 25 17 dive bombers ( Yorktown ) attack Soryu 11 : 00 18 Vals and 6 Zekes take off from Hiryu 11 : 30 10 planes ( Yorktown ) take off to search for remaining Japanese ships 12 : 05 First attack on Yorktown 13 : 30 Hiryu detected by a Yorktown plane ; 24 dive bombers take off against Hiryu ( Spruance ) 13 : 31 10 Kates and 6 Zekes take off from Hiryu 13 : 40 Yorktown again in service , making 18 knots 14 : 30 Second attack on Yorktown 15 : 00 Yorktown abandoned 16 : 10 Soryu sunk 17 : 00 Dive bombers attack on Hiryu 19 : 25 Kaga sunk 5 June 05 : 00 Akagi sunk 09 : 00 Hiryu sunk At about 09 : 00 on 3 June , Ensign Jack Reid , piloting a PBY from U.S. Navy patrol squadron VP - 44 , spotted the Japanese Occupation Force 500 nautical miles ( 580 miles ; 930 kilometres ) to the west - southwest of Midway . He mistakenly reported this group as the Main Force . Nine B - 17s took off from Midway at 12 : 30 for the first air attack . Three hours later , they found Tanaka 's transport group 570 nautical miles ( 660 miles ; 1,060 kilometres ) to the west . Under heavy anti-aircraft fire , they dropped their bombs . Although their crews reported hitting 4 ships , none of the bombs actually hit anything and no significant damage was inflicted . Early the following morning , the Japanese oil tanker Akebono Maru sustained the first hit when a torpedo from an attacking PBY struck her around 01 : 00 . This was the only successful air - launched torpedo attack by the U.S. during the entire battle . At 04 : 30 on 4 June , Nagumo launched his initial attack on Midway itself , consisting of 36 Aichi D3A dive bombers and 36 Nakajima B5N torpedo bombers , escorted by 36 Mitsubishi A6M Zero fighters . At the same time , he launched his 8 search aircraft ( one from the heavy cruiser Tone launched 30 minutes late ) . Japanese reconnaissance arrangements were flimsy , with too few aircraft to adequately cover the assigned search areas , laboring under poor weather conditions to the northeast and east of the task force . As Nagumo 's bombers and fighters were taking off , 11 PBYs were leaving Midway to run their search patterns . At 05 : 34 , a PBY reported sighting 2 Japanese carriers and another spotted the inbound airstrike 10 minutes later . Midway 's radar picked up the enemy at a distance of several miles , and interceptors were scrambled . Unescorted bombers headed off to attack the Japanese carriers , their fighter escorts remaining behind to defend Midway . At 06 : 20 , Japanese carrier aircraft bombed and heavily damaged the U.S. base . Midway - based Marine fighters led by Major Floyd B. Parks , which included 7 F4Fs and 21 F2As , intercepted the Japanese and suffered heavy losses , though they managed to destroy 4 B5Ns and at least 3 A6Ms . Within the first few minutes , 3 F4Fs and 13 F2As were destroyed , while most of the surviving U.S. planes were damaged , with only 2 remaining airworthy . American anti-aircraft fire was intense and accurate , destroying 4 additional Japanese aircraft and damaging many more . Of the 108 Japanese aircraft involved in this attack , 11 were destroyed , 14 were heavily damaged , and 29 were damaged to some degree . The initial Japanese attack did not succeed in neutralizing Midway : American bombers could still use the airbase to refuel and attack the Japanese invasion force , and most of Midway 's land - based defenses were intact . Japanese pilots reported to Nagumo that a second aerial attack on Midway 's defenses would be necessary if troops were to go ashore by 7 June . Having taken off prior to the Japanese attack , American bombers based on Midway made several attacks on the Japanese carrier force . These included 6 Grumman Avengers , detached to Midway from Hornet 's VT - 8 ( Midway was the combat debut of both VT - 8 and the TBF ) ; Marine Scout - Bombing Squadron 241 ( VMSB - 241 ) , consisting of 11 SB2U - 3s and 16 SBDs ; plus 4 USAAF B - 26s of the 18th Reconnaissance and 69th Bomb Squadrons , armed with torpedoes ; and 15 B - 17s of the 31st , 72nd , and 431st Bomb Squadrons . The Japanese repelled these attacks , losing 2 fighters while destroying 5 TBFs , 2 SB2Us , 8 SBDs , and 2 B - 26s . The first Marine aviator to perish in the battle , Major Lofton R. Henderson of VMSB - 241 , was killed while leading his inexperienced Dauntless squadron into action . The main airfield at Guadalcanal was named after him in August 1942 . One B - 26 , after being seriously damaged by anti-aircraft fire , veered into a steep dive straight toward Akagi . Making no attempt to pull out of its run , the aircraft narrowly missed crashing directly into the carrier 's bridge , which could have killed Nagumo and his command staff . This experience may well have contributed to Nagumo 's determination to launch another attack on Midway , in direct violation of Yamamoto 's order to keep the reserve strike force armed for anti-ship operations . A B - 17 attack misses Hiryū ; this was taken between 08 : 00 -- 08 : 30 . A Shotai of 3 Zeros is lined up near the bridge . This was one of several combat air patrols launched during the day . Nagumo 's dilemma ( edit ) In accordance with Japanese carrier doctrine at the time , Admiral Nagumo had kept half of his aircraft in reserve . These comprised two squadrons each of dive bombers and torpedo bombers . The dive bombers were as yet unarmed . The torpedo bombers were armed with torpedoes should any American warships be located . At 07 : 15 , Nagumo ordered his reserve planes to be re-armed with contact - fused general purpose bombs for use against land targets . This was a result of the attacks from Midway , as well as of the morning flight leader 's recommendation of a second strike . Re-arming had been under way for about 30 minutes when , at 07 : 40 , the delayed scout plane from Tone signaled that it had sighted a sizable American naval force to the east , but neglected to describe its composition . Later evidence suggests Nagumo did not receive the sighting report until 08 : 00 . Nagumo quickly reversed his order to re-arm the bombers with general purpose bombs and demanded that the scout plane ascertain the composition of the American force . Another 20 -- 40 minutes elapsed before Tone 's scout finally radioed the presence of a single carrier in the American force . This was one of the carriers from Task Force 16 . The other carrier was not sighted . Nagumo was now in a quandary . Rear Admiral Tamon Yamaguchi , leading Carrier Division 2 ( Hiryū and Sōryū ) , recommended that Nagumo strike immediately with the forces at hand : 18 Aichi D3A1 dive bombers each on Sōryū and Hiryū , and half the ready cover patrol aircraft . Nagumo 's opportunity to hit the American ships was now limited by the imminent return of his Midway strike force . The returning strike force needed to land promptly or it would have to ditch into the sea . Because of the constant flight deck activity associated with combat air patrol operations during the preceding hour , the Japanese never had an opportunity to position ( `` spot '' ) their reserve planes on the flight deck for launch . The few aircraft on the Japanese flight decks at the time of the attack were either defensive fighters or , in the case of Sōryū , fighters being spotted to augment the Combat Air Patrol . Spotting his flight decks and launching aircraft would have required at least 30 minutes . Furthermore , by spotting and launching immediately , Nagumo would be committing some of his reserve to battle without proper anti-ship armament ; he had just witnessed how easily unescorted American bombers had been shot down . Poor discipline caused many of the Japanese bombers to ditch their bombs and attempt to dogfight intercepting F4Fs . Japanese carrier doctrine preferred the launching of fully constituted strikes rather than piecemeal attacks . Without confirmation of whether the American force included carriers ( not received until 08 : 20 ) , Nagumo 's reaction was doctrinaire . In addition , the arrival of another land - based American air strike at 07 : 53 gave weight to the need to attack the island again . In the end , Nagumo decided to wait for his first strike force to land , then launch the reserve , which would by then be properly armed with torpedoes . In the final analysis , it made no difference ; Fletcher 's carriers had launched their planes beginning at 07 : 00 , so the aircraft that would deliver the crushing blow were already on their way . Even if Nagumo had not strictly followed carrier doctrine , he could not have prevented the launch of the American attack . Attacks on the Japanese fleet ( edit ) Ensign George Gay ( right ) , sole survivor of VT - 8 's TBD Devastator squadron , in front of his aircraft , 4 June 1942 The Americans had already launched their carrier aircraft against the Japanese . Fletcher , in overall command aboard Yorktown , and benefiting from PBY sighting reports from the early morning , ordered Spruance to launch against the Japanese as soon as was practical , while initially holding Yorktown in reserve in case any other Japanese carriers were found . Spruance judged that , though the range was extreme , a strike could succeed and gave the order to launch the attack . He then left Halsey 's Chief of Staff , Captain Miles Browning , to work out the details and oversee the launch . The carriers had to launch into the wind , so the light southeasterly breeze would require them to steam away from the Japanese at high speed . Browning therefore suggested a launch time of 07 : 00 , giving the carriers an hour to close on the Japanese at 25 knots ( 46 km / h ; 29 mph ) . This would place them at about 155 nautical miles ( 287 km ; 178 mi ) from the Japanese fleet , assuming it did not change course . The first plane took off from Spruance 's carriers Enterprise and Hornet a few minutes after 07 : 00 . Fletcher , upon completing his own scouting flights , followed suit at 08 : 00 from Yorktown . Fletcher , along with Yorktown 's commanding officer , Captain Elliott Buckmaster , and their staffs , had acquired first - hand experience in organizing and launching a full strike against an enemy force in the Coral Sea , but there was no time to pass these lessons on to Enterprise and Hornet which were tasked with launching the first strike . Spruance ordered the striking aircraft to proceed to target immediately , rather than waste time waiting for the strike force to assemble , since neutralizing enemy carriers was the key to the survival of his own task force . While the Japanese were able to launch 108 aircraft in just seven minutes , it took Enterprise and Hornet over an hour to launch 117 . Spruance judged that the need to throw something at the enemy as soon as possible was greater than the need to coordinate the attack by aircraft of different types and speeds ( fighters , bombers , and torpedo bombers ) . Accordingly , American squadrons were launched piecemeal and proceeded to the target in several different groups . It was accepted that the lack of coordination would diminish the impact of the American attacks and increase their casualties , but Spruance calculated that this was worthwhile , since keeping the Japanese under aerial attack impaired their ability to launch a counterstrike ( Japanese tactics preferred fully constituted attacks ) , and he gambled that he would find Nagumo with his flight decks at their most vulnerable . American carrier aircraft had difficulty locating the target , despite the positions they had been given . The strike from Hornet , led by Commander Stanhope C. Ring , followed an incorrect heading of 265 degrees rather than the 240 degrees indicated by the contact report . As a result , Air Group Eight 's dive bombers missed the Japanese carriers . Torpedo Squadron 8 ( VT - 8 , from Hornet ) , led by Lieutenant Commander John C. Waldron , broke formation from Ring and followed the correct heading . The 10 F4Fs from Hornet ran out of fuel and had to ditch . Devastators of VT - 6 aboard USS Enterprise being prepared for take off during the battle Waldron 's squadron sighted the enemy carriers and began attacking at 09 : 20 , followed by Torpedo Squadron 6 ( VT - 6 , from Enterprise ) whose Wildcat fighter escorts also ran low on fuel and had to turn back at 09 : 40 . Without fighter escort , all 15 TBD Devastators of VT - 8 were shot down without being able to inflict any damage . Ensign George H. Gay , Jr. was the only survivor of the 30 aircrew of VT - 8 . VT - 6 lost 10 of its 14 Devastators , and 10 of Yorktown 's VT - 3 's 12 Devastators were shot down with no hits to show for their effort , thanks in part to the abysmal performance of their unimproved Mark 13 torpedoes . Midway was the last time the TBD Devastator was used in combat . The Japanese combat air patrol , flying Mitsubishi A6M2 Zeros , made short work of the unescorted , slow , under - armed TBDs . A few TBDs managed to get within a few ship - lengths range of their targets before dropping their torpedoes -- close enough to be able to strafe the enemy ships and force the Japanese carriers to make sharp evasive maneuvers -- but all of their torpedoes either missed or failed to explode . Remarkably , senior Navy and Bureau of Ordnance officers never questioned why half a dozen torpedoes , released so close to the Japanese carriers , produced no results . The abysmal performance of American torpedoes in the early months of the war became a scandal . Torpedo after torpedo either missed by running directly under the target , prematurely exploded , or struck targets with textbook right angle hits ( sometimes with an audible clang ) and failed to explode . Despite their failure to score any hits , the American torpedo attacks achieved three important results . First , they kept the Japanese carriers off balance and unable to prepare and launch their own counterstrike . Second , the poor control of the Japanese combat air patrol ( CAP ) meant they were out of position for subsequent attacks . Third , many of the Zeros ran low on ammunition and fuel . The appearance of a third torpedo plane attack from the southeast by VT - 3 from Yorktown at 10 : 00 very quickly drew the majority of the Japanese CAP to the southeast quadrant of the fleet . Better discipline , and the employment of a greater number of Zeroes for the CAP might have enabled Nagumo to prevent ( or at least mitigate ) the damage caused by the coming American attacks . By chance , at the same time VT - 3 was sighted by the Japanese , three squadrons of SBDs from Enterprise and Yorktown were approaching from the southwest and northeast . The Yorktown squadron ( VB - 3 ) had flown just behind VT - 3 , but elected to attack from a different course . The two squadrons from Enterprise ( VB - 6 and VS - 6 ) were running low on fuel because of the time spent looking for the enemy . Squadron commander C. Wade McClusky , Jr. decided to continue the search , and by good fortune spotted the wake of the Japanese destroyer Arashi , steaming at full speed to rejoin Nagumo 's carriers after having unsuccessfully depth - charged U.S. submarine Nautilus , which had unsuccessfully attacked the battleship Kirishima . Some bombers were lost from fuel exhaustion before the attack commenced . McClusky 's decision to continue the search and his judgment , in the opinion of Admiral Chester Nimitz , `` decided the fate of our carrier task force and our forces at Midway ... '' All three American dive - bomber squadrons ( VB - 6 , VS - 6 and VB - 3 ) arrived almost simultaneously at the perfect time , locations and altitudes to attack . Most of the Japanese CAP was focusing on the torpedo planes of VT - 3 and were out of position , armed Japanese strike aircraft filled the hangar decks , fuel hoses snaked across the decks as refueling operations were hastily being completed , and the repeated change of ordnance meant that bombs and torpedoes were stacked around the hangars , rather than stowed safely in the magazines , making the Japanese carriers extraordinarily vulnerable . Beginning at 10 : 22 , the two squadrons of Enterprise 's air group split up with the intention of sending one squadron each to attack Kaga and Akagi . A miscommunication caused both of the squadrons to dive at the Kaga . Recognizing the error , Lieutenant Commander Richard Halsey Best and his two wingmen were able to pull out of their dives and , after judging that Kaga was doomed , headed north to attack Akagi . Coming under an onslaught of bombs from almost two full squadrons , Kaga sustained four or five direct hits , which caused heavy damage and started multiple fires . One of the bombs landed near the bridge , killing Captain Jisaku Okada and most of the ship 's senior officers . Lieutenant Clarence E. Dickinson , part of McClusky 's group , recalled : We were coming down in all directions on the port side of the carrier ... I recognized her as the Kaga ; and she was enormous ... The target was utterly satisfying ... I saw a bomb hit just behind where I was aiming ... I saw the deck rippling and curling back in all directions exposing a great section of the hangar below ... I saw ( my ) 500 - pound bomb hit right abreast of the ( carrier 's ) island . The two 100 - pound bombs struck in the forward area of the parked planes ... Several minutes later , Best and his two wingmen dived on the Akagi . Mitsuo Fuchida , the Japanese aviator who had led the attack on Pearl Harbor , was on the Akagi when it was hit , and described the attack : A look - out screamed : `` Hell - Divers ! '' I looked up to see three black enemy planes plummeting towards our ship . Some of our machineguns managed to fire a few frantic bursts at them , but it was too late . The plump silhouettes of the American Dauntless dive - bombers quickly grew larger , and then a number of black objects suddenly floated eerily from their wings . Although Akagi sustained only one direct hit ( almost certainly dropped by Lieutenant Commander Best ) , it proved to be a fatal blow : the bomb struck the edge of the mid-ship deck elevator and penetrated to the upper hangar deck , where it exploded among the armed and fueled aircraft in the vicinity . Nagumo 's chief of staff , Ryūnosuke Kusaka , recorded `` a terrific fire ... bodies all over the place ... Planes stood tail up , belching livid flames and jet - black smoke , making it impossible to bring the fires under control . '' Another bomb exploded under water very close astern ; the resulting geyser bent the flight deck upward `` in grotesque configurations '' and caused crucial rudder damage . Simultaneously , Yorktown 's VB - 3 , commanded by Max Leslie , went for Sōryū , scoring at least three hits and causing extensive damage . Some of Leslie 's bombers did not have bombs as they were accidentally released when the pilots attempted to use electrical arming switches . Nevertheless , Leslie and others still dove , strafing carrier decks and providing cover for those who had bombs . Gasoline ignited , creating an `` inferno , '' while stacked bombs and ammunition detonated . VT - 3 targeted Hiryū , which was hemmed in by Sōryū , Kaga , and Akagi , but achieved no hits . Within six minutes , Sōryū and Kaga were ablaze from stem to stern , as fires spread through the ships . Akagi , having been struck by only one bomb , took longer to burn , but the resulting fires quickly expanded and soon proved impossible to extinguish ; she too was eventually consumed by flames and had to be abandoned . All three carriers remained temporarily afloat , as none had suffered damage below the waterline , other than the rudder damage to Akagi caused by the near miss close astern . Despite initial hopes that Akagi could be saved or at least towed back to Japan , all three carriers were eventually abandoned and scuttled . Japanese counterattacks ( edit ) Yorktown at the moment of impact of a torpedo from a Nakajima B5N of Lieutenant Hashimoto 's 2nd chūtai Hiryū , the sole surviving Japanese aircraft carrier , wasted little time in counterattacking . Hiryū 's first attack wave , consisting of 18 D3As and 6 fighter escorts , followed the retreating American aircraft and attacked the first carrier they encountered , Yorktown , hitting her with three bombs , which blew a hole in the deck , snuffed out her boilers , and destroyed one anti-aircraft mount . The damage also forced Admiral Fletcher to move his command staff to the heavy cruiser Astoria . Repair teams were able to temporarily patch the flight deck and restore power to several boilers within an hour , giving her a speed of 19 knots ( 35 km / h ; 22 mph ) and enabling her to resume air operations . Thirteen Japanese dive bombers and three escorting fighters were lost in this attack ( two escorting fighters turned back early after they were damaged attacking some of Enterprise 's SBDs returning from their attack on the Japanese carriers ) . Approximately one hour later , Hiryū 's second attack wave , consisting of ten B5Ns and six escorting A6Ms , arrived over Yorktown ; the repair efforts had been so effective that the Japanese pilots assumed that Yorktown must be a different , undamaged carrier . They attacked , crippling Yorktown with two torpedoes ; she lost all power and developed a 23 - degree list to port . Five torpedo bombers and two fighters were shot down in this attack . News of the two strikes , with the mistaken reports that each had sunk an American carrier , greatly improved Japanese morale . The few surviving aircraft were all recovered aboard Hiryū . Despite the heavy losses , the Japanese believed that they could scrape together enough aircraft for one more strike against what they believed to be the only remaining American carrier . American counterattack ( edit ) Late in the afternoon , a Yorktown scout aircraft located Hiryū , prompting Enterprise to launch a final strike of 24 dive bombers ( including 6 SBDs from VS - 6 , 4 SBDs from VB - 6 , and 14 SBDs from Yorktown 's VB - 3 ) . Despite Hiryū being defended by a strong cover of more than a dozen Zero fighters , the attack by Enterprise and orphaned Yorktown aircraft launched from Enterprise was successful : four bombs ( possibly five ) hit Hiryū , leaving her ablaze and unable to operate aircraft . Hornet 's strike , launched late because of a communications error , concentrated on the remaining escort ships , but failed to score any hits . After futile attempts at controlling the blaze , most of the crew remaining on Hiryū were evacuated and the remainder of the fleet continued sailing northeast in an attempt to intercept the American carriers . Despite a scuttling attempt by a Japanese destroyer that hit her with a torpedo and then departed quickly , Hiryū stayed afloat for several more hours , being discovered early the next morning by an aircraft from the escort carrier Hōshō and prompting hopes she could be saved , or at least towed back to Japan . Soon after being spotted , Hiryū sank . Rear - Admiral Tamon Yamaguchi , together with the ship 's captain , Tomeo Kaku , chose to go down with the ship , costing Japan perhaps her best carrier officer . Hiryū , shortly before sinking . This photo was taken by Special Service Ensign Kiyoshi Ōniwa from a Yokosuka B4Y off the carrier Hōshō . As darkness fell , both sides took stock and made tentative plans for continuing the action . Admiral Fletcher , obliged to abandon the derelict Yorktown and feeling he could not adequately command from a cruiser , ceded operational command to Spruance . Spruance knew the United States had won a great victory , but he was still unsure of what Japanese forces remained and was determined to safeguard both Midway and his carriers . To aid his aviators , who had launched at extreme range , he had continued to close with Nagumo during the day and persisted as night fell . Finally , fearing a possible night encounter with Japanese surface forces , and believing Yamamoto still intended to invade , based in part on a misleading contact report from the submarine Tambor , Spruance changed course and withdrew to the east , turning back west towards the enemy at midnight . For his part , Yamamoto initially decided to continue the engagement and sent his remaining surface forces searching eastward for the American carriers . Simultaneously , he detached a cruiser raiding force to bombard the island . The Japanese surface forces failed to make contact with the Americans because Spruance had decided to briefly withdraw eastward , and Yamamoto ordered a general withdrawal to the west . It was fortunate Spruance did not pursue , for had he come in contact with Yamamoto 's heavy ships , including Yamato , in the dark and considering the Japanese Navy 's superiority in night - attack tactics at the time , there is a very high probability his cruisers would have been overwhelmed and his carriers sunk . Spruance failed to regain contact with Yamamoto 's forces on 5 June , despite extensive searches . Towards the end of the day he launched a search - and - destroy mission to seek out any remnants of Nagumo 's carrier force . This late afternoon strike narrowly missed detecting Yamamoto 's main body and failed to score hits on a straggling Japanese destroyer . The strike planes returned to the carriers after nightfall , prompting Spruance to order Enterprise and Hornet to turn on their lights to aid the landings . At 02 : 15 on the night of 5 / 6 June , Commander John Murphy 's Tambor , lying 90 nautical miles ( 170 km ; 100 mi ) west of Midway , made the second of the submarine force 's two major contributions to the battle 's outcome , although its impact was heavily blunted by Murphy himself . Sighting several ships , neither Murphy nor his executive officer , Edward Spruance ( son of Admiral Spruance ) , could identify them . Uncertain of whether they were friendly or not and unwilling to approach any closer to verify their heading or type , Murphy decided to send a vague report of `` four large ships '' to Admiral Robert English , Commander , Submarine Force , Pacific Fleet ( COMSUBPAC ) . This report was passed on by English to Nimitz , who then sent it to Spruance . Spruance , a former submarine commander , was `` understandably furious '' at the vagueness of Murphy 's report , as it provided him with little more than suspicion and no concrete information on which to make his preparations . Unaware of the exact location of Yamamoto 's `` Main Body '' ( a persistent problem since the time PBYs had first sighted the Japanese ) , Spruance was forced to assume the `` four large ships '' reported by Tambor represented the main invasion force and so he moved to block it , while staying 100 nautical miles ( 190 km ; 120 mi ) northeast of Midway . In reality , the ships sighted by Tambor were the detachment of four cruisers and two destroyers Yamamoto had sent to bombard Midway . At 02 : 55 , these ships received Yamamoto 's order to retire and changed course to comply . At about the same time as this change of course , Tambor was sighted and during maneuvers designed to avoid a submarine attack , the heavy cruisers Mogami and Mikuma collided , inflicting serious damage on Mogami 's bow . The less severely damaged Mikuma slowed to 12 knots ( 22 km / h ; 14 mph ) to keep pace . Only at 04 : 12 did the sky brighten enough for Murphy to be certain the ships were Japanese , by which time staying surfaced was hazardous and he dived to approach for an attack . The attack was unsuccessful and at around 06 : 00 he finally reported two westbound Mogami - class cruisers , before diving again and playing no further role in the battle . Limping along on a straight course at 12 knots -- roughly one - third their top speed -- Mogami and Mikuma had been almost perfect targets for a submarine attack . As soon as Tambor returned to port , Spruance had Murphy relieved of duty and reassigned to a shore station , citing his confusing contact report , poor torpedo shooting during his attack run , and general lack of aggression , especially as compared to Nautilus , the oldest of the 12 boats at Midway and the only one which had successfully placed a torpedo on target ( albeit a dud ) . Over the following two days , several strikes were launched against the stragglers , first from Midway , then from Spruance 's carriers . Mikuma was eventually sunk by Dauntlesses , while Mogami survived further severe damage to return home for repairs . The destroyers Arashio and Asashio were also bombed and strafed during the last of these attacks . Captain Richard E. Fleming , a U.S. Marine Corps aviator , was killed while executing a glide bomb run on Mikuma and was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor . Meanwhile , salvage efforts on Yorktown were encouraging , and she was taken in tow by USS Vireo . In the late afternoon of 6 June , the Japanese submarine I - 168 , which had managed to slip through the cordon of destroyers ( possibly because of the large amount of debris in the water ) , fired a salvo of torpedoes , two of which struck Yorktown . There were few casualties aboard , since most of the crew had already been evacuated , but a third torpedo from this salvo struck the destroyer USS Hammann , which had been providing auxiliary power to Yorktown . Hammann broke in two and sank with the loss of 80 lives , mostly because her own depth charges exploded . With further salvage efforts deemed hopeless , the remaining repair crews were evacuated from Yorktown , which sank just after 05 : 00 on 7 June . Japanese and U.S. casualties ( edit ) Mikuma shortly before sinking By the time the battle ended , 3,057 Japanese had died . Casualties aboard the four carriers were : Akagi : 267 ; Kaga : 811 ; Hiryu : 392 ; Soryu : 711 ( including Captain Yanagimoto , who chose to remain on board ) ; a total of 2,181 . The heavy cruisers Mikuma ( sunk ; 700 casualties ) and Mogami ( badly damaged ; 92 ) accounted for another 792 deaths . In addition , the destroyers Arashio ( bombed ; 35 ) and Asashio ( strafed by aircraft ; 21 ) were both damaged during the air attacks which sank Mikuma and caused further damage to Mogami . Floatplanes were lost from the cruisers Chikuma ( 3 ) and Tone ( 2 ) . Dead aboard the destroyers Tanikaze ( 11 ) , Arashi ( 1 ) , Kazagumo ( 1 ) and the fleet oiler Akebono Maru ( 10 ) made up the remaining 23 casualties . At the end of the battle , the U.S. lost the carrier Yorktown and a destroyer. 307 Americans had been killed , including Major General Clarence L. Tinker , Commander , 7th Air Force , who personally led a bomber strike from Hawaii against the retreating Japanese forces on 7 June . He was killed when his aircraft crashed near Midway Island . Aftermath ( edit ) A rescued U.S. airman on Midway After winning a clear victory , and as pursuit became too hazardous near Wake , American forces retired . Spruance once again withdrew to the east to refuel his destroyers and rendezvous with the carrier Saratoga , which was ferrying much - needed replacement aircraft . Fletcher transferred his flag to Saratoga on the afternoon of 8 June and resumed command of the carrier force . For the remainder of that day and then 9 June , Fletcher continued to launch search missions from the three carriers to ensure the Japanese were no longer advancing on Midway . Late on 10 June a decision was made to leave the area and the American carriers eventually returned to Pearl Harbor . Historian Samuel E. Morison noted in 1949 that Spruance was subjected to much criticism for not pursuing the retreating Japanese , thus allowing their surface fleet to escape . Clay Blair argued in 1975 that had Spruance pressed on , he would have been unable to launch his aircraft after nightfall , and his cruisers would have been overwhelmed by Yamamoto 's powerful surface units , including Yamato . Furthermore , the American air groups had suffered considerable losses , including most of their torpedo bombers . This made it unlikely that they would be effective in an airstrike against the Japanese battleships , even if they had managed to catch them during daytime . Also , by this time Spruance 's destroyers were critically low on fuel . Japanese survivors of the Hiryu picked up by USS Ballard On 10 June , the Imperial Japanese Navy conveyed to the military liaison conference an incomplete picture of the results of the battle . Chūichi Nagumo 's detailed battle report was submitted to the high command on 15 June . It was intended only for the highest echelons in the Japanese Navy and government , and was guarded closely throughout the war . In it , one of the more striking revelations is the comment on the Mobile Force Commander 's ( Nagumo 's ) estimates : `` The enemy is not aware of our plans ( we were not discovered until early in the morning of the 5th at the earliest ) . '' In reality , the whole operation had been compromised from the beginning by Allied code - breaking efforts . The Japanese public and much of the military command structure were kept in the dark about the extent of the defeat : Japanese news announced a great victory . Only Emperor Hirohito and the highest Navy command personnel were accurately informed of the carrier and pilot losses . Consequently , even the Imperial Japanese Army ( IJA ) continued to believe , for at least a short time , that the fleet was in good condition . On the return of the Japanese fleet to Hashirajima on 14 June the wounded were immediately transferred to naval hospitals ; most were classified as `` secret patients '' , placed in isolation wards and quarantined from other patients and their own families to keep this major defeat secret . The remaining officers and men were quickly dispersed to other units of the fleet and , without being allowed to see family or friends , were shipped to units in the South Pacific , where the majority died in battle . None of the flag officers or staff of the Combined Fleet were penalized , with Nagumo later being placed in command of the rebuilt carrier force . As a result of the defeat , new procedures were adopted whereby more Japanese aircraft were refueled and re-armed on the flight deck , rather than in the hangars , and the practice of draining all unused fuel lines was adopted . The new carriers being built were redesigned to incorporate only two flight deck elevators and new firefighting equipment . More carrier crew members were trained in damage - control and firefighting techniques , although the losses later in the war of Shōkaku , Hiyō , and especially Taihō suggest that there were still problems in this area . Replacement pilots were pushed through an abbreviated training regimen in order to meet the short - term needs of the fleet . This led to a sharp decline in the quality of the aviators produced . These inexperienced pilots were fed into front - line units , while the veterans who remained after Midway and the Solomons campaign were forced to share an increased workload as conditions grew more desperate , with few being given a chance to rest in rear areas or in the home islands . As a result , Japanese naval air groups as a whole progressively deteriorated during the war while their American adversaries continued to improve . American Prisoners ( edit ) Three U.S. airmen , Ensign Wesley Osmus , a pilot from Yorktown ; Ensign Frank O'Flaherty , a pilot from Enterprise ; and Aviation Machinist 's Mate B.F. ( or B.P. ) Bruno Gaido , the radioman - gunner of O'Flaherty's SBD , were captured by the Japanese during the battle . Osmus was held on Arashi ; O'Flaherty and Gaido on the cruiser Nagara ( or destroyer Makigumo , sources vary ) ; all three were interrogated , and then killed by being tied to water - filled kerosene cans and thrown overboard to drown . The report filed by Nagumo tersely states of Ensign Osmus , `` He died on 6 June and was buried at sea '' ; O'Flaherty and Gaido 's fates were not mentioned in Nagumo 's report . The execution of Ensign Wesley Osmus in this manner was apparently ordered by Arashi 's captain , Watanabe Yasumasa ( if Watanabe had survived the war rather than dying in December 1943 , he would have likely been tried as a war criminal ) . Japanese Prisoners ( edit ) Two enlisted men from Mikuma were rescued from a life raft on 9 June by USS Trout and brought to Pearl Harbor . After receiving medical care , at least one of these sailors cooperated during interrogation and provided intelligence . Another 35 crewmen from Hiryu were taken from a lifeboat by USS Ballard on 19 June after being spotted by an American search plane . They were brought to Midway and then transferred to Pearl Harbor on USS Sirius . Impact ( edit ) This SBD - 2 was one of sixteen dive bombers of VMSB - 241 launched from Midway on the morning of 4 June . Holed 219 times in the attack on the carrier Hiryu , it survives today at the National Naval Aviation Museum at Pensacola , Florida . The Battle of Midway has often been called `` the turning point of the Pacific '' . It was the Allies ' first major naval victory against the Japanese , won despite the Japanese Navy having more forces and experience than its American counterpart . Had Japan won the battle as thoroughly as the U.S. did , it might have been able to conquer Midway Island . Saratoga would have been the only American carrier in the Pacific , with no new ones being completed before the end of 1942 . While the U.S. would probably not have sought peace with Japan as Yamamoto hoped , his country might have revived Operation FS to invade and occupy Fiji and Samoa ; attacked Australia , Alaska , and Ceylon ; or even attempted to conquer Hawaii . Although the Japanese continued to try to secure more territory , and the U.S. did not move from a state of naval parity to one of supremacy until after several more months of hard combat , Midway allowed the Allies to switch to the strategic initiative , paving the way for the landings on Guadalcanal and the prolonged attrition of the Solomon Islands campaign . Midway allowed this to occur before the first of the new Essex - class fleet carriers became available at the end of 1942 . The Guadalcanal Campaign is also regarded by some as a turning point in the Pacific War . Some authors have stated that heavy losses in carriers and veteran aircrews at Midway permanently weakened the Imperial Japanese Navy . Parshall and Tully have stated that the heavy losses in veteran aircrew ( 110 , just under 25 % of the aircrew embarked on the four carriers ) were not crippling to the Japanese naval air corps as a whole ; the Japanese navy had 2,000 carrier - qualified aircrew at the start of the Pacific war . The loss of four large fleet carriers and over 40 % of the carriers ' highly trained aircraft mechanics and technicians , plus the essential flight - deck crews and armorers , and the loss of organizational knowledge embodied in such highly trained crews , were still heavy blows to the Japanese carrier fleet . A few months after Midway , the JNAF sustained similar casualty rates in the Battle of the Eastern Solomons and Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands , and it was these battles , combined with the constant attrition of veterans during the Solomons campaign , which were the catalyst for the sharp downward spiral in operational capability . After the battle , Shōkaku and Zuikaku were the only large carriers of the original Pearl Harbor strike force left for offensive actions . Of Japan 's other carriers , Taihō , which was not commissioned until early 1944 , would be the only fleet carrier worth teaming with Shōkaku and Zuikaku ; Ryūjō and Zuihō were light carriers , while Jun'yō and Hiyō , although technically classified as fleet carriers , were second - rate ships of comparatively limited effectiveness . In the time it took Japan to build three carriers , the U.S. Navy commissioned more than two dozen fleet and light fleet carriers , and numerous escort carriers . By 1942 the United States was already three years into a shipbuilding program mandated by the Second Vinson Act , intended to make the navy larger than all the Axis navies combined , plus the British and French navies , which it was feared might fall into Axis hands . Both the United States and Japan accelerated the training of aircrew , but the United States had a more effective pilot rotation system , which meant that more veterans survived and went on to training or command billets , where they were able to pass on lessons they had learned in training rather than in combat , where errors were more likely to be fatal . By the time of the Battle of the Philippine Sea in June 1944 , the Japanese had nearly rebuilt their carrier forces in terms of numbers , but their planes , many of which were obsolescent , were largely flown by inexperienced and poorly trained pilots . Midway showed the worth of pre-war naval cryptanalysis and intelligence - gathering . These efforts continued and were expanded throughout the war in both the Pacific and Atlantic theaters . Successes were numerous and significant . For instance , cryptanalysis made possible the shooting down of Admiral Yamamoto 's airplane in 1943 . The Battle of Midway redefined the central importance of air superiority for the remainder of the war when the Japanese suddenly lost their four main aircraft carriers and were forced to return home . Without any form of air superiority , the Japanese never again launched a major offensive in the Pacific . Discovery of sunken vessels ( edit ) Because of the extreme depth of the ocean in the area of the battle ( more than 17,000 ft or 5,200 m ) , researching the battlefield has presented extraordinary difficulties . On 19 May 1998 , Robert Ballard and a team of scientists and Midway veterans from both sides located and photographed Yorktown . The ship was remarkably intact for a vessel that had sunk in 1942 ; much of the original equipment and even the original paint scheme were still visible . Ballard 's subsequent search for the Japanese carriers was unsuccessful . In September 1999 , a joint expedition between Nauticos Corp. and the U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office searched for the Japanese aircraft carriers . Using advanced renavigation techniques in conjunction with the ship 's log of the submarine USS Nautilus , the expedition located a large piece of wreckage , subsequently identified as having come from the upper hangar deck of Kaga . The main wreck of Kaga has yet to be located . Remembrances ( edit ) The Midway Memorial Chicago Municipal Airport , important to the war effort in World War II , was renamed Chicago Midway International Airport ( or simply Midway Airport ) in 1949 in honor of the battle . Waldron Field , an outlying training landing strip at Corpus Christi NAS , as well as Waldron Road leading to the strip , was named in honor of John C. Waldron , the commander of USS Hornet 's Torpedo Squadron 8 . Yorktown Boulevard leading away from the strip was named for the U.S. carrier sunk in the battle . Henderson Field ( Guadalcanal ) was named in honor of United States Marine Corps Major Lofton Henderson , who was the first Marine aviator to perish during the battle . An escort carrier , USS Midway ( CVE - 63 ) was commissioned on 17 August 1943 . She was renamed St. Lo on 10 October 1944 to clear the name Midway for a large fleet aircraft carrier , USS Midway ( CV - 41 ) , which was commissioned on 10 September 1945 , eight days after the Japanese surrender , and is now docked in San Diego , California , as the USS Midway Museum . On 13 September 2000 , Secretary of the Interior Bruce Babbitt designated the lands and waters of Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge as the Battle of Midway National Memorial . See also ( edit ) Military of the United States portal United States Navy portal World War II portal First Bombardment of Midway , a 7 December 1941 attack on Midway by two Japanese destroyers Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Kido Butai ( 機動 部隊 lit . Mobile Unit / Force ) was the Combined Fleet 's tactical designation for its carrier battle group . This title was used as a term of convenience and was not a formal name for the organization . One month after Midway , the Kido Butai was disbanded and its surviving ships were transferred to Third Fleet . Jump up ^ The code names `` Val '' , `` Kate '' and `` Zeke '' , which are often applied to these aircraft , were not introduced until late 1943 by the Allied forces . The D3A was normally referred to by the Japanese as Type 99 Navy dive bomber , the B5N as the Type 97 Navy torpedo bomber and the A6M as the Type 0 Navy fighter ; the latter was colloquially known as the `` Zero '' . Jump up ^ Other sources claim a stern hit , but Parshall and Tully make a case for a near miss , because of rudder damage from a high explosive bomb . Jump up ^ Parshall and Tully argue that even if Kaga had been towed back to Japan , the permanent structural damage caused by the inferno onboard would likely have made the carrier unusable for anything except scrapping . Jump up ^ Japanese casualty figures for the battle were compiled by Sawaichi Hisae for her book Midowei Kaisen : Kiroku p. 550 : the list was compiled from Japanese prefectural records and is the most accurate to date . Jump up ^ Pre-war Japan was less mechanized than America and the highly trained aircraft mechanics , fitters and technicians lost at Midway were all but impossible to replace and train to a similar level of efficiency . In contrast , the extensive use of machinery in the United States meant that a much larger portion of the population had a mechanical / technical background . Jump up ^ Shinano , commissioned on 19 November 1944 , was only the fourth fleet carrier commissioned by Japan during the war , after Taihō , Unryū , and Amagi . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Blair 1975 , p. 240 map Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , pp. 90 -- 91 Jump up ^ `` The Battle of Midway '' . Office of Naval Intelligence . Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , p. 524 ^ Jump up to : Parshall & Tully 2005 , pp. 114 , 365 , 377 -- 380 , 476 ^ Jump up to : `` Battle of Midway : June 4 -- 7 , 1942 '' . Naval History & Heritage Command . 26 March 2015 . Retrieved 15 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Dull 1978 , p. 166 Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of Aircraft Carriers : Battle of Midway '' . U.S. Navy . 2007 . Archived from the original on 12 June 2007 . Retrieved 12 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Keegan 2005 , p. 275 Jump up ^ Prange , Goldstein & Dillon 1982 , pp. 13 -- 15 , 21 -- 23 ; Willmott 1983 , pp. 39 -- 49 ; Parshall & Tully 2005 , pp. 22 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , p. 33 ; Prange , Goldstein & Dillon 1982 , p. 23 Jump up ^ Prange , Goldstein & Dillon 1982 , pp. 22 -- 26 Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , pp. 31 -- 32 Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , p. 33 Jump up ^ Willmott 1983 , pp. 66 -- 67 ; Parshall & Tully 2005 , pp. 33 -- 34 . Jump up ^ `` After the Battle of Midway '' . Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge . Archived from the original on 15 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Prange , Goldstein & Dillon 1982 , pp. 375 -- 379 ; Willmott 1983 , pp. 110 -- 117 ; Parshall & Tully 2005 , p. 52 Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , p. 63 Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , p. 50 Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , p. 53 , derived from Japanese War History Series ( Senshi Sōshō ) , Volume 43 ( ' Midowei Kaisen ' ) , p. 118 . ^ Jump up to : Parshall & Tully 2005 , pp. 51 , 55 Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , pp. 43 -- 45 , derived from Senshi Sōshō , p. 196 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , pp. 55 -- 56 Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , pp. 43 -- 45 , derived from Senshi Sōshō , pp. 119 -- 121 . Jump up ^ Prange , Goldstein & Dillon 1982 , pp. 80 -- 81 ; Cressman 1990 , p. 37 Jump up ^ Lord 1967 , pp. 23 -- 26 Jump up ^ Willmott 1983 , p. 337 Jump up ^ Cressman 1990 , pp. 37 -- 45 ; Lord 1967 , pp. 37 -- 39 Jump up ^ Willmott 1983 , p. 338 Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Dwight ( 26 May 2012 ) . `` Battle of Midway : Repairing the Yorktown After the Battle of the Coral Sea '' . Defense Media Network . Faircount Media Group . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Lord 1967 , p. 39 ; Willmott 1983 , p. 340 Jump up ^ Willmott 1983 , pp. 340 -- 341 Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , pp. 93 -- 94 Jump up ^ Scrivner 1987 , p. 8 Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , p. 96 Jump up ^ Willmott 1983 , p. 101 Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , pp. 65 -- 67 Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , pp. 63 -- 64 , 91 Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , p. 89 Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , pp. 89 -- 91 Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , pp. 78 -- 80 Jump up ^ Peattie , p. 159 Jump up ^ Parshall and Tully , pp. 85 and 136 -- 145 ; Peattie , pp. 155 -- 59 : Stille , pp. 14 -- 15 , 50 -- 51 Jump up ^ Willmott 1983 , p. 351 ; Parshall & Tully 2005 , pp. 98 -- 99 Jump up ^ Lord 1967 , pp. 37 -- 39 ; Parshall & Tully 2005 , p. 99 Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , pp. 102 -- 104 ; Willmott 1983 , pp. 349 -- 351 Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , pp. 101 -- 102 Jump up ^ Smith 2000 , p. 134 Jump up ^ `` U.S. National Park Service : The Battle of Midway : Turning the Tide in the Pacific 1 . Out of Obscurity '' . Jump up ^ `` AF Is Short of Water '' . The Battle of Midway . Historical Publications . Retrieved 6 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Baker , Benjamin ( 8 January 2016 ) . `` What If Japan Had Won The Battle of Midway ? '' . The Diplomat . Retrieved 10 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith 2000 , pp. 138 -- 141 ^ Jump up to : Willmott 1983 , p. 304 Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , p. 409 Jump up ^ Watson , Richard . `` VP - 44 at Ford Island and the Battle of Midway '' . Retrieved 5 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Lundstrom 2006 , p. 238 ^ Jump up to : Admiral Nimitz 's CinCPac report of the battle . From Hyperwar . Retrieved 13 February 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Interrogation of : Captain Toyama , Yasumi , IJN ; Chief of Staff Second Destroyer Squadron , flagship Jintsu ( CL ) , at Midway '' . USSBS From Hyperwar . Retrieved 14 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , pp. 107 -- 112 , 126 -- 128 , 132 -- 134 Jump up ^ Stephen 1988 , pp. 166 -- 167 Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , pp. 200 -- 204 Jump up ^ Lord 1967 , p. 110 ; Parshall & Tully 2005 , p. 149 ^ Jump up to : Prange , Goldstein & Dillon 1982 , pp. 207 -- 212 ; Parshall & Tully 2005 , pp. 149 -- 152 ; `` Office of Naval Intelligence Combat Narrative : `` Midway 's Attack on the Enemy Carriers '' `` . Retrieved 28 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , p. 176 Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , p. 182 Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , pp. 130 -- 132 Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , pp. 156 -- 159 Jump up ^ Isom 2007 , pp. 129 -- 139 Jump up ^ Prange , Goldstein & Dillon 1982 , pp. 216 -- 217 ; Parshall & Tully 2005 , pp. 159 -- 161 , 183 Jump up ^ Bicheno 2001 , p. 134 Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , pp. 165 -- 170 Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , pp. 168 -- 173 Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , p. 231 , derived from Senshi Sōshō , pp. 372 -- 378 . Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , pp. 121 -- 124 Jump up ^ Prange , Goldstein & Dillon 1982 , p. 233 Jump up ^ Bicheno 2001 , p. 163 Jump up ^ Prange , Goldstein & Dillon 1982 , pp. 217 -- 218 , 372 -- 373 ; Parshall & Tully 2005 , pp. 170 -- 173 . Jump up ^ Prange , Goldstein & Dillon 1982 , pp. 231 -- 237 ; Parshall & Tully 2005 , pp. 170 -- 173 ; Willmott 1983 , pp. 395 -- 398 Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , pp. 174 -- 175 ; Willmott 1983 , pp. 395 -- 398 Jump up ^ `` 1942 -- Battle of Midway '' . Joel Shepherd . Retrieved 23 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Lundstrom 1984 , pp. 332 -- 333 ^ Jump up to : Cressman 1990 , pp. 84 -- 89 ; Parshall & Tully 2005 , pp. 215 -- 216 , 226 -- 227 ; Buell 1987 , p. 494 ^ Jump up to : `` Battle of Midway '' . Joel Shepherd . Retrieved 23 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , p. 174 Jump up ^ Mrazek 2008 , p. 113 Jump up ^ Lundstrom 1984 , p. 341 ^ Jump up to : Ewing 2004 , pp. 71 , 85 , 86 , 307 Jump up ^ Cressman 1990 , pp. 91 -- 94 Jump up ^ Blair 1975 , p. 238 Jump up ^ `` Douglas TBD Devastator Torpedo Bomber ( 1937 ) '' . Military Factory . Archived from the original on 27 August 2015 . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Thruelsen 1976 , pp. 186 , 189 , 190 ^ Jump up to : `` Battle of Midway ( pg 3 ) '' . Jump up ^ Crenshaw 1995 , p. 158 Jump up ^ Morison 1949 , pp. 230 -- 232 Jump up ^ Patrick , John ( 2013 ) . `` The Hard Lessons Of World War II Torpedo Failures '' . Undersea Warfare ( 47 ) . Archived from the original on 23 July 2015 . Retrieved 23 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , pp. 215 -- 216 , 226 -- 227 Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , pp. 226 -- 227 Jump up ^ Bicheno 2001 , p. 62 Jump up ^ `` IJN Kirishima : Tabular Record of Movement '' . Senkan ! . combinedfleet.com. 2006 . Archived from the original on 10 June 2007 . Retrieved 6 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Tillman 1976 , pp. 69 -- 73 Jump up ^ `` Accounts -- C. Wade McClusky '' . cv6.org . Retrieved 26 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Prange , Goldstein & Dillon 1982 , pp. 259 -- 261 , 267 -- 269 ; Cressman 1990 , pp. 96 -- 97 ; Parshall & Tully 2005 , pp. 215 -- 216 , 226 -- 227 Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , p. 250 Jump up ^ Miller 2001 , p. 123 . ^ Jump up to : Beevor 2012 , p. 310 . ^ Jump up to : Keegan 2004 , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , pp. 253 -- 259 Jump up ^ Barrett Tillman ( 2012 - 11 - 20 ) . SBD Dauntless Units of World War 2 . Books.google.com.sg . p. 39 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Parshall & Tully 2005 , pp. 330 -- 353 Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , p. 337 . Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , pp. 312 -- 318 Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , pp. 262 , 292 -- 299 , 312 Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , p. 312 Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , pp. 311 , 316 , 318 Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , p. 323 ^ Jump up to : Parshall & Tully 2005 , pp. 328 -- 329 , 354 -- 359 Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , p. 356 ^ Jump up to : Potter & Nimitz 1960 , p. 682 ^ Jump up to : Blair 1975 , pp. 246 -- 247 Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , p. 344 Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , pp. 382 -- 383 Jump up ^ Blair 1975 , pp. 246 -- 247 ; Willmott 1983 , pp. 381 -- 382 Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , pp. 364 -- 365 ^ Jump up to : Blair 1975 , p. 250 ^ Jump up to : Parshall & Tully 2005 , p. 359 ^ Jump up to : Prange , Goldstein & Dillon 1982 , p. 320 ; Parshall & Tully 2005 , p. 345 . Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , pp. 345 -- 346 , diagram 347 , 348 Jump up ^ Allen , Thomas B. ( April 1999 ) . `` Return to the Battle of Midway '' . Journal of the National Geographic Society . Washington , D.C. : National Geographic . 195 ( 4 ) : 80 -- 103 ( p. 89 ) . ISSN 0027 - 9358 . Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , p. 377 Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , p. 362 Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , pp. 374 -- 375 , 383 Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , p. 476 Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , pp. 378 , 380 ^ Jump up to : Blair 1975 , p. 247 Jump up ^ Lundstrom 2006 , pp. 293 -- 296 Jump up ^ Morison 1949 , pp. 142 -- 143 Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , p. 330 Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , p. 382 Jump up ^ Toll 2012 , p. 471 Jump up ^ Chūichi Nagumo ( June 1942 ) . `` CINC First Air Fleet Detailed Battle Report no . 6 '' . Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , pp. 92 -- 93 Jump up ^ Bix 2001 , p. 449 Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , p. 386 Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , pp. 386 -- 387 Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , p. 388 Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , pp. 388 -- 389 Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , pp. 390 -- 391 Jump up ^ Barde 1983 , pp. 188 -- 192 Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , p. 583 Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , p. 566 Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , p. 584 Jump up ^ `` Naval History and Heritage Command , Interrogation of Japanese Prisoners '' . Jump up ^ `` Naval History and Heritage Command , Battle of Midway '' . Jump up ^ `` Naval History and Heritage Command , Survivors of Hiryu '' . Jump up ^ SBD - 2 Aircraft , Bureau Number 2106 , National Naval Aviation Museum Collections , 13 January 1994 , archived from the original on 29 June 2016 , retrieved 12 April 2016 Jump up ^ Dull 1978 , p. 166 ; Prange , Goldstein & Dillon 1982 , p. 395 Jump up ^ U.S. Naval War College Analysis , p. 1 ; Parshall & Tully 2005 , pp. 416 -- 430 . Jump up ^ Baker , Benjamin David ( 2016 - 01 - 08 ) . `` What If Japan Had Won The Battle of Midway ? '' . The Diplomat . Jump up ^ Willmott 1983 , pp. 522 -- 523 ; Parshall & Tully 2005 , pp. 416 -- 430 . Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , pp. 422 -- 423 Jump up ^ Fisher , Scott ; Forney , Nathan ( 1996 ) . `` The Turning Point of the Pacific War : Two Views '' . CombinedFleet.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Dull 1978 , p. 166 ; Willmott 1983 , pp. 519 -- 523 ; Prange , Goldstein & Dillon 1982 , p. 395 Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , p. 432 ^ Jump up to : Parshall & Tully 2005 , p. 417 ^ Jump up to : Parshall & Tully 2005 , pp. 416 -- 417 , 432 Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , p. 421 Jump up ^ `` Why Japan Really Lost The War '' . CombinedFleet.com . Retrieved 23 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Davidson 1996 , p. 21 Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , pp. 390 -- 392 Jump up ^ Chesneau 1980 , pp. 169 -- 170 , 183 -- 184 Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Dwight Jon . `` Operation Vengeance : The Mission to Kill Admiral Yamamoto '' . DefenseMediaNetwork . Archived from the original on 27 August 2015 . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Gordon W. Prange , Miracle at Midway ( 1982 ) Jump up ^ For the Japanese perspective see Jonathan Parshall and Anthony Tully , Shattered Sword : The Untold Story of the Battle of Midway ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ `` Titanic explorer finds Yorktown '' . CNN . 4 June 1998 . Retrieved 1 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Parshall & Tully 2005 , pp. 491 -- 493 Jump up ^ `` Midway History '' . Chicago Department of Aviation . Archived from the original on 27 August 2015 . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Navy Landing Airfield ( NALF ) Waldron '' . Global Security.org . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lofton R Henderson '' . Veteran Tributes . Archived from the original on 27 August 2015 . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A brief history of the U.S.S. St. Lo ( formerly Midway ) CVE 63 '' . dondennisfamily.com . Archived from the original on 27 August 2015 . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` USS Midway ( CVB - 41 ) '' . navsource.org . Archived from the original on 27 August 2015 . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Battle of Midway National Memorial '' . U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service . 22 March 2012 . Archived from the original on 14 January 2009 . Retrieved 10 March 2012 . References ( edit ) Barde , Robert E. ( December 1983 ) . `` Midway : Tarnished Victory '' . Military Affairs . 47 ( 4 ) . ISSN 0899 - 3718 . Beevor , Antony ( 2012 ) . The Second World War . New York : Back Bay Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 02375 - 7 . Bicheno , Hugh ( 2001 ) . Midway . London : Orion Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 304 - 35715 - 4 . Bix , Herbert P. ( 2001 ) . Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan . New York : Perennial / HarperCollinsPublishers . ISBN 0 - 06 - 019314 - X . Blair , Clay , Jr. ( 1975 ) . Silent Victory : The U.S. Submarine War Against Japan . Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott . ISBN 978 - 0 - 397 - 00753 - 0 . Buell , Thomas B. ( 1987 ) . The Quiet Warrior : a Biography of Admiral Raymond A. Spruance . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 0 - 87021 - 562 - 0 . Chesneau , Roger , ed. ( 1980 ) . Conway 's All the World 's Fighting Ships , 1922 -- 1946 . London : Conway Maritime Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85177 - 146 - 5 . Crenshaw , Russell Sydnor ( 1995 ) . The Battle of Tassafaronga . Baltimore , Maryland : Nautical & Aviation Pub. Co. of America . ISBN 978 - 1 - 877853 - 37 - 1 . Cressman , Robert J. ; Ewing , Steve ; Tillman , Barrett ; Horan , Mark ; Reynolds , Clark ; Cohen , Stan ( 1990 ) . `` A Glorious page in our history , '' Adm. Chester Nimitz , 1942 : The Battle of Midway , 4 -- 6 June 1942 . Missoula , Montana : Pictorial Histories Pub. Co . ISBN 0 - 929521 - 40 - 4 . Davidson , Joel R. ( 1996 ) . The Unsinkable Fleet : the Politics of U.S. Navy Expansion in World War II . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55750 - 156 - 1 . Dull , Paul S. ( 1978 ) . A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy ( 1941 -- 1945 ) . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 59114 - 219 - 9 . Midway was indeed ' the ' decisive battle of the war in the Pacific . Ewing , Steve ( 2004 ) . Thach Weave : The Life of Jimmie Thach . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 59114 - 248 - 2 . Isom , Dallas Woodbury ( 2007 ) . Midway Inquest : Why the Japanese Lost the Battle of Midway . Bloomington , Indiana : Indiana University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 34904 - 0 . Keegan , John ( 2004 ) . Intelligence in War . New York : Vintage Books . ISBN 0 - 375 - 70046 - 3 . Keegan , John ( 2005 ) . The Second World War . New York : Penguin . p. 275 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 303573 - 2 . OCLC 904565693 . Lord , Walter ( 1967 ) . Incredible Victory . New York : Harper and Row . ISBN 1 - 58080 - 059 - 9 . Focuses primarily on the human experience of the battle . Lundstrom , John B. ( 1984 ) . The First Team : Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 59114 - 471 - X . Lundstrom , John B. ( 2006 ) . Black Shoe Carrier Admiral : Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea , Midway , and Guadalcanal . Annapolis : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 475 - 5 . OCLC 62782215 . Miller , Donald L. ( 2001 ) . The Story of World War II . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 2718 - 6 . Morison , Samuel E. ( 1949 ) . Coral Sea , Midway and Submarine Actions : May 1942 -- August 1942 . History of United States Naval Operations in World War II . Volume 4 . Boston : Little Brown . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 58304 - 6 . Mrazek , Robert ( 2008 ) . A Dawn Like thunder : The True Story of Torpedo Squadron Eight . New York : Little , Brown and Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 02139 - 5 . OCLC 225870332 . Parshall , Jonathan ; Tully , Anthony ( 2005 ) . Shattered Sword : The Untold Story of the Battle of Midway . Dulles , Virginia : Potomac Books . ISBN 1 - 57488 - 923 - 0 . Uses recently translated Japanese sources . Potter , E.B. ; Nimitz , Chester W. ( 1960 ) . Sea Power : A Naval History . Prentice - Hall Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey . OCLC 395062 . Prange , Gordon W. ; Goldstein , DonaldM. ; Dillon , Katherine V. ( 1982 ) . Miracle at Midway . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 050672 - 8 . The standard academic history of the battle based on massive research into American and Japanese sources . Scrivner , Charles L. ( 1987 ) . TBM / TBF Avenger in Action . Carrollton , Texas : Squadron / Signal Publications , Inc . ISBN 0 - 89747 - 197 - 0 . Photos of VT - 8 TBF - 1s , including sole survivor of VT - 8 's attack against Japanese carrier fleet Smith , Michael ( 2000 ) . The Emperor 's Codes : Bletchley Park and the breaking of Japan 's secret ciphers . London : Bantam Press . ISBN 0 - 593 - 04642 - 0 . Stephen , Martin ( 1988 ) . Sea Battles in Close - up : World War Two . London : Ian Allan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7110 - 1596 - 8 . Thruelsen , Richard ( 1976 ) . The Grumman Story . Praeger Press . ISBN 0 - 275 - 54260 - 2 . Tillman , Barrett ( 1976 ) . The Dauntless Dive - bomber of World War Two . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 0 - 87021 - 569 - 8 . Toll , Ian W. ( 2012 ) . Pacific Crucible , War in the Pacific , 1941 -- 1942 . New York : W.W. Norton & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 06813 - 9 . Willmott , H.P. ( 1983 ) . The Barrier and the Javelin : Japanese and Allied Strategies , February to June 1942 . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 59114 - 949 - 5 . Broad - scale history of the naval war with detailed accounts of order of battle and dispositions . Further reading ( edit ) See also : Bibliography of Midway Atoll Evans , David ; Peattie , Mark R. ( 1997 ) . Kaigun : Strategy , Tactics , and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy , 1887 -- 1941 . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 0 - 87021 - 192 - 7 . Fuchida , Mitsuo ; Masatake Okumiya ( 1955 ) . Midway : The Battle that Doomed Japan , the Japanese Navy 's Story . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 0 - 87021 - 372 - 5 . A Japanese account ; numerous assertions in this work have been challenged by more recent sources . Hanson , Victor D. ( 2001 ) . Carnage and Culture : Landmark Battles in the Rise of Western Power . New York : Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 50052 - 1 . Hara , Tameichi ( 1961 ) . Japanese Destroyer Captain . New York : Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 345 - 27894 - 1 . First - hand account by Japanese captain , often inaccurate . Holmes , W. ( 1979 ) . Double - Edged Secrets : U.S. Naval Intelligence Operations in the Pacific During World War II ( Bluejacket Books ) . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 55750 - 324 - 9 . Kahn , David . The Codebreakers : The Comprehensive History of Secret Communication from Ancient Times to the Internet . New York : Scribner . ISBN 0 - 684 - 83130 - 9 . Significant section on Midway Kernan , Alvin ( 2005 ) . The Unknown Battle of Midway . New Haven , Connecticut : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 10989 - X . An account of the blunders that led to the near total destruction of the American torpedo squadrons , and of what the author calls a cover - up by naval officers after the battle . Layton , Edwin T. ( 1985 ) . And I Was There : Pearl Harbor and Midway . New York : W. Morrow . ISBN 978 - 0 - 688 - 04883 - 9 . Peattie , Mark R. Sunburst : The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power , 1909 -- 1941 . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 59114 - 664 - X . Smith , Douglas V. ( 2006 ) . Carrier Battles : Command Decision in Harm 's Way . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 59114 - 794 - 8 . Smith , Peter C. ( 2007 ) . Midway Dauntless Victory ; Fresh perspectives on America 's Seminal Naval Victory of 1942 . Barnsley , UK : Pen & Sword Maritime . ISBN 1 - 84415 - 583 - 8 . Detailed study of battle , from planning to the effects on World War II Stephan , John J. ( 1984 ) . Hawaii Under the Rising Sun : Japan 's Plans for Conquest after Pearl Harbor . Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 0 - 8248 - 2550 - 0 . Stille , Mark ( 2007 ) . USN Carriers vs IJN Carriers : The Pacific 1942 . New York : Osprey . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 248 - 6 . Willmott , H.P. ( 2004 ) . The Second World War in the Far East . Smithsonian History of Warfare . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Books . p. 240 . ISBN 1 - 58834 - 192 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Midway . The Japanese Story of the Battle of Midway , prepared by U.S. Naval Intelligence from captured Japanese documents Battle of Midway ( 1942 ) -- U.S. Navy propaganda film directed by John Ford . The Battle of Midway ( 1942 ) on IMDb Victory At Sea : Midway Is East ( 1952 ) -- Episode 4 from a 26 - episode series about naval combat during World War II . `` The Course to Midway Turning Point in the Pacific '' . Archived from the original on 23 October 2014 . Comprehensive historic overview created by Bill Spencer , archive.org Naval History and Heritage Command Midway Page `` The Japanese Story of the Battle of Midway '' -- ONI Review -- Vol. 2 , No. 5 ( May 1947 ) WW2DB : The Battle of Midway After Midway : The Fates of the U.S. and Japanese Warships by Bryan J. Dickerson Animated History of The Battle of Midway Midway Chronology 1 Midway Chronology 2 at the Wayback Machine ( archived 2 October 2014 ) Destination Point Luck : Voices From Midway ( 2008 ) - U.S. Navy Interviews of Battle of Midway Veterans World War II Asia and the Pacific China South - East Asia North and Central Pacific South - West Pacific Europe Western Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic North America South America Casualties Military engagements Conferences Commanders Participants Allies ( leaders ) Australia Belgium Brazil Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia France Free France ( from June 1940 ) Greece India Italy ( from September 1943 ) Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines ( Commonwealth ) Poland South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union United Kingdom United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Axis and Axis - aligned ( leaders ) Albania Bulgaria Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China Independent State of Croatia Finland Germany Hungary Free India Iraq Italy ( until September 1943 ) Italian Social Republic Japan Manchukuo Philippines ( Second Republic ) Romania Slovakia Thailand Vichy France Armed neutrality Resistance Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jewish Korea Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Anti-communist Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Yugoslavia Monarchists Timeline Prelude Africa Asia Europe 1939 Poland Phoney War Winter War Atlantic Changsha China 1940 Weserübung Netherlands Belgium France Armistice of 22 June 1940 Britain North Africa West Africa British Somaliland North China Baltic States Moldova Indochina Greece Compass 1941 East Africa Yugoslavia Shanggao Greece Crete Iraq Soviet Union ( Barbarossa ) Finland Lithuania Syria and Lebanon Kiev Iran Leningrad Moscow Sevastopol Pearl Harbor The outbreak of the Pacific War Hong Kong Philippines Changsha Malaya Borneo ( 1941 -- 42 ) 1942 Burma Changsha Java Sea Coral Sea Gazala Dutch Harbor Attu ( occupation ) Kiska Zhejiang - 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8 NKC : ph117885 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Midway&oldid=809118721 '' Categories : History of Midway Atoll Pacific theatre of World War II History of cryptography Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service Naval aviation operations and battles Naval battles of World War II involving Japan Naval battles of World War II involving the United States United States Marine Corps in World War II United States naval aviation 1942 in the United States 1942 in Japan June 1942 events Japan -- United States military relations Hidden categories : Featured articles Use dmy dates from September 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from October 2015 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Sardu Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 06 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did the battle of midway take place | [
"The Battle of Midway was a decisive naval battle in the Pacific Theater of World War II which occurred between 4 and 7 June 1942, only six months after Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor and one month after the Battle of the Coral Sea.[6][7][8] The United States Navy under Admirals Chester Nimitz, Frank Jack Fletcher, and Raymond A. Spruance defeated an attacking fleet of the Imperial Japanese Navy under Admirals Isoroku Yamamoto, Chuichi Nagumo, and Nobutake Kondo near Midway Atoll, inflicting devastating damage on the Japanese fleet that proved irreparable. Military historian John Keegan called it \"the most stunning and decisive blow in the history of naval warfare.\"[9]"
] | [
"near Midway Atoll"
] |
4811908474024210029 | Ned Stark | Ned Stark - wikipedia Ned Stark Jump to : navigation , search Eddard `` Ned '' Stark A Song of Ice and Fire character Game of Thrones character Sean Bean as Ned Stark First appearance Novel : A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) Television : `` Winter Is Coming '' ( 2011 ) Last appearance Novel : A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) Television : `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' ( 2017 ) Created by George R.R. Martin Portrayed by Sean Bean Sebastian Croft ( child ) Robert Aramayo ( young ) ( Game of Thrones ) Information Aliases The Quiet Wolf Gender Male Title Lord of Winterfell Lord Paramount and Warden of the North Hand of the King Protector of the Realm Lord Regent of the Seven Kingdoms Family House Stark Spouse ( s ) Catelyn Tully Children Robb Stark Sansa Stark Arya Stark Bran Stark Rickon Stark Jon Snow ( books ) Relatives Rickard Stark ( father ) Lyarra Stark ( mother ) Brandon Stark ( brother ) Lyanna Stark ( sister ) Benjen Stark ( brother ) Jon Snow ( nephew / adoptive son ; TV series ) Kingdom The North Eddard `` Ned '' Stark is a fictional character in the 1996 fantasy novel A Game of Thrones by George R.R. Martin , and the first season of Game of Thrones , HBO 's adaptation of Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series . In the storyline , Ned is the lord of Winterfell , an ancient fortress in the North of the fictional continent of Westeros . Though the character is established as a primary character in the novel and the TV adaptation , Martin 's plot twist at the end involving Ned shocked both readers of the book and viewers of the TV series . Ned is portrayed by Sean Bean in the first season of Game of Thrones , and as a child and young man by Sebastian Croft and Robert Aramayo respectively in the sixth season . Bean was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Actor on Television and a Scream Award for Best Fantasy Actor for the role . He and the rest of the cast were nominated for Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series in 2011 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character 1.1 Description 1.2 Development and overview 2 Storylines 2.1 Background 2.2 A Game of Thrones 2.3 Later novels 2.4 Family tree of House Stark 3 TV adaptation 3.1 Storylines 3.2 Recognition and awards 4 References Character ( edit ) Description ( edit ) In A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) , Ned Stark is introduced as the virtuous and honorable patriarch of House Stark and the father of six children . The moral compass of the story , he is content to remain far from courtly intrigues and is unwavering in his view of loyalty and honor . His family name , Stark , serves as an indication of his resistance to moral compromise , but his boundaries are increasingly tested over the course of the novel . Finding himself a key player in the escalating political intrigue of King 's Landing , Ned struggles as his own sense of honor draws him into corrupt goings - on at court . As the story progresses , he begins to see the importance of moral and practical compromises to achieve a just end , and is ultimately forced to choose between the safety of his family and doing what is right . Sean Bean said of the character , `` he 's a good man trying to do his best in the middle of this corruption , he 's a fish out of water , he 's used to being up north in Winterfell where people are pretty straight and pragmatic , and he comes down to a place where people are playing games and backstabbing ... he 's a principled man who tries to hold things together . This is a journey that he makes where ultimately his loyalty causes his downfall . '' Development and overview ( edit ) Publishers Weekly noted in 1996 that , despite the honest Ned Stark 's intervention in court politics , `` no amount of heroism or good intentions can keep the realm under control . '' From his very first introduction , Ned is portrayed as a noble hero and set up to be the heart of the story . With fifteen chapters devoted to his point of view , more than any single character in the novel , he is presented as a primary character in the series , and the main storyline of A Game of Thrones , the drama in King 's Landing , is told entirely from his perspective . In the London Review of Books , John Lanchester writes that everything about Ned is designed to gain audience sympathy , from his strong sense of honor and moral compass to his compassion towards his wife and children . Readers are led to believe that Ned will be the main character of the series , but ultimately he is , from a literary perspective , a classic decoy protagonist . After struggling to keep himself and the kingdom on a moral path for the entire novel , the only option that remains to save his family is to put aside his honor ; he does it , but is betrayed anyway . Calling Ned 's execution `` shocking '' , The New York Times noted in 2011 that the novel was `` famous for dispatching a thoroughly admirable major character with whom readers have been identifying for most of the book . '' In an interview for Entertainment Weekly , author George R.R. Martin commented on this misdirection : I knew it almost from the beginning . Not the first day , but very soon . I 've said in many interviews that I like my fiction to be unpredictable . I like there to be considerable suspense . I killed Ned in the first book and it shocked a lot of people . I killed Ned because everybody thinks he 's the hero and that , sure , he 's going to get into trouble , but then he 'll somehow get out of it . David Benioff , executive producer and writer of the HBO adaptation , told Entertainment Weekly that when he read the novel : I was in shock . From your training in seeing so many movies and reading books , you know your hero is going to be saved ... Someone has something planned , because they 're not really going to chop off his head -- right up until the moment when they chopped off his head . I was shocked , and then admiring of George 's ruthlessness . It 's a tough thing to build up a character and make somebody as memorable and impressive as Ned and then get rid of him . But at the same time it leads to a story that is so much more suspenseful because you truly have no idea what is going to happen and who is going to survive . In a review of the Game of Thrones TV episode `` Baelor '' , James Poniewozik wrote in Time that `` the execution of Eddard Stark is crucial to the story and its themes and everything that follows , but it 's also a meta - message to the reader : do n't take anything for granted here . '' James Hibberd of Entertainment Weekly stated that tricking the audience into thinking Ned is the hero and then killing him makes the series ' story better . Writing that `` the big twist here is n't that Ned Stark dies , but who the true protagonists of Game of Thrones are , '' Hibberd pointed out that the series ' focus proves to be the `` new generation '' of leaders , in particular the Stark children but also Daenerys and even Tyrion . He noted : Ned Stark does n't die in vain ... It takes the Stark kids -- who are all too young to face these responsibilities -- and thrusts them into a struggle where they 're forced to quickly grow as characters . Martin busts many cliches in his writing , but this move is traditional Heroes Journey stuff if you consider the kids to be the true protagonists of this story -- only by sacrificing the fatherly mentor figure can our heroes come into their own . Storylines ( edit ) Coat of arms of House Stark Background ( edit ) As established in A Game of Thrones , Eddard `` Ned '' Stark is the second son of Rickard Stark , the Lord of Winterfell . Years before the events of the novel , the quiet and shy young Ned is fostered in the Vale by Jon Arryn . During this time Ned becomes close friends with Robert Baratheon , heir to the Stormlands and another ward of Arryn 's . Robert is eventually betrothed to Ned 's sister Lyanna , but before he can marry her , Crown Prince Rhaegar Targaryen ( who is already married and has two young children ) absconds with Lyanna . Ned 's father and older brother Brandon go to King Aerys II Targaryen and demand that Lyanna be freed ; the so - called `` Mad King '' executes both Rickard and Brandon , convinced that the Starks seek to usurp him . Ned , Robert and Arryn then rise in revolt , securing the support of House Tully with Ned marrying Catelyn Tully . Ned leaves for war the next morning . At the decisive Battle of the Trident , Robert manages to kill Prince Rhaegar and scatter the Targaryen army . Robert is injured in the battle , so Ned takes command and marches on the capital . In King 's Landing , Ned finds that House Lannister has -- through treachery -- already sacked the city , and murdered Aerys and the royal family . Disgusted by the dishonorable massacre , Ned departs to lift the siege of the Baratheon stronghold Storm 's End , and later attempts to rescue Lyanna but finds his sister dying ; her last words are `` Promise me Ned . '' Ned returns to Winterfell with his bastard son Jon Snow in tow ; meanwhile Catelyn has delivered their son and Ned 's heir , Robb , conceived on their wedding night . Six years after the end of Robert 's Rebellion , Balon Greyjoy , the Lord of the Iron Islands , declares independence from the Iron Throne . Ned aids King Robert in putting down `` Greyjoy 's Rebellion . '' Balon surrenders , and his sole surviving heir , Theon , is taken back to Winterfell as Stark 's ward and hostage . Ned rules the North for nine more years before the events of the novel . A Game of Thrones ( edit ) As A Game of Thrones begins , Catelyn informs Ned that his mentor Jon Arryn has died , and that King Robert intends to offer Ned Jon 's old position as Hand of the King . Content to be far from court intrigue , Ned is reluctant to accept the offer until he receives a letter from Arryn 's widow , who believes that her husband had been poisoned by the Lannisters . Ned subsequently agrees to the appointment to protect Robert . He then travels south to King 's Landing with his daughters Sansa and Arya . Catelyn later comes to the capital in secret , under the protection of her childhood friend Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish , to tell Ned of an assassination attempt on their young son Bran . Ned 's longstanding mistrust of the Lannisters is further fueled by Littlefinger 's confirmation that the dagger used by the would - be assassin once belonged to Tyrion Lannister . Increasingly disgusted by the political intrigues at court , Ned finally resigns his position when Robert insists on having Aerys ' only surviving child , the young Daenerys Targaryen , assassinated in exile . Meanwhile , Catelyn has taken Tyrion hostage at the Eyrie , and in retaliation Jaime Lannister attacks and seriously injures Ned in the street before he and his daughters can depart King 's Landing . Visiting a wounded Ned , Robert reappoints him as Hand . Ned eventually concludes that all of Robert 's heirs with Cersei are illegitimate , the product of her incest with her twin brother Jaime . Further , Ned suspects that Arryn had been poisoned to conceal the truth . Ned confronts Cersei with his discovery and gives her the chance to escape with her children into exile . Before Ned can tell the king , Robert is fatally wounded while hunting and names Ned Protector of the Realm , to function as regent until his `` son '' Joffrey comes of age . Ned alters Robert 's will , replacing Joffrey 's name with `` my rightful heir '' to make the succession ambiguous . With the palace in chaos , Ned rebuffs multiple offers to increase his own power , instead opting to crown Robert 's brother , Stannis Baratheon , as king . Cersei , however , outmaneuvers Ned , and the duplicitous Littlefinger has the city watch arrest Ned instead of Cersei . With all of his entourage slaughtered , Sansa a hostage and Arya escaped but alone , Ned is charged with treason . A deal is struck in which Ned will be spared and sent into exile if he declares Joffrey the rightful king . Fearing for his daughters , Ned makes a public confession of his `` treason '' . The sadistic Joffrey , however , has Ned executed anyway . Later novels ( edit ) Ned 's arrest pits the Stark and Lannister forces against each other , and his execution causes a civil war later called the War of Five Kings . Tyrion Lannister eventually returns Ned 's bones to Catelyn , but it is not confirmed whether they ever arrived at Winterfell . Family tree of House Stark ( edit ) ( hide ) Descendants of Rickard Stark Rickard Lyarra Brandon Catelyn Tully Eddard Lyanna Benjen Robb Jeyne Westerling Sansa Tyrion Lannister Arya Brandon Rickon Jon Snow Notes : ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ( 1996 ) . `` Chapter 4 : Eddard '' . A Game of Thrones . pp. 36 -- 45 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 89784 - 5 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ; García Jr. , Elio M. ; Antonsson , Linda ( 2014 ) . `` Appendix : Stark Lineage '' . The World of Ice & Fire . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 80544 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Martin . `` Appendix : House Stark '' . A Game of Thrones . pp. 785 -- 786 . ^ Jump up to : In the TV series Game of Thrones , Jon is the son of Rhaegar Targaryen and Lyanna Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( 2000 ) . `` Chapter 14 : Catelyn '' . A Storm of Swords . pp. 192 -- 193 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 89787 - 6 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( 2000 ) . `` Chapter 28 : Sansa '' . A Storm of Swords . pp. 382 -- 393 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 89787 - 6 . TV adaptation ( edit ) Sean Bean plays the role of Ned Stark in the television series . In January 2007 HBO secured the rights to adapt Martin 's series for television . When the pilot went into production in 2009 , one of the first casting announcements was Sean Bean as the `` lead '' Eddard Stark . As the show premiered in 2011 , the Los Angeles Times called Bean 's Ned `` the strong and brooding headliner of the series . '' As in the source novel , Ned is beheaded in the ninth episode of season 1 , `` Baelor '' . Though praising the character 's demise for its role in propelling the story , James Hibberd of Entertainment Weekly later noted that : This is probably the first time a U.S. drama series has ever killed off its main character in the first season as part of its master creative plan ... it 's just ... not done . You do n't cast a star , put him on bus stops and magazine ads marketing the show , get viewers all invested in his story , and then dump him nine episodes later just because it arguably makes the story a bit more interesting . Hibberd echoed the show 's producers ' statement that `` the move lays down a dramatic precedent for the show : Nobody is safe . '' He called it a `` risky '' move that would probably lose the show viewers who had tuned in for Bean , but would hopefully attract others impressed by the boldness of it . Executive producer and writer D.B. Weiss told Entertainment Weekly in 2011 that when he and Benioff pitched the series to HBO , the fact that `` main character '' Ned was slated to die `` was a selling point for them . '' Noting that the network has killed off characters in other successful series , he said that this sense of jeopardy `` completely ups the ante for any moment when a character is in a dire situation if you know another character did n't survive a similar situation . '' HBO programming president Sue Naegle concurred , saying that Ned 's death made the show creatively more attractive , adding that `` The book series was filled with unexpected twists and turns . I loved this idea we 'd bring together the group of characters , then once you started to believe all the tropes of heroes , you pull the rug out from under them . It 's the opposite of feeling manipulated . '' Noting that the story and world of the series is bigger than any one character , Naegle said , `` Sean brings a giant following , but Thrones is not just about the promise you 're going to see one of your favorite actors week in and week out . The star is the story . '' Bean noted that Ned 's death `` was as much a surprise to me as anyone '' and called it `` a very courageous move for a television company . '' The image of Bean as Ned Stark sitting in the Iron Throne is featured on the covers of the 2011 Season 1 DVD and Blu - ray Disc sets , released in March 2012 . Storylines ( edit ) In season 1 , King Robert Baratheon asks his old friend Eddard `` Ned '' Stark , Lord of Winterfell and Warden of the North , to assume the position of Hand of the King after the sudden death of their mentor , Jon Arryn . Not interested in politics or the intrigues of the court , Ned accepts out of duty , as well as to discover how Arryn died . Robert is killed just as Ned discovers that his three children by Cersei were actually fathered by the queen 's twin , Jaime . Before Ned is able to neutralize Cersei and place Robert 's brother Stannis on the throne , he is betrayed by Littlefinger , and the queen has him imprisoned for treason . Ned makes a public confession to save his daughters from Cersei 's wrath , but Joffrey has Ned beheaded anyway . In the season 6 episode `` Home '' , Bran sees a vision of Ned ( Sebastian Croft ) as a child with his sister and brother , Lyanna and Benjen . In the following episode , `` Oathbreaker '' , Bran witnesses the battle between a young Ned ( Robert Aramayo ) and the knight Ser Arthur Dayne at the Tower of Joy . Finally , in the season finale episode `` The Winds of Winter '' , Bran sees Ned reuniting with a dying Lyanna ( Aisling Franciosi ) in the tower . She makes him swear to protect her son -- Jon Snow . Recognition and Awards ( edit ) Bean was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Actor on Television , a Scream Award for Best Fantasy Actor , and an EWwy Award for Best Actor , Drama for the role . IGN named Ned its Best TV Hero of 2011 , and Bean won the Portal Award for Best Actor . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Orr , David ( August 12 , 2011 ) . `` Dragons Ascendant : George R.R. Martin and the Rise of Fantasy '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 13 , 2011 ) . `` HBO defends Game of Thrones shocker '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Lord Eddard `` Ned '' Stark `` . HBO . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( July 16 , 2010 ) . `` Not A Blog : From HBO '' . GRRM.livejournal.com . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2016 . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McNamara , Mary ( April 15 , 2011 ) . `` Swords , sex and struggles '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Game of Thrones : Analysis of Eddard `` Ned '' Stark `` . SparkNotes . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 12 , 2011 ) . `` Game of Thrones recap : The Killing '' . Entertainment Weekly . p. 1 . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 12 , 2011 ) . `` Sean Bean talks Game of Thrones Episode 9 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fiction review : A Game of Thrones '' . Publishers Weekly . July 29 , 1996 . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lanchester , John ( April 11 , 2013 ) . `` When did you get hooked ? '' . London Review of Books . pp. 20 -- 21 . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Poniewozik , James ( June 13 , 2011 ) . `` Game of Thrones Watch : The Unkindest Cut '' . Time . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( June 2 , 2013 ) . `` Game of Thrones author George R.R. Martin : Why he wrote The Red Wedding -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 12 , 2011 ) . `` Game of Thrones shocker ! Producers explain tonight 's horrific twist '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 12 , 2011 ) . `` Game of Thrones recap : The Killing '' . Entertainment Weekly . p. 7 . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Radish , Christina ( 2013 ) . `` Producers David Benioff , Dan Weiss & George R.R. Martin Talk Game of Thrones Season 3 and 4 , Martin 's Cameo , the End of the Series , and More '' . Collider.com . Retrieved August 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( January 16 , 2007 ) . `` HBO turns Fire into fantasy series '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2012 . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borysm ; Andreeva , Nellie ( July 19 , 2009 ) . `` Sean Bean to ascend to Thrones '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( July 19 , 2009 ) . `` Not A Blog : A Casting We Will Go '' . GRRM.livejournal.com . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2009 . Retrieved July 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sims , David ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones and Television 's Long History of Cheating Death '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( June 12 , 2011 ) . `` Game of Thrones recap : The Killing '' . Entertainment Weekly . p. 8 . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( November 30 , 2011 ) . `` Game of Thrones scoop : DVD release date , details , photos '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Whitman , Howard ( March 28 , 2012 ) . `` Game of Thrones : The Complete First Season ( Blu - ray ) '' . HomeTechTell . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( June 12 , 2011 ) . `` Game of Thrones : `` Baelor '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Egner , Jeremy ( May 1 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 6 , Episode 2 : Jon Snow , Dragons and Ramsay 's Dogs '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Alyssa ( May 8 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 6 , Episode 3 Review : ' Oathbreaker ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yglesias , Matthew ( June 26 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones just revealed Jon Snow 's real parents '' . Vox . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 26 , 2016 ) . `` All The Times Game of Thrones Tried to Tell You Who Jon Snow 's Parents Are '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Calia , Michael ( June 26 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 6 Finale Recap : ' The Winds of Winter ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations for the 38th Annual Saturn Awards '' . Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films . February 29 , 2012 . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2012 . Retrieved February 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Murray , Rebecca. `` 2011 SCREAM Awards Nominees and Winners '' . About.com . IAC . Retrieved January 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` EWwy Awards 2011 : Meet Your Winners ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . October 11 , 2011 . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Television - Best of 2011 '' . IGN . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hinman , Michael ( August 19 , 2011 ) . `` Game Of Thrones , Fringe Split 2011 Portal Awards '' . Airlock Alpha . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ned_Stark&oldid=800122279 '' Categories : A Song of Ice and Fire characters Fictional characters introduced in 1996 Fictional lords and ladies Fictional revolutionaries Fictional swordsmen Fictional war veterans Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Беларуская Català Eesti Español فارسی Français Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Norsk Português Русский Svenska Taqbaylit Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 16 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does ned stark die in game of thrones | [
"In season 1, King Robert Baratheon asks his old friend Eddard \"Ned\" Stark, Lord of Winterfell and Warden of the North, to assume the position of Hand of the King after the sudden death of their mentor, Jon Arryn. Not interested in politics or the intrigues of the court, Ned accepts out of duty, as well as to discover how Arryn died. Robert is killed just as Ned discovers that his three children by Cersei were actually fathered by the queen's twin, Jaime. Before Ned is able to neutralize Cersei and place Robert's brother Stannis on the throne, he is betrayed by Littlefinger, and the queen has him imprisoned for treason. Ned makes a public confession to save his daughters from Cersei's wrath, but Joffrey has Ned beheaded anyway.[23]"
] | [
"season 1"
] |
7317683590935351325 | Blue law | Blue law - wikipedia Blue law Jump to : navigation , search This article is about laws created to enforce strict moral standards . For early Colony of Connecticut laws , see Blue Laws ( Connecticut ) . Sabbath Eve , painting by Alexander Johnston . Blue laws , also known as Sunday laws , are laws designed to restrict or ban some or all Sunday activities for religious reasons , particularly to promote the observance of a day of worship or rest . Blue laws may also restrict shopping or ban sale of certain items on specific days , most often on Sundays in the western world . Blue laws are enforced in parts of the United States and Canada as well as some European countries , particularly in Austria , Germany , Switzerland , and Norway , keeping most stores closed on Sundays . In the United States , the U.S. Supreme Court has held blue laws as constitutional numerous times , citing secular basis such as securing a day of rest for mail carriers , as well as protecting workers and families , in turn contributing to societal stability and guaranteeing the free exercise of religion . The origin of the blue laws also partially stems from religion , particularly the prohibition of Sabbath desecration in Christian Churches following the first - day Sabbatarian tradition . Both labour unions and trade associations have historically supported the legislation of blue laws . Blue laws are technically classed as `` mala prohibita '' or `` wrong ( as or because ) prohibited '' ( as opposed to `` mala in se '' or `` wrong or evil in itself '' ) . Most blue laws have been repealed in the United States , although many states still ban the sale of alcoholic beverages or cars on Sundays . Bergen County , New Jersey is notable for their blue laws banning the sale of clothing , shoes , furniture , home supplies and appliances on Sundays kept through county - wide referendum . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Canada 3 Cook Islands , Tonga and Niue 4 Denmark 5 England and Wales 5.1 Before 1994 5.2 Since 1994 6 Northern Ireland 7 United States 7.1 Court cases 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links History ( edit ) The very first known law regarding prohibition of Sunday labor for religious reasons was in 538 at the Third Council of Orléans . The first occurrence of the phrase blue laws so far found is in the New - York Mercury of March 3 , 1755 , where the writer imagines a future newspaper praising the revival of `` our Connecticut 's old Blue Laws '' . In his 1781 book General History of Connecticut , the Reverend Samuel Peters ( 1735 -- 1826 ) used it to describe various laws first enacted by Puritan colonies in the 17th century that prohibited various activities , recreational as well as commercial , on Sunday ( Saturday evening through Sunday night ) . Sometimes the sale of certain types of merchandise was prohibited , and in some cases all retail and business activity . Contrary to popular belief , there is no evidence that blue laws were originally printed on blue paper . Rather , the word blue was used in the 17th century as a disparaging reference to rigid moral codes and those who observed them , particularly in blue - stocking , a reference to Oliver Cromwell 's supporters in the parliament of 1653 . Moreover , although Reverend Peters claimed that the term blue law was originally used by Puritan colonists , his work has since been found to be unreliable . In any event , Peters never asserted that the blue laws were originally printed on blue paper , and this has come to be regarded as an example of false etymology , another version of which is that the laws were first bound in books with blue covers . As Protestant moral reformers organized the Sabbath reform in nineteenth - century America , calls for the enactment and / or enforcement of stricter Sunday laws developed . Numerous Americans were arrested for working , keeping an open shop , drinking alcohol , traveling , and recreating on Sundays . Erwin Fahlbusch and Geoffrey William Bromiley write that throughout their existence , organizations advocating first - day Sabbatarianism , such as the Lord 's Day Alliance in North America and the Lord 's Day Observance Society in the British Isles , were supported by labor unions in lobbying `` to prevent secular and commercial interests from hampering freedom of worship and from exploiting workers . '' For example , the United States Congress was supported by the Lord 's Day Alliance in securing `` a day of rest for city postal clerks whose hours of labor , unlike those of city mail carriers , were largely unregulated . '' In Canada , the Ligue du Dimanche , a Roman Catholic Sunday league , supported the Lord 's Day Act in 1923 and promoted first - day Sabbatarian legislation . Beginning in the 1840s , workingmen , Jews , Seventh Day Baptists , free - thinkers , and other groups began to organize opposition . Throughout the century , Sunday laws served as a major source of church - state controversy and as an issue that drove the emergence of modern American minority - rights politics . On the other hand , the more recent Dies Domini , written by Pope John Paul II in 1998 , advocates Sunday legislation in that it protects civil servants and workers ; the North Dakota Catholic Conference in 2011 likewise maintained that blue laws , in accordance with the Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church , `` ensure that , for reasons of economic productivity , citizens are not denied time for rest and divine worship . '' Similarly , Chief Justice Earl Warren , while acknowledging the partial religious origin of blue laws , acknowledged their `` secular purpose they served by providing a benefit to workers at the same time that they enhanced labor productivity . '' Many European countries still place strong restrictions on store opening hours on Sundays , an example being Germany 's Ladenschlussgesetz . Canada ( edit ) Sunday Laws in Ontario , 1911 The Lord 's Day Act , which since 1906 had prohibited business transactions from taking place on Sundays , was declared unconstitutional in the 1985 case R. v. Big M Drug Mart Ltd . Calgary police officers witnessed several transactions at the Big M Drug Mart , all of which occurred on a Sunday . Big M was charged with a violation of the Lord 's Day Act . A provincial court ruled that the Lord 's Day Act was unconstitutional , but the Crown proceeded to appeal all the way to the Supreme Court of Canada . In a unanimous 6 -- 0 decision , the Lord 's Day Act was ruled an infringement of the freedom of conscience and religion defined in section 2 ( a ) of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms . A Toronto referendum in 1950 allowed only team sports to be played professionally on Sunday . Theatre performances , movie screenings , and horse racing were not permitted until the 1960s . The Supreme Court later concluded , in R. v. Edwards Books and Art Ltd. , ( 1986 ) ( 2 S.C.R. 713 ) that Ontario 's Retail Business Holiday Act , which required some Sunday closings , did not violate the Charter because it did not have a religious purpose . Nonetheless , as of today , virtually all provincial Sunday Closing laws have ceased to exist . Some were struck down by provincial courts , but most were simply abrogated , often due to competitive reasons where out - of - province or foreign merchants were open . Cook Islands , Tonga and Niue ( edit ) In the Cook Islands , blue laws were the first written legislation , enacted by the London Missionary Society in 1827 , with the consent of ariki ( chiefs ) . In Tonga , the Vava'u Code ( 1839 ) was inspired by Methodist missionary teachings , and was a form of blue law . In Niue , certain activities remain forbidden on Sunday , reflecting the country 's history of observing Christian Sabbath tradition . Denmark ( edit ) In Denmark the closing laws restricting retail trade on Sundays have been abolished with effect from October 1 , 2012 . From then on retail trade is only restricted on public holidays ( New Years Day , Maundy Thursday , Good Friday , Easter Sunday , Easter Monday , Day of Prayer , Ascension Day , Whit Sunday , Whit Monday , Christmas Day and Boxing Day ) and on Constitution Day , Christmas Eve and New Year 's Eve ( on New Year 's Eve from 3 pm only ) . On these days almost all shops will remain closed . Exempt are bakeries , DIYs , garden centres , gas stations and smaller supermarkets . England and wales ( edit ) Before 1994 ( edit ) Prior to 1994 , trading laws forbade sale of certain products on a Sunday ; the distinction between those that could and could not be sold was increasingly seen as arbitrary , and the laws were inadequately enforced and widely flouted . For example , some supermarkets would treat the relatively modest fines arising as a business cost and open nonetheless . Since 1994 ( edit ) The Sunday Trading Act 1994 relaxed restrictions on Sunday trading . This produced vocal opposition from bodies such as the Keep Sunday Special campaign , and the Lord 's Day Observance Society : on religious grounds , on the grounds that it would increase consumerism , and that it would reduce shop assistants ' weekend leisure time . The legislation permits large shops ( those with a relevant floor area in excess of 280 square metres ) to open for up to six hours on Sunday between the hours of 10 am and 6 pm . Small shops , those with an area of below 280 square metres , are free to set their own Sunday trading times . Some large shops , such as off - licences , service stations and garages , are exempt from the restrictions . Some very large shops ( e.g. department stores ) open for longer than 6 hours on a Sunday by allowing customers in to browse 30 minutes prior to allowing them to make a purchase , since the 6 hour restriction only applies to time during which the shop may make sales . Christmas Day and Easter Sunday are non-trading days . This applies even to garden centres , which earlier had been trading over Easter , but not to small shops ( those with an area of below 280 square metres ) . Northern Ireland ( edit ) Prior to 2008 , no football was permitted to be played on Sundays by clubs affiliated to the Irish Football Association in Northern Ireland . Shops with a floor area of over 280 square metres may only open from 1 to 6pm on Sundays . United States ( edit ) Main article : Blue laws in the United States In the United States , judges have defended blue laws `` in terms of their secular benefit to workers '' , holding that `` the laws were essential to social well - being '' . Chief Justice Stephen Johnson Field , with regard to Sunday blue laws , stated : Its requirement is a cessation from labor . In its enactment , the legislature has given the sanction of law to a rule of conduct , which the entire civilized world recognizes as essential to the physical and moral well - being of society . Upon no subject is there such a concurrence of opinion , among philosophers , moralists and statesmen of all nations , as on the necessity of periodical cessation from labor . One day in seven is the rule , founded in experience and sustained by science ... The prohibition of secular business on Sunday is advocated on the ground that by it the general welfare is advanced , labor protected , and the moral and physical well - being of society promoted . -- Hennington v. Georgia , 163 U.S. 299 ( 1896 ) Many states prohibit selling alcohol for on and off - premises sales in one form or another on Sundays at some restricted time , under the idea that people should be in church on Sunday morning , or at least not drinking . Another feature of blue laws in the United States restricts the purchase of particular items on Sundays . Some of these laws restrict the ability to buy cars , groceries , office supplies , and housewares among other things . Though most of these laws have been relaxed or repealed in most states , they are still enforced in some other states . In Texas , for example , blue laws prohibited selling housewares such as pots , pans , and washing machines on Sunday until 1985 . In Colorado , Illinois , Indiana , Iowa , Louisiana , Maine , Minnesota , Missouri , Oklahoma , New Jersey , North Dakota , Pennsylvania , and Wisconsin , car dealerships continue to operate under blue - law prohibitions in which an automobile may not be purchased or traded on a Sunday . Maryland permits Sunday automobile sales only in the counties of Charles , Prince George 's , Montgomery , and Howard ; similarly , Michigan restricts Sunday sales to only those counties with a population of less than 130,000 . Texas and Utah prohibit car dealerships from operating over consecutive weekend days . In some cases these laws were created or retained with the support of those whom they affected , to allow them a day off each week without fear of their competitors still being open . Blue laws may also prohibit retail activity on days other than Sunday . In Massachusetts , Rhode Island , and Maine ( which was previously part of Massachusetts ) , for example , blue laws prohibit most retail stores , including grocery stores , from opening on Thanksgiving and Christmas . Research regarding the effect of the repeal of blue laws has been conducted , with Professor Elesha Coffman of Baylor University writing : Regarding culture , the impact of vanishing blue laws could be larger . A study in New Mexico in 2006 found a sharp increase in drunken driving on Sundays after that state dropped its Sunday ban on packaged alcohol sales . A broader study published by MIT and Notre Dame economists in 2008 found that the repeal of blue laws led to decreased church attendance , decreased donations to churches , and increased alcohol and drug use among religious individuals . These wide - ranging effects can not easily be pinpointed to specific causes , but one of the latter study 's authors , Daniel Hungerman , suggested to Christianity Today that blue laws might have been fulfilling their original intent , to keep people pious . Court cases ( edit ) Beginning in the mid-nineteenth century , religious and ethno - cultural minorities arrested for violating state and local blue laws appealed their convictions to state supreme courts . In Specht v. Commonwealth ( 1848 ) , for example , German Seventh Day Baptists in Pennsylvania employed attorney Thaddeus Stevens to challenge the constitutionality of Pennsylvania 's Sunday law . As in cases in other states , litigants pointed to the provisions of state constitutions protecting religious liberty and maintained that Sunday laws were a blatant violation . Though typically unsuccessful ( most state supreme courts upheld the constitutionality of Sunday laws ) , these constitutional challenges helped set a pattern by which subsequent moral minorities would seek to protect religious freedom and minority rights . The Supreme Court of the United States held in its landmark case , McGowan v. Maryland ( 1961 ) , that Maryland 's blue laws violated neither the Free Exercise Clause nor the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution . It approved the state 's blue law restricting commercial activities on Sunday , noting that while such laws originated to encourage attendance at Christian churches , the contemporary Maryland laws were intended to serve `` to provide a uniform day of rest for all citizens '' on a secular basis and to promote the secular values of `` health , safety , recreation , and general well - being '' through a common day of rest . That this day coincides with Christian Sabbath is not a bar to the state 's secular goals ; it neither reduces its effectiveness for secular purposes nor prevents adherents of other religions from observing their own holy days . There were four landmark Sunday - law cases altogether in 1961 . The other three were Gallagher v. Crown Kosher Super Market of Mass. , Inc. , 366 U.S. 617 ( 1961 ) ; Braunfeld v. Brown , 366 U.S. 599 ( 1961 ) ; Two Guys from Harrison vs. McGinley , 366 U.S. 582 ( 1961 ) . Chief Justice Earl Warren declared that `` the State seeks to set one day apart from all others as a day of rest , repose , recreation and tranquility -- a day which all members of the family and community have the opportunity to spend and enjoy together , a day on which there exists relative quiet and disassociation from the everyday intensity of commercial activities , a day on which people may visit friends and relative who are not available during working days . '' In March 2006 , Texas judges upheld the state blue law that requires car dealerships to close either Saturday or Sunday each weekend . See also ( edit ) Desuetude Dry county National Sunday Law Neo-prohibitionism Raines law Religious coercion Religious law Sunday shopping Sundown town References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Fuller , Wayne E. ( 1 October 2010 ) . Morality and the Mail in Nineteenth - Century America . University of Illinois Press . p. 93 . ISBN 9780252091353 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Steven ( 2000 ) . Seduced by Science : How American Religion Has Lost Its Way . NYU Press . p. 106 . ISBN 9780814731055 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Christian ( 2003 ) . The Secular Revolution : Power , Interests , and Conflict in the Secularization of American Public Life . University of California Press . p. 319 . ISBN 9780520230002 . Jump up ^ O'Flaherty , Edward ; Petersen , Rodney L. ; Norton , Timothy A. ( 7 September 2010 ) . Sunday , Sabbath , and the Weekend : Managing Time in a Global Culture . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . p. 167 . ISBN 9780802865830 . Jump up ^ `` Fighting for the Right to Party on Sundays '' . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics ( New York : Scribner , 1928 ) '' . Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary . Jump up ^ Snopes.com : American `` blue laws '' were so named because they were originally printed on blue paper ... Retrieved July 12 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Fahlbusch , Erwin ; Bromiley , Geoffrey William ( 2005 ) . The Encyclopedia of Christianity . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . p. 787 . ISBN 9780802824165 . Jump up ^ Roy , Christian ( 2005 ) . Traditional Festivals : A Multicultural Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. 457 . ISBN 9781576070895 . However , an amendment was made that left is enforcement to the discretion of the provinces , so that it remained a dead letter in mostly French Quebec . A Catholic Sunday League was formed in 1923 to combat this laxity and promote sabbatarian restrictions in that province -- especially against movie theaters . Jump up ^ Rybczyński , Witold ( 1991 ) . Waiting for the Weekend . Viking Penguin . p. 78 . ISBN 9780670830015 . In 1922 , inspired by a pastoral letter decrying the lax observance of Sunday as a day of rest , the Ligue du Dimanche ( Sunday League ) was formed . For fourteen years the League agitated for Sabbatarian legislation , particularly against cinemas ... Jump up ^ Kyle G. Volk ( 2014 ) , Moral Minorities and the Making of American Democracy . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 019937192X . Jump up ^ `` North Dakota Catholic Conference says ' Sunday law ' Benefits All People '' . EWTN News . 19 September 2011 . Retrieved 5 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CanLII -- 1985 CanLII 69 ( S.C.C. ) '' . Canadian Legal Information Institute ( CanLII.org ) . September 3 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2011 . Retrieved September 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Allan Levine : Never mind Ford Nation . Hogtown has a long history of drunks , tyrants and loudmouths running City Hall '' . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Louis - Philippe Raynault - Ollu ( February 20 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Observance Laws in North America '' . Social Science Research Network ( SSRN ) . SSRN 2260582 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Lov om ændring af lov om detailsalg fra butikker m.v. - Liberalisering af reglerne om åbningstid - retsinformation.dk '' . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trading hours for retailers : the law '' . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Henry McDonald . `` New bid for Sunday football '' . the Guardian . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Seasonal and Sunday Trading '' . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ph. D. , Prof. David J. Hanson , . `` Alcohol Blue Laws ( Laws Prohibiting Sunday Sales of Alcoholic Beverages ) '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , Bob . `` Gaffney churches seek to stop Sunday alcohol sales '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Good Question : Why Ca n't We Buy Alcohol On Sunday ? , WCCO - TV , November 20 , 2006 Archived September 29 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Title 17 , § 3204 : Business , traveling or recreation on Sunday '' . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A turkey of a blue law '' , Boston Globe . Retrieved November 25 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Coffman , Elesha ( 2009 ) . `` Bye - Bye , Blue Laws ? '' . Christianity Today . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Kyle G. Volk , Moral Minorities and the Making of American Democracy ( Oxford , 2014 ) , 59 - 68 , 190 - 201 . Jump up ^ McGOWAN v. MARYLAND , 366 U.S. 420 ( 1961 ) , Supreme Court of the United States , Decided May 29 , 1961 . Retrieved August 10 , 2007 . `` The present purpose and effect of most of our Sunday Closing Laws is to provide a uniform day of rest for all citizens ; and the fact that this day is Sunday , a day of particular significance for the dominant Christian sects , does not bar the State from achieving its secular goals . '' Jump up ^ The LANDMARK Cases , National Sunday Law Crisis . Retrieved May 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ' Blue Law ' for car sales upheld by Judge '' Archived May 31 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , KVIA , March 22 , 2006 . Retrieved May 28 , 2008 . `` A Texas judge has upheld an old law that requires car dealerships in the Lone Star state to close one day each weekend . They must now choose to open either Saturday or Sunday . '' Bibliography ( edit ) Algeo , Matthew ( 2006 ) . Last Team Standing . Philadelphia : Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 81472 - 3 Ruck , Rob ; with Patterson , Maggie Jones and Weber , Michael P. ( 2010 ) . Rooney : A Sporting Life . Lincoln , NB : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 2283 - 0 Volk , Kyle G. ( 2014 ) . Moral Minorities and the Making of American Democracy . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 019937192X . Westcott , Rich ( 2001 ) . A Century of Philadelphia Sports . Philadelphia : Temple University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56639 - 861 - 9 External links ( edit ) Red , White , but Mostly Blue : The Validity of Modern Sunday Closing Laws Under the Establishment Clause - Vanderbilt Law Review ( 2007 ) Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture -- Blue Laws The Massachusetts Blue Laws Blue Law - Pantagraph ( Bloomington , IL newspaper ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blue_law&oldid=806056748 '' Categories : Political terminology of the United States Religion and law Sunday shopping Sabbath in Christianity Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from October 2012 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from July 2017 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from January 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2017 , at 11 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | why can't you buy alcohol on sunday before noon | [
"Many states prohibit selling alcohol for on and off-premises sales in one form or another on Sundays at some restricted time, under the idea that people should be in church on Sunday morning, or at least not drinking.[21][22]"
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"under the idea that people should be in church on Sunday morning, or at least not drinking"
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2474754962528450708 | Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 5) | Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( Season 5 ) - wikipedia Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( Season 5 ) Jump to : navigation , search Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( season 5 ) Promotional poster Starring Clark Gregg Ming - Na Wen Chloe Bennet Iain De Caestecker Elizabeth Henstridge Henry Simmons Natalia Cordova - Buckley Country of origin United States No. of episodes 10 Release Original network ABC Original release December 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) -- present ( present ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 4 List of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes The fifth season of the American television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , based on the Marvel Comics organization S.H.I.E.L.D. ( Strategic Homeland Intervention , Enforcement , and Logistics Division ) , revolves around the character of Phil Coulson and other S.H.I.E.L.D. agents and allies as they try to save humanity while in space . It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) , sharing continuity with the films of the franchise . The season is produced by ABC Studios , Marvel Television , and Mutant Enemy Productions , with Jed Whedon , Maurissa Tancharoen , and Jeffrey Bell serving as showrunners . The season was ordered in May 2017 . Alongside Clark Gregg , who reprises his role as Coulson from the film series , principal cast members Ming - Na Wen , Chloe Bennet , Iain De Caestecker , Elizabeth Henstridge , and Henry Simmons return from previous seasons , while Natalia Cordova - Buckley is promoted to the principal cast after appearing in a recurring role since season three . Due to its broadcast schedule , the season was split into two `` pods '' , the first of which saw the S.H.I.E.L.D. team transported to deep space in the year 2091 . The season also saw Gregg make his directorial debut on the series , and will feature Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's 100th episode , which was promoted with a special commemorative art program . The fifth season began airing on December 1 , 2017 , and is set to run for 22 episodes on ABC until May 18 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Notable guests 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.2. 1 First pod 3.2. 2 Second pod 3.3 Casting 3.4 Design 3.5 Filming 3.6 Marvel Cinematic Universe tie - ins 4 Release 4.1 Broadcast 4.2 Marketing 4.2. 1 `` The Road to 100 '' 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 89 90 `` Orientation '' Jesse Bochco David Solomon Jed Whedon & Maurissa Tancharoen DJ Doyle December 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) 2.54 An unknown group seizes Phil Coulson , Melinda May , Daisy Johnson , Jemma Simmons , Alphonso `` Mack '' MacKenzie , and Yo - Yo Rodriguez and transports them to a space station through a monolith ; Leo Fitz is left behind . Upon arrival , the team is heralded by Virgil , who dies soon after . They quickly regroup and meet Deke , who reveals that the space station , known as the Lighthouse , was built nearly ninety years prior . Hoping to send a message back to Earth , May and Simmons discover it is no longer habitable and appears to have been torn apart by a cataclysmic event . At the same time , Coulson discovers that the monolith transported them not through space , but through time . Elsewhere , Mack and Yo - Yo are held captive by the Kree , who maintain control of the station by encouraging bloodshed among its inhabitants . Back in the station , the team attempts to blend in by agreeing to work for Grill and meets Tess , who saves them during the Renewal . Coulson goes with Tess to learn more about Virgil 's message and finds a hidden notebook . Meanwhile , Simmons is taken to meet Kasius , the Kree leader of the station , and is inducted as one of his servants . Later on , Johnson confronts Deke in his framework simulation , where he reveals she is the reason the Earth was torn apart . 91 `` A Life Spent '' Kevin Hooks Nora Zuckerman & Lilla Zuckerman December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) 1.93 In preparation for Lady Basha 's arrival , Simmons is given the task of helping an Inhuman champion control her abilities for her exhibition ceremony . Simmons is successful but becomes distraught when Kasius sells his champion to Lady Basha . While the team adapt to their new jobs , Grill becomes suspicious of the new arrivals and sends one of his men to spy on them . During a space expedition , Coulson , May , Mack , and Tess struggle to make sense of Virgil 's notebook and discover a radio transmission supposedly originating from the Earth 's surface . Grill 's spy reports back , only to be framed as a traitor and exiled to die on Earth . Meanwhile , Yo - Yo helps Johnson get ahold of a Kree tablet to try and save Simmons . However , her mission is thwarted by Deke , who reports her to Kasius . Johnson is captured and taken to become his new champion . 92 `` A Life Earned '' Stan Brooks Drew Z . Greenberg December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 1.84 Johnson meets Ben , one of Kasius ' other champions , capable of telepathy . Using Ben to corroborate their story , Kasius interrogates Johnson and Simmons about the others . They are able to convince Kasius they came alone , though he remains suspicious . During the interrogation , Ben learns that Kasius intends to destroy the station and everyone on it once he acquires enough profits to leave . Deke returns to the others to gather new information as they learn about the mysterious Level 35 . Recognizing his father 's voice on the radio transmission , Deke agrees to help them gain access to the restricted floor . There , they discover that Kasius is attempting to breed Inhumans . May also discovers Deke lied about Johnson 's whereabouts , but get interrupted by Sinara 's arrival . Coulson leaves with Deke , while May fights her alone . Meanwhile , Grill sends Mack to confront someone who owes him payment . Later , Fitz is revealed to be one of the bidders who have arrived for Johnson 's exhibition . 93 5 `` Rewind '' Jesse Bochco Craig Titley December 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 22 ) 2.40 Shortly after the others are taken from the diner , Fitz is taken into military custody and interrogated about their whereabouts , including the assassination attempt on General Talbot , and deaths of Jeffrey Mace and Holden Radcliffe . For the next six months , Fitz is given special privileges that would hopefully allow him to locate the team but fails . With help from Lance Hunter , Fitz escapes the military facility and tracks down Enoch , the man who took the others . Enoch explains that a prophecy foretold these events and takes them to meet Robin , the daughter of Charles from Spacetime , who can also tell the future but through drawings . Tracked by the military , Enoch helps them escape to a secret bunker , where Fitz learns that he was left behind so he could save the team . Determined to help them , Fitz and Hunter break back into the same military facility to obtain a cryogenic pod . In the warehouse , they find all their old S.H.I.E.L.D. tech , including the Zephyr , which they use to escape . Back in the secret bunker , Fitz is put to sleep for the next 74 years and is awoken by Enoch , who prepares him for their arrival at the Lighthouse . 94 6 `` Fun & Games '' Clark Gregg Brent Fletcher January 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 05 ) 2.49 Down in the station , the Kree have harvested some of the youth for an unscheduled Terrigenesis ceremony . Flint , a friend of Tess , experiences a successful Terrigenesis and is taken into hiding with the team by Yo - Yo . Tess is killed and hanged for Flint 's disappearance . During a dinner with the other bidders , Fitz quickly proves himself as a formidable character , earning Kasius ' respect . The first exhibition is then held between Ben and May , resulting in May being sent to the surface , while Ben is killed for lying during Johnson 's interrogation . Meanwhile , Grill finds the team and holds them captive , until Flint saves them using geokinesis against Grill , killing him . The unexpected arrival of Kasius ' brother prompts Sinara to battle Johnson for her exhibition . During which , Johnson , Fitz , and Simmons are able to subdue the others and escape . During the escape , Simmons proposes to Fitz . 95 7 `` Together or Not at All '' Brad Turner Matt Owens January 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 12 ) 2.31 Johnson , Fitz , and Simmons are hunted throughout the station and discover the station is being sustained by gravitonium . Fitz is shot during the chase . Deke finds them and takes them to the rest of the team . Reunited , the team plot their escape to the Earth 's surface by using a trawler and Deke 's antigravity device . After learning about Tess ' death , Flint decides to stay on the station to protect the remaining inhabitants . Mack and Yo - Yo agree to stay behind and help him . Coulson , Johnson , Fitz , Simmons , and Deke fly to the surface , but get caught in the gravity storm . Meanwhile , Kasius kills his brother and plots to regain his father 's acceptance by recapturing Johnson with help from Sinara . On the surface , Enoch finds May , but their meeting is cut short by the approaching gravity storm . A mysterious figure takes them to safety , where they are greeted by an elderly Robin . 96 8 `` The Last Day '' Nina Lopez - Corrado James C. Oliver & Sharla Oliver January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) 2.41 Coulson , Johnson , Fitz , Simmons , and Deke survive the crash and reunite with May in the Zephyr . They meet Samuel Voss , an acquaintance of Deke 's father . Up on the Lighthouse , Kasius punishes the inhabitants by cutting off their resources . Flint , Mack , and Yo - Yo go to retrieve the weapons hidden by Fitz and discover Kasius has released the Vrellnexians onto the lower levels . They defeat the Vrellnexians and rescue the remaining inhabitants . On the surface , the team struggle to get answers from Robin and find a machine built into the Zephyr . While Fitz and Simmons attempt to remove Johnson 's inhibitor , May and Coulson find a shard of the time monolith in Voss ' locker . Deke questions Voss about the shard , which belonged to his parents , and gets knocked out . Voss then tries to kill Johnson and impales Robin to prevent her from giving the team answers . Before dying , Robin is comforted by May as she reveals their history and finally tells May how to save the world , which requires Flint . In the past , May is shown taking care of Robin and encouraging Fitz to build his machine so they can travel through time . 97 9 `` Best Laid Plans '' Garry A. Brown George Kitson January 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) 2.27 As the gravity storm worsens , the team attempt to relaunch the Zephyr . May reveals that using the shard , Flint can recreate the monolith allowing the team to travel back through time . Similar to the Lighthouse , Fitz and Simmons find gravitonium on the Zephyr and realize the designs were manufactured by Fitz himself . On the station , Flint , Mack , and Yo - Yo successfully gain control of the lower levels . Tess is resurrected by Kasius and sent to relay demands for him , who threatens to detonate explosives killing everyone if they are not met . Mack and Yo - Yo retaliate by placing the explosives on Level 35 , the medical floor , which would prevent Kasius from breeding more Inhumans . During a standoff with Kasius , Flint evacuates the inhabitants to the upper levels and uses the remaining explosives to separate them from the lower levels , out of Kasius ' reach . Using the gravity storm to her advantage , May navigates the Zephyr into space as Johnson battles Sinara again , this time killing her . Johnson then contacts Mack while the team are heading for the Lighthouse . 98 10 `` Past Life '' Eric Laneuville DJ Doyle February 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 02 ) 2.22 While Enoch stays on the Zephyr , the team focus on getting to Flint and rescuing the other Inhumans from captivity . Distraught over Sinara 's death , Kasius infects Tye , the Inhuman trainer , with odium , a substance that excites maniacal behavior and sends him after the team . During a fight with Tye , Coulson gets infected with the odium . Kasius ' seer is revealed to be Yo - Yo from the future , one who has lived through the time loop and endured endless torture . She reveals that the team 's ultimate return will bring the end of the world and that the only solution is to let Coulson succumb to his infection . As Flint recreates the monolith , Mack leaves to find Yo - Yo and witnesses her future self 's death by Kasius , who consumes the remaining odium and fights him . With help from Simmons , Mack kills Kasius and reunites with Yo - Yo , who is still alive in their timeline . Deke returns to the Zephyr in time to save Enoch and fix the machine , although at the cost of both of their lives , as the team returns to the present . 99 11 `` All the Comforts of Home '' Kate Woods Drew Z . Greenberg March 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 02 ) TBD 100 12 `` The Real Deal '' Kevin Tancharoen Jed Whedon & Maurissa Tancharoen & Jeffrey Bell March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) TBD 101 13 `` Principia '' Brad Turner Craig Titley March 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) TBD 102 14 `` The Devil Complex '' TBA TBA March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) TBD Salli Richardson - Whitfield directed an episode of the season . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. characters Main ( edit ) Clark Gregg as Phil Coulson Ming - Na Wen as Melinda May Chloe Bennet as Daisy Johnson / Quake Iain De Caestecker as Leo Fitz Elizabeth Henstridge as Jemma Simmons Henry Simmons as Alphonso `` Mack '' MacKenzie Natalia Cordova - Buckley as Elena `` Yo - Yo '' Rodriguez Recurring ( edit ) Jeff Ward as Deke Shaw Joel Stoffer as Enoch Eve Harlow as Tess Dominic Rains as Kasius Florence Faivre as Sinara Pruitt Taylor Vince as Grill Coy Stewart as Flint Catherine Dent as Hale Notable guests ( edit ) Lola Glaudini as Polly Hinton Nick Blood as Lance Hunter Brian Patrick Wade as Carl Creel Briana Venskus as Piper Spencer Treat Clark as Werner von Strucker Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In January 2017 , ahead of the mid-season premiere of the fourth season , ABC 's Channing Dungey said that she was `` very bullish '' about S.H.I.E.L.D. 's future , feeling that `` the episodes just keep getting better and stronger '' . The series was renewed for a fifth season of 22 episodes on May 11 , with ABC looking to lower the cost of the series moving forward , by reducing its budget and licensing fee . Asked whether she had considered giving the season a shorter episode order , Dungey noted that every season of the series had been 22 episodes long , and she felt its prior success in delayed viewership and overseas justified continuing that . She added that the `` show has continued to grow creatively every season . I feel like last season ( was ) its strongest creatively yet . I 'm very excited for what we have planned for Season 5 . '' It was reported that Disney , the parent company of Marvel Television , ABC Studios , and ABC , had given a mandate to ABC to renew Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. `` despite the desire by some at the network to end the series '' . Writing ( edit ) In May 2017 , ahead of the fifth season renewal , showrunner and executive producer Jed Whedon said the writers were not sure what would happen in the season , and that it would be `` by the seat of our pants . '' The season explores the ramifications of Phil Coulson making a deal with Ghost Rider at the end of the previous season , as well as the groundwork laid by Aida for humans to fear S.H.I.E.L.D. and Inhumans . Whedon stated , `` The public perception of S.H.I.E.L.D. is at an all - time low , so we have not resolved that , and there will be still more fallout from it . '' Moving beyond the Framework reality established at the end of season four , Tancharoen said the emotional impact from the characters ' experiences would `` be something that resonates throughout the season '' , especially for Fitz and Mack . When asked if the season would be broken into pods as with season four , executive producer Jeffrey Bell said , `` A 22 - episode arc is a lot for people to hold onto . By breaking it up into either smaller arcs or different pods , by introducing a set of antagonists and putting them down , or moving from space to space , our experience has been that it 's something the viewers enjoy , and it makes it a little easier to digest when you 're telling some of these stories . '' However , Whedon noted that it would depend on how the season would be aired as to where the story is broken up . The season ultimately was broken into two pod story arcs , with each pod having a different emphases , but the whole season having an arc `` that will pay off '' . The writers for the season began work at the end of May 2017 . First pod ( edit ) The first pod of the season was informally referred to by the production team as S.H.I.E.L.D. in Space . Ahead of the season premiere , executive producer Maurissa Tancharoen said that `` every year we reset the series , and this year we definitely knew that it would be the most giant reset to date ( with the characters going to space ) . Just creatively across the board for everyone , art direction , all of it , our sets , you 'll see an overhaul . '' On the move to space , Whedon commented , `` Last year was about tearing everybody apart . We spent a lot of time doing that ... So our goal this year was ... putting ( this ) family together in an intense situation ( that ) will end up causing drama internally , inevitably ... we 've spent this many years with them , let 's throw them on the craziest roller coaster adventure we could think of . '' The main characters eventually return home to their time period . Second pod ( edit ) The second pod of the season includes the series ' 100th episode , which Whedon and Tancharoen described as a `` game changer '' that would `` shake up '' the rest of the pod emotionally , to the point that `` nothing will be the same after '' it . Also , at the end of February 2018 , the writers were planning the end of the pod , and were planning for the final episode to be able to serve as both a season and series finale , with some elements that could be adjusted based on whether the series was renewed for a sixth season or not . Whedon added , `` we 're ready for if this is the end . We 're definitely going to make it rewarding either way . '' Casting ( edit ) Main cast members Clark Gregg , Ming - Na Wen , Chloe Bennet , Iain De Caestecker , Elizabeth Henstridge , and Henry Simmons return from previous seasons as Phil Coulson , Melinda May , Daisy Johnson / Quake , Leo Fitz , Jemma Simmons , and Alphonso `` Mack '' MacKenzie , respectively . Before the 2017 New York Comic - Con , it was revealed that Natalia Cordova - Buckley had been promoted to series regular for the season , after recurring in the past two seasons as Elena `` Yo - Yo '' Rodriguez . In September 2017 , former series regular Nick Blood was announced as returning to reprise his role of Lance Hunter . Blood left the series during the third season , to star in the spin - off series Marvel 's Most Wanted , which never came to fruition . Adrianne Palicki , who portrayed Bobbi Morse and also left in the third season for Most Wanted with Blood , expressed interest in October 2017 in returning to guest star in the season , saying she `` would absolutely come back '' if asked . Also returning from earlier in the series are Joel Stoffer as Enoch , who was simply credited as `` silhouetted man '' in his previous appearance , and Lola Glaudini as Polly Hinton . Polly 's daughter Robin also appears , portrayed by multiple actresses , after the character made an uncredited appearance in `` Ascension '' : Lexy Kolker appears as 7 - years - old Robin , Ava Kolker appears as 12 - year - old Robin , and Willow Hale appears as an older Robin , when she is also known as The Seer . Brian Patrick Wade and Spencer Treat Clark return from earlier seasons as Carl Creel and Werner von Strucker , along with Briana Venskus and Maximilian Osinski as S.H.I.E.L.D. agents Piper and Davis , respectively , The characters Lash and Hive will return from earlier seasons for the series ' 100th episode . Jeff Ward was cast in a recurring role in August 2017 , and was revealed in October to be portraying Deke Shaw , alongside other newcomers Eve Harlow as Tess , Coy Stewart as Flint , and Pruitt Taylor Vince as Grill . Other recurring guests include Dominic Rains as Kasius , Florence Faivre as Sinara , Jay Hunter as a Kree watch commander , Tunisha Hubbard as Ava , and Catherine Dent as Hale . Design ( edit ) The title card for the season After leaving the series during the fourth season , costume designer Ann Foley returned for the first two episodes of the fifth season , before handing over to Whitney Galitz , who had assisted her on the previous few seasons , and Christann Chanell . The opening for `` Orientation '' is reminiscent of the sequence for `` 4,722 Hours '' , forgoing the title card and having the typeface silently fading onto the screen . The subsequent episodes of the season feature a title card with the series name against a backdrop of a destroyed Earth . Filming ( edit ) Filming for the season began on July 20 , 2017 . In May 2017 , Gregg expressed interest in directing an episode in the season , and confirmed that September he would be directing an episode , which was the sixth of the season , `` Fun & Games '' . Gregg felt the idea of directing was `` daunting '' as he would need to be doing `` five weeks of double duty '' , needing to act in addition to the various aspects of directing the episode . He reached out to fellow S.H.I.E.L.D. directors Kevin Tancharoen , Billy Gierhart , and Jesse Bochco to get tips on filming for the series . Bennet felt Gregg was able to bring out performances from the cast `` that another director probably would n't have been able to because he knows the characters so well . '' Gregg added that he had `` shorthand with ( the other actors ) about what we want to try to do , ways the script could give us a chance to push us into new territory . They all also have deep and interesting ideas that helped me . '' Gregg also received a deeper appreciation for some of the other departments on the series he normally does not encounter on a regular basis and the work they contribute to each episode . Marvel Cinematic Universe tie - ins ( edit ) In terms of having connections to Marvel 's Inhumans , Whedon felt it was doubtful , but noted `` we also want there to be a bigger reward for people who watch all of ( the MCU series ) , so they 'll start to see that there 's lines connecting it . It 's more fun for people who are playing the whole game , but if you do n't , you 'll still have a great rollercoaster ride . '' In November 2017 , Whedon said that the season would not have moved the characters to space if the recent MCU films like Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 and Thor : Ragnarok had not been exploring that part of the MCU , but that this would remain a `` thematic tie '' . He explained that they had moved on from the overt tie - ins with the MCU films that the series utilized in earlier seasons because `` we have our own mythology . That started to be much more interesting to us , and hopefully to the audience , just digging that stuff up . No one wants to come to see our show to see another show . '' The season features the Kree , an alien race that previously appeared in the first , second and third seasons , and in the film Guardians of the Galaxy . The fictional element Gravitonium also returns , having first appeared in the first season . Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The season began airing in the United States on ABC on December 1 , 2017 , beginning once Inhumans finished airing its episodes . It is set to run for 22 episodes , with a short hiatus for the airing of the 2018 Winter Olympics between `` Past Life '' and `` All the Comforts of Home '' . The season is intended to conclude on May 18 , 2018 . The fifth season moved to a Friday timeslot , alongside the seventh season of ABC 's Once Upon a Time , with ABC chief Channing Dungey explaining , `` We 've turned Friday into more of a destination for our fantasy and science fiction fans . Once Upon a Time and S.H.I.E.L.D. are airing on the same night for the first time , which is giving many fans of both shows what they 've been asking for for a long time . '' Andy Kubitz , executive vice president for program planning and scheduling at ABC , added that ABC had `` confidence that ( the S.H.I.E.L.D. ) core audience ... ( would ) travel with it '' to its new Friday time slot . He continued , `` The great thing about Friday night for these shows is it gives three days of downtime for a lot of these younger viewers to be able to catch up on it . You 've got Saturday and Sunday viewing that will be able to be counted into our C3 to help us monetize it . '' Marketing ( edit ) The main cast of the season appeared at New York Comic Con on October 7 , 2017 , where they promoted the season and debuted the first 20 minutes of the first episode of the season . A shortened version of the footage was released by ABC and Marvel on November 26 , 2017 , as a sneak peek before the season premiere later that week . The cast and executive producers will appear at WonderCon 2018 on March 24 , to promote the rest of the season , and show a sneak peak of an upcoming episode . `` The Road to 100 '' ( edit ) In December 2017 , Marvel announced the `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : The Road to 100 '' art program to commemorate the series reaching 100 episodes . The program features five posters , one for each season of the series , representing `` key pivotal moments of each season '' . The art also appeared as variant covers to select titles published by Marvel Comics in March 2018 . Megan Thomas Bradner , Vice President of Development and Production , Live Action at Marvel Television , called reaching 100 episodes `` quite a feat ... and it felt special enough to share with the fans that got us here . By working with some of our favorite comic artists , we felt we could show a large variety of meaningful moments and the characters that helped get us to a 100 . '' She added that the program `` commemorates these creators , the actors , the characters and a hundred amazing stories '' . The first poster , highlighting season one , was created by Dale Keown . It features four panels , showcasing the moment Coulson and Grant Ward approached Skye in her van from the pilot , Coulson learning he survived the Battle of New York from the T.A.H.I.T.I. program and a drug from a half - dissected Kree alien corpse , the moment Grant Ward revealed he was a Hydra agent by killing Victoria Hand , and Fitz giving Simmons the last remaining oxygen tank and declaring his love for her in the season one finale . The second poster , highlighting season two , was created by Daniel Acuña . The scenes depicted are Coulson writing the Inhuman map on a wall ; Daisy coming out of her Terrigenesis ; the S.H.I.E.L.D. team , Bobbi Morse , Lance Hunter , and the `` real S.H.I.E.L.D. '' logo ; and May cradling the deceased body of Katya Belyakov . The third poster , highlighting season three , was created by Nick Bradshaw . The poster shows the S.H.I.E.L.D. team and Hive , along with the Hydra logo breaking the S.H.I.E.L.D. logo and its tentacles covering much of the poster . Specific moments highlighted include Fitz and Simmons after she has been pulled from the portal to Maveth , Coulson killing Ward on Maveth , and the formation of the Secret Warriors . The fourth poster , highlighting season four , was created by Rahzzah . It highlighted the introduction of Ghost Rider , Life Model Decoys ( LMD ) and the Framework reality , Jeffrey Mace sacrificing himself in the Framework , and Coulson 's kiss with the May LMD . The fifth and final poster , highlighting this season , was created by Stonehouse . Flanked on either side are Kasius and Sinara , with the S.H.I.E.L.D. team and Deke in the center in front of the destroyed Earth of the future as well as Fitz reuniting with Simmons . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) 1 / 2 `` Orientation '' December 1 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.54 0.6 1.72 1.3 4.27 `` A Life Spent '' December 8 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.93 0.7 1.68 1.2 3.61 `` A Life Earned '' December 15 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.84 N / A N / A N / A N / A 5 `` Rewind '' December 22 , 2017 0.6 / 3 2.40 N / A N / A N / A N / A 6 `` Fun & Games '' January 5 , 2018 0.7 / 3 2.49 N / A N / A N / A N / A 7 `` Together or Not at All '' January 12 , 2018 0.6 / 3 2.31 0.7 1.75 1.3 4.07 8 `` The Last Day '' January 19 , 2018 0.6 / 3 2.41 0.8 1.82 1.4 4.23 9 `` Best Laid Plans '' January 26 , 2018 0.6 / 3 2.27 0.6 1.72 1.2 4.00 10 `` Past Life '' February 2 , 2018 0.6 / 3 2.22 0.6 1.74 1.2 3.96 Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports a 100 % approval rating , with an average rating of 7.67 out of 10 , based on 9 reviews . Reviewing the premiere episodes , Merrill Barr of Forbes felt moving the series to space was not a reboot of the series , rather `` a continuation , in some form , of the story set - up at the end of last season . The show is not different . The team is still trying to save the world . They 're just doing it in a new place and new way . Overall , there 's a lot to love about what S.H.I.E.L.D. is doing in the new season . It 's a crazy ride fans are going to be glad they 've stayed aboard for . The `` Agents of Hydra '' run ( at the end of season four ) was a bit weak . The space run is so far proving to be anything but . '' Jon Negroni of We Got This Covered praised the show for its delightful twists and turns and for not relying on what 's already worked , adding that `` it 's a testament to the show 's ongoing experimentation that we can watch these characters get to space and believe that this is far from their final frontier . '' He felt , however , that there was `` little room for pathos and seeds for character development '' and that `` we know almost nothing about where these individuals are at emotionally because of how fast we blazed through the finale . '' Alex McLevy of The A.V. Club praised the move to space , saying that `` if season four was Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. firing on all cylinders , especially during its stellar ' Agents of Hydra ' arc in the Framework , then this is the look of a show that knows it has mastered its storytelling , and is confidently expanding the scope of its ambition . '' Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Category Recipient Result Ref . 2018 TVLine 's Performer of the Week Performance in `` The Last Day '' Ming - Na Wen Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode Mark Kolpack , Sabrina Arnold , David Rey , Kevin Yuille , Gary D'Amico for `` Orientation , Part 1 '' Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' and ' The Exorcist ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . 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Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Season 5 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Barr , Merrill ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Season 5 Review : Bonkers But A Lot Of Fun '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Negroni , Jon ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Season 5 Review '' . We Got This Covered . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McLevy , Alex ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. brings the gravity in a thrilling outer - space season premiere '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Performer of the Week : Sonequa Martin - Green '' . TVLine . January 20 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2018 . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Visual Effects Society Awards : ' Apes , ' ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Lead Feature Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . General references `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Season 5 Episode Guide '' . TV Guide . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . `` Shows A-Z -- Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. on ABC '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . External Links ( edit ) Official website Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. on IMDb Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. at TV.com S.H.I.E.L.D. Creators : Stan Lee Jack Kirby Characters Executive Directors George W. Bridge Sharon Carter Timothy Dugan Nick Fury Maria Hill Daisy Johnson Norman Osborn Steve Rogers Tony Stark Field Agents Clay Quartermain Victoria Hand Jasper Sitwell Al MacKenzie Mitch Carson Valentina Allegra de Fontaine Jessica Drew Clint Barton Natasha Romanova Barbara Morse Jimmy Woo Alexander Goodwin Pierce John Garrett Nick Fury Jr . 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-8809624823031832210 | List of tallest dams in the United States | List of tallest dams in the United States - wikipedia List of tallest dams in the United States Jump to : navigation , search This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Google Maps Download coordinates as : KML GPX This is a list of the tallest dams in the United States . The main list includes all U.S. dams over 300 feet ( 91 m ) high , and a second list gives the highest dams in each state . Dimensions given are for foundation height , not hydraulic height or head . Structures such as levees , dikes and tailings dams are not included in the lists . Decommissioned or failed dams , such as Teton Dam in Idaho , are included . Both lists are works in progress and will be updated periodically with new information . There are currently 75 entries on the main list . Most of the U.S. 's taller dams are located in the west because of the steeper and more rugged topography . The tallest is Oroville Dam in northern California , a 770.5 - foot ( 234.8 m ) embankment dam completed in 1968 . Five of the ten highest dams in the U.S. are located in California . The Colorado , Columbia and Sacramento -- San Joaquin river systems contain the greatest number of high dams . In the eastern U.S. , tall dams are less common because of the lesser vertical relief . The tallest dam in the eastern U.S. is 480 - foot ( 150 m ) Fontana Dam in North Carolina , which ranks 20th in height among all U.S. dams . Key Dam has been raised since initial construction Contents ( hide ) 1 Highest dams 2 Highest dams by state 3 Location map 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Highest dams ( edit ) Oroville Dam , 1st Hoover Dam , 2nd Dworshak Dam , 3rd Hungry Horse Dam , 10th Fontana Dam , 20th Name State ( s ) Height Type River Coordinates Built ft m Oroville Dam CA 770.5 234.8 Embankment Feather River 39 ° 32 ′ 20 '' N 121 ° 29 ′ 08 '' W / 39.53889 ° N 121.48556 ° W / 39.53889 ; - 121.48556 ( Oroville ) 1968 Hoover Dam AZ NV 726 221 Arch - gravity dam Colorado River 36 ° 00 ′ 56 '' N 114 ° 44 ′ 16 '' W / 36.01556 ° N 114.73778 ° W / 36.01556 ; - 114.73778 ( Hoover ) 1936 Dworshak Dam ID 717 219 Concrete gravity N.F. Clearwater River 46 ° 30 ′ 54 '' N 116 ° 17 ′ 49 '' W / 46.51500 ° N 116.29694 ° W / 46.51500 ; - 116.29694 ( Dworshak ) 1973 Glen Canyon Dam AZ 710 220 Concrete arch Colorado River 36 ° 56 ′ 15 '' N 111 ° 29 ′ 04 '' W / 36.93750 ° N 111.48444 ° W / 36.93750 ; - 111.48444 ( Glen Canyon ) 1966 New Bullards Bar Dam CA 645 197 Concrete arch N. Yuba River 39 ° 23 ′ 36 '' N 121 ° 08 ′ 35 '' W / 39.39333 ° N 121.14306 ° W / 39.39333 ; - 121.14306 ( New Bullards Bar ) 1969 New Melones Dam CA 625 191 Embankment Stanislaus River 37 ° 56 ′ 50 '' N 120 ° 31 ′ 41 '' W / 37.94722 ° N 120.52806 ° W / 37.94722 ; - 120.52806 ( New Melones ) 1979 Mossyrock Dam WA 606 185 Concrete arch Cowlitz River 46 ° 32 ′ 04 '' N 122 ° 25 ′ 34 '' W / 46.53444 ° N 122.42611 ° W / 46.53444 ; - 122.42611 ( Mossyrock ) 1968 Shasta Dam CA 602 183 Concrete gravity Sacramento River 40 ° 43 ′ 07 '' N 122 ° 25 ′ 08 '' W / 40.71861 ° N 122.41889 ° W / 40.71861 ; - 122.41889 ( Shasta ) 1945 New Don Pedro Dam CA 585 178 Embankment Tuolumne River 37 ° 41 ′ 58 '' N 120 ° 25 ′ 15 '' W / 37.69944 ° N 120.42083 ° W / 37.69944 ; - 120.42083 ( New Don Pedro ) 1971 Hungry Horse Dam MT 564 172 Concrete arch S.F. Flathead River 48 ° 20 ′ 30 '' N 114 ° 00 ′ 51 '' W / 48.34167 ° N 114.01417 ° W / 48.34167 ; - 114.01417 ( Hungry Horse ) 1953 Grand Coulee Dam WA 550 170 Concrete gravity Columbia River 47 ° 57 ′ 21 '' N 118 ° 58 ′ 54 '' W / 47.95583 ° N 118.98167 ° W / 47.95583 ; - 118.98167 ( Grand Coulee ) 1942 Seven Oaks Dam CA 550 170 Embankment Santa Ana River 34 ° 08 ′ 45 '' N 117 ° 03 ′ 45 '' W / 34.14583 ° N 117.06250 ° W / 34.14583 ; - 117.06250 ( Seven Oaks ) 2000 Ross Dam WA 540 160 Concrete arch Skagit River 48 ° 43 ′ 54 '' N 121 ° 04 ′ 02 '' W / 48.73167 ° N 121.06722 ° W / 48.73167 ; - 121.06722 ( Ross ) 1949 Trinity Dam CA 538 164 Embankment Trinity River 40 ° 48 ′ 04 '' N 122 ° 45 ′ 48 '' W / 40.80111 ° N 122.76333 ° W / 40.80111 ; - 122.76333 ( Trinity ) 1962 Yellowtail Dam MT 525 160 Concrete arch Bighorn River 45 ° 18 ′ 24 '' N 107 ° 57 ′ 29 '' W / 45.30667 ° N 107.95806 ° W / 45.30667 ; - 107.95806 ( Yellowtail Dam ) 1967 Cougar Dam OR 519 158 Embankment S.F. McKenzie River 44 ° 07 ′ 44 '' N 122 ° 14 ′ 25 '' W / 44.12889 ° N 122.24028 ° W / 44.12889 ; - 122.24028 ( Cougar Dam ) 1964 Swift Dam WA 512 156 Embankment Lewis River 46 ° 04 ′ 47 '' N 122 ° 11 ′ 52 '' W / 46.07972 ° N 122.19778 ° W / 46.07972 ; - 122.19778 ( Swift Dam ) 1958 Flaming Gorge Dam UT 502 153 Concrete arch Green River 40 ° 54 ′ 52 '' N 109 ° 25 ′ 17 '' W / 40.91444 ° N 109.42139 ° W / 40.91444 ; - 109.42139 ( Flaming Gorge ) 1964 New Exchequer Dam CA 490 150 Concrete - faced rockfill Merced River 37 ° 35 ′ 10 '' N 120 ° 16 ′ 10 '' W / 37.58611 ° N 120.26944 ° W / 37.58611 ; - 120.26944 ( New Exchequer ) 1967 Fontana Dam NC 480 150 Concrete gravity Little Tennessee River 35 ° 27 ′ 08 '' N 83 ° 48 ′ 17 '' W / 35.45222 ° N 83.80472 ° W / 35.45222 ; - 83.80472 ( Fontana Dam ) 1944 Morrow Point Dam CO 468 143 Concrete arch Gunnison River 36 ° 27 ′ 07 '' N 107 ° 32 ′ 17 '' W / 36.45194 ° N 107.53806 ° W / 36.45194 ; - 107.53806 ( Morrow Point ) 1968 Detroit Dam OR 463 141 Concrete gravity North Santiam River 44 ° 43 ′ 15 '' N 122 ° 14 ′ 59 '' W / 44.72083 ° N 122.24972 ° W / 44.72083 ; - 122.24972 ( Detroit Dam ) 1953 Bath County Pumped Storage Station Upper Dam VA 460 140 Embankment Little Back Creek 38 ° 13 ′ 32 '' N 79 ° 49 ′ 27 '' W / 38.22556 ° N 79.82417 ° W / 38.22556 ; - 79.82417 ( Bath County Pumped Storage Station ) 1984 Anderson Ranch Dam ID 456 139 Embankment S.F. Boise River 43 ° 21 ′ 27 '' N 115 ° 26 ′ 55 '' W / 43.35750 ° N 115.44861 ° W / 43.35750 ; - 115.44861 ( Anderson Ranch ) 1950 Union Valley Dam CA 453 138 Embankment Silver Creek 38 ° 51 ′ 55 '' N 120 ° 26 ′ 30 '' W / 38.86528 ° N 120.44167 ° W / 38.86528 ; - 120.44167 ( Union Valley Dam ) 1963 Carters Dam GA 445 136 Embankment Coosawattee River 44 ° 20 ′ 6 '' N 71 ° 52 ′ 32 '' W / 44.33500 ° N 71.87556 ° W / 44.33500 ; - 71.87556 ( Carters Dam ) 1977 New Waddell Dam AZ 440 130 Embankment Agua Fria River 33 ° 50 ′ 49 '' N 112 ° 15 ′ 58 '' W / 33.84694 ° N 112.26611 ° W / 33.84694 ; - 112.26611 ( New Waddell Dam ) Pine Flat Dam CA 440 130 Concrete gravity Kings River 36 ° 49 ′ 56 '' N 119 ° 19 ′ 34 '' W / 36.83222 ° N 119.32611 ° W / 36.83222 ; - 119.32611 ( Pine Flat Dam ) 1954 Round Butte Dam OR 440 130 Embankment Deschutes River 44 ° 36 ′ 11 '' N 121 ° 16 ′ 40 '' W / 44.60306 ° N 121.27778 ° W / 44.60306 ; - 121.27778 ( Round Butte Dam ) 1964 Mud Mountain Dam WA 432 132 Embankment White River 47 ° 08 ′ 24 '' N 121 ° 55 ′ 55 '' W / 47.14000 ° N 121.93194 ° W / 47.14000 ; - 121.93194 ( Mud Mountain Dam ) 1948 O'Shaughnessy Dam CA 430 130 Concrete arch Tuolumne River 37 ° 56 ′ 51 '' N 119 ° 47 ′ 17 '' W / 37.94750 ° N 119.78806 ° W / 37.94750 ; - 119.78806 ( O'Shaughnessy Dam ) 1923 ( 1938 ) Libby Dam MT 422 129 Concrete gravity Kootenai River 48 ° 24 ′ 42 '' N 115 ° 18 ′ 34 '' W / 48.41167 ° N 115.30944 ° W / 48.41167 ; - 115.30944 ( Libby Dam ) Brownlee Dam ID OR 420 130 Embankment Snake River 44 ° 50 ′ 10 '' N 116 ° 54 ′ 00 '' W / 44.83611 ° N 116.90000 ° W / 44.83611 ; - 116.90000 ( Brownlee Dam ) 1958 Owyhee Dam OR 417 127 Concrete arch Owyhee River 43 ° 38 ′ 31 '' N 117 ° 14 ′ 33 '' W / 43.64194 ° N 117.24250 ° W / 43.64194 ; - 117.24250 ( Owyhee Dam ) 1932 Mammoth Pool Dam CA 411 125 Embankment San Joaquin River 37 ° 19 ′ 23 '' N 119 ° 18 ′ 58 '' W / 37.32306 ° N 119.31611 ° W / 37.32306 ; - 119.31611 ( Mammoth Pool Dam ) 1959 Hell Hole Dam CA 410 120 Embankment Rubicon River 39 ° 03 ′ 26 '' N 120 ° 24 ′ 32 '' W / 39.05722 ° N 120.40889 ° W / 39.05722 ; - 120.40889 ( Hell Hole Dam ) 1966 Navajo Dam NM 402 123 Embankment San Juan River 36 ° 48 ′ 01 '' N 107 ° 36 ′ 45 '' W / 36.80028 ° N 107.61250 ° W / 36.80028 ; - 107.61250 ( Navajo Dam ) 1962 Blue Mesa Dam CO 390 120 Embankment Gunnison River 38 ° 27 ′ 02 '' N 107 ° 20 ′ 06 '' W / 38.45056 ° N 107.33500 ° W / 38.45056 ; - 107.33500 ( Blue Mesa Dam ) 1966 Summersville Dam WV 390 120 Rockfill Gauley River 38 ° 13 ′ 18 '' N 80 ° 53 ′ 23 '' W / 38.22167 ° N 80.88972 ° W / 38.22167 ; - 80.88972 ( Summersville Dam ) 1966 Diablo Dam WA 389 119 Concrete arch Skagit River 48 ° 42 ′ 51 '' N 121 ° 07 ′ 52 '' W / 48.71417 ° N 121.13111 ° W / 48.71417 ; - 121.13111 ( Diablo Dam ) 1930 Pyramid Dam CA 386 118 Embankment Piru Creek 34 ° 38 ′ 39 '' N 118 ° 45 ′ 50 '' W / 34.64417 ° N 118.76389 ° W / 34.64417 ; - 118.76389 ( Pyramid Dam ) 1970 Jocassee Dam SC 385 117 Embankment Keowee River 34 ° 57 ′ 35 '' N 82 ° 55 ′ 02 '' W / 34.95972 ° N 82.91722 ° W / 34.95972 ; - 82.91722 ( Jocassee Dam ) 1973 Pacoima Dam CA 365 111 Variable radius arch Pacoima Creek 34 ° 20 ′ 05 '' N 118 ° 23 ′ 47 '' W / 34.33472 ° N 118.39639 ° W / 34.33472 ; - 118.39639 ( Pacoima ) 1929 Theodore Roosevelt Dam AZ 357 109 Concrete arch Salt River 33 ° 40 ′ 18 '' N 111 ° 09 ′ 40 '' W / 33.67167 ° N 111.16111 ° W / 33.67167 ; - 111.16111 ( Theodore Roosevelt Dam ) 1911 ( 1996 ) Arrowrock Dam ID 350 110 Concrete arch Boise River 43 ° 35 ′ 44 '' N 115 ° 55 ′ 20 '' W / 43.59556 ° N 115.92222 ° W / 43.59556 ; - 115.92222 ( Arrowrock Dam ) 1915 Buffalo Bill Dam WY 350 110 Concrete arch Shoshone River 44 ° 30 ′ 06 '' N 109 ° 11 ′ 03 '' W / 44.50167 ° N 109.18417 ° W / 44.50167 ; - 109.18417 ( Buffalo Bill Dam ) 1910 Jordanelle Dam UT 345 105 Embankment Provo River 40 ° 35 ′ 52 '' N 111 ° 25 ′ 26 '' W / 40.59778 ° N 111.42389 ° W / 40.59778 ; - 111.42389 ( Jordanelle Dam ) Pardee Dam CA 345 105 Gravity Mokelumne River 38 ° 15 ′ 27 '' N 120 ° 51 ′ 01 '' W / 38.25750 ° N 120.85028 ° W / 38.25750 ; - 120.85028 ( Pardee ) 1929 William L. Jess Dam OR 345 105 Embankment Rogue River 42 ° 40 ′ 17 '' N 122 ° 40 ′ 30 '' W / 42.67139 ° N 122.67500 ° W / 42.67139 ; - 122.67500 ( William L. Jess Dam ) 1976 Abiquiu Dam NM 340 100 Embankment Rio Chama 36 ° 14 ′ 17 '' N 106 ° 25 ′ 33 '' W / 36.23806 ° N 106.42583 ° W / 36.23806 ; - 106.42583 ( Abiquiu Dam ) 1963 ( 1986 ) Boundary Dam WA 340 100 Concrete arch - gravity Pend Oreille River 48 ° 59 ′ 14 '' N 117 ° 20 ′ 51 '' W / 48.98722 ° N 117.34750 ° W / 48.98722 ; - 117.34750 ( Boundary Dam ) 1967 Castaic Dam CA 340 100 Embankment Castaic Creek 34 ° 31 ′ 09 '' N 118 ° 36 ′ 25 '' W / 34.51917 ° N 118.60694 ° W / 34.51917 ; - 118.60694 ( Castaic Dam ) 1973 Folsom Dam CA 340 100 Concrete gravity , embankment American River 38 ° 42 ′ 28 '' N 121 ° 09 ′ 23 '' W / 38.70778 ° N 121.15639 ° W / 38.70778 ; - 121.15639 ( Folsom Dam ) 1956 Lucky Peak Dam ID 340 100 Embankment Boise River 43 ° 31 ′ 42 '' N 116 ° 03 ′ 11 '' W / 43.52833 ° N 116.05306 ° W / 43.52833 ; - 116.05306 ( Lucky Peak Dam ) 1955 San Vicente Dam CA 337 103 Roller - Compacted Concrete Off - stream 32 ° 54 ′ 44 '' N 116 ° 55 ′ 28 '' W / 32.91222 ° N 116.92444 ° W / 32.91222 ; - 116.92444 ( San Vicente Dam ) 1943 ( 2014 ) Ridgway Dam CO 333 101 Embankment Uncompahgre River 38 ° 14 ′ 15 '' N 107 ° 45 ′ 33 '' W / 38.23750 ° N 107.75917 ° W / 38.23750 ; - 107.75917 ( Ridgway Dam ) Salt Springs Dam CA 332 101 Rock - fill North Fork Mokelumne River 38 ° 29 ′ 54 '' N 120 ° 12 ′ 58 '' W / 38.49833 ° N 120.21611 ° W / 38.49833 ; - 120.21611 ( Salt Springs ) 1931 Alder Dam WA 330 100 Concrete arch Nisqually River 46 ° 48 ′ 05 '' N 122 ° 18 ′ 37 '' W / 46.80139 ° N 122.31028 ° W / 46.80139 ; - 122.31028 ( Alder Dam ) 1945 Hells Canyon Dam ID OR 330 100 Concrete gravity Snake River 45 ° 14 ′ 41 '' N 116 ° 41 ′ 54 '' W / 45.24472 ° N 116.69833 ° W / 45.24472 ; - 116.69833 ( Hells Canyon Dam ) 1967 Green Peter Dam OR 327 100 Concrete gravity M. Santiam River 44 ° 27 ′ 07 '' N 122 ° 32 ′ 49 '' W / 44.45194 ° N 122.54694 ° W / 44.45194 ; - 122.54694 ( Green Peter Dam ) 1967 Crystal Dam CO 323 98 Concrete arch Gunnison River 38 ° 30 ′ 38 '' N 107 ° 37 ′ 31 '' W / 38.51056 ° N 107.62528 ° W / 38.51056 ; - 107.62528 ( Crystal Dam ) 1976 Yale Dam WA 323 98 Embankment Lewis River 45 ° 57 ′ 51 '' N 122 ° 19 ′ 57 '' W / 45.96417 ° N 122.33250 ° W / 45.96417 ; - 122.33250 ( Yale Dam ) 1953 Parker Dam AZ CA 320 98 Concrete arch Colorado River 34 ° 17 ′ 47 '' N 114 ° 08 ′ 21 '' W / 34.29639 ° N 114.13917 ° W / 34.29639 ; - 114.13917 ( Parker Dam ) 1938 Tieton Dam WA 319 97 Embankment Tieton River 46 ° 39 ′ 23 '' N 121 ° 07 ′ 46 '' W / 46.65639 ° N 121.12944 ° W / 46.65639 ; - 121.12944 ( Tieton Dam ) 1925 Warm Springs Dam CA 319 97 Rolled - earth embankment Dry Creek 38 ° 43 ′ 06 '' N 123 ° 00 ′ 46 '' W / 38.71833 ° N 123.01278 ° W / 38.71833 ; - 123.01278 ( Warm Springs ) 1982 Friant Dam CA 319 97 Concrete gravity San Joaquin River 37 ° 00 ′ 02 '' N 119 ° 42 ′ 19 '' W / 37.00056 ° N 119.70528 ° W / 37.00056 ; - 119.70528 ( Friant Dam ) 1942 Olivenhain Dam CA 318 97 Concrete gravity off - stream 33 ° 04 ′ 13 '' N 117 ° 08 ′ 17 '' W / 33.07028 ° N 117.13806 ° W / 33.07028 ; - 117.13806 ( Olivenhain ) 2003 Watauga Dam TN 318 97 Rockfill Watauga River 36 ° 19 ′ 25 '' N 82 ° 07 ′ 22 '' W / 36.32361 ° N 82.12278 ° W / 36.32361 ; - 82.12278 ( Watauga Dam ) 1948 Donnells Dam CA 317 97 Concrete arch Middle Fork Stanislaus River 38 ° 19 ′ 50 '' N 119 ° 57 ′ 38 '' W / 38.33056 ° N 119.96056 ° W / 38.33056 ; - 119.96056 ( Donnells Dam ) 1958 Cherry Valley Dam CA 315 96 Earth and rock Cherry Creek 37 ° 58 ′ 34 '' N 119 ° 54 ′ 33 '' W / 37.97611 ° N 119.90917 ° W / 37.97611 ; - 119.90917 ( Cherry Valley ) 1956 Courtright Dam CA 315 96 Rock - fill Helms Creek 37 ° 04 ′ 44 '' N 118 ° 58 ′ 12 '' W / 37.07889 ° N 118.97000 ° W / 37.07889 ; - 118.97000 ( Courtright ) 1958 San Gabriel Dam CA 315 96 Embankment San Gabriel River 34 ° 12 ′ 20 '' N 117 ° 52 ′ 33 '' W / 34.20556 ° N 117.87583 ° W / 34.20556 ; - 117.87583 ( San Gabriel Dam ) 1939 Merwin Dam WA 313 95 Concrete arch Lewis River 45 ° 57 ′ 24 '' N 122 ° 33 ′ 18 '' W / 45.95667 ° N 122.55500 ° W / 45.95667 ; - 122.55500 ( Merwin Dam ) 1931 Upper Stillwater Dam UT 310 94 Concrete gravity Rock Creek 40 ° 33 ′ 35 '' N 110 ° 41 ′ 59 '' W / 40.55972 ° N 110.69972 ° W / 40.55972 ; - 110.69972 ( Upper Stillwater Dam ) Bartlett Dam AZ 309 94 Multiple arch buttress Verde River 33 ° 49 ′ 05 '' N 111 ° 37 ′ 54 '' W / 33.81806 ° N 111.63167 ° W / 33.81806 ; - 111.63167 ( Bartlett Dam ) 1939 Green Mountain Dam CO 309 94 Embankment Blue River 39 ° 52 ′ 39 '' N 106 ° 19 ′ 49 '' W / 39.87750 ° N 106.33028 ° W / 39.87750 ; - 106.33028 ( Green Mountain Dam ) 1942 Horse Mesa Dam AZ 305 93 Concrete arch Salt River 33 ° 35 ′ 27 '' N 111 ° 20 ′ 38 '' W / 33.59083 ° N 111.34389 ° W / 33.59083 ; - 111.34389 ( Horse Mesa Dam ) 1927 San Luis Dam CA 305 93 Embankment San Luis Creek 37 ° 03 ′ 33 '' N 121 ° 04 ′ 29 '' W / 37.05917 ° N 121.07472 ° W / 37.05917 ; - 121.07472 ( San Luis Dam ) 1967 Teton Dam ID 305 93 Embankment Teton River 43 ° 54 ′ 35 '' N 111 ° 32 ′ 31 '' W / 43.90972 ° N 111.54194 ° W / 43.90972 ; - 111.54194 ( Teton Dam ) 1976 Monticello Dam CA 304 93 Concrete arch Putah Creek 38 ° 30 ′ 47 '' N 122 ° 06 ′ 15 '' W / 38.51306 ° N 122.10417 ° W / 38.51306 ; - 122.10417 ( Monticello Dam ) 1957 Elephant Butte Dam NM 301 92 Concrete gravity Rio Grande 33 ° 09 ′ 14 '' N 107 ° 11 ′ 32 '' W / 33.15389 ° N 107.19222 ° W / 33.15389 ; - 107.19222 ( Elephant Butte Dam ) 1916 Gorge Dam WA 300 91 Concrete gravity Skagit River 48 ° 41 ′ 52 '' N 121 ° 12 ′ 30 '' W / 48.69778 ° N 121.20833 ° W / 48.69778 ; - 121.20833 ( Gorge Dam ) 1924 Smith Lake Dam AL 300 91 Embankment Sipsey Fork 33 ° 56 ′ 31 '' N 87 ° 06 ′ 21 '' W / 33.94194 ° N 87.10583 ° W / 33.94194 ; - 87.10583 ( Smith Lake Dam ) 1961 Granby Dam CO 298 91 Earthfill Colorado River 40 ° 08 ′ 53 '' N 105 ° 52 ′ 03 '' W / 40.14806 ° N 105.86750 ° W / 40.14806 ; - 105.86750 ( Granby Dam ) 1950 Diamond Valley Dam CA 284 87 Earthfill Colorado River Aqueduct 33 ° 40 ′ 42 '' N 117 ° 02 ′ 30 '' W / 33.67833 ° N 117.04167 ° W / 33.67833 ; - 117.04167 ( Diamond Valley Dam ) 1999 Moore Dam NH VT 178 54 Embankment Connecticut River 34 ° 36 ′ 55 '' N 84 ° 40 ′ 26 '' W / 34.61528 ° N 84.67389 ° W / 34.61528 ; - 84.67389 ( Moore Dam ) 1957 Highest dams by state ( edit ) State Name Height Type River Coordinates Built ft m Alabama Smith Lake Dam 300 91 Embankment Sipsey Fork 33 ° 56 ′ 31 '' N 87 ° 06 ′ 21 '' W / 33.94194 ° N 87.10583 ° W / 33.94194 ; - 87.10583 ( Smith Lake Dam ) 1961 Alaska Green Lake Dam 210 64 Concrete arch Vodopad River 56 ° 59 ′ 08 '' N 135 ° 06 ′ 48 '' W / 56.98556 ° N 135.11333 ° W / 56.98556 ; - 135.11333 ( Green Lake Dam ) Arizona Hoover Dam 726 221 Concrete arch Colorado River 36 ° 00 ′ 56 '' N 114 ° 44 ′ 16 '' W / 36.01556 ° N 114.73778 ° W / 36.01556 ; - 114.73778 ( Hoover Dam ) 1936 Arkansas Bull Shoals Dam 256 78 Concrete gravity White River ( Arkansas ) 36 ° 21 ′ 58 '' N 92 ° 34 ′ 29 '' W / 36.36611 ° N 92.57472 ° W / 36.36611 ; - 92.57472 ( Bull Shoals Dam ) 1951 California Oroville Dam 770 230 Embankment Feather River 39 ° 32 ′ 20 '' N 121 ° 29 ′ 08 '' W / 39.53889 ° N 121.48556 ° W / 39.53889 ; - 121.48556 ( Oroville Dam ) 1968 Colorado Morrow Point Dam 468 143 Concrete arch Gunnison River 36 ° 27 ′ 07 '' N 107 ° 32 ′ 17 '' W / 36.45194 ° N 107.53806 ° W / 36.45194 ; - 107.53806 ( Morrow Point Dam ) 1968 Connecticut Colebrook River Dam 215 66 Embankment Farmington River 42 ° 00 ′ 22 '' N 73 ° 02 ′ 12 '' W / 42.00611 ° N 73.03667 ° W / 42.00611 ; - 73.03667 ( Colebrook River Dam ) 1969 Delaware Edgar M. Hoopes Dam 135 41 Concrete gravity Old Mill Stream 39 ° 46 ′ 27 '' N 75 ° 38 ′ 03 '' W / 39.77417 ° N 75.63417 ° W / 39.77417 ; - 75.63417 ( Edgar M. Hoopes Dam ) 1932 Florida Georgia Carters Dam 445 136 Embankment Coosawattee River 34 ° 36 ′ 55 '' N 84 ° 40 ′ 26 '' W / 34.61528 ° N 84.67389 ° W / 34.61528 ; - 84.67389 ( Carters Dam ) 1977 Hawaii Alexander Dam 113 34 Embankment Wahiawa Stream 21 ° 57 ′ 30 '' N 159 ° 31 ′ 32 '' W / 21.95833 ° N 159.52556 ° W / 21.95833 ; - 159.52556 ( Alexander Dam ) 1931 Idaho Dworshak Dam 717 219 Concrete gravity N.F. Clearwater River 46 ° 30 ′ 54 '' N 116 ° 17 ′ 49 '' W / 46.51500 ° N 116.29694 ° W / 46.51500 ; - 116.29694 ( Dworshak Dam ) 1973 Illinois Lake Shelbyville Dam 138 42 Embankment Kaskaskia River 39 ° 24 ′ 33 '' N 88 ° 46 ′ 50 '' W / 39.40917 ° N 88.78056 ° W / 39.40917 ; - 88.78056 ( Lake Shelbyville Dam ) 1970 Indiana Brookville Lake Dam 181 55 Embankment Whitewater River 39 ° 26 ′ 23 '' N 84 ° 59 ′ 56 '' W / 39.43972 ° N 84.99889 ° W / 39.43972 ; - 84.99889 ( Brookville Lake Dam ) Iowa Coralville Dam 132 40 Embankment Iowa River 41 ° 43 ′ 28 '' N 91 ° 31 ′ 47 '' W / 41.72444 ° N 91.52972 ° W / 41.72444 ; - 91.52972 ( Coralville Dam ) 1958 Kansas Cedar Bluff Dam 202 62 Embankment Smoky Hill River 38 ° 47 ′ 12 '' N 99 ° 43 ′ 17 '' W / 38.78667 ° N 99.72139 ° W / 38.78667 ; - 99.72139 ( Cedar Bluff Dam ) 1952 Kentucky Dix River Dam 287 87 Rockfill Dix River 37 ° 47 ′ 08 '' N 84 ° 42 ′ 14 '' W / 37.78556 ° N 84.70389 ° W / 37.78556 ; - 84.70389 ( Dix River Dam ) 1925 Louisiana Toledo Bend Dam 110 34 Embankment Sabine River 31 ° 10 ′ 25 '' N 93 ° 33 ′ 57 '' W / 31.17361 ° N 93.56583 ° W / 31.17361 ; - 93.56583 ( Toledo Bend Dam ) 1969 Maine Harris Station Dam 175 53 Concrete gravity Kennebec River 45 ° 27 ′ 37 '' N 69 ° 51 ′ 55 '' W / 45.46028 ° N 69.86528 ° W / 45.46028 ; - 69.86528 ( Harris Station Dam ) 1955 Maryland Conowingo Dam 175 53 Concrete gravity Susquehana River 39 ° 39 ′ 36 '' N 76 ° 10 ′ 26 '' W / 39.66000 ° N 76.17389 ° W / 39.66000 ; - 76.17389 ( Conowingo Dam ) 1929 Massachusetts Wachusett Dam 205 62 Concrete gravity Nashua River 42 ° 24 ′ 13 '' N 71 ° 41 ′ 16 '' W / 42.40361 ° N 71.68778 ° W / 42.40361 ; - 71.68778 ( Wachusett Dam ) 1905 Michigan Hardy Dam 120 37 Earthfill Muskegon River 43 ° 29 ′ 18 '' N 85 ° 37 ′ 56 '' W / 43.48833 ° N 85.63222 ° W / 43.48833 ; - 85.63222 ( Hardy Dam ) 1931 Minnesota Blanchard Dam Mississippi Missouri Table Rock Dam 220 67 Concrete gravity White River 36 ° 34 ′ 00 '' N 93 ° 18 ′ 0 '' W / 36.56667 ° N 93.30000 ° W / 36.56667 ; - 93.30000 ( Table Rock Dam ) 1958 Montana Hungry Horse Dam 564 172 Concrete arch S.F. Flathead River 48 ° 20 ′ 30 '' N 114 ° 00 ′ 51 '' W / 48.34167 ° N 114.01417 ° W / 48.34167 ; - 114.01417 ( Hungry Horse Dam ) 1953 Nebraska Medicine Creek Dam 165 50 Earthfill Medicine Creek 40 ° 22 ′ 44 '' N 100 ° 13 ′ 08 '' W / 40.37889 ° N 100.21889 ° W / 40.37889 ; - 100.21889 ( Medicine Creek Dam ) 1949 Nevada Hoover Dam 726 221 Concrete arch Colorado River 36 ° 00 ′ 56 '' N 114 ° 44 ′ 16 '' W / 36.01556 ° N 114.73778 ° W / 36.01556 ; - 114.73778 ( Hoover Dam ) 1936 New Hampshire Moore Dam 178 54 Embankment Connecticut River 34 ° 36 ′ 55 '' N 84 ° 40 ′ 26 '' W / 34.61528 ° N 84.67389 ° W / 34.61528 ; - 84.67389 ( Moore Dam ) 1957 New Jersey Merrill Creek Dam 280 85 Embankment Merrill Creek 40 ° 43 ′ 34 '' N 75 ° 06 ′ 10 '' W / 40.72611 ° N 75.10278 ° W / 40.72611 ; - 75.10278 ( Merrill Creek Dam ) New Mexico Navajo Dam 402 123 Embankment San Juan River 36 ° 48 ′ 01 '' N 107 ° 36 ′ 45 '' W / 36.80028 ° N 107.61250 ° W / 36.80028 ; - 107.61250 ( Navajo Dam ) 1962 New York Lewiston Dam 389 119 Concrete gravity Niagara River 43 ° 08 ′ 35 '' N 79 ° 02 ′ 23 '' W / 43.14306 ° N 79.03972 ° W / 43.14306 ; - 79.03972 ( Lewiston Dam ) 1963 North Carolina Fontana Dam 480 150 Concrete gravity Little Tennessee River 35 ° 27 ′ 08 '' N 83 ° 48 ′ 17 '' W / 35.45222 ° N 83.80472 ° W / 35.45222 ; - 83.80472 ( Fontana Dam ) 1944 North Dakota Garrison Dam 210 64 Embankment Missouri River 47 ° 29 ′ 55 '' N 101 ° 24 ′ 43 '' W / 47.49861 ° N 101.41194 ° W / 47.49861 ; - 101.41194 ( Garrison Dam ) 1953 Ohio William Harsha Dam 205 62 Rockfill East Fork Little Miami River 39 ° 01 ′ 21 '' N 84 ° 09 ′ 01 '' W / 39.02250 ° N 84.15028 ° W / 39.02250 ; - 84.15028 ( William Harsha Dam ) 1973 Oklahoma Broken Bow Dam 225 69 Embankment Mountain Fork River 34 ° 08 ′ 44 '' N 94 ° 41 ′ 08 '' W / 34.14556 ° N 94.68556 ° W / 34.14556 ; - 94.68556 ( Broken Bow Dam ) 1968 Oregon Cougar Dam 519 158 Embankment S.F. McKenzie River 44 ° 07 ′ 44 '' N 122 ° 14 ′ 25 '' W / 44.12889 ° N 122.24028 ° W / 44.12889 ; - 122.24028 ( Cougar Dam ) 1964 Pennsylvania Raystown Dam 190 58 Earthfill Raystown Branch Juniata River 40 ° 26 ′ 01 '' N 78 ° 00 ′ 24 '' W / 40.43361 ° N 78.00667 ° W / 40.43361 ; - 78.00667 ( Raystown Dam ) 1973 Rhode Island South Carolina Jocassee Dam 385 117 Embankment Keowee River 34 ° 57 ′ 35 '' N 82 ° 55 ′ 02 '' W / 34.95972 ° N 82.91722 ° W / 34.95972 ; - 82.91722 ( Jocassee Dam ) 1973 South Dakota Oahe Dam 245 75 Embankment Missouri River 44 ° 27 ′ 04 '' N 100 ° 24 ′ 08 '' W / 44.45111 ° N 100.40222 ° W / 44.45111 ; - 100.40222 ( Oahe Dam ) 1962 Tennessee Watauga Dam 318 97 Rockfill Watauga River 36 ° 19 ′ 25 '' N 82 ° 07 ′ 22 '' W / 36.32361 ° N 82.12278 ° W / 36.32361 ; - 82.12278 ( Watauga Dam ) 1948 Texas Mansfield Dam 278 85 Concrete gravity Colorado River ( Texas ) 30 ° 23 ′ 30 '' N 97 ° 54 ′ 26 '' W / 30.39167 ° N 97.90722 ° W / 30.39167 ; - 97.90722 ( Mansfield Dam ) 1941 Utah Flaming Gorge Dam 502 153 Concrete arch Green River ( Colorado River ) 40 ° 54 ′ 52 '' N 109 ° 25 ′ 17 '' W / 40.91444 ° N 109.42139 ° W / 40.91444 ; - 109.42139 ( Flaming Gorge Dam ) 1964 Vermont Moore Dam 178 54 Embankment Connecticut River 34 ° 36 ′ 55 '' N 84 ° 40 ′ 26 '' W / 34.61528 ° N 84.67389 ° W / 34.61528 ; - 84.67389 ( Moore Dam ) 1957 Virginia Bath County Pumped Storage Station Upper Dam 460 140 Embankment Little Back Creek 38 ° 13 ′ 32 '' N 79 ° 49 ′ 27 '' W / 38.22556 ° N 79.82417 ° W / 38.22556 ; - 79.82417 ( Bath County Pumped Storage Station ) 1984 Washington Mossyrock Dam 606 185 Concrete arch Cowlitz River 46 ° 32 ′ 04 '' N 122 ° 25 ′ 34 '' W / 46.53444 ° N 122.42611 ° W / 46.53444 ; - 122.42611 ( Mossyrock Dam ) 1968 West Virginia Summersville Dam 390 120 Rockfill Gauley River 38 ° 13 ′ 18 '' N 80 ° 53 ′ 23 '' W / 38.22167 ° N 80.88972 ° W / 38.22167 ; - 80.88972 ( Summersville Dam ) 1966 Wisconsin Wyoming Buffalo Bill Dam 350 110 Concrete arch Shoshone River 44 ° 30 ′ 06 '' N 109 ° 11 ′ 03 '' W / 44.50167 ° N 109.18417 ° W / 44.50167 ; - 109.18417 ( Buffalo Bill Dam ) 1910 Location map ( edit ) Oroville ( 1 ) Hoover ( 2 ) Dworshak ( 3 ) Glen Canyon ( 4 ) New Bullards Bar ( 5 ) New Melones ( 6 ) Mossyrock ( 7 ) Shasta ( 8 ) New Don Pedro ( 9 ) Hungry Horse ( 10 ) Locations of the ten tallest dams in the U.S. See also ( edit ) List of largest reservoirs in the United States List of world 's tallest dams References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Oroville Facilities '' . California State Water Project . California Department of Water Resources . 2009 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Hoover Dam '' . Boulder Canyon Project . U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. 2012 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Dworshak Dam '' . Idaho Public Television . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Glen Canyon Dam '' . Colorado River Storage Project . U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. 2009 - 05 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stanford National Performance of Dams Program '' . Stanford University . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 19 . External links ( edit ) 10 Highest Dams in the United States ( Archived 2009 - 10 - 31 ) ( hide ) Lists of dams and reservoirs in the United States By state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming By watershed Colorado River Columbia River Lower Colorado River Valley Missouri River Ohio River Rio Grande Susquehanna River Tennessee River Tennessee -- Tombigbee Waterway Upper Mississippi River Other List of largest reservoirs in the United States List of the tallest dams in the United States List of United States Bureau of Reclamation dams Cite error : There are < ref group = n > tags on this page , but the references will not show without a ( ( reflist group = n ) ) template ( see the help page ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_tallest_dams_in_the_United_States&oldid=830973486 '' Categories : Lists of tallest structures by country Lists of tallest dams Lists of dams in the United States Hidden categories : Incomplete lists from March 2009 Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo Pages with reference errors Pages with missing references list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 March 2018 , at 00 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the tallest dam in the united states of america | [
"Most of the U.S.'s taller dams are located in the west because of the steeper and more rugged topography. The tallest is Oroville Dam in northern California, a 770.5-foot (234.8 m) embankment dam completed in 1968. Five of the ten highest dams in the U.S. are located in California. The Colorado, Columbia and Sacramento–San Joaquin river systems contain the greatest number of high dams. In the eastern U.S., tall dams are less common because of the lesser vertical relief. The tallest dam in the eastern U.S. is 480-foot (150 m) Fontana Dam in North Carolina, which ranks 20th in height among all U.S. dams."
] | [
"Oroville Dam in northern California"
] |
-1456970606425845284 | List of accolades received by The Lord of the Rings film series | List of accolades received by the Lord of the Rings Film series - wikipedia List of accolades received by the Lord of the Rings Film series List of accolades received by The Lord of the Rings film series Peter Jackson ( pictured at the final film 's world premiere in Wellington ) directed all three films of the trilogy . show Awards and nominations Award Won Nominated Academy Award 17 30 African - American Film Critics Alexandria Awards 14 41 Amanda Award American Cinema Editors American Film Institute Award 5 6 American Society of Cinematographers 0 Art Directors Guild ASCAP Film and Television Music Award Angel Awards AOL Moviegoer Awards 11 11 Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts Award Circuit Community 22 30 Award Of The Japanese Academy 0 Bodil Awards Bogey Awards Bram Stoker Awards 0 British Academy Film Award 13 35 British Society of Cinematographers 0 Broadcast Film Critics Association Award 8 11 Bubakar Awards 10 Central Ohio Film Critics Chicago Film Critics 5 15 Cinema Audio Society Award Cinemarati Awards 11 24 Cinema Writer Circle Spain 0 Costume Designers Guild Chlotrudis Awards Czech Lion 0 Dallas - Fort Worth Film Critics 5 5 Directors Guild of America Award Directors Guild of Great Britain Award DVD Exclusive Awards 9 21 Empire Award 7 23 Film Critics Circle of Australia 0 Florida Film Critics 5 5 Gabon National Honor Of Merit Awards German Dubbing Awards Golden Globe Award 10 Gold Spirit Awards 18 22 Golden Trailer Award Golden Tommatoes Award Grammy Award 5 Hollywood Makeup Artist and Hair Stylist Guild Award 5 6 Hugo Award Iowa Film Critics International Online 3 - D Society Awards International Online Cinephile Society Internet Movie Awards 16 16 Irish Film and Television Award Italian online movie Award 13 25 Italian Syndicate Of Film Journalists jupiter movie Award Joblo Awards 26 29 Kansas City Film Critics 5 5 Key Art Awards Las Vegas Film Critics 18 22 locus Award London Film Critics 0 Los Angeles Film Critics Motion Picture Sound Editors 6 Movieguide Awards MTV Movie Award 8 12 National Board of Review National Society of Film Critics 0 Nebula Award New York Film Critics NRJ cine cine awards Online Film Critics 15 30 Online Film And Television Association 37 61 People 's Choice Award Phoenix Film Critics 27 37 Producers Guild of America Robert Award Rondo Hotton Classic Horror Award San Diego Film Critics San Francisco Film Critics Santa Barbara International Film Festival Satellite Award 6 27 Saturn Award 15 32 Screen Actors Guild Seattle Film Critics 12 SFX Awards 6 8 Southeastern Film Critics Spacey Awards 5 5 Toronto Film Critics Utah Film Critics 6 USC Scripter Award 0 Vancouver Film Critics Visual Effects Society 12 17 Washington D.C. Area Film Critics World Soundtrack Award 5 Writers Guild of America 0 Young Artist Award Total number of wins and nominations Totals 475 800 References The Lord of the Rings film series is a series of epic fantasy - drama films directed by Peter Jackson . The three films , entitled The Fellowship of the Ring , The Two Towers , and The Return of the King , were released serially worldwide between December 2001 and 2003 . They are based on J.R.R. Tolkien 's epic fantasy novel , The Lord of the Rings , adapted for the screen by Jackson , Fran Walsh , and Philippa Boyens . Set in Tolkien 's fictional Middle - earth , the plot follows the hobbit Frodo Baggins and his fellow members of the Fellowship of the Ring as they embark on a quest to destroy the One Ring , which will rid Middle - earth of the Dark Lord Sauron . A large ensemble cast was featured in the series , which included Elijah Wood , Ian McKellen , Viggo Mortensen , Sean Astin , Orlando Bloom , Liv Tyler , John Rhys - Davies , Sean Bean , Billy Boyd , Dominic Monaghan , Andy Serkis , Cate Blanchett , Christopher Lee , Hugo Weaving , Ian Holm , John Noble , Bernard Hill , David Wenham , Miranda Otto , Karl Urban , and Brad Dourif . All three films premiered to widespread critical acclaim . The Toronto Film Critics Association awarded Jackson a `` Special Citation '' for his work on the series as a whole , while the Austin Film Critics Association selected the entire series as the decade 's third best film . The films won seventeen out of thirty Academy Award nominations , and The Return of the King holds the record for most Oscars with eleven alongside Titanic and Ben - Hur . The Return of the King also has the distinction of being the only fantasy film to have won the Academy Award for Best Picture ( best film ) . In addition to receiving the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture and National Board of Review Award for Best Cast , many of the actors were also recognized for their individual work , including McKellen ( 12 nominations ) , Serkis ( 10 nominations ) , Astin ( 9 nominations ) , and Mortensen ( 5 nominations ) . Composer Howard Shore received recognition for his original score , as he was the recipient of two Academy Awards , two BAFTA nominations , and three Grammy Awards in addition to a number of other awards . The series also received accolades in various technical categories , including those in editing , sound mixing , and visual effects . Walsh , Boyens , and Jackson 's screenwriting earned them 10 awards out of 23 total nominations , including the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay ( for The Return of the King ) . In total , the series received 475 awards out of 800 nominations , thus making the films the most awarded film series in cinematic history . Contents 1 The Fellowship of the Ring 2 The Two Towers 3 The Return of the King 4 See also 5 References 6 External links The Fellowship of the Ring ( edit ) For the first film , Ian McKellen received seven individual nominations for his role as the wizard Gandalf , including the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor . The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring was released in theatres worldwide on 19 December 2001 . Faced with a production budget of $93 million , the first film earned a worldwide gross of $871,530,324 . As in the rest of the series , The Fellowship of the Ring had a large ensemble cast , introducing Elijah Wood , Ian McKellen , Viggo Mortensen , Sean Astin , Orlando Bloom , Liv Tyler , John Rhys - Davies , Sean Bean , Billy Boyd , Dominic Monaghan , Cate Blanchett , Christopher Lee , Hugo Weaving , Ian Holm , and Andy Serkis . The first film 's plot follows Frodo Baggins ( Wood ) and the rest of the Fellowship of the Ring as they begin their journey to destroy the One Ring and defeat the Dark Lord Sauron once and for all . According to film site aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , 91 percent of critics were favorable about The Fellowship of the Ring . Entertainment Weekly columnist Lisa Schwarzbaum called the film `` thrilling -- a great picture , a triumphant picture , a joyfully conceived work of cinema that ( based on this first installment , with two more ready for release in the next two years ) would appear to embrace Tolkien 's classic with love and delight , and rewards both adepts and novices with the highest compliment of all : an intelligence and artistry as a movie independent of blind fidelity to the page . '' Nev Pierce of BBC added , `` Funny , scary and , totally involving , Peter Jackson 's assured adaptation of J.R. R Tolkien 's The Lord of The Rings turns the book 's least screen - worthy volume into a gripping and powerful adventure movie . '' The Fellowship of the Ring received thirteen Academy Award nominations , winning in four categories . It also earned thirteen nominations at the 55th British Academy Film Awards , leading to wins in the categories for Best Film , Best Direction , Best Special Visual Effects , and the Orange Film of the Year Award . Other notable ceremonies where it received much recognition included the American Film Institute Awards , the Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards , the Empire Awards , the Golden Globes , the MTV Movie Awards , the Satellite Awards , and Saturn Awards . Various critics groups , such as those in Chicago and Phoenix , also awarded the film . In total , The Fellowship of the Ring received 98 awards out of 152 nominations . Organization Award category Recipients and nominees Result Academy Awards Best Picture Peter Jackson , Barrie M. Osborne and Fran Walsh Nominated Best Director Peter Jackson Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Fran Walsh , Philippa Boyens and Peter Jackson Nominated Best Supporting Actor Ian McKellen Nominated Best Art Decoration Art Direction : Grant Major ; Set Decoration : Dan Hennah Nominated Best Costume Design Ngila Dickson and Richard Taylor Nominated Best Film Editing John Gilbert Nominated Best Makeup Peter Owen and Richard Taylor Won Best Original Score Howard Shore Won Best Original Song Enya , Nicky Ryan and Roma Ryan For the song `` May It Be '' Nominated Best Sound Christopher Boyes , Michael Semanick , Gethin Creagh and Hammond Peek Nominated Best Visual Effects Jim Rygiel , Randall William Cook , Richard Taylor and Mark Stetson Won Best Cinematography Andrew Lesnie Won Amanda Awards Best Foreign Feature Film Peter Jackson Nominated American Cinema Editors Best Edited Film -- Drama John Gilbert Nominated American Film Institute Awards Movie of the Year Peter Jackson , Barrie Osborne , Tim Sanders , and Fran Walsh Won Composer of the Year Howard Shore Nominated Digital Effects Artist of the Year Jim Rygiel Won Production Designer of the Year Grant Major Won American Society of Cinematographers Outstanding Cinematography -- Theatrical Releases Andrew Lesnie Nominated Art Directors Guild Excellence in Production Design -- Fantasy or Period Film Nominated ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top Box Office Films Howard Shore Won Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts Best Foreign Film Barrie Osborne , Peter Jackson , Fran Walsh , and Tim Sanders Won Bodil Awards Best American Film Peter Jackson Won Boston Society of Film Critics Best Picture Runner - up Best Director Peter Jackson Runner - up Bram Stoker Awards Best Screenplay Philippa Boyens , Peter Jackson , and Frances Walsh ( based on the novel by J.R.R. Tolkien ) Nominated British Academy Film Awards Best Film Peter Jackson , Barrie Osborne , Fran Walsh , and Tim Sanders Won Best Director Peter Jackson Won Best Screenplay -- Adapted Philippa Boyens , Peter Jackson , and Fran Walsh Nominated Best Actor in a Leading Role Ian McKellen Nominated Best Cinematography Andrew Lesnie Nominated Best Costume Design Ngila Dickson and Richard Taylor Nominated Best Editing John Gilbert Nominated Film Music Howard Shore Nominated Best Makeup and Hair Peter King , Peter Owen , and Richard Taylor Won Best Production Design Grant Major Nominated Best Sound Christopher Boyes , Gethin Creagh , David Farmer , Mike Hopkins , Hammond Peek , Michael Semanick , and Ethan Van der Ryn Nominated Best Visual Effects Randall William Cook , Alex Funke , Jim Rygiel , Mark Stetson , and Richard Taylor Won Orange Film of the Year Award Won British Society of Cinematographers Best Cinematography Andrew Lesnie Nominated Broadcast Film Critics Best Film Nominated Best Director Peter Jackson Nominated Best Composer Howard Shore Won Best Song Enya , for the song `` May It Be '' Tied with `` Vanilla Sky '' by Paul McCartney Won Chicago Film Critics Best Film Nominated Best Director Peter Jackson Nominated Best Cinematography Andrew Lesnie Won Best Original Score Howard Shore Won Cinema Audio Society Outstanding Sound Mixing -- Motion Pictures Christopher Boyes , Gethin Creagh , Hammond Peek and Michael Semanick Won Dallas - Fort Worth Film Critics Best Cinematography Andrew Lesnie Won Directors Guild of America Outstanding Directing -- Motion Picture Peter Jackson Nominated Empire Awards Best Film Won Best Director Peter Jackson Nominated Best Actor Viggo Mortensen Nominated Elijah Wood Won Best British Actor Sean Bean Nominated Ian McKellen Nominated Best Debut Orlando Bloom Won Billy Boyd and Dominic Monaghan Nominated Florida Film Critics Best Director Peter Jackson Won Best Supporting Actress Cate Blanchett Won Golden Globe Awards Best Film -- Drama Nominated Best Director Peter Jackson Nominated Best Original Score Howard Shore Nominated Best Original Song Enya For the song `` May It Be '' Nominated Golden Tomatoes Awards Best Film Peter Jackson , Fran Walsh , Barrie M. Osborne Won Grammy Awards Best Score Soundtrack Album -- Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media John Kurlander and Howard Shore Won Best Song -- Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media Enya , Nicky Ryan , and Roma Ryan For the song `` May It Be '' Nominated Heartland Film Festival Truly Moving Picture Award Won Hugo Awards Best Dramatic Presentation Won Jupiter Awards Best International Film Peter Jackson Won Best International Director Peter Jackson Won Locus Awards Best Script Fran Walsh , Philippa Boyens , and Peter Jackson Won Los Angeles Film Critics Best Music Score Howard Shore Won Motion Picture Sound Editors Best Sound Editing -- Foreign Film Mike Hopkins , Ethan Van der Ryan , David Farmer , Brent Burge , John McKay , Timothy Nielsen , Craig Tomlinson , Dave Whitehead , Jason Canovas , Ray Beentjes , and Chris Todd Nominated Best Sound Editing -- Music -- Feature Film , Domestic and Foreign Suzana Peric , Nancy Allen , Michael Price , and Andrew Dudman Won MTV Movie Awards Best Movie Won Best Action Sequence `` The Cave Tomb Battle '' Nominated Best Breakthrough Performance Orlando Bloom Won Best Fight Christopher Lee vs. Ian McKellen Nominated Best Male Performance Elijah Wood Nominated Best Villain Christopher Lee Nominated National Board of Review Best Supporting Actress Cate Blanchett Won Outstanding Production Design Grant Major Won Special Filmmaking Award Peter Jackson Won National Society of Film Critics Best Film Runner - up Best Director Peter Jackson Runner - up Nebula Awards Best Script Frances Walsh , Phillipa Boyens , and Peter Jackson Won Online Film Critics Best Picture Nominated Best Director Peter Jackson Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Philippa Boyens , Peter Jackson , and Frances Walsh Nominated Best Supporting Actor Ian McKellen Nominated Best Cinematography Andrew Lesnie Nominated Best Cast Nominated Best Original Score Howard Shore Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite Dramatic Motion Picture Tied with Spider - Man Won Favorite Motion Picture Won Producers Guild of America Motion Picture Producer of the Year Award Barrie M. Osborne , Peter Jackson , and Fran Walsh Nominated Robert Awards Best American Film Peter Jackson Won Satellite Awards Best Motion Picture , Animated or Mixed Media Won Best Screenplay , Adapted Fran Walsh , Philippa Boyens , and Peter Jackson Nominated Best Art Director & Production Design Grant Major and Dan Hennah Nominated Best Cinematography Andrew Lesnie Nominated Best Costume Design Ngila Dickson and Richard Taylor Nominated Best Film Editing John Gilbert Won Best Sound ( Mixing & Editing ) Gethin Creagh , Christopher Boyes , Michael Semanick , and Hammond Peek Won Best Supporting Actor , Drama Ian McKellen Nominated Best Visual Effects Jim Rygiel , Richard Taylor , Alex Funke , and Randall William Cook Won Saturn Awards Best Fantasy Film Won Best Director Peter Jackson Won Best Screenplay Fran Walsh , Philippa Boyens , and Peter Jackson Nominated Best Supporting Actor Ian McKellen Won Best Costumes Ngila Dickson and Richard Taylor Nominated Face of the Future -- Male Orlando Bloom Nominated Best Makeup Peter Owen and Richard Taylor Nominated Best Score Howard Shore Nominated Best Special Effects Jim Rygiel , Randall William Cook , Richard Taylor , and Mark Stetson Nominated Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Actor in a Supporting Role Ian McKellen Won Outstanding Cast -- Motion Picture Sean Astin , Sean Bean , Cate Blanchett , Orlando Bloom , Billy Boyd , Ian Holm , Christopher Lee , Ian McKellen , Dominic Monaghan , Viggo Mortensen , John Rhys - Davies , Andy Serkis , Liv Tyler , Hugo Weaving , and Elijah Wood Nominated Toronto Film Critics Best Director Peter Jackson Nominated Best Supporting Actor Ian McKellen Nominated USC Scripter Awards USC Scripter Award Frances Walsh , Philippa Boyens , and Peter Jackson Nominated World Soundtrack Awards Composer of the Year Howard Shore Nominated Best Original Soundtrack of the Year -- Orchestral Howard Shore Won Public Choice Award Howard Shore Won Writers Guild of America Best Screenplay -- Adapted Philippa Boyens , Peter Jackson , and Fran Walsh Nominated Young Artist Awards Best Family Feature Film -- Drama Nominated The Two Towers ( edit ) Andy Serkis received three awards for his performance as Gollum , including the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor . The worldwide theatrical release of The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers occurred on 18 December 2002 . The series ' second film earned a worldwide gross of $926,047,111 based on a production budget of $94 million . The film introduced new characters played by Bernard Hill , Miranda Otto , Karl Urban , David Wenham , and Brad Dourif . The Two Towers received critical acclaim ; film site aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 96 percent of critics were positive . CNN film critic Paul Clinton called The Two Towers an `` utter triumph '' , and writer Philip French of The Guardian noted in a review of the second film that `` these Tolkien films have a weight and seriousness that very few sword - and - sorcery pictures of the past 30 - odd years have attained . '' Writing for Entertainment Weekly , Owen Gleiberman remarked `` The Two Towers conjures an illusion of the gravity that you want from an emotionally charged storybook epic . Really , though , what it comes down to is superbly staged battle scenes and moral alliances forged in earnest yet purged of the wit and dynamic , bristly ego that define true on - screen personality . '' The film was also listed on a number of critics ' lists ; Dallas - Fort Worth Film Critics named The Two Towers 2002 's third best film , while Central Ohio Film Critics named The Two Towers that year 's fifth best film and Southeastern Film Critics ranked it the eighth . The Two Towers won two out of six Academy Award nominations and three accolades out of ten nominations at the 56th British Academy Film Awards . Like its predecessor , the second film also received recognition at the American Film Institute Awards , the Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards , the Empire Awards , the Golden Globes , the MTV Movie Awards , the Satellite Awards , and the Saturn Awards . Various critics groups , such as Chicago , Phoenix , and Seattle also awarded the film . In total , The Two Towers received 136 awards out of 222 nominations . Organization Award category Recipients and nominees Result Academy Awards Best Picture Barrie M. Osborne , Fran Walsh and Peter Jackson Nominated Best Art Direction Art Direction : Grant Major ; Set Decoration : Dan Hennah and Alan Lee Nominated Best Film Editing Michael Horton Nominated Best Sound Mixing Christopher Boyes , Michael Semanick , Michael Hedges and Hammond Peek Nominated Best Sound Editing Ethan Van der Ryn and Mike Hopkins Won Best Visual Effects Jim Rygiel , Joe Letteri , Randall William Cook and Alex Funke Won Amanda Awards Best Foreign Feature Film Peter Jackson Nominated American Cinema Editors Best Edited Film -- Drama Michael Horton Nominated American Film Institute Awards AFI Movies of the Year -- Official Selections Won ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top Box Office Films Howard Shore Won Art Directors Guild Excellence in Production Design -- Fantasy or Period Film Grant Major , Dan Hennah , Joe Bleakley , Rob Otterside , Phil Ivey , Mark Robins , Jules Cook , Ross McGarva , Jacqui Allen Won Austin Film Critics Association Top 10 Films Of The Decade The Lord Of The Rings Trilogy Won Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts Best Foreign Film Peter Jackson , Barnie M. Osborne , and Fran Walsh Won Bogey Awards Bogey Award In Titanium Won British Academy Film Awards Best Film Peter Jackson , Barrie Osborne , and Fran Walsh Nominated Best Director Peter Jackson Nominated Best Cinematography Andrew Lesnie Nominated Best Costume Design Ngila Dickson and Richard Taylor Won Best Editing Michael Horton Nominated Best Make Up & Hair Peter King , Peter Owen , and Richard Taylor Nominated Best Production Design Grant Major Nominated Best Sound Christopher Boyes , David Farmer , Michael Hedges , Michael Hopkins , Hammond Peek , Michael Semanick , and Ethan Van Der Ryn Nominated Best Visual Effects Randall William Cook , Alex Funke , Joe Letteri , and Jim Rygiel Won Orange Film of the Year Award Won British Society of Cinematographers Best Cinematography Andrew Lesnie Nominated Broadcast Film Critics Best Picture Nominated Best Composer Howard Shore Won Best Digital Acting Performance Andy Serkis as Gollum Won Chicago Film Critics Best Picture Nominated Best Director Peter Jackson Nominated Best Cinematography Andrew Lesnie Nominated Best Original Score Howard Shore Nominated Cinema Audio Society Outstanding Sound Mixing -- Motion Pictures Christopher Boyes , Michael Semanick , Michael Hedges , and Hammond Peek Nominated Costume Designers Guild Excellence in Costume Design -- Fantasy or Period Film Ngila Dickson Nominated Dallas - Fort Worth Film Critics Best Picture Runner - up Best Director Peter Jackson Won Directors Guild of America Outstanding Directing -- Motion Picture Peter Jackson Nominated Empire Awards Best Actor Viggo Mortensen Nominated Best British Actor Andy Serkis Nominated Ian McKellen Nominated Best Actress Miranda Otto Nominated Best Director Peter Jackson Nominated Sony Ericsson Scene of the Year `` Gollum 's debate '' Nominated Best Film Won Golden Globe Awards Best Picture -- Drama Nominated Best Director Peter Jackson Nominated Golden Tomatoes Awards Best Film Won Golden Trailer Awards Best Action `` The Ant Farm '' Won Grammy Awards Best Score Soundtrack Album -- Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media Peter Cobbin , John Kurlander , and Howard Shore Won Hugo Awards Best Dramatic Presentation : Long Form Won London Film Critics Director of the Year Peter Jackson Nominated Motion Picture Sound Editors Best Sound Editing -- Foreign Film Mike Hopkins , Andrew Dudman , Steve Price , Mark Willsher , Malcolm Fife , Nigel Scott , Jonathan Schultz , Rebecca Gatrell , and Raphaël Mouterde Nominated Best Sound Editing -- Music -- Feature Film , Domestic and Foreign Mike Hopkins , Ethan Van der Ryn , David Farmer , Brent Burge , Dave Whitehead , John McKay , Kyrsten Mate Comoglio , Craig Tomlinson , Hayden Collow , Jason Canovas , Ray Beentjes , Polly McKinnon , Nigel Stone , and Mark Franken Nominated MTV Movie Awards Best Movie Won Best Action Sequence `` The Battle for Helm 's Deep '' Won Best Virtual Performance Gollum Won Best Male Performance Viggo Mortensen Nominated Best On - Screen Duo Elijah Wood , Sean Astin , and Gollum Won Nebula Awards Best Script Frances Walsh , Phillipa Boyens , Stephen Sinclair , and Peter Jackson Won Online Film Critics Best Picture Won Best Director Peter Jackson Won Best Adapted Screenplay Philippa Boyens , Peter Jackson , and Frances Walsh Nominated Best Supporting Actor Andy Serkis Nominated Best Art Direction Nominated Best Cast Won Best Cinematography Andrew Lesnie Nominated Best Costume Design Nominated Best Editing Michael Horton and Jabez Olssen Won Best Original Score Howard Shore Nominated Best Sound Won Best Visual Effects Won People 's Choice Awards Favorite Dramatic Motion Picture Won Producers Guild of America Motion Picture Producer of the Year Award Peter Jackson , Barrie Osborne , and Fran Walsh Nominated Satellite Awards Best Picture -- Drama Nominated Best Director Peter Jackson Nominated Best Actor in a Supporting Role -- Drama Viggo Mortensen Nominated Best Cinematography Andrew Lesnie Nominated Best Editing Michael Horton Nominated Best Screenplay , Adapted Philippa Boyens , Peter Jackson , Stephen Sinclair , and Fran Walsh Nominated Best Sound Christopher Boyes , Michael Hedges , Hammond Peek , and Michael Semanick Nominated Best Visual Effects Randall Cook , Alex Funke , Joe Letteri , and Jim Rygiel Won Best Overall DVD ( for the Special Extended Edition ) Won Best DVD Extras ( for the Special Extended Edition ) Nominated Saturn Awards Best Fantasy Film Won Best Director Peter Jackson Nominated Best Actor Viggo Mortensen Nominated Best Supporting Actor Andy Serkis Won Best Costumes Ngila Dickson and Richard Taylor Won Best Makeup Peter Owen and Peter King Won Best Music Howard Shore Nominated Best Special Effects Jim Rygiel , Joe Letteri , Randall William Cook , and Alex Funke Nominated Best Writing Fran Walsh , Philippa Boyens , Stephen Sinclair , and Peter Jackson Nominated Best Young Actor Elijah Wood Nominated Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Cast -- Motion Picture Sean Astin , Cate Blanchett , Orlando Bloom , Billy Boyd , Brad Dourif , Bernard Hill , Christopher Lee , Ian McKellen , Dominic Monaghan , Viggo Mortensen , Miranda Otto , John Rhys - Davies , Andy Serkis , Liv Tyler , Hugo Weaving , David Wenham , and Elijah Wood Nominated SFX Awards Best SF Or Fantasy Film Won Best SF Or Fantasy Film Actor Viggo Mortensen Won Ian McKellen Nominated Elijah Wood Nominated Best SF Or Fantasy Film Director Peter Jackson Won Best SF Or Fantasy Film Music Howard Shore Won USC Scripter Awards USC Scripter Award Frances Walsh , Philippa Boyens , Stephen Sinclair , and Peter Jackson Nominated Spacey Awards Best Fantasy or Sci - fi Film Won Best Action Sequence Won Visual Effects Society Best Visual Effects in an Effects Driven Motion Picture Jim Rygiel , Joe Letteri , Randall William Cook , and Alex Funke Won Best Character Animation in a Live Action Motion Picture Richard Baneham , Eric Saindon , Ken McGaugh , and Bay Raitt Won Best Special Effects in a Motion Picture Steve Ingram , Blair Foord , Rich Cordobes , and Scott Harens Won Best Matte Painting in a Motion Picture Yanick Dusseault , Max Dennison , Roger Kupelian , and Mathieu Raynault Nominated Best Models and Miniatures in a Motion Picture Richard Taylor , Paul Van Ommen , and Matt Aitken Won Best Visual Effects Photography in a Motion Picture Alex Funke , Brian Va n't Hul , and Richard Bluck Won Best Effects Art Direction in a Motion Picture Alan Lee , Jeremy Bennett , Christian Rivers , and Gino Acevedo Won Best Compositing in a Motion Picture Mark Lewis , GG Heitmann Demers , Alex Lemke , and Alfred Murrle Won Best Performance by an Actor in an Effects Film Andy Serkis , Elijah Wood , and Sean Astin Won Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Best Picture Runner - up Best Director Peter Jackson Runner - up World Soundtrack Awards Best Original Song Written for a Film ( for `` Gollum 's Song '' ) Howard Shore ( Composer ) Emilíana Torrini ( Performer ) Fran Walsh , Janet Roddick , David Donaldson , Steve Roche , and David Long ( Lyrics ) Nominated Young Artist Awards Best Family Feature Film -- Drama Won The Return of the King ( edit ) Viggo Mortensen 's performance as Aragorn received ten nominations throughout the series . The worldwide theatrical release of The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King occurred on 17 December 2003 . The series ' third film earned a worldwide gross of $1,119,929,521 off a production budget of $94,000,000 and became the second highest worldwide grossing until James Cameron 's Avatar released in 2009 . In addition to containing most of the cast from the previous two films , The Return of the King introduced Denethor , the Steward of Gondor , played by John Noble ( though the character appeared in the extended edition of The Two Towers ) . The Return of the King continued the series ' critical success , with Rotten Tomatoes reporting that 95 percent of the critics were positive . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times believed the film to be the best of the three , as it `` certifies the Ring trilogy as a work of bold ambition at a time of cinematic timidity . '' Entertainment Weekly film critic Lisa Schwarzbaum was equally praiseworthy of the final chapter . She explained , `` I ca n't think of another film trilogy that ends in such glory , or another monumental work of sustained storytelling that surges ahead with so much inventiveness and ardor . The conclusion of Peter Jackson 's masterwork is passionate and literate , detailed and expansive , and it 's conceived with a risk - taking flair for old - fashioned movie magic at its most precious , a rarity now that CGI prowess has fallen into the hands of run - of - the - mill studio ring - chasers . '' The Guardian 's Peter Bradshaw wrote , `` With enormous energy and a passionately exacting eye for detail , Jackson has made the regressive - romantic legend live again . He has given the Tolkien myth a turbo - charged rush into the 21st century . '' The film won eleven Academy Awards ( from eleven nomination ) , tying Titanic and Ben - Hur for the most Oscars won . The Return of the King also became the first fantasy film to have won the Academy Award for Best Picture . The Return of the King won five BAFTAs , three Empire Awards , four Golden Globes , one Satellite Award , and eight Saturn Awards , among others . In total , the film received 258 awards out of 337 nominations . Organization Award category Recipients and nominees Result Academy Awards Best Picture Peter Jackson , Barrie Osborne and Fran Walsh Won Best Director Peter Jackson Won Best Adapted Screenplay Philippa Boyens , Fran Walsh and Peter Jackson Won Best Costume Design Ngila Dickson and Richard Taylor Won Best Art Direction Art Direction : Dan Hennah ; Set Decoration : Alan Lee and Grant Major Won Best Film Editing Jamie Selkirk Won Best Makeup Peter King and Richard Taylor Won Best Original Score Howard Shore Won Best Original Song Fran Walsh , Howard Shore and Annie Lennox ( for the song `` Into the West '' ) Won Best Sound Mixing Christopher Boyes , Michael Semanick , Michael Hedges and Hammond Peek Won Best Visual Effects Jim Rygiel , Joe Letteri , Randall William Cook and Alex Funke Won African American Film Critics Association Best Picture Won Amanda Awards Best Foreign Feature Film Peter Jackson Won American Cinema Editors Best Edited Film -- Drama Jamie Selkirk Won American Film Institute Awards AFI Movies of the Year -- Official Selections Won American Society of Cinematographers Outstanding Cinematography -- Theatrical Releases Andrew Lesnie Nominated Best Cinematography Of The Decade The Lord Of The Rings Trilogy Nominated Art Directors Guild Excellence in Production Design -- Fantasy or Period Film Jacqui Allen , Joe Bleakley , Simon Bright , Jules Cook , Dan Hennah , Philip Ivey , Grant Major , and Ross McGarva Won ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top Box Office Films Howard Shore Won Austin Film Critics Association Top 10 Films Of The Decade The Lord Of The Rings Trilogy Won Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts Best Foreign Film Peter Jackson , Barnie M. Osborne , and Fran Walsh Won Bodil Awards Best American Film Peter Jackson Nominated Bogey Awards Bogey Award In Titanium Won British Academy Film Awards Best Film Barrie M Osborne , Fran Walsh , and Peter Jackson Won Best Director Peter Jackson Nominated Best Screenplay -- Adapted Fran Walsh , Philippa Boyens , and Peter Jackson Won Best Supporting Actor Ian McKellen Nominated Best Costume Design Ngila Dickson and Richard Taylor Nominated Best Cinematography Andrew Lesnie Won Best Editing Jamie Selkirk Nominated Film Music Howard Shore Nominated Best Make Up & Hair Richard Taylor , Peter King , and Peter Owen Nominated Best Production Design Grant Major Nominated Best Sound Ethan Van Der Ryn , Michael Hopkins , David Farmer , Christopher Boyes , Michael Hedges , Michael Semanick , and Hammond Peek Nominated Best Visual Effects Joe Letteri , Jim Rygiel , Randall William Cook , and Alex Funke Won Orange Film of the Year Award Won British Society of Cinematographers Best Cinematography Andrew Lesnie Nominated Broadcast Film Critics Best Picture Won Best Director Peter Jackson Won Best Composer Howard Shore Won Best Acting Ensemble Won Favorite Film Franchise Peter Jackson for `` The Lord Of The Rings '' Won Chicago Film Critics Best Picture Won Best Director Peter Jackson Won Best Screenplay Philippa Boyens , Peter Jackson , and Frances Walsh Nominated Best Supporting Actor Sean Astin Won Andy Serkis Nominated Best Cinematography Andrew Lesnie Nominated Best Original Score Howard Shore Won Cinema Audio Society Outstanding Sound Mixing -- Motion Pictures Christopher Boyes , Michael Semanick , Michael Hedges , and Hammond Peek Nominated Costume Designers Guild Excellence in Costume Design -- Fantasy or Period Film Ngila Dickson Won Dallas - Fort Worth Film Critics Best Film Won Best Director Peter Jackson Won Best Cinematography Andrew Lesnie Won Directors Guild of America Outstanding Directing -- Motion Picture Peter Jackson Won Directors Guild of Great Britain Outstanding Directing -- International Film Peter Jackson Won Empire Awards Best Film Won Best Director Peter Jackson Nominated Best Actor Viggo Mortensen Nominated Sean Astin Nominated Best British Actor Andy Serkis Won Ian McKellen Nominated Orlando Bloom Nominated Sony Ericsson Scene of the Year `` Ride Of The Rohirrim '' Won Film Critics Circle of Australia Best Foreign Film -- English Language Nominated Florida Film Critics Best Film Won Best Director Peter Jackson Won Best Cinematography Andrew Lesnie Won Golden Globe Awards Best Picture -- Drama Won Best Director Peter Jackson Won Best Original Score Howard Shore Won Best Original Song Annie Lennox , Howard Shore and Fran Walsh ( for `` Into the West '' ) Won GoldSpirit Awards Best Score Howard Shore Won Best Composer Howard Shore Won Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy Score Howard Shore Won best CD Release Won Best Song Into The West Won Best Theme `` Minas Tirith '' and `` The White Tree '' Won Best Horror Theme `` Shelob 's Lair '' Won Best Epic Theme `` Minas Tirith '' and `` The White Tree '' Won Golden Trailer Awards Best Drama `` The Ant Farm '' Won Grammy Awards Best Score Soundtrack Album -- Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media John Kurlander and Howard Shore Won Best Song -- Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media Annie Lennox , Howard Shore and Fran Walsh ( for `` Into the West '' ) Won Hugo Awards Best Dramatic Presentation : Long Form Won International Online Film Critics ' Poll Best Film Of The Decade Won Best Director Of The Decade Peter Jackson Won Top 10 Films Of The Decade Won Irish Film and Television Awards Best International Film Peter Jackson Won Italian Online Movie Awards Best Picture Nominated Best Director Peter Jackson Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Nominated Best Cast Nominated Best Cinematography Andrew Lesnie Nominated Best Original Score Howard Shore Won Best Original Song Won Best Art Direction Won Best Costume Design Won Best Make - up Won Best Visual Effects Won Best Sound Effects Won Jupiter Award Best International Film Peter Jackson Won Best International Director Peter Jackson Won London Film Critics Film of the Year Nominated Director of the Year Peter Jackson Nominated Los Angeles Film Critics Films Of The Decade The Lord Of The Rings Trilogy Won Best Director Peter Jackson Won Best Production Design Grant Major Won Motion Picture Sound Editors Best Sound Editing -- Foreign Film Mike Hopkins , Ethan Van der Ryan , David Farmer , Brent Burge , Dave Whitehead , Hayden Collow , Craig Tomlinson , Beau Borders , Timothy Nielsen , Addison Teague , Katy Wood , Peter Mills , Jason Canovas , Mark Franken , Ray Beentjes , Nick Breslin , Polly McKinnon , and Chris Ward Nominated Best Sound Editing -- Music -- Feature Film , Domestic and Foreign Jonathan Schultz , Andrew Dudman , Steve Price , Michael Price , Malcolm Fife , Nigel Scott , and Rebecca Gatrell Nominated MTV Movie Awards Best Movie Won Best Action Sequence `` Battle Of Gondor '' Won National Board of Review Best Cast Elijah Wood , Sean Astin , Liv Tyler , Billy Boyd , Andy Serkis , and Bernard Hill Won National Society of Film Critics Best Director Peter Jackson Nominated Nebula Awards Best Script Frances Walsh , Phillipa Boyens , and Peter Jackson Won New York Film Critics Best Picture Won Online Film Critics Best Picture Won Best Director Peter Jackson Won Best Adapted Screenplay Philippa Boyens , Peter Jackson , and Frances Walsh Won Best Supporting Actor Sean Astin Nominated Andy Serkis Nominated Best Art Direction Won Best Cinematography Andrew Lesnie Won Best Costume Design Won Best Original Score Howard Shore Won Best Sound Won Best Visual Effects Won Producers Guild of America Motion Picture Producer of the Year Award Peter Jackson , Barrie Osborne , and Fran Walsh Won San Diego Film Critics Best Director Peter Jackson Won Best Production Design Grant Major Won San Francisco Film Critics Best Director Peter Jackson Won Santa Barbara International Film Festival Modern Master Award Peter Jackson Won Satellite Awards Best Picture - Drama Nominated Best Art Direction & Production Design Grant Major , Dan Hennah , and Alan Lee Won Best Cinematography Andrew Lesnie Nominated Best Costume Design Ngila Dickson and Richard Taylor Nominated Best Film Editing Jamie Selkirk Nominated Best Original Score Howard Shore Nominated Best Sound ( Mixing & Editing ) David Farmer , Ethan Van der Ryn , and Michael Hopkins Nominated Best Visual Effects Jim Rygiel , Joe Letteri , Randall William Cook , and Alex Funke Nominated Saturn Awards Best Fantasy Film Won Best Director Peter Jackson Won Best Screenplay Fran Walsh , Phillipa Boyens , and Peter Jackson Won Best Actor Elijah Wood Won Viggo Mortensen Nominated Best Supporting Actor Sean Astin Won Ian McKellen Nominated Andy Serkis Nominated Best Supporting Actress Miranda Otto Nominated Best Costume Design Ngila Dickson and Richard Taylor Nominated Best Make - up Richard Taylor and Peter King Won Best Score Howard Shore Won Best Visual Effects Jim Rygiel , Joe Letteri , Randall William Cook , and Alex Funke Won Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Cast -- Motion Picture Sean Astin , Sean Bean , Cate Blanchett , Orlando Bloom , Billy Boyd , Brad Dourif , Bernard Hill , Ian Holm , Christopher Lee , Ian McKellen , Dominic Monaghan , Viggo Mortensen , John Noble , Miranda Otto , John Rhys - Davies , Andy Serkis , Liv Tyler , Karl Urban , Hugo Weaving , David Wenham , and Elijah Wood Won SFX Awards Best Film Won Best Director Peter Jackson Won Spacey Awards Best Fantasy or Sci - fi Film Won Best Visual Effects Won Special Achievement Peter Jackson Won Toronto Film Critics Best Director Peter Jackson Won Special Citation Peter Jackson for the whole `` Lord Of The Rings '' Trilogy Won USC Scripter Awards USC Scripter Award Frances Walsh & Philippa Boyens , and Peter Jackson Nominated Vancouver Film Critics Circle Best Picture Runner - up Best Director Peter Jackson Won Visual Effects Society Outstanding Visual Effects -- Visual Effects Driven Motion Picture Randall Cook , Joe Letteri , Jim Rygiel , and Dean Wright Won Best Single Visual Effect of the Year in Any Medium Randall Cook , Joe Letteri , Jim Rygiel , and Dean Wright Nominated Outstanding Character Animation -- Live Action Motion Picture Greg Butler , Steven Hornby , Matthias Menz , and Andy Serkis Won Outstanding Compositing -- Motion Picture Moritz Glaesle , Mark Lewis , and Kara Vandeleur Nominated Outstanding Models and Miniatures -- Motion Picture Eric Saindon , Richard Taylor , and Paul Van Ommen Won Outstanding Male or Female Actor -- Effects Film Sean Astin Won Outstanding Special Effects in Service to Visual Effects -- Motion Picture Scott Harens , Sven Harens , and Chuck Shuman Nominated Outstanding Visual Effects Photography -- Motion Picture Alex Funke , Rob Kerr , and Henk Prins Nominated Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Best Picture Won Best Director Peter Jackson Won Best Screenplay -- Adapted Philippa Boyens , Peter Jackson , and Frances Walsh Nominated Best Ensemble Nominated World Soundtrack Awards Best Original Song Written for a Film Howard Shore ( Composer ) Annie Lennox ( Performer ) Fran Walsh ( Lyrics ) Nominated Writers Guild of America Best Screenplay -- Adapted Philippa Boyens , Peter Jackson , and Fran Walsh Nominated Young Artist Awards Best Family Feature Film -- Drama Won See also ( edit ) Film portal Middle - earth portal List of accolades received by The Hobbit film series 2001 in film 2002 in film 2003 in film List of films considered the best List of highest - grossing films References ( edit ) General `` The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 9 December 2011 . `` The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 9 December 2011 . `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 9 December 2011 . Specific ^ Jump up to : `` The Lord of the Rings -- The Fellowship of the Ring '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 8 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Lord of the Rings -- The Two Towers '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 8 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Lord of the Rings -- The Return of the King '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 8 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` TFC Awards 2003 '' . Toronto Film Critics Association . 17 December 2003 . Archived from the original on 1 December 2008 . Retrieved 6 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Awards '' . Austin Film Critics Association . Archived from the original on 4 March 2012 . Retrieved 8 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Return of the King ' rules Oscars '' . MSNBC. 4 March 2004 . Retrieved 8 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Poole , Oliver ( 2 March 2004 ) . `` Clean sweep on Oscar night for fellowship of the Ring '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 22 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 : ' Rings ' Is Oscar King '' . CBS News . 13 February 2009 . Retrieved 8 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' King ' Could Be First Fantasy to Take Oscar Crown '' . Fox News . 31 January 2004 . Retrieved 8 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Lord Of The Rings ' Premieres '' . CBS News . 11 February 2009 . Retrieved 8 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Leitch , Luke ( 11 December 2001 ) . `` Who will ring up the profits ? '' . London Evening Standard . Archived from the original on 14 September 2012 . Retrieved 8 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 8 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( 19 December 2001 ) . `` The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 22 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Schwarzbaum , Lisa ( 5 December 2001 ) . `` Review : The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 10 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Pierce , Nev ( 11 December 2001 ) . `` The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) '' . BBC . Retrieved 10 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees & Winners for the 74th Academy Awards '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on 7 September 2014 . Retrieved 13 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring , ( 2001 ) Movie Awards '' . TopTenReviews . Archived from the original on 16 July 2012 . Jump up ^ McNary , David ( 27 January 2002 ) . `` Editors to cut nom chase '' . Variety . Retrieved 3 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Ross , Matthew M ( 17 December 2001 ) . `` ' Bedroom ' , ' Black Hawk ' lead AFI noms '' . Variety . Retrieved 28 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Awards 2001 '' . American Film Institute . Archived from the original on 4 March 2012 . Retrieved 28 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The ASC Awards for Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography -- Complete Listing of Nominees and Winners from Past Awards '' . American Society of Cinematographers . Archived from the original on 4 March 2012 . Retrieved 9 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 6th Annual Excellence in Production Design Awards -- 2001 Nominees & Winners '' . Art Directors Guild . Archived from the original on 4 March 2012 . Retrieved 9 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Whitmire , Margo ( 11 May 2002 ) . `` Silvestri , Alexander Cap Winners List at ASCAP Film and Television Awards '' . Billboard . Retrieved 9 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Past Winners 2000 -- 2010 '' . Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts . Archived from the original on 4 March 2012 . Retrieved 9 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Amerikanske film '' ( in Danish ) . National Association of Film Critics . Retrieved 30 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Fellowship Of The Ring Awards '' . Theonering.net. 5 October 2015 . Retrieved 5 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Past Bram Stoker Nominees & Winners '' . Horror Writers Association . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2011 . Retrieved 8 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Film Nominations 2001 '' . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . Retrieved 14 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` BSC Best Cinematography Award '' . British Society of Cinematographers . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2011 . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The BFCA Critics ' Choice Awards 2001 '' . Broadcast Film Critics Association . 11 January 2002 . Archived from the original on 15 February 2012 . Retrieved 16 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chicago Film Critics Awards -- 1998 -- 07 '' . Chicago Film Critics Association . Retrieved 10 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Film Critics Association Announce Their Nominees ! '' ( Press release ) . Chicago Film Critics Association . 16 January 2003 . Retrieved 10 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Cinema Audio Society Awards For Outstanding Achievement In Sound Mixing 1993 -- 2002 '' . Cinema Audio Society . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2009 . Retrieved 18 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Sumner , Jane ( 3 January 2002 ) . `` Strokes of genius -- ' Beautiful Mind ' tops area critics ' list of favorites '' . The Dallas Morning News . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` 54th Annual DGA Awards '' . Directors Guild of America . Retrieved 9 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Empire Awards 2004 '' . Empire . Retrieved 12 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Empire Awards 2002 '' . Empire ( 154 ) : 50 -- 54 . April 2002 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` FFCC Award Winners '' . Florida Film Critics Circle . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2011 . Retrieved 10 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Hiatt , Brian ( 28 December 2001 ) . `` A ' Beautiful ' Nominees '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 14 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The 3rd Annual Golden Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Complete list of the 45th Annual Grammy Award winners '' . Deseret News . Associated Press . 24 February 2003 . Retrieved 27 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy Nominations : Complete List '' . Fox News . 7 January 2003 . Retrieved 27 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Truly Moving Picture Award Winners ( 2001 ) '' . Heartlandfilm . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 Hugo Awards '' . World Science Fiction Society . Archived from the original on 15 August 2009 . Retrieved 26 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Alle JUPITER AWARD - Gewinner 1978 - 2014 '' . jupiter-award.de . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2003 Nebula Awards '' . Locus . Archived from the original on 17 February 2004 . Retrieved 9 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 27th Annual Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards '' . Los Angeles Film Critics Association . Retrieved 18 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Motion Picture Sound Editors , USA ( 2002 ) '' . IMDb . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2011 . Retrieved 7 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 MTV Movie Awards '' . MTV . Retrieved 12 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Awards for 2001 '' . National Board of Review . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2011 . Retrieved 18 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Mulholland Drive ' Picked by Critics Group '' . The New York Times . 6 January 2002 . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Verniere , James ( 6 January 2002 ) . `` National critics hail ' Mulholland ' '' . Boston Herald . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` OFCS Awards for 2001 Nominees '' . Online Film Critics Society . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 20 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Susman , Gary ( 13 January 2003 ) . `` ' Ring ' Masters '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 19 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2003 Nominees '' . People 's Choice Awards . 13 January 2003 . Retrieved 19 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Hollywood.com staff ( 3 March 2002 ) . `` Producers Guild awards to be handed out tonight '' . Hollywood.com . Archived from the original on 14 April 2014 . Retrieved 9 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Susman , Gary ( 7 March 2002 ) . `` ' Rouge ' Awakening '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 9 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Robert '' ( in Danish ) . Film Academy of Denmark . Retrieved 9 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Satellite Awards 2002 '' . International Press Academy . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2011 . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The 2001 Saturn Awards '' . MovieWeb. 13 June 2002 . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Past Saturn Awards '' . Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films . Archived from the original on 14 September 2008 . Retrieved 9 December 2011 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Mickey ( 13 March 2002 ) . `` ' Screen ' Gems '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 3 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The 8th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild . Retrieved 3 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` TFCA Awards 2001 '' . Toronto Film Critics Association . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 26 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Feiwell , Jill ( 14 January 2002 ) . `` Scribes vie for USC Scripter Award '' . Variety . Retrieved 19 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 World Soundtrack Awards '' . World Soundtrack Academy . Archived from the original on 18 July 2011 . Retrieved 18 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Welkos , Robert W. ( 8 February 2002 ) . `` Writers Guild Nominations Announced '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 3 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 23rd Annual Young Artist Awards '' . Young Artist Foundation . Archived from the original on 5 September 2014 . Retrieved 12 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Two Towers to make US debut '' . BBC News . 5 December 2002 . Retrieved 8 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 8 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Henerson , Evan ( 19 December 2002 ) . `` New players enter the ring '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 22 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Clinton , Paul ( 17 December 2002 ) . `` Review : ' Two Towers ' a seamless triumph '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 20 January 2013 . Retrieved 12 December 2011 . Jump up ^ French , Philip ( 15 December 2002 ) . `` That 's another fine myth ... '' The Guardian . London . Retrieved 12 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( 4 December 2002 ) . `` Movie review : The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 12 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Philpot , Robert ( 7 January 2003 ) . `` ' Chicago ' dazzles area film critics '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Awards : 2002 '' . Central Ohio Film Critics Association . Retrieved 10 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top Ten Films 2002 '' . Southeastern Film Critics Association . Archived from the original on 17 December 2010 . Retrieved 10 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees & Winners for the 75th Academy Awards '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on 5 March 2012 . Retrieved 14 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers , The ( 2002 ) Movie Awards '' . TopTenReviews . Archived from the original on 13 July 2012 . Retrieved 9 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` American Cinema Editors , USA ( 2003 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved 7 December 2011 . Directed to IMDb from `` Nominees & Recipients '' . American Cinema Editors . Archived from the original on 24 February 2011 . Retrieved 7 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Awards 2002 '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved 26 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top Box Office '' . American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers . Retrieved 8 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 7th Annual Excellence in Production Design Awards -- 2002 Nominees & Winners '' . Art Directors Guild . Archived from the original on 5 October 2011 . Retrieved 9 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Awards '' . austinfilmcritic.org . Archived from the original on 13 October 2014 . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Past Winners 2000 -- 2010 '' . Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts . Retrieved 9 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` awards for 2003 '' . Imdb.com . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Film Nominations 2002 '' . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . Retrieved 14 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The BFCA Critics ' Choice Awards 2002 '' . Broadcast Film Critics Association . 17 January 2003 . Archived from the original on 14 April 2013 . Retrieved 16 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Gire , Dann ( 5 January 2003 ) . `` Moore , Nicholson , ' Adaptation ' among Chicago film critics ' -- favorites in 2002 '' . Daily Herald . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Fifth Annual Costume Designers Guild Awards Set for March 16 at Regent Beverly Wilshire Hotel '' . Business Wire . Retrieved 9 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 55th Annual DGA Awards '' . Directors Guild of America . Retrieved 9 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Empire Awards 2003 '' . Empire . Retrieved 12 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Past Search -- 2002 45th Annual Grammy Awards '' . National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 2 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Silverman , Stephen M. ( 19 December 2002 ) . `` ' Chicago ' Strikes Gold with the Globes '' . People . Retrieved 14 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` And the Tomato goes to ... '' Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 13 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Winners and Nominees for the 4th Annual Golden Trailer Awards '' . Golden Trailer Awards . 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External links ( edit ) Accolades received by The Fellowship of the Ring at the Internet Movie Database Accolades received by The Two Towers at the Internet Movie Database Accolades received by The Return of the King at the Internet Movie Database The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit film series The Lord of the Rings Films The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Music The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King `` Aníron '' `` Concerning Hobbits '' `` Into the West '' `` May It Be '' `` A Walking Song '' Production Original characters ( Figwit ) Production design Principal photography Special effects Accolades The Exhibition Gollum : How We Made Movie Magic The Long and Short of It The Hobbit Films An Unexpected Journey The Desolation of Smaug The Battle of the Five Armies Production Original characters Tauriel Music `` I See Fire '' Accolades Video games The Two Towers The Return of the King The Third Age The Third Age ( GBA ) Tactics The Battle for Middle - earth The Battle for Middle - earth II The Battle for Middle - earth II : The Rise of the Witch - king Conquest Aragorn 's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle - earth Lego The Hobbit Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Middle - earth : Shadow of War Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_accolades_received_by_The_Lord_of_the_Rings_film_series&oldid=856070065 '' Categories : Lists of accolades by film series Middle - earth lists The Lord of the Rings ( film series ) Hidden categories : CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages containing links to subscription - only content All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from December 2012 Articles lacking reliable references from May 2017 Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Norsk Português Edit links This page was last edited on 22 August 2018 , at 17 : 23 ( UTC ) . 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"All three films premiered to widespread critical acclaim.[1][2][3] The Toronto Film Critics Association awarded Jackson a \"Special Citation\" for his work on the series as a whole,[4] while the Austin Film Critics Association selected the entire series as the decade's third best film.[5] The films won seventeen out of thirty Academy Award nominations, and The Return of the King holds the record for most Oscars with eleven alongside Titanic and Ben-Hur.[6][7] The Return of the King also has the distinction of being the only fantasy film to have won the Academy Award for Best Picture (best film).[8][9]\n"
] | [
"seventeen"
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4293034247488304943 | One Hundred Years of Solitude | One Hundred Years of Solitude - wikipedia One Hundred Years of Solitude Jump to : navigation , search One Hundred Years of Solitude First edition Author Gabriel García Márquez Original title Cien años de soledad Translator Gregory Rabassa Country Colombia Language Spanish Genre Magic realism , novel Publisher Harper & Row ( US ) Jonathan Cape ( UK ) Publication date 1967 Published in English 1970 OCLC 17522865 One Hundred Years of Solitude ( Spanish : Cien años de soledad , American Spanish : ( sjen ˈaɲoz ðe soleˈðað ) ) is a landmark 1967 novel by Colombian author Gabriel García Márquez that tells the multi-generational story of the Buendía family , whose patriarch , José Arcadio Buendía , founds the town of Macondo , a fictitious town in the country of Colombia . The magical realist style and thematic substance of One Hundred Years of Solitude established it as an important representative novel of the literary Latin American Boom of the 1960s and 1970s , which was stylistically influenced by Modernism ( European and North American ) and the Cuban Vanguardia ( Avant - Garde ) literary movement . Since it was first published in May 1967 in Buenos Aires by Editorial Sudamericana , One Hundred Years of Solitude has been translated into 37 languages and has sold more than 30 million copies . The novel , considered García Márquez 's magnum opus , remains widely acclaimed and is recognized as one of the most significant works in the Spanish literary canon . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography and publication 2 Plot 3 Symbolism and metaphors 4 Characters 4.1 First generation 4.2 Second generation 4.3 Third generation 4.4 Fourth generation 4.5 Fifth generation 4.6 Sixth generation 4.7 Seventh generation 4.8 Others 5 Major themes 5.1 Subjectivity of reality and magic realism 5.2 Fluidity of time 5.3 Incest 5.4 Solitude 6 Interpretation 7 Literary significance and acclaim 8 Critiques 9 Internal references 10 Adaptations 11 See also 12 Notes 13 Further reading 14 External links 14.1 Reading curriculum 14.2 Lectures and recordings Biography and publication ( edit ) Gabriel García Márquez was one of the four Latin American novelists first included in the literary Latin American Boom of the 1960s and 1970s ; the other three writers were the Peruvian Mario Vargas Llosa , the Argentine Julio Cortázar , and the Mexican Carlos Fuentes . One Hundred Years of Solitude ( 1967 ) earned García Márquez international fame as a novelist of the magical realism movement within the literature of Latin America . As a metaphoric , critical interpretation of Colombian history , from foundation to contemporary nation , One Hundred Years of Solitude presents different national myths through the story of the Buendía family , whose spirit of adventure places them amidst the important actions of Colombian historical events -- such as the Liberal political reformation of a colonial way of life , and the nineteenth - century arguments for and against it ; the arrival of the railway to a mountainous country ; the Thousand Days ' War ( Guerra de los Mil Días , 1899 -- 1902 ) ; the corporate hegemony of the United Fruit Company ( `` American Fruit Company '' in the story ) ; the cinema ; the automobile ; and the military massacre of striking workers as government -- labour relations policy . Plot ( edit ) One Hundred Years of Solitude is the story of seven generations of the Buendía Family in the town of Macondo . The founding patriarch of Macondo , José Arcadio Buendía , and Úrsula Iguarán , his wife ( and first cousin ) , leave Riohacha , Colombia , to find a better life and a new home . One night of their emigration journey , while camping on a riverbank , José Arcadio Buendía dreams of `` Macondo '' , a city of mirrors that reflected the world in and about it . Upon awakening , he decides to establish Macondo at the river side ; after days of wandering the jungle , José Arcadio Buendía 's founding of Macondo is utopic . Founding patriarch José Arcadio Buendía believes Macondo to be surrounded by water , and from that island , he invents the world according to his perceptions . Soon after its foundation , Macondo becomes a town frequented by unusual and extraordinary events that involve the generations of the Buendía family , who are unable or unwilling to escape their periodic ( mostly self - inflicted ) misfortunes . For years the town is solitary and unconnected to the outside world with the exception of the annual visit of a band of gypsies , who show the townspeople technology such as magnets , telescopes and ice . The leader of the gypsies , Melquiades , maintains a close friendship with José Arcadio Buendía who becomes increasingly withdrawn , obsessed with investigating the mysteries of the universe presented to him by the gypsies . Ultimately he is driven insane , speaking only in Latin , and is tied to a chestnut tree by his family for many years until his death . Eventually Macondo becomes exposed to the outside world and the government of newly - independent Colombia . A rigged election between the Conservative and Liberal parties is held in the town , and this inspires Aureliano Buendía to join a civil war against the Conservative government . He becomes an iconic revolutionary leader , fighting for many years and surviving multiple attempts on his life , but ultimately becomes tired of war and signs a peace treaty with the Conservatives . Disillusioned , he returns to Macondo and spends the rest of his life making tiny goldfish out of gold in his workshop . The railroad is brought to Macondo , bringing in new technology and many foreign settlers . An American fruit company constructs a banana plantation outside the town and builds their own segregated village across the river . This ushers in a period of prosperity that ends in tragedy as thousands of striking plantation workers are massacred by the Colombian army , an incident based on the real life Banana massacre of 1928 . José Arcadio Segundo , the only survivor of the massacre , finds no evidence of the massacre and the surviving townspeople refusing to believe that it happened . By the novel 's end Macondo has fallen into a decrepit and near - abandoned state , with the only remaining Buendías being Amaranta Úrsula and her nephew Aureliano . Aureliano 's parentage is hidden by his grandmother Fernanda , and he and Amaranta Úrsula enter an incestuous relationship unknowingly . They have a child who bears the tail of a pig , fulfilling the lifelong fear of the long - dead matriarch Úrsula . Amaranta Úrsula dies in childbirth and the child is devoured by ants , leaving Aureliano the last member of the family . He decodes an encryption left behind in a manuscript by Melquiades generations ago . The secret message informs the recipient of every fortune and misfortune lived by the Buendía family 's generations . As he reads the manuscript , a hurricane destroys all trace of Macondo 's existence . Symbolism and metaphors ( edit ) A dominant theme in One Hundred Years of Solitude is the inevitable and inescapable repetition of history in Macondo . The protagonists are controlled by their pasts and the complexity of time . Throughout the novel the characters are visited by ghosts . `` The ghosts are symbols of the past and the haunting nature it has over Macondo . The ghosts and the displaced repetition that they evoke are , in fact , firmly grounded in the particular development of Latin American history '' . `` Ideological transfiguration ensured that Macondo and the Buendías always were ghosts to some extent , alienated and estranged from their own history , not only victims of the harsh reality of dependence and underdevelopment but also of the ideological illusions that haunt and reinforce such social conditions . '' The fate of Macondo is both doomed and predetermined from its very existence . `` Fatalism is a metaphor for the particular part that ideology has played in maintaining historical dependence , by locking the interpretation of Latin American history into certain patterns that deny alternative possibilities . The narrative seemingly confirms fatalism in order to illustrate the feeling of entrapment that ideology can performatively create . '' García Márquez uses colours as symbols . Yellow and gold are the most frequently used colors and they are symbols of imperialism and the Spanish Siglo de Oro . Gold signifies a search for economic wealth , whereas yellow represents death , change , and destruction . The glass city is an image that comes to José Arcadio Buendía in a dream . It is the reason for the location of the founding of Macondo , but it is also a symbol of the ill fate of Macondo . Higgins writes that , `` By the final page , however , the city of mirrors has become a city of mirages . Macondo thus represents the dream of a brave new world that America seemed to promise and that was cruelly proved illusory by the subsequent course of history . '' Images such as the glass city and the ice factory represent how Latin America already has its history outlined and is , therefore , fated for destruction . Overall , there is an underlying pattern of Latin American history in One Hundred Years of Solitude . It could be said that the novel is one of a number of texts that `` Latin American culture has created to understand itself . '' In this sense , the novel can be conceived as a linear archive . This archive narrates the story of a Latin America discovered by European explorers , which had its historical entity developed by the printing press . The Archive is a symbol of the literature that is the foundation of Latin American history and also a decoding instrument . Melquíades , the keeper of the historical archive in the novel , represents both the whimsical and the literary . Finally , `` the world of One Hundred Years of Solitude is a place where beliefs and metaphors become forms of fact , and where more ordinary facts become uncertain . '' Technically , use of particular historic events and characters narratively renders One Hundred Years of Solitude an exemplary work of magical realism , wherein the novel compresses centuries of cause and effect whilst telling an interesting story . Characters ( edit ) First generation ( edit ) José Arcadio Buendía José Arcadio Buendía is the patriarch of the Buendía family and the founder of Macondo . Buendía leaves Riohacha , Colombia , along with his wife Úrsula Iguarán after being haunted by Prudencio Aguilar ( a man Buendía killed in a duel ) . One night while camping at the side of a river , Buendía dreams of a city of mirrors named Macondo and decides to establish the town in this location . José Arcadio Buendía is an introspective and inquisitive man of massive strength and energy who spends more time on his scientific pursuits than with his family . He flirts with alchemy and astronomy and becomes increasingly withdrawn from his family and community . Úrsula Iguarán Úrsula Iguarán is one of the two matriarchs of the Buendía family and is wife to José Arcadio Buendía . She lives to be well over 100 years old and she oversees the Buendía household through six of the seven generations documented in the novel . She exhibits a very strong character and often succeeds where the men of her family fail , for example finding a route to the outside world from Macondo . Second generation ( edit ) José Arcadio José Arcadio Buendía 's firstborn son , José Arcadio seems to have inherited his father 's headstrong , impulsive mannerisms . He eventually leaves the family to chase a Gypsy girl and unexpectedly returns many years later as an enormous man covered in tattoos , claiming that he 's sailed the seas of the world . He marries his adopted sister Rebeca , causing his banishment from the mansion , and he dies from a mysterious gunshot wound , days after saving his brother from execution . Colonel Aureliano Buendía José Arcadio Buendía 's second son and the first person to be born in Macondo . He was thought to have premonitions because everything he said came true . He represents not only a warrior figure but also an artist due to his ability to write poetry and create finely crafted golden fish . During the wars he fathered 17 sons by unknown women , all named Aureliano . Four of them later begin to live in Macondo , and in the span of several weeks all of them but one ( including those who chose not to remain in Macondo ) are murdered by unknown assassins , before any of them had reached thirty - five years of age . Remedios Moscote Remedios was the youngest daughter of the town 's Conservative administrator , Don Apolinar Moscote . Her most striking physical features are her beautiful skin and her emerald - green eyes . The future Colonel Aureliano falls in love with her , despite her extreme youth . She dies shortly after the marriage from a blood poisoning illness during her pregnancy . Until soon before the Colonel 's death , her dolls are displayed in his bedroom . Amaranta The third child of José Arcadio Buendía , Amaranta grows up as a companion of her adopted sister Rebeca . However , her feelings toward Rebeca turn sour over Pietro Crespi , whom both sisters intensely desire in their teenage years . Amaranta dies a lonely and virginal spinster , but comfortable in her existence after having finally accepted what she had become . Rebeca Rebeca is the second cousin of Úrsula Iguaran and the orphaned child of Nicanor Ulloa and his wife Rebeca Montiel . At first she is extremely timid , refuses to speak , and has the habits of eating earth and whitewash from the walls of the house , a condition known as pica . She arrives carrying a canvas bag containing her parents ' bones and seems not to understand or speak Spanish . However , she responds to questions asked by Visitación and Cataure in the Guajiro or Wayuu language . She falls in love with and marries her adoptive brother José Arcadio after his return from traveling the world . After his mysterious and untimely death , she lives in seclusion for the rest of her life . Third generation ( edit ) Arcadio Arcadio is José Arcadio 's illegitimate son by Pilar Ternera . He is a schoolteacher who assumes leadership of Macondo after Colonel Aureliano Buendía leaves . He becomes a tyrannical dictator and uses his schoolchildren as his personal army and Macondo soon becomes subject to his whims . When the Liberal forces in Macondo fall , Arcadio is shot by a Conservative firing squad . Aureliano José Aureliano José is the illegitimate son of Colonel Aureliano Buendía and Pilar Ternera . He joins his father in several wars before deserting to return to Macondo upon hearing that it 's possible to marry one 's aunt . Aureliano José is obsessed with his aunt , Amaranta , who raised him since birth and who categorically rejects his advances . He is eventually shot to death by a Conservative captain midway through the wars . Santa Sofía de la Piedad Santa Sofía is a beautiful virgin girl and the daughter of a shopkeeper . She is hired by Pilar Ternera to have sex with her son Arcadio , her eventual husband . She is taken in along with her children by the Buendías after Arcadio 's execution . After Úrsula 's death she leaves unexpectedly , not knowing her destination . 17 Aurelianos During his 32 civil war campaigns , Colonel Aureliano Buendía has 17 sons by 17 different women , each named after their father . Four of these Aurelianos ( A. Triste , A. Serrador , A. Arcaya and A. Centeno ) stay in Macondo and become a permanent part of the family . Eventually , as revenge against the Colonel , all are assassinated by the government , which identified them by the mysteriously permanent Ash Wednesday cross on their foreheads . The only survivor of the massacre is A. Amador , who escapes into the jungle only to be assassinated at the doorstep of his father 's house many years later . Fourth generation ( edit ) Remedios the Beauty Remedios the Beauty is Arcadio and Santa Sofía 's first child . It is said she is the most beautiful woman ever seen in Macondo , and unintentionally causes the deaths of several men who love or lust over her . She appears to most of the town as naively innocent , and some come to think that she is mentally retarded . However , Colonel Aureliano Buendía believes she has inherited great lucidity : `` It is as if she 's come back from twenty years of war '' , he said . She rejects clothing and beauty . Too beautiful and , arguably , too wise for the world , Remedios ascends into the sky one afternoon in the 4pm sun , while folding Fernanda 's white sheet . José Arcadio Segundo José Arcadio Segundo is the twin brother of Aureliano Segundo , the children of Arcadio and Santa Sofía . Úrsula believes that the two were switched in their childhood , as José Arcadio begins to show the characteristics of the family 's Aurelianos , growing up to be pensive and quiet . He plays a major role in the banana worker strike , and is the only survivor when the company massacres the striking workers . Afterward , he spends the rest of his days studying the parchments of Melquíades , and tutoring the young Aureliano . He dies at the exact instant that his twin does . Aureliano Segundo Of the two brothers , Aureliano Segundo is the more boisterous and impulsive , much like the José Arcadios of the family . He takes his first girlfriend Petra Cotes as his mistress during his marriage to the beautiful and bitter Fernanda del Carpio . When living with Petra , his livestock propagate wildly , and he indulges in unrestrained revelry . After the long rains , his fortune dries up , and the Buendías are left almost penniless . He turns to search for a buried treasure , which nearly drives him to insanity . He dies of an unknown throat illness at the same moment as his twin . During the confusion at the funeral , the bodies are switched , and each is buried in the other 's grave ( highlighting Úrsula 's earlier comment that they had been switched at birth ) . Fernanda del Carpio Fernanda comes from a ruined , aristocratic family that kept her isolated from the world . She was chosen as the most beautiful of 5000 girls . Fernanda is brought to Macondo to compete with Remedios for the title of Queen of the local carnival ; however , her appearance turns the carnival into a bloody confrontation . After the fiasco , she marries Aureliano Segundo , who despite this maintains a domestic relation with his concubine , Petra Cotes . Nevertheless , she soon takes the leadership of the family away from the now - frail Úrsula . She manages the Buendía affairs with an iron fist . She has three children by Aureliano Segundo : José Arcadio , Renata Remedios , a.k.a. Meme , and Amaranta Úrsula . She remains in the house after her husband dies , taking care of the household until her death . Fernanda is never accepted by anyone in the Buendía household for they regard her as an outsider , although none of the Buendías rebel against her inflexible conservatism . Her mental and emotional instability is revealed through her paranoia , her correspondence with the `` invisible doctors '' , and her irrational behavior towards Aureliano , whom she tries to isolate from the whole world . Fifth generation ( edit ) Renata Remedios ( a.k.a. Meme ) Renata Remedios , or Meme is the second child and first daughter of Fernanda and Aureliano Segundo . While she does n't inherit Fernanda 's beauty , she does have Aureliano Segundo 's love of life and natural charisma . After her mother declares that she is to do nothing but play the clavichord , she is sent to school where she receives her performance degree as well as academic recognition . While she pursues the clavichord with ' an inflexible discipline ' , to placate Fernanda , she also enjoys partying and exhibits the same tendency towards excess as her father . Meme meets and falls in love with Mauricio Babilonia , but when Fernanda discovers their affair , she arranges for Mauricio to be shot , claiming that he was a chicken thief . She then takes Meme to a convent . Meme remains mute for the rest of her life , partially because of the trauma , but also as a sign of rebellion . Several months later she gives birth to a son , Aureliano , at the convent . He is sent to live with the Buendías . Aureliano arrives in a basket and Fernanda is tempted to kill the child in order to avoid shame , but instead claims he is an orphan in order to cover up her daughter 's promiscuity and is forced to `` tolerate him against her will for the rest of her life because at the moment of truth she lacked the courage to go through with her inner determination to drown him ... '' . José Arcadio José Arcadio , named after his ancestors in the Buendía tradition , follows the trend of previous Arcadios . He is raised by Úrsula , who intends for him to become Pope . He returns from Rome without having become a priest . He spends his days pining for Amaranta , the object of his obsession . Eventually , he discovers the treasure Úrsula had buried under her bed , which he wastes on lavish parties and escapades with adolescent boys . Later , he begins a tentative friendship with Aureliano Babilonia , his nephew . José Arcadio plans to set Aureliano up in a business and return to Rome , but is murdered in his bath by four of the adolescent boys who ransack his house and steal his gold . Amaranta Úrsula Amaranta Úrsula is the third child of Fernanda and Aureliano . She displays the same characteristics as her namesake who dies when she is only a child . She never knows that the child sent to the Buendía home is her nephew , the illegitimate son of Meme . He becomes her best friend in childhood . She returns home from Europe with an elder husband , Gastón , who leaves her when she informs him of her passionate affair with her nephew , Aureliano . She dies of a hemorrhage after she has given birth to the last of the Buendía line . Sixth generation ( edit ) Aureliano Babilonia ( Aureliano II ) Aureliano Babilonia , or Aureliano II , is the illegitimate child of Meme . He is hidden from everyone by his grandmother , Fernanda . He is strikingly similar to his namesake , the Colonel , and has the same character patterns as well . He is taciturn , silent , and emotionally charged . He barely knows Úrsula , who dies during his childhood . He is a friend of José Arcadio Segundo , who explains to him the true story of the banana worker massacre . While other members of the family leave and return , Aureliano stays in the Buendía home . He only ventures into the empty town after the death of Fernanda . He works to decipher the parchments of Melquíades but stops to have an affair with his childhood partner and the love of his life , Amaranta Úrsula , not knowing that she is his aunt . When both she and her child die , he is able to decipher the parchments . `` ... Melquíades ' final keys were revealed to him and he saw the epigraph of the parchments perfectly placed in the order of man 's time and space : ' The first in line is tied to a tree and the last is being eaten by ants ' . '' It is assumed he dies in the great wind that destroys Macondo the moment he finishes reading Melquíades ' parchments . Seventh generation ( edit ) Aureliano Aureliano is the child of Aureliano and his aunt , Amaranta Úrsula . He is born with a pig 's tail , as the eldest and long dead Úrsula had always feared would happen ( the parents of the child had never heard of the omen ) . His mother dies after giving birth to him , and , due to his grief - stricken father 's negligence , he is devoured by ants . Others ( edit ) Melquíades Melquíades is one of a band of gypsies who visit Macondo every year in March , displaying amazing items from around the world . Melquíades sells José Arcadio Buendía several new inventions including a pair of magnets and an alchemist 's lab . Later , the gypsies report that Melquíades died in Singapore , but he , nonetheless , returns to live with the Buendía family , stating he could not bear the solitude of death . He stays with the Buendías and begins to write the mysterious parchments , which are eventually translated by Aureliano Babilonia , and prophesy the House of Buendia 's end . Melquíades dies a second time from drowning in the river near Macondo and , following a grand ceremony organized by the Buendías , is the first individual buried in Macondo . His name echoes Melchizedek in the Old Testament , whose source of authority as a high priest was mysterious . Pilar Ternera Pilar is a local woman who sleeps with the brothers Aureliano and José Arcadio . She becomes the mother of their sons , Aureliano José and Arcadio . Pilar reads the future with cards , and every so often makes an accurate , though vague , prediction . She has close ties with the Buendias throughout the whole novel , helping them with her card predictions . She dies some time after she turns 145 years old ( she had eventually stopped counting ) , surviving until the very last days of Macondo . The word `` Ternera '' in Spanish signifies veal or calf , which is fitting considering the way she is treated by Aureliano , Jose Arcadio , and Arcadio . Also , it could be a play on the word `` Ternura '' , which in Spanish means `` Tenderness '' . Pilar is always presented as a very loving figure , and the author often uses names in a similar fashion . She plays an integral part in the plot as she is the link between the second and the third generation of the Buendia family . The author highlights her importance by following her death with a declaratory `` it was the end . '' Pietro Crespi Pietro is a very handsome and polite Italian musician who runs a music school . He installs the pianola in the Buendía house . He becomes engaged to Rebeca , but Amaranta , who also loves him , manages to delay the wedding for years . When José Arcadio and Rebeca agree to be married , Pietro begins to woo Amaranta , who is so embittered that she cruelly rejects him . Despondent over the loss of both sisters , he kills himself . Petra Cotes Petra is a dark - skinned woman with gold - brown eyes similar to those of a panther . She is Aureliano Segundo 's mistress and the love of his life . She arrives in Macondo as a teenager with her first husband . After her husband dies , she begins a relationship with José Arcadio Segundo . When she meets Aureliano Segundo , she begins a relationship with him as well , not knowing they are two different men . After José Arcadio decides to leave her , Aureliano Segundo gets her forgiveness and remains by her side . He continues to see her , even after his marriage . He eventually lives with her , which greatly embitters his wife , Fernanda del Carpio . When Aureliano and Petra make love , their animals reproduce at an amazing rate , but their livestock is wiped out during the four years of rain . Petra makes money by keeping the lottery alive and provides food baskets for Fernanda and her family after the death of Aureliano Segundo . Mr. Herbert and Mr. Brown Mr. Herbert is a gringo who showed up at the Buendía house for lunch one day . After tasting the local bananas for the first time , he arranges for a banana company to set up a plantation in Macondo . The plantation is run by the dictatorial Mr. Brown . When José Arcadio Segundo helps arrange a workers ' strike on the plantation , the company traps the more than three thousand strikers and machine guns them down in the town square . The banana company and the government completely cover up the event . José Arcadio is the only one who remembers the slaughter . The company arranges for the army to kill off any resistance , then leaves Macondo for good . That event is likely based on the Banana massacre , that took place in Ciénaga , Magdalena in 1928 . Mauricio Babilonia Mauricio is a brutally honest , generous and handsome mechanic for the banana company . He is said to be a descendant of the gypsies who visit Macondo in the early days . He has the unusual characteristic of being constantly swarmed by yellow butterflies , which follow even his lover for a time . Mauricio begins a romantic affair with Meme until Fernanda discovers them and tries to end it . When Mauricio continues to sneak into the house to see her , Fernanda has him shot , claiming he is a chicken thief . Paralyzed and bedridden , he spends the rest of his long life in solitude . Gastón Gastón is Amaranta Úrsula 's wealthy , Belgian husband . She marries him in Europe and returns to Macondo leading him on a silk leash . Gastón is about fifteen years older than his wife . He is an aviator and an adventurer . When he moves with Amaranta Ursula to Macondo he thinks it is only a matter of time before she realizes that her European ways are out of place , causing her to want to move back to Europe . However , when he realizes his wife intends to stay in Macondo , he arranges for his airplane to be shipped over so he can start an airmail service . The plane is shipped to Africa by mistake . When he travels there to claim it , Amaranta writes him of her love for Aureliano Babilonia Buendía . Gastón takes the news in stride , only asking that they ship him his velocipede . Colonel Gerinaldo Marquez He is the friend and comrade - in - arms of Colonel Aureliano Buendia . He fruitlessly woos Amaranta . Gabriel García Márquez Gabriel García Márquez is only a minor character in the novel but he has the distinction of bearing the same name as the author . He is the great - great - grandson of Colonel Gerineldo Márquez . He and Aureliano Babilonia are close friends because they know the history of the town , which no one else believes . He leaves for Paris after winning a contest and decides to stay there , selling old newspapers and empty bottles . He is one of the few who is able to leave Macondo before the town is wiped out entirely . Major themes ( edit ) `` The rise and fall , birth and death of the mythical but intensely real Macondo , and the glories and disasters of the wonderful Buendía family ; make up an intensely brilliant chronicle of humankind 's comedies and tragedies . All the many varieties of life are captured here : inventively , amusingly , magnetically , sadly , humorously , luminously , truthfully . '' Subjectivity of reality and magic realism ( edit ) Critics often cite certain works by García Márquez , such as A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings and One Hundred Years of Solitude , as exemplary of magic realism , a style of writing in which the supernatural is presented as mundane , and the mundane as supernatural or extraordinary . The term was coined by German art critic Franz Roh in 1925 . The novel presents a fictional story in a fictional setting . The extraordinary events and characters are fabricated . However the message that García Márquez intends to deliver explains a true history . García Márquez uses his fantastic story as an expression of reality . `` In One Hundred Years of Solitude myth and history overlap . The myth acts as a vehicle to transmit history to the reader . García Márquez 's novel can furthermore be referred to as anthropology , where truth is found in language and myth . What is real and what is fiction are indistinguishable . There are three main mythical elements of the novel : classical stories alluding to foundations and origins , characters resembling mythical heroes , and supernatural elements . '' Magic realism is inherent in the novel - achieved by the constant intertwining of the ordinary with the extraordinary . This magic realism strikes at one 's traditional sense of naturalistic fiction . There is something clearly magical about the world of Macondo . It is a state of mind as much as , or more than , a geographical place . For example , one learns very little about its actual physical layout . Furthermore , once in it , the reader must be prepared to meet whatever the imagination of the author presents to him or her . García Márquez blends the real with the magical through the use of tone and narration . By maintaining the same tone throughout the novel , García Márquez makes the extraordinary blend with the ordinary . His condensation of and lackadaisical manner in describing events causes the extraordinary to seem less remarkable than it actually is , thereby perfectly blending the real with the magical . Reinforcing this effect is the unastonished tone in which the book is written . This tone restricts the ability of the reader to question the events of the novel . However , it also causes the reader to call into question the limits of reality . Furthermore , maintaining the same narrator throughout the novel familiarizes the reader with his voice and causes him or her to become accustomed to the extraordinary events in the novel . Fluidity of time ( edit ) One Hundred Years of Solitude contains several ideas concerning time . Although the story can be read as a linear progression of events , both when considering individual lives and Macondo 's history , García Márquez allows room for several other interpretations of time : He reiterates the metaphor of history as a circular phenomenon through the repetition of names and characteristics belonging to the Buendía family . Over six generations , all the José Arcadios possess inquisitive and rational dispositions as well as enormous physical strength . The Aurelianos , meanwhile , lean towards insularity and quietude . This repetition of traits reproduces the history of the individual characters and , ultimately , a history of the town as a succession of the same mistakes ad infinitum due to some endogenous hubris in our nature . The novel explores the issue of timelessness or eternity even within the framework of mortal existence . A major trope with which it accomplishes this task is the alchemist 's laboratory in the Buendía family home . The laboratory was first designed by Melquíades near the start of the story and remains essentially unchanged throughout its course . It is a place where the male Buendía characters can indulge their will to solitude , whether through attempts to deconstruct the world with reason as in the case of José Arcadio Buendía , or by the endless creation and destruction of golden fish as in the case of his son Colonel Aureliano Buendía . Furthermore , a sense of inevitability prevails throughout the text . This is a feeling that regardless of what way one looks at time , its encompassing nature is the one truthful admission . On the other hand , it is important to keep in mind that One Hundred Years of Solitude , while basically chronological and `` linear '' enough in its broad outlines , also shows abundant zigzags in time , both flashbacks of matters past and long leaps towards future events . One example of this is the youthful amour between Meme and Mauricio Babilonia , which is already in full swing before we are informed about the origins of the affair . Incest ( edit ) A recurring theme in One Hundred Years of Solitude is the Buendía family 's propensity toward incest . The patriarch of the family , Jose Arcadio Buendía , is the first of numerous Buendías to intermarry when he marries his first cousin , Úrsula . Furthermore , the fact that `` throughout the novel the family is haunted by the fear of punishment in the form of the birth of a monstrous child with a pig 's tail '' can be attributed to this initial act and the recurring acts of incest among the Buendías . Solitude ( edit ) Perhaps the most dominant theme in the book is that of solitude . Macondo was founded in the remote jungles of the Colombian rainforest . The solitude of the town is representative of the colonial period in Latin American history , where outposts and colonies were , for all intents and purposes , not interconnected . Isolated from the rest of the world , the Buendías grow to be increasingly solitary and selfish . With every member of the family living only for him or her self , the Buendías become representative of the aristocratic , land - owning elite who came to dominate Latin America in keeping with the sense of Latin American history symbolized in the novel . This egocentricity is embodied , especially , in the characters of Aureliano , who lives in a private world of his own , and Remedios the Beauty , who innocently destroys the lives of four men enamored by her unbelievable beauty , because she is living in a different reality due to what some see as autism . Throughout the novel it seems as if no character can find true love or escape the destructiveness of their own egocentricity . The selfishness of the Buendía family is eventually broken by the once superficial Aureliano Segundo and Petra Cotes , who discover a sense of mutual solidarity and the joy of helping others in need during Macondo 's economic crisis . The pair even find love , and their pattern is repeated by Aureliano Babilonia and Amaranta Úrsula . Eventually , Aureliano and Amaranta Úrsula have a child , and the latter is convinced that it will represent a fresh start for the once - conceited Buendía family . However , the child turns out to be the perpetually feared monster with the pig 's tail . Nonetheless , the appearance of love represents a shift in Macondo , albeit one that leads to its destruction . `` The emergence of love in the novel to displace the traditional egoism of the Buendías reflects the emergence of socialist values as a political force in Latin America , a force that will sweep away the Buendías and the order they represent . '' The ending to One Hundred Years of Solitude could be a wishful prediction by García Márquez , a well - known socialist , regarding the future of Latin America . Interpretation ( edit ) `` One Hundred Years of Solitude works on so many levels , from childlike fantasy to exploration of the grief or happiness that solitude can bring , that it can be re-read without any reduction in enjoyment -- in fact , each reading brings a wealth of forgotten or previously unnoticed details to the reader , wrapped in a lightness of style that gives this novel a charisma that assures its appeal . '' Throughout the novel , García Márquez is said to have a gift for blending the everyday with the miraculous , the historical with the fabulous , and psychological realism with surreal flights of fancy . It is a revolutionary novel that provides a looking glass into the thoughts and beliefs of its author , who chose to give a literary voice to Latin America : `` A Latin America which neither wants , nor has any reason , to be a pawn without a will of its own ; nor is it merely wishful thinking that its quest for independence and originality should become a Western aspiration . '' Although we are faced with a very convoluted narrative , García Márquez is able to define clear themes while maintaining individual character identities , and using different narrative techniques such as third - person narrators , specific point of view narrators , and streams of consciousness . Cinematographic techniques are also employed in the novel , with the idea of the montage and the close - up , which effectively combine the comic and grotesque with the dramatic and tragic . Furthermore , political and historical realities are combined with the mythical and magical Latin American world . Lastly , through human comedy the problems of a family , a town , and a country are unveiled . This is all presented through García Márquez 's unique form of narration , which causes the novel to never cease being at its most interesting point . The characters in the novel are never defined ; they are not created from a mold . Instead , they are developed and formed throughout the novel . All characters are individualized , with many characteristics that differentiate them from others . Ultimately , the novel has a rich imagination achieved by its rhythmic tone , narrative technique , and fascinating character creation , making it a thematic quarry , where the trivial and anecdotal and the historic and political are combined . Literary significance and acclaim ( edit ) `` One Hundred Years of Solitude is the first piece of literature since the Book of Genesis that should be required reading for the entire human race . Mr. García Márquez has done nothing less than to create in the reader a sense of all that is profound , meaningful , and meaningless in life . '' -- William Kennedy , New York Times Book Review One Hundred Years of Solitude has received universal recognition . The novel has been awarded Italy 's Chianciano Award , France 's Prix de Meilleur Livre Etranger , Venezuela 's Rómulo Gallegos Prize , and the United States ' Books Abroad / Neustadt International Prize for Literature . García Márquez also received an honorary LL. D. from Columbia University in New York City . These awards set the stage for García Márquez 's 1982 Nobel Prize for Literature . The novel topped the list of books that have most shaped world literature over the last 25 years , according to a survey of international writers commissioned by the global literary journal Wasafiri as a part of its 25th - anniversary celebration . The superlatives from reviewers and readers alike display the resounding praise which the novel has received . Chilean poet and Nobel Laureate Pablo Neruda called it `` the greatest revelation in the Spanish language since Don Quixote of Cervantes '' , while John Leonard in The New York Times wrote that `` with a single bound , Gabriel García Márquez leaps onto the stage with Günter Grass and Vladimir Nabokov . '' According to Antonio Sacoto , professor at the City College of the City University of New York , One Hundred Years of Solitude is considered as one of the five key novels in Hispanic American literature ( together with El Señor Presidente , Pedro Páramo , La Muerte de Artemio Cruz , and La ciudad y los perros ) . These novels , representative of the boom allowed Hispanic American literature to reach the quality of North American and European literature in terms of technical quality , rich themes , and linguistic innovations , among other attributes . In his Nobel Prize acceptance speech , García Márquez addressed the significance of his writing and proposed its role to be more than just literary expression : I dare to think that it is this outsized reality , and not just its literary expression , that has deserved the attention of the Swedish Academy of Letters . A reality not of paper , but one that lives within us and determines each instant of our countless daily deaths , and that nourishes a source of insatiable creativity , full of sorrow and beauty , of which this roving and nostalgic Colombian is but one cipher more , singled out by fortune . Poets and beggars , musicians and prophets , warriors and scoundrels , all creatures of that unbridled reality , we have had to ask but little of imagination , for our crucial problem has been a lack of conventional means to render our lives believable . This , my friends , is the crux of our solitude . Critiques ( edit ) Although One Hundred Years of Solitude has come to be considered one of , if not the , most influential Latin American texts of all time , the novel and Gabriel García Márquez have both received occasional criticisms . Stylistically , Harold Bloom remarked that `` My primary impression , in the act of rereading One Hundred Years of Solitude , is a kind of aesthetic battle fatigue , since every page is rammed full of life beyond the capacity of any single reader to absorb ... There are no wasted sentences , no mere transitions , in this novel , and you must notice everything at the moment you read it . '' Additionally , David Haberly alleges that García Márquez may have borrowed themes from several works , such as William Faulkner 's Yoknapatawpha County , Virginia Woolf 's Orlando : A Biography , Defoe 's A Journal of the Plague Year , and Chateaubriand 's Atala . This , however , is not necessarily a negative criticism , as it involves the concept of intertextuality . Internal references ( edit ) In the novel 's account of the civil war and subsequent peace , there are numerous mentions of the pensions not arriving for the veterans , a reference to one of García Márquez 's earlier works , El coronel no tiene quien le escriba . In the novel 's final chapter , García Márquez refers to the novel Hopscotch ( Spanish : Rayuela ) by Julio Cortázar in the following line : `` ... in the room that smelled of boiled cauliflower where Rocamadour was to die '' ( p. 412 ) . Rocamadour is a fictional character in Hopscotch who indeed dies in the room described . He also refers to two other major works by Latin American writers in the novel : The Death of Artemio Cruz ( Spanish : La Muerte de Artemio Cruz ) by Carlos Fuentes and Explosion in a Cathedral ( Spanish : El siglo de las luces ) by Alejo Carpentier . Adaptations ( edit ) Shuji Terayama 's play One Hundred Years of Solitude ( 百年 の 孤独 , originally performed by the Tenjo Sajiki theater troupe ) , as well as his film Farewell to the Ark ( さらば 箱 舟 ) are loose ( and not officially authorized ) adaptations of the novel by García Márquez transplanted into the realm of Japanese culture and history . While One Hundred Years of Solitude has had a large effect on the literary world and is the author 's best selling and most translated work , there have been no movies produced of it as García Márquez never agreed to sell the rights to produce such a film . See also ( edit ) Le Monde 's 100 Books of the Century List of best - selling books Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` One Hundred Years at Forty '' ( December 2007 ) The Walrus , Canada Jump up ^ `` Author Gabriel Garcia Marquez dies '' ( 17 April 2014 ) BBC ^ Jump up to : Bell - Villada , Gene H. ( 2002 ) . Gabriel García Márquez 's One Hundred Years of Solitude : A Casebook . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 514455 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : One Hundred years of Solitude , by Gabriel García Márquez , 2003 , Harper Collins : New York , ISBN 0 - 06 - 088328 - 6 , post-script section entitled : ' P.S. Insights , Interviews & More ' pp. 2 -- 12 Jump up ^ http://www.rae.es/obras-academicas/ediciones-conmemorativas Jump up ^ `` The Modern World '' . Web , www.themodernword.com/gabo/. April 17 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : McMurray , George R. ( December 1969 ) . `` Reality and Myth in Garcia Marquez ' ' Cien anos de soledad ' '' . The Bulletin of the Rocky Mountain Modern Language Association . 23 ( 4 ) : 175 -- 181 . doi : 10.2307 / 1346518 . ^ Jump up to : Wood , Michael ( 1990 ) . Gabriel García Márquez : One Hundred Years of Solitude . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 31692 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Erickson , Daniel ( 2009 ) . Ghosts , Metaphor , and History in Toni Morrison 's Beloved and Gabriel García Márquez 's One Hundred Years off Solitude . Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 230 - 61348 - 9 . Jump up ^ Some Implications of Yellow and Gold in García Márquez 's `` One Hundred Years of Solitude '' : Color Symbolism , Onomastics , and Anti-Idyll '' by John Carson Pettey Citation Revista Hispánica Moderna , Año 53 , No. 1 pp. 162 -- 178 Year 2000 ^ Jump up to : `` Cien años de soledad : the novel as myth and archive '' by Gonzalez Echevarria . p. 358 - 80 Year 1984 ^ Jump up to : Gordo - Guarinos , Francisco . Cien años de soledad . Barcelona : Editorial Vosgos , S.A. , 1977 . Jump up ^ Franz Roh : Nach - Expressionismus . Magischer Realismus . Probleme der neuesten europäischen Malerei . Klinkhardt & Biermann , Leipzig 1925 . Jump up ^ Ian Johnston ( March 28 , 1995 ) `` On Marquez 's One Hundred Years of Solitude '' , Malaspina University College ( now Vancouver Island University ) , Canada Jump up ^ Gullon , Ricardo . `` Review : Gabriel García Márquez & the Lost Art of Storytelling '' . Diacritics , Vol. 1 , No. 1 ( Autumn , 1971 ) , pp. 27 -- 32 . Jump up ^ One Hundred Years of Solitude , Encyclopedia Beta . Jump up ^ One Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel Garcia Marquez by BBC , January 1 , 2004 Jump up ^ The Dialectics of our America : Genealogy , Cultural Critique , and Literary History Post-Contemporary Interventions , by José David Saldívar , Duke University Press , 1991 , ISBN 0 - 8223 - 1169 - 0 , pg. 21 ^ Jump up to : Antonio Sacoto ( 1979 ) Cinco novelas claves de la novela hispano americana ( El señor presidente , Pedro Páramo , La muerte de Artemio Cruz , La ciudad y los perros , Cien años de soledad ) , Eliseo Torres & Sons , New York Jump up ^ `` 25 acclaimed international writers choose 25 of the best books from the last 25 years '' ( September 25 , 2009 ) Wasafiri Magazine Jump up ^ Marquez , Gabriel Garcia . Nobel Lecture , Hispanic Heritage in the Americas . Nobel Lecture , 8 December 1982 Jump up ^ Bloom , Harold . Bloom 's Critical Interpretations : Edited and with an Introduction by Harold Bloom : `` Gabriel García Márquez 's One Hundred Years of Solitude '' . Philadelphia : Chelsea House Publishers , 2003 Jump up ^ Haberly , David T. ( 1990 ) Bags of Bones : A Source for Cien Años de Soledad , The Johns Hopkins University Press Further reading ( edit ) `` Memory and Prophecy , Illusion and Reality Are Mixed and Made to Look the Same '' by The New York Times , March 8 , 1970 Sally Soame ( December 2015 ) . `` The Secret History of One Hundred Years of Solitude '' . Vanity Fair . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : One Hundred Years of Solitude One Hundred Years of Solitude at Encyclopædia Britannica Reading curriculum ( edit ) Oprah 's Book Club 's Guide to One Hundred Years of Solitude Magical Realism in `` One Hundred Years of Solitude '' Lectures and recordings ( edit ) `` The Solitude of Latin America '' , Nobel lecture by Gabriel García Márquez , 8 December 1982 `` On Marquez 's One Hundred Years of Solitude '' -- a lecture by Ian Johnston García Márquez , Gabriel . `` Colombian writer Gabriel García Márquez reading the first chapter of One Hundred Years of Solitude '' ( in Spanish ) . ( hide ) Works by Gabriel García Márquez Novels In Evil Hour One Hundred Years of Solitude The Autumn of the Patriarch Chronicle of a Death Foretold Love in the Time of Cholera The General in His Labyrinth Of Love and Other Demons Memories of My Melancholy Whores Short stories Leaf Storm No One Writes to the Colonel Big Mama 's Funeral The Incredible and Sad Tale of Innocent Eréndira and Her Heartless Grandmother Strange Pilgrims The Handsomest Drowned Man in the World A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings Non-fiction The Story of a Shipwrecked Sailor Clandestine in Chile News of a Kidnapping Living to Tell the Tale Speech The Solitude of Latin America BNF : cb11954721r ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_Hundred_Years_of_Solitude&oldid=839857390 '' Categories : 1967 novels Family saga novels Novels by Gabriel García Márquez Colombian magic realism novels Novels set in Colombia Harper & Row books Jonathan Cape books Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Shqip Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 56 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 May 2018 , at 04 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is one hundred years of solitude set | [
"One Hundred Years of Solitude (Spanish: Cien años de soledad, American Spanish: [sjen ˈaɲoz ðe soleˈðað]) is a landmark 1967 novel by Colombian author Gabriel García Márquez that tells the multi-generational story of the Buendía family, whose patriarch, José Arcadio Buendía, founds the town of Macondo, a fictitious town in the country of Colombia."
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"Macondo, a fictitious town in the country of Colombia"
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-446813193459482347 | The Great British Bake Off (series 2) | The Great British bake Off ( series 2 ) - wikipedia The Great British bake Off ( series 2 ) The Great British Bake Off ( series 2 ) Starring Mel Giedroyc Sue Perkins Mary Berry Paul Hollywood Country of origin United Kingdom No. of episodes 8 Release Original network BBC Two Original release 14 August ( 2011 - 08 - 14 ) -- 4 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 04 ) Series chronology ← Previous Series 1 Next → Series 3 The second series of The Great British Bake Off started 14 August 2011 with twelve amateur bakers . Unlike series one , the competition was held in a single location -- in the ground of Valentines Mansion , a 17th - century mansion house in Redbridge . In addition to their on - screen presenting roles , Mel Giedroyc and Sue Perkins also took over the narration of the show , which had been done by Stephen Noonan the previous series . Series two also introduced the `` star baker '' award for the most impressive performer each week . Three and a half thousand people applied for the competition , and 12 were selected . Each episode was filmed over two 14 - hour days . The competition was won by Joanne Wheatley . Contents ( hide ) 1 The Bakers 2 Results summary 3 Episodes 3.1 Episode 1 : Cakes 3.2 Episode 2 : Tarts 3.3 Episode 3 : Bread 3.4 Episode 4 : Biscuits 3.5 Episode 5 : Pies 3.6 Episode 6 : Desserts 3.7 Episode 7 : Pâtisserie ( Semi-Final ) 3.8 Episode 8 : Final 3.9 Extras and special episodes 4 Post-show career 5 Ratings 5.1 Specials 6 References The Bakers ( edit ) Baker Age Occupation Hometown Ben Frazer 31 Graphic Designer Northampton Holly Bell 31 Advertising executive Leicester Ian Vallance 40 Fundraiser for English Heritage Dunstable , Bedfordshire Janet Basu 63 Teacher of Modern Languages Formby , Liverpool Jason White 19 Civil Engineering Student Croydon Joanne Wheatley 41 Housewife Ongar , Essex Keith Batsford 31 House husband Arlesey , Bedfordshire Mary - Anne Boermans 45 Housewife Kidderminster , Worcestershire Robert Billington 25 Photographer London Simon Blackwell 31 Rugby Coach Norfolk Urvashi Roe 40 Head of Marketing Enfield , London Yasmin Limbert 43 Childminder West Kirby , The Wirral Results summary ( edit ) Elimination chart Baker 5 6 7 8 Jo SB WINNER Holly SB SB Runner Up Mary - Anne Runner Up Janet SB OUT Yasmin SB OUT Jason SB SB OUT Robert OUT Ben OUT Ian OUT Urvashi OUT Simon OUT Keith OUT There was no Star Baker this week , as Paul and Mary felt it would n't be right to single out one baker when the results were incredibly close . Colour key : -- Baker got through to the next round -- Baker was eliminated -- Baker was one of the judges ' least favourite bakers that week , but was not eliminated . -- Baker was the Star Baker -- Baker was one of the judges ' favourite bakers that week , but did not win star baker -- Baker was the series runner - up -- Baker was the series winner Episodes ( edit ) Baker eliminated Star Baker Winner Episode 1 : cakes ( edit ) For their very first challenge , the bakers were asked to bake 24 cupcakes in 2 hours . They are allowed to make 2 different types of cupcakes . For the technical challenge , the bakers were asked to bake a Coffee and Walnut Battenburg cake using Mary Berry 's recipe . The cake needs to have the perfect sponge which holds its form ( perfect symmetry ) , distinguish flavors , and a smooth exterior . For the showstopper , the bakers were asked to bake a chocolate tiered celebration cake with elaborate , multi-layer design . Baker Signature ( 24 Cupcakes ) Technical ( Coffee and Walnut Battenberg ) Showstopper ( Chocolate Tiered Cake ) Ben Rhubarb and Custard Cupcakes After Dinner Cupcakes 2nd Vanilla Sponge with White Chocolate and Raspberry Buttercream Holly Cherry Bakewell Inspired Cupcakes Ginger Cupcakes with Fig Truffle 1st UNKNOWN Ian Apple and Cinnamon Cupcakes 10th UNKNOWN Janet Raspberry and Cream Cupcakes 8th Chocolate Marble Cake with Dark and White Chocolate Truffles Jason Lemon Meringue Cupcakes Apple and Cinnamon Cupcakes 6th UNKNOWN Jo Chocolate Orange Cupcakes Orange and Cardamom Cupcakes 11th Chocolate and Strawberry Cake Keith Earl Grey Cupcakes 12th Chocolate and Sour Cream Cake Mary - Anne Banoffee Cupcakes 4th Chocolate and Raspberry Opera cake Robert Blackberry and Vanilla Cupcakes with Liquorice Frosting 3rd Genoise Layered Mousse Cake with Chocolate Ganache Simon Guinness and Chocolate Cupcakes 9th Two - Tiered Chocolate Courgette Cake Urvashi Cherry Blossom Cupcakes Japanese Lime Cupcakes 7th UNKNOWN Yasmin Cardamom and Pomegranate Cupcakes 5th UNKNOWN Episode 2 : tarts ( edit ) For the signature bake , the bakers were asked to bake a savory Quiche in 2 hours . For the technical challenge , the bakers were asked to bake a Tarte au Citron using Mary 's recipe in 1 1 / 2 hours . For the showstopper , the bakers were asked to bake 24 miniature sweet tarts . Baker Signature ( Quiche ) Technical ( Tarte au Citron ) Showstopper ( 24 Miniature Sweet Tarts ) Ben Chorizo , Pepper and Gruyere Quiche 1st Lemon Meringue Tarts Holly Pesto Quiche 4th Milk Chocolate and Pistachio Tarts Trifle Tarts Ian Stilton , Spinach and New Potato Quiche with Paprika and Walnut Pastry 2nd UNKNOWN Janet Quiche Printanière 8th Red Fruit Tarts Chocolate and Cherry Tarts Jason Salmon and Pak Choi Quiche 3rd Mint Chocolate Tarts Blueberry Bakewell Tarts Jo Caramelised Onion , Gruyere and Thyme Quiche 10th Raspberry and Mascarpone Tarts with Lemon and Almond Pastry Honey and Almond Tarts with Sweetcrust Mary - Anne Roasted Cauliflower , Cheese and Caramelised Onion Quiche 9th Butterscotch Brulée Tarts in Pecan Pastry Apple Rose Tarts Robert Smoked Bacon and Kale Quiche 5th Chocolate , Fennel and Ginger Tart Almond , Creme Patissiere and Poached Pear Tart Simon Smoked Haddock and Watercress Quiche 11th Passion Fruit and Ricotta Tarts Salted Chocolate , Stem Ginger and Mascarpone Cream Tarts Urvashi Crab , Coriander and Coconut Quiche 7th Strawberry and Basil Tarts Elderflower and Honeycomb Tarts Yasmin Smoked Haddock and Watercress Quiche 6th Chocolate and Orange with Cinnamon - Orange Pastry Tarts Blueberry and Hazelnut with Hazelnut Pastry Tarts Episode 3 : bread ( edit ) For their signature bake , the bakers were asked to bake a free formed flavored loaf ( not using a tin ) . For the technical challenge , the bakers were given 3 1 / 2 hours to bake a Focaccia , using Paul 's recipe . For the showstopper , the bakers were asked to bake 2 displays . One display is to make a basket out of bread . The second display is to make 12 sweet and 12 savory rolls . They had 5 hours . Baker Signature ( Free Form Loaf ) Technical ( Focaccia ) Showstopper ( 12 sweet and 12 savoury rolls ) Ben Walnut , Raisin and Rosemary Loaf 3rd UNKNOWN Holly Picnic Loaf 6th Stilton and Walnut Rolls Ian Courgette , Caerphilly Cheese and Thyme Loaf 10th Walnut and Raisin Rolls Cracked Wheat Logs Janet Zupfe Loaf with Gruyère Cheese 8th Apple and Walnut Granary Rolls Red Onion Cottage Rolls Jason Cheese and Onion Tear and Share Loaf 7th UNKNOWN Jo Stromboli flavored with Mozzarella , Ham , and Picante Pepper 1st UNKNOWN Mary - Anne Ploughman 's Loaf 5th Herb and Walnut Breads Chocolate and Chilli Buns Robert Rye and Coriander Seed Loaf 4th Blueberry Brioche Rolls Lemon and Poppy Seed Rolls Urvashi Salt and Peppercorn Loaf 9th Chilli and Halloumi Rolls Lemon and Coriander Mini Loaves Yasmin Egyptian Dukkah Loaf with Mixed Spices 2nd Pesto Bread Sweet Coconut Rolls In this episode , two bakers were eliminated rather than one baker . Episode 4 : biscuits ( edit ) For the signature bake , the bakers were give 1 1 / 2 hours to make 12 biscuits . The biscuits should not be too hard or too crumbly . For the technical challenge , the bakers were given 1 1 / 2 hours to bake 24 brandy snaps . For the showstopper , the bakers were asked to bake a macaron display . They need 3 different flavors , bake 120 of them , and had 5 hours to complete it . Baker Signature ( 12 Biscuits ) Technical ( 24 Brandy Snaps ) Showstopper ( Macarons ) Ben Stem Ginger Nuts 5th Chocolate and Almond Macarons Pine Nut Macarons Pistachio Macarons Holly Strawberry and Custard Melts 3rd ' Chocolate bars of my youth ' ( Caramel Macarons , Mint Chocolate Macarons and Chocolate Orange Macarons ) Janet Christmas Marzipan Biscuits 4th Raspberry Macarons Blackcurrant Macarons Almond Macarons Jason Lebkuchen 1st Mocktail Macarons ( Mojito , Cranberry Cooler , and Pina Colada ) Jo Lavender Biscuits 8th Blueberry Macarons Coconut Macarons Strawberry Macarons Mary - Anne Melting Moments 2nd Blackcurrant and Mint Macarons Gooseberry and Elderflower Macarons Hazelnut Macarons Robert Chocolate and Ginger Oat Biscuits 7th Strawberry and Lime Macarons Lemon Macarons Chocolate and Cardamom Macarons Yasmin Chocolate Chip and Pistachio Biscotti 6th Chocolate and Lime Macarons Coffee and Walnut Macarons Pineapple and Coconut Macarons In this episode , two bakers were Star Bakers rather than one baker . Episode 5 : pies ( edit ) For the signature , the bakers were asked to bake a family pie with either a ruff puff pastry or flaky pastry in 2 1 / 2 hours . For the technical challenge , the bakers were asked to bake a batch of 6 miniature pork pies in 2 1 / 2 hours using Paul 's recipe . The technical was a 2 day bake challenge , so the bakers were judged the next day . For the showstopper , the bakers were asked to bake a meringue pie -- a fruit and / or custard pie topped with meringue . Baker Signature ( Family Pie ) Technical ( 6 Miniature Pork Pie ) Showstopper ( Meringue Pie ) Holly Stilton , Potato and Caramelised Onion Pie 4th Lime Meringue Pie Janet Chicken and Chestnut Pie 1st Rhubarb Meringue Pie Jason Brown Down Chicken Pie 7th Plum Meringue Pie Jo Salmon and Asparagus Pie 6th Apple and Raspberry Meringue Pie Mary - Anne Chicken and Bacon Pie 2nd Midnight Meringue Robert Chicken and Mushroom Pie 3rd Rhubarb and Custard Meringue Pie Yasmin Family Fish Pie 5th Peach and Raspberry Meringue Pie Once again , in this episode , two bakers were eliminated instead of one baker . Episode 6 : desserts ( edit ) For the signature bake , the bakers were asked to bake a cheesecake in 2 1 / 2 hours . For the technical challenge , the bakers were asked to bake a chocolate roulade in 1 3 / 4 hours using Mary 's recipe . For the showstopper , the bakers were asked to bake Croquembouche inspired bake in 5 hours . Baker Signature ( Baked Cheesecake ) Technical ( Chocolate Roulade ) Showstopper ( Croquembouche ) Holly Father Christmas ' Baked Cheesecake 3rd Hansel and Gretel 's Croquembouche Janet Rhubarb and Ginger Baked Cheesecake 5th Orange and Nougatine Croquembouche Jo Rum and Raisin Baked Cheesecake 1st Limoncello and White Chocolate Croquembouche Mary - Anne Tutti Fruitti Curd Baked Cheesecake 4th Orange and Praline Croquembouche with Cardamom Caramel Yasmin Baked Amaretto Cheesecake 2nd Rose Croquembouche Episode 7 : pâtisserie ( semi-final ) ( edit ) For the signature bake , the semi finalists were asked to bake a layered mousse cake in 2 hours , with the judges seeking a light sponge and a rich mousse . For the technical challenge , the bakers were asked to bake 12 identical Iced Fingers . Using Paul 's recipe , they were to be filled with cream and jam . For the showstopper , the bakers were asked to bake 3 types of pastries . The bakers had to use the same dough - which must be crisp on the outside and soft on the inside - for all three . Baker Signature ( Layered Mousse Cake ) Technical ( 12 Iced Fingers ) Showstopper ( 3 Different Types of Pastries or Croissants ) Holly White Chocolate , Hazelnut and Raspberry Genoise Mousse Cake 1st Apricot , Macadamia and White Chocolate Pinwheels Almond Croissants Apple , Raisin and Cinnamon Plaits Janet Chocolate Amaretto Mousse Cake 4th Pain Aux Raisin Plain Croissant Pain Au Chocolat Jo Raspberry & Strawberry Mousse Cake 3rd Pain Aux Raisin Chocolate Twists Banana and Raisin Pastries Mary - Anne Chocolate and Orange Mousse Cake 2nd Raspberry Rose Danishes Praline Spirals Alsatian Plaited Danishes In this episode , none of the bakers were individually highlighted as Star Baker . Episode 8 : final ( edit ) For their final signature bake , the finalists were asked to bake 12 mille - feuille in 2 1 / 2 hours . For the technical challenge , the bakers were asked to bake a sachertorte in 2 hours and 40 minutes . For their final showstopper , the bakers were asked to bake 3 different types of petits fours : Meringue , Sweet Pastry , and Sponge Based , within 4 hours . Baker Signature ( 12 Mille - Feuille ) Technical ( Sachertorte ) Showstopper ( Petits Fours ) Holly Banoffee Inspired Mille Feuille 2nd Strawberry and Cream Meringue Nest Gooseberry and Elderflower ' Bakewell ' Tarts Neapolitan Ice - Cream Sandwich Jo Raspberry and Blueberry Mille Feuille 1st Mini Victoria Sandwiches Raspberry , White Chocolate and Pistachio Mini Meringues Mini Banoffee Pie with Banana Mousse Mary - Anne Lemon and Ginger Mille Feuille 3rd Fruit Tarts with Elderflower Custard Strawberry and Rhubarb Cheesecakes Black Fruit Meringue with Everlasting Syllabub Extras and special episodes ( edit ) Both episodes 9 and 10 were Masterclasses by Paul and Mary where they demonstrated how to make the Technical Challenges that they had set throughout the series . Episode 9 showed the first four of the series ; Coffee and walnut Battenberg , Tarte au Citron , Focaccia and Brandy Snaps . Episode 10 showed the last four of the series ; Pork pies , Chocolate roulade , Iced fingers and Sachertorte . Episode 11 went back and revisited the bakers from Series 1 to catch up on what the contestants had been doing since they had been on the show . Post-show career ( edit ) Some of the contestants went on to a career in baking or have a change of career as a result of appearing on the show . Joanne Wheatley has written two best selling books on baking , A Passion for Baking published on 16 May 2013 , and Home Baking initially as a Sainsbury 's exclusive . She writes a monthly column for Sainsbury 's magazine and is a regular guest columnist for The Sun newspaper . She runs cookery courses from her home in Essex , and has appeared in various television shows such as The Alan Titchmarsh Show and What 's Cooking . Holly Bell teaches baking classes and for a time worked as an occasional radio presenter on BBC Radio Leicester . She also appeared as a guest presenter on QVC shopping channel . She wrote an eBook called Ready , Steady , Bake ! which was published on 5 July 2012 , and published a book Recipes from a Normal Mum on 17 July 2014 . Mary - Anne Boermans wrote a book on baking , Great British Bakes : Forgotten Treasures for Modern Bakers , which was published on 7 November 2013 . Ratings ( edit ) Official episode viewing figures are from BARB . Episode no . Airdate Viewers ( millions ) BBC Two weekly ranking 16 August 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 16 ) 3.10 23 August 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 23 ) 3.53 30 August 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 30 ) 3.82 6 September 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 06 ) 3.60 5 13 September 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 13 ) 3.83 6 20 September 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 20 ) 4.25 7 27 September 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 27 ) 4.42 8 4 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 04 ) 5.06 Specials ( edit ) Episode no . Airdate Viewers ( millions ) BBC Two weekly ranking The Great British Bake Off Masterclass 6 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 06 ) 2.32 6 13 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 13 ) 2.14 9 The Great British Bake Off Revisited 20 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 20 ) N / A N / A References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Liz Thomas ( 5 October 2011 ) . `` Young grandmother who honed cooking skills making cakes for sons crowned Great British Bake - Off winner '' . The Daily Mail . Jump up ^ `` Valentines Mansion proves to be the perfect setting for TV show '' . Redbridge i . 16 August 2011 . Archived from the original on 6 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Edd Kimber and Jo Wheatley : Great British Bake Off changed our lives '' . Metro. 28 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Liz Thomas ( 5 October 2011 ) . `` Young grandmother who honed cooking skills making cakes for sons crowned Great British Bake - Off winner '' . The Daily Mail . Jump up ^ `` Home Baking ( Sainsbury 's Exclusive ) '' . Sainsbury . Archived from the original on 5 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sainsbury 's Magazine - February content '' . Exact Editions Ltd . Jump up ^ `` Jo 's Blue AGA '' . Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off Winner Jo Wheatley Interview '' . Mojo Mums . Jump up ^ Jess Denham ( 7 October 2014 ) . `` Great British Bake Off 2014 : What past winners are doing now from Edd Kimber to last year 's Frances Quinn '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ `` An interview with Holly Bell '' . Food Heaven . 10 July 2012 . Archived from the original on 4 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Holly Bell '' . Good Food Bakes and Cakes Show . Jump up ^ `` Kindle Baking Book Bargain ! ! '' . Me , Bookshelf and I . Jump up ^ Carolyn Hart ( 17 July 2014 ) , `` Cookbook of the week : Recipes from a Normal Mum '' , The Daily Telegraph Jump up ^ Samuel Muston ( 25 July 2013 ) . `` On The Menu : Lardo London ; Stolichnya ' Salted Karamel vodka ; Mary - Anne Boermans ' Great British Bakes ; EatPlayLove2013 ; Perrier '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . hide The Great British Bake Off Series 5 6 7 8 Winners Edd Kimber Joanne Wheatley John Whaite Frances Quinn Nancy Birtwhistle Nadiya Hussain Candice Brown Sophie Faldo Other contestants James Morton Glenn Cosby Ali Imdad Beca Lyne - Pirkis Ruby Tandoh Martha Collison Related topics List of Star Bakers Junior Bake Off The Great British Bake Off : An Extra Slice Bake Off : The Professionals International versions Argentina Australia Brazil Canada France Ireland United States 2013 2015 - present Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Great_British_Bake_Off_(series_2)&oldid=839949279 '' Categories : The Great British Bake Off British cooking television programmes BBC Television programmes 2011 British television seasons English - language television programs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2015 Use British English from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 May 2018 , at 19 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won the second series of great british bake off | [
"Three and a half thousand people applied for the competition, and 12 were selected. Each episode was filmed over two 14-hour days.[3] The competition was won by Joanne Wheatley.[4]"
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"Joanne Wheatley"
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-3673842363856991611 | Face perception | Face perception - wikipedia Face perception This article is about the cognitive process . For the psychological phenomena of seeing faces in inanimate objects , see Pareidolia . For computer - based facial perception , see Facial recognition system . Face perception is an individual 's understanding and interpretation of the face , particularly the human face , especially in relation to the associated information processing in the brain . The proportions and expressions of the human face are important to identify origin , emotional tendencies , health qualities , and some social information . From birth , faces are important in the individual 's social interaction . Face perceptions are very complex as the recognition of facial expressions involves extensive and diverse areas in the brain . Sometimes , damaged parts of the brain can cause specific impairments in understanding faces or prosopagnosia . Contents 1 Development 2 Adult 2.1 Neuroanatomy of facial processing 2.2 Hemispheric asymmetries in facial processing capability 2.3 Cognitive neuroscience 2.4 Self - face perception 3 Face advantage in memory recall 3.1 Recognition - performance issue 3.2 Content of speech 3.3 Frequency - of - exposure issue 3.4 Extension to episodic memory and explanation for existence 4 Ethnicity 5 In individuals with autism spectrum disorder 5.1 Speed and methods 5.2 Associated difficulties 5.3 Neurology 5.4 Compensation mechanisms 6 In individuals with schizophrenia 7 In animals 8 Artificial 9 Genetic basis 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Development ( edit ) From birth , infants possess rudimentary facial processing capacities and show heightened interest in faces . For example , newborns ( 1 - 3 days ) have been shown to be able to recognize faces even when they are rotated up to 45 degrees . However , interest in faces is not continuously present in infancy and shows increases and decreases over time as the child grows older . Specifically , while newborns show a preference for faces , this behavior is reduced between one - to four months of age. Around three months of age , a preference for faces re-emerges and interest in faces seems to peak late during the first year but then declines again slowly over the next two years of life . The re-emergence of a preference for faces at three months of age may be influenced by the child 's own motor abilities and experiences . Infants as young as two days of age are capable of mimicking the facial expressions of an adult , displaying their capacity to note details like mouth and eye shape as well as to move their own muscles in a way that produces similar patterns in their faces . However , despite this ability , newborns are not yet aware of the emotional content encoded within facial expressions . Five - month - olds , when presented with an image of a person making a fearful expression and a person making a happy expression , pay the same amount of attention to and exhibit similar event - related potentials ( ERPs ) for both . However , when seven - month - olds are given the same treatment , they focus more on the fearful face , and their event - related potential for the scared face shows a stronger initial negative central component than that for the happy face . This result indicates an increased attentional and cognitive focus toward fear that reflects the threat - salient nature of the emotion . In addition , infants ' negative central components were not different for new faces that varied in the intensity of an emotional expression but portrayed the same emotion as a face they had been habituated to but were stronger for different - emotion faces , showing that seven - month - olds regarded happy and sad faces as distinct emotive categories . While seven - month - olds have been found to focus more on fearful faces , another study by Jessen , Altvater - Mackensen , and Grossmann found that `` happy expressions elicit enhanced sympathetic arousal in infants '' both when facial expressions were presented subliminally and when they were presented supraliminally , or in a way that the infants were consciously aware of the stimulus . These results show that conscious awareness of a stimulus is not connected to an infant 's reaction to that stimulus . The recognition of faces is an important neurological mechanism that individuals in society use every day . Jeffrey and Rhodes write that faces `` convey a wealth of information that we use to guide our social interactions '' . Emotions play a large role in our social interactions . The perception of a positive or negative emotion on a face affects the way that an individual perceives and processes that face . For example , a face that is perceived to have a negative emotion is processed in a less holistic manner than a face displaying a positive emotion . The ability of face recognition is apparent even in early childhood . The neurological mechanisms responsible for face recognition are present by age five . Research shows that the way children process faces is similar to that of adults , but adults process faces more efficiently . The reason for this may be because of advancements in memory and cognitive functioning that occur with age . Infants are able to comprehend facial expressions as social cues representing the feelings of other people before they are a year old . At seven months , the object of an observed face 's apparent emotional reaction is relevant in processing the face . Infants at this age show greater negative central components to angry faces that are looking directly at them than elsewhere , although the direction of fearful faces ' gaze produces no difference . In addition , two ERP components in the posterior part of the brain are differently aroused by the two negative expressions tested . These results indicate that infants at this age can at least partially understand the higher level of threat from anger directed at them as compared to anger directed elsewhere . By at least seven months of age , infants are also able to use facial expressions to understand others ' behavior . Seven - month - olds will look to facial cues to understand the motives of other people in ambiguous situations , as shown by a study in which they watched an experimenter 's face longer if she took a toy from them and maintained a neutral expression than if she made a happy expression . Interest in the social world is increased by interaction with the physical environment . Training three - month - old infants to reach for objects with Velcro - covered `` sticky mitts '' increases the amount of attention that they pay to faces as compared to passively moving objects through their hands and non-trained control groups . In following with the notion that seven - month - olds have categorical understandings of emotion , they are also capable of associating emotional prosodies with corresponding facial expressions . When presented with a happy or angry face , shortly followed by an emotionally neutral word read in a happy or angry tone , their ERPs follow different patterns . Happy faces followed by angry vocal tones produce more changes than the other incongruous pairing , while there was no such difference between happy and angry congruous pairings , with the greater reaction implying that infants held greater expectations of a happy vocal tone after seeing a happy face than an angry tone following an angry face . Considering an infant 's relative immobility and thus their decreased capacity to elicit negative reactions from their parents , this result implies that experience has a role in building comprehension of facial expressions . Several other studies indicate that early perceptual experience is crucial to the development of capacities characteristic of adult visual perception , including the ability to identify familiar people and to recognize and comprehend facial expressions . The capacity to discern between faces , much like language , appears to have a broad potential in early life that is whittled down to kinds of faces that are experienced in early life . Infants can discern between macaque faces at six months of age , but , without continued exposure , can not at nine months of age . Being shown photographs of macaques during this three - month period gave nine - month - olds the ability to reliably distinguish between unfamiliar macaque faces . The neural substrates of face perception in infants are likely similar to those of adults , but the limits of imaging technology that are feasible for use with infants currently prevent very specific localization of function as well as specific information from subcortical areas like the amygdala , which is active in the perception of facial expression in adults . In a study on healthy adults , it was shown that faces are likely to be processed , in part , via a retinotectal ( subcortical ) pathway . However , there is activity near the fusiform gyrus , as well as in occipital areas . when infants are exposed to faces , and it varies depending on factors including facial expression and eye gaze direction . Adult ( edit ) Recognizing and perceiving faces are vital abilities needed to coexist in society . Faces can tell things such as identity , mood , age , sex , race , and the direction that someone is looking . Studies based on neuropsychology , behavior , electrophysiology , and neuro - imaging have supported the notion of a specialized mechanism for perceiving faces . Prosopagnosia patients demonstrate neuropsychological support for a specialized face perception mechanism as these people , due to brain damage , have deficits in facial perception , but their cognitive perception of objects remains intact . The face inversion effect provides behavioral support of a specialized mechanism as people tend to have greater deficits in task performance when prompted to react to an inverted face than to an inverted object . Electrophysiological support comes from the finding that the N170 and M170 responses tend to be face - specific . Neuro - imaging studies such as PET and fMRI studies have shown support for a specialized facial processing mechanism as they have identified regions of the fusiform gyrus that have higher activation during face perception tasks than other visual perception tasks . Theories about the processes involved in adult face perception have largely come from two sources : research on normal adult face perception and the study of impairments in face perception that are caused by brain injury or neurological illness . Novel optical illusions such as the Flashed Face Distortion Effect , in which scientific phenomenology outpaces neurological theory , also provide areas for research . One of the most widely accepted theories of face perception argues that understanding faces involves several stages : from basic perceptual manipulations on the sensory information to derive details about the person ( such as age , gender or attractiveness ) , to being able to recall meaningful details such as their name and any relevant past experiences of the individual . This model ( developed by psychologists Vicki Bruce and Andrew Young ) argues that face perception might involve several independent sub-processes working in unison . A `` view centered description '' is derived from the perceptual input . Simple physical aspects of the face are used to work out age , gender or basic facial expressions . Most analysis at this stage is on feature - by - feature basis . That initial information is used to create a structural model of the face , which allows it to be compared to other faces in memory , and across views . After several exposures to a face this structural code allows us to recognize that face in different contexts . This explains why the same person seen from a novel angle can still be recognized . This structural encoding can be seen to be specific for upright faces as demonstrated by the Thatcher effect . The structurally encoded representation is transferred to notional `` face recognition units '' that are used with `` personal identity nodes '' to identify a person through information from semantic memory . The natural ability to produce someone 's name when presented with their face has been shown in experimental research to be damaged in some cases of brain injury , suggesting that naming may be a separate process from the memory of other information about a person . The study of prosopagnosia ( an impairment in recognizing faces which is usually caused by brain injury ) has been particularly helpful in understanding how normal face perception might work . Individuals with prosopagnosia may differ in their abilities to understand faces , and it has been the investigation of these differences which has suggested that several stage theories might be correct . Face perception is an ability that involves many areas of the brain ; however , some areas have been shown to be particularly important . Brain imaging studies typically show a great deal of activity in an area of the temporal lobe known as the fusiform gyrus , an area also known to cause prosopagnosia when damaged ( particularly when damage occurs on both sides ) . This evidence has led to a particular interest in this area and it is sometimes referred to as the fusiform face area ( FFA ) for that reason . Neuroanatomy of facial processing ( edit ) There are several parts of the brain that play a role in face perception . Rossion , Hanseeuw , and Dricot used BOLD fMRI mapping to identify activation in the brain when subjects viewed both cars and faces . The majority of BOLD fMRI studies use blood oxygen level dependent ( BOLD ) contrast to determine which areas of the brain are activated by various cognitive functions . They found that the occipital face area , located in the occipital lobe , the fusiform face area , the superior temporal sulcus , the amygdala , and the anterior / inferior cortex of the temporal lobe , all played roles in contrasting the faces from the cars , with the initial face perception beginning in the area and occipital face areas . This entire region links to form a network that acts to distinguish faces . The processing of faces in the brain is known as a `` sum of parts '' perception . However , the individual parts of the face must be processed first in order to put all of the pieces together . In early processing , the occipital face area contributes to face perception by recognizing the eyes , nose , and mouth as individual pieces . Furthermore , Arcurio , Gold , and James used BOLD fMRI mapping to determine the patterns of activation in the brain when parts of the face were presented in combination and when they were presented singly . The occipital face area is activated by the visual perception of single features of the face , for example , the nose and mouth , and preferred combination of two - eyes over other combinations . This research supports that the occipital face area recognizes the parts of the face at the early stages of recognition . On the contrary , the fusiform face area shows no preference for single features , because the fusiform face area is responsible for `` holistic / configural '' information , meaning that it puts all of the processed pieces of the face together in later processing . This theory is supported by the work of Gold et al. who found that regardless of the orientation of a face , subjects were impacted by the configuration of the individual facial features . Subjects were also impacted by the coding of the relationships between those features . This shows that processing is done by a summation of the parts in the later stages of recognition . Facial perception has well identified , neuroanatomical correlates in the brain . During the perception of faces , major activations occur in the extrastriate areas bilaterally , particularly in the fusiform face area , the occipital face area ( OFA ) , and the superior temporal sulcus ( fSTS ) . Perceiving an inverted human face involves increased activity in the inferior temporal cortex , while perceiving a misaligned face involves increased activity in the occipital cortex . However , none of these results were found when perceiving a dog face , suggesting that this process may be specific to perception of human faces . The fusiform face area is located in the lateral fusiform gyrus . It is thought that this area is involved in holistic processing of faces and it is sensitive to the presence of facial parts as well as the configuration of these parts . The fusiform face area is also necessary for successful face detection and identification . This is supported by fMRI activation and studies on prosopagnosia , which involves lesions in the fusiform face area . The OFA is located in the inferior occipital gyrus . Similar to the FFA , this area is also active during successful face detection and identification , a finding that is supported by fMRI activation . The OFA is involved and necessary in the analysis of facial parts but not in the spacing or configuration of facial parts . This suggests that the OFA may be involved in a facial processing step that occurs prior to the FFA processing . The fSTS is involved in recognition of facial parts and is not sensitive to the configuration of these parts . It is also thought that this area is involved in gaze perception . The fSTS has demonstrated increased activation when attending to gaze direction . Recent studies have tried to delineate whether fSTS area lights up while people use gaze of others in order to establish joint attention and not fSTS but another area ( the gaze following patch which is still close to fSTS but not overlapping ) was found to be the core of the gaze processing system in humans . Bilateral activation is generally shown in all of these specialized facial areas . However , there are some studies that include increased activation in one side over the other . For instance McCarthy ( 1997 ) has shown that the right fusiform gyrus is more important for facial processing in complex situations . Gorno - Tempini and Price have shown that the fusiform gyri are preferentially responsive to faces , whereas the parahippocampal / lingual gyri are responsive to buildings . It is important to note that while certain areas respond selectively to faces , facial processing involves many neural networks . These networks include visual and emotional processing systems as well . Emotional face processing research has demonstrated that there are some of the other functions at work . While looking at faces displaying emotions ( especially those with fear facial expressions ) compared to neutral faces there is increased activity in the right fusiform gyrus . This increased activity also correlates with increased amygdala activity in the same situations . The emotional processing effects observed in the fusiform gyrus are decreased in patients with amygdala lesions . This demonstrates possible connections between the amygdala and facial processing areas . Another aspect that affects both the fusiform gyrus and the amygdala activation is the familiarity of faces . Having multiple regions that can be activated by similar face components indicates that facial processing is a complex process . Platek and Kemp ( 2009 ) further showed increased brain activation in precuneus and cuneus when differentiation of two faces are easy ( e.g. , kin and familiar non-kin faces ) and the role of posterior medial substrates for visual processing of faces with familiar features ( e.g. , faces that are averaged with the face of a sibling ) . Ishai and colleagues have proposed the object form topology hypothesis , which posits that there is a topological organization of neural substrates for object and facial processing . However , Gauthier disagrees and suggests that the category - specific and process - map models could accommodate most other proposed models for the neural underpinnings of facial processing . Most neuroanatomical substrates for facial processing are perfused by the middle cerebral artery ( MCA ) . Therefore , facial processing has been studied using measurements of mean cerebral blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral arteries bilaterally . During facial recognition tasks , greater changes in the right middle cerebral artery ( RMCA ) than the left ( LMCA ) have been observed . It has been demonstrated that men were right lateralized and women left lateralized during facial processing tasks . Just as memory and cognitive function separate the abilities of children and adults to recognize faces , the familiarity of a face may also play a role in the perception of faces . Zheng , Mondloch , and Segalowitz recorded event - related potentials in the brain to determine the timing of recognition of faces in the brain . The results of the study showed that familiar faces are indicated and recognized by a stronger N250 , a specific wavelength response that plays a role in the visual memory of faces . Similarly , Moulson et al. found that all faces elicit the N170 response in the brain . Using fMRI with single - unit electrophysiological recordings , Doris Tsao 's group revealed a code that brain uses to process faces in macaques . The brain conceptually needs only ~ 50 neurons to encode any human face , with facial features projected on individual axes ( neurons ) in a 50 - dimensional `` Face Space '' . Hemispheric asymmetries in facial processing capability ( edit ) The mechanisms underlying gender - related differences in facial processing have not been studied extensively . Studies using electrophysiological techniques have demonstrated gender - related differences during a face recognition memory ( FRM ) task and a facial affect identification task ( FAIT ) . The male subjects used a right , while the female subjects used a left , hemisphere neural activation system in the processing of faces and facial affect . Moreover , in facial perception there was no association to estimated intelligence , suggesting that face recognition performance in women is unrelated to several basic cognitive processes . Gender - related differences may suggest a role for sex hormones . In females there may be variability for psychological functions related to differences in hormonal levels during different phases of the menstrual cycle . Data obtained in norm and in pathology support asymmetric face processing . Gorno - Tempini and others in 2001 , suggested that the left inferior frontal cortex and the bilateral occipitotemporal junction respond equally to all face conditions . Some neuroscientists contend that both the left inferior frontal cortex ( Brodmann area 47 ) and the occipitotemporal junction are implicated in facial memory . The right inferior temporal / fusiform gyrus responds selectively to faces but not to non-faces . The right temporal pole is activated during the discrimination of familiar faces and scenes from unfamiliar ones . Right asymmetry in the mid temporal lobe for faces has also been shown using 133 - Xenon measured cerebral blood flow ( CBF ) . Other investigators have observed right lateralization for facial recognition in previous electrophysiological and imaging studies . The implication of the observation of asymmetry for facial perception would be that different hemispheric strategies would be implemented . The right hemisphere would be expected to employ a holistic strategy , and the left an analytic strategy . In 2007 , Philip Njemanze , using a novel functional transcranial Doppler ( fTCD ) technique called functional transcranial Doppler spectroscopy ( fTCDS ) , demonstrated that men were right lateralized for object and facial perception , while women were left lateralized for facial tasks but showed a right tendency or no lateralization for object perception . Njemanze demonstrated using fTCDS , summation of responses related to facial stimulus complexity , which could be presumed as evidence for topological organization of these cortical areas in men . It may suggest that the latter extends from the area implicated in object perception to a much greater area involved in facial perception . This agrees with the object form topology hypothesis proposed by Ishai and colleagues in 1999 . However , the relatedness of object and facial perception was process - based , and appears to be associated with their common holistic processing strategy in the right hemisphere . Moreover , when the same men were presented with facial paradigm requiring analytic processing , the left hemisphere was activated . This agrees with the suggestion made by Gauthier in 2000 , that the extrastriate cortex contains areas that are best suited for different computations , and described as the process - map model . Therefore , the proposed models are not mutually exclusive , and this underscores the fact that facial processing does not impose any new constraints on the brain other than those used for other stimuli . It may be suggested that each stimulus was mapped by category into face or non-face , and by process into holistic or analytic . Therefore , a unified category - specific process - mapping system was implemented for either right or left cognitive styles . Njemanze in 2007 , concluded that , for facial perception , men used a category - specific process - mapping system for right cognitive style , but women used same for the left . Cognitive Neuroscience. ( edit ) Cognitive neuroscientists Isabel Gauthier and Michael Tarr are two of the major proponents of the view that face recognition involves expert discrimination of similar objects ( See the Perceptual Expertise Network ) . Other scientists , in particular Nancy Kanwisher and her colleagues , argue that face recognition involves processes that are face - specific and that are not recruited by expert discriminations in other object classes ( see the domain specificity ) . Studies by Gauthier have shown that an area of the brain known as the fusiform gyrus ( sometimes called the fusiform face area because it is active during face recognition ) is also active when study participants are asked to discriminate between different types of birds and cars , and even when participants become expert at distinguishing computer generated nonsense shapes known as greebles . This suggests that the fusiform gyrus may have a general role in the recognition of similar visual objects . Yaoda Xu , then a post doctoral fellow with Nancy Kanwisher , replicated the car and bird expertise study using an improved fMRI design that was less susceptible to attentional accounts . The activity found by Gauthier when participants viewed non-face objects was not as strong as when participants were viewing faces , however this could be because we have much more expertise for faces than for most other objects . Furthermore , not all findings of this research have been successfully replicated , for example , other research groups using different study designs have found that the fusiform gyrus is specific to faces and other nearby regions deal with non-face objects . However , these failures to replicate are difficult to interpret , because studies vary on too many aspects of the method . It has been argued that some studies test experts with objects that are slightly outside of their domain of expertise . More to the point , failures to replicate are null effects and can occur for many different reasons . In contrast , each replication adds a great deal of weight to a particular argument . With regard to `` face specific '' effects in neuroimaging , there are now multiple replications with Greebles , with birds and cars , and two unpublished studies with chess experts . Although it is sometimes found that expertise recruits the FFA ( e.g. as hypothesized by a proponent of this view in the preceding paragraph ) , a more common and less controversial finding is that expertise leads to focal category - selectivity in the fusiform gyrus -- a pattern similar in terms of antecedent factors and neural specificity to that seen for faces . As such , it remains an open question as to whether face recognition and expert - level object recognition recruit similar neural mechanisms across different subregions of the fusiform or whether the two domains literally share the same neural substrates . Moreover , at least one study argues that the issue as to whether expertise - predicated category - selective areas overlap with the FFA is nonsensical in that multiple measurements of the FFA within an individual person often overlap no more with each other than do measurements of FFA and expertise - predicated regions . At the same time , numerous studies have failed to replicate them altogether . For example , four published fMRI studies have asked whether expertise has any specific connection to the FFA in particular , by testing for expertise effects in both the FFA and a nearby but not face - selective region called LOC ( Rhodes et al. , JOCN 2004 ; Op de Beeck et al. , JN 2006 ; Moore et al. , JN 2006 ; Yue et al. VR 2006 ) . In all four studies , expertise effects are significantly stronger in the LOC than in the FFA , and indeed expertise effects were only borderline significant in the FFA in two of the studies , while the effects were robust and significant in the LOC in all four studies . Therefore , it is still not clear in exactly which situations the fusiform gyrus becomes active , although it is certain that face recognition relies heavily on this area and damage to it can lead to severe face recognition impairment . Self - face perception ( edit ) Studies regarding face perception have also looked specifically at self - face perception . One study found that the perception / recognition of one 's own face was unaffected by changing contexts , while the perception / recognition of familiar and unfamiliar faces was adversely affected . Another study that focused on older adults found that they had self - face advantage in configural processing but not featural processing . Face advantage in memory recall ( edit ) During face perception , neural networks make connections with the brain to recall memories . According to the Seminal Model of face perception , there are three stages of face processing including recognition of the face , the recall of memories and information that are linked with that face , and finally name recall . There are , however , exceptions to this order . For example , names are recalled faster than semantic information in cases of highly familiar stimuli . While the face is powerful identifier of individuals , the voice also helps in the recognition of people and is an identifier for important information . Research has been conducted to see if faces or voices make it easier to identify individuals and recall semantic memory and episodic memory . These experiments look at all three stages of face processing . The experiment method was to show two groups celebrity and familiar faces or voices with a between - group design and ask the participants to recall information about them . The participants are first asked if the stimulus is familiar . If they answer yes then they are asked to information ( semantic memory ) and memories they have of the person ( episodic memory ) that fits the face or voice presented . These experiments all demonstrate the strong phenomenon of the face advantage and how it persists through different follow - up studies with different experimental controls and variables . Recognition - performance issue ( edit ) After the first experiments on the advantage of faces over voices in memory recall , errors and gaps were found in the methods used . For one , there was not a clear face advantage for the recognition stage of face processing . Participants showed a familiarity - only response to voices more often than faces . In other words , when voices were recognized ( about 60 - 70 % of the time ) they were much harder to recall biographical information but very good at being recognized . The results were looked at as remember versus know judgements . A lot more remember results ( or familiarity ) occurred with voices , and more know ( or memory recall ) responses happened with faces . This phenomenon persists through experiments dealing with criminal line - ups in prisons . Witnesses are more likely to say that a suspect 's voice sounded familiar than his / her face even though they can not remember anything about the suspect . This discrepancy is due to a larger amount of guesswork and false alarms that occur with voices . To give faces a similar ambiguity to that of voices , the face stimuli were blurred in the follow - up experiment This experiment followed the same procedures as the first , presenting two groups with sets of stimuli made up of half celebrity faces and half unfamiliar faces . The only difference was that the face stimuli were blurred so that detailed features could not be seen . Participants were then asked to say if they recognized the person , if they could recall specific biographical information about them , and finally if they knew the person 's name . The results were completely different from those of the original experiment , supporting the view that there were problems in the first experiment 's methods . According to the results of the followup , the same amount of information and memory could be recalled through voices and faces , dismantling the face advantage . However , these results are flawed and premature because other methodological issues in the experiment still needed to be fixed . Content of speech ( edit ) The process of controlling the content of speech extract has proven to be more difficult than the elimination of non facial cues in photographs . Thus the findings of experiments that did not control this factor lead to misleading conclusions regarding the voice recognition over the face recognition . For example , in an experiment it was found that 40 % of the time participants could easily pair the celebrity - voice with their occupation just by guessing . In order to eliminate these errors , experimenters removed parts of the voice samples that could possibly give clues to the identity of the target , such as catchphrases . Even after controlling the voice samples as well as the face samples ( using blurred faces ) , studies have shown that semantic information can be more accessible to retrieve when individuals are recognizing faces than voices . Another technique to control the content of the speech extracts is to present the faces and voices of personally familiar individuals , like the participant 's teachers or neighbors , instead of the faces and voices of celebrities . In this way alike words are used for the speech extracts . For example , the familiar targets are asked to read exactly the same scripted speech for their voice extracts . The results showed again that semantic information is easier to retrieve when individuals are recognizing faces than voices . Frequency - of - exposure issue ( edit ) Another factor that has to be controlled in order for the results to be reliable is the frequency of exposure . If we take the example of celebrities , people are exposed to celebrities ' faces more often than their voices because of the mass media . Through magazines , newspapers and the Internet , individuals are exposed to celebrities ' faces without their voices on an everyday basis rather than their voices without their faces . Thus , someone could argue that for all of the experiments that were done until now the findings were a result of the frequency of exposure to the faces of celebrities rather than their voices . To overcome this problem researchers decided to use personally familiar individuals as stimuli instead of celebrities . Personally familiar individuals , such as participant 's teachers , are for the most part heard as well as seen . Studies that used this type of control also demonstrated the face advantage . Students were able to retrieve semantic information more readily when recognizing their teachers faces ( both normal and blurred ) rather their voices . However , researchers over the years have found an even more effective way to control not only the frequency of exposure but also the content of the speech extracts , the associative learning paradigm . Participants are asked to link semantic information as well as names with pre-experimentally unknown voices and faces . In a current experiment that used this paradigm , a name and a profession were given together with , accordingly , a voice , a face or both to three participant groups . The associations described above were repeated four times . The next step was a cued recall task in which every stimulus that was learned in the previous phase was introduced and participants were asked to tell the profession and the name for every stimulus . Again , the results showed that semantic information can be more accessible to retrieve when individuals are recognizing faces than voices even when the frequency of exposure was controlled . Extension to episodic memory and explanation for existence ( edit ) Episodic memory is our ability to remember specific , previously experienced events . In recognition of faces as it pertains to episodic memory , there has been shown to be activation in the left lateral prefrontal cortex , parietal lobe , and the left medial frontal / anterior cingulate cortex . It was also found that a left lateralization during episodic memory retrieval in the parietal cortex correlated strongly with success in retrieval . This may possibly be due to the hypothesis that the link between face recognition and episodic memory were stronger than those of voice and episodic memory . This hypothesis can also be supported by the existence of specialized face recognition devices thought to be located in the temporal lobes . There is also evidence of the existence of two separate neural systems for face recognition : one for familiar faces and another for newly learned faces . One explanation for this link between face recognition and episodic memory is that since face recognition is a major part of human existence , the brain creates a link between the two in order to be better able to communicate with others . Ethnicity ( edit ) Main article : Cross-race effect Differences in own - versus other - race face recognition and perceptual discrimination was first researched in 1914 . Humans tend to perceive people of other races than their own to all look alike : Other things being equal , individuals of a given race are distinguishable from each other in proportion to our familiarity , to our contact with the race as whole . Thus , to the uninitiated American all Asiatics look alike , while to the Asiatics , all White men look alike . This phenomenon is known mainly as the cross-race effect , but is also called the own - race effect , other - race effect , own race bias or interracial - face - recognition - deficit . In 1990 , Mullen reported finding evidence that the other - race effect is larger among White subjects than among African American subjects , whereas Brigham and Williamson ( 1979 , cited in Shepherd , 1981 ) obtained the opposite pattern . However , it should be noted that it is difficult to measure the true influence of the cross-race effect . D. Stephen Lindsay and colleagues note that results in these studies could be due to intrinsic difficulty in recognizing the faces presented , an actual difference in the size of cross-race effect between the two test groups , or some combination of these two factors . Shepherd reviewed studies that found better performance on both African American and White faces , and yet Shepherd also reviewed other studies in which no difference was found . Overall , Shepherd reported a reliable positive correlation between the size of the effect and the amount of interaction subjects had with members of the other race . This correlation reflects the fact that African American subjects , who performed equally well on faces of both races in Shepherd 's study , almost always responded with the highest possible self - rating of amount of interaction with white people ( M = 4.75 ; 5 being the most interaction with people of that race , 1 being the least ) , whereas their white counterparts both displayed a larger other - race effect and reported less other - race interaction ( M = 2.13 ) . This difference in rating was found statistically reliable , £ ( 30 ) = 7.86 , p < . 01 . The cross-race effect seems to appear in humans around 6 months of age . Cross-race effects can be changed from early childhood through adulthood through interaction with people of other races . Other - race experience in own - versus other - race face processing is a major influence on the cross-race effect ( O'Toole et al. , 1991 ; Slone et al. , 2000 ; Walker & Tanaka , 2003 ) . In a series of studies , Walker and colleagues revealed that participants with greater other - race experience were consistently more accurate at discriminating between other - race faces than were participants with less other - race experience ( Walker & Tanaka , 2003 ; Walker & Hewstone , 2006a , b ; 2007 ) . Many current models of the cross-race effect assume that holistic face processing mechanisms are more fully engaged when viewing own - race faces compared to other - race faces . The own - race effect appears to be related to increased ability to extract information about the spatial relationships between different facial features . Daniel T. Levin writes that a deficit occurs when viewing people of another race because visual information specifying race takes up mental attention at the expense of individuating information when recognizing faces of other races . Further research using perceptual tasks could shed light on the specific cognitive processes involved in the other - race effect . Bernstein et al. ( 2007 ) demonstrate that the own - race effect likely extends beyond racial membership into in - group versus out - group concepts . It was shown that categorizing somebody by the university he or she attends results in similar results compared to studies about the own - race effect . Hugenberg , Miller , and Claypool ( 2007 ) shed light on overcoming the own - race effect . They performed a study in which they introduced people to the concept of the own - race effect before presenting them faces and found that if people were made aware of the own - race effect prior to the experiment , the test subjects showed significantly less if any own - race effect . Studies on adults have also shown sex differences in face recognition . Men tend to recognize fewer faces of women than women do , whereas there are no sex differences with regard to male faces . In individuals with autism spectrum disorder ( edit ) Autism spectrum disorder ( ASD ) is a comprehensive neural developmental disorder that produces many deficits including social , communicative , and perceptual deficits . Of specific interest , individuals with autism exhibit difficulties in various aspects of facial perception , including facial identity recognition and recognition of emotional expressions . These deficits are suspected to be a product of abnormalities occurring in both the early and late stages of facial processing . Speed and methods ( edit ) People with ASD process face and non-face stimuli with the same speed . In typically developing individuals , there is a preference for face processing , thus resulting in a faster processing speed in comparison to non-face stimuli . These individuals primarily utilize holistic processing when perceiving faces . Contrastingly , individuals with ASD employ part - based processing or bottom - up processing , focusing on individual features rather than the face as a whole . When focusing on the individual parts of the face , persons with ASD direct their gaze primarily to the lower half of the face , specifically the mouth , varying from the eye trained gaze of typically developing people . This deviation from holistic face processing does not employ the use of facial prototypes , which are templates stored in memory that make for easy retrieval . Additionally , individuals with ASD display difficulty with recognition memory , specifically memory that aids in identifying faces . The memory deficit is selective for faces and does not extend to other objects or visual inputs . Some evidence lends support to the theory that these face - memory deficits are products of interference between connections of face processing regions . Associated difficulties ( edit ) The atypical facial processing style of people with ASD often manifests in constrained social ability , due to decreased eye contact , joint attention , interpretation of emotional expression , and communicative skills . These deficiencies can be seen in infants as young as 9 months ; specifically in terms of poor eye contact and difficulties engaging in joint attention . Some experts have even used the term ' face avoidance ' to describe the phenomena where infants who are later diagnosed with ASD preferentially attend to non-face objects over faces . Furthermore , some have proposed that the demonstrated impairment in children with ASD 's ability to grasp emotional content of faces is not a reflection of the incapacity to process emotional information , but rather , the result of a general inattentiveness to facial expression . The constraints of these processes that are essential to the development of communicative and social - cognitive abilities are viewed to be the cause of impaired social engagement and responsivity . Furthermore , research suggests that there exists a link between decreased face processing abilities in individuals with ASD and later deficits in Theory of Mind ; for example , while typically developing individuals are able to relate others ' emotional expressions to their actions , individuals with ASD do not demonstrate this skill to the same extent . There is some contention about this causation however , resembling the chicken or the egg dispute . Others theorize that social impairment leads to perceptual problems rather than vice versa . In this perspective , a biological lack of social interest inherent to ASD inhibits developments of facial recognition and perception processes due to underutilization . Continued research is necessary to determine which theory is best supported . Neurology ( edit ) Many of the obstacles that individuals with ASD face in terms of facial processing may be derived from abnormalities in the fusiform face area and amygdala , which have been shown to be important in face perception as discussed above . Typically , the fusiform face area in individuals with ASD has reduced volume compared to normally developed persons . This volume reduction has been attributed to deviant amygdala activity that does not flag faces as emotionally salient and thus decreases activation levels of the fusiform face area . This hypoactivity in the fusiform face area has been found in several studies . Studies are not conclusive as to which brain areas people with ASD use instead . One study found that , when looking at faces , people with ASD exhibit activity in brain regions normally active when typically developing individuals perceive objects . Another study found that during facial perception , people with ASD use different neural systems , with each one of them using their own unique neural circuitry . Compensation mechanisms ( edit ) As ASD individuals age , scores on behavioral tests assessing ability to perform face - emotion recognition increase to levels similar to controls . Yet , it is apparent that the recognition mechanisms of these individuals are still atypical , though often effective . In terms of face identity - recognition , compensation can take many forms including a more pattern - based strategy which was first seen in face inversion tasks . Alternatively , evidence suggests that older individuals compensate by using mimicry of other 's facial expressions and rely on their motor feedback of facial muscles for face emotion - recognition . These strategies help overcome the obstacles individuals with ASD face in interacting within social contexts . In individuals with schizophrenia ( edit ) Attention , perception , memory , learning , processing , reasoning , and problem solving are known to be affected in individuals with schizophrenia . Schizophrenia has been linked to impaired face and emotion perception . People with schizophrenia demonstrate worse accuracy and slower response time in face perception tasks in which they are asked to match faces , remember faces , and recognize which emotions are present in a face . People with schizophrenia have more difficulty matching upright faces than they do with inverted faces . A reduction in configural processing , using the distance between features of an item for recognition or identification ( e.g. features on a face such as eyes or nose ) , has also been linked to schizophrenia . Schizophrenia patients are able to easily identify a `` happy '' affect but struggle to identify faces as `` sad '' or `` fearful '' . Impairments in face and emotion perception are linked to impairments in social skills , due to the individual 's inability to distinguish facial emotions. People with schizophrenia tend to demonstrate a reduced N170 response , atypical face scanning patterns , and a configural processing dysfunction . The severity of schizophrenia symptoms has been found to correlate with the severity of impairment in face perception . Individuals with diagnosed schizophrenia and antisocial personality disorder have been found to have even more impairment in face and emotion perception than individuals with just schizophrenia . These individuals struggle to identify anger , surprise , and disgust . There is a link between aggression and emotion perception difficulties for people with this dual diagnosis . Data from magnetic resonance imaging and functional magnetic resonance imaging has shown that a smaller volume of the fusiform gyrus is linked to greater impairments in face perception . There is a positive correlation between self - face recognition and other - face recognition difficulties in individuals with schizophrenia . The degree of schizotypy has also been shown to correlate with self - face difficulties , unusual perception difficulties , and other face recognition difficulties . Schizophrenia patients report more feelings of strangeness when looking in a mirror than do normal controls . Hallucinations , somatic concerns , and depression have all been found to be associated with self - face perception difficulties . In animals ( edit ) Neurobiologist Jenny Morton and her team have been able to teach sheep to choose a familiar face over unfamiliar one when presented with two photographs , which has led to the discovery that sheep can recognise human faces . Archerfish ( distant relatives of humans ) were able to differentiate between forty - four different human faces , which supports the theory that there is no need for a neocortex or a history of discerning human faces in order to do so . Pigeons were found to use the same parts of the brain as humans do to distinguish between happy and neutral faces or male and female faces . Artificial ( edit ) A great deal of effort has been put into developing software that can recognize human faces . Much of the work has been done by a branch of artificial intelligence known as computer vision which uses findings from the psychology of face perception to inform software design . Recent breakthroughs using noninvasive functional transcranial Doppler spectroscopy as demonstrated by Njemanze , 2007 , to locate specific responses to facial stimuli have led to improved systems for facial recognition . The new system uses input responses called cortical long - term potentiation ( CLTP ) derived from Fourier analysis of mean blood flow velocity to trigger target face search from a computerized face database system . Such a system provides for brain - machine interface for facial recognition , and the method has been referred to as cognitive biometrics . Another application is the estimation of human age from face images . As an important hint for human communication , facial images contain lots of useful information including gender , expression , age , etc . Unfortunately , compared with other cognition problems , age estimation from facial images is still very challenging . This is mainly because the aging process is influenced not only by a person 's genes but also many external factors . Physical condition , living style etc. may accelerate or slow the aging process . Besides , since the aging process is slow and with long duration , collecting sufficient data for training is fairly demanding work . Genetic basis ( edit ) While it has been widely recognized that many cognitive abilities , such as general intelligence , have genetic bases , evidence for the genetic basis of facial recognition abilities specifically is fairly recent . Some of the earliest published research on the relationship between facial recognition and genetics focused on the genetic bases of facial recognition in the context of genetic disorders which impair facial recognition abilities , such as Turner syndrome . In a study by Lawrence , K. et al. in 2003 the authors found significantly poorer facial recognition abilities in individuals with Turner syndrome , a genetic disorder which results in impaired amygdala functioning , suggesting that amygdala functioning may impact face perception . Evidence for the genetic basis of facial recognition abilities in the general population , however , comes from studies on face perception in twin participants by Wilmer , J.B. et al. in 2009 , in which the facial recognition scores on the Cambridge Face Memory test were twice as similar for monozygotic twins in comparison to dizygotic twins . This finding was supported by a twin study on the genetic bases of facial recognition by Zhu , Q. et al. in ( 2009 ) which found a similar difference in facial recognition scores when comparing monozygotic and dizygotic twins and Shakeshaft , N.G. & Plomin , R. ( 2015 ) , which determined the heritability of facial recognition to be approximately 61 % , using a similar set of twin studies . There was also no significant relationship identified between facial recognition scores and measures of any other cognitive abilities , most notably the lack of a correlation with general object recognition abilities . This suggests that facial recognition abilities are not only heritable , but that their genetic basis is independent from the bases of other cognitive abilities and are specialized for face perception . Research by Cattaneo , Z. et al. ( 2016 ) and suggest that the more extreme examples of facial recognition abilities , specifically hereditary prosopagnosics , are also highly genetically correlated . For hereditary prosopagnosics , an autosomal dominant model of inheritance has been proposed by Kennerknecht , I. et al. ( 2006 ) . Research by Cattaneo , Z. et al. ( 2016 ) also correlated the probability of hereditary prosopagnosia with the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms along the Oxytocin receptor gene ( OXTR ) , specifically at nucleotides rs2254298 and rs53576 on OXTR intron three , suggesting that these alleles may serve a critical role in normal face perception . Mutation from the wild type allele at these loci has also been found to result in other disorders in which social and facial recognition deficits are common , such as autism spectrum disorder , which may imply that the genetic bases for general facial recognition are complex and polygenic . This relationship between the OXTR gene and facial recognition abilities is also supported by studies of individuals who do not suffer from hereditary prosopagnosia by Melchers , M. et al. ( 2013 ) and Westberg , L. et al. ( 2016 ) which correlated general facial recognition abilities with different polymorphisms of the OXTR gene , specifically rs7632287 and rs2268498 . Further research is needed to confirm the specific mechanisms of these genetic components on face perception ; however , current evidence does suggest that facial recognition abilities are highly linked to genetic , rather than environmental , bases . See also ( edit ) Apophenia , seeing meaningful patterns in random data Capgras delusion Cognitive neuropsychology Delusional misidentification syndrome Facial recognition system Fregoli syndrome Hollow face illusion Social cognition References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Morton , John ; Johnson , Mark H. ( 1991 ) . `` CONSPEC and CONLERN : A two - process theory of infant face recognition '' . Psychological Review . 98 ( 2 ) : 164 -- 181 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 295x. 98.2. 164 . Jump up ^ Fantz , Robert L. ( 1961 ) . `` The Origin of Form Perception '' . 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( 2003 ) . `` A framework for the study and treatment of face processing deficits in autism '' . In Schwarzer , G. ; Leder , H. The development of face processing . Ohio : Hogrefe & Huber Publishers . pp. 101 -- 119 . ISBN 9780889372641 . ^ Jump up to : Behrmann , Marlene ; Avidan , Galia ; Leonard , Grace L. ; Kimchi , Rutie ; Beatriz , Luna ; Humphreys , Kate ; Minshew , Nancy ( 2006 ) . `` Configural processing in autism and its relationship to face processing '' . Neuropsychologia. 44 ( 1 ) : 110 -- 129 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neuropsychologia. 2005.04. 002 . PMID 15907952 . Jump up ^ Schreibman , Laura ( 1988 ) . Autism . Newbury Park : Sage Publications . pp. 14 -- 47 . ISBN 0803928092 . ^ Jump up to : Weigelt , Sarah ; Koldewyn , Kami ; Kanwisher , Nancy ( 2012 ) . `` Face identity recognition in autism spectrum disorders : A review of behavioral studies '' . 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( 2011 ) . `` Emotional cognition : theory of mind and face recognition '' . In Matson , J.L ; Sturmey , R. International handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders . New York : Springer Science & Business Media . pp. 127 -- 157 . ISBN 9781441980649 . ^ Jump up to : Pierce , Karen ; Muller , R.A. , Ambrose , J. , Allen , G. , Chourchesne ( 2001 ) . `` Face processing occurs outside the fusiform ' face area ' in autism : evidence from functional MRI '' . Brain . 124 ( 10 ) : 2059 -- 2073 . doi : 10.1093 / brain / 124.10. 2059 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 13 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Harms , Madeline ; Martin , Alex ; Wallace , Gregory ( 2010 ) . `` Facial emotion recognition in autism spectrum disorders : A review of behavioral and neuroimaging studies '' . Neuropsychology Review . 20 ( 3 ) : 290 -- 322 . doi : 10.1007 / s11065 - 010 - 9138 - 6 . PMID 20809200 . 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PMID 26417086 . ^ Jump up to : Cattaneo , Zaira ; Daini , Roberta ; Malaspina , Manuela ; Manai , Federico ; Lillo , Mariarita ; Fermi , Valentina ; Schiavi , Susanna ; Suchan , Boris ; Comincini , Sergio ( 2016 - 12 - 17 ) . `` Congenital prosopagnosia is associated with a genetic variation in the oxytocin receptor ( OXTR ) gene : An exploratory study '' . Neuroscience. 339 : 162 -- 173 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neuroscience. 2016.09. 040 . ISSN 1873 - 7544 . PMID 27693815 . Jump up ^ Kennerknecht , Ingo ; Grueter , Thomas ; Welling , Brigitte ; Wentzek , Sebastian ; Horst , Jürgen ; Edwards , Steve ; Grueter , Martina ( 2006 - 08 - 01 ) . `` First report of prevalence of non-syndromic hereditary prosopagnosia ( HPA ) '' . American Journal of Medical Genetics . Part A. 140 ( 15 ) : 1617 -- 1622 . doi : 10.1002 / ajmg. a. 31343 . ISSN 1552 - 4825 . PMID 16817175 . ^ Jump up to : Melchers , Martin ; Montag , Christian ; Markett , Sebastian ; Reuter , Martin ( 2013 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Relationship between oxytocin receptor genotype and recognition of facial emotion '' . Behavioral Neuroscience. 127 ( 5 ) : 780 -- 787 . doi : 10.1037 / a0033748 . ISSN 1939 - 0084 . PMID 24128365 . ^ Jump up to : Westberg , Lars ; Henningsson , Susanne ; Zettergren , Anna ; Svärd , Joakim ; Hovey , Daniel ; Lin , Tian ; Ebner , Natalie C. ; Fischer , Håkan ( 2016 - 09 - 22 ) . `` Variation in the Oxytocin Receptor Gene Is Associated with Face Recognition and its Neural Correlates '' . Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience. 10 . doi : 10.3389 / fnbeh. 2016.00178 . ISSN 1662 - 5153 . PMC 5031602 . PMID 27713694 . Further reading ( edit ) Bruce , V. and Young , A. ( 2000 ) In the Eye of the Beholder : The Science of Face Perception . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 852439 - 0 External links ( edit ) Face Recognition Homepage Science Aid : Face Recognition FaceResearch -- Scientific research and online studies on face perception Face Blind Prosopagnosia Research Centers at Harvard and University College London Face Recognition Tests - online tests for self - assessment of face recognition abilities . Perceptual Expertise Network ( PEN ) Collaborative group of cognitive neuroscientists studying perceptual expertise , including face recognition . Face Lab at the University of Western Australia Perception Lab at the University of St Andrews , Scotland The effect of facial expression and identity information on the processing of own and other race faces by Yoriko Hirose , PhD thesis from the University of Stirling Global Emotion Online - Training to overcome Caucasian - Asian other - race effect Sex differences in humans Physiology Medicine Sexual differentiation Autism Narcissism Schizophrenia Stroke care Neuroscience Memory Eyewitness memory Cognition Intelligence Emotional intelligence Psychology Gender psychology Sociology Crime Education Leadership Social capital Suicide Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Face_perception&oldid=853508820 '' Categories : Attention Cognition Face recognition Vision Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 errors : dates All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Français Հայերեն Magyar Norsk Олык марий Русский Svenska Українська اردو 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 August 2018 , at 07 : 58 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does facial recognition occur in the brain | [
"There are several parts of the brain that play a role in face perception. Rossion, Hanseeuw, and Dricot[30] used BOLD fMRI mapping to identify activation in the brain when subjects viewed both cars and faces. The majority of BOLD fMRI studies use blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) contrast to determine which areas of the brain are activated by various cognitive functions.[31] They found that the occipital face area, located in the occipital lobe, the fusiform face area, the superior temporal sulcus, the amygdala, and the anterior/inferior cortex of the temporal lobe, all played roles in contrasting the faces from the cars, with the initial face perception beginning in the area and occipital face areas. This entire region links to form a network that acts to distinguish faces. The processing of faces in the brain is known as a \"sum of parts\" perception.[32] However, the individual parts of the face must be processed first in order to put all of the pieces together. In early processing, the occipital face area contributes to face perception by recognizing the eyes, nose, and mouth as individual pieces.[33] Furthermore, Arcurio, Gold, and James[34] used BOLD fMRI mapping to determine the patterns of activation in the brain when parts of the face were presented in combination and when they were presented singly. The occipital face area is activated by the visual perception of single features of the face, for example, the nose and mouth, and preferred combination of two-eyes over other combinations. This research supports that the occipital face area recognizes the parts of the face at the early stages of recognition. On the contrary, the fusiform face area shows no preference for single features, because the fusiform face area is responsible for \"holistic/configural\" information,[35] meaning that it puts all of the processed pieces of the face together in later processing. This theory is supported by the work of Gold et al.[32] who found that regardless of the orientation of a face, subjects were impacted by the configuration of the individual facial features. Subjects were also impacted by the coding of the relationships between those features. This shows that processing is done by a summation of the parts in the later stages of recognition.\n"
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"the occipital face area, located in the occipital lobe"
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5983381963765523434 | Construction of the World Trade Center | Construction of the World Trade Center - Wikipedia Construction of the World Trade Center Jump to : navigation , search The completed World Trade Center in March 2001 The construction of New York City 's first World Trade Center complex was conceived as an urban renewal project , spearheaded by David Rockefeller , to help revitalize Lower Manhattan . The project was developed by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey , which hired architect Minoru Yamasaki who came up with the specific idea for twin towers . After extensive negotiations , the New Jersey and New York state governments , which oversee the Port Authority , agreed to support the World Trade Center project at the Radio Row site on the Lower West Side of Manhattan , New York City . To make the agreement acceptable to New Jersey , the Port Authority agreed to take over the bankrupt Hudson & Manhattan Railroad , which brought commuters from New Jersey to the Lower Manhattan site and , upon the Port Authority 's takeover of the railroad , was renamed PATH . The towers were designed as framed tube structures , which provided tenants with open floor plans , uninterrupted by columns or walls . This was accomplished using numerous closely spaced perimeter columns to provide much of the strength to the structure , along with gravity load shared with the core columns . The elevator system , which made use of sky lobbies and a system of express and local elevators , allowed substantial floor space to be freed up for use as office space by making the structural core smaller . The design and construction of the World Trade Center , most centrally its twin towers , involved many other innovative techniques , such as the slurry wall for digging the foundation , and wind tunnel experiments . Construction of the World Trade Center 's North Tower began in August 1968 , and the South Tower in 1969 . Extensive use of prefabricated components helped to speed up the construction process . The first tenants moved into the North Tower in December 1970 and into the South Tower in January 1972 . Four other low - level buildings were constructed as part of the World Trade Center in the 1970s , and a seventh building was constructed in the mid-1980s . Contents ( hide ) 1 Planning 1.1 Original plans 1.2 Agreement 1.3 Controversy 2 Design 2.1 Design announced 2.2 Structural design 2.3 Wind effects 2.4 Aircraft impact 2.5 Fire protection 3 Construction 3.1 Twin Towers 3.2 Other buildings 4 Modifications 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Planning ( edit ) In 1942 , Austin J. Tobin became the Executive Director of the Port Authority , beginning a 30 - year career during which he oversaw the planning and development of the World Trade Center . The concept of establishing a `` world trade center '' was conceived during the post -- World War II period , when the United States thrived economically and international trade was increasing . In 1946 , the New York State Legislature passed a bill that called for a `` world trade center '' to be established . The World Trade Corporation was founded , and a board was appointed by New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey to develop plans for the project . Architect John Eberson and his son Drew devised a plan that included 21 buildings over a ten - block area , at an estimated cost of $150 million . In 1949 , the World Trade Corporation was dissolved by the New York State Legislature , and plans for a `` world trade center '' were put on hold . Original plans ( edit ) Architect 's model for the proposed World Trade Center on the East River During the post-war period , economic growth was concentrated in Midtown Manhattan , in part stimulated by the Rockefeller Center , which was developed in the 1930s . Meanwhile , Lower Manhattan was left out of the economic boom . One exception was the construction of One Chase Manhattan Plaza in the Financial District by David Rockefeller , who led urban renewal efforts in Lower Manhattan . In 1958 , Rockefeller established the Downtown - Lower Manhattan Association ( DLMA ) , which commissioned Skidmore , Owings and Merrill to draw up plans for revitalizing Lower Manhattan . The plans , made public in late June 1960 called for a World Trade Center to be built on a 13 - acre ( 53,000 m ) site along the East River , from Old Slip to Fulton Street and between Water Street and South Street . The complex would include a 900 - foot ( 275 m ) long exhibition hall , and a 50 -- 70 story building , with some of its upper floors used as a hotel . Other amenities would include a theater , shops , and restaurants . The plan also called for a new securities exchange building , which the Downtown - Lower Manhattan Association hoped would house the New York Stock Exchange . David Rockefeller suggested that the Port Authority would be a logical choice for taking on the project , and argued that the Trade Center would provide great benefits in facilitating and increasing volume of international commerce coming through the Port of New York . Given the importance of New York City in global commerce , Port Authority director Austin J. Tobin remarked that the proposed project should be the World Trade Center , and not just a `` world trade center . '' After a year - long review of the proposal , the Port Authority formally backed the project on March 11 , 1961 . Agreement ( edit ) Location of World Trade Center ( in red ) and originally proposed site ( in orange ) The States of New York and New Jersey also needed to approve the project , given their control and oversight role of the Port Authority . Objections to the plan came from New Jersey Governor Robert B. Meyner , who resented that New York would be getting this $335 million project . Meanwhile , ridership on New Jersey 's Hudson and Manhattan Railroad ( H&M ) had declined substantially from a high of 113 million riders in 1927 to 26 million in 1958 , after new automobile tunnels and bridges opened across the Hudson River . Toward the end of 1961 , negotiations with outgoing New Jersey Governor Meyner regarding the World Trade Center project reached a stalemate . In December 1961 , Tobin met with newly elected New Jersey Governor Richard J. Hughes , and made a proposal to shift the World Trade Center project to a west side site where the Hudson Terminal was located . In acquiring the Hudson & Manhattan Railroad , the Port Authority would also acquire the Hudson Terminal and other buildings which were deemed obsolete . On January 22 , 1962 , the two states reached an agreement to allow the Port Authority to take over the railroad and to build the World Trade Center on Manhattan 's lower west side . The shift in location for the World Trade Center to a site more convenient to New Jersey , together with Port Authority acquisition of the H&M Railroad , brought New Jersey to agreement in support of the World Trade Center project . Controversy ( edit ) Even once the agreement between the states of New Jersey , New York , and the Port Authority was finalized , the World Trade Center plan faced continued controversy . The site for the World Trade Center was the location of Radio Row , which was home to hundreds of commercial and industrial tenants , property owners , small businesses , and approximately 100 residents . The World Trade Center plans involved evicting these business owners , some of whom fiercely protested the forced relocation . In June 1962 , a group representing approximately 325 shops and 1,000 other affected small businesses filed an injunction , challenging the Port Authority 's power of eminent domain . The dispute with local business owners worked its way through the court system , up to the New York State Court of Appeals , which in April 1963 upheld the Port Authority 's right of eminent domain , saying that the project had a `` public purpose . '' On November 12 , 1963 , the United States Supreme Court refused to accept the case . Under the state law , the Port Authority was required to assist business owners in relocating , though many business owners regarded what the Port Authority offered as inadequate . Questions continued while the World Trade Center was constructed , as to whether the Port Authority really ought to take on the project , described by some as a `` mistaken social priority . '' By 1964 , by which time the intended scale of the Yamasaki designed scheme had been made public with plans for the twin 110 - story towers , private real estate developers and members of the Real Estate Board of New York also expressed concerns about this much `` subsidized '' office space going on the open market , competing with the private sector when there was already a glut of vacancies . An especially vocal critic was Lawrence A. Wien , owner of the Empire State Building , which would lose its title of tallest building in the world . Wien organized a group of builders into a group called the `` Committee for a Reasonable World Trade Center '' to demand that the project be scaled down . In January 1964 , the Port Authority inked a deal with the State of New York to locate government offices at the World Trade Center . The Port Authority began signing commercial tenants in the spring and summer of 1964 , including several banks . In 1965 , the Port Authority signed the United States Customs Service as a tenant . A final obstacle for the Port Authority was getting approval from New York City Mayor John Lindsay and the New York City Council , who raised concerns about the limited extent that the Port Authority involved the city in the negotiations and deliberations . Negotiations between The City of New York and the Port Authority were centered on tax issues . A final agreement was made on August 3 , 1966 , that the Port Authority would make annual payments to the City , in lieu of taxes , for the portion of the World Trade Center leased to private tenants . In subsequent years , the payments would rise as the real estate tax rate increased . Design ( edit ) A typical floor layout and elevator arrangement of the WTC towers Design announced ( edit ) On September 20 , 1962 , the Port Authority announced the selection of Minoru Yamasaki as lead architect , and Emery Roth & Sons as associate architects . Originally , Yamasaki submitted to the Port Authority a concept incorporating twin towers , but with each building only 80 stories tall . Yamasaki remarked that the `` obvious alternative , a group of several large buildings , would have looked like a housing project . '' Yamasaki 's design for the World Trade Center was unveiled to the public on January 18 , 1964 , with an eight - foot model . The towers had a square plan , approximately 207 feet ( 63 m ) in dimension on each side . The buildings were designed with narrow office windows , only 18 inches ( 45 cm ) wide , which reflected on Yamasaki 's fear of heights and desire to make building occupants feel secure . Yamasaki 's design called for the building facades to be sheathed in aluminum - alloy . To meet the Port Authority 's requirement to build 10 million square feet ( 930,000 m2 ) of office space , the buildings would each need to be 110 stories tall . A major limiting factor in building heights is elevators ; the taller the building , the more elevators are needed to service the building , requiring more space - consuming elevator banks . Yamasaki and the engineers decided to use a new system that included sky lobbies , which are floors where people can switch from a large - capacity express elevator , which goes only to the sky lobbies , to a local elevator that goes to each floor in a section ( the local elevators can be stacked within the same elevator shaft ) . Located on the 44th and 78th floors of each tower , the sky lobbies enabled the elevators to be used efficiently , while also increasing the amount of usable space on each floor from 62 to 75 percent by reducing the number of required elevator shafts . The World Trade Center towers were the second supertall buildings to use sky lobbies , after the John Hancock Center in Chicago . This system was inspired by the New York City Subway system , whose lines include local stations where local trains stop and express stations where all trains stop . Original architectural and engineering model . This model is now on permanent display at the National September 11th . Memorial and Museum in NYC . Yamasaki , who had previously designed Saudi Arabia 's Dhahran International Airport with the Saudi Binladin Group , incorporated features of Arabic architecture into the design of the World Trade Center . The plaza was modelled after Mecca , incorporating features such as a vast delineated square , a fountain , and a radial circular pattern . Yamasaki described the plaza as `` a mecca , a great relief from the narrow streets and sidewalks of the Wall Street area . '' He also incorporated other features of Arabic architecture into the building design , including pointed arches , interweaving tracery of prefabricated concrete , a minaret like flight tower , and arabesque patterns . The World Trade Center design brought criticism of its aesthetics from the American Institute of Architects and other groups . Lewis Mumford , author of The City in History and other works on urban planning , criticized the project and described it and other new skyscrapers as `` just glass - and - metal filing cabinets . '' Television broadcasters raised concerns that the World Trade Center twin towers would cause interference in television reception for viewers in the New York City area . In response to these concerns , the Port Authority offered to provide new television transmission facilities at the World Trade Center . The Linnaean Society of the American Museum of Natural History also opposed the Trade Center project , citing hazards the buildings would impose on migrating birds . The structural engineering firm Worthington , Skilling , Helle & Jackson worked to implement Yamasaki 's design , developing the tube - frame structural system used in the buildings . The Port Authority 's Engineering Department served as foundation engineers , Joseph R. Loring & Associates as electrical engineers , and Jaros , Baum & Bolles ( JB&B ) as mechanical engineers . Tishman Realty & Construction Company was the general contractor on the World Trade Center project . Guy F. Tozzoli , director of the World Trade Department at the Port Authority , and the Port Authority 's Chief Engineer , Rino M. Monti , oversaw the project . Structural design ( edit ) As an interstate agency , the Port Authority was not subject to local laws and regulations of the City of New York , including building codes . Nonetheless , the Port Authority required architects and structural engineers to follow the New York City building codes . At the time when the World Trade Center was planned , new building codes were being devised to replace the 1938 version that was still in place . The structural engineers ended up following draft versions of the new 1968 building codes , which incorporated `` advanced techniques '' in building design . The World Trade Center towers included many structural engineering innovations in skyscraper design and construction , which allowed the buildings to reach new heights and become the tallest in the world . Traditionally , skyscrapers used a skeleton of columns distributed throughout the interior to support building loads , with interior columns disrupting the floor space . The tube - frame concept , earlier introduced by Fazlur Khan , was a major innovation , allowing open floor plans and more space to rent . The buildings used high - strength , load - bearing perimeter steel columns called Vierendeel trusses that were spaced closely together to form a strong , rigid wall structure . There were 60 perimeter columns , narrowly spaced , on each side of the buildings . In all , the perimeter walls of the towers were 210 feet ( 64 m ) on each side , and the corners were beveled . The perimeter columns were designed to provide support for virtually all lateral loads ( such as wind loads ) and to share the gravity loads with the core columns . Structural analysis of major portions of the World Trade Center were computed on an IBM 1620 . Typical WTC architectural floor plan The perimeter structure was constructed with extensive use of prefabricated modular pieces , which consisted of three columns , three stories tall , connected by spandrel plates . The perimeter columns had a square cross section , 14 inches ( 36 cm ) on a side , and were constructed of welded steel plate . The thickness of the plates and grade of structural steel varied over the height of the tower , ranging from 36,000 to 100,000 pounds per square inch ( 260 to 670 MPa ) . The strength of the steel and thickness of the steel plates decreased with height because they were required to support lesser amounts of building mass on higher floors . The tube - frame design required 40 percent less structural steel than conventional building designs . From the 7th floor to the ground level , and down to the foundation , the columns were spaced 10 feet ( 3 m ) apart . All columns were placed on bedrock , which , unlike that in Midtown Manhattan , where the bedrock is shallow , is at 65 -- 85 feet ( 20 -- 26 m ) below the surface . The spandrel plates were welded to the columns to create the modular pieces off - site at the fabrication shop . The modular pieces were typically 52 inches ( 1.3 m ) deep , and extended for two full floors and half of two more floors . Adjacent modules were bolted together , with the splices occurring at mid-span of the columns and spandrels . The spandrel plates were located at each floor , transmitting shear stress between columns , allowing them to work together in resisting lateral loads . The joints between modules were staggered vertically , so the column splices between adjacent modules were not at the same floor . The building 's core housed the elevator and utility shafts , restrooms , three stairwells , and other support spaces . The core of each tower was a rectangular area 87 by 135 feet ( 27 by 41 m ) , and contained 47 steel columns running from the bedrock to the top of the tower . The columns tapered after the 66th floor , and consisted of welded box - sections at lower floors and rolled wide - flange sections at upper floors . The structural core in 1 WTC was oriented with the long axis east to west , while that of 2 WTC was oriented north to south . All elevators were located in the core . Each building had three stairwells , also in the core , except on the mechanical floors where the two outside stairwells temporarily left the core in order to avoid the express elevator machine rooms , and then rejoined the core by means of a transfer corridor . It was this arrangement that allowed Stairwell A of 2 WTC to remain passable after the aircraft impact on September 11 , 2001 . Schematic of composite floor truss system The large , column - free space between the perimeter and core was bridged by prefabricated floor trusses . The floors supported their own weight , as well as live loads , provided lateral stability to the exterior walls , and distributed wind loads among the exterior walls . The floors consisted of 4 - inch ( 10 cm ) thick lightweight concrete slabs laid on a fluted steel deck with shear connections for composite action . A grid of lightweight bridging trusses and main trusses supported the floors . The trusses had a span of 60 feet ( 18 m ) in the long - span areas and 35 feet ( 11 m ) in the short span area . The trusses connected to the perimeter at alternate columns , and were on 6 - foot - 8 - inch ( 2.03 m ) centers . The top chords of the trusses were bolted to seats welded to the spandrels on the exterior side and a channel welded to the core columns on the interior side . The floors were connected to the perimeter spandrel plates with viscoelastic dampers , which helped reduce the amount of sway felt by building occupants . Hat trusses ( or `` outrigger truss '' ) located from the 107th floor to the top of the buildings were designed to support a tall communication antenna on top of each building . Only 1 WTC ( north tower ) actually had an antenna fitted , which was added in 1978 . The truss system consisted of six trusses along the long axis of the core and four along the short axis . This truss system allowed some load redistribution between the perimeter and core columns and supported the transmission tower . Wind effects ( edit ) The tube frame design using steel core and perimeter columns protected with sprayed - on fire resistant material created a relatively lightweight structure that would sway more in response to the wind , compared to traditional structures such as the Empire State Building that have thick , heavy masonry for fireproofing of steel structural elements . During the design process , wind tunnel tests were done at Colorado State University and at the National Physical Laboratory in the United Kingdom to establish design wind pressures that the World Trade Center towers could be subjected to and structural response to those forces . Experiments were also done to evaluate how much sway occupants could tolerate . Subjects were recruited for `` free eye exams , '' while the real purpose of the experiment was to subject them to simulated building sway and find out how much they could comfortably tolerate . Many subjects did not respond well , experiencing dizziness and other ill effects . One of the chief engineers Leslie Robertson worked with Canadian engineer Alan G. Davenport to develop viscoelastic dampers to absorb some of the sway . These viscoelastic dampers , used throughout the structures at the joints between floor trusses and perimeter columns , along with some other structural modifications reduced the building sway to an acceptable level . Aircraft impact ( edit ) The structural engineers on the project also considered the possibility that an aircraft could crash into the building . In July 1945 , a B - 25 bomber that was lost in the fog had crashed into the 78th and 79th floors of the Empire State Building . A year later , another airplane crashed into the 40 Wall Street building , and there was another close call at the Empire State Building . In designing the World Trade Center , Leslie Robertson considered the scenario of the impact of a jet airliner , the Boeing 707 , which might be lost in the fog , seeking to land at JFK or at Newark airports . The National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST ) found a three - page white paper that mentioned another aircraft impact analysis , involving impact of a jet at 600 mph ( 970 km / h ) , was indeed considered , but NIST could not locate the documentary evidence of the aircraft impact analysis . Fire protection ( edit ) Sprayed - fire resistant materials ( SFRMs ) were used to protect some structural steel elements in the towers , including all floor trusses and beams . Gypsum wallboard in combination with SFRMs , or in some cases gypsum wallboard alone , was used to protect core columns . Vermiculite plaster was used on the interior - side and SFRMs on the other three sides of the perimeter columns for fire protection . The 1968 New York City building codes were more lenient in some aspects of fire protection , such as allowing three exit stairwells in the World Trade Center towers , instead of six as required under older building codes . In April 1970 , the New York City Department of Air Resources ordered contractors building the World Trade Center to stop the spraying of asbestos as an insulating material . More fireproofing was added after a fire in February 1975 that spread to six floors before being extinguished . After the 1993 bombing , inspections found fireproofing to be deficient . The Port Authority was in the process of replacing it , but replacement had been completed on only 18 floors in WTC 1 , including all the floors affected by the aircraft impact and fires on September 11 , and on 13 floors in WTC 2 , although only three of these floors ( 77 , 78 , and 85 ) were directly affected by the aircraft impact . The 1968 New York City building codes did not require sprinklers for high - rise buildings , except for underground spaces . In accordance with building codes , sprinklers were originally installed only in the underground parking structures of the World Trade Center . Following a major fire in February 1975 , the Port Authority decided to start installing sprinklers throughout the buildings . By 1993 , nearly all of 2 WTC and 85 percent of 1 WTC had sprinklers installed , and the entire complex was retrofitted by 2001 . Construction ( edit ) South Tower and slurry wall `` bathtub '' under construction in 1969 In March 1965 , the Port Authority began acquiring property at the World Trade Center site . The Ajax Wrecking and Lumber Corporation was hired for the demolition work , which began on March 21 , 1966 to clear the site for construction of the World Trade Center . Twin Towers ( edit ) Groundbreaking was on August 5 , 1966 , marking the beginning of construction of the World Trade Center 's foundations . The site of the World Trade Center was located on landfill , with the bedrock located 65 feet ( 20 m ) below grade . In order to construct the World Trade Center , it was necessary to build `` The Bathtub '' , with the slurry wall along the West Street side of the site , to keep water from the Hudson River out . This method was used in place of conventional dewatering methods because lowering the groundwater table would cause large settlements of nearby buildings not built on deep foundations . The slurry method involves digging a trench , and as excavation proceeds , filling the space with a `` slurry '' mixture , composed of bentonite which plugs holes and keeps water out . When the trench was dug out , a steel cage was inserted , with concrete poured in , forcing the `` slurry '' out . The `` slurry '' method was devised by Port Authority chief engineer John M. Kyle Jr . Towards the end of 1966 , work began on building the slurry wall , led by Montreal - based Icanda , a subsidiary of an Italian engineering firm , Impresa Costruzioni Opere Specializzate ( I.C.O.S. ) . It took fourteen months for the slurry wall to be completed , which was necessary before excavation of material from the interior of the site could begin . The original Hudson Tubes , which carried PATH trains into Hudson Terminal , remained in service as elevated tunnels until 1971 when a new PATH station was built . Construction work began on the North Tower in August 1968 with construction beginning on the South Tower by January 1969 . In January 1967 , $74 million in contracts were awarded to the Pacific Car and Foundry Company , Laclede Steel Company , Granite City Steel Company , and Karl Koch Erecting Company to supply steel for the project . The Port Authority chose to use many different steel suppliers , bidding on smaller portions of steel , rather than buy larger amounts from a single source such as Bethlehem Steel or U.S. Steel as a cost - saving measure . Karl Koch was also hired to do all the work of erecting the steel , and a contract for work on the aluminum facade was awarded to the Aluminum Company of America . Tishman Realty & Construction was hired in February 1967 to oversee construction of the project . World Trade Center under construction in 1971 Extensive use of prefabricated parts for the perimeter framing and floor truss systems helped speed up the construction process and reduce costs , while providing greater quality control . Steel components were freighted into a Penn Central yard in Jersey City . From there , they were brought in early morning hours through the Holland Tunnel to the construction site , and lifted into place by a crane . Larger pieces were brought to the construction site by tugboats . A special type of crane , suitable for constructing such tall buildings , that used hydraulics to lift components and provided its own power was used in construction of the World Trade Center . The Favco Standard 2700 Crane , manufactured by Favelle Mort Ltd. of New South Wales , Australia was informally called a `` kangaroo crane . '' In 1970 , tugboat workers went on strike , halting the transport of material to the construction site . The Port Authority attempted other means of transporting material , including via helicopter . When this method was tried , the helicopter lost its load of steel into the Kill Van Kull . Some other mishaps occurred during the construction process , including disruption of telephone service in Lower Manhattan when telephone cables were crushed by pile drivers . On March 16 , 1970 , an explosion injured six workers when a truck hit a propane tank . In all , 60 workers were killed in construction accidents while the World Trade Center was being built . The topping out ceremony of 1 WTC ( North Tower ) took place on December 23 , 1970 , with 2 WTC 's ceremony ( South Tower ) occurring later on July 19 , 1971 . The first tenants moved into the North Tower on December 15 , 1970 , and into the South Tower in January 1972 . The buildings were dedicated on April 4 , 1973 ; Tobin , who had resigned the year before , was absent from the ceremonies . Building the World Trade Center involved excavating 1,200,000 cubic yards ( 920,000 m ) of material . Rather than transporting this material at great costs out to sea or to landfills in New Jersey , the fill material was used to expand the Manhattan shoreline across West Street . Work to demolish the piers began on January 5 , 1967 , including Pier 7 to Pier 11 which were all constructed around 1910 . The demolition work moved forward , despite conflicts between David Rockefeller , Governor Nelson Rockefeller , and Mayor John Lindsay regarding plans for Battery Park City . Landfill material from the World Trade Center was used to add land , and a cellular cofferdam was constructed to retain the material . The result was a 700 - foot ( 210 m ) extension into the Hudson River , running six blocks or 1,484 feet ( 452 m ) . This land was a `` gift '' to New York City , allowing more tax - generating developments in Battery Park City . The original estimates put forth by the Port Authority had the costs for construction of the World Trade Center at $350 million -- an optimistic figure . In December 1966 , the Port Authority announced increased cost estimates , bringing the estimated total to $575 million . This announcement brought criticism of the project from private real estate developers , The New York Times , and others in New York City . The critics charged that the Port Authority figure was an unrealistically low estimate , and they estimated the project would end up costing $750 million . When the World Trade Center twin towers were completed , the total costs to the Port Authority had reached $900 million . The project was financed through tax - exempt bonds issued by the Port Authority . Other buildings ( edit ) The World Trade Center complex included four other smaller buildings constructed during the 1970s . 3 World Trade Center was a 22 - story building , which was home to the Marriott World Trade Center . It was designed by Skidmore , Owings and Merrill in 1978 -- 79 . 4 World Trade Center , 5 World Trade Center , and 6 World Trade Center were all 8 -- 9 story buildings that were designed by the same team as the Twin Towers , including Minoru Yamasaki , Emery Roth & Sons , and Skilling , Helle , Christiansen , Robertson . 7 World Trade Center was built in the mid-1980s , just north of the main World Trade Center site . The 47 - story building was designed by Emery , Roth & Sons , and constructed on top of a Con Edison power substation . Modifications ( edit ) Over time , numerous structural modifications were made to suit the needs of tenants in the Twin Towers . Modifications were made in accordance with the Port Authority 's Tenant Alteration Review Manual and were reviewed by the Port Authority to ensure the changes did not compromise structural integrity of the buildings . In many instances , openings were cut in the floors to accommodate new stairways to connect tenant floors . Some steel beams in the core were reinforced and strengthened to accommodate heavy live loads , such as large amounts of heavy files that tenants had on their floors . Repairs to structural elements on the lower levels of 1 WTC were made following the 1993 bombing . The greatest damage occurred on levels B1 and B2 , with significant structural damage also on level B3 . Primary structural columns were not damaged , but secondary steel members experienced some damage . Floors that were blown out needed to be repaired to restore the structural support they provided to columns . The slurry wall was in peril following the bombing and loss of the floor slabs which provided lateral support to counteract pressure from Hudson River water on the other side . The refrigeration plant on sublevel B5 , which provided air conditioning to the entire World Trade Center complex , was heavily damaged and replaced with a temporary system for the summer of 1993 . The fire alarm system for the entire complex needed to be replaced , after critical wiring and signaling in the original system was destroyed in the 1993 bombing . Installation of the new system took years to complete , and replacement of some components was still underway in September 2001 . See also ( edit ) Construction of One World Trade Center Collapse of the World Trade Center Plans to rebuild the World Trade Center 1 World Trade Center Two World Trade Center Three World Trade Center Four World Trade Center References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Doig , Jameson W. ( 2001 ) . `` Chapter 1 '' . Empire on the Hudson . Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 07676 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dewey Picks Board for Trade Center '' . The New York Times . July 6 , 1946 . Jump up ^ Crisman , Charles B. ( November 10 , 1946 ) . `` Plans are Tabled for Trade Center '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Lets Port Group Disband , State Senate for Dissolution of World Trade Corporation '' . The New York Times . March 11 , 1949 . ^ Jump up to : Gillespie , Angus K. ( 1999 ) . `` Chapter 1 '' . Twin Towers : The Life of New York City 's World Trade Center . Rutgers University Press . ISBN 0 - 7838 - 9785 - 5 . Jump up ^ Levinson , Leonard Louis ( 1961 ) . Wall Street . New York : Ziff Davis Publishing . p. 346 . ^ Jump up to : Grutzner , Charles ( January 27 , 1960 ) . `` A World Center of Trade Mapped Off Wall Street '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Koch , Karl III ( 2002 ) . Men of Steel : The Story of the Family That Built the World Trade Center . Three Rivers Press . p. 173 . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 4950 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` Text of Trade Center Report by the Downtown - Lower Manhattan Association '' . The New York Times . January 27 , 1960 . Jump up ^ `` Tobin Says Proposed Center Should Be World 's Best '' . The New York Times . May 5 , 1960 . Jump up ^ `` 355 Million World Trade Center Backed by Port Authority Study '' . The New York Times . March 12 , 1961 . Jump up ^ Cudahy , Brian J. ( 2002 ) . Rails Under the Mighty Hudson ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Fordham University Press . p. 56 . ISBN 0 - 8232 - 2190 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Grutzner , Charles ( December 29 , 1961 ) . `` Port Unit Backs Linking of H&M and Other Lines '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Wright , George Cable ( January 23 , 1962 ) . `` 2 States Agree on Hudson Tubes and Trade Center '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Clark , Alfred E. ( June 27 , 1962 ) . `` Injunction Asked on Trade Center '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Crowell , Paul ( April 5 , 1963 ) . `` World Trade Center Here Upheld by Appeals Court '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Merchants Ask Supreme Court to Bar Big Trade Center Here '' . The New York Times / Associated Press . August 26 , 1963 . ^ Jump up to : Arnold , Martin ( November 13 , 1963 ) . `` High Court Plea is Lost by Foes of Trade Center '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ 375 US . 4 -- Courtesy Sandwich Shop , Inc. , et al. v. Port of New York Authority Jump up ^ Apple Jr . R.W. ( November 16 , 1963 ) . `` Port Body Raises Relocation Aid '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Kheel Urges Port Authority to Sell Trade Center '' . The New York Times . November 12 , 1969 . Jump up ^ Knowles , Clayton ( February 14 , 1964 ) . `` New Fight Begun on Trade Center '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Ennis , Thomas W. ( February 15 , 1964 ) . `` Critics Impugned on Trade Center '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Knowles , Clayton ( March 9 , 1964 ) . `` All Major Builders are Said to Oppose Trade Center Plan '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Sibley , John ( January 14 , 1964 ) . `` State Will Rent at Trade Center '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` 4th Bank Signed by Trade Center '' . The New York Times . July 14 , 1964 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Glenn ( July 7 , 1965 ) . `` Customs to Move to Trade Center '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Smith , Terence ( August 4 , 1966 ) . `` City Ends Fight with Port Body on Trade Center '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Smith , Terence ( January 26 , 1967 ) . `` Mayor Signs Pact on Trade Center '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Esterow , Milton ( September 21 , 1962 ) . `` Architect Named for Trade Center '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Huxtable , Ada Louise ( January 19 , 1964 ) . `` A New Era Heralded '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Lew , H.S. ; Richard W. Bukowski ; Nicholas J. Carino ( September 2005 ) . Design , Construction , and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems ( NCSTAR 1 - 1 ) . National Institute of Standards and Technology . p. 7 . Jump up ^ Pekala , Nancy ( November 1 , 2001 ) . `` Profile of a lost landmark ; World Trade Center '' . Journal of Property Management . ^ Jump up to : Huxtable , Ada Louise ( May 29 , 1966 ) . `` Who 's Afraid of the Big Bad Buildings '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Huxtable , Ada Louise ( January 26 , 1964 ) . `` Biggest Buildings Herald New Era '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Lew , H.S. ; Richard W. Bukowski ; Nicholas J. Carino ( September 2005 ) . Design , Construction , and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems ( NCSTAR 1 - 1 ) . National Institute of Standards and Technology . p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` Otis History : The World Trade Center '' . Otis Elevator Company . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2006 . Retrieved December 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Gillespie , Angus K. ( 1999 ) . Twin Towers : The Life of New York City 's World Trade Center . Rutgers University Press . p. 76 . ISBN 0 - 7838 - 9785 - 5 . Jump up ^ Robert Grudin ( 20 April 2010 ) . Design And Truth . Yale University Press . p. 39 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 16203 - 5 . Jump up ^ Kerr , Laurie ( 2001 - 12 - 28 ) . `` Bin Laden 's special complaint with the World Trade Center . '' . Slate Magazine . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Steese , Edward ( March 10 , 1964 ) . `` Marring City 's Skyline '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Whitman , Alden ( March 22 , 1967 ) . `` Mumford Finds City Strangled By Excess of Cars and People '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Schumach , Murray ( February 20 , 1966 ) . `` TV Group Objects to Trade Towers '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` TV Mast Offered on Trade Center '' . The New York Times . February 24 , 1966 . Jump up ^ Knowles , Clayton ( March 16 , 1967 ) . `` Big Trade Center Called Bird Trap '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ National Construction Safety Team ( September 2005 ) . `` Chapter 1 '' . Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers ( PDF ) . NIST . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Lew , H.S. ; Richard W. Bukowski ; Nicholas J. Carino ( September 2005 ) . Design , Construction , and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems ( NCSTAR 1 - 1 ) . National Institute of Standards and Technology . p. xxxviii . Jump up ^ National Construction Safety Team ( September 2005 ) . `` Chapter 1 '' . Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers ( PDF ) . NIST . pp. 5 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Taylor , R.E. ( December 1966 ) . `` Computers and the Design of the World Trade Center '' . ASCE , Structural Division . 92 ( ST -- 6 ) : 75 -- 91 . ^ Jump up to : National Construction Safety Team ( September 2005 ) . Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers ( PDF ) . NIST . Jump up ^ A36 steel has a nominal yield strength of 36,000 to 100,000 pounds per square inch . ^ Jump up to : American Iron and Steel Institute ( 1964 ) . `` The World Trade Center -- New York City '' . Contemporary Steel Design . American Iron and Steel Institute . 1 ( 4 ) . Jump up ^ National Construction Safety Team ( September 2005 ) . Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers ( PDF ) . NIST . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Tamaro , George J. ( Spring 2002 ) . `` World Trade Center `` Bathtub '' : From Genesis to Armageddon `` . Bridges. 32 ( 1 ) . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ National Construction Safety Team ( September 2005 ) . Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers ( PDF ) . NIST . p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Lew , H.S. ; Richard W. Bukowski ; Nicholas J. Carino ( September 2005 ) . Design , Construction , and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems ( NCSTAR 1 - 1 ) . National Institute of Standards and Technology . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Cauchon , , Dennis ; Moore , Martha T. `` Machinery saved people in WTC '' . USA Today . Retrieved 17 May 2002 . Jump up ^ `` New York : A Documentary Film -- The Center of the World ( Construction Footage ) '' . Port Authority / PBS . Retrieved May 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Glanz , James ; Eric Lipton ( 2003 ) . City in the Sky . Times Books . p. 138 . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 7428 - 7 . Jump up ^ Fanella , David A. ; Arnaldo T. Derecho ; S.K. Ghosh ( September 2005 ) . Design and Construction of Structural Systems ( NCSTAR 1 - 1A ) . National Institute of Standards and Technology . p. 65 . Jump up ^ Glanz , James ; Eric Lipton ( 2003 ) . City in the Sky . Times Books . pp. 139 -- 144 . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 7428 - 7 . Jump up ^ Glanz , James ; Eric Lipton ( 2003 ) . City in the Sky . Times Books . pp. 160 -- 167 . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 7428 - 7 . Jump up ^ Glanz , James ; Eric Lipton ( September 8 , 2002 ) . `` The Height of Ambition '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Robertson , Leslie E. ( 2002 ) . `` Reflections on the World Trade Center '' . The Bridge Volume 32 , Number 1 . National Academy of Engineering . Retrieved July 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Sadek , Fahim . Baseline Structural Performance and Aircraft Impact Damage Analysis of the World Trade Center Towers ( NCSTAR 1 -- 2 appendix A ) . NIST 2005 . pp. 305 -- 307 . Jump up ^ Lew , H.S. ; Richard W. Bukowski ; Nicholas J. Carino ( September 2005 ) . Design , Construction , and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems ( NCSTAR 1 - 1 ) . National Institute of Standards and Technology . p. 153 . Jump up ^ New York Times : April 28 , 1970 , p. 83 Jump up ^ Hamburger , Ronald ; et al. `` World Trade Center Building Performance Study '' ( pdf ) . Federal Emergency Management Agency . Retrieved July 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ NCSTAR 1 -- 6 , ( p lxxi ) NIST lists upgraded floors as 92 -- 100 and 102 plus 8 unspecified floors . Jump up ^ NCSTAR 1 -- 6 , ( p lxvii -- lxix ) NIST lists upgraded floors as 77 , 78 , 85 , 88 , 89 , 92 , 96 and 97 plus 5 unspecified floors . Although replacement fireproofing was specified at 1.5 inches in thickness , NIST found the average thickness to be 2.5 inches ( 64 mm ) . ( NCSTAR 1 - 6A p xl ) NIST concluded that `` The existing condition of the fireproofing prior to aircraft impact and the fireproofing thickness on the WTC floor system did not play a significant role . '' Jump up ^ Dwyer , Jim ; Kevin Flynn ( 2005 ) . 102 Minutes . Times Books . pp. 9 -- 10 . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 7682 - 4 . Jump up ^ Lew , H.S. ; Richard W. Bukowski ; Nicholas J. Carino ( September 2005 ) . Design , Construction , and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems ( NCSTAR 1 - 1 ) . National Institute of Standards and Technology . p. 162 . Jump up ^ Lew , H.S. ; Richard W. Bukowski ; Nicholas J. Carino ( September 2005 ) . Design , Construction , and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems ( NCSTAR 1 - 1 ) . National Institute of Standards and Technology . p. 163 . Jump up ^ Evans , David D. ; Richard D. Peacock , Erica D. Kuligowski ; W. Stuart Dols ; William L. Grosshandler ( September 2005 ) . Active Fire Protection Systems ( NCSTAR 1 -- 4 ) . National Institute of Standards and Technology . p. 14 . Jump up ^ Ingraham , Joseph C. ( March 29 , 1965 ) . `` Port Agency Buys Downtown Tract '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Gillespie , Angus K. ( 1999 ) . Twin Towers : The Life of New York City 's World Trade Center . Rutgers University Press . p. 61 . ISBN 0 - 7838 - 9785 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Jackhammers Bite Pavement to Start Trade Center Job '' . The New York Times . August 6 , 1966 . ^ Jump up to : Iglauer , Edith ( November 4 , 1972 ) . `` The Biggest Foundation '' . The New Yorker . Condé Nast . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Kapp , Martin S ( July 9 , 1964 ) . `` Tall Towers will Sit on Deep Foundations '' . Engineering News Record . ^ Jump up to : Gillespie , Angus K. ( 1999 ) . Twin Towers : The Life of New York City 's World Trade Center . Rutgers University Press . p. 68 . ISBN 0 - 7838 - 9785 - 5 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Maurice ( December 30 , 1968 ) . `` A Section of the Hudson Tubes is Turned into Elevated Tunnel '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Timeline : World Trade Center chronology '' . PBS -- American Experience . Retrieved May 15 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Contracts Totaling $74,079,000 Awarded for the Trade Center '' . The New York Times . January 24 , 1967 . Jump up ^ Gillespie , Angus K. ( 1999 ) . Twin Towers : The Life of New York City 's World Trade Center . Rutgers University Press . p. 83 . ISBN 0 - 7838 - 9785 - 5 . Jump up ^ Kihss , Peter ( February 27 , 1967 ) . `` Trade Center Job To Go To Tishman '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Micheal T. ( June 6 , 1969 ) . `` Trade Center is Doing Everything Big '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Gillespie , Angus K. ( 1999 ) . Twin Towers : The Life of New York City 's World Trade Center . Rutgers University Press . p. 88 . ISBN 0 - 7838 - 9785 - 5 . Jump up ^ Gillespie , Angus K. ( 1999 ) . Twin Towers : The Life of New York City 's World Trade Center . Rutgers University Press . pp. 92 -- 94 . ISBN 0 - 7838 - 9785 - 5 . Jump up ^ McFadden , Robert D. ( February 2 , 1970 ) . `` 300 Tugboats Idle as Men Walk Out for Doubled Wage '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Gillespie , Angus K. ( 1999 ) . Twin Towers : The Life of New York City 's World Trade Center . Rutgers University Press . p. 91 . ISBN 0 - 7838 - 9785 - 5 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Maurice ( March 19 , 1969 ) . `` Phones Disrupted by a Pile Driver '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Van Gelder , Lawrence ( March 17 , 1970 ) . `` Propane Blast Hits Trade Center '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` America Rebuilds : Quick Facts '' . PBS . Retrieved May 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ History of the Twin Towers , Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.PANYNJ.gov. 2013 . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 Jump up ^ Lew , H.S. ; Richard W. Bukowski ; Nicholas J. Carino ( September 2005 ) . Design , Construction , and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems ( NCSTAR 1 - 1 ) . National Institute of Standards and Technology . p. xxxvi . Jump up ^ Darton , Eric ( 1999 ) Divided We Stand : A Biography of New York 's World Trade Center , Chapter 6 , Basic Books . ^ Jump up to : Gillespie , Angus K. ( 1999 ) . Twin Towers : The Life of New York City 's World Trade Center . Rutgers University Press . p. 71 . ISBN 0 - 7838 - 9785 - 5 . Jump up ^ Horne , George ( January 5 , 1967 ) . `` Demolition Begun on 5 City Piers '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Roberts , Steven V. ( January 17 , 1967 ) . `` Conflicts Stall Landfill Plans '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` New York Gets $90 Million Worth of Land for Nothing '' . Engineering News Record . April 18 , 1968 . Jump up ^ Gillespie , Angus K. ( 1999 ) . Twin Towers : The Life of New York City 's World Trade Center . Rutgers University Press . p. 70 . ISBN 0 - 7838 - 9785 - 5 . Jump up ^ Gillespie , Angus K. ( 1999 ) . Twin Towers : The Life of New York City 's World Trade Center . Rutgers University Press . p. 69 . ISBN 0 - 7838 - 9785 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Questions on the Trade Center '' . The New York Times . December 24 , 1966 . Jump up ^ Phillips , McCandlish ( December 29 , 1966 ) . `` Estimate Raised for Trade Center '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Cudahy , Brian J. ( 2002 ) . Rails Under the Mighty Hudson ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Fordham University Press . p. 58 . ISBN 0 - 8232 - 2190 - 3 . Jump up ^ Allan , John H. ( February 28 , 1968 ) . `` Bonds : Port of New York Authority to Raise $100 - Million '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ McAllister , Therese ; Johnathan Barnett ; John Gross ; Ronald Hamburger ; Jon Magnusson ( May 2002 ) . `` WTC3 '' . World Trade Center Building Performance Study . FEMA . Jump up ^ McAllister , Therese ; Johnathan Barnett ; John Gross ; Ronald Hamburger ; Jon Magnusson ( May 2002 ) . `` WTC4 , 5 , and 6 '' . World Trade Center Building Performance Study . FEMA . Jump up ^ McAllister , Therese ; Johnathan Barnett ; John Gross ; Ronald Hamburger ; Jon Magnusson ( May 2002 ) . `` WTC7 '' . World Trade Center Building Performance Study . FEMA . Jump up ^ Lew , H.S. ; Richard W. Bukowski ; Nicholas J. Carino ( September 2005 ) . Design , Construction , and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems ( NCSTAR 1 - 1 ) . National Institute of Standards and Technology . p. xliv . Jump up ^ Lew , H.S. ; Richard W. Bukowski ; Nicholas J. Carino ( September 2005 ) . Design , Construction , and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems ( NCSTAR 1 - 1 ) . National Institute of Standards and Technology . p. xlv . Jump up ^ Fasullo , Eugene . `` Experiences of the Chief Engineer of the Port Authority '' ( PDF ) . United States Fire Administration . Retrieved May 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Port Authority Risk Management Staff . `` The World Trade Center Complex '' ( PDF ) . United States Fire Administration . Retrieved May 15 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Ramabhushanam , Ennala ; Marjorie Lynch ( 1994 ) . `` Structural Assessment of Bomb Damage for World Trade Center '' . Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities . 8 ( 4 ) : 229 -- 242 . doi : 10.1061 / ( ASCE ) 0887 - 3828 ( 1994 ) 8 : 4 ( 229 ) . Jump up ^ Evans , David D. ; Richard D. Peacock , Erica D. Kuligowski ; W. Stuart Dols , William L. Grosshandler ( September 2005 ) . Active Fire Protection Systems ( NCSTAR 1 -- 4 ) . National Institute of Standards and Technology . p. 44 . External links ( edit ) New York : A Documentary Film -- The Center of the World -- Building the World Trade Center , an 18 - minute film , with construction footage , produced by the Port Authority in 1983 World Trade Center -- Skyscraper Museum Coordinates : 40 ° 42 ′ 42 '' N 74 ° 00 ′ 49 '' W / 40.71167 ° N 74.01361 ° W / 40.71167 ; - 74.01361 ( hide ) New York City 's World Trade Center First WTC ( 1973 -- 2001 ) Construction Towers One Two Three Four Five Six Seven Windows on the World Mall The Bathtub Tenants One Two Four Five Six Seven Major events February 13 , 1975 fire February 26 , 1993 bombing January 14 , 1998 robbery September 11 , 2001 attacks Collapse Timeline Victims Aftermath Deutsche Bank Building St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church Second WTC ( 2001 -- present ) Site , towers , and structures One Construction Two Three Four Five Seven Performing Arts Center Vehicular Security Center Liberty Park St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church Westfield Mall Rapid transit PATH stations Transportation Hub New York City Subway stations Chambers Street -- WTC / Park Place ( 2 3 A C E trains ) Cortlandt Street ( N R W trains ) Cortlandt Street ( 1 2 trains ) Fulton Street ( 2 3 4 5 A C J Z trains ) Fulton Center Corbin Building Dey Street Passageway 9 / 11 memorials 9 / 11 Tribute Center National September 11 Memorial & Museum Competition Memory Foundations Tribute in Light America 's Response Monument Empty Sky Relics from original WTC The Sphere Cross Survivors ' Staircase People Minoru Yamasaki Emery Roth & Sons Larry Silverstein Austin J. Tobin David Childs Michael Arad THINK Team Daniel Libeskind Leslie E. Robertson Other Park51 Project Rebirth Take Back The Memorial West Street pedestrian bridges In popular culture Film Music 9 / 11 - related media featuring One WTC 10048 ZIP code Former : IFC Former : Twin Towers 2 Brookfield Place Brookfield Place 200 Liberty Street 225 Liberty Street 200 Vesey Street 250 Vesey Street Winter Garden Atrium New York Mercantile Exchange Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Construction_of_the_World_Trade_Center&oldid=801049720 '' Categories : World Trade Center Construction in the United States History of New York City 20th century in New York City 1960s in New York ( state ) 1970s in New York ( state ) 1980s in New York ( state ) Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Featured articles Use American English from April 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from April 2014 Coordinates on Wikidata Pages using New York City Subway service templates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 10 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did they start building the twin towers | [
"Construction of the World Trade Center's North Tower began in August 1968, and the South Tower in 1969. Extensive use of prefabricated components helped to speed up the construction process. The first tenants moved into the North Tower in December 1970 and into the South Tower in January 1972. Four other low-level buildings were constructed as part of the World Trade Center in the 1970s, and a seventh building was constructed in the mid-1980s."
] | [
"August 1968"
] |
-8735208822985997683 | List of countries by population (United Nations) | List of countries by Population ( United Nations ) - wikipedia List of countries by Population ( United Nations ) Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that this article be merged into List of countries and dependencies by population . ( Discuss ) Proposed since January 2018 . Statistical regions as defined by the United Nations Statistics Division . Antarctica is omitted . This is a list of countries and other inhabited areas of the world by total population , based on projections published by the United Nations in the 2017 revision of World Population Prospects . Figures refer to the de facto population in a country or area projected according to the `` medium fertility '' scenario . Contents ( hide ) 1 List 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links List ( edit ) Countries and areas ranked by population in 2017 Rank Country or area UN continental region UN statistical region Population ( 1 July 2016 ) Population ( 1 July 2017 ) Change -- World -- -- 7,466,964,280 7,550,262,101 7000111555135228260 ♠ + 1.1 % China Asia Eastern Asia 1,403,500,365 1,409,517,397 6999428716097982630 ♠ + 0.4 % India Asia Southern Asia 1,324,171,354 1,339,180,127 7000113344643460699 ♠ + 1.1 % United States Americas Northern America 322,179,605 324,459,463 6999707635730076710 ♠ + 0.7 % Indonesia Asia South - eastern Asia 261,115,456 263,991,379 7000110139899186970 ♠ + 1.1 % 5 Brazil Americas South America 207,652,865 209,288,278 6999787570641031120 ♠ + 0.8 % 6 Pakistan Asia Southern Asia 193,203,476 197,015,955 7000197329731272540 ♠ + 2.0 % 7 Nigeria Africa Western Africa 185,989,640 190,886,311 7000263276545940949 ♠ + 2.6 % 8 Bangladesh Asia Southern Asia 162,951,560 164,669,751 7000105441825779390 ♠ + 1.1 % 9 Russia Europe Eastern Europe 143,964,513 143,989,754 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0.0 % 10 Mexico Americas Central America 127,540,423 129,163,276 7000127242246954130 ♠ + 1.3 % 11 Japan Asia Eastern Asia 127,748,513 127,484,450 3000793294658545260 ♠ − 0.2 % 12 Ethiopia Africa Eastern Africa 102,403,196 104,957,438 7000249429910371160 ♠ + 2.5 % 13 Philippines Asia South - eastern Asia 103,320,222 104,918,090 7000154652009942450 ♠ + 1.5 % 14 Egypt Africa Northern Africa 95,688,681 97,553,151 7000194847497166360 ♠ + 1.9 % 15 Vietnam Asia South - eastern Asia 94,569,072 95,540,800 7000102753255313749 ♠ + 1.0 % 16 Germany Europe Western Europe 81,914,672 82,114,224 6999243609594139630 ♠ + 0.2 % 17 Democratic Republic of the Congo Africa Middle Africa 78,736,153 81,339,988 7000330703863573320 ♠ + 3.3 % 18 Iran Asia Southern Asia 80,277,428 81,162,788 7000110287539356640 ♠ + 1.1 % 19 Turkey Asia Western Asia 79,512,426 80,745,020 7000155019040671710 ♠ + 1.6 % 20 Thailand Asia South - eastern Asia 68,863,514 69,037,513 6999252672264154290 ♠ + 0.3 % 21 United Kingdom Europe Northern Europe 65,788,574 66,181,585 6999597384889357830 ♠ + 0.6 % 22 France Europe Western Europe 64,720,690 64,979,548 6999399961743300330 ♠ + 0.4 % 23 Italy Europe Southern Europe 59,429,938 59,359,900 3000882150306130220 ♠ − 0.1 % 24 Tanzania Africa Eastern Africa 55,572,201 57,310,019 7000312713545392960 ♠ + 3.1 % 25 South Africa Africa Southern Africa 56,015,473 56,717,156 7000125265924292030 ♠ + 1.3 % 26 Myanmar Asia South - eastern Asia 52,885,223 53,370,609 6999917810254860800 ♠ + 0.9 % 27 South Korea Asia Eastern Asia 50,791,919 50,982,212 6999374652117396870 ♠ + 0.4 % 28 Colombia Americas South America 48,653,419 49,065,615 6999847208702845740 ♠ + 0.8 % 29 Kenya Africa Eastern Africa 48,461,567 49,699,862 7000255521040002689 ♠ + 2.6 % 30 Spain Europe Southern Europe 46,347,576 46,354,321 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0.0 % 31 Argentina Americas South America 43,847,430 44,271,041 6999966102232217490 ♠ + 1.0 % 32 Ukraine Europe Eastern Europe 44,438,625 44,222,947 3000514660950918270 ♠ − 0.5 % 33 Uganda Africa Eastern Africa 41,487,965 42,862,958 7000331419726178420 ♠ + 3.3 % 34 Algeria Africa Northern Africa 40,606,052 41,318,142 7000175365484928210 ♠ + 1.8 % 35 Sudan Africa Northern Africa 39,578,828 40,533,330 7000241164796491700 ♠ + 2.4 % 36 Iraq Asia Western Asia 37,202,572 38,274,618 7000288164484971630 ♠ + 2.9 % 37 Poland Europe Eastern Europe 38,224,410 38,170,712 3000859519087410380 ♠ − 0.1 % 38 Canada Americas Northern America 36,289,822 36,624,199 6999921407109684910 ♠ + 0.9 % 39 Morocco Africa Northern Africa 35,276,786 35,739,580 7000131189388965310 ♠ + 1.3 % 40 Afghanistan Asia Southern Asia 34,656,032 35,530,081 7000252206888543959 ♠ + 2.5 % 41 Saudi Arabia Asia Western Asia 32,275,687 32,938,213 7000205270921111609 ♠ + 2.1 % 42 Peru Americas South America 31,773,839 32,165,485 7000123260522595330 ♠ + 1.2 % 43 Venezuela Americas South America 31,568,179 31,977,065 7000129524734385220 ♠ + 1.3 % 44 Uzbekistan Asia Central Asia 31,446,795 31,910,641 7000147501836037660 ♠ + 1.5 % 45 Malaysia Asia South - eastern Asia 31,187,265 31,624,264 7000140120975661060 ♠ + 1.4 % 46 Angola Africa Middle Africa 28,813,463 29,784,193 7000336901538006730 ♠ + 3.4 % 47 Mozambique Africa Eastern Africa 28,829,476 29,668,834 7000291145770391390 ♠ + 2.9 % 48 Nepal Asia Southern Asia 28,982,771 29,304,998 7000111178810335280 ♠ + 1.1 % 49 Ghana Africa Western Africa 28,206,728 28,833,629 7000222252293849890 ♠ + 2.2 % 50 Yemen Asia Western Asia 27,584,213 28,250,420 7000241517494082570 ♠ + 2.4 % 51 Madagascar Africa Eastern Africa 24,894,551 25,570,895 7000271683550348029 ♠ + 2.7 % 52 North Korea Asia Eastern Asia 25,368,620 25,490,965 6999482269039466860 ♠ + 0.5 % 53 Australia Oceania Australia and New Zealand 24,125,848 24,450,561 7000134591331256000 ♠ + 1.3 % 54 Ivory Coast Africa Western Africa 23,695,919 24,294,750 7000252714824016740 ♠ + 2.5 % 55 Cameroon Africa Middle Africa 23,439,189 24,053,727 7000262183985973230 ♠ + 2.6 % 56 Taiwan Asia Eastern Asia 23,556,706 23,626,456 6999296094029445370 ♠ + 0.3 % 57 Niger Africa Western Africa 20,672,987 21,477,348 7000389087943604860 ♠ + 3.9 % 58 Sri Lanka Asia Southern Asia 20,798,492 20,876,917 6999377070606849770 ♠ + 0.4 % 59 Romania Europe Eastern Europe 19,778,083 19,679,306 3000500573437779580 ♠ − 0.5 % 60 Burkina Faso Africa Western Africa 18,646,433 19,193,382 7000293326342898930 ♠ + 2.9 % 61 Malawi Africa Eastern Africa 18,091,575 18,622,104 7000293246442059360 ♠ + 2.9 % 62 Mali Africa Western Africa 17,994,837 18,541,980 7000304055546599280 ♠ + 3.0 % 63 Syria Asia Western Asia 18,430,453 18,269,868 3000128697487793700 ♠ − 0.9 % 64 Kazakhstan Asia Central Asia 17,987,736 18,204,499 7000120505993639220 ♠ + 1.2 % 65 Chile Americas South America 17,909,754 18,054,726 6999809458354369360 ♠ + 0.8 % 66 Zambia Africa Eastern Africa 16,591,390 17,094,130 7000303012586648860 ♠ + 3.0 % 67 Netherlands Europe Western Europe 16,987,330 17,035,938 6999286142672215120 ♠ + 0.3 % 68 Guatemala Americas Central America 16,582,469 16,913,503 7000199628897240820 ♠ + 2.0 % 69 Ecuador Americas South America 16,385,068 16,624,858 7000146346661484710 ♠ + 1.5 % 70 Zimbabwe Africa Eastern Africa 16,150,362 16,529,904 7000235005258705660 ♠ + 2.4 % 71 Cambodia Asia South - eastern Asia 15,762,370 16,005,373 7000154166537138770 ♠ + 1.5 % 72 Senegal Africa Western Africa 15,411,614 15,850,567 7000284819617205570 ♠ + 2.8 % 73 Chad Africa Middle Africa 14,452,543 14,899,994 7000309600185932680 ♠ + 3.1 % 74 Somalia Africa Eastern Africa 14,317,996 14,742,523 7000296498895515820 ♠ + 3.0 % 75 Guinea Africa Western Africa 12,395,924 12,717,176 7000259159381745159 ♠ + 2.6 % 76 South Sudan Africa Eastern Africa 12,230,730 12,575,714 7000282063294668430 ♠ + 2.8 % 77 Rwanda Africa Eastern Africa 11,917,508 12,208,407 7000244093815586280 ♠ + 2.4 % 78 Tunisia Africa Northern Africa 11,403,248 11,532,127 7000113019553727150 ♠ + 1.1 % 79 Cuba Americas Caribbean 11,475,982 11,484,636 6998754096686453430 ♠ + 0.1 % 80 Belgium Europe Western Europe 11,358,379 11,429,336 6999624710621119440 ♠ + 0.6 % 81 Benin Africa Western Africa 10,872,298 11,175,692 7000279052321781470 ♠ + 2.8 % 82 Greece Europe Southern Europe 11,183,716 11,159,773 3000785911945546550 ♠ − 0.2 % 83 Bolivia Americas South America 10,887,882 11,051,600 7000150367169666240 ♠ + 1.5 % 84 Haiti Americas Caribbean 10,847,334 10,981,229 7000123435859908070 ♠ + 1.2 % 85 Burundi Africa Eastern Africa 10,524,117 10,864,245 7000323189109357110 ♠ + 3.2 % 86 Dominican Republic Americas Caribbean 10,648,791 10,766,998 7000111005089685770 ♠ + 1.1 % 87 Czech Republic Europe Eastern Europe 10,610,947 10,618,303 6998693246323820059 ♠ + 0.1 % 88 Portugal Europe Southern Europe 10,371,627 10,329,506 3000593882425582789 ♠ − 0.4 % 89 Sweden Europe Northern Europe 9,837,533 9,910,701 6999743763705799010 ♠ + 0.7 % 90 Azerbaijan Asia Western Asia 9,725,376 9,827,589 7000105099278423790 ♠ + 1.1 % 91 Hungary Europe Eastern Europe 9,753,281 9,721,559 3000674755602755630 ♠ − 0.3 % 92 Jordan Asia Western Asia 9,455,802 9,702,353 7000260740442746160 ♠ + 2.6 % 93 Belarus Europe Eastern Europe 9,480,042 9,468,338 3000876540631360070 ♠ − 0.1 % 94 United Arab Emirates Asia Western Asia 9,269,612 9,400,145 7000140818191743080 ♠ + 1.4 % 95 Honduras Americas Central America 9,112,867 9,265,067 7000167016593131450 ♠ + 1.7 % 96 Tajikistan Asia Central Asia 8,734,951 8,921,343 7000213386428842020 ♠ + 2.1 % 97 Serbia Europe Southern Europe 8,820,083 8,790,574 3000665433987412590 ♠ − 0.3 % 98 Austria Europe Western Europe 8,712,137 8,735,453 6999267626645448749 ♠ + 0.3 % 99 Switzerland Europe Western Europe 8,401,739 8,476,005 6999883936051810230 ♠ + 0.9 % 100 Israel Asia Western Asia 8,191,828 8,321,570 7000158379790200670 ♠ + 1.6 % 101 Papua New Guinea Oceania Melanesia 8,084,991 8,251,162 7000205530222606310 ♠ + 2.1 % 102 Togo Africa Western Africa 7,606,374 7,797,694 7000251525891311680 ♠ + 2.5 % 103 Sierra Leone Africa Western Africa 7,396,190 7,557,212 7000217709388212040 ♠ + 2.2 % 104 Hong Kong Asia Eastern Asia 7,302,843 7,364,883 6999849532161652670 ♠ + 0.8 % 105 Bulgaria Europe Eastern Europe 7,131,494 7,084,571 3000342031277036759 ♠ − 0.7 % 106 Laos Asia South - eastern Asia 6,758,353 6,858,160 7000147679471610910 ♠ + 1.5 % 107 Paraguay Americas South America 6,725,308 6,811,297 7000127858828175600 ♠ + 1.3 % 108 El Salvador Americas Central America 6,344,722 6,377,853 6999522182059355790 ♠ + 0.5 % 109 Libya Africa Northern Africa 6,293,253 6,374,616 7000129286078280980 ♠ + 1.3 % 110 Nicaragua Americas Central America 6,149,928 6,217,581 7000110006165925840 ♠ + 1.1 % 111 Lebanon Asia Western Asia 6,006,668 6,082,357 7000126008296113589 ♠ + 1.3 % 112 Kyrgyzstan Asia Central Asia 5,955,734 6,045,117 7000150078898755380 ♠ + 1.5 % 113 Turkmenistan Asia Central Asia 5,662,544 5,758,075 7000168706856847380 ♠ + 1.7 % 114 Denmark Europe Northern Europe 5,711,870 5,733,551 6999379577966585360 ♠ + 0.4 % 115 Singapore Asia South - eastern Asia 5,622,455 5,708,844 7000153649962516370 ♠ + 1.5 % 116 Finland Europe Northern Europe 5,503,132 5,523,231 6999365228382673720 ♠ + 0.4 % 117 Slovakia Europe Eastern Europe 5,444,218 5,447,662 6998632597739473220 ♠ + 0.1 % 118 Norway Europe Northern Europe 5,254,694 5,305,383 6999964642279835900 ♠ + 1.0 % 119 Congo Africa Middle Africa 5,125,821 5,260,750 7000263233928769660 ♠ + 2.6 % 120 Eritrea Africa Eastern Africa 4,954,645 5,068,831 7000230462525569440 ♠ + 2.3 % 121 Palestine Asia Western Asia 4,790,705 4,920,724 7000271398468492630 ♠ + 2.7 % 122 Costa Rica Americas Central America 4,857,274 4,905,769 6999998399513801360 ♠ + 1.0 % 123 Ireland Europe Northern Europe 4,726,078 4,761,657 6999752822953831900 ♠ + 0.8 % 124 Liberia Africa Western Africa 4,613,823 4,731,906 7000255933094962680 ♠ + 2.6 % 125 New Zealand Oceania Australia and New Zealand 4,660,833 4,705,818 6999965170818177770 ♠ + 1.0 % 126 Central African Republic Africa Middle Africa 4,594,621 4,659,080 7000140292311378890 ♠ + 1.4 % 127 Oman Asia Western Asia 4,424,762 4,636,262 7000477991810632980 ♠ + 4.8 % 128 Mauritania Africa Western Africa 4,301,018 4,420,184 7000277064639115670 ♠ + 2.8 % 129 Croatia Europe Southern Europe 4,213,265 4,189,353 3000432459149851719 ♠ − 0.6 % 130 Kuwait Asia Western Asia 4,052,584 4,136,528 7000207136977296460 ♠ + 2.1 % 131 Panama Americas Central America 4,034,119 4,098,587 7000159806887203870 ♠ + 1.6 % 132 Moldova Europe Eastern Europe 4,059,608 4,051,212 3000793182001809040 ♠ − 0.2 % 133 Georgia Asia Western Asia 3,925,405 3,912,061 3000660060554261280 ♠ − 0.3 % 134 Puerto Rico Americas Caribbean 3,667,903 3,663,131 3000869898413344080 ♠ − 0.1 % 135 Bosnia and Herzegovina Europe Southern Europe 3,516,816 3,507,017 3000721367282223460 ♠ − 0.3 % 136 Uruguay Americas South America 3,444,006 3,456,750 6999370034198546690 ♠ + 0.4 % 137 Mongolia Asia Eastern Asia 3,027,398 3,075,647 7000159374485944700 ♠ + 1.6 % 138 Armenia Asia Western Asia 2,924,816 2,930,450 6999192627502037750 ♠ + 0.2 % 139 Albania Europe Southern Europe 2,926,348 2,930,187 6999131187404915620 ♠ + 0.1 % 140 Jamaica Americas Caribbean 2,881,355 2,890,299 6999310409512191320 ♠ + 0.3 % 141 Lithuania Europe Northern Europe 2,908,249 2,890,297 3000382721355702350 ♠ − 0.6 % 142 Qatar Asia Western Asia 2,569,804 2,639,211 7000270086745915250 ♠ + 2.7 % 143 Namibia Africa Southern Africa 2,479,713 2,533,794 7000218093787466530 ♠ + 2.2 % 144 Botswana Africa Southern Africa 2,250,260 2,291,661 7000183983184165390 ♠ + 1.8 % 145 Lesotho Africa Southern Africa 2,203,821 2,233,339 7000133940097675810 ♠ + 1.3 % 146 The Gambia Africa Western Africa 2,038,501 2,100,568 7000304473728489710 ♠ + 3.0 % 147 Republic of Macedonia Europe Southern Europe 2,081,206 2,083,160 6998938878707826160 ♠ + 0.1 % 148 Slovenia Europe Southern Europe 2,077,862 2,079,976 6999101739191534380 ♠ + 0.1 % 149 Gabon Africa Middle Africa 1,979,786 2,025,137 7000229070212639140 ♠ + 2.3 % 150 Latvia Europe Northern Europe 1,970,530 1,949,670 2999894140155186680 ♠ − 1.1 % 151 Guinea - Bissau Africa Western Africa 1,815,698 1,861,283 7000251060473713140 ♠ + 2.5 % 152 Bahrain Asia Western Asia 1,425,171 1,492,584 7000473016922179870 ♠ + 4.7 % 153 Trinidad and Tobago Americas Caribbean 1,364,962 1,369,125 6999304990175550680 ♠ + 0.3 % 154 Swaziland Africa Southern Africa 1,343,098 1,367,254 7000179852847670090 ♠ + 1.8 % 155 Estonia Europe Northern Europe 1,312,442 1,309,632 3000785895300516140 ♠ − 0.2 % 156 East Timor Asia South - eastern Asia 1,268,671 1,296,311 7000217865782381720 ♠ + 2.2 % 157 Equatorial Guinea Africa Middle Africa 1,221,490 1,267,689 7000378218405390140 ♠ + 3.8 % 158 Mauritius Africa Eastern Africa 1,262,132 1,265,138 6999238168432461890 ♠ + 0.2 % 159 Cyprus Asia Western Asia 1,170,125 1,179,551 6999805554962076700 ♠ + 0.8 % 160 Djibouti Africa Eastern Africa 942,333 956,985 7000155486436323460 ♠ + 1.6 % 161 Fiji Oceania Melanesia 898,760 905,502 6999750144643731350 ♠ + 0.8 % 162 Réunion Africa Eastern Africa 869,925 876,562 6999762939333850610 ♠ + 0.8 % 163 Comoros Africa Eastern Africa 795,601 813,912 7000230153054106270 ♠ + 2.3 % 164 Bhutan Asia Southern Asia 797,765 807,610 7000123407269057930 ♠ + 1.2 % 165 Guyana Americas South America 773,303 777,859 6999589161040368390 ♠ + 0.6 % 166 Montenegro Europe Southern Europe 628,615 628,960 6998548825592771470 ♠ + 0.1 % 167 Macau Asia Eastern Asia 612,167 622,567 7000169888282119100 ♠ + 1.7 % 168 Solomon Islands Oceania Melanesia 599,419 611,343 7000198925959971240 ♠ + 2.0 % 169 Luxembourg Europe Western Europe 575,747 583,455 7000133878248605720 ♠ + 1.3 % 170 Suriname Americas South America 558,368 563,402 6999901555963092450 ♠ + 0.9 % 171 Western Sahara Africa Northern Africa 538,755 552,628 7000257501090477120 ♠ + 2.6 % 172 Cape Verde Africa Western Africa 539,560 546,388 7000126547557268890 ♠ + 1.3 % 173 Guadeloupe Americas Caribbean 449,975 449,568 3001095505305850340 ♠ − 0.1 % 174 Maldives Asia Southern Asia 427,756 436,330 7000200441373119259 ♠ + 2.0 % 175 Malta Europe Southern Europe 429,362 430,835 6999343067155453910 ♠ + 0.3 % 176 Brunei Asia South - eastern Asia 423,196 428,697 7000129987050917310 ♠ + 1.3 % 177 Bahamas Americas Caribbean 391,232 395,361 7000105538401766730 ♠ + 1.1 % 178 Martinique Americas Caribbean 385,103 384,896 3001462481465997370 ♠ − 0.1 % 179 Belize Americas Central America 366,954 374,681 7000210571352267590 ♠ + 2.1 % 180 Iceland Europe Northern Europe 332,474 335,025 6999767278042794330 ♠ + 0.8 % 181 Barbados Americas Caribbean 284,996 285,719 6999253687771056429 ♠ + 0.3 % 182 French Polynesia Oceania Polynesia 280,208 283,007 6999998900816536290 ♠ + 1.0 % 183 French Guiana Americas South America 275,713 282,731 7000254540047077939 ♠ + 2.5 % 184 New Caledonia Oceania Melanesia 272,677 276,255 7000131217521096390 ♠ + 1.3 % 185 Vanuatu Oceania Melanesia 270,402 276,244 7000216048697864660 ♠ + 2.2 % 186 Mayotte Africa Eastern Africa 246,489 253,045 7000265975357926719 ♠ + 2.7 % 187 Sao Tome and Principe Africa Middle Africa 199,910 204,327 7000220949427242260 ♠ + 2.2 % 188 Samoa Oceania Polynesia 195,125 196,440 6999673926969891100 ♠ + 0.7 % 189 Saint Lucia Americas Caribbean 178,015 178,844 6999465691093447180 ♠ + 0.5 % 190 Guernsey and Jersey Europe Northern Europe 164,541 165,314 6999469791723643340 ♠ + 0.5 % 191 Guam Oceania Micronesia 162,896 164,229 6999818313525193990 ♠ + 0.8 % 192 Curaçao Americas Caribbean 159,371 160,539 6999732881138977600 ♠ + 0.7 % 193 Kiribati Oceania Micronesia 114,395 116,398 7000175095065343760 ♠ + 1.8 % 194 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Americas Caribbean 109,643 109,897 6999231660935946660 ♠ + 0.2 % 195 Tonga Oceania Polynesia 107,122 108,020 6999838296521722890 ♠ + 0.8 % 196 Grenada Americas Caribbean 107,317 107,825 6999473363959111790 ♠ + 0.5 % 197 Federated States of Micronesia Oceania Micronesia 104,937 105,544 6999578442303477320 ♠ + 0.6 % 198 Aruba Americas Caribbean 104,822 105,264 6999421667207265640 ♠ + 0.4 % 199 United States Virgin Islands Americas Caribbean 104,913 104,901 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0.0 % 200 Antigua and Barbuda Americas Caribbean 100,963 102,012 7000103899448312750 ♠ + 1.0 % 201 Seychelles Africa Eastern Africa 94,228 94,737 6999540179139958410 ♠ + 0.5 % 202 Isle of Man Europe Northern Europe 83,737 84,287 6999656818371806980 ♠ + 0.7 % 203 Andorra Europe Southern Europe 77,281 76,965 3000591102599604040 ♠ − 0.4 % 204 Dominica Americas Caribbean 73,543 73,925 6999519424010442870 ♠ + 0.5 % 205 Cayman Islands Americas Caribbean 60,765 61,559 7000130667324940339 ♠ + 1.3 % 206 Bermuda Americas Northern America 61,666 61,349 3000485940388544740 ♠ − 0.5 % 207 Greenland Americas Northern America 56,412 56,480 6999120541728710210 ♠ + 0.1 % 208 American Samoa Oceania Polynesia 55,599 55,641 6998755409269950880 ♠ + 0.1 % 209 Saint Kitts and Nevis Americas Caribbean 54,821 55,345 6999955838091242400 ♠ + 1.0 % 210 Northern Mariana Islands Oceania Micronesia 55,023 55,144 6999219908038456640 ♠ + 0.2 % 211 Marshall Islands Oceania Micronesia 53,066 53,127 6999114951192854180 ♠ + 0.1 % 212 Faroe Islands Europe Northern Europe 49,117 49,290 6999352220208888990 ♠ + 0.4 % 213 Sint Maarten Americas Caribbean 39,537 40,120 7000147456812605910 ♠ + 1.5 % 214 Monaco Europe Western Europe 38,499 38,695 6999509104132574879 ♠ + 0.5 % 215 Liechtenstein Europe Western Europe 37,666 37,922 6999679658047045080 ♠ + 0.7 % 216 Turks and Caicos Islands Americas Caribbean 34,900 35,446 7000156446991404010 ♠ + 1.6 % 217 Gibraltar Europe Southern Europe 34,408 34,571 6999473727040223190 ♠ + 0.5 % 218 San Marino Europe Southern Europe 33,203 33,400 6999593319880733680 ♠ + 0.6 % 219 British Virgin Islands Americas Caribbean 30,661 31,196 7000174488764228170 ♠ + 1.7 % 220 Caribbean Netherlands Americas Caribbean 25,019 25,398 7000151484871497660 ♠ + 1.5 % 221 Palau Oceania Micronesia 21,503 21,729 7000105101613728320 ♠ + 1.1 % 222 Cook Islands Oceania Polynesia 17,379 17,380 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0.0 % 223 Anguilla Americas Caribbean 14,764 14,909 6999982118667027910 ♠ + 1.0 % 224 Wallis and Futuna Oceania Polynesia 11,899 11,773 2999894108748634340 ♠ − 1.1 % 225 Nauru Oceania Micronesia 11,347 11,359 6999105754825063900 ♠ + 0.1 % 226 Tuvalu Oceania Polynesia 11,097 11,192 6999856087230783100 ♠ + 0.9 % 227 Saint Pierre and Miquelon Americas Northern America 6,305 6,320 6999237906423473430 ♠ + 0.2 % 228 Montserrat Americas Caribbean 5,152 5,177 6999485248447204970 ♠ + 0.5 % 229 Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Africa Western Africa 4,035 4,049 6999346964064436170 ♠ + 0.3 % 230 Falkland Islands Americas South America 2,910 2,910 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0.0 % 231 Niue Oceania Polynesia 1,624 1,618 3000630541871921189 ♠ − 0.4 % 232 Tokelau Oceania Polynesia 1,282 1,300 7000140405616224650 ♠ + 1.4 % 233 Vatican City Europe Southern Europe 801 792 2999887640449438199 ♠ − 1.1 % See also ( edit ) List of countries by future population ( United Nations , medium fertility variant ) List of countries by past population ( United Nations , estimates ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The UN source document states : For statistical purposes , the data for China do not include Special Administrative Regions ( SAR ) of China ( Hong Kong and Macao ) and Taiwan Province of China . Jump up ^ Refers to metropolitan France . Jump up ^ Including Zanzibar . Jump up ^ Including Canary Islands , Ceuta and Melilla . Jump up ^ Including Crimea . Jump up ^ Including Sabah and Sarawak . Jump up ^ Including Christmas Island , Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands and Norfolk Island . Jump up ^ Listed as China , Taiwan Province of China . Jump up ^ Including Nagorno - Karabakh . Jump up ^ Including Kosovo . Jump up ^ Including Åland Islands . Jump up ^ Including Svalbard and Jan Mayen . Jump up ^ Including East Jerusalem . Jump up ^ Including Transnistria . Jump up ^ Including Abkhazia and South Ossetia . Jump up ^ Including Agaléga , Rodrigues and Saint Brandon . Jump up ^ Including Northern Cyprus . Jump up ^ Including Saint Barthélemy and Saint Martin . Jump up ^ Refers to Bonaire , Saba and Sint Eustatius . Jump up ^ Listed as Holy See . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ UNSD Methodology -- Standard country or area codes for statistical use ( M49 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Definition of Regions '' . World Population Prospects , the 2017 Revision . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division , Population Estimates and Projections Section . June 2017 . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Total Population - Both Sexes '' . World Population Prospects , the 2017 Revision . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division , Population Estimates and Projections Section . June 2017 . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . External links ( edit ) World Population Prospects , the 2017 Revision Data sources for the World Population Prospects Methodology of the United Nations Population Estimates and Projections ( hide ) Lists of countries by population statistics Global Current population Current population ( United Nations ) ( Sub - ) Continents Africa Asia Europe North America Caribbean Oceania South America Intercontinental Americas Arab world Commonwealth of Nations Eurasia European Union Islands Latin America Middle East Cities / urban regions National capitals Cities proper Metropolitan areas Urban areas Megacities Megalopolises Past and future Past population ( United Nations ) Past and future population 1000 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 1907 1939 2000 2005 Future population Population density Current density Current real density based on food growing capacity Growth indicators Population growth rate Natural increase Birth rate Mortality rate Fertility rate Other demographics Age at first marriage Divorce rate Ethnic and cultural diversity level Foreign - born population Immigrant population Linguistic diversity Median age Net migration rate Number of households Sex ratio Urban population Urbanization Health Antiviral medications for pandemic influenza HIV / AIDS adult prevalence rate Infant and under - five mortality rates Life expectancy Percentage suffering from undernourishment Health expenditure covered by government Suicide rate Total health expenditure per capita Body Mass Index ( BMI ) Education and innovation Bloomberg Innovation Index Education Index International Innovation Index Innovation Union Scoreboard Literacy rate Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies Progress in International Reading Literacy Study Student skills Tertiary education attainment Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study Women 's average years in school World Intellectual Property Indicators Economic Development aid given Official Development Assistance received Employment rate Irrigated land area Human Development Index by country inequality - adjusted Human Poverty Index Imports Income equality Job security Labour force Number of millionaires ( US dollars ) Number of billionaires ( US dollars ) Percentage living in poverty Public sector Sen social welfare function Unemployment rate List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_by_population_(United_Nations)&oldid=842741581 '' Categories : Lists of countries by past and future population ( United Nations ) Hidden categories : Articles to be merged from January 2018 All articles to be merged Talk Contents About Wikipedia தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 11 : 06 . 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"\nCountries and areas ranked by population in 2017\n\nRank\nCountry or area\nUN continental\nregion[2]\nUN statistical\nregion[2]\nPopulation\n(1 July 2016)[3]\nPopulation\n(1 July 2017)[3]\nChange\n\n\n—\nWorld\n—\n—\n7,466,964,280\n7,550,262,101\n7000111555135228260♠+1.1%\n\n\n1\n China[a]\nAsia\nEastern Asia\n1,403,500,365\n1,409,517,397\n6999428716097982630♠+0.4%\n\n\n2\n India\nAsia\nSouthern Asia\n1,324,171,354\n1,339,180,127\n7000113344643460699♠+1.1%\n\n\n3\n United States\nAmericas\nNorthern America\n322,179,605\n324,459,463\n6999707635730076710♠+0.7%\n\n\n4\n Indonesia\nAsia\nSouth-eastern Asia\n261,115,456\n263,991,379\n7000110139899186970♠+1.1%\n\n\n5\n Brazil\nAmericas\nSouth America\n207,652,865\n209,288,278\n6999787570641031120♠+0.8%\n\n\n6\n Pakistan\nAsia\nSouthern Asia\n193,203,476\n197,015,955\n7000197329731272540♠+2.0%\n\n\n7\n Nigeria\nAfrica\nWestern Africa\n185,989,640\n190,886,311\n7000263276545940949♠+2.6%\n\n\n8\n Bangladesh\nAsia\nSouthern Asia\n162,951,560\n164,669,751\n7000105441825779390♠+1.1%\n\n\n9\n Russia\nEurope\nEastern Europe\n143,964,513\n143,989,754\n5000000000000000000♠0.0%\n\n\n10\n Mexico\nAmericas\nCentral America\n127,540,423\n129,163,276\n7000127242246954130♠+1.3%\n\n\n11\n Japan\nAsia\nEastern Asia\n127,748,513\n127,484,450\n3000793294658545260♠−0.2%\n\n\n12\n Ethiopia\nAfrica\nEastern Africa\n102,403,196\n104,957,438\n7000249429910371160♠+2.5%\n\n\n13\n Philippines\nAsia\nSouth-eastern Asia\n103,320,222\n104,918,090\n7000154652009942450♠+1.5%\n\n\n14\n Egypt\nAfrica\nNorthern Africa\n95,688,681\n97,553,151\n7000194847497166360♠+1.9%\n\n\n15\n Vietnam\nAsia\nSouth-eastern Asia\n94,569,072\n95,540,800\n7000102753255313749♠+1.0%\n\n\n16\n Germany\nEurope\nWestern Europe\n81,914,672\n82,114,224\n6999243609594139630♠+0.2%\n\n\n17\n Democratic Republic of the Congo\nAfrica\nMiddle Africa\n78,736,153\n81,339,988\n7000330703863573320♠+3.3%\n\n\n18\n Iran\nAsia\nSouthern Asia\n80,277,428\n81,162,788\n7000110287539356640♠+1.1%\n\n\n19\n Turkey\nAsia\nWestern Asia\n79,512,426\n80,745,020\n7000155019040671710♠+1.6%\n\n\n20\n Thailand\nAsia\nSouth-eastern Asia\n68,863,514\n69,037,513\n6999252672264154290♠+0.3%\n\n\n21\n United Kingdom\nEurope\nNorthern Europe\n65,788,574\n66,181,585\n6999597384889357830♠+0.6%\n\n\n22\n France[b]\nEurope\nWestern Europe\n64,720,690\n64,979,548\n6999399961743300330♠+0.4%\n\n\n23\n Italy\nEurope\nSouthern Europe\n59,429,938\n59,359,900\n3000882150306130220♠−0.1%\n\n\n24\n Tanzania[c]\nAfrica\nEastern Africa\n55,572,201\n57,310,019\n7000312713545392960♠+3.1%\n\n\n25\n South Africa\nAfrica\nSouthern Africa\n56,015,473\n56,717,156\n7000125265924292030♠+1.3%\n\n\n26\n Myanmar\nAsia\nSouth-eastern Asia\n52,885,223\n53,370,609\n6999917810254860800♠+0.9%\n\n\n27\n South Korea\nAsia\nEastern Asia\n50,791,919\n50,982,212\n6999374652117396870♠+0.4%\n\n\n28\n Colombia\nAmericas\nSouth America\n48,653,419\n49,065,615\n6999847208702845740♠+0.8%\n\n\n29\n Kenya\nAfrica\nEastern Africa\n48,461,567\n49,699,862\n7000255521040002689♠+2.6%\n\n\n30\n Spain[d]\nEurope\nSouthern Europe\n46,347,576\n46,354,321\n5000000000000000000♠0.0%\n\n\n31\n Argentina\nAmericas\nSouth America\n43,847,430\n44,271,041\n6999966102232217490♠+1.0%\n\n\n32\n Ukraine[e]\nEurope\nEastern Europe\n44,438,625\n44,222,947\n3000514660950918270♠−0.5%\n\n\n33\n Uganda\nAfrica\nEastern Africa\n41,487,965\n42,862,958\n7000331419726178420♠+3.3%\n\n\n34\n Algeria\nAfrica\nNorthern Africa\n40,606,052\n41,318,142\n7000175365484928210♠+1.8%\n\n\n35\n Sudan\nAfrica\nNorthern Africa\n39,578,828\n40,533,330\n7000241164796491700♠+2.4%\n\n\n36\n Iraq\nAsia\nWestern Asia\n37,202,572\n38,274,618\n7000288164484971630♠+2.9%\n\n\n37\n Poland\nEurope\nEastern Europe\n38,224,410\n38,170,712\n3000859519087410380♠−0.1%\n\n\n38\n Canada\nAmericas\nNorthern America\n36,289,822\n36,624,199\n6999921407109684910♠+0.9%\n\n\n39\n Morocco\nAfrica\nNorthern Africa\n35,276,786\n35,739,580\n7000131189388965310♠+1.3%\n\n\n40\n Afghanistan\nAsia\nSouthern Asia\n34,656,032\n35,530,081\n7000252206888543959♠+2.5%\n\n\n41\n Saudi Arabia\nAsia\nWestern Asia\n32,275,687\n32,938,213\n7000205270921111609♠+2.1%\n\n\n42\n Peru\nAmericas\nSouth America\n31,773,839\n32,165,485\n7000123260522595330♠+1.2%\n\n\n43\n Venezuela\nAmericas\nSouth America\n31,568,179\n31,977,065\n7000129524734385220♠+1.3%\n\n\n44\n Uzbekistan\nAsia\nCentral Asia\n31,446,795\n31,910,641\n7000147501836037660♠+1.5%\n\n\n45\n Malaysia[f]\nAsia\nSouth-eastern Asia\n31,187,265\n31,624,264\n7000140120975661060♠+1.4%\n\n\n46\n Angola\nAfrica\nMiddle Africa\n28,813,463\n29,784,193\n7000336901538006730♠+3.4%\n\n\n47\n Mozambique\nAfrica\nEastern Africa\n28,829,476\n29,668,834\n7000291145770391390♠+2.9%\n\n\n48\n Nepal\nAsia\nSouthern Asia\n28,982,771\n29,304,998\n7000111178810335280♠+1.1%\n\n\n49\n Ghana\nAfrica\nWestern Africa\n28,206,728\n28,833,629\n7000222252293849890♠+2.2%\n\n\n50\n Yemen\nAsia\nWestern Asia\n27,584,213\n28,250,420\n7000241517494082570♠+2.4%\n\n\n51\n Madagascar\nAfrica\nEastern Africa\n24,894,551\n25,570,895\n7000271683550348029♠+2.7%\n\n\n52\n North Korea\nAsia\nEastern Asia\n25,368,620\n25,490,965\n6999482269039466860♠+0.5%\n\n\n53\n Australia[g]\nOceania\nAustralia and New Zealand\n24,125,848\n24,450,561\n7000134591331256000♠+1.3%\n\n\n54\n Ivory Coast\nAfrica\nWestern Africa\n23,695,919\n24,294,750\n7000252714824016740♠+2.5%\n\n\n55\n Cameroon\nAfrica\nMiddle Africa\n23,439,189\n24,053,727\n7000262183985973230♠+2.6%\n\n\n56\n Taiwan[h]\nAsia\nEastern Asia\n23,556,706\n23,626,456\n6999296094029445370♠+0.3%\n\n\n57\n Niger\nAfrica\nWestern Africa\n20,672,987\n21,477,348\n7000389087943604860♠+3.9%\n\n\n58\n Sri Lanka\nAsia\nSouthern Asia\n20,798,492\n20,876,917\n6999377070606849770♠+0.4%\n\n\n59\n Romania\nEurope\nEastern Europe\n19,778,083\n19,679,306\n3000500573437779580♠−0.5%\n\n\n60\n Burkina Faso\nAfrica\nWestern Africa\n18,646,433\n19,193,382\n7000293326342898930♠+2.9%\n\n\n61\n Malawi\nAfrica\nEastern Africa\n18,091,575\n18,622,104\n7000293246442059360♠+2.9%\n\n\n62\n Mali\nAfrica\nWestern Africa\n17,994,837\n18,541,980\n7000304055546599280♠+3.0%\n\n\n63\n Syria\nAsia\nWestern Asia\n18,430,453\n18,269,868\n3000128697487793700♠−0.9%\n\n\n64\n Kazakhstan\nAsia\nCentral Asia\n17,987,736\n18,204,499\n7000120505993639220♠+1.2%\n\n\n65\n Chile\nAmericas\nSouth America\n17,909,754\n18,054,726\n6999809458354369360♠+0.8%\n\n\n66\n Zambia\nAfrica\nEastern Africa\n16,591,390\n17,094,130\n7000303012586648860♠+3.0%\n\n\n67\n Netherlands\nEurope\nWestern Europe\n16,987,330\n17,035,938\n6999286142672215120♠+0.3%\n\n\n68\n Guatemala\nAmericas\nCentral America\n16,582,469\n16,913,503\n7000199628897240820♠+2.0%\n\n\n69\n Ecuador\nAmericas\nSouth America\n16,385,068\n16,624,858\n7000146346661484710♠+1.5%\n\n\n70\n Zimbabwe\nAfrica\nEastern Africa\n16,150,362\n16,529,904\n7000235005258705660♠+2.4%\n\n\n71\n Cambodia\nAsia\nSouth-eastern Asia\n15,762,370\n16,005,373\n7000154166537138770♠+1.5%\n\n\n72\n Senegal\nAfrica\nWestern Africa\n15,411,614\n15,850,567\n7000284819617205570♠+2.8%\n\n\n73\n Chad\nAfrica\nMiddle Africa\n14,452,543\n14,899,994\n7000309600185932680♠+3.1%\n\n\n74\n Somalia\nAfrica\nEastern Africa\n14,317,996\n14,742,523\n7000296498895515820♠+3.0%\n\n\n75\n Guinea\nAfrica\nWestern Africa\n12,395,924\n12,717,176\n7000259159381745159♠+2.6%\n\n\n76\n South Sudan\nAfrica\nEastern Africa\n12,230,730\n12,575,714\n7000282063294668430♠+2.8%\n\n\n77\n Rwanda\nAfrica\nEastern Africa\n11,917,508\n12,208,407\n7000244093815586280♠+2.4%\n\n\n78\n Tunisia\nAfrica\nNorthern Africa\n11,403,248\n11,532,127\n7000113019553727150♠+1.1%\n\n\n79\n Cuba\nAmericas\nCaribbean\n11,475,982\n11,484,636\n6998754096686453430♠+0.1%\n\n\n80\n Belgium\nEurope\nWestern Europe\n11,358,379\n11,429,336\n6999624710621119440♠+0.6%\n\n\n81\n Benin\nAfrica\nWestern Africa\n10,872,298\n11,175,692\n7000279052321781470♠+2.8%\n\n\n82\n Greece\nEurope\nSouthern Europe\n11,183,716\n11,159,773\n3000785911945546550♠−0.2%\n\n\n83\n Bolivia\nAmericas\nSouth America\n10,887,882\n11,051,600\n7000150367169666240♠+1.5%\n\n\n84\n Haiti\nAmericas\nCaribbean\n10,847,334\n10,981,229\n7000123435859908070♠+1.2%\n\n\n85\n Burundi\nAfrica\nEastern Africa\n10,524,117\n10,864,245\n7000323189109357110♠+3.2%\n\n\n86\n Dominican Republic\nAmericas\nCaribbean\n10,648,791\n10,766,998\n7000111005089685770♠+1.1%\n\n\n87\n Czech Republic\nEurope\nEastern Europe\n10,610,947\n10,618,303\n6998693246323820059♠+0.1%\n\n\n88\n Portugal\nEurope\nSouthern Europe\n10,371,627\n10,329,506\n3000593882425582789♠−0.4%\n\n\n89\n Sweden\nEurope\nNorthern Europe\n9,837,533\n9,910,701\n6999743763705799010♠+0.7%\n\n\n90\n Azerbaijan[i]\nAsia\nWestern Asia\n9,725,376\n9,827,589\n7000105099278423790♠+1.1%\n\n\n91\n Hungary\nEurope\nEastern Europe\n9,753,281\n9,721,559\n3000674755602755630♠−0.3%\n\n\n92\n Jordan\nAsia\nWestern Asia\n9,455,802\n9,702,353\n7000260740442746160♠+2.6%\n\n\n93\n Belarus\nEurope\nEastern Europe\n9,480,042\n9,468,338\n3000876540631360070♠−0.1%\n\n\n94\n United Arab Emirates\nAsia\nWestern Asia\n9,269,612\n9,400,145\n7000140818191743080♠+1.4%\n\n\n95\n Honduras\nAmericas\nCentral America\n9,112,867\n9,265,067\n7000167016593131450♠+1.7%\n\n\n96\n Tajikistan\nAsia\nCentral Asia\n8,734,951\n8,921,343\n7000213386428842020♠+2.1%\n\n\n97\n Serbia[j]\nEurope\nSouthern Europe\n8,820,083\n8,790,574\n3000665433987412590♠−0.3%\n\n\n98\n Austria\nEurope\nWestern Europe\n8,712,137\n8,735,453\n6999267626645448749♠+0.3%\n\n\n99\n Switzerland\nEurope\nWestern Europe\n8,401,739\n8,476,005\n6999883936051810230♠+0.9%\n\n\n100\n Israel\nAsia\nWestern Asia\n8,191,828\n8,321,570\n7000158379790200670♠+1.6%\n\n\n101\n Papua New Guinea\nOceania\nMelanesia\n8,084,991\n8,251,162\n7000205530222606310♠+2.1%\n\n\n102\n Togo\nAfrica\nWestern Africa\n7,606,374\n7,797,694\n7000251525891311680♠+2.5%\n\n\n103\n Sierra Leone\nAfrica\nWestern Africa\n7,396,190\n7,557,212\n7000217709388212040♠+2.2%\n\n\n104\n Hong Kong\nAsia\nEastern Asia\n7,302,843\n7,364,883\n6999849532161652670♠+0.8%\n\n\n105\n Bulgaria\nEurope\nEastern Europe\n7,131,494\n7,084,571\n3000342031277036759♠−0.7%\n\n\n106\n Laos\nAsia\nSouth-eastern Asia\n6,758,353\n6,858,160\n7000147679471610910♠+1.5%\n\n\n107\n Paraguay\nAmericas\nSouth America\n6,725,308\n6,811,297\n7000127858828175600♠+1.3%\n\n\n108\n El Salvador\nAmericas\nCentral America\n6,344,722\n6,377,853\n6999522182059355790♠+0.5%\n\n\n109\n Libya\nAfrica\nNorthern Africa\n6,293,253\n6,374,616\n7000129286078280980♠+1.3%\n\n\n110\n Nicaragua\nAmericas\nCentral America\n6,149,928\n6,217,581\n7000110006165925840♠+1.1%\n\n\n111\n Lebanon\nAsia\nWestern Asia\n6,006,668\n6,082,357\n7000126008296113589♠+1.3%\n\n\n112\n Kyrgyzstan\nAsia\nCentral Asia\n5,955,734\n6,045,117\n7000150078898755380♠+1.5%\n\n\n113\n Turkmenistan\nAsia\nCentral Asia\n5,662,544\n5,758,075\n7000168706856847380♠+1.7%\n\n\n114\n Denmark\nEurope\nNorthern Europe\n5,711,870\n5,733,551\n6999379577966585360♠+0.4%\n\n\n115\n Singapore\nAsia\nSouth-eastern Asia\n5,622,455\n5,708,844\n7000153649962516370♠+1.5%\n\n\n116\n Finland[k]\nEurope\nNorthern Europe\n5,503,132\n5,523,231\n6999365228382673720♠+0.4%\n\n\n117\n Slovakia\nEurope\nEastern Europe\n5,444,218\n5,447,662\n6998632597739473220♠+0.1%\n\n\n118\n Norway[l]\nEurope\nNorthern Europe\n5,254,694\n5,305,383\n6999964642279835900♠+1.0%\n\n\n119\n Congo\nAfrica\nMiddle Africa\n5,125,821\n5,260,750\n7000263233928769660♠+2.6%\n\n\n120\n Eritrea\nAfrica\nEastern Africa\n4,954,645\n5,068,831\n7000230462525569440♠+2.3%\n\n\n121\n Palestine[m]\nAsia\nWestern Asia\n4,790,705\n4,920,724\n7000271398468492630♠+2.7%\n\n\n122\n Costa Rica\nAmericas\nCentral America\n4,857,274\n4,905,769\n6999998399513801360♠+1.0%\n\n\n123\n Ireland\nEurope\nNorthern Europe\n4,726,078\n4,761,657\n6999752822953831900♠+0.8%\n\n\n124\n Liberia\nAfrica\nWestern Africa\n4,613,823\n4,731,906\n7000255933094962680♠+2.6%\n\n\n125\n New Zealand\nOceania\nAustralia and New Zealand\n4,660,833\n4,705,818\n6999965170818177770♠+1.0%\n\n\n126\n Central African Republic\nAfrica\nMiddle Africa\n4,594,621\n4,659,080\n7000140292311378890♠+1.4%\n\n\n127\n Oman\nAsia\nWestern Asia\n4,424,762\n4,636,262\n7000477991810632980♠+4.8%\n\n\n128\n Mauritania\nAfrica\nWestern Africa\n4,301,018\n4,420,184\n7000277064639115670♠+2.8%\n\n\n129\n Croatia\nEurope\nSouthern Europe\n4,213,265\n4,189,353\n3000432459149851719♠−0.6%\n\n\n130\n Kuwait\nAsia\nWestern Asia\n4,052,584\n4,136,528\n7000207136977296460♠+2.1%\n\n\n131\n Panama\nAmericas\nCentral America\n4,034,119\n4,098,587\n7000159806887203870♠+1.6%\n\n\n132\n Moldova[n]\nEurope\nEastern Europe\n4,059,608\n4,051,212\n3000793182001809040♠−0.2%\n\n\n133\n Georgia[o]\nAsia\nWestern Asia\n3,925,405\n3,912,061\n3000660060554261280♠−0.3%\n\n\n134\n Puerto Rico\nAmericas\nCaribbean\n3,667,903\n3,663,131\n3000869898413344080♠−0.1%\n\n\n135\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\nEurope\nSouthern Europe\n3,516,816\n3,507,017\n3000721367282223460♠−0.3%\n\n\n136\n Uruguay\nAmericas\nSouth America\n3,444,006\n3,456,750\n6999370034198546690♠+0.4%\n\n\n137\n Mongolia\nAsia\nEastern Asia\n3,027,398\n3,075,647\n7000159374485944700♠+1.6%\n\n\n138\n Armenia\nAsia\nWestern Asia\n2,924,816\n2,930,450\n6999192627502037750♠+0.2%\n\n\n139\n Albania\nEurope\nSouthern Europe\n2,926,348\n2,930,187\n6999131187404915620♠+0.1%\n\n\n140\n Jamaica\nAmericas\nCaribbean\n2,881,355\n2,890,299\n6999310409512191320♠+0.3%\n\n\n141\n Lithuania\nEurope\nNorthern Europe\n2,908,249\n2,890,297\n3000382721355702350♠−0.6%\n\n\n142\n Qatar\nAsia\nWestern Asia\n2,569,804\n2,639,211\n7000270086745915250♠+2.7%\n\n\n143\n Namibia\nAfrica\nSouthern Africa\n2,479,713\n2,533,794\n7000218093787466530♠+2.2%\n\n\n144\n Botswana\nAfrica\nSouthern Africa\n2,250,260\n2,291,661\n7000183983184165390♠+1.8%\n\n\n145\n Lesotho\nAfrica\nSouthern Africa\n2,203,821\n2,233,339\n7000133940097675810♠+1.3%\n\n\n146\n The Gambia\nAfrica\nWestern Africa\n2,038,501\n2,100,568\n7000304473728489710♠+3.0%\n\n\n147\n Republic of Macedonia\nEurope\nSouthern Europe\n2,081,206\n2,083,160\n6998938878707826160♠+0.1%\n\n\n148\n Slovenia\nEurope\nSouthern Europe\n2,077,862\n2,079,976\n6999101739191534380♠+0.1%\n\n\n149\n Gabon\nAfrica\nMiddle Africa\n1,979,786\n2,025,137\n7000229070212639140♠+2.3%\n\n\n150\n Latvia\nEurope\nNorthern Europe\n1,970,530\n1,949,670\n2999894140155186680♠−1.1%\n\n\n151\n Guinea-Bissau\nAfrica\nWestern Africa\n1,815,698\n1,861,283\n7000251060473713140♠+2.5%\n\n\n152\n Bahrain\nAsia\nWestern Asia\n1,425,171\n1,492,584\n7000473016922179870♠+4.7%\n\n\n153\n Trinidad and Tobago\nAmericas\nCaribbean\n1,364,962\n1,369,125\n6999304990175550680♠+0.3%\n\n\n154\n Swaziland\nAfrica\nSouthern Africa\n1,343,098\n1,367,254\n7000179852847670090♠+1.8%\n\n\n155\n Estonia\nEurope\nNorthern Europe\n1,312,442\n1,309,632\n3000785895300516140♠−0.2%\n\n\n156\n East Timor\nAsia\nSouth-eastern Asia\n1,268,671\n1,296,311\n7000217865782381720♠+2.2%\n\n\n157\n Equatorial Guinea\nAfrica\nMiddle Africa\n1,221,490\n1,267,689\n7000378218405390140♠+3.8%\n\n\n158\n Mauritius[p]\nAfrica\nEastern Africa\n1,262,132\n1,265,138\n6999238168432461890♠+0.2%\n\n\n159\n Cyprus[q]\nAsia\nWestern Asia\n1,170,125\n1,179,551\n6999805554962076700♠+0.8%\n\n\n160\n Djibouti\nAfrica\nEastern Africa\n942,333\n956,985\n7000155486436323460♠+1.6%\n\n\n161\n Fiji\nOceania\nMelanesia\n898,760\n905,502\n6999750144643731350♠+0.8%\n\n\n162\n Réunion\nAfrica\nEastern Africa\n869,925\n876,562\n6999762939333850610♠+0.8%\n\n\n163\n Comoros\nAfrica\nEastern Africa\n795,601\n813,912\n7000230153054106270♠+2.3%\n\n\n164\n Bhutan\nAsia\nSouthern Asia\n797,765\n807,610\n7000123407269057930♠+1.2%\n\n\n165\n Guyana\nAmericas\nSouth America\n773,303\n777,859\n6999589161040368390♠+0.6%\n\n\n166\n Montenegro\nEurope\nSouthern Europe\n628,615\n628,960\n6998548825592771470♠+0.1%\n\n\n167\n Macau\nAsia\nEastern Asia\n612,167\n622,567\n7000169888282119100♠+1.7%\n\n\n168\n Solomon Islands\nOceania\nMelanesia\n599,419\n611,343\n7000198925959971240♠+2.0%\n\n\n169\n Luxembourg\nEurope\nWestern Europe\n575,747\n583,455\n7000133878248605720♠+1.3%\n\n\n170\n Suriname\nAmericas\nSouth America\n558,368\n563,402\n6999901555963092450♠+0.9%\n\n\n171\n Western Sahara\nAfrica\nNorthern Africa\n538,755\n552,628\n7000257501090477120♠+2.6%\n\n\n172\n Cape Verde\nAfrica\nWestern Africa\n539,560\n546,388\n7000126547557268890♠+1.3%\n\n\n173\n Guadeloupe[r]\nAmericas\nCaribbean\n449,975\n449,568\n3001095505305850340♠−0.1%\n\n\n174\n Maldives\nAsia\nSouthern Asia\n427,756\n436,330\n7000200441373119259♠+2.0%\n\n\n175\n Malta\nEurope\nSouthern Europe\n429,362\n430,835\n6999343067155453910♠+0.3%\n\n\n176\n Brunei\nAsia\nSouth-eastern Asia\n423,196\n428,697\n7000129987050917310♠+1.3%\n\n\n177\n Bahamas\nAmericas\nCaribbean\n391,232\n395,361\n7000105538401766730♠+1.1%\n\n\n178\n Martinique\nAmericas\nCaribbean\n385,103\n384,896\n3001462481465997370♠−0.1%\n\n\n179\n Belize\nAmericas\nCentral America\n366,954\n374,681\n7000210571352267590♠+2.1%\n\n\n180\n Iceland\nEurope\nNorthern Europe\n332,474\n335,025\n6999767278042794330♠+0.8%\n\n\n181\n Barbados\nAmericas\nCaribbean\n284,996\n285,719\n6999253687771056429♠+0.3%\n\n\n182\n French Polynesia\nOceania\nPolynesia\n280,208\n283,007\n6999998900816536290♠+1.0%\n\n\n183\n French Guiana\nAmericas\nSouth America\n275,713\n282,731\n7000254540047077939♠+2.5%\n\n\n184\n New Caledonia\nOceania\nMelanesia\n272,677\n276,255\n7000131217521096390♠+1.3%\n\n\n185\n Vanuatu\nOceania\nMelanesia\n270,402\n276,244\n7000216048697864660♠+2.2%\n\n\n186\n Mayotte\nAfrica\nEastern Africa\n246,489\n253,045\n7000265975357926719♠+2.7%\n\n\n187\n Sao Tome and Principe\nAfrica\nMiddle Africa\n199,910\n204,327\n7000220949427242260♠+2.2%\n\n\n188\n Samoa\nOceania\nPolynesia\n195,125\n196,440\n6999673926969891100♠+0.7%\n\n\n189\n Saint Lucia\nAmericas\nCaribbean\n178,015\n178,844\n6999465691093447180♠+0.5%\n\n\n190\n Guernsey and Jersey\nEurope\nNorthern Europe\n164,541\n165,314\n6999469791723643340♠+0.5%\n\n\n191\n Guam\nOceania\nMicronesia\n162,896\n164,229\n6999818313525193990♠+0.8%\n\n\n192\n Curaçao\nAmericas\nCaribbean\n159,371\n160,539\n6999732881138977600♠+0.7%\n\n\n193\n Kiribati\nOceania\nMicronesia\n114,395\n116,398\n7000175095065343760♠+1.8%\n\n\n194\n Saint Vincent and the Grenadines\nAmericas\nCaribbean\n109,643\n109,897\n6999231660935946660♠+0.2%\n\n\n195\n Tonga\nOceania\nPolynesia\n107,122\n108,020\n6999838296521722890♠+0.8%\n\n\n196\n Grenada\nAmericas\nCaribbean\n107,317\n107,825\n6999473363959111790♠+0.5%\n\n\n197\n Federated States of Micronesia\nOceania\nMicronesia\n104,937\n105,544\n6999578442303477320♠+0.6%\n\n\n198\n Aruba\nAmericas\nCaribbean\n104,822\n105,264\n6999421667207265640♠+0.4%\n\n\n199\n United States Virgin Islands\nAmericas\nCaribbean\n104,913\n104,901\n5000000000000000000♠0.0%\n\n\n200\n Antigua and Barbuda\nAmericas\nCaribbean\n100,963\n102,012\n7000103899448312750♠+1.0%\n\n\n201\n Seychelles\nAfrica\nEastern Africa\n94,228\n94,737\n6999540179139958410♠+0.5%\n\n\n202\n Isle of Man\nEurope\nNorthern Europe\n83,737\n84,287\n6999656818371806980♠+0.7%\n\n\n203\n Andorra\nEurope\nSouthern Europe\n77,281\n76,965\n3000591102599604040♠−0.4%\n\n\n204\n Dominica\nAmericas\nCaribbean\n73,543\n73,925\n6999519424010442870♠+0.5%\n\n\n205\n Cayman Islands\nAmericas\nCaribbean\n60,765\n61,559\n7000130667324940339♠+1.3%\n\n\n206\n Bermuda\nAmericas\nNorthern America\n61,666\n61,349\n3000485940388544740♠−0.5%\n\n\n207\n Greenland\nAmericas\nNorthern America\n56,412\n56,480\n6999120541728710210♠+0.1%\n\n\n208\n American Samoa\nOceania\nPolynesia\n55,599\n55,641\n6998755409269950880♠+0.1%\n\n\n209\n Saint Kitts and Nevis\nAmericas\nCaribbean\n54,821\n55,345\n6999955838091242400♠+1.0%\n\n\n210\n Northern Mariana Islands\nOceania\nMicronesia\n55,023\n55,144\n6999219908038456640♠+0.2%\n\n\n211\n Marshall Islands\nOceania\nMicronesia\n53,066\n53,127\n6999114951192854180♠+0.1%\n\n\n212\n Faroe Islands\nEurope\nNorthern Europe\n49,117\n49,290\n6999352220208888990♠+0.4%\n\n\n213\n Sint Maarten\nAmericas\nCaribbean\n39,537\n40,120\n7000147456812605910♠+1.5%\n\n\n214\n Monaco\nEurope\nWestern Europe\n38,499\n38,695\n6999509104132574879♠+0.5%\n\n\n215\n Liechtenstein\nEurope\nWestern Europe\n37,666\n37,922\n6999679658047045080♠+0.7%\n\n\n216\n Turks and Caicos Islands\nAmericas\nCaribbean\n34,900\n35,446\n7000156446991404010♠+1.6%\n\n\n217\n Gibraltar\nEurope\nSouthern Europe\n34,408\n34,571\n6999473727040223190♠+0.5%\n\n\n218\n San Marino\nEurope\nSouthern Europe\n33,203\n33,400\n6999593319880733680♠+0.6%\n\n\n219\n British Virgin Islands\nAmericas\nCaribbean\n30,661\n31,196\n7000174488764228170♠+1.7%\n\n\n220\n Caribbean Netherlands[s]\nAmericas\nCaribbean\n25,019\n25,398\n7000151484871497660♠+1.5%\n\n\n221\n Palau\nOceania\nMicronesia\n21,503\n21,729\n7000105101613728320♠+1.1%\n\n\n222\n Cook Islands\nOceania\nPolynesia\n17,379\n17,380\n5000000000000000000♠0.0%\n\n\n223\n Anguilla\nAmericas\nCaribbean\n14,764\n14,909\n6999982118667027910♠+1.0%\n\n\n224\n Wallis and Futuna\nOceania\nPolynesia\n11,899\n11,773\n2999894108748634340♠−1.1%\n\n\n225\n Nauru\nOceania\nMicronesia\n11,347\n11,359\n6999105754825063900♠+0.1%\n\n\n226\n Tuvalu\nOceania\nPolynesia\n11,097\n11,192\n6999856087230783100♠+0.9%\n\n\n227\n Saint Pierre and Miquelon\nAmericas\nNorthern America\n6,305\n6,320\n6999237906423473430♠+0.2%\n\n\n228\n Montserrat\nAmericas\nCaribbean\n5,152\n5,177\n6999485248447204970♠+0.5%\n\n\n229\n Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha\nAfrica\nWestern Africa\n4,035\n4,049\n6999346964064436170♠+0.3%\n\n\n230\n Falkland Islands\nAmericas\nSouth America\n2,910\n2,910\n5000000000000000000♠0.0%\n\n\n231\n Niue\nOceania\nPolynesia\n1,624\n1,618\n3000630541871921189♠−0.4%\n\n\n232\n Tokelau\nOceania\nPolynesia\n1,282\n1,300\n7000140405616224650♠+1.4%\n\n\n233\n Vatican City[t]\nEurope\nSouthern Europe\n801\n792\n2999887640449438199♠−1.1%\n\n"
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